{"id": "PMID:244771", "title": "[In vitro reaction to antibiotics in Klebsiella group organisms isolated from clinical cases (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the antibiotic sensitivity tests of 228 Klebsiella, they were found most sensitive resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. A great percentage of them had multiple resistance.", "contents": "[In vitro reaction to antibiotics in Klebsiella group organisms isolated from clinical cases (author's transl)]. According to the antibiotic sensitivity tests of 228 Klebsiella, they were found most sensitive resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. A great percentage of them had multiple resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:244772", "title": "Management of bacterial infections in severely neutropenic subjects.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside, have been evaluated in combination antibiotic therapy in 49 episodes of infection in 25 neutropenic patients. Tobramycin was used in combination with a cephalosporin in 40 episodes and with carbenicillin in 6. The most common infections were respiratory (21 episodes) and septicaemic (16 episodes). One or more pathogens were identified in 38 episodes, of which 36 were due to Gram-negative organisms. The clinical response was satisfactory in 71% of episodes, and the pathogens were eliminated in 50% of episodes in which follow-up bacteriological investigation was available. No renal, auditory, or vestibular toxicity was observed.", "contents": "Management of bacterial infections in severely neutropenic subjects. The safety and efficacy of tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside, have been evaluated in combination antibiotic therapy in 49 episodes of infection in 25 neutropenic patients. Tobramycin was used in combination with a cephalosporin in 40 episodes and with carbenicillin in 6. The most common infections were respiratory (21 episodes) and septicaemic (16 episodes). One or more pathogens were identified in 38 episodes, of which 36 were due to Gram-negative organisms. The clinical response was satisfactory in 71% of episodes, and the pathogens were eliminated in 50% of episodes in which follow-up bacteriological investigation was available. No renal, auditory, or vestibular toxicity was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:244882", "title": "Role supplementation: an empirical test of a nursing intervention.", "content": "This study tested the effects of role supplementations, as a preventive nursing intervention, on families who were experiencing a transition from a dyadic to a triadic relationship through the birth of a first child. Three groups--experimental (N = 12), control (N = 36), and FamCap (N = 10)--participated. Participation in the role supplementation prograd did not sharpen communication skills, increase skill in role taking, or increase the congruency in role perceptions. The intervention did help experimental group wives to have lower anxiety scores postdelivery than other wives in the study, although anxiety increased in all subjects. Through role supplementation intervention, experimental wives showed significant differences in their perceptions and attitudes toward ignoring the infant, protectiveness of the infant, and responsiveness of intants' needs.", "contents": "Role supplementation: an empirical test of a nursing intervention. This study tested the effects of role supplementations, as a preventive nursing intervention, on families who were experiencing a transition from a dyadic to a triadic relationship through the birth of a first child. Three groups--experimental (N = 12), control (N = 36), and FamCap (N = 10)--participated. Participation in the role supplementation prograd did not sharpen communication skills, increase skill in role taking, or increase the congruency in role perceptions. The intervention did help experimental group wives to have lower anxiety scores postdelivery than other wives in the study, although anxiety increased in all subjects. Through role supplementation intervention, experimental wives showed significant differences in their perceptions and attitudes toward ignoring the infant, protectiveness of the infant, and responsiveness of intants' needs."}
{"id": "PMID:244883", "title": "Type A behavior pattern and hypertension among inner-city black women.", "content": "Inner-city Black women were administered Rosenman and Friedman's A-B interview and invited to discuss stress experiences and traditional coronary heart disease risk factors while their blood pressure was monitored at two-minute intervals. Results revealed the essential reliability of the A-B classification for the sample and demonstrated a general congruence with type A behaviors reported in previous (mostly white male) samples. While type A Black women were not significantly more likely to be hypertensive than type B women, analyses of the intrasubject blood pressure variability revealed an interaction between A-B and hypertensive-normotensive status. Consistent with earlier findings, hypertensives were more variable than normotensives, but this was true only for type Bs; type As were intermediate and not differentiated in their variability. This finding calls attention to the possible adaptive function of type A behavior among stress inner-city Black females and raises the question of whether Rosenman and Friedman's personality theory might be objectionably simplistic.", "contents": "Type A behavior pattern and hypertension among inner-city black women. Inner-city Black women were administered Rosenman and Friedman's A-B interview and invited to discuss stress experiences and traditional coronary heart disease risk factors while their blood pressure was monitored at two-minute intervals. Results revealed the essential reliability of the A-B classification for the sample and demonstrated a general congruence with type A behaviors reported in previous (mostly white male) samples. While type A Black women were not significantly more likely to be hypertensive than type B women, analyses of the intrasubject blood pressure variability revealed an interaction between A-B and hypertensive-normotensive status. Consistent with earlier findings, hypertensives were more variable than normotensives, but this was true only for type Bs; type As were intermediate and not differentiated in their variability. This finding calls attention to the possible adaptive function of type A behavior among stress inner-city Black females and raises the question of whether Rosenman and Friedman's personality theory might be objectionably simplistic."}
{"id": "PMID:244884", "title": "Educational program evaluation: the University of Vermont family nurse practitioner program.", "content": "Graduates of the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) Program at the University of Vermont, Burlington, were surveyed to determine if the FNPs had enlarged their nursing roles following completion of the program. A sample of Vermont nurses served as a control group. Results of a questionnaire, used to obtain information about the nurses' training, functions, and attitudes, indicated that FNPs performed activities associated with an expanded nursing role more frequently than did their nonpractiioner counterparts. There was evidence that the two groups differed in their attitudes toward various aspects of their nursing roles. The evaluation is an ongoing study; as the number of program graduates increases, further characterization of their roles will be possible.", "contents": "Educational program evaluation: the University of Vermont family nurse practitioner program. Graduates of the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) Program at the University of Vermont, Burlington, were surveyed to determine if the FNPs had enlarged their nursing roles following completion of the program. A sample of Vermont nurses served as a control group. Results of a questionnaire, used to obtain information about the nurses' training, functions, and attitudes, indicated that FNPs performed activities associated with an expanded nursing role more frequently than did their nonpractiioner counterparts. There was evidence that the two groups differed in their attitudes toward various aspects of their nursing roles. The evaluation is an ongoing study; as the number of program graduates increases, further characterization of their roles will be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:244885", "title": "Relationship of patient-nurse activity to intracranial pressure variations: a pilot study.", "content": "Persons with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) from all causes are subject to periods of markedly increased pressure. Research since the initial clinical studies in the early 1960s has focused primarily on characteristics of ICP variations in specific pathologies and on mechanisms basic to increases in ICP rather than on the relationship between basic patient-care activities, such as moving the patient in bed, and variations in ICP. Therefore, nine patients with pressure-controlled ventriculostomy drainage systems were observed continuously for up to 24 hours to determine whate, if any, patient-nurse activities were associated with transient of sustained increased ICP. Frequencies of ventricular fluid drainage (VFD) during activity and nonactivity were compared to predicted frequencies. One patient had no VFD; eight patients had greater than predicted incidence of VFD associated with activity and less than predicted incidence associated with nonactivity. The difference between predicted and actual incidence of VFD was statistically significant (p less than .001) for all eight patients. Although each patient displayed individual patterns of specific activity associated with VFD, turning in bed and conversation about the patient's condition were consistent among the sample. Coughing, chewing use of bedpan, and restless movemenss were consistently associated with VFD in patients.", "contents": "Relationship of patient-nurse activity to intracranial pressure variations: a pilot study. Persons with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) from all causes are subject to periods of markedly increased pressure. Research since the initial clinical studies in the early 1960s has focused primarily on characteristics of ICP variations in specific pathologies and on mechanisms basic to increases in ICP rather than on the relationship between basic patient-care activities, such as moving the patient in bed, and variations in ICP. Therefore, nine patients with pressure-controlled ventriculostomy drainage systems were observed continuously for up to 24 hours to determine whate, if any, patient-nurse activities were associated with transient of sustained increased ICP. Frequencies of ventricular fluid drainage (VFD) during activity and nonactivity were compared to predicted frequencies. One patient had no VFD; eight patients had greater than predicted incidence of VFD associated with activity and less than predicted incidence associated with nonactivity. The difference between predicted and actual incidence of VFD was statistically significant (p less than .001) for all eight patients. Although each patient displayed individual patterns of specific activity associated with VFD, turning in bed and conversation about the patient's condition were consistent among the sample. Coughing, chewing use of bedpan, and restless movemenss were consistently associated with VFD in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:244886", "title": "Open-mindedness, rigidity, and the tendency to change inferences among psychiatric nursing staff: a pilot study.", "content": "To test the relationship between open- and closed-mindedness, between rigidity and nonrigidity, and the tendency of psychiatric nursing staff to alter inferences when given additional information about a patient, the Dogmatism Scale, Form E, And the Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale were presented to 120 psychiatric nursing staff members, all employed and working directly with patients. Low-dogmatic subjects changed their inferences regarding patient behavior significantly more than high-dogmatic subjects. Although high-rigid subjects changed their inferences about patient behaviour more than low-rigid subjects, the relationship was not significant.", "contents": "Open-mindedness, rigidity, and the tendency to change inferences among psychiatric nursing staff: a pilot study. To test the relationship between open- and closed-mindedness, between rigidity and nonrigidity, and the tendency of psychiatric nursing staff to alter inferences when given additional information about a patient, the Dogmatism Scale, Form E, And the Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale were presented to 120 psychiatric nursing staff members, all employed and working directly with patients. Low-dogmatic subjects changed their inferences regarding patient behavior significantly more than high-dogmatic subjects. Although high-rigid subjects changed their inferences about patient behaviour more than low-rigid subjects, the relationship was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:244887", "title": "Core competencies of masters-prepared nurses.", "content": "To identify a common core of process competencies that all masters-prepared nurses are expected to attain, regardless of area of clinical concentration or functional-role goal, a 68-item Process Competency Scale was devised from a conceptual model of the multiple roles of masters-prepared nurses: practitioner, educator, manager, and change agent. Responses from 118 questeionnaires from four groups of respondents revealed that 25 competency items met the criteria established for a core competency. There was uniform agreement that nursing educators should be high-level practitioners and that practitioners of nursing should attain teacher competencies.", "contents": "Core competencies of masters-prepared nurses. To identify a common core of process competencies that all masters-prepared nurses are expected to attain, regardless of area of clinical concentration or functional-role goal, a 68-item Process Competency Scale was devised from a conceptual model of the multiple roles of masters-prepared nurses: practitioner, educator, manager, and change agent. Responses from 118 questeionnaires from four groups of respondents revealed that 25 competency items met the criteria established for a core competency. There was uniform agreement that nursing educators should be high-level practitioners and that practitioners of nursing should attain teacher competencies."}
{"id": "PMID:244888", "title": "State borad examinaions and associate degree program effectiveness.", "content": "Relative effectiveness of the 13 Washington State associate degree (AD) programs was rated by 102 directors of nursing, AD nursing educators, and state board members. When the programs were ranked according to these ratings and the average of the programs' state board examinations, only a small positive relationship was obtained. State board examinations, therefore, should not be used by state and federal agencies as a composite measure of program effectivensss. Instead, the examinations should remain an assessment of th eminimum competency of individuals.", "contents": "State borad examinaions and associate degree program effectiveness. Relative effectiveness of the 13 Washington State associate degree (AD) programs was rated by 102 directors of nursing, AD nursing educators, and state board members. When the programs were ranked according to these ratings and the average of the programs' state board examinations, only a small positive relationship was obtained. State board examinations, therefore, should not be used by state and federal agencies as a composite measure of program effectivensss. Instead, the examinations should remain an assessment of th eminimum competency of individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:244890", "title": "Nurses' personal death concerns and responses to dying-patient statements.", "content": "This study investigated the concept that a professional's awareness of concerns about her own death is helpful in the treatment of dying patients by using a fantasy of the subject's own life and death in relationship to her response to dying-patient statements. Data produced by this study supported this concept. The study also examined various defensive strategies to fear of death and their relationship to interactions with terminal patients. The defensive strategies were not found to contribute to the differential changes measured by this investigation.", "contents": "Nurses' personal death concerns and responses to dying-patient statements. This study investigated the concept that a professional's awareness of concerns about her own death is helpful in the treatment of dying patients by using a fantasy of the subject's own life and death in relationship to her response to dying-patient statements. Data produced by this study supported this concept. The study also examined various defensive strategies to fear of death and their relationship to interactions with terminal patients. The defensive strategies were not found to contribute to the differential changes measured by this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:245219", "title": "Milk fever: a case against polypharmacy solutions.", "content": "One hundred and thirty four cases of hypocalcaemia (parturient paresis) between April and Jul 1976 from 72 herds in the UK and Eire were used to compare the response to intravenous treatments with one of three solutions containing calcium salts. Two solutions contained 8 g calcium, one with added magnesium (1.03 g), a third solution contained 6.2 g calcium. The biochemical response obtained 24 hours after successful treatment from all solutions was similar. The clinical response with both 8 g calcium solutions was similar and significantly superior to that obtained with 6.2 g calcium (P less than 0.02 greater than 0.01). More cases (44 per cent) relapsed after treatment with 6.2 g calcium. There was no evidence that the added magnesium to the calcium solution improved the clinical response of parturient paresis cases in this spring claving season, as had been suggested previously. The herds providing these 134 cases had recorded an incidence of 8.04 per cent for parturient paresis in 1975.", "contents": "Milk fever: a case against polypharmacy solutions. One hundred and thirty four cases of hypocalcaemia (parturient paresis) between April and Jul 1976 from 72 herds in the UK and Eire were used to compare the response to intravenous treatments with one of three solutions containing calcium salts. Two solutions contained 8 g calcium, one with added magnesium (1.03 g), a third solution contained 6.2 g calcium. The biochemical response obtained 24 hours after successful treatment from all solutions was similar. The clinical response with both 8 g calcium solutions was similar and significantly superior to that obtained with 6.2 g calcium (P less than 0.02 greater than 0.01). More cases (44 per cent) relapsed after treatment with 6.2 g calcium. There was no evidence that the added magnesium to the calcium solution improved the clinical response of parturient paresis cases in this spring claving season, as had been suggested previously. The herds providing these 134 cases had recorded an incidence of 8.04 per cent for parturient paresis in 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:245264", "title": "Incidence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline among Salmonella species isolated in the Netherlands in 1972, 1973 and 1974.", "content": "The resistance of Salmonellae to drugs has been studied in the Netherlands since 1958. In 1972, 1973, and 1974 respectively, 14241, 13086, and 22927 strains were tested for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline. From 1973 all strains were also tested for resistance to trimethoprim. In the period covered, the yearly incidence of resistance to at least one of the above drugs ranged from 39.2% to 45.6% of all strains obtained from various sources (humans, animals, animal products, sewage, etc.). A new finding in the period 1972 to 1974 was that many multiply resistant strains emerged in S. typhimurium and in S. dublin isolated from calves and cattle. In 1974, 64.4% of all strains of S. typhimurium from these animals appeared to be resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and kanamycin, and 25.5% of those of S. dublin were found to be resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Of all strains of Salmonellae examined in 1973 and 1974 respectively, 0.15% and 0.22% were resistant to trimethoprim, the main component of the twin-drug cotrimoxazol. Of the 142 strains of S. typhi isolated in 1972 to 1974 two were resistant to tetracycline only, and one was resistant to all four antibiotics. The others had a normal susceptibility pattern.", "contents": "Incidence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline among Salmonella species isolated in the Netherlands in 1972, 1973 and 1974. The resistance of Salmonellae to drugs has been studied in the Netherlands since 1958. In 1972, 1973, and 1974 respectively, 14241, 13086, and 22927 strains were tested for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and tetracycline. From 1973 all strains were also tested for resistance to trimethoprim. In the period covered, the yearly incidence of resistance to at least one of the above drugs ranged from 39.2% to 45.6% of all strains obtained from various sources (humans, animals, animal products, sewage, etc.). A new finding in the period 1972 to 1974 was that many multiply resistant strains emerged in S. typhimurium and in S. dublin isolated from calves and cattle. In 1974, 64.4% of all strains of S. typhimurium from these animals appeared to be resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and kanamycin, and 25.5% of those of S. dublin were found to be resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Of all strains of Salmonellae examined in 1973 and 1974 respectively, 0.15% and 0.22% were resistant to trimethoprim, the main component of the twin-drug cotrimoxazol. Of the 142 strains of S. typhi isolated in 1972 to 1974 two were resistant to tetracycline only, and one was resistant to all four antibiotics. The others had a normal susceptibility pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:245309", "title": "Synthesis of 125I-labeled N-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acids.", "content": "A method for the isolation and labeling to high specific radioactivity of individual isoaccepting tRNAs is described. After blocking reactive minor bases by acetylation and iodination of the crude tRNA, a single family of isoacceptors was aminoacylated. Individual isoacceptors were separated by chromatography on RPC-5 and then acylated with the 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The product was purified by chromatography on BD-cellulose and RPC-5. This derivatized tRNA was then iodinated with 125I- and Chloramine-T to give a product containing between 5 X 10(7) and 3 X 10(8) dpm/microgram. The suitability of such labeled tRNAs for hybridization to homologous DNA in solution and cytological preparations of chromosomes is discussed with particular reference to Drosophila melanogaster.", "contents": "Synthesis of 125I-labeled N-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acids. A method for the isolation and labeling to high specific radioactivity of individual isoaccepting tRNAs is described. After blocking reactive minor bases by acetylation and iodination of the crude tRNA, a single family of isoacceptors was aminoacylated. Individual isoacceptors were separated by chromatography on RPC-5 and then acylated with the 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The product was purified by chromatography on BD-cellulose and RPC-5. This derivatized tRNA was then iodinated with 125I- and Chloramine-T to give a product containing between 5 X 10(7) and 3 X 10(8) dpm/microgram. The suitability of such labeled tRNAs for hybridization to homologous DNA in solution and cytological preparations of chromosomes is discussed with particular reference to Drosophila melanogaster."}
{"id": "PMID:245310", "title": "Adaptation of the tRNA population of maize endosperm for zein synthesis.", "content": "Maize endosperm, 30 days after pollination is actively synthesizing zein, a storage protein containing high amounts of glutamine. leucine and alanine. Endosperm tRNAs have a higher accepting activity than embryo tRNAs for these three amino acids, but not for some other (control) amino acids. This increase in accepting activity is accompanied by a change in the distribution of the isoaccepting tRNA species corresponding to these three amino acids, but not of the isoacceptors corresponding to some other (control) amino acids. These results are in favor of the theory of functional adaptation of tRNA population.", "contents": "Adaptation of the tRNA population of maize endosperm for zein synthesis. Maize endosperm, 30 days after pollination is actively synthesizing zein, a storage protein containing high amounts of glutamine. leucine and alanine. Endosperm tRNAs have a higher accepting activity than embryo tRNAs for these three amino acids, but not for some other (control) amino acids. This increase in accepting activity is accompanied by a change in the distribution of the isoaccepting tRNA species corresponding to these three amino acids, but not of the isoacceptors corresponding to some other (control) amino acids. These results are in favor of the theory of functional adaptation of tRNA population."}
{"id": "PMID:245311", "title": "An inhibitor which interferes with the enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA.", "content": "Inactive, frozen and thawed cytoplasmic extracts of 3T3 and SV-101 (3T3 transformed by SV-40 virus) cells contain an inhibitor which blocks the poly(U)-directed incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into polypeptides, catalyzed by active extracts of these cells. This inhibition is not reversed by adding increased amounts of poly(U). Furthermore, little or no inhibitory activity is observed when poly(U) translation is assayed using precharged [14C]Phe-tRNA. These results suggest that the observed inhibition is not due to the degradation of poly(U) by a nuclease. The inhibitor appears to act primarily at the level of tRNA charging since the synthesis of both Phe-tRNA and Lys-tRNA is impaired in its presence. Evidence is presented which indicates that the inhibitory activity is not due to a high molecular weight protein or nucleic acid. However, the inhibitor appears to be adsorbed to a macromolecule. The inhibitory activity is completely destroyed by ashing.", "contents": "An inhibitor which interferes with the enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA. Inactive, frozen and thawed cytoplasmic extracts of 3T3 and SV-101 (3T3 transformed by SV-40 virus) cells contain an inhibitor which blocks the poly(U)-directed incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into polypeptides, catalyzed by active extracts of these cells. This inhibition is not reversed by adding increased amounts of poly(U). Furthermore, little or no inhibitory activity is observed when poly(U) translation is assayed using precharged [14C]Phe-tRNA. These results suggest that the observed inhibition is not due to the degradation of poly(U) by a nuclease. The inhibitor appears to act primarily at the level of tRNA charging since the synthesis of both Phe-tRNA and Lys-tRNA is impaired in its presence. Evidence is presented which indicates that the inhibitory activity is not due to a high molecular weight protein or nucleic acid. However, the inhibitor appears to be adsorbed to a macromolecule. The inhibitory activity is completely destroyed by ashing."}
{"id": "PMID:245308", "title": "[Outbreak of Salmonella poona (G group) infection resistant to high concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and other antimicrobial agents].", "content": "An epidemic that occurred at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico is reported. Salmonella poona (roup G) was isolated in 154 patients: 122 in stool cultures, 23 in blood cultures and 9 in meningitis; out of the latter, 6 were newborns under 2 months of age. The strain showed resistance to several antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin and sulfonamides. Seventy per cent of the strains were resistant to 500 mcg/ml (highest concentration used) and 65% to the same dose of chloramphenicol.", "contents": "[Outbreak of Salmonella poona (G group) infection resistant to high concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and other antimicrobial agents]. An epidemic that occurred at the Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico is reported. Salmonella poona (roup G) was isolated in 154 patients: 122 in stool cultures, 23 in blood cultures and 9 in meningitis; out of the latter, 6 were newborns under 2 months of age. The strain showed resistance to several antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin and sulfonamides. Seventy per cent of the strains were resistant to 500 mcg/ml (highest concentration used) and 65% to the same dose of chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:245312", "title": "Experimentally induced and natural recovery from the effects of phenylalanine on brain protein synthesis.", "content": "The decrease in the neural polyribosomes produced during hyperphenylalaninemia could not be restored to normal levels by the injection of other single neutral amino acids. All of the neutral amino acids that are transported with phenylalanine were found to produce an alteration of neural polyribosomes similar to that measured with phenylalanine. However, the injection of a balanced mixture of 6 or 7 neutral amino acids could restore the brain polyribosomes to normal states. Although this experimentally induced recovery did not lower brain phenylalanine concentrations, it did restore the acylation levels of methionyl-tRNA, and in particular, the methionyl-tRNA initiator species. This also led to a concomitant stimulation of the elongation rate of brain polypeptide synthesis. A natural recovery of brain polyribosomal levels (occurring 2 h after 1 mg/g phenylalanine is injected) did not appear to represent a real recovery of neural protein metabolism. Phenylalanine concentrations were increased in the brain, the acylation levels of methionyl-tRNA, alanyl-tRNA and the initiator methionyl-tRNA remained altered, and the rate of ribosome translocation was decreased 28%.", "contents": "Experimentally induced and natural recovery from the effects of phenylalanine on brain protein synthesis. The decrease in the neural polyribosomes produced during hyperphenylalaninemia could not be restored to normal levels by the injection of other single neutral amino acids. All of the neutral amino acids that are transported with phenylalanine were found to produce an alteration of neural polyribosomes similar to that measured with phenylalanine. However, the injection of a balanced mixture of 6 or 7 neutral amino acids could restore the brain polyribosomes to normal states. Although this experimentally induced recovery did not lower brain phenylalanine concentrations, it did restore the acylation levels of methionyl-tRNA, and in particular, the methionyl-tRNA initiator species. This also led to a concomitant stimulation of the elongation rate of brain polypeptide synthesis. A natural recovery of brain polyribosomal levels (occurring 2 h after 1 mg/g phenylalanine is injected) did not appear to represent a real recovery of neural protein metabolism. Phenylalanine concentrations were increased in the brain, the acylation levels of methionyl-tRNA, alanyl-tRNA and the initiator methionyl-tRNA remained altered, and the rate of ribosome translocation was decreased 28%."}
{"id": "PMID:245313", "title": "Effect of progesterone on the initiation of respiration of the newborn.", "content": "On the 30th day of pregnancy, the experimental fetuses in 19 rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1-1.0 mg progesterone (P). The control fetuses in the contralateral uterine horn were treated with the solvent, sesame oil. Both the experimental and control fetuses were delivered 10 min after treatment by hysterotomy to measure the P concentration of their lung tissue and observe their respiration during the initial 2 h of postnatal life. In comparison with the controls, the experimental newborns had greatly elevated P levels and showed typical respiratory distress syndrome, confirmed by histology.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone on the initiation of respiration of the newborn. On the 30th day of pregnancy, the experimental fetuses in 19 rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1-1.0 mg progesterone (P). The control fetuses in the contralateral uterine horn were treated with the solvent, sesame oil. Both the experimental and control fetuses were delivered 10 min after treatment by hysterotomy to measure the P concentration of their lung tissue and observe their respiration during the initial 2 h of postnatal life. In comparison with the controls, the experimental newborns had greatly elevated P levels and showed typical respiratory distress syndrome, confirmed by histology."}
{"id": "PMID:245326", "title": "[Now-a-days positions in legal psychiatry (author's transl)].", "content": "The stimulus to this contribution to legal psychiatry has to be seen in the present state of the discussion of some of its premises. To be fully aware of the problem it seems necessary to go back to a very elementary point of view. Thus it becomes evident that there is epistemologically a fundamental difference between the so-called gnostic and the agnostic standpoint, between the psychoanalytical and the phenomenological approach. Furthermore a non-contradictory answer to the present questions only appears consistent with the \"agnostic\" method, whose formal implications are explained very shortly.", "contents": "[Now-a-days positions in legal psychiatry (author's transl)]. The stimulus to this contribution to legal psychiatry has to be seen in the present state of the discussion of some of its premises. To be fully aware of the problem it seems necessary to go back to a very elementary point of view. Thus it becomes evident that there is epistemologically a fundamental difference between the so-called gnostic and the agnostic standpoint, between the psychoanalytical and the phenomenological approach. Furthermore a non-contradictory answer to the present questions only appears consistent with the \"agnostic\" method, whose formal implications are explained very shortly."}
{"id": "PMID:245327", "title": "[The relaxation principle in generalized convulsion (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the relaxation principle (Selbach) a phase of vagotropic preponderance is preceding to a generalized convulsion and is immediately overcome during convulsion by an increased sympathicus tonus. Conditions of generalized convulsions recently observed by animal experiments, such as high exspiratory neuronal activity and apnea a short time before the fit, and during the fit an increase of inspiratory and reticular neuronal activity as also an increased activity of the renal sympathicus, are thus attached to this two-phase-reaction.", "contents": "[The relaxation principle in generalized convulsion (author's transl)]. According to the relaxation principle (Selbach) a phase of vagotropic preponderance is preceding to a generalized convulsion and is immediately overcome during convulsion by an increased sympathicus tonus. Conditions of generalized convulsions recently observed by animal experiments, such as high exspiratory neuronal activity and apnea a short time before the fit, and during the fit an increase of inspiratory and reticular neuronal activity as also an increased activity of the renal sympathicus, are thus attached to this two-phase-reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:245328", "title": "[Yawning in a case with transsecting glioma of the pons (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with ponsglioma got completely tetraplegic and plegic in all muscles innervated by the caudal brainstem nerves (locked-in syndrome). He could not open or close the mouth, but he was able to yawn. It is concluded that the motivation of yawning stems from the sleep inducing system in the region of the raphe-nuclei and is projected directly to the nuclei of the caudal brainstem nerves.", "contents": "[Yawning in a case with transsecting glioma of the pons (author's transl)]. A patient with ponsglioma got completely tetraplegic and plegic in all muscles innervated by the caudal brainstem nerves (locked-in syndrome). He could not open or close the mouth, but he was able to yawn. It is concluded that the motivation of yawning stems from the sleep inducing system in the region of the raphe-nuclei and is projected directly to the nuclei of the caudal brainstem nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:245329", "title": "[A clinical and angiographic study of occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery with special reference to the pathogenetic role of oral contraceptives and nicotine-abuse (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 13 cases of occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery are presented as verified by angiography. 9 of these were between the age of 20 and 39. The symptoms and clinical courses are compared with the angiographic findings, especially with the collateral circulation. On the basis of our observations and similar cases reported in the literature the factors, disposing to vascular occlusions are discussed in detail particularly the role of oral contraceptives and nicotine-abuse.", "contents": "[A clinical and angiographic study of occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery with special reference to the pathogenetic role of oral contraceptives and nicotine-abuse (author's transl)]. A series of 13 cases of occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery are presented as verified by angiography. 9 of these were between the age of 20 and 39. The symptoms and clinical courses are compared with the angiographic findings, especially with the collateral circulation. On the basis of our observations and similar cases reported in the literature the factors, disposing to vascular occlusions are discussed in detail particularly the role of oral contraceptives and nicotine-abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:245330", "title": "[The dissociated laughing and weeping in apoplectic insult (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with the volitional type of facial palsy showed in the arteriography an obstruction of the middle cerebral artery without affecting the thalamostriatal arteries. As laughing and weeping are motivated in the cerebral trunc they must have been projected through the mesopallium (which includes the thalamus) to the facial nuclei. These two behaviour elements did not show any modification on the paretic side, indicating so, that they are phylogenetic old elements, normally modified by the volitional influence. The original weeping expresses an appeal to the companion, the original laughing the readiness of affilation.", "contents": "[The dissociated laughing and weeping in apoplectic insult (author's transl)]. A patient with the volitional type of facial palsy showed in the arteriography an obstruction of the middle cerebral artery without affecting the thalamostriatal arteries. As laughing and weeping are motivated in the cerebral trunc they must have been projected through the mesopallium (which includes the thalamus) to the facial nuclei. These two behaviour elements did not show any modification on the paretic side, indicating so, that they are phylogenetic old elements, normally modified by the volitional influence. The original weeping expresses an appeal to the companion, the original laughing the readiness of affilation."}
{"id": "PMID:245366", "title": "Education of nursing students for better collaboration of client, nurse and physician.", "content": "The role of the professional nurse in participation with other members of the health care team is exciting and demanding. The professional student at various levels could benefit from the experience in this ambulatory setting to aquire skills and explore the concept of promoting health as well as care of illness. Minnesota has been a forerunner in the passage of legislation which informs the citizens as to the expectations they can hold in relation to their health care. A majority of these rights pertain to the informational needs of persons seeking health care. To comply with the law, the health care providers must be cognizant of the law and acquire skills as students to enable the client to be active and intelligent participants in their health care team, in either acceptance or refusal of care. The opportunity and challenges are obvious. How will we as nursing educators assist our students as practitioners of tomorrow to meet them?", "contents": "Education of nursing students for better collaboration of client, nurse and physician. The role of the professional nurse in participation with other members of the health care team is exciting and demanding. The professional student at various levels could benefit from the experience in this ambulatory setting to aquire skills and explore the concept of promoting health as well as care of illness. Minnesota has been a forerunner in the passage of legislation which informs the citizens as to the expectations they can hold in relation to their health care. A majority of these rights pertain to the informational needs of persons seeking health care. To comply with the law, the health care providers must be cognizant of the law and acquire skills as students to enable the client to be active and intelligent participants in their health care team, in either acceptance or refusal of care. The opportunity and challenges are obvious. How will we as nursing educators assist our students as practitioners of tomorrow to meet them?"}
{"id": "PMID:245409", "title": "Clostridial myonecrosis ('gas gangrene') during cephalosporin prophylaxis.", "content": "Four cases of clostridial myonecrosis that developed in open fractures were treated with surgical debridement and with intravenous cephalosporins as antibiotic prophylaxis. All patients recovered following amputation of the involved extremity, and treatment with high-dose penicillin in three cases, and erythromycin plus high-dose cephalothin in the fourth. This complication was not seen in patients with similar injuries that were managed surgically but used other antibiotics, usually penicillin, as prophylaxis. In vitro susceptibility tests of clostridia to cephalothin were performed; the results demonstrated that nearly 50% of clostridia tested were resistant to cephalothin.", "contents": "Clostridial myonecrosis ('gas gangrene') during cephalosporin prophylaxis. Four cases of clostridial myonecrosis that developed in open fractures were treated with surgical debridement and with intravenous cephalosporins as antibiotic prophylaxis. All patients recovered following amputation of the involved extremity, and treatment with high-dose penicillin in three cases, and erythromycin plus high-dose cephalothin in the fourth. This complication was not seen in patients with similar injuries that were managed surgically but used other antibiotics, usually penicillin, as prophylaxis. In vitro susceptibility tests of clostridia to cephalothin were performed; the results demonstrated that nearly 50% of clostridia tested were resistant to cephalothin."}
{"id": "PMID:245626", "title": "How nursing administrators view conflict.", "content": "Fifty-one nursing administrators attending an institute on administration were asked to respond to two questions: \"What is good about conflict?\" \"What is bad about conflict?\" Findings indicated that nursing administrators: made more positive than negative statements about conflict, associated conflict's effects to be greater on people than on task accomplishment, indicated that conflict had greater intrapersonal than interpersonal effects, believed that the beneficial effects of conflict on task accomplishment lie in the realm of problem resolution, and reported that the major negative effects of conflict on task accomplishment were felt on productivity. These findings underscore the complex nature of conflict and its benefits and costs to the individual, organization, and nursing administrator. Views of these nursing administrators are in concert with contemporary behavioral science literature which suggests that conflict is necessary for organizational growth and is not automatically symptomatic of organizational pathology.", "contents": "How nursing administrators view conflict. Fifty-one nursing administrators attending an institute on administration were asked to respond to two questions: \"What is good about conflict?\" \"What is bad about conflict?\" Findings indicated that nursing administrators: made more positive than negative statements about conflict, associated conflict's effects to be greater on people than on task accomplishment, indicated that conflict had greater intrapersonal than interpersonal effects, believed that the beneficial effects of conflict on task accomplishment lie in the realm of problem resolution, and reported that the major negative effects of conflict on task accomplishment were felt on productivity. These findings underscore the complex nature of conflict and its benefits and costs to the individual, organization, and nursing administrator. Views of these nursing administrators are in concert with contemporary behavioral science literature which suggests that conflict is necessary for organizational growth and is not automatically symptomatic of organizational pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:245627", "title": "A patient classification system by level of nursing care requirements.", "content": "A classification scheme and an instrument to determine work load, in use since June 1975 in the daily adjustment of supply and demand in the 24 pediatric units of the Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, is described. Construction and implementation of the instrument are delineated. The instrument was successful in determing the number of nurses necessary to meet the work load on various units. On the basis of these data, the short- and long-term management of supply and demand of nursing care was examined and the classification system was generalized to all types of patients except psychiatric.", "contents": "A patient classification system by level of nursing care requirements. A classification scheme and an instrument to determine work load, in use since June 1975 in the daily adjustment of supply and demand in the 24 pediatric units of the Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, is described. Construction and implementation of the instrument are delineated. The instrument was successful in determing the number of nurses necessary to meet the work load on various units. On the basis of these data, the short- and long-term management of supply and demand of nursing care was examined and the classification system was generalized to all types of patients except psychiatric."}
{"id": "PMID:245631", "title": "Competence of nursing graduates in technical, communicative, and administrative skills.", "content": "This survey examined baccalaureate, diploma, and associate degree nursing program graduates regarding their perception of their competency in technical, communicative, and administrative skills and their supervisors' perceptions of their competency. Differences were found among graduates' perceptions of their competency as well as in supervisors' perceptions of graduates' competency in these skills.", "contents": "Competence of nursing graduates in technical, communicative, and administrative skills. This survey examined baccalaureate, diploma, and associate degree nursing program graduates regarding their perception of their competency in technical, communicative, and administrative skills and their supervisors' perceptions of their competency. Differences were found among graduates' perceptions of their competency as well as in supervisors' perceptions of graduates' competency in these skills."}
{"id": "PMID:245630", "title": "Nurses' satisfaction with their work situation.", "content": "Although job satisfaction  is related to performance within the work setting, precise definitions and methods of measuring satisfaction are lacking, especially in medical settings. This article describes a two-year research project that investigated the concept of occupational satisfaction and methods of measuring this concept among in-and outpatient nurses. The Index of Work Satisfaction, a scale that measures relative importance of various components of satisfaction and attitudes toward the components, as well as an overall summary score, was developed. Methodology of the scale development, utilizing hospital nurses and nurses involved in a private group-practice setting, is described. Analysis of the responses from the nurses indicated that the scale measured occupational satifaction of nurses in both settings.", "contents": "Nurses' satisfaction with their work situation. Although job satisfaction  is related to performance within the work setting, precise definitions and methods of measuring satisfaction are lacking, especially in medical settings. This article describes a two-year research project that investigated the concept of occupational satisfaction and methods of measuring this concept among in-and outpatient nurses. The Index of Work Satisfaction, a scale that measures relative importance of various components of satisfaction and attitudes toward the components, as well as an overall summary score, was developed. Methodology of the scale development, utilizing hospital nurses and nurses involved in a private group-practice setting, is described. Analysis of the responses from the nurses indicated that the scale measured occupational satifaction of nurses in both settings."}
{"id": "PMID:245635", "title": "Birth without violence: a medical controversy.", "content": "A study of the Leboyer method of childbirth, using six experimental, six control infants, is presented. The hypothesis, increased alertness will be observed in Leboyer infants in the immediate postdelivery period, was upheld.", "contents": "Birth without violence: a medical controversy. A study of the Leboyer method of childbirth, using six experimental, six control infants, is presented. The hypothesis, increased alertness will be observed in Leboyer infants in the immediate postdelivery period, was upheld."}
{"id": "PMID:245636", "title": "Faculty influence on nursing students' preferences for practice.", "content": "To ascertain if faculty preferences affect students' preferences for nursing practice, this study investigated: 1) the convergence of students' preferences with those of their clinical faculty and 2) students' perceptions of faculty characteristics associated with their practice preferences at the completion of a clinical course. Fourteen faculty and 170 junior baccalaureate nursing students were measured at three points in time to determine student preferences for indirect-direct involvement in patient care. Findings did not support the convergence of students' preferences with those of faculty as they progressed through the course. At the completion of the course multiple regressions revealed that students' preferences were associated with preferences they attributed to faculty, their perceptions of faculty reputation among students, students' clinical grades, and their preferences for nursing practice before and after six weeks of the course.", "contents": "Faculty influence on nursing students' preferences for practice. To ascertain if faculty preferences affect students' preferences for nursing practice, this study investigated: 1) the convergence of students' preferences with those of their clinical faculty and 2) students' perceptions of faculty characteristics associated with their practice preferences at the completion of a clinical course. Fourteen faculty and 170 junior baccalaureate nursing students were measured at three points in time to determine student preferences for indirect-direct involvement in patient care. Findings did not support the convergence of students' preferences with those of faculty as they progressed through the course. At the completion of the course multiple regressions revealed that students' preferences were associated with preferences they attributed to faculty, their perceptions of faculty reputation among students, students' clinical grades, and their preferences for nursing practice before and after six weeks of the course."}
{"id": "PMID:245637", "title": "Effect of basic preventive health practices and mass media on the practice of breast self-examination.", "content": "To assess factors that affected utilization of breast self-examination in 160 women enrolled in masters degree programs--in nursing and in programs outside of health disciplines--a questionnaire sought information about 1) the relationship between practice of six basic preventive health measures and practice of breast self-examination, and 2) changes which occurred in women's practices of breast self-examination subsequent to the October 1974 mass media coverage of Mrs. Betty Ford's mastectomy. Descriptive data about other factors that influenced women's practice of breast self-examination were obtained. Findings indicated a relationship between positive practice of breast self-examination and positive practices of other preventive health measures in women of health and nonhealth orientation up to 35 years of age and under, but not in those over 35 years of age. Significantly increased breast self-examination practices in women of all ages were reported following Mrs. Ford's mastectomy. Implications favorable to the early detection of breast disease are suggested.", "contents": "Effect of basic preventive health practices and mass media on the practice of breast self-examination. To assess factors that affected utilization of breast self-examination in 160 women enrolled in masters degree programs--in nursing and in programs outside of health disciplines--a questionnaire sought information about 1) the relationship between practice of six basic preventive health measures and practice of breast self-examination, and 2) changes which occurred in women's practices of breast self-examination subsequent to the October 1974 mass media coverage of Mrs. Betty Ford's mastectomy. Descriptive data about other factors that influenced women's practice of breast self-examination were obtained. Findings indicated a relationship between positive practice of breast self-examination and positive practices of other preventive health measures in women of health and nonhealth orientation up to 35 years of age and under, but not in those over 35 years of age. Significantly increased breast self-examination practices in women of all ages were reported following Mrs. Ford's mastectomy. Implications favorable to the early detection of breast disease are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:245746", "title": "[A case of glomerulonephritis and subacute endocarditis associated to Hemophilus aphrophilus septiciemia].", "content": "A report is presented on the findings in what is to our knowledge the first described case of glomerulonephritis resulting from Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis. After an insidious onset, serious renal failure developed which subsided with antibiotic therapy. Cardiac damage was minimal and the patient recovered his usual state of health, an outcome which has not been so satisfactory in other reported cases of endocarditis due to Haemophilus aphrophilus. The case is discussed with reference to the clinical course of the disease and the microbiologic properties of Haemophilus aphrophilus.", "contents": "[A case of glomerulonephritis and subacute endocarditis associated to Hemophilus aphrophilus septiciemia]. A report is presented on the findings in what is to our knowledge the first described case of glomerulonephritis resulting from Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis. After an insidious onset, serious renal failure developed which subsided with antibiotic therapy. Cardiac damage was minimal and the patient recovered his usual state of health, an outcome which has not been so satisfactory in other reported cases of endocarditis due to Haemophilus aphrophilus. The case is discussed with reference to the clinical course of the disease and the microbiologic properties of Haemophilus aphrophilus."}
{"id": "PMID:245989", "title": "Phenylalanyl synthetase function in cultured fibroblasts from subjects with progeria.", "content": "Since progeria cells contain a diversity of altered proteins, some aspects of phenylalanyl synthetase function were examined in semipurified extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts using mixed rabbit tRNA as acceptor. No significant differences were found in the Km and Vmax for phenylalanine or ATP in progeria cells compared with controls. Initial velocities of both progeria and control synthetases were lower at late passage owing to either reduced enzyme content or reduced catalytic efficiency. Reverse phase 5 chromatography of tRNAs acylated by progeria and control synthetases gave a single peak of labeled phenylalanine tRNA in all cases with no secondary peaks evident. Total activity of phenylalanyl synthetase in progeria cells was similar to that of control cells at early passage while late-passage control cells had lower specific activities of these synthetases per unit protein.", "contents": "Phenylalanyl synthetase function in cultured fibroblasts from subjects with progeria. Since progeria cells contain a diversity of altered proteins, some aspects of phenylalanyl synthetase function were examined in semipurified extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts using mixed rabbit tRNA as acceptor. No significant differences were found in the Km and Vmax for phenylalanine or ATP in progeria cells compared with controls. Initial velocities of both progeria and control synthetases were lower at late passage owing to either reduced enzyme content or reduced catalytic efficiency. Reverse phase 5 chromatography of tRNAs acylated by progeria and control synthetases gave a single peak of labeled phenylalanine tRNA in all cases with no secondary peaks evident. Total activity of phenylalanyl synthetase in progeria cells was similar to that of control cells at early passage while late-passage control cells had lower specific activities of these synthetases per unit protein."}
{"id": "PMID:245991", "title": "Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in some mutant human lymphoblasts.", "content": "To study the role of purine ribonucleotides as possible regulators of the rate of de novo purine biosynthesis in living human cells, we measured intracellular ribonucleotide concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography in a series of cloned human lymphoblast mutants selected by resistance to 8-azaguanine, in which the severity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency could be correlated with increases in the rate of de novo purine biosynthesis and increases in intracellular concentrations of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P). Compared with appropriate normal controls, intracellular purine ribonucleotide concentrations were not reduced in HGPRT-deficient lymphoblasts but there were striking increases in intracellular concentrations of some pyrimidine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars which appeared to be related to the degree of the deficiency. Similar changes were found in lymphoblasts from a Lesch-Nyhan boy. These data support the hypothesis that the accelerated rate of purine biosynthesis in HGPRT-deficient cells result from increases in intracellular PP-ribose-P concentration and not from changes in intracellular purine ribonucleotide concentrations. The possibility that the abnormality of pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism results from coordinate regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis by PP-ribose-P was not substantiated by measurement of rates of pyrimidine synthesis and experimental elevation of intracellular concentrations of PP-ribose-P after incubation of cells with inorganic phosphate.", "contents": "Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in some mutant human lymphoblasts. To study the role of purine ribonucleotides as possible regulators of the rate of de novo purine biosynthesis in living human cells, we measured intracellular ribonucleotide concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography in a series of cloned human lymphoblast mutants selected by resistance to 8-azaguanine, in which the severity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency could be correlated with increases in the rate of de novo purine biosynthesis and increases in intracellular concentrations of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P). Compared with appropriate normal controls, intracellular purine ribonucleotide concentrations were not reduced in HGPRT-deficient lymphoblasts but there were striking increases in intracellular concentrations of some pyrimidine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars which appeared to be related to the degree of the deficiency. Similar changes were found in lymphoblasts from a Lesch-Nyhan boy. These data support the hypothesis that the accelerated rate of purine biosynthesis in HGPRT-deficient cells result from increases in intracellular PP-ribose-P concentration and not from changes in intracellular purine ribonucleotide concentrations. The possibility that the abnormality of pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism results from coordinate regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis by PP-ribose-P was not substantiated by measurement of rates of pyrimidine synthesis and experimental elevation of intracellular concentrations of PP-ribose-P after incubation of cells with inorganic phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:245992", "title": "Dietary feedback regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in man.", "content": "Ten days after a healthy person has consumed a purine-free isoenergetic diet, the excretion of (endogenous) uric acid reaches a minimum and remains constant thereafter. Purines are absorbed in different degrees from various biochemical sources added to such a diet--little from DNA, nearly all from ribomononucleotides--presumably owing to different rates of hydrolysis. There is always a linear relationship between dietary purine content and uric acid excretion, independent of the source of purine. The findings suggest that dietary purines play a minor role (if any) in the regulation of purine synthesis, contrary to the conclusions of other workers. The demonstration that oral administration of uridine diminishes the oroticaciduria in patients with hereditary oroticaciduria suggested dietary feedback regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by pyrimidine nucleosides in the diet. The reduction of allopurinol-induced oroticaciduria by dietary RNA pointed in the same direction. Closer analysis with RNA hydrolysate and isolated purine as well as pyrimidine nucleotides, however, revealed that not only pyrimidine derivatives but also purine mononucleotides diminish oroticaciduria. The nucleotides had no influence on the change in the activity of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23), induced by allopurinol; this makes an effect on the decarboxylase unlikely. The feedback regulation is assumed to act by inhibition of an earlier step.", "contents": "Dietary feedback regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in man. Ten days after a healthy person has consumed a purine-free isoenergetic diet, the excretion of (endogenous) uric acid reaches a minimum and remains constant thereafter. Purines are absorbed in different degrees from various biochemical sources added to such a diet--little from DNA, nearly all from ribomononucleotides--presumably owing to different rates of hydrolysis. There is always a linear relationship between dietary purine content and uric acid excretion, independent of the source of purine. The findings suggest that dietary purines play a minor role (if any) in the regulation of purine synthesis, contrary to the conclusions of other workers. The demonstration that oral administration of uridine diminishes the oroticaciduria in patients with hereditary oroticaciduria suggested dietary feedback regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis by pyrimidine nucleosides in the diet. The reduction of allopurinol-induced oroticaciduria by dietary RNA pointed in the same direction. Closer analysis with RNA hydrolysate and isolated purine as well as pyrimidine nucleotides, however, revealed that not only pyrimidine derivatives but also purine mononucleotides diminish oroticaciduria. The nucleotides had no influence on the change in the activity of orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23), induced by allopurinol; this makes an effect on the decarboxylase unlikely. The feedback regulation is assumed to act by inhibition of an earlier step."}
{"id": "PMID:245994", "title": "Factors in the pathogenesis of the brain damage and anaemia in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "The possible factors in the pathogenesis of the brain damage and megaloblastic anaemia in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are discussed. Disordered growth and function appear to be limited to the brain, bone marrow and general body stature, yet the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8, HGPRT), although present in variable amounts in different tissues, is ubiquitous, a fact which suggests that other factors than HGPRT deficiency alone determine the pattern of tissue damage. Recent evidence suggests that the specific tissue damage in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to lack of NGPRT in tissues with relatively reduced purine de novo capability and a greater dependence on purine salvage pathways at certain stages in their development for their supply of purine ribonucleotides. This evidence is presented together with possible mitigating factors operating in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Factors in the pathogenesis of the brain damage and anaemia in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The possible factors in the pathogenesis of the brain damage and megaloblastic anaemia in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are discussed. Disordered growth and function appear to be limited to the brain, bone marrow and general body stature, yet the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8, HGPRT), although present in variable amounts in different tissues, is ubiquitous, a fact which suggests that other factors than HGPRT deficiency alone determine the pattern of tissue damage. Recent evidence suggests that the specific tissue damage in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to lack of NGPRT in tissues with relatively reduced purine de novo capability and a greater dependence on purine salvage pathways at certain stages in their development for their supply of purine ribonucleotides. This evidence is presented together with possible mitigating factors operating in the bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:245995", "title": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in individual erythrocytes: autoradiographic studies in heterozygotes.", "content": "Heterozygotes for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have normal hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity in their erythrocyte lysates. However, HGPRT activity in lysates from heterozygotes for the partial HGPRT deficiency states is often between that seen in the affected hemizygote and the normal. An autoradiographic technique was developed which demonstrated the HGPRT activity in individual erythrocytes in vitro. This technique revealed that heterozygotes for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome had erythrocytes that contained normal HGPRT activity but heterozygotes for the partial deficiency had two populations of erythrocytes, one with normal HGPRT activity and the other with the reduced HGPRT activity characteristic of the hemizygote. With these latter heterozygotes, the proportion of HGPRT-deficient erythrocytes agreed with that calculated on the basis of enzyme activity in erythrocyte lysates.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in individual erythrocytes: autoradiographic studies in heterozygotes. Heterozygotes for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have normal hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity in their erythrocyte lysates. However, HGPRT activity in lysates from heterozygotes for the partial HGPRT deficiency states is often between that seen in the affected hemizygote and the normal. An autoradiographic technique was developed which demonstrated the HGPRT activity in individual erythrocytes in vitro. This technique revealed that heterozygotes for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome had erythrocytes that contained normal HGPRT activity but heterozygotes for the partial deficiency had two populations of erythrocytes, one with normal HGPRT activity and the other with the reduced HGPRT activity characteristic of the hemizygote. With these latter heterozygotes, the proportion of HGPRT-deficient erythrocytes agreed with that calculated on the basis of enzyme activity in erythrocyte lysates."}
{"id": "PMID:246009", "title": "[Laughing in complex partial seizure epilepsy. A video tape analysis of 32 patients with laughing as symptom of an attack (author's transl)].", "content": "According to videotape analysis, laughter is a frequent (42.7%) symptom during psychomotor attacks. The results of our investigations show that it is no longer possible to regard it as a \"curiosity\", as did Janz (1969). It is an epileptic phenomenon like others and a symptom of automatism. It can occur in all phases of an attack. It is not remembered by the patient. We have been unable to establish any connection with age or sex. The form of expression is usually natural but inadequate and no affective motivation has been established. Laughter during an epileptic attack is an inborn emotional expression, structurally triggered by the involvement of the area around the hypothalamus-thalamic nucleus with the process causing the epilepsy. It is not actively experienced and is therefore not conscious and not an expression of the pleasant side of the affective complex moderated by the limbic system. The EEG's showed the usual variations occurring in psychomotor epilepsy. The temporal lobes are particularly involved. There is no \"EEG Laughter Pattern\". The group of patients considered here consist of severe, therapy-resistent cases of partial seizure epilepsy with pronounced cerebral lesions. In order to determine whether laughter is so common in less severe cases, a comparison group must be investigated. Laughter as a symptom of an epileptic attack is unknown to doctors and nursing staff and thus is either not recorded at all or, only very seldom. \"Gelastic epilepsy\" so-called does not exist as a nosology entity. This term should thus only be used--if at all--in cases where the laughter, together with a change in the level of consciousness, has over a period of years constantly been the only symptom of an attack, expecially when these attacks first became manifest in earliest childhood and are due to connatal changes in the hypothalamus-thalamic region.", "contents": "[Laughing in complex partial seizure epilepsy. A video tape analysis of 32 patients with laughing as symptom of an attack (author's transl)]. According to videotape analysis, laughter is a frequent (42.7%) symptom during psychomotor attacks. The results of our investigations show that it is no longer possible to regard it as a \"curiosity\", as did Janz (1969). It is an epileptic phenomenon like others and a symptom of automatism. It can occur in all phases of an attack. It is not remembered by the patient. We have been unable to establish any connection with age or sex. The form of expression is usually natural but inadequate and no affective motivation has been established. Laughter during an epileptic attack is an inborn emotional expression, structurally triggered by the involvement of the area around the hypothalamus-thalamic nucleus with the process causing the epilepsy. It is not actively experienced and is therefore not conscious and not an expression of the pleasant side of the affective complex moderated by the limbic system. The EEG's showed the usual variations occurring in psychomotor epilepsy. The temporal lobes are particularly involved. There is no \"EEG Laughter Pattern\". The group of patients considered here consist of severe, therapy-resistent cases of partial seizure epilepsy with pronounced cerebral lesions. In order to determine whether laughter is so common in less severe cases, a comparison group must be investigated. Laughter as a symptom of an epileptic attack is unknown to doctors and nursing staff and thus is either not recorded at all or, only very seldom. \"Gelastic epilepsy\" so-called does not exist as a nosology entity. This term should thus only be used--if at all--in cases where the laughter, together with a change in the level of consciousness, has over a period of years constantly been the only symptom of an attack, expecially when these attacks first became manifest in earliest childhood and are due to connatal changes in the hypothalamus-thalamic region."}
{"id": "PMID:246010", "title": "[Basilar artery thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of basilar artery thrombosis. Rarely basilar occlusions are observed after cerebral concussion and hyperextension of the neck; occasionally they are founded in craniocervical dysplasia, arteritis and hypercoagulability of blood.--Clinical data and differential diagnostic aspects are demonstrated in 4 own cases and the present literature. Characteristics of clinical symptomatology are discussed with respect to the sites of predilection in distal and proximal part of basilar artery. Angiography examination is the most important diagnostic method and shows prognostic indications by demonstration of collaterals.--The treatment consists of inhibition of blood viscosity, reduction of perifocal edema and stabilization of blood-pressure.", "contents": "[Basilar artery thrombosis (author's transl)]. Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of basilar artery thrombosis. Rarely basilar occlusions are observed after cerebral concussion and hyperextension of the neck; occasionally they are founded in craniocervical dysplasia, arteritis and hypercoagulability of blood.--Clinical data and differential diagnostic aspects are demonstrated in 4 own cases and the present literature. Characteristics of clinical symptomatology are discussed with respect to the sites of predilection in distal and proximal part of basilar artery. Angiography examination is the most important diagnostic method and shows prognostic indications by demonstration of collaterals.--The treatment consists of inhibition of blood viscosity, reduction of perifocal edema and stabilization of blood-pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:246025", "title": "Effect of pulmonary hygiene measures on levels of arterial oxygen saturation in adults with chronic lung disease.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can safely perform pulmonary hygiene measures without compromising their arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels (less than 80 per cent). In 15 male veterans with moderate-to-severe COPD an ear oximeter was used to measure SaO2 levels while subjects completed a series of percussion, deep breathing, and coughing maneuvers in the head-down position (50 degree angle). No clinically significant changes in SaO2 levels were found in 14 subjects during pulmonary hygiene measures, but potentially dangerous symptoms were noted in two subjects. Our study supports the monitoring of objective and subjective symptoms during pulmonary hygiene and discontinuance of the procedure if tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, or other distressful symptoms occur that might indicate hypoxemia.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary hygiene measures on levels of arterial oxygen saturation in adults with chronic lung disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can safely perform pulmonary hygiene measures without compromising their arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels (less than 80 per cent). In 15 male veterans with moderate-to-severe COPD an ear oximeter was used to measure SaO2 levels while subjects completed a series of percussion, deep breathing, and coughing maneuvers in the head-down position (50 degree angle). No clinically significant changes in SaO2 levels were found in 14 subjects during pulmonary hygiene measures, but potentially dangerous symptoms were noted in two subjects. Our study supports the monitoring of objective and subjective symptoms during pulmonary hygiene and discontinuance of the procedure if tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, or other distressful symptoms occur that might indicate hypoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:246033", "title": "GTP hydrolysis during methionyl-tRNAf binding to 40 S ribosomal subunits and the site of edeine inhibition.", "content": "Three lines of evidence are presented indicating that GTP hydrolysis associated with eukaryotic peptide initiation occurs in the absence of 60 S subunits when methionyl-tRNAf is bound to 40 S ribosomal subunits. An enzyme fraction required for binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S subunits and peptide initiation, tentatively equated with eIF-(4 + 5), has GTPase activity and appears to be responsible for hydrolysis of GTP in the methionyl-tRNAf.eIF-2.GTP complex. Direct analysis of the methionyl-tRNAf.40 S complex formed with with eIF-2 and [8-3H] guanine, [gamma-32P]GTP reveals bound guanine but not gamma-phosphate. Edeine, a peptide antibiotic containing spermidine and beta-tyrosine residues at its COOH terminus and NH2 terminus, respectively, blocks peptide initiation and interferes with binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S ribosomal subunits. Inhibition of binding is observed when the eIF-2-mediated binding reaction is carried out with GTP but not with guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate or guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate. Edeine was labeled by iodination and shown to bind with high affinity to 40 S but not to 60 S ribosomal subunits. It is suggested that edeine blocks a specific site on the 40 S ribosomal subunit to which a segment of the methionyl-tRNAf molecule is bound during the course of the initiation reaction sequence.", "contents": "GTP hydrolysis during methionyl-tRNAf binding to 40 S ribosomal subunits and the site of edeine inhibition. Three lines of evidence are presented indicating that GTP hydrolysis associated with eukaryotic peptide initiation occurs in the absence of 60 S subunits when methionyl-tRNAf is bound to 40 S ribosomal subunits. An enzyme fraction required for binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S subunits and peptide initiation, tentatively equated with eIF-(4 + 5), has GTPase activity and appears to be responsible for hydrolysis of GTP in the methionyl-tRNAf.eIF-2.GTP complex. Direct analysis of the methionyl-tRNAf.40 S complex formed with with eIF-2 and [8-3H] guanine, [gamma-32P]GTP reveals bound guanine but not gamma-phosphate. Edeine, a peptide antibiotic containing spermidine and beta-tyrosine residues at its COOH terminus and NH2 terminus, respectively, blocks peptide initiation and interferes with binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S ribosomal subunits. Inhibition of binding is observed when the eIF-2-mediated binding reaction is carried out with GTP but not with guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate or guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate. Edeine was labeled by iodination and shown to bind with high affinity to 40 S but not to 60 S ribosomal subunits. It is suggested that edeine blocks a specific site on the 40 S ribosomal subunit to which a segment of the methionyl-tRNAf molecule is bound during the course of the initiation reaction sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:246114", "title": "Female adolescent drinking behavior: potential hazards.", "content": "A recent national survey on the use of alcoholic beverages revealed that 93% of boys and 87% of girls in their senior year of high school had experimented with alcohol, and more than half of the country's seventh graders had tried drinking at least once during the previous year (1973). A review of the literature confirms this apparent increase in drinking by boys and girls. This article reports the increasing use of alcohol by girls and the associated risks. Some predisposing personal and behavioral characteristics are discussed, such as: the particular hazards of fetal syndrome; the significant impact of the physiological and psychological effects of menstruation and other related female phenomena; and the confusion in sex roles (resulting from the inability to freely combine masculine and feminine personality characteristics within onself in a women's liberation environment) accelerating \"risk\" possibilities in girls.", "contents": "Female adolescent drinking behavior: potential hazards. A recent national survey on the use of alcoholic beverages revealed that 93% of boys and 87% of girls in their senior year of high school had experimented with alcohol, and more than half of the country's seventh graders had tried drinking at least once during the previous year (1973). A review of the literature confirms this apparent increase in drinking by boys and girls. This article reports the increasing use of alcohol by girls and the associated risks. Some predisposing personal and behavioral characteristics are discussed, such as: the particular hazards of fetal syndrome; the significant impact of the physiological and psychological effects of menstruation and other related female phenomena; and the confusion in sex roles (resulting from the inability to freely combine masculine and feminine personality characteristics within onself in a women's liberation environment) accelerating \"risk\" possibilities in girls."}
{"id": "PMID:246118", "title": "Involvement for learning in health programs.", "content": "Health educators are often required to transfer information, influence attitudes and change behavioral patterns. Whether communicating with an individual or a group, it is important to involve the participant in the educational process. Careful analyses of the goals to be accomplished and the techniques used in the educational process will result in significantly improved communications. Strategies are suggested which have been used successfully to break away from the mold which tends to guarantee passive participation on the part of the learner.", "contents": "Involvement for learning in health programs. Health educators are often required to transfer information, influence attitudes and change behavioral patterns. Whether communicating with an individual or a group, it is important to involve the participant in the educational process. Careful analyses of the goals to be accomplished and the techniques used in the educational process will result in significantly improved communications. Strategies are suggested which have been used successfully to break away from the mold which tends to guarantee passive participation on the part of the learner."}
{"id": "PMID:246121", "title": "Use of value clarification methods in venereal disease education.", "content": "The use of values clarification methods offers a means of dealing with the social-emotional stigmas associated with venereal diseass. It has become apparent that the facts alone are not sufficient in motivating the individual to seek treatment and cooperate in the epidemiologic process. This article suggests techniques of educating students or patients in order to get them in touch with their own feelings, attitudes, and prejudices. It also fosters understanding of the prevalent social myths and misconceptions about venereal diseases.", "contents": "Use of value clarification methods in venereal disease education. The use of values clarification methods offers a means of dealing with the social-emotional stigmas associated with venereal diseass. It has become apparent that the facts alone are not sufficient in motivating the individual to seek treatment and cooperate in the epidemiologic process. This article suggests techniques of educating students or patients in order to get them in touch with their own feelings, attitudes, and prejudices. It also fosters understanding of the prevalent social myths and misconceptions about venereal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:246246", "title": "[Acceptance of amino acids by transfer RNA in the liver of rabbits in experimental diabetes complicated by glucocorticoid administration].", "content": "Alloxan diabetic rabbits were injected with hydrocortisone acetate (1 mg/kg) daily for one week. This led to a more pronounced decrease of acception of 14C-lysine, 14C-alanine, and 14C-leucine by tRNAs as compared to the diabetic status. Diminution of formation of aminoacyl-tRNA in the liver of diabetic animals was the result not only of insulin deficiency, but also of the negative action of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "[Acceptance of amino acids by transfer RNA in the liver of rabbits in experimental diabetes complicated by glucocorticoid administration]. Alloxan diabetic rabbits were injected with hydrocortisone acetate (1 mg/kg) daily for one week. This led to a more pronounced decrease of acception of 14C-lysine, 14C-alanine, and 14C-leucine by tRNAs as compared to the diabetic status. Diminution of formation of aminoacyl-tRNA in the liver of diabetic animals was the result not only of insulin deficiency, but also of the negative action of glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:246373", "title": "[Beta-lactamase activity of bacteria of the genus Proteus].", "content": "beta-Lactamases of Proteus and their role in the mechanism of the microbe resistance to penicillins and ceporin were studied. It was found that the beta-lactamase of Proteus had low activity and were produced by both beta-lactamide resistant and sensitive clinical strains of Proteus. The resistant cultures of Proteus produced enzymes more frequently (3.4--5 times) than the sensitive ones. The synthesis of beta-lactamase in the clinical Proteus strains was inducable. The high induction coefficient was achieved only in the presence of high concentrations of the inductor. No significant dependence of the culture sensitivity level of ampicillin and ceporin on the induction level was observed. The most significant part of the constitutive enzyme in Proteus was intracellular, while that of the inducable enzyme was extracellular. No correlative dependence between the culture resistance levels to penicillins and ceporin and the enzyme activity was noted. The beta-lactamase activity was not found in the transconjugants with the in vitro acquired R-factor controlling the ampicillin and ceporin resistance, as well as in the resistant mutants selected on the media with increasing concentrations of the above antibiotics. Induction of beta-lactamase synthesis was not found in these strains either. The ability of Proteus to synthesize beta-lactamase can be lost on the strain storage under laboratory conditions which was not always accompanied by reduction of the culture sensitivity to ampicillin and ceporin. The enzymatic destruction of beta-lactamides was not the main mechanism of Proteus resistance to the above antibiotics.", "contents": "[Beta-lactamase activity of bacteria of the genus Proteus]. beta-Lactamases of Proteus and their role in the mechanism of the microbe resistance to penicillins and ceporin were studied. It was found that the beta-lactamase of Proteus had low activity and were produced by both beta-lactamide resistant and sensitive clinical strains of Proteus. The resistant cultures of Proteus produced enzymes more frequently (3.4--5 times) than the sensitive ones. The synthesis of beta-lactamase in the clinical Proteus strains was inducable. The high induction coefficient was achieved only in the presence of high concentrations of the inductor. No significant dependence of the culture sensitivity level of ampicillin and ceporin on the induction level was observed. The most significant part of the constitutive enzyme in Proteus was intracellular, while that of the inducable enzyme was extracellular. No correlative dependence between the culture resistance levels to penicillins and ceporin and the enzyme activity was noted. The beta-lactamase activity was not found in the transconjugants with the in vitro acquired R-factor controlling the ampicillin and ceporin resistance, as well as in the resistant mutants selected on the media with increasing concentrations of the above antibiotics. Induction of beta-lactamase synthesis was not found in these strains either. The ability of Proteus to synthesize beta-lactamase can be lost on the strain storage under laboratory conditions which was not always accompanied by reduction of the culture sensitivity to ampicillin and ceporin. The enzymatic destruction of beta-lactamides was not the main mechanism of Proteus resistance to the above antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:246376", "title": "Heroin in the Netherlands.", "content": "All heroin samples seized in the Netherlands in 1975 and weighing more than 10 grams together with all heroin samples seized during September 1976 were analysed by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and liquid-solid chromatography. Most samples consisted of the so-called Hong Kong No. 3 type. Also the samples found in addicts were as potent as those seized from dealers and traffickers. We attempted to classify the samples into groups or batches, but only in a few cases could we conclude that two or more samples originated from the same batch.", "contents": "Heroin in the Netherlands. All heroin samples seized in the Netherlands in 1975 and weighing more than 10 grams together with all heroin samples seized during September 1976 were analysed by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and liquid-solid chromatography. Most samples consisted of the so-called Hong Kong No. 3 type. Also the samples found in addicts were as potent as those seized from dealers and traffickers. We attempted to classify the samples into groups or batches, but only in a few cases could we conclude that two or more samples originated from the same batch."}
{"id": "PMID:246390", "title": "Progesterone and oestrogen in pregnancy and parturition: comparative aspects and hierarchical control.", "content": "The different ways in which the progesterone requirements of pregnancy are met in various species are reviewed here. Progesterone production expressed in terms of metabolic body weight lies within about one order of magnitude in several species (but not in the rat), whether the hormone is predominantly ovarian or placental in origin. Parturition is usually preceded by a decrease in the plasma concentration of progesterone and the evidence which suggests that a decrease in secretion involves enzyme induction is summarized. In the sheep a sequence of well-marked hormonal changes can be discerned--an increase in fetal cortisol secretion followed by a fall in placental progesterone and a rise in oestrogen and prostaglandin F2alpha secretion. This sequence has been interpreted in terms of hierarchical control theory which envisages a series of levels placed in a descending order of importance and in which there is a downward transmission of a signal from a higher level that modifies activity at a lower level. A dominant level in the hierarchy in the sheep and pig seems to be the fetal hypothalamus and pituitary, but in the rabbit the maternal hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary play a more dominant role.", "contents": "Progesterone and oestrogen in pregnancy and parturition: comparative aspects and hierarchical control. The different ways in which the progesterone requirements of pregnancy are met in various species are reviewed here. Progesterone production expressed in terms of metabolic body weight lies within about one order of magnitude in several species (but not in the rat), whether the hormone is predominantly ovarian or placental in origin. Parturition is usually preceded by a decrease in the plasma concentration of progesterone and the evidence which suggests that a decrease in secretion involves enzyme induction is summarized. In the sheep a sequence of well-marked hormonal changes can be discerned--an increase in fetal cortisol secretion followed by a fall in placental progesterone and a rise in oestrogen and prostaglandin F2alpha secretion. This sequence has been interpreted in terms of hierarchical control theory which envisages a series of levels placed in a descending order of importance and in which there is a downward transmission of a signal from a higher level that modifies activity at a lower level. A dominant level in the hierarchy in the sheep and pig seems to be the fetal hypothalamus and pituitary, but in the rabbit the maternal hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary play a more dominant role."}
{"id": "PMID:246392", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in parturition, with special reference to the rat.", "content": "The evidence which suggests a role for prostaglandins in parturition is reviewed, with special reference to experimental observations on the rat. The pregnant uterus can both synthesize and metabolize prostaglandins. The biosynthetic capacity of the rat uterus increases as pregnancy proceeds. This increase, which is especially marked during the last few days of pregnancy, may be oestrogen-controlled. During pregnancy the tissue levels of the major prostaglandin-metabolizing enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.141) is greatly increased. This may prevent aberrant production of prostaglandins from terminating the pregnancy prematurely. The capacity for prostaglandin metabolism begins to fall (perhaps under hormonal control) as the expected day of delivery approaches; this, coupled with an augmented biosynthesis, produces a net increase in uterine prostaglandins which contribute to the process of parturition by causing a decrease in progesterone concentration, increasing the muscular tone of the uterus, and altering uterine haemodynamics. Agents which block either prostaglandin synthesis or metabolism delay or accelerate the parturition process in the rat.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in parturition, with special reference to the rat. The evidence which suggests a role for prostaglandins in parturition is reviewed, with special reference to experimental observations on the rat. The pregnant uterus can both synthesize and metabolize prostaglandins. The biosynthetic capacity of the rat uterus increases as pregnancy proceeds. This increase, which is especially marked during the last few days of pregnancy, may be oestrogen-controlled. During pregnancy the tissue levels of the major prostaglandin-metabolizing enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.141) is greatly increased. This may prevent aberrant production of prostaglandins from terminating the pregnancy prematurely. The capacity for prostaglandin metabolism begins to fall (perhaps under hormonal control) as the expected day of delivery approaches; this, coupled with an augmented biosynthesis, produces a net increase in uterine prostaglandins which contribute to the process of parturition by causing a decrease in progesterone concentration, increasing the muscular tone of the uterus, and altering uterine haemodynamics. Agents which block either prostaglandin synthesis or metabolism delay or accelerate the parturition process in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:246393", "title": "Dilatation of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Dilatation of the cervix at parturition necessitates changes in the physical characteristics of cervical collagen and glycosaminoglycans which are probably hormone-dependent. The infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) into the arterial blood supply to uterus and cervix of sheep pregnant for about 125 days resulted in cervical dilatation after 24 hours but this response was inconsistent; one factor affecting the response appeared to be the progesterone status, low circulating progesterone being associated with dilatation. Preliminary experiments in goats in which pregnancy is terminated by removal of the corpora lutea at day 125, subject to modification by the administration of progesterone, indomethacin or PGF2alpha, support the view that PGF2alpha evokes softening and dilatation of the cervix but that this is blocked by progesterone.", "contents": "Dilatation of the uterine cervix. Dilatation of the cervix at parturition necessitates changes in the physical characteristics of cervical collagen and glycosaminoglycans which are probably hormone-dependent. The infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) into the arterial blood supply to uterus and cervix of sheep pregnant for about 125 days resulted in cervical dilatation after 24 hours but this response was inconsistent; one factor affecting the response appeared to be the progesterone status, low circulating progesterone being associated with dilatation. Preliminary experiments in goats in which pregnancy is terminated by removal of the corpora lutea at day 125, subject to modification by the administration of progesterone, indomethacin or PGF2alpha, support the view that PGF2alpha evokes softening and dilatation of the cervix but that this is blocked by progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:246394", "title": "The influence of the fetal hypothalamus and pituitary on the onset and course of parturition.", "content": "The possibility that the fetal brain or pituitary either initiates parturition or influences the course of labour was studied in human and rat. The results when corticotropin or neurohypophysial hormones were injected directly into human anencephalic fetuses in utero, and data obtained from 147 clinical records of such fetuses, seemed to show that the fetal brain does not trigger the onset of parturition. On the other hand, the course of labour was seriously protracted in anencephalic fetuses. Gestation length of brain-aspirated rat fetuses was not significantly longer than in sham-operated controls. However, the course of labour was protracted in the brain-aspirated fetuses. A similarly protracted expulsion pattern was observed in Brattleboro rats homozygous for a hypothalamic form of diabetes insipidus. These data all pointed to the likelihood that fetal neurohypophysial hormones stimulate the course of labour. Neither oxytocin nor vasopressin could be demonstrated in the rat fetus on the last day of pregnancy, when specific immunofluorescence was used. However, a closely related compound was found that was identified as most probably being vasotocin. The hypothesis is put forward that this fetal hormone normally stimulates the course of labour.", "contents": "The influence of the fetal hypothalamus and pituitary on the onset and course of parturition. The possibility that the fetal brain or pituitary either initiates parturition or influences the course of labour was studied in human and rat. The results when corticotropin or neurohypophysial hormones were injected directly into human anencephalic fetuses in utero, and data obtained from 147 clinical records of such fetuses, seemed to show that the fetal brain does not trigger the onset of parturition. On the other hand, the course of labour was seriously protracted in anencephalic fetuses. Gestation length of brain-aspirated rat fetuses was not significantly longer than in sham-operated controls. However, the course of labour was protracted in the brain-aspirated fetuses. A similarly protracted expulsion pattern was observed in Brattleboro rats homozygous for a hypothalamic form of diabetes insipidus. These data all pointed to the likelihood that fetal neurohypophysial hormones stimulate the course of labour. Neither oxytocin nor vasopressin could be demonstrated in the rat fetus on the last day of pregnancy, when specific immunofluorescence was used. However, a closely related compound was found that was identified as most probably being vasotocin. The hypothesis is put forward that this fetal hormone normally stimulates the course of labour."}
{"id": "PMID:246413", "title": "[The Shy-Drager syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The most prominent symptom of Shy-Drager syndrome is the asympathicotonic orthostatic (postural) hypotension, which is associated with a number of additional autonomic and neurological disturbances: disorders of micturition, sphincter disturbances, impotence, anhidrosis, hypokinesia, rigidity, pyramidal symptoms, cerebellar dysfunction and nuclear pareses due to anterior horn cell degeneration. The various disorders are not caused by ischemia or hypotension, but they represent parts of a multisystemic disease of still unknown etiology. According to different extension and neuropathological criteria it has been suggested to distinguish two types of neurogenic (idiopathic) orthostatic hypotension. Moreover, differential diagnosis of the Shy-Drager syndrome has to consider postural hypotension occuring as a symptom in some neuropathies and Parkinson's disease. Symptomatology, course, prognosis and treatment of Shy-Drager syndrome are described, as well as relevant findings of apparative investigations, pharmacological and hemodynamic tests and neuropathological findings in autopsied cases reported in the literature. This review was initiated by two clinically investigated cases of Shy-Drager syndrome.", "contents": "[The Shy-Drager syndrome (author's transl)]. The most prominent symptom of Shy-Drager syndrome is the asympathicotonic orthostatic (postural) hypotension, which is associated with a number of additional autonomic and neurological disturbances: disorders of micturition, sphincter disturbances, impotence, anhidrosis, hypokinesia, rigidity, pyramidal symptoms, cerebellar dysfunction and nuclear pareses due to anterior horn cell degeneration. The various disorders are not caused by ischemia or hypotension, but they represent parts of a multisystemic disease of still unknown etiology. According to different extension and neuropathological criteria it has been suggested to distinguish two types of neurogenic (idiopathic) orthostatic hypotension. Moreover, differential diagnosis of the Shy-Drager syndrome has to consider postural hypotension occuring as a symptom in some neuropathies and Parkinson's disease. Symptomatology, course, prognosis and treatment of Shy-Drager syndrome are described, as well as relevant findings of apparative investigations, pharmacological and hemodynamic tests and neuropathological findings in autopsied cases reported in the literature. This review was initiated by two clinically investigated cases of Shy-Drager syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:246414", "title": "[Neurological and EEG-follow-up studies in head-injured adults: criteria for the clinical diagnosis concussion and contusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A stystematic neurological and electroencephalographical follow-up study in 344 head injured adults gave the following results: 1. 52% of all the hospitalized (mostly primarily amnesic) patients had a cerebral contusion. A contusion was assumed in cases with focal neurological signs (13%), amnesias of more than 8 hours (16%) and/or EEG-abnormalities lasting for more than 24 hours (49%). 2. Traumatic EEG-abnormalities were general slowing (43%) and foci (32%). In 40% of the cases with general slowing the slowing (greater than or equal to 1.5/sec) was within the alpha-frequency band and could only retrospectively be assed. 3. The EEG was invariably abnormal in cases with an amnesia exceeding 8 hours. If the amnesia exceeded 1 hour abnormalities were found in 73%. 4. Among the patients with contusion 6.5% had no amnesia, 48% less than 30 minutes and only 30% an amnesia for more than 8 hours. In 75% of the patients with concussion amnesia lasted less than one hour. 5. Skull fractures were mostly combined with contusion (74%). 6. Impaired drive, reduced ability to concentrate, memory deficits, headache and dizziness were significantly more frequent 6 months after contusion than after concussion. 7. 21% of the patients with traumatic dizziness (44%) had a labyrinthine contusion. 8. Among the contusions diagnosed with the aid of EEG recordings 58% would have been missed after exclusive neurological examination and 82% after application of the classical criteria used by surgeons and general practitioners.", "contents": "[Neurological and EEG-follow-up studies in head-injured adults: criteria for the clinical diagnosis concussion and contusion (author's transl)]. A stystematic neurological and electroencephalographical follow-up study in 344 head injured adults gave the following results: 1. 52% of all the hospitalized (mostly primarily amnesic) patients had a cerebral contusion. A contusion was assumed in cases with focal neurological signs (13%), amnesias of more than 8 hours (16%) and/or EEG-abnormalities lasting for more than 24 hours (49%). 2. Traumatic EEG-abnormalities were general slowing (43%) and foci (32%). In 40% of the cases with general slowing the slowing (greater than or equal to 1.5/sec) was within the alpha-frequency band and could only retrospectively be assed. 3. The EEG was invariably abnormal in cases with an amnesia exceeding 8 hours. If the amnesia exceeded 1 hour abnormalities were found in 73%. 4. Among the patients with contusion 6.5% had no amnesia, 48% less than 30 minutes and only 30% an amnesia for more than 8 hours. In 75% of the patients with concussion amnesia lasted less than one hour. 5. Skull fractures were mostly combined with contusion (74%). 6. Impaired drive, reduced ability to concentrate, memory deficits, headache and dizziness were significantly more frequent 6 months after contusion than after concussion. 7. 21% of the patients with traumatic dizziness (44%) had a labyrinthine contusion. 8. Among the contusions diagnosed with the aid of EEG recordings 58% would have been missed after exclusive neurological examination and 82% after application of the classical criteria used by surgeons and general practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:246417", "title": "[Oneirodelirium in paroxysmal hypersomnia with periodic respiration and obstruction of the airway (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a patient aged 57 with periodic respiration and paroxysmal tendency to fall asleep in daytime. Between sleep and waking he had typical apnoic intervals with passing, but definite, hallucinations. The cause, in accord with the literature, is considered to have been edema of the upper respiratory tract which followed at times on irradiation of a squamous epithelium carcinoma of the roof of the nasopharynx. The psychologic and respiratory disturbances and the attacks of somnolence proved fully reversible after anti-edematous treatment.", "contents": "[Oneirodelirium in paroxysmal hypersomnia with periodic respiration and obstruction of the airway (author's transl)]. Case report on a patient aged 57 with periodic respiration and paroxysmal tendency to fall asleep in daytime. Between sleep and waking he had typical apnoic intervals with passing, but definite, hallucinations. The cause, in accord with the literature, is considered to have been edema of the upper respiratory tract which followed at times on irradiation of a squamous epithelium carcinoma of the roof of the nasopharynx. The psychologic and respiratory disturbances and the attacks of somnolence proved fully reversible after anti-edematous treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:246429", "title": "Involvement of phosphoenolpyruvate in the catabolism of caries-conducive disaccharides by Streptococcus mutans: lactose transport.", "content": "The mechanisms for transport and hydrolysis of lactose were investigated in five cariogenic strains (HS6, AHT, FA1, NCTC 10449, and SL1) representing the four serogenetic groups of Streptococcus mutans. The systems for transport and hydrolysis of lactose had the characteristics of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent lactose (Lac) phosphotransferase (PT) system and phospho-beta-galactosidase (P-beta-gal), respectively, in all strains tested, except strain HS6. Decryptified cells required PEP and Mg(2+) for transport of the non-metabolizable model beta-galactosides o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TMG). Substitution of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG) for PEP also stimulated the Lac PT system. Other potential high-energy phosphate donors (adenosine tri-, di-, and monophosphates and guanosine triphosphate) did not stimulate the Lac PT system. Sodium fluoride had no effect upon the PEP-dependent Lac PT system in decryptified cells with PEP as the energy source; however, when 2-PG was used as the energy source, F(-) inhibited ONPG phosphorylation. With intact cells which must generate PEP endogenously, the presence of F(-) in concentration >/= 10 mM completely inhibited the Lac PT system, presumably through inhibition of 2-PG hydrolyase (EC 4.2.1.11; enolase). Both intact and decryptified cells accumulated a phosphorylated derivative of TMG that behaved chromatographically as TMG-phosphate. After alkaline phosphatase treatment, the derivative had an R(f) identical to that of TMG. No beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity was detected with ONPG as the substrate; hydrolysis occurred only when ONPG-6-phosphate was supplied as the substrate. Strain HS6 apparently transported lactose by an active transport-type system in which the accumulated intracellular product was the free disaccharide based on the following criteria: (i) ONPG transport and hydrolysis in decryptified cells was not stimulated by PEP; (ii) ONPG hydrolysis occurred in the absence of PEP; and (iii) ONPG-6-phosphate was not hydrolyzed. These data indicate that, in all strains tested except strain HS6, lactose transport was mediated by a PEP-dependent Lac PT system, resulting in accumulation of lactose-phosphate that was hydrolyzed by an enzyme similar to the P-beta-gal of group N streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus; conversely, strain HS6 transported and hydrolyzed lactose by a PEP-independent transport system and beta-gal, respectively.", "contents": "Involvement of phosphoenolpyruvate in the catabolism of caries-conducive disaccharides by Streptococcus mutans: lactose transport. The mechanisms for transport and hydrolysis of lactose were investigated in five cariogenic strains (HS6, AHT, FA1, NCTC 10449, and SL1) representing the four serogenetic groups of Streptococcus mutans. The systems for transport and hydrolysis of lactose had the characteristics of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent lactose (Lac) phosphotransferase (PT) system and phospho-beta-galactosidase (P-beta-gal), respectively, in all strains tested, except strain HS6. Decryptified cells required PEP and Mg(2+) for transport of the non-metabolizable model beta-galactosides o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TMG). Substitution of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG) for PEP also stimulated the Lac PT system. Other potential high-energy phosphate donors (adenosine tri-, di-, and monophosphates and guanosine triphosphate) did not stimulate the Lac PT system. Sodium fluoride had no effect upon the PEP-dependent Lac PT system in decryptified cells with PEP as the energy source; however, when 2-PG was used as the energy source, F(-) inhibited ONPG phosphorylation. With intact cells which must generate PEP endogenously, the presence of F(-) in concentration >/= 10 mM completely inhibited the Lac PT system, presumably through inhibition of 2-PG hydrolyase (EC 4.2.1.11; enolase). Both intact and decryptified cells accumulated a phosphorylated derivative of TMG that behaved chromatographically as TMG-phosphate. After alkaline phosphatase treatment, the derivative had an R(f) identical to that of TMG. No beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity was detected with ONPG as the substrate; hydrolysis occurred only when ONPG-6-phosphate was supplied as the substrate. Strain HS6 apparently transported lactose by an active transport-type system in which the accumulated intracellular product was the free disaccharide based on the following criteria: (i) ONPG transport and hydrolysis in decryptified cells was not stimulated by PEP; (ii) ONPG hydrolysis occurred in the absence of PEP; and (iii) ONPG-6-phosphate was not hydrolyzed. These data indicate that, in all strains tested except strain HS6, lactose transport was mediated by a PEP-dependent Lac PT system, resulting in accumulation of lactose-phosphate that was hydrolyzed by an enzyme similar to the P-beta-gal of group N streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus; conversely, strain HS6 transported and hydrolyzed lactose by a PEP-independent transport system and beta-gal, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:246496", "title": "Testing with puromycin and amino acyl tRNAs that limit the rate of peptide chain extension.", "content": "With puromycin one can recognize when the synthesis of a given protein is dependent on amino acyl tRNA that is present in rate limiting amount. We demonstrate this use of puromycin by its interaction with another inhibitor, L-o-methylthreonine. L-o-methylthreonine lowers the Ile-tRNA concentration in the cell, thereby inhibiting synthesis of proteins containing isoleucine. In certain rabbits, the alpha hemoglobin chain has three isoleucyl residues and the beta chain none. L-o-methylthreonine thus inhibits alpha globin synthesis in intact reticulocytes from these rabbits. When puromycin and L-o-methylthreonine are used together, the two inhibitors synergize in inhibiting alpha globin synthesis. Hence, puromycin is a more effective inhibitor when the Ile-tRNA concentration is lowered. Cycloheximide and sodium fluoride have different modes of action from puromycin. Neither synergizes with L-o-methylthreonine; instead, the interaction is less than additive. We have found that beta chain synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes is more sensitive than alpha to inhibition by puromycin. This difference could reflect either differences in amino acid sequence or tRNA dependent limitations of beta chain elongation. The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin in humans does not involve changes in limiting amino acyl tRNA because, for cord blood from infants of different developmental ages, the puromycin sensitivity of incorporation into gamma and beta chains remains constant.", "contents": "Testing with puromycin and amino acyl tRNAs that limit the rate of peptide chain extension. With puromycin one can recognize when the synthesis of a given protein is dependent on amino acyl tRNA that is present in rate limiting amount. We demonstrate this use of puromycin by its interaction with another inhibitor, L-o-methylthreonine. L-o-methylthreonine lowers the Ile-tRNA concentration in the cell, thereby inhibiting synthesis of proteins containing isoleucine. In certain rabbits, the alpha hemoglobin chain has three isoleucyl residues and the beta chain none. L-o-methylthreonine thus inhibits alpha globin synthesis in intact reticulocytes from these rabbits. When puromycin and L-o-methylthreonine are used together, the two inhibitors synergize in inhibiting alpha globin synthesis. Hence, puromycin is a more effective inhibitor when the Ile-tRNA concentration is lowered. Cycloheximide and sodium fluoride have different modes of action from puromycin. Neither synergizes with L-o-methylthreonine; instead, the interaction is less than additive. We have found that beta chain synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes is more sensitive than alpha to inhibition by puromycin. This difference could reflect either differences in amino acid sequence or tRNA dependent limitations of beta chain elongation. The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin in humans does not involve changes in limiting amino acyl tRNA because, for cord blood from infants of different developmental ages, the puromycin sensitivity of incorporation into gamma and beta chains remains constant."}
{"id": "PMID:246497", "title": "Board requirements for economists who write on medical subjects? A comment on The Condition of Surgery.", "content": "The conventional economic ideal of supply and demand market forces is inappropriate--and imperfect--in allocating medical resources. The \"practice of surgery\" includes qualitative and economic values beyond numerical counts of operations or fees. National interests will be better served by regulating the professional requirements for surgical practice.", "contents": "Board requirements for economists who write on medical subjects? A comment on The Condition of Surgery. The conventional economic ideal of supply and demand market forces is inappropriate--and imperfect--in allocating medical resources. The \"practice of surgery\" includes qualitative and economic values beyond numerical counts of operations or fees. National interests will be better served by regulating the professional requirements for surgical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:246498", "title": "Quality of care and unnecessary operations: a comment on The Condition of Surgery.", "content": "Issues of quality of surgical care and unnecessary operations are complex, and they will require more objective and clinically based investigations before reasonable economic judgements can be made. SOSSUS did not shy away from these questions; rather, it kept to its assigned task of describing the distribution and workloads of physicians.", "contents": "Quality of care and unnecessary operations: a comment on The Condition of Surgery. Issues of quality of surgical care and unnecessary operations are complex, and they will require more objective and clinically based investigations before reasonable economic judgements can be made. SOSSUS did not shy away from these questions; rather, it kept to its assigned task of describing the distribution and workloads of physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:246499", "title": "\"The study on surgical services for the United States\": a valid prescription for American surgery?", "content": "The overall approach of SOSSUS to the study of surgical services, the interpretation of findings, and policy recommendations are rightly called into question. But singular concern with the consequences of monopolistic control by the profession is no substitute for analysis of the dynamics among demand, production, and supply of surgery. Any delivery system--and many models are feasible--involving consumers, providers, and payers is a market in which multidimensional behavior must be anticipated.", "contents": "\"The study on surgical services for the United States\": a valid prescription for American surgery? The overall approach of SOSSUS to the study of surgical services, the interpretation of findings, and policy recommendations are rightly called into question. But singular concern with the consequences of monopolistic control by the profession is no substitute for analysis of the dynamics among demand, production, and supply of surgery. Any delivery system--and many models are feasible--involving consumers, providers, and payers is a market in which multidimensional behavior must be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:246500", "title": "A reply to the comments on The Condition of Surgery.", "content": "Any system of allocation of services works more efficiently in the consumer's interest when there is competition among suppliers of the service. But this same competition reduces income and options of sellers. Professionals-as-sellers are likely to resist competition by restricting entry into their ranks and the range of qualities to be offered. An informed consumer should be allowed to exercise discretion in choosing among qualities and substitutions. Future policy might well incorporate less reliance on regulation and more on removing barriers to free market factors.", "contents": "A reply to the comments on The Condition of Surgery. Any system of allocation of services works more efficiently in the consumer's interest when there is competition among suppliers of the service. But this same competition reduces income and options of sellers. Professionals-as-sellers are likely to resist competition by restricting entry into their ranks and the range of qualities to be offered. An informed consumer should be allowed to exercise discretion in choosing among qualities and substitutions. Future policy might well incorporate less reliance on regulation and more on removing barriers to free market factors."}
{"id": "PMID:246518", "title": "The use of the Premack Principle to motivate patient activity attendance.", "content": "An investigation of how a behavioral modification technique can motivate institutionalized mental patients to increase their activity attendance.", "contents": "The use of the Premack Principle to motivate patient activity attendance. An investigation of how a behavioral modification technique can motivate institutionalized mental patients to increase their activity attendance."}
{"id": "PMID:246640", "title": "[Pharmacologic influencing of fetal phospholipide synthesis. Part II: Carnitin - a new way of dyspnea syndrome prophylaxis? (author's transl)].", "content": "Carnitine is a body-owned Betaine which is wide-spread in living nature in the form of a physiologic metabolit. On account of its central metabolic function, Carnitine has various effects in the intermediary metabolism. Toxicity of Carnitine is very low. DL-Carnitine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg body weight) was injected into 25 gravid Wistar rats and 24 gravid rabbits, 4 days before the Cesarean section. Compared to the group of controls, the group treated with Bromhexine metabolit VIII, as well as to the group treated with Betamethason, significantly higher values with regard to the content of total phospholipids, lecithine and palmitic acid could be found in the fetal rat lungs. Effects of Carnitine on the phospholipid metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic influencing of fetal phospholipide synthesis. Part II: Carnitin - a new way of dyspnea syndrome prophylaxis? (author's transl)]. Carnitine is a body-owned Betaine which is wide-spread in living nature in the form of a physiologic metabolit. On account of its central metabolic function, Carnitine has various effects in the intermediary metabolism. Toxicity of Carnitine is very low. DL-Carnitine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg body weight) was injected into 25 gravid Wistar rats and 24 gravid rabbits, 4 days before the Cesarean section. Compared to the group of controls, the group treated with Bromhexine metabolit VIII, as well as to the group treated with Betamethason, significantly higher values with regard to the content of total phospholipids, lecithine and palmitic acid could be found in the fetal rat lungs. Effects of Carnitine on the phospholipid metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:246729", "title": "Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus bovis resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin G.", "content": "Penicillin G alone is generally recommended for the treatment of infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus bovis because clinical isolates of S bovis are represented as being uniformly and markedly susceptible to penicillin G. However, two strains of S bovis recovered from two patients with bacterial endocarditis were resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin G. Combination therapy, cefazolin sodium and gentamicin sulfate in patient 1 and penicillin G and gentamicin in patient 2, was necessary; synergy, as manifested by lethal activity against the infecting strains, was demonstrated in the laboratory. We stress the need to determine the minimal lethal concentration of penicillin G for clinical isolates of S bovis. Until such information is available, particularly in life-threatening infections, combination drug therapy, consisting of an aminocyclitol added to a beta-lactam antimicrobic, should be used.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus bovis resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin G. Penicillin G alone is generally recommended for the treatment of infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus bovis because clinical isolates of S bovis are represented as being uniformly and markedly susceptible to penicillin G. However, two strains of S bovis recovered from two patients with bacterial endocarditis were resistant to the lethal effect of penicillin G. Combination therapy, cefazolin sodium and gentamicin sulfate in patient 1 and penicillin G and gentamicin in patient 2, was necessary; synergy, as manifested by lethal activity against the infecting strains, was demonstrated in the laboratory. We stress the need to determine the minimal lethal concentration of penicillin G for clinical isolates of S bovis. Until such information is available, particularly in life-threatening infections, combination drug therapy, consisting of an aminocyclitol added to a beta-lactam antimicrobic, should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:246747", "title": "Purification and some properties of the histidyl-tRNA synthetase from the cytosol of rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "The histidyl-tRNA synthetase of rabbit reticulocyte cytosol has been purified 84 000-fold to apparent homogeneity with a specific activity of 687 nmol of histidyl-tRNA formed per min per mg of protein. Ten to 15% of the enzyme activity is sedimented with the ribosomes while the remainder is in the cytosol. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 122 000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate suggests that it is composed of two similar subunits with a molecular weight of approximately 64 000. The enzyme has a magnesium optimum of 45 mM; however, this is reduced to 5 mM in the presence of an intracellular potassium concentration (160 nM). The enzyme acylates the two histidine tRNA isoacceptors of rabbit reticulocytes with similar Km values and at similar rates.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of the histidyl-tRNA synthetase from the cytosol of rabbit reticulocytes. The histidyl-tRNA synthetase of rabbit reticulocyte cytosol has been purified 84 000-fold to apparent homogeneity with a specific activity of 687 nmol of histidyl-tRNA formed per min per mg of protein. Ten to 15% of the enzyme activity is sedimented with the ribosomes while the remainder is in the cytosol. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 122 000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate suggests that it is composed of two similar subunits with a molecular weight of approximately 64 000. The enzyme has a magnesium optimum of 45 mM; however, this is reduced to 5 mM in the presence of an intracellular potassium concentration (160 nM). The enzyme acylates the two histidine tRNA isoacceptors of rabbit reticulocytes with similar Km values and at similar rates."}
{"id": "PMID:246753", "title": "Regulation of an aspartyl-tRNA species in BHK cells in culture and in solid tumor form. II. The effect of different sera on aspartyl-tRNA in culture.", "content": "In normal tissues aspartyl tRNA is present in 3 separable components by RPC-5-chromatography, 2 small and early eluting peaks and a major component designated rRNAAspIII. A late eluting peak, tRNAAspIV has also been found in many tumors of human and animals origin, and in BHK 21/13 cells grown in culture, where 27% or more of the total aspartate acceptance occurs in this peak. In contrast, normal tissue studied, i.e., hamster liver or kidney, exhibits less than 2.0% of the total aspartyl tRNA as the late eluting tRNAAspIV. Increasing the level of fetal calf serum in the medium from 5 to 15% resulted in a change from 0.79 to 1.83 in the ratio of tRNAAspIII--tRNAAspIV in BHK cells. Utilizing sera from different species, the percentage of tRNAAspIV was found to vary between 26.8 and 66.0% while the combined percentages of tRNAAspIII and tRNAAspIV varied between 59.5 and 80.8%. It appears that the increased tRNAAspIII was derived from tRNAAspIV and vice versa indicating that there may be a close structural relationship between tRNAAspIII and tRNAAspIV. It was also observed that BHK tumor cells or ascitic fluid enhanced the appearance of tRNAAspIV in normal host liver.", "contents": "Regulation of an aspartyl-tRNA species in BHK cells in culture and in solid tumor form. II. The effect of different sera on aspartyl-tRNA in culture. In normal tissues aspartyl tRNA is present in 3 separable components by RPC-5-chromatography, 2 small and early eluting peaks and a major component designated rRNAAspIII. A late eluting peak, tRNAAspIV has also been found in many tumors of human and animals origin, and in BHK 21/13 cells grown in culture, where 27% or more of the total aspartate acceptance occurs in this peak. In contrast, normal tissue studied, i.e., hamster liver or kidney, exhibits less than 2.0% of the total aspartyl tRNA as the late eluting tRNAAspIV. Increasing the level of fetal calf serum in the medium from 5 to 15% resulted in a change from 0.79 to 1.83 in the ratio of tRNAAspIII--tRNAAspIV in BHK cells. Utilizing sera from different species, the percentage of tRNAAspIV was found to vary between 26.8 and 66.0% while the combined percentages of tRNAAspIII and tRNAAspIV varied between 59.5 and 80.8%. It appears that the increased tRNAAspIII was derived from tRNAAspIV and vice versa indicating that there may be a close structural relationship between tRNAAspIII and tRNAAspIV. It was also observed that BHK tumor cells or ascitic fluid enhanced the appearance of tRNAAspIV in normal host liver."}
{"id": "PMID:246776", "title": "Some recent developments in quantum organic chemistry.", "content": "The present status of attempted to calculate chemical behaviour in organic chemistry in a quantitative manner is reviewed. Results given by a new semiempirical SCF MO method (MNDO) are reported. Specific topics discussed include the calculation of molecular vibration frequencies, entropies, specific heats, entropies of activation, kinetic isotope effects, and the mechanisms of several organic reactions, in particular the Diels-Alder reaction and the Cope rearrangment.", "contents": "Some recent developments in quantum organic chemistry. The present status of attempted to calculate chemical behaviour in organic chemistry in a quantitative manner is reviewed. Results given by a new semiempirical SCF MO method (MNDO) are reported. Specific topics discussed include the calculation of molecular vibration frequencies, entropies, specific heats, entropies of activation, kinetic isotope effects, and the mechanisms of several organic reactions, in particular the Diels-Alder reaction and the Cope rearrangment."}
{"id": "PMID:246777", "title": "Biomimetic syntheses of phenols from polyketones.", "content": "As a result of speculation that many enzymes control polyketone cyclization in vivo by converting a key carbonyl group to a cis-enol ether derivative, we describe two novel biomimetic cyclizations. The first involves condensation of two C6 units derived from triacetic lactone to form an arylpyrone related to aloenin. In the second a naphthapyrone of the rubrofusarin type is formed by condensation of an orsellinic acid derivative with the ether of triacetic lactone.", "contents": "Biomimetic syntheses of phenols from polyketones. As a result of speculation that many enzymes control polyketone cyclization in vivo by converting a key carbonyl group to a cis-enol ether derivative, we describe two novel biomimetic cyclizations. The first involves condensation of two C6 units derived from triacetic lactone to form an arylpyrone related to aloenin. In the second a naphthapyrone of the rubrofusarin type is formed by condensation of an orsellinic acid derivative with the ether of triacetic lactone."}
{"id": "PMID:246778", "title": "Selective homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis.", "content": "Catalysis of organic reactions by micellar aggregates in aqueous solution lacks synthetic utility in its present state, largely for two reasons: first, the selectivity attainable in a loose unstructured micelle is low, with little possibility of attaining the degree of substrate differentiation possible in enzymes, and, second, the scale of reaction is limited, since surfactant must be in large excess over reactant to avoid swamping of the catalytic effect. The discussion will cover initial attempts to overcome these drawbacks. Increased selectivity is apparent in the promotion of ester hydrolysis by micelles of asymmetric chain-functionalized surfactants. In the most favourable circumstances 3:1 discrimination in the rate of reaction of ester enantiomers may be observed. Increased scale of reaction is obtainable when polymer-linked cationic surfactants are used as insoluble catalysts, and these hold promise for various anionactivation reas are used as insoluble catalysts, and these hold promise for varous anion-activation reactions. Specific attention is given to mechanistic aspects of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis.", "contents": "Selective homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis. Catalysis of organic reactions by micellar aggregates in aqueous solution lacks synthetic utility in its present state, largely for two reasons: first, the selectivity attainable in a loose unstructured micelle is low, with little possibility of attaining the degree of substrate differentiation possible in enzymes, and, second, the scale of reaction is limited, since surfactant must be in large excess over reactant to avoid swamping of the catalytic effect. The discussion will cover initial attempts to overcome these drawbacks. Increased selectivity is apparent in the promotion of ester hydrolysis by micelles of asymmetric chain-functionalized surfactants. In the most favourable circumstances 3:1 discrimination in the rate of reaction of ester enantiomers may be observed. Increased scale of reaction is obtainable when polymer-linked cationic surfactants are used as insoluble catalysts, and these hold promise for various anionactivation reas are used as insoluble catalysts, and these hold promise for varous anion-activation reactions. Specific attention is given to mechanistic aspects of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:246779", "title": "Studies on enzyme models and on the enzyme carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "The enzyme carboxypeptidase A has been extensively studied and is thus a good candiate for chemical models and imitation. A model system was constructec which combined two of the three catalytic functional groups of the enzyme together with the appropriate substrate group, and cooperative effective catalysis was demonstrated. However, the mechanism which the model system used in enzyme-like conditions was unexpected, and this led to a study of the enzyme itself. Carboxypeptidase A was studied by examination of oxygen-18 exchange reactions and the ability of the enzyme to substitute only lytic agents, such as methanol, forthe water which is normally used. The result of these studies is proposed mechanism of action of this enzyme which accommodates the large amount of information already available, and which indicates that this enzyme uses a mechanism similar to that found in the model system. Approaches have also been made to an artificial enzyme which could hydrolyse amides. Cyclodextrin has been functionalized with two imidazole groups placed on opposite sides of the cavity. This material catalyses the hydrolysis of an amide, which binds to the cyclodextrin cavity and then is hydrolysed with the assistance of one imidazole in its basic form and the other one in its protonated form, acting together in a way reminiscent of the cooperation of some of the functional groups of hydrolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Studies on enzyme models and on the enzyme carboxypeptidase A. The enzyme carboxypeptidase A has been extensively studied and is thus a good candiate for chemical models and imitation. A model system was constructec which combined two of the three catalytic functional groups of the enzyme together with the appropriate substrate group, and cooperative effective catalysis was demonstrated. However, the mechanism which the model system used in enzyme-like conditions was unexpected, and this led to a study of the enzyme itself. Carboxypeptidase A was studied by examination of oxygen-18 exchange reactions and the ability of the enzyme to substitute only lytic agents, such as methanol, forthe water which is normally used. The result of these studies is proposed mechanism of action of this enzyme which accommodates the large amount of information already available, and which indicates that this enzyme uses a mechanism similar to that found in the model system. Approaches have also been made to an artificial enzyme which could hydrolyse amides. Cyclodextrin has been functionalized with two imidazole groups placed on opposite sides of the cavity. This material catalyses the hydrolysis of an amide, which binds to the cyclodextrin cavity and then is hydrolysed with the assistance of one imidazole in its basic form and the other one in its protonated form, acting together in a way reminiscent of the cooperation of some of the functional groups of hydrolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:246780", "title": "Ideas and experiments in biosynthesis.", "content": "During the past 25 years or so, there has been almost undreamed of progress in understanding the pathways by which living systems synthesize the remarkable range of substances they contain. This progress could not have been made had not isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen become available in quantity at a time when the intellectual climate was right for their penetrating application in biosynthetic research. It was by his generation of far-reaching ideas about biosynthesis that Sir Robert Robinson made such a major contribution to establishing this right climate. His thinking pointed the way for many studies on living systems. Several examples will be discussed which were of particular interest to Sir Robert, such as the biosynthesis of morphine and colchicine, and another topic which is currently at a fascinating stage of development, the biosynthesis of natural porphyrins. New equipment and techniques, especially 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy and high-pressure liquid chromatography, have helped in a borad study of the biochemical conversion of porphobilinogen into uroporphyrinogen-III which must be formed by some rearrangement process. It is established that a single intramolecular rearrangement occurs and that this step comes at the end of the assembly of four porphobilinogen units which forms the unrearranged bilane.", "contents": "Ideas and experiments in biosynthesis. During the past 25 years or so, there has been almost undreamed of progress in understanding the pathways by which living systems synthesize the remarkable range of substances they contain. This progress could not have been made had not isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen become available in quantity at a time when the intellectual climate was right for their penetrating application in biosynthetic research. It was by his generation of far-reaching ideas about biosynthesis that Sir Robert Robinson made such a major contribution to establishing this right climate. His thinking pointed the way for many studies on living systems. Several examples will be discussed which were of particular interest to Sir Robert, such as the biosynthesis of morphine and colchicine, and another topic which is currently at a fascinating stage of development, the biosynthesis of natural porphyrins. New equipment and techniques, especially 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy and high-pressure liquid chromatography, have helped in a borad study of the biochemical conversion of porphobilinogen into uroporphyrinogen-III which must be formed by some rearrangement process. It is established that a single intramolecular rearrangement occurs and that this step comes at the end of the assembly of four porphobilinogen units which forms the unrearranged bilane."}
{"id": "PMID:246781", "title": "Biosynthesis in theory and practice: structure determinations.", "content": "Classical appraoches to structure determinations of natural molecules can be assisted by biosynthetic considerations. Application of these needs some structural evidence, based on degradations and spectra, as to biogenetic type. This evidence can be effectively supplemented by incorporations of precursors labelled with 14C, 13C or 15N, as appropriate, with examinations of the distributions of label in the product. Several examples of both classical and incorporation techniques are reviewed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis in theory and practice: structure determinations. Classical appraoches to structure determinations of natural molecules can be assisted by biosynthetic considerations. Application of these needs some structural evidence, based on degradations and spectra, as to biogenetic type. This evidence can be effectively supplemented by incorporations of precursors labelled with 14C, 13C or 15N, as appropriate, with examinations of the distributions of label in the product. Several examples of both classical and incorporation techniques are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:246782", "title": "Design of a specific oxidant for phenols.", "content": "Selective ortho-substitution of phenols can be secured, in principle, by attachment of the substituting reagent to the phenolic hydroxy group and subsequent rearrangement of this derivative by a cyclic mechanism into the orthoposition. So far, only one example of this principle (the Claisen rearrangement) is well established. For ortho-hydroxylation, a phenolic ester of selenium(IV) should have the desired properties. Diphenylseleninic anhydride, PhSE(=0)0.Sec(=0)Ph, has proved has proved to be the new reagent for the application of this mechanism. Several phenols, including models of the phenolic ring A of tetracycline, gave o-hydroxydienones, with quinones and phenylselenated species as by-products, when treated with diphenylseleninic anhydride. When the phenols were converted into their corresponding anions before treatment with the anhydridide, the o-hydroxydienones were obtained in good yield free from other products arising from reaction at the para position. When phenols were added to a warm solution of diphenylseleninic anhydride, they were oxidized to the o-quinones even when the phenols were not substituted in para position.", "contents": "Design of a specific oxidant for phenols. Selective ortho-substitution of phenols can be secured, in principle, by attachment of the substituting reagent to the phenolic hydroxy group and subsequent rearrangement of this derivative by a cyclic mechanism into the orthoposition. So far, only one example of this principle (the Claisen rearrangement) is well established. For ortho-hydroxylation, a phenolic ester of selenium(IV) should have the desired properties. Diphenylseleninic anhydride, PhSE(=0)0.Sec(=0)Ph, has proved has proved to be the new reagent for the application of this mechanism. Several phenols, including models of the phenolic ring A of tetracycline, gave o-hydroxydienones, with quinones and phenylselenated species as by-products, when treated with diphenylseleninic anhydride. When the phenols were converted into their corresponding anions before treatment with the anhydridide, the o-hydroxydienones were obtained in good yield free from other products arising from reaction at the para position. When phenols were added to a warm solution of diphenylseleninic anhydride, they were oxidized to the o-quinones even when the phenols were not substituted in para position."}
{"id": "PMID:246783", "title": "Synthesis of sesquiterpenoids of biogenetic importance.", "content": "The contribuation made by Sir Robert Robinson to sesquiterpene chemistry and to the development of the biogenetic isoprene rule are discussed. Examaples of the great utility of the Robinson Ring Annelation in synthetic organic chemistry are given with reference to steroid and sesquiterpene systems. Recent modifications to the original method are also mentioned. The close relationship of the eremophilane sesquiterpenes and the spiro sesquiterpenes, which follows from the biogenetic derivation of eremophilone by Robinson, is the basis for the synthetic strategy under discussion leading to chiral spiro sesquiterpenes. This approach makes use of chiral starting material couples with subsequent stereospecific processes leading to sesquiterpenes of stereochemical interest and complexity.", "contents": "Synthesis of sesquiterpenoids of biogenetic importance. The contribuation made by Sir Robert Robinson to sesquiterpene chemistry and to the development of the biogenetic isoprene rule are discussed. Examaples of the great utility of the Robinson Ring Annelation in synthetic organic chemistry are given with reference to steroid and sesquiterpene systems. Recent modifications to the original method are also mentioned. The close relationship of the eremophilane sesquiterpenes and the spiro sesquiterpenes, which follows from the biogenetic derivation of eremophilone by Robinson, is the basis for the synthetic strategy under discussion leading to chiral spiro sesquiterpenes. This approach makes use of chiral starting material couples with subsequent stereospecific processes leading to sesquiterpenes of stereochemical interest and complexity."}
{"id": "PMID:246784", "title": "Rules for ring closure.", "content": "The ease of formation of cyclic structures shows some regularity which can be described by a set of 'rules' for ring closure. The restrictions on the endocyclic transfer of groups due to SN2 displacements having linear transition states are exemplified by studied on a biogenetic type synthesis of penicillin and, more generally, on the endocyclic attack of a nucleophile attached by a linking chain to an enone or polarized double bond. The formation of five-memebered rings is considered. In base, enones such as 4-hydroxy- and 4-amino-2-methylenebutanoates close exocyclically to give the corresponding five-membered lactones and lactams, respectively. Hydroxymethyl vinyl ketones, however, do not cyclize in base. In strong acid, hydroxy-enones close endocyclically to five-membered ring, as in the formation of cyclic ethylene ketals from acetone and ethanediol. The endocyclic closure of nucleophilic centres to polarized double bonds to give five-membered rings is impeded by restrictions of geometry; these restrictions can be overcome in acid through the generation of oxonium or protonated forms.", "contents": "Rules for ring closure. The ease of formation of cyclic structures shows some regularity which can be described by a set of 'rules' for ring closure. The restrictions on the endocyclic transfer of groups due to SN2 displacements having linear transition states are exemplified by studied on a biogenetic type synthesis of penicillin and, more generally, on the endocyclic attack of a nucleophile attached by a linking chain to an enone or polarized double bond. The formation of five-memebered rings is considered. In base, enones such as 4-hydroxy- and 4-amino-2-methylenebutanoates close exocyclically to give the corresponding five-membered lactones and lactams, respectively. Hydroxymethyl vinyl ketones, however, do not cyclize in base. In strong acid, hydroxy-enones close endocyclically to five-membered ring, as in the formation of cyclic ethylene ketals from acetone and ethanediol. The endocyclic closure of nucleophilic centres to polarized double bonds to give five-membered rings is impeded by restrictions of geometry; these restrictions can be overcome in acid through the generation of oxonium or protonated forms."}
{"id": "PMID:246861", "title": "Preoperative information and recovery of open-heart surgery patients.", "content": "Postoperatively, 19 adult open-heart surgery patients were interviewed as to information, included or not included in preoperative instruction, they identified as important to recovery. It was found that subjects desired details of all aspects of their conditions and treatment--preoperatively, operatively, and postoperatively. They had the greatest difficulty with pulmonary aspects of their care postoperatively. Subjects indicated a specific need for more information about the endotracheal tube, the ventilator, mucus, suctioning, deep breathing and coughing, and chest tube removal. Subjects experienced transient, primarily depressive, nonpsychotic postoperative mood changes unrelated to preoperative information, physical manifestations, and/or behavioral manifestations. Subjects regarded the nurse as an important provider of information and found the content of preoperative information satisfactory but wanted more individualization of instruction. They also indicated a need for more family involvement in preoperative instruction to provide them with information of the patient's progress throughout hospitalization. Questions and hypotheses for future research were generated.", "contents": "Preoperative information and recovery of open-heart surgery patients. Postoperatively, 19 adult open-heart surgery patients were interviewed as to information, included or not included in preoperative instruction, they identified as important to recovery. It was found that subjects desired details of all aspects of their conditions and treatment--preoperatively, operatively, and postoperatively. They had the greatest difficulty with pulmonary aspects of their care postoperatively. Subjects indicated a specific need for more information about the endotracheal tube, the ventilator, mucus, suctioning, deep breathing and coughing, and chest tube removal. Subjects experienced transient, primarily depressive, nonpsychotic postoperative mood changes unrelated to preoperative information, physical manifestations, and/or behavioral manifestations. Subjects regarded the nurse as an important provider of information and found the content of preoperative information satisfactory but wanted more individualization of instruction. They also indicated a need for more family involvement in preoperative instruction to provide them with information of the patient's progress throughout hospitalization. Questions and hypotheses for future research were generated."}
{"id": "PMID:246869", "title": "Effect of extreme amino acid starvation on the protein synthetic machinery of CHO cells.", "content": "When CHO cells are incubated under conditions of extreme amino acid starvation, effected by withdrawal of an amino acid from the medium together with genetic or chemical interference with the activity of the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, there is a rapid and profound decline in the functional capacity of the protein synthetic machinery. The effect was observed for all amino acids tested including leucine, asparagine, histidine, methionine and glutamine. This decline in protein synthetic potential appears to be due to a progressive permanent inactivation of the specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase concerned, as shown by a decline in the amount of cellular, specific aminoacyl-tRNA and a decline in the cell-free enzyme activity, measured after reversal of the starvation conditions. When cells are left for more than several hours under these starvation conditions, they shrink in size, lose viability and eventually disintegrate, with anomalous rapidity. We suggest that the progressive loss of protein synthetic capacity of the cells is the prime cause of these subsequent events. If the starvation conditions are reversed before cell death, regeneration of the protein synthetic potential occurs rapidly but requires protein synthesis itself, implying the existence of strong control mechanisms for cellular aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities.", "contents": "Effect of extreme amino acid starvation on the protein synthetic machinery of CHO cells. When CHO cells are incubated under conditions of extreme amino acid starvation, effected by withdrawal of an amino acid from the medium together with genetic or chemical interference with the activity of the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, there is a rapid and profound decline in the functional capacity of the protein synthetic machinery. The effect was observed for all amino acids tested including leucine, asparagine, histidine, methionine and glutamine. This decline in protein synthetic potential appears to be due to a progressive permanent inactivation of the specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase concerned, as shown by a decline in the amount of cellular, specific aminoacyl-tRNA and a decline in the cell-free enzyme activity, measured after reversal of the starvation conditions. When cells are left for more than several hours under these starvation conditions, they shrink in size, lose viability and eventually disintegrate, with anomalous rapidity. We suggest that the progressive loss of protein synthetic capacity of the cells is the prime cause of these subsequent events. If the starvation conditions are reversed before cell death, regeneration of the protein synthetic potential occurs rapidly but requires protein synthesis itself, implying the existence of strong control mechanisms for cellular aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:246946", "title": "[In vitro antibacterial activity of tobramycin used in combination with cephalothin or carbenicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Combinations of tobramycin (TOB) with cephalothin (CET) or carbenicillin (CBPC) were evaluated by in vitro test against 161 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter and Serratia marcescens which were not inhibited by 6.25 microgram/ml of CET. The combinations were considered to show synergy when there was a 4-fold or greater reduction in MIC values (FIC index less than or equal to 0.5) of both antibiotics when combined. Synergy of TOB with CET could be demonstrated against 83% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 78% of E. coli, 44% of Proteus rettgeri and 39% of Proteus inconstans. Synergy of TOB with CBPC could be demonstrated against 78% of Proteus vulgalis, 45% of Serratia marcescens and 28% of Proteus inconstans. Bactericidal effect showing synergy of TOB with CET could be demonstrated against each 2 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. Frequency of synergy of TOB with CET under the condition of large inoculum size was significantly higher than that of synergy of TOB with CET under the condition of small inoculum size. Synergy of bactericidal effect of TOB combined with CET against Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli was more active when they were combined at the same time, than those of when TOB was combined after 2 hours exposure by CET or when CET was combined after 2 hours exposure by TOB. No antagonistic action was observed in these studies.", "contents": "[In vitro antibacterial activity of tobramycin used in combination with cephalothin or carbenicillin (author's transl)]. Combinations of tobramycin (TOB) with cephalothin (CET) or carbenicillin (CBPC) were evaluated by in vitro test against 161 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter and Serratia marcescens which were not inhibited by 6.25 microgram/ml of CET. The combinations were considered to show synergy when there was a 4-fold or greater reduction in MIC values (FIC index less than or equal to 0.5) of both antibiotics when combined. Synergy of TOB with CET could be demonstrated against 83% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 78% of E. coli, 44% of Proteus rettgeri and 39% of Proteus inconstans. Synergy of TOB with CBPC could be demonstrated against 78% of Proteus vulgalis, 45% of Serratia marcescens and 28% of Proteus inconstans. Bactericidal effect showing synergy of TOB with CET could be demonstrated against each 2 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. Frequency of synergy of TOB with CET under the condition of large inoculum size was significantly higher than that of synergy of TOB with CET under the condition of small inoculum size. Synergy of bactericidal effect of TOB combined with CET against Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli was more active when they were combined at the same time, than those of when TOB was combined after 2 hours exposure by CET or when CET was combined after 2 hours exposure by TOB. No antagonistic action was observed in these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:246947", "title": "[Talampicillin hydrochloride: Comparison with amoxicillin and ampicillin in the antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The antibacterial activities, absorption and excretion of talampicillin hydrochloride were compared with those of amoxicillin and ampicillin. Talampicillin hydrochloride showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as seen in amoxicillin and ampicillin. The antibacterial activities of talampicillin hydrochloride, amoxicillin and ampicillin were quite similar. In experimental murine infection with Staphylococcus aureus, protective effect of talampicillin hydrochloride was superior to ampicillin. For Escherichia coli infection, protective effect of talampicillin hydrochloride was similar to that of amoxicillin, while ampicillin was less active than both talampicillin hydrochloride and amoxicillin. The absorption and excretion of 250 mg equivalent doses of talampicillin hydrochloride, amoxicillin and ampicillin were compared in nine fasting healthy volunteers after oral administration of these antibiotics in randomized triple crossover study. In order to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters, plasma levels were analyzed using an one-compartment open model, as well as area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and urinary excretion. Maximum plasma levels calculated were 2.8 times higher for talampicillin hydrochloride and 1.45 times higher for amoxicillin than for ampicillin. AUC was greater for talampicillin hydrochloride than for amoxicillin and lowest for ampicillin. Urinary excretion of talampicillin hydrochloride as penicillin determined in biological assay was comparable to that of amoxicillin and 1.55 times higher than that of ampicillin. Penicillins can be metabolized to penicilloic acids in the body. After taking into account the penicilloic acid contents in urine, total excretion in urine was 61% for talampicillin hydrochloride, 67% for amoxicillin and 42% for ampicillin during 6 hours after dosing. The absorption of the drugs was evaluated according to the plasma levels, the area under plasma concentration curve and the percentage of excretion in urine. The results obtained showed that talampicillin hydrochloride was well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.", "contents": "[Talampicillin hydrochloride: Comparison with amoxicillin and ampicillin in the antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics (author's transl)]. The antibacterial activities, absorption and excretion of talampicillin hydrochloride were compared with those of amoxicillin and ampicillin. Talampicillin hydrochloride showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as seen in amoxicillin and ampicillin. The antibacterial activities of talampicillin hydrochloride, amoxicillin and ampicillin were quite similar. In experimental murine infection with Staphylococcus aureus, protective effect of talampicillin hydrochloride was superior to ampicillin. For Escherichia coli infection, protective effect of talampicillin hydrochloride was similar to that of amoxicillin, while ampicillin was less active than both talampicillin hydrochloride and amoxicillin. The absorption and excretion of 250 mg equivalent doses of talampicillin hydrochloride, amoxicillin and ampicillin were compared in nine fasting healthy volunteers after oral administration of these antibiotics in randomized triple crossover study. In order to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters, plasma levels were analyzed using an one-compartment open model, as well as area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and urinary excretion. Maximum plasma levels calculated were 2.8 times higher for talampicillin hydrochloride and 1.45 times higher for amoxicillin than for ampicillin. AUC was greater for talampicillin hydrochloride than for amoxicillin and lowest for ampicillin. Urinary excretion of talampicillin hydrochloride as penicillin determined in biological assay was comparable to that of amoxicillin and 1.55 times higher than that of ampicillin. Penicillins can be metabolized to penicilloic acids in the body. After taking into account the penicilloic acid contents in urine, total excretion in urine was 61% for talampicillin hydrochloride, 67% for amoxicillin and 42% for ampicillin during 6 hours after dosing. The absorption of the drugs was evaluated according to the plasma levels, the area under plasma concentration curve and the percentage of excretion in urine. The results obtained showed that talampicillin hydrochloride was well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:247194", "title": "Teaching poetry writing to the old and the ill.", "content": "When people are separated from the activities and relationships that make life so passionately interesting, they are separated from real accomplishment. A poet's non-therapeutic approach to writing led a group of ill and handicapped nursing home residents, aged 59-93 years, to find new strengths of feeling and ideas. Above all, it gave them the real accomplishment of some beautiful poetry.", "contents": "Teaching poetry writing to the old and the ill. When people are separated from the activities and relationships that make life so passionately interesting, they are separated from real accomplishment. A poet's non-therapeutic approach to writing led a group of ill and handicapped nursing home residents, aged 59-93 years, to find new strengths of feeling and ideas. Above all, it gave them the real accomplishment of some beautiful poetry."}
{"id": "PMID:247195", "title": "Planning and administrative perspectives on adequate minimum personal health services.", "content": "Public resistance to equal distribution of medical care resources is supported by a union of usually contradictory forces--sophisticated science and superstitious credulity. In a field saturated with ethical imperatives and professional ambiguities, definitions of need become political weapons. Improvement in health policy will involve political doctrine, reorganization of knowledge, and more leverage in state and local government.", "contents": "Planning and administrative perspectives on adequate minimum personal health services. Public resistance to equal distribution of medical care resources is supported by a union of usually contradictory forces--sophisticated science and superstitious credulity. In a field saturated with ethical imperatives and professional ambiguities, definitions of need become political weapons. Improvement in health policy will involve political doctrine, reorganization of knowledge, and more leverage in state and local government."}
{"id": "PMID:247196", "title": "The Carter administration's health budget: charting new priorities with limited dollars.", "content": "Although the budget is described by the Administration as a \"full statement of its priorities,\" policy and spending are bound by past decisions. New program initiatives are limited to a few discretionary programs under the Public Health Service, but the massive budget does reveal personal preferences of the President and the Secretary. Some of these choices may not find congressional favor; yet the entire budget process shows the Democrats again endorsing the categorical approach reminiscent of the New Deal and the Great Society.", "contents": "The Carter administration's health budget: charting new priorities with limited dollars. Although the budget is described by the Administration as a \"full statement of its priorities,\" policy and spending are bound by past decisions. New program initiatives are limited to a few discretionary programs under the Public Health Service, but the massive budget does reveal personal preferences of the President and the Secretary. Some of these choices may not find congressional favor; yet the entire budget process shows the Democrats again endorsing the categorical approach reminiscent of the New Deal and the Great Society."}
{"id": "PMID:247197", "title": "Health planning: progress, prospects, and issues.", "content": "The new Health Planning Act may have prescribed collection of too much data, too soon. There is no refuge in numbers from the social, professional, and political complexities of planning. A mechanistic criterion of \"need\" breaks down on close examination--we will have to recognize the effect of \"availability.\" There is little or no experience in carrying out policies of selective contraction; modesty in claims and moderation in pursuit of goals are called for.", "contents": "Health planning: progress, prospects, and issues. The new Health Planning Act may have prescribed collection of too much data, too soon. There is no refuge in numbers from the social, professional, and political complexities of planning. A mechanistic criterion of \"need\" breaks down on close examination--we will have to recognize the effect of \"availability.\" There is little or no experience in carrying out policies of selective contraction; modesty in claims and moderation in pursuit of goals are called for."}
{"id": "PMID:247357", "title": "The professional doctorate: rationale and characteristics.", "content": "The position that it is time for the nursing profession to develop programs leading to the N.D. degree, or professional doctorate, (for the college graduates) derives from consideration of the nature of nursing, the contributions that nurses can make to development of an exemplary health care system, and from the recognized need for nursing to emerge as a full-fledged profession.  It derives from pride in the accomplishments made by nurses of the past; from discontent with the meager influence that nurses now have; and from anticipation of a future that will be created when a critical mass of nurses are provided opportunities for completing pre-service doctoral study. It derives from confidence that those nurses can and will so influence the health care system that all persons will be properly served with care that promotes their health, restores their function,, and enhances their independence in knowledgeably exploiting their own health-seeking behaviors.", "contents": "The professional doctorate: rationale and characteristics. The position that it is time for the nursing profession to develop programs leading to the N.D. degree, or professional doctorate, (for the college graduates) derives from consideration of the nature of nursing, the contributions that nurses can make to development of an exemplary health care system, and from the recognized need for nursing to emerge as a full-fledged profession.  It derives from pride in the accomplishments made by nurses of the past; from discontent with the meager influence that nurses now have; and from anticipation of a future that will be created when a critical mass of nurses are provided opportunities for completing pre-service doctoral study. It derives from confidence that those nurses can and will so influence the health care system that all persons will be properly served with care that promotes their health, restores their function,, and enhances their independence in knowledgeably exploiting their own health-seeking behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:247366", "title": "Staff development for leadership.", "content": "Leadership, that amorphous concept so essential to nursing and so difficult to describe in its broadest context, can be learned if viewed as a set of behaviors that may be applied selectively to assist a group to move toward its goals. Given a supportive climate, a variety of approaches are effective, including one-to-one consultation, role modeling, goal orientation, and workshops on specific leadership behaviors.", "contents": "Staff development for leadership. Leadership, that amorphous concept so essential to nursing and so difficult to describe in its broadest context, can be learned if viewed as a set of behaviors that may be applied selectively to assist a group to move toward its goals. Given a supportive climate, a variety of approaches are effective, including one-to-one consultation, role modeling, goal orientation, and workshops on specific leadership behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:247367", "title": "The role of the nursing administrator in collective bargaining.", "content": "There is little doubt that collective bargaining is here to stay in hospital nursing, and it adds a new dimension to the nursing administrator's area of responsibility. Careful planning and preparation for participation, trust and open communication, an attitude of acceptance, and a focus on the positive aspects of the negotiations will place the nursing administrator in an advantageous position in regard to collective bargaining in any practice setting.", "contents": "The role of the nursing administrator in collective bargaining. There is little doubt that collective bargaining is here to stay in hospital nursing, and it adds a new dimension to the nursing administrator's area of responsibility. Careful planning and preparation for participation, trust and open communication, an attitude of acceptance, and a focus on the positive aspects of the negotiations will place the nursing administrator in an advantageous position in regard to collective bargaining in any practice setting."}
{"id": "PMID:247368", "title": "The role of clinical supervisors and head nurses in management.", "content": "In this article, we have attempted to describe the process of change that occurred within two specific groups of the nursing administrative staff. When we began working with the individuals within this group of nursing managers, each possessed the skills and abilities that met the needs of the system and its concept of nursing at that time. Through discussion of issues related to nursing and nursing management, the clinical supervisors and head nurses developed an expanded concept of their responsibilities related to patient, personnel, and operational management. The initial actions we encouraged them to take related to increasing their involvement in providing direct patient care. Following this, they became more active in the areas of personnel and operational management. Our ultimate goal was to promote their active involvement in all three areas of management. At times, we became impatient with what seemed to be a slow process of change. We believed, however, that it was imperative to move slowly and not push for change beyond their level of readiness. As one of the clinical supervisors recently stated, \"Change is fast; progress is slow.\" Within this group of nursing managers, changes have been made, the goals are being met, and progress is indeed apparent.", "contents": "The role of clinical supervisors and head nurses in management. In this article, we have attempted to describe the process of change that occurred within two specific groups of the nursing administrative staff. When we began working with the individuals within this group of nursing managers, each possessed the skills and abilities that met the needs of the system and its concept of nursing at that time. Through discussion of issues related to nursing and nursing management, the clinical supervisors and head nurses developed an expanded concept of their responsibilities related to patient, personnel, and operational management. The initial actions we encouraged them to take related to increasing their involvement in providing direct patient care. Following this, they became more active in the areas of personnel and operational management. Our ultimate goal was to promote their active involvement in all three areas of management. At times, we became impatient with what seemed to be a slow process of change. We believed, however, that it was imperative to move slowly and not push for change beyond their level of readiness. As one of the clinical supervisors recently stated, \"Change is fast; progress is slow.\" Within this group of nursing managers, changes have been made, the goals are being met, and progress is indeed apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:247369", "title": "Assessment of weight and gestational age.", "content": "Many established nursery routines are in conflict with the physician's responsibility to the infant and the needs of the mother. While the first hour after birth is a crucial time for the mother and the infant to be together, it is also a time when neonatal problems can be identified and often prevented. Unless a problem is suspected immediately, this first hour of life is not the time for a thorough examination. The assessment of gestational age may be carried out later, in the nursery, when the infant's condition has stabilized and the parents have had an opportunity to view their infant.", "contents": "Assessment of weight and gestational age. Many established nursery routines are in conflict with the physician's responsibility to the infant and the needs of the mother. While the first hour after birth is a crucial time for the mother and the infant to be together, it is also a time when neonatal problems can be identified and often prevented. Unless a problem is suspected immediately, this first hour of life is not the time for a thorough examination. The assessment of gestational age may be carried out later, in the nursery, when the infant's condition has stabilized and the parents have had an opportunity to view their infant."}
{"id": "PMID:247370", "title": "Nursing leadership in the critical care setting.", "content": "The challenge of a nursing leadership role within the critical care setting is most unique in that two competencies are required--clinical and administrative talents. The development of such leaders also presents a challenge to administrators of health care settings. With administrative support of the nurse who aspires to such a role, we will continue to provide the caliber of care required by acutely ill and injured patients. Based on a philosophy of management that promotes both clinical and administrative talents, this plan will not only best serve the patient population of acute/critical care units but will also help foster the professional commitment of nurse practitioners and encourage them to aspire to such roles.", "contents": "Nursing leadership in the critical care setting. The challenge of a nursing leadership role within the critical care setting is most unique in that two competencies are required--clinical and administrative talents. The development of such leaders also presents a challenge to administrators of health care settings. With administrative support of the nurse who aspires to such a role, we will continue to provide the caliber of care required by acutely ill and injured patients. Based on a philosophy of management that promotes both clinical and administrative talents, this plan will not only best serve the patient population of acute/critical care units but will also help foster the professional commitment of nurse practitioners and encourage them to aspire to such roles."}
{"id": "PMID:247371", "title": "Application of leadership theory: integrating thought and action.", "content": "While the experienced nursing director may and can make decisions quickly and intuitively, the student and the novice supervisor or director need tools to facilitate the process. The theories are presented not as iron-clad rules, but rather as guidelines to be used in selecting leadership behavior appropriate to circumstantial needs, which can vary widely in nursing.", "contents": "Application of leadership theory: integrating thought and action. While the experienced nursing director may and can make decisions quickly and intuitively, the student and the novice supervisor or director need tools to facilitate the process. The theories are presented not as iron-clad rules, but rather as guidelines to be used in selecting leadership behavior appropriate to circumstantial needs, which can vary widely in nursing."}
{"id": "PMID:247373", "title": "Apnea in the premature infant: an overview of causes and treatment.", "content": "In summary, apnea of prematurity is both a primary and a secondary disorder--a reflection of CNS immaturity as well as a response to an underlying problem. Premature infants are extremely vulnerable to developing apnea. Close monitoring by the nursing staff and early detection and treatment of apnea and its associated disorders are essential to insure optimal growth and development of these tiny infants.", "contents": "Apnea in the premature infant: an overview of causes and treatment. In summary, apnea of prematurity is both a primary and a secondary disorder--a reflection of CNS immaturity as well as a response to an underlying problem. Premature infants are extremely vulnerable to developing apnea. Close monitoring by the nursing staff and early detection and treatment of apnea and its associated disorders are essential to insure optimal growth and development of these tiny infants."}
{"id": "PMID:247374", "title": "Neonatal transport.", "content": "Communication and teamwork are the keynotes to a successful transport system. This requires a team not only trained in transport details but also able to give emergency care to stabilize the infant prior to transport. The effectiveness of neonatal transport in lowering infant mortality depends on the efficiency of team care before and during transport.", "contents": "Neonatal transport. Communication and teamwork are the keynotes to a successful transport system. This requires a team not only trained in transport details but also able to give emergency care to stabilize the infant prior to transport. The effectiveness of neonatal transport in lowering infant mortality depends on the efficiency of team care before and during transport."}
{"id": "PMID:247376", "title": "Supporting lactation when mothers and infants are separated: a clinical guideline for perinatal nurses.", "content": "It has been our intention to describe the vital role a nurse may play in assisting a woman to establish lactation successfully. Stitt indicates that the two most common reasons why women decline to breast-feed are (1) embarassment about their lack of knowledge of techniques and (2) fear of failure. Nurses are in a unique position to intervene constructively in both instances. It is essential for nurses to explore their own feelings about breast-feeding and sexuality and to help each other recognize how attitudes and values affect care. Only through understanding ourselves can we become sensitive to the desires of those who need our care.", "contents": "Supporting lactation when mothers and infants are separated: a clinical guideline for perinatal nurses. It has been our intention to describe the vital role a nurse may play in assisting a woman to establish lactation successfully. Stitt indicates that the two most common reasons why women decline to breast-feed are (1) embarassment about their lack of knowledge of techniques and (2) fear of failure. Nurses are in a unique position to intervene constructively in both instances. It is essential for nurses to explore their own feelings about breast-feeding and sexuality and to help each other recognize how attitudes and values affect care. Only through understanding ourselves can we become sensitive to the desires of those who need our care."}
{"id": "PMID:247520", "title": "The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "SLE is an illness of unknown cause(s) affecting multiple organ systems, whose diagnosis depends upon a high index of suspicion and knowledge of its clinical manifestations. The American Rheumatism Association criteria may be used as a guide to help direct one's clinical and laboratory approaches. Survivorship appears to be improving and a wider spectrum of disease is appreciated today.", "contents": "The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. SLE is an illness of unknown cause(s) affecting multiple organ systems, whose diagnosis depends upon a high index of suspicion and knowledge of its clinical manifestations. The American Rheumatism Association criteria may be used as a guide to help direct one's clinical and laboratory approaches. Survivorship appears to be improving and a wider spectrum of disease is appreciated today."}
{"id": "PMID:247528", "title": "Hemoptysis.", "content": "Patients presenting with hemoptysis frequently have a serious underlying disease. Even when the amount of blood is minimal, thorough investigation is indicated. Since many different types of diseases give rise to bleeding from the respiratory tract, a careful and thorough diagnostic evaluation is indicated. Treatment depends upon the cause of the bleeding. Massive hemoptysis is frightening and requires more rapid assessment. When bleeding is considered to be massive, surgical intervention rather than conservative management yields the best chance of survival.", "contents": "Hemoptysis. Patients presenting with hemoptysis frequently have a serious underlying disease. Even when the amount of blood is minimal, thorough investigation is indicated. Since many different types of diseases give rise to bleeding from the respiratory tract, a careful and thorough diagnostic evaluation is indicated. Treatment depends upon the cause of the bleeding. Massive hemoptysis is frightening and requires more rapid assessment. When bleeding is considered to be massive, surgical intervention rather than conservative management yields the best chance of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:247530", "title": "Factors influencing tone in rabbit large intestine.", "content": "Pressure/volume curves obtained in the presence of papaverine have been compared with those obtained under control conditions in rabbit large intestine. Tension/length curves obtained on stimulation of the extrinsic nerve supply to the intestine have been compared with control curves. Evidence is presented for a small contribution of sustained muscular activity to the pressue/volume and tension/length curves. The effect of stretch on peak tension attained by the intestine has also been examined.", "contents": "Factors influencing tone in rabbit large intestine. Pressure/volume curves obtained in the presence of papaverine have been compared with those obtained under control conditions in rabbit large intestine. Tension/length curves obtained on stimulation of the extrinsic nerve supply to the intestine have been compared with control curves. Evidence is presented for a small contribution of sustained muscular activity to the pressue/volume and tension/length curves. The effect of stretch on peak tension attained by the intestine has also been examined."}
{"id": "PMID:247531", "title": "The influence of parathyroidectomy upon calcium and phosphate homeostasis in adult sheep.", "content": "The absorption and secretion of Ca and PO4 were measured with the use of radioactive isotopes in 4 adult sheep before and after parathyroidectomy. Secretion of Ca and PO4 into the stomach and intestines was measured separately. Parathyroidectomy resulted in a negative balance for Ca and PO4 and an accompanying fall in plasma Ca and PO4 concentrations. In the case of PO4 this response was attributed primarily to a reduced intestinal absorption, but for Ca increases in urinary excretion and intestinal secretion also contributed significantly. Secretion of PO4 to the stomach was reduced but endogenous PO4 excretion in the faeces was unchanged which indicated a reduced reabsorption of secreted PO4 by the intestines.", "contents": "The influence of parathyroidectomy upon calcium and phosphate homeostasis in adult sheep. The absorption and secretion of Ca and PO4 were measured with the use of radioactive isotopes in 4 adult sheep before and after parathyroidectomy. Secretion of Ca and PO4 into the stomach and intestines was measured separately. Parathyroidectomy resulted in a negative balance for Ca and PO4 and an accompanying fall in plasma Ca and PO4 concentrations. In the case of PO4 this response was attributed primarily to a reduced intestinal absorption, but for Ca increases in urinary excretion and intestinal secretion also contributed significantly. Secretion of PO4 to the stomach was reduced but endogenous PO4 excretion in the faeces was unchanged which indicated a reduced reabsorption of secreted PO4 by the intestines."}
{"id": "PMID:247533", "title": "H1 and H2 histamine actions on lung vessels; their relevance to hypoxic vasoconstriction.", "content": "Pulmonary vasomotor actions of histamine and the possible relationship of histamine to hypoxic pulmonary vasconstriction were studied in anaesthetized cats with one lobe of lung perfused at constant flow and in isolated perfused rat and ferret lungs. In the cat histamine caused dilatation, biphasic responses and constriction with increasing doses. Histamine induced dilatation was better demonstrated during hypoxic vasoconstriction and was reduced by an H2 histamine antagonist; constriction with histamine was abolished by an H1 antagonist. Histamine also caused both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction in ferret lungs. A mast cell stabilizing agent had no effect on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in cats or rats. This response was unaffected in cats but greatly reduced in rats and ferrets by cyproheptadine, a combined histamine and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine inhibitor. It was unaffected in cats but abolished in ferrets an H1 histamine inhibitor. It was again unaffected in cats but greatly reduced in rats and ferrets by an H2 histamine inhibitor. These species differences may reflect differences in mechanism but more probably reflect non-specific effects of the inhibitors in certain circumstances. However, when drugs nearly abolished hypoxic vasoconstriction, ATP still caused vasoconstriction.", "contents": "H1 and H2 histamine actions on lung vessels; their relevance to hypoxic vasoconstriction. Pulmonary vasomotor actions of histamine and the possible relationship of histamine to hypoxic pulmonary vasconstriction were studied in anaesthetized cats with one lobe of lung perfused at constant flow and in isolated perfused rat and ferret lungs. In the cat histamine caused dilatation, biphasic responses and constriction with increasing doses. Histamine induced dilatation was better demonstrated during hypoxic vasoconstriction and was reduced by an H2 histamine antagonist; constriction with histamine was abolished by an H1 antagonist. Histamine also caused both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction in ferret lungs. A mast cell stabilizing agent had no effect on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in cats or rats. This response was unaffected in cats but greatly reduced in rats and ferrets by cyproheptadine, a combined histamine and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine inhibitor. It was unaffected in cats but abolished in ferrets an H1 histamine inhibitor. It was again unaffected in cats but greatly reduced in rats and ferrets by an H2 histamine inhibitor. These species differences may reflect differences in mechanism but more probably reflect non-specific effects of the inhibitors in certain circumstances. However, when drugs nearly abolished hypoxic vasoconstriction, ATP still caused vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:247534", "title": "Effects of methacholine on the carotid chemoreceptors.", "content": "The present electrophysiological study shows that methacholine (MCh), generally regarded as a muscarinic agonist, stimulates the carotid chemoreceptors in pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats. The response consisted of a primary increase in discharge, attributable to nicotinic actions of MCh since it was unaffected by atropine but abolished by mecamylamine, and a delayed secondary increase in discharge, due mainly to bronchoconstriction evoked by MCh. Physostigmine caused similar potentiation of responses to acetylcholine and MCh which implies that acetylcholinesterase is located close to the site(s) at which the drugs act to stimulate chemoreceptor activity. The findings are in agreement with the general principle that chemosensory activity is increased by nicotinic agonists but not by muscarinic agonists.", "contents": "Effects of methacholine on the carotid chemoreceptors. The present electrophysiological study shows that methacholine (MCh), generally regarded as a muscarinic agonist, stimulates the carotid chemoreceptors in pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats. The response consisted of a primary increase in discharge, attributable to nicotinic actions of MCh since it was unaffected by atropine but abolished by mecamylamine, and a delayed secondary increase in discharge, due mainly to bronchoconstriction evoked by MCh. Physostigmine caused similar potentiation of responses to acetylcholine and MCh which implies that acetylcholinesterase is located close to the site(s) at which the drugs act to stimulate chemoreceptor activity. The findings are in agreement with the general principle that chemosensory activity is increased by nicotinic agonists but not by muscarinic agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:247535", "title": "The effects of two analogues of arginine-vasopressin (ornithine-vasopressin and desamino-D-arginine-vasopressin) on kidney function in sheep.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusion of ornithine-vasopressin (OVP) and desamino-D-arginine-vasopressin (dDAVP) were studied in normal and hydrated Merino sheep. In normal sheep, OVP resulted in a diuresis, increased urinary sodium and potassium excretion, and a fall in the plasma potassium concentration. Renal plasma flow remained constant but glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction rose markedly. dDAVP in normal sheep was antidiuretic, but its only significant effect was a small decrease in plasma osmolality. In the hydrated sheep OVP was antidiuretic and resulted in increased urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and a fall in the plasma potassium level. Renal plasma flow fell, but glomerular filtration and filtration fraction tended to rise. dDAVP in the hydrated sheep was also antidiuretic but urinary sodium and potassium excretion was reduced. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration fell, with a small decrease in filtration fraction. These results suggest that the diuretic effect in normal sheep and the electrolyte-excreting effects in both normal and hydrated sheep of OVP are related to the increase in glomerular filtration, which in turn is dependent on the vasopressor activity of the hormone. The increase in glomerular filtration caused by OVP is due to an increase in the filtration fraction of an unchanged renal plasma flow, which could be brought about by an increase in renal efferent arteriolar tone. The effects of hydration of the sheep were the conventional increased urine flow, decreased urine osmolality and decreased solute-free water reabsorption. Sodium and potassium excretion rose slightly and plasma osmolality fell. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration both increased with little change in filtration fraction. These effects could be brought about by suppression of endogenous vasopressin and a decrease in both afferent and efferent renal arteriolar tone.", "contents": "The effects of two analogues of arginine-vasopressin (ornithine-vasopressin and desamino-D-arginine-vasopressin) on kidney function in sheep. The effects of intravenous infusion of ornithine-vasopressin (OVP) and desamino-D-arginine-vasopressin (dDAVP) were studied in normal and hydrated Merino sheep. In normal sheep, OVP resulted in a diuresis, increased urinary sodium and potassium excretion, and a fall in the plasma potassium concentration. Renal plasma flow remained constant but glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction rose markedly. dDAVP in normal sheep was antidiuretic, but its only significant effect was a small decrease in plasma osmolality. In the hydrated sheep OVP was antidiuretic and resulted in increased urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and a fall in the plasma potassium level. Renal plasma flow fell, but glomerular filtration and filtration fraction tended to rise. dDAVP in the hydrated sheep was also antidiuretic but urinary sodium and potassium excretion was reduced. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration fell, with a small decrease in filtration fraction. These results suggest that the diuretic effect in normal sheep and the electrolyte-excreting effects in both normal and hydrated sheep of OVP are related to the increase in glomerular filtration, which in turn is dependent on the vasopressor activity of the hormone. The increase in glomerular filtration caused by OVP is due to an increase in the filtration fraction of an unchanged renal plasma flow, which could be brought about by an increase in renal efferent arteriolar tone. The effects of hydration of the sheep were the conventional increased urine flow, decreased urine osmolality and decreased solute-free water reabsorption. Sodium and potassium excretion rose slightly and plasma osmolality fell. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration both increased with little change in filtration fraction. These effects could be brought about by suppression of endogenous vasopressin and a decrease in both afferent and efferent renal arteriolar tone."}
{"id": "PMID:247536", "title": "Acute cold exposure and the metabolism of glucose and some of its precursors in the liver of the fed and fasted sheep.", "content": "Measurements of total body oxygen consumption, visceral and hepatic blood flow, oxygen consumption, exchanges of amino acids, lactate, pyruvate and glucose were made on sheep fed 3--6 h or 21 h before the experiment and exposed for 3 h to a neutral environment (15 degrees C) or a cold environment (0.5 to 4 degrees C with clipped coat and wind speed 2 m.s-1). Recent feeding significantly increasedd the total oxygen consumption and the oxygen consumption of the viscera and liver. No general release of amino acids from the viscera or uptake by the liver after feeding was detected although the arterial plasma concentration of essential amino acids did increase significantly after feeding. The plasma concentration of most non-essential amino acids also increased except that of glycine, which decreased significantly. Cold exposure increased the total oxygen consumption and reduced the respiratory quotient significantly. Release of amino acids from the viscera was stimulated by cold exposure. There was a variable increase in the hepatic uptake of lactate and alanine when the sheep were fasted and cold-exposed. The liver's glucose output doubled and the blood (arterial) glucose concentration significantly increased in the cold.", "contents": "Acute cold exposure and the metabolism of glucose and some of its precursors in the liver of the fed and fasted sheep. Measurements of total body oxygen consumption, visceral and hepatic blood flow, oxygen consumption, exchanges of amino acids, lactate, pyruvate and glucose were made on sheep fed 3--6 h or 21 h before the experiment and exposed for 3 h to a neutral environment (15 degrees C) or a cold environment (0.5 to 4 degrees C with clipped coat and wind speed 2 m.s-1). Recent feeding significantly increasedd the total oxygen consumption and the oxygen consumption of the viscera and liver. No general release of amino acids from the viscera or uptake by the liver after feeding was detected although the arterial plasma concentration of essential amino acids did increase significantly after feeding. The plasma concentration of most non-essential amino acids also increased except that of glycine, which decreased significantly. Cold exposure increased the total oxygen consumption and reduced the respiratory quotient significantly. Release of amino acids from the viscera was stimulated by cold exposure. There was a variable increase in the hepatic uptake of lactate and alanine when the sheep were fasted and cold-exposed. The liver's glucose output doubled and the blood (arterial) glucose concentration significantly increased in the cold."}
{"id": "PMID:247895", "title": "A comparative study of ticarcillin plus tobramycin versus carbenicillin plus gentamicin for the treatment of serious infections due to gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The combination of ticarcillin plus tobramycin (TT) or carbenicillin plus gentamicin (CG) was used to treat 82 patients with severe systemic gram-negative infection in a prospective, randomized study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the primary pathogen in 7 (93 per cent) of these patients. Patients treated with TT responded more frequently (92 per cent or 37 of 40) than patients treated with CG (71 per cent or 30 of 42) (p is less than 0.05). This difference was primarily due to a greater response to TT in patients with pulmonary infections (93 per cent versus 68 per cent) and infections due to Pseudomonas (92 per cent versus 70 per cent). Severity of underlying disease was also an important determinant of response. Except for a greater incidence of hepatotoxicity with CG (23 per cent versus 3 per cent; p is less than 0.02), there was no difference in toxicity, colonization with drug-resistant microorganisms or superinfection between the two treatment groups. The combination of TT appears to be superior to CG for the treatment of pulmonary infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "A comparative study of ticarcillin plus tobramycin versus carbenicillin plus gentamicin for the treatment of serious infections due to gram-negative bacilli. The combination of ticarcillin plus tobramycin (TT) or carbenicillin plus gentamicin (CG) was used to treat 82 patients with severe systemic gram-negative infection in a prospective, randomized study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the primary pathogen in 7 (93 per cent) of these patients. Patients treated with TT responded more frequently (92 per cent or 37 of 40) than patients treated with CG (71 per cent or 30 of 42) (p is less than 0.05). This difference was primarily due to a greater response to TT in patients with pulmonary infections (93 per cent versus 68 per cent) and infections due to Pseudomonas (92 per cent versus 70 per cent). Severity of underlying disease was also an important determinant of response. Except for a greater incidence of hepatotoxicity with CG (23 per cent versus 3 per cent; p is less than 0.02), there was no difference in toxicity, colonization with drug-resistant microorganisms or superinfection between the two treatment groups. The combination of TT appears to be superior to CG for the treatment of pulmonary infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa."}
{"id": "PMID:247985", "title": "Parturient paresis of cows: blood glucose levels.", "content": "During 1967, 1968 and 1969, blood samples were taken from 83 cows affected by parturient paresis. Whole blood glucose estimations were made on these samples. The range was 1.33 to 10.22 mmol/1 with an average of 3.94 mmol/1. Eighteen cows known to have been affected less than 4 hours had average levels of 3.06 +/- 1.11 mmol/1. All (except one) \"previously untreated\" cows with levels less than 3.33 mmol/1 were on their feet within 10 minutes whereas cows with higher levels than this had a 28.6% delayed recovery rate. The evidence suggests that low levels have no clinical significance but that higher levels are significant in that they occur as a result of prolongation of attacks of parturient paresis.", "contents": "Parturient paresis of cows: blood glucose levels. During 1967, 1968 and 1969, blood samples were taken from 83 cows affected by parturient paresis. Whole blood glucose estimations were made on these samples. The range was 1.33 to 10.22 mmol/1 with an average of 3.94 mmol/1. Eighteen cows known to have been affected less than 4 hours had average levels of 3.06 +/- 1.11 mmol/1. All (except one) \"previously untreated\" cows with levels less than 3.33 mmol/1 were on their feet within 10 minutes whereas cows with higher levels than this had a 28.6% delayed recovery rate. The evidence suggests that low levels have no clinical significance but that higher levels are significant in that they occur as a result of prolongation of attacks of parturient paresis."}
{"id": "PMID:247990", "title": "Decreased activity of peptide-elongation factors after treatment with cholesterol esterase.", "content": "1. Peptide-elongation factors were purified from rat liver and treated with cholesterol esterase and phospholipase A2 immobilized on Sepharose 4B. 2. Binding of L-[3H]-phenylalanyl-tRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits was decreased by approx. 70% and to polyribosomes by 30% in the presence of the binding factor incubated with cholesterol esterase. Treatment of this factor with immobilized phospholipase A2 decreased the binding to smaller ribosomal subunits by only about 15%. 3. Poly(U)-dependent phenylalanine polymerization by ribosomal subunits was decreased to approx. 30% of its original value by treatment of both elongation factors with cholesterol esterase. 4. The normal activity of esterase-treated elongation factor in both the binding reaction and peptide-elongation assay was fully recovered by the addition of cholesteryl 14-methyl-hexadecanoate. 5. Different classes of lipids present in peptide-elongation factor 1 have apparently different functions. Whereas phospholipids are required to maintain the strcture of heavy aggregates of this factor, the presence of cholesteryl 14-methylhexadecanoate is obviously necessary for the normal function of peptide-elongation factors.", "contents": "Decreased activity of peptide-elongation factors after treatment with cholesterol esterase. 1. Peptide-elongation factors were purified from rat liver and treated with cholesterol esterase and phospholipase A2 immobilized on Sepharose 4B. 2. Binding of L-[3H]-phenylalanyl-tRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits was decreased by approx. 70% and to polyribosomes by 30% in the presence of the binding factor incubated with cholesterol esterase. Treatment of this factor with immobilized phospholipase A2 decreased the binding to smaller ribosomal subunits by only about 15%. 3. Poly(U)-dependent phenylalanine polymerization by ribosomal subunits was decreased to approx. 30% of its original value by treatment of both elongation factors with cholesterol esterase. 4. The normal activity of esterase-treated elongation factor in both the binding reaction and peptide-elongation assay was fully recovered by the addition of cholesteryl 14-methyl-hexadecanoate. 5. Different classes of lipids present in peptide-elongation factor 1 have apparently different functions. Whereas phospholipids are required to maintain the strcture of heavy aggregates of this factor, the presence of cholesteryl 14-methylhexadecanoate is obviously necessary for the normal function of peptide-elongation factors."}
{"id": "PMID:247991", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine transfer RNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe: implications for transfer RNA recognition by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNAPhe was determined to be pG-U-C-G-C-A-A-U-G**-G*-U-G-psi-A-G-D-D-G-G-G-A-G-C-A-psi-G*-A-C-A-G-A-Cm-U-Gm-A-A-Y-A-psi-m5C-U-G-U-U-G-m7G-U*-C-A-U-C-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-U-C-C-C-G-G-U-U-U-G-U-G-A-C-A-C-C-AOH. This sequence differs from that of S. cerevisiae tRNAPhe in 27 nucleotides. Saccharomyces cerevisiae phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase aminoacylates both the homologous tRNAPhe and S. pombe t-NAPhe; the reactions have similar Km and Vmax values. However, the nucleotide sequence in the D stem is different in the two tRNAs. This region was proposed by Roe, B., et al. [(1973) Biochemistry 12, 4146--4154] to be the major recognition site for yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, but the present results cast doubt on the validity of this hypothesis.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine transfer RNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe: implications for transfer RNA recognition by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. The nucleotide sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNAPhe was determined to be pG-U-C-G-C-A-A-U-G**-G*-U-G-psi-A-G-D-D-G-G-G-A-G-C-A-psi-G*-A-C-A-G-A-Cm-U-Gm-A-A-Y-A-psi-m5C-U-G-U-U-G-m7G-U*-C-A-U-C-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-U-C-C-C-G-G-U-U-U-G-U-G-A-C-A-C-C-AOH. This sequence differs from that of S. cerevisiae tRNAPhe in 27 nucleotides. Saccharomyces cerevisiae phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase aminoacylates both the homologous tRNAPhe and S. pombe t-NAPhe; the reactions have similar Km and Vmax values. However, the nucleotide sequence in the D stem is different in the two tRNAs. This region was proposed by Roe, B., et al. [(1973) Biochemistry 12, 4146--4154] to be the major recognition site for yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, but the present results cast doubt on the validity of this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:247992", "title": "Chemical and physical properties of mammalian mitochondrial aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. I. Molecular weights of mitochondrial leucyl- and methionyl-transfer RNAs.", "content": "The sedimentation and electrophoretic properties of Syrian hamster cytosolix and mitochondrial methionyl- and leucyl- +RNAs have been compared under denaturing conditions. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA could be separated into three species by chromatography on RPC-5. Their apparent molecule weights as determined by polyacrylamide slab gel elecltrophoresis were 23 000 for one species and 24 000 for the other two compared to the five cytosolic leucyl-tRNA species whose apparent molecular weights ranged from 26 000 to 28 000. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNAs sedimented more slowly than their cytosolic counterparts, again indicating a lower molecular weight. The apparent molecular weights of the mitochondrial methionyl-tRNAs were identical or only slightly lower than their cytosolic counterparts as determined by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis but both mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA and formylmethionyl-tRNA sedimented slightly more slowly than cytolsolic methionyl-tRNA. It is suggested that mitochondrial tRNAs fall into the size range of other t RNAs and might be uniform in size.", "contents": "Chemical and physical properties of mammalian mitochondrial aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. I. Molecular weights of mitochondrial leucyl- and methionyl-transfer RNAs. The sedimentation and electrophoretic properties of Syrian hamster cytosolix and mitochondrial methionyl- and leucyl- +RNAs have been compared under denaturing conditions. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA could be separated into three species by chromatography on RPC-5. Their apparent molecule weights as determined by polyacrylamide slab gel elecltrophoresis were 23 000 for one species and 24 000 for the other two compared to the five cytosolic leucyl-tRNA species whose apparent molecular weights ranged from 26 000 to 28 000. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNAs sedimented more slowly than their cytosolic counterparts, again indicating a lower molecular weight. The apparent molecular weights of the mitochondrial methionyl-tRNAs were identical or only slightly lower than their cytosolic counterparts as determined by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis but both mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA and formylmethionyl-tRNA sedimented slightly more slowly than cytolsolic methionyl-tRNA. It is suggested that mitochondrial tRNAs fall into the size range of other t RNAs and might be uniform in size."}
{"id": "PMID:247993", "title": "Chemical and physical properties of mammalian mitochondrial aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. II. Analysis of 7-methylguanosine in mitochondrial and cytosolic aminoacyl-transfer RNAs.", "content": "The 7-methylguanosine (m7G) content of two individual mitochondrial tRNAs, labelled in the aminoacyl moiety was assayed by the specific cleavage of the tRNA at this nucleotide followed by electrophoretic analysis to identify the 3'-terminal fragment of the tRNA. Neither Syriam hamster mitochondrial tRNALeu nor tRNAMet were found to contain m7G. In contrast, cytosolic tRNAMetS were cleaved indicating the presence of m7G, apparently 27--28 and 29 nucleotides from their 3' terminus. Cystolic tRNALeu was not cleaved. These results are discussed in relationship to the reported low content of methylated nucleosides in mitochondrial 4 S RNA.", "contents": "Chemical and physical properties of mammalian mitochondrial aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. II. Analysis of 7-methylguanosine in mitochondrial and cytosolic aminoacyl-transfer RNAs. The 7-methylguanosine (m7G) content of two individual mitochondrial tRNAs, labelled in the aminoacyl moiety was assayed by the specific cleavage of the tRNA at this nucleotide followed by electrophoretic analysis to identify the 3'-terminal fragment of the tRNA. Neither Syriam hamster mitochondrial tRNALeu nor tRNAMet were found to contain m7G. In contrast, cytosolic tRNAMetS were cleaved indicating the presence of m7G, apparently 27--28 and 29 nucleotides from their 3' terminus. Cystolic tRNALeu was not cleaved. These results are discussed in relationship to the reported low content of methylated nucleosides in mitochondrial 4 S RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:247994", "title": "Independent temporal expression of two N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolases during the development of Artemia salina.", "content": "Encysted embryos of the crustacean Artemia salina contain an enzymatic activity which hydrolyzes N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to N-acetylphenylalanine and tRNA. The enzyme apparently does not hydrolyze other free or N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNAs. The levels of this enzyme do not significantly change during embryonic and early larval development. In contrast, an unspecific hydrolase active on several N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNAs is practically absent in the encysted embryos and during embryogenesis and appears abruptly during larval development. The independent temporal expression of these two hydrolases during Artemia salina differentiation makes this organism siuitable for the study of the physiological role of these enzymes.", "contents": "Independent temporal expression of two N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolases during the development of Artemia salina. Encysted embryos of the crustacean Artemia salina contain an enzymatic activity which hydrolyzes N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to N-acetylphenylalanine and tRNA. The enzyme apparently does not hydrolyze other free or N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNAs. The levels of this enzyme do not significantly change during embryonic and early larval development. In contrast, an unspecific hydrolase active on several N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNAs is practically absent in the encysted embryos and during embryogenesis and appears abruptly during larval development. The independent temporal expression of these two hydrolases during Artemia salina differentiation makes this organism siuitable for the study of the physiological role of these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:247995", "title": "Sensitivity of ribosomal bound N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to hydrolysis by a spectific hydrolase.", "content": "Binding of N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA, either enzymatically or non-enzymatically, to yeast 80-S ribosomes renders the substrate resistant to the hydrolytic action of a specific hydrolase present in yeast. In contrast, N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA bound to the 40-S ribosomal subunit is sensitive to enzymatic hydrolysis. The presence of the hydrolase in the aminoacyl-tRNA binding factor preparations greatly interferes with the formation of complexes between N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and the small ribosomal subunit.", "contents": "Sensitivity of ribosomal bound N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to hydrolysis by a spectific hydrolase. Binding of N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA, either enzymatically or non-enzymatically, to yeast 80-S ribosomes renders the substrate resistant to the hydrolytic action of a specific hydrolase present in yeast. In contrast, N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA bound to the 40-S ribosomal subunit is sensitive to enzymatic hydrolysis. The presence of the hydrolase in the aminoacyl-tRNA binding factor preparations greatly interferes with the formation of complexes between N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and the small ribosomal subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:247998", "title": "Other views about the hepatotrophic concept.", "content": "In this paper two main questions are approached. The first relates to the aspects of the proliferative response which are influenced by alleged hepatotrophic substances and experiments will be recounted which were designed to test whether hepatocyte enlargement and division are separable. Both short-term and long-term data suggest the need to consider that these two reactions may be controlled by different factors. The second question is concerned with the indentification of hepatotrophic substances and the circumstances in which these are found to be effective. Experiments have been carried out which attempt to assess the extent to which normal liver cells are affected by specific hepatotrophic substances in vivo. The findings do not completely support the hypothesis that the integrity of the liver cell is dependent on a single identifiable hepatotrophic substance.", "contents": "Other views about the hepatotrophic concept. In this paper two main questions are approached. The first relates to the aspects of the proliferative response which are influenced by alleged hepatotrophic substances and experiments will be recounted which were designed to test whether hepatocyte enlargement and division are separable. Both short-term and long-term data suggest the need to consider that these two reactions may be controlled by different factors. The second question is concerned with the indentification of hepatotrophic substances and the circumstances in which these are found to be effective. Experiments have been carried out which attempt to assess the extent to which normal liver cells are affected by specific hepatotrophic substances in vivo. The findings do not completely support the hypothesis that the integrity of the liver cell is dependent on a single identifiable hepatotrophic substance."}
{"id": "PMID:247999", "title": "Signals for glucagon secretion.", "content": "The normal physiological role of glucagon is in controlling hepatic glucose output. Glucagon subserves the role of homeostasis by maintaining plasma glucose and of a stress hormone by producing hyperglycaemia. While control of glucagon release by circulating metabolites and also other hormones is clearly important, it seems likely that the nervous system exerts an over-riding influence. The parasympathetic nervous system maintains homeostasis and the sympathetic acts in stress. Glucagon levels are found to be high in cirrhosis and also after acute hepatic failure. It is likely that these changes in glucagon concentration are secondary to metabolic abnormalities. While some glucagon is cleared by the liver, a similar clearance is seen by many other tissues and it is not likely that the elevation of glucagon seen in liver failure is due solely to a gross deficiency of glucagon clearance. No liver abnormality is seen in the glucagonoma syndrome, where glucagon concentration are chronically high, or in patients who have had a total pancreatectomy, where plasma glucagon is undetectably low. It thus seems unlikely that liver mass is importantly controlled by glucagon.", "contents": "Signals for glucagon secretion. The normal physiological role of glucagon is in controlling hepatic glucose output. Glucagon subserves the role of homeostasis by maintaining plasma glucose and of a stress hormone by producing hyperglycaemia. While control of glucagon release by circulating metabolites and also other hormones is clearly important, it seems likely that the nervous system exerts an over-riding influence. The parasympathetic nervous system maintains homeostasis and the sympathetic acts in stress. Glucagon levels are found to be high in cirrhosis and also after acute hepatic failure. It is likely that these changes in glucagon concentration are secondary to metabolic abnormalities. While some glucagon is cleared by the liver, a similar clearance is seen by many other tissues and it is not likely that the elevation of glucagon seen in liver failure is due solely to a gross deficiency of glucagon clearance. No liver abnormality is seen in the glucagonoma syndrome, where glucagon concentration are chronically high, or in patients who have had a total pancreatectomy, where plasma glucagon is undetectably low. It thus seems unlikely that liver mass is importantly controlled by glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:248000", "title": "Liver atrophy, hypertrophy and regenerative hyperplasia in the rat: the relevance of blood flow.", "content": "Liver perfusion can be measured sequentially by monitoring the clearance of 85krypton injected into the portal circulation. Preliminary studies in dogs show that the method reflects gas clearance from a homogeneously perfused liver parenchyma and correlates well with measurements of total hepatic blood flow. The method has been adapted to measurement of liver blood flow in normal rats, partially hepatectomized rats and after portacaval transposition with and without partial hepatectomy. There is a marked rise of approximately 250% in the first four hours after partial hepatectomy in the rat. After portacaval trans-position, liver blood flow remains within the normal range and no great rise occurs after partial hepatectomy. In animals subjected to portacaval transposition, there is a reduction in relative liver weight (liver weight/body weight ratio) and when partial hepatectomy is performed three weeks after portacaval transposition, the relative liver weight is regained within three weeks, and does not differ from that of non-hepatectomized controls. DNA synthetic activity, studied during the 72 hours after partial hepatectomy performed three weeks after portacaval transposition, shows an uptake of tritiated thymidine into liver DNA of the same magnitude as and contemporaneous with that of controls. Liver atrophy after portal diversion is not a result of a decrease in absolute liver blood flow. Regenerative hyperplasia appears to be independent of a direct supply of portal blood and occurs in the absence of the post-hepatectomy rise in liver blood flow seen in normal rats.", "contents": "Liver atrophy, hypertrophy and regenerative hyperplasia in the rat: the relevance of blood flow. Liver perfusion can be measured sequentially by monitoring the clearance of 85krypton injected into the portal circulation. Preliminary studies in dogs show that the method reflects gas clearance from a homogeneously perfused liver parenchyma and correlates well with measurements of total hepatic blood flow. The method has been adapted to measurement of liver blood flow in normal rats, partially hepatectomized rats and after portacaval transposition with and without partial hepatectomy. There is a marked rise of approximately 250% in the first four hours after partial hepatectomy in the rat. After portacaval trans-position, liver blood flow remains within the normal range and no great rise occurs after partial hepatectomy. In animals subjected to portacaval transposition, there is a reduction in relative liver weight (liver weight/body weight ratio) and when partial hepatectomy is performed three weeks after portacaval transposition, the relative liver weight is regained within three weeks, and does not differ from that of non-hepatectomized controls. DNA synthetic activity, studied during the 72 hours after partial hepatectomy performed three weeks after portacaval transposition, shows an uptake of tritiated thymidine into liver DNA of the same magnitude as and contemporaneous with that of controls. Liver atrophy after portal diversion is not a result of a decrease in absolute liver blood flow. Regenerative hyperplasia appears to be independent of a direct supply of portal blood and occurs in the absence of the post-hepatectomy rise in liver blood flow seen in normal rats."}
{"id": "PMID:248001", "title": "Insulin as a cellular growth regulator.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that insulin treatment greatly stimulates liver cell growth in chronically diabetic rats. The effect is striking, being preceded by massive glycogen deposition and water imbibition as well as enchanced RNA and protein synthesis. More recently we have directly confirmed the stimulatory effects of insulin on liver RNA and glycogen synthesis in intact hepatocytes isolated from normal and diabetic rats. The hepatocytes specifically bind insulin (KD = 3.5X10(-9) M) and the bound hormone is degraded systematically, indicating the possibility of receptor-mediated uptake of the hormone. Recent studies in other laboratories of the growth factors, non-suppresible insulin-like activity (NSILA) and nerve growth factor (NGF), as well as of relaxin, have disclosed structural relationships between these peptides and pro-insulin, indicating the existence of families of closely related anabolic effectors. A new hypothesis regarding the role of the insulin-receptor complex in initiating the metabolic and mitogenic effects of the hormone is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Insulin as a cellular growth regulator. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that insulin treatment greatly stimulates liver cell growth in chronically diabetic rats. The effect is striking, being preceded by massive glycogen deposition and water imbibition as well as enchanced RNA and protein synthesis. More recently we have directly confirmed the stimulatory effects of insulin on liver RNA and glycogen synthesis in intact hepatocytes isolated from normal and diabetic rats. The hepatocytes specifically bind insulin (KD = 3.5X10(-9) M) and the bound hormone is degraded systematically, indicating the possibility of receptor-mediated uptake of the hormone. Recent studies in other laboratories of the growth factors, non-suppresible insulin-like activity (NSILA) and nerve growth factor (NGF), as well as of relaxin, have disclosed structural relationships between these peptides and pro-insulin, indicating the existence of families of closely related anabolic effectors. A new hypothesis regarding the role of the insulin-receptor complex in initiating the metabolic and mitogenic effects of the hormone is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:248002", "title": "Insulin-induced liver hyperplasia: evidence for a negative liver-size-correcting process.", "content": "The fate of the increased liver DNA induced by insulin treatment of rats with chronic steptozotocin-induced diabetes was studied. The DNA content of the organ was restored to normal by an active process having a half-time of 32 days. The half-time of disappearance of thymidine-labelled DNA in the same livers was 81 days. The results indicate the existence of a mechnanism which acts to restore normal liver cellularity when an over-production of cells has occurred.", "contents": "Insulin-induced liver hyperplasia: evidence for a negative liver-size-correcting process. The fate of the increased liver DNA induced by insulin treatment of rats with chronic steptozotocin-induced diabetes was studied. The DNA content of the organ was restored to normal by an active process having a half-time of 32 days. The half-time of disappearance of thymidine-labelled DNA in the same livers was 81 days. The results indicate the existence of a mechnanism which acts to restore normal liver cellularity when an over-production of cells has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:248003", "title": "Hepatotrophic effects of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in the rat in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The role of gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in regulating liver growth was evaluated by measuring their effect on DNA synthesis in the normal and regenerating liver of rats in vivo and in maintenance cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in vitro. After partial liver resection DNA synthesis reached peak levels after 24 hours while serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin in portal and peripheral blood at this time were still suppressed. Increase of endogenous insulin levels by intravenous glucose infusion or portal infusion of insulin, glucagon or both together with glucose did not change DNA synthesis in normal or regenerating rat liver. After acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning of rats, survival rate and degree of liver necrosis was not changed by intraperitoneal infusion of glucagon and insulin with glucose. In vitro, insulin, glucagon and somatostatin synergistically stimulated the specific thymidine uptake in seven-day-old maintenance cultures of rat hepatocytes. The hormones did not cause cell multiplication but enhanced cell survival, probably by improving the uptake and utilization of nutrients. Gastrin G-17, secretin and cholecystokinin (contaminated with gastric inhibitory polypeptide) had no effect. It is concluded that the results do not support the contention that liver regeneration is regulated by the known pancreatic hormones. However, a trophic effect of pancreatic hormones on liver cells in vitro could be demonstrated. Gastrointestinal hormones had no such effect.", "contents": "Hepatotrophic effects of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in the rat in vivo and in vitro. The role of gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in regulating liver growth was evaluated by measuring their effect on DNA synthesis in the normal and regenerating liver of rats in vivo and in maintenance cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in vitro. After partial liver resection DNA synthesis reached peak levels after 24 hours while serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin in portal and peripheral blood at this time were still suppressed. Increase of endogenous insulin levels by intravenous glucose infusion or portal infusion of insulin, glucagon or both together with glucose did not change DNA synthesis in normal or regenerating rat liver. After acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning of rats, survival rate and degree of liver necrosis was not changed by intraperitoneal infusion of glucagon and insulin with glucose. In vitro, insulin, glucagon and somatostatin synergistically stimulated the specific thymidine uptake in seven-day-old maintenance cultures of rat hepatocytes. The hormones did not cause cell multiplication but enhanced cell survival, probably by improving the uptake and utilization of nutrients. Gastrin G-17, secretin and cholecystokinin (contaminated with gastric inhibitory polypeptide) had no effect. It is concluded that the results do not support the contention that liver regeneration is regulated by the known pancreatic hormones. However, a trophic effect of pancreatic hormones on liver cells in vitro could be demonstrated. Gastrointestinal hormones had no such effect."}
{"id": "PMID:248004", "title": "Studies on plasma cytotoxicity and liver regeneration in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "The possibility that the blood of patients with fulminant hepatic failure might contain substances which prevent or delay liver regeneration was investigated using a microcytotoxicity assay system based on the culture of isolated rabbit hepatocytes in vitro. Results showed significant cytotoxicity of the plasma as compared to controls, an effect which was reduced by charcoal haemoperfusion. The effect was also reduced in vitro by heating and dialysis. The bile acids chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid were cytotoxic when added to control human plasma. Evidence was also obtained from a completely different in vivo assay system that high blood levels of ammonia may inhibit hepatic regeneration.", "contents": "Studies on plasma cytotoxicity and liver regeneration in fulminant hepatic failure. The possibility that the blood of patients with fulminant hepatic failure might contain substances which prevent or delay liver regeneration was investigated using a microcytotoxicity assay system based on the culture of isolated rabbit hepatocytes in vitro. Results showed significant cytotoxicity of the plasma as compared to controls, an effect which was reduced by charcoal haemoperfusion. The effect was also reduced in vitro by heating and dialysis. The bile acids chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid were cytotoxic when added to control human plasma. Evidence was also obtained from a completely different in vivo assay system that high blood levels of ammonia may inhibit hepatic regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:248005", "title": "Kinetics of hepatocellular proliferation as a function of the microvascular structure and functional state of the liver.", "content": "An analysis of hepatocellular proliferation in regenerating rat liver reveals a dependence of kinetic parameters on the microvascular structure of the liver. Influx kinetics of hepatocytes into DNA synthesis as well as cell cycle phases vary in different parts of the liver lobule between the afferent and efferent vascular poles. Heterogeneity of the proliferative response and size limitations on cell cycle compartments appear to be intimately related to the actual functional state of the individual liver cell. Modifications of liver cell functions result in variations of the proliferative activity. Phenobarbital-induced hypertrophy of hepatocytes reveals a permissive action on G1- S influx. Selective destruction of the subpopulations, by allyl formate, leads to a new functional determination of the residual liver and to a change in proliferative compartments. Maximum modulation of cell cycle compartments is obtained by hydroxyurea-induced synchronization of hepatocytes after partial liver resection. During hydroxyurea treatment, the regenerating liver shows a pronounced cellular hypertrophy. After release from hydroxyurea block, cells embark on DNA synthesis simultaneously. The DNA synthesizing compartment comprises almost the entire liver cell population. Heptotrophic factors might play a part in regulating or modifying hepatocellular function and proliferative response after cell loss.", "contents": "Kinetics of hepatocellular proliferation as a function of the microvascular structure and functional state of the liver. An analysis of hepatocellular proliferation in regenerating rat liver reveals a dependence of kinetic parameters on the microvascular structure of the liver. Influx kinetics of hepatocytes into DNA synthesis as well as cell cycle phases vary in different parts of the liver lobule between the afferent and efferent vascular poles. Heterogeneity of the proliferative response and size limitations on cell cycle compartments appear to be intimately related to the actual functional state of the individual liver cell. Modifications of liver cell functions result in variations of the proliferative activity. Phenobarbital-induced hypertrophy of hepatocytes reveals a permissive action on G1- S influx. Selective destruction of the subpopulations, by allyl formate, leads to a new functional determination of the residual liver and to a change in proliferative compartments. Maximum modulation of cell cycle compartments is obtained by hydroxyurea-induced synchronization of hepatocytes after partial liver resection. During hydroxyurea treatment, the regenerating liver shows a pronounced cellular hypertrophy. After release from hydroxyurea block, cells embark on DNA synthesis simultaneously. The DNA synthesizing compartment comprises almost the entire liver cell population. Heptotrophic factors might play a part in regulating or modifying hepatocellular function and proliferative response after cell loss."}
{"id": "PMID:248006", "title": "Hepatotrophic factors: implications for diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In view of the importance of insulin in hepatic cell proliferation and regeneration, disturbances might be expected in these processes in diabetics. The relative importnace of insulin replacement given intraportally rather than subcutaneously is discussed. Results are presented showing that even when normoglycaemia is achieved with peripheral insulin infusion using the 'artificial pancreas' there are still abnormalities in intermediary metabolism. The incidence of cirrhosis in diabetes is reviewed and it is concluded that the evidence is poor for an increase in diabetics. Finally it is shown that in the normal diabetic rat changes are observed after partial hepatectomy consistent with an increase in redox potential within the regenerating liver. Insulin treatment improves redox status but does not completely reverse the changes shown.", "contents": "Hepatotrophic factors: implications for diabetes mellitus. In view of the importance of insulin in hepatic cell proliferation and regeneration, disturbances might be expected in these processes in diabetics. The relative importnace of insulin replacement given intraportally rather than subcutaneously is discussed. Results are presented showing that even when normoglycaemia is achieved with peripheral insulin infusion using the 'artificial pancreas' there are still abnormalities in intermediary metabolism. The incidence of cirrhosis in diabetes is reviewed and it is concluded that the evidence is poor for an increase in diabetics. Finally it is shown that in the normal diabetic rat changes are observed after partial hepatectomy consistent with an increase in redox potential within the regenerating liver. Insulin treatment improves redox status but does not completely reverse the changes shown."}
{"id": "PMID:248008", "title": "Regulation of Na+ and Cl- transport and mucous gland secretion in airway epithelium.", "content": "Ussing's short-circuit technique was applied to canine airway epithelium in vitrol and a net flux of Cl- towards the airway lumen was demonstrated, with a smaller net flux of Na+ in the opposite direction. Furosemide decreased and acetylcholine, terbutaline, and histamine increased net ion transport towards the airway lumen. Associated changes in water content in the airway lumen could affect mucociliary clearance, and therefore inhibition of ion transport may play a role in disease states. To study secretions from submucosal glands in vivo, two techniques were used to identify the duct openings in the exposed canine tracheal epithelium. (a) The exposed mucosal surface was coated with powdered tantalum; accumulated secretions produced elevations under which the duct openings were located. (b) A vital dye (0.1% Neutral red) was placed on the exposed mucosal surface; the dye stained the duct openings. With these techniques, the innervation of the submucosal glands and the autonomic regulation of their secretions were studied. Micropuncture techniques were used to sample the secretions from the glands and ducts.", "contents": "Regulation of Na+ and Cl- transport and mucous gland secretion in airway epithelium. Ussing's short-circuit technique was applied to canine airway epithelium in vitrol and a net flux of Cl- towards the airway lumen was demonstrated, with a smaller net flux of Na+ in the opposite direction. Furosemide decreased and acetylcholine, terbutaline, and histamine increased net ion transport towards the airway lumen. Associated changes in water content in the airway lumen could affect mucociliary clearance, and therefore inhibition of ion transport may play a role in disease states. To study secretions from submucosal glands in vivo, two techniques were used to identify the duct openings in the exposed canine tracheal epithelium. (a) The exposed mucosal surface was coated with powdered tantalum; accumulated secretions produced elevations under which the duct openings were located. (b) A vital dye (0.1% Neutral red) was placed on the exposed mucosal surface; the dye stained the duct openings. With these techniques, the innervation of the submucosal glands and the autonomic regulation of their secretions were studied. Micropuncture techniques were used to sample the secretions from the glands and ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:248009", "title": "Chemical aspects of tracheal glycoproteins.", "content": "The chemical characteristics of tracheal mucus obtained directly from the epithelial surface of the trachea indicate that the mucus from each animal source consists of a group of sulphated sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. Fractionation of the native glycoprotein from the cat by gel chromatography in the presence of urea and dithiothreitol suggests a value of about 3 X 10(6) for the molecular weights. The chief monosaccharide constituents are N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and galactose. In the goose tracheal mucin, mannose is present (serum proteins being absent). Doubly labelled cat mucus, obtained by giving Na235SO4 and [3H]glucose simultaneously into the lumen of the trachea, is massively released by parasympathetic agents, e.g. pilocarpine. The resulting mucus has a high content of 35S and is derived largely from submucosal gland cells. Subsequent exposure to an irritant, ammonia, releases a low sulphation fraction, highly labelled with 3H, arising from goblet cells. Evidence supports the view that the overall mucus is composed of mixed secretions, chemically distinct, from different cellular synthesizing sites. Differential nervous stimulation of the various sites may cause far-reaching changes in the chemical and physical properties of the mucus by selective action on the secretion of one or more of the contributing glycoproteins.", "contents": "Chemical aspects of tracheal glycoproteins. The chemical characteristics of tracheal mucus obtained directly from the epithelial surface of the trachea indicate that the mucus from each animal source consists of a group of sulphated sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. Fractionation of the native glycoprotein from the cat by gel chromatography in the presence of urea and dithiothreitol suggests a value of about 3 X 10(6) for the molecular weights. The chief monosaccharide constituents are N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and galactose. In the goose tracheal mucin, mannose is present (serum proteins being absent). Doubly labelled cat mucus, obtained by giving Na235SO4 and [3H]glucose simultaneously into the lumen of the trachea, is massively released by parasympathetic agents, e.g. pilocarpine. The resulting mucus has a high content of 35S and is derived largely from submucosal gland cells. Subsequent exposure to an irritant, ammonia, releases a low sulphation fraction, highly labelled with 3H, arising from goblet cells. Evidence supports the view that the overall mucus is composed of mixed secretions, chemically distinct, from different cellular synthesizing sites. Differential nervous stimulation of the various sites may cause far-reaching changes in the chemical and physical properties of the mucus by selective action on the secretion of one or more of the contributing glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:248010", "title": "The glycoproteins of secretory cells in airway epithelium.", "content": "Quantitative histochemical methods demonstrate a variety of glycoproteins within mucus-secreting cells of airway epithelium. A single cell may synthesize one or a combination of four major types--(i) neutral glycoprotein, (ii) and (iii) sialylated either sensitive or resistant to sialidase and (iv) sulphated. In human airway disease, or in experimental response to inhalation of an irritant, there is mucus cell hyperplasia and change in the proportion of cells synthesizing the various types. Experimental studies show how speedily these changes occur. In rats exposed to tobacco smoke changes are found within 20 h of the first exposure. Only in the extrapulmonary epithelium is there discharge of  the secretions, with an apparent fall in cell number. Modification of glycoprotein may occur with an unchanged or increased cell number, suggesting that it occurs in existing and newly appearing secretory cells. Modification of the contents of the granule occurs toward the cell apex. Modification of glycoprotein synthesis towards the normal is also the most sensitive and earliest sign of recovery.", "contents": "The glycoproteins of secretory cells in airway epithelium. Quantitative histochemical methods demonstrate a variety of glycoproteins within mucus-secreting cells of airway epithelium. A single cell may synthesize one or a combination of four major types--(i) neutral glycoprotein, (ii) and (iii) sialylated either sensitive or resistant to sialidase and (iv) sulphated. In human airway disease, or in experimental response to inhalation of an irritant, there is mucus cell hyperplasia and change in the proportion of cells synthesizing the various types. Experimental studies show how speedily these changes occur. In rats exposed to tobacco smoke changes are found within 20 h of the first exposure. Only in the extrapulmonary epithelium is there discharge of  the secretions, with an apparent fall in cell number. Modification of glycoprotein may occur with an unchanged or increased cell number, suggesting that it occurs in existing and newly appearing secretory cells. Modification of the contents of the granule occurs toward the cell apex. Modification of glycoprotein synthesis towards the normal is also the most sensitive and earliest sign of recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:248011", "title": "Structure and function of mucus.", "content": "A glycoprotein building block is common to mammalian mucins. This structure is composed of several protein chains having the same sequence. The carbohydrate side chains, which constitute over three-quarters of the weight, coat only some two-thirds of the backbone chain. The bare protein chains are linked by disulphide bridges and can be digested away with trypsin. Either procedure rapidly solubilizes mucus and results in a structural unit of about 500 000 molecular weight. Mucus solubilizes spontaneously. The first size unit which reaches solution is about 15 X 10(6) molecular weight but continues to break down further. Mechanical agitation considerably speeds up this process. The gel-like character which is an essential feature of mucus--which cannot otherwise act as transport coupler--is thus a transient phenomenon. The problem of how such a structure can arise from the building blocks known to be available is discussed.", "contents": "Structure and function of mucus. A glycoprotein building block is common to mammalian mucins. This structure is composed of several protein chains having the same sequence. The carbohydrate side chains, which constitute over three-quarters of the weight, coat only some two-thirds of the backbone chain. The bare protein chains are linked by disulphide bridges and can be digested away with trypsin. Either procedure rapidly solubilizes mucus and results in a structural unit of about 500 000 molecular weight. Mucus solubilizes spontaneously. The first size unit which reaches solution is about 15 X 10(6) molecular weight but continues to break down further. Mechanical agitation considerably speeds up this process. The gel-like character which is an essential feature of mucus--which cannot otherwise act as transport coupler--is thus a transient phenomenon. The problem of how such a structure can arise from the building blocks known to be available is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:248012", "title": "Nasal mucociliary clearance in man.", "content": "Nasal mucociliary clearance was measured in healthy young human subjects and tracheal clearance in the experimental animal under a wide variety of conditions. There is a broad range of clearance rates whether at standard ambient conditions (23 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) or in the face of a number of environmental variables. The degree to which those differences are attributable to the effectiveness of ciliary beating or the character of airway secretions is not known. Studies of tracheobronchial secretions simultaneous with clearance measurement in the anaesthetized dog have not yet provided a definite answer. Variations in upper respiratory defence mechanisms may bear some relationship to the aetiology of small airway disease in the lungs.", "contents": "Nasal mucociliary clearance in man. Nasal mucociliary clearance was measured in healthy young human subjects and tracheal clearance in the experimental animal under a wide variety of conditions. There is a broad range of clearance rates whether at standard ambient conditions (23 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) or in the face of a number of environmental variables. The degree to which those differences are attributable to the effectiveness of ciliary beating or the character of airway secretions is not known. Studies of tracheobronchial secretions simultaneous with clearance measurement in the anaesthetized dog have not yet provided a definite answer. Variations in upper respiratory defence mechanisms may bear some relationship to the aetiology of small airway disease in the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:248013", "title": "Tracheobronchial clearance in health and disease: with special reference to interciliary fluid.", "content": "Rats were exposed to influenza B virus for 2 hours. Mucociliary function in the isolated airway preparation of these animals was studied from the first day after exposure and at regular intervals for up to 190 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were done at times corresponding to the mucociliary function studies. TEM studies confirmed the results of the mucociliary function studies: pathological changes were first apparent three days after exposure and began in the distal bronchioles. The morphological studies further demonstrated that the infection progressed proximally to include the entire tracheobronchial tree by the 18th day. The alterations observed included an increase in the number of goblet cells, a decrease in the number of microvilli and a reduction in the amount of interciliary fluid. The last two changes were closely correlated with the severity of the infection. The abnormalities found in mucociliary function included hypersecretion of mucus, inactive and hypoactive zones, synchronization of cilia beating, and a sticking together of the cilia tips.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial clearance in health and disease: with special reference to interciliary fluid. Rats were exposed to influenza B virus for 2 hours. Mucociliary function in the isolated airway preparation of these animals was studied from the first day after exposure and at regular intervals for up to 190 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were done at times corresponding to the mucociliary function studies. TEM studies confirmed the results of the mucociliary function studies: pathological changes were first apparent three days after exposure and began in the distal bronchioles. The morphological studies further demonstrated that the infection progressed proximally to include the entire tracheobronchial tree by the 18th day. The alterations observed included an increase in the number of goblet cells, a decrease in the number of microvilli and a reduction in the amount of interciliary fluid. The last two changes were closely correlated with the severity of the infection. The abnormalities found in mucociliary function included hypersecretion of mucus, inactive and hypoactive zones, synchronization of cilia beating, and a sticking together of the cilia tips."}
{"id": "PMID:248014", "title": "Site of synthesis, intracellular transport and secretion of glycoprotein in exocrine cells.", "content": "The site of attachment of the first sugar, N-acetylgalactosamine, to the seryl and threonyl residues of the protein chain is unknown in exocrine cells. The subsequent sugars of the carbohydrate side chains, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine alternately, and the end-group sugars, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose, are attached in the Golgi complex. Sulphate too is attached in that structure. In the stomach, sulphate is probably transferred in the most mature cisterna of the Golgi stacks, galactose and fucose in other cisternae, suggesting a gradient in transferase activities along the stack. The possibilities of regulating the amount and relative sugar composition of the glycoproteins are discussed. The secretory product is stored in granules. Their polygonal, large and swollen appearance and complex formation by loss of bordering membranes, as observed in many kinds of glycoprotein-secreting cells ('mucous cells') might be caused by ineffective fixation techniques. Direct vascular perfusion results in a picture no different from what is found in non-mucous cells. Whether secretion is merely exocytotic, as in non-mucous cells, or whether it is accompanied by a loss of membrane and even cytoplasm needs thorough investigation, with the effects of various fixation techniques being compared.", "contents": "Site of synthesis, intracellular transport and secretion of glycoprotein in exocrine cells. The site of attachment of the first sugar, N-acetylgalactosamine, to the seryl and threonyl residues of the protein chain is unknown in exocrine cells. The subsequent sugars of the carbohydrate side chains, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine alternately, and the end-group sugars, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose, are attached in the Golgi complex. Sulphate too is attached in that structure. In the stomach, sulphate is probably transferred in the most mature cisterna of the Golgi stacks, galactose and fucose in other cisternae, suggesting a gradient in transferase activities along the stack. The possibilities of regulating the amount and relative sugar composition of the glycoproteins are discussed. The secretory product is stored in granules. Their polygonal, large and swollen appearance and complex formation by loss of bordering membranes, as observed in many kinds of glycoprotein-secreting cells ('mucous cells') might be caused by ineffective fixation techniques. Direct vascular perfusion results in a picture no different from what is found in non-mucous cells. Whether secretion is merely exocytotic, as in non-mucous cells, or whether it is accompanied by a loss of membrane and even cytoplasm needs thorough investigation, with the effects of various fixation techniques being compared."}
{"id": "PMID:248015", "title": "The isolation and partial characterization of the major bronchial glycoproteins.", "content": "Partial characterization of glycoprotein obtained from mucous secretion of the bronchi and stomach has been attempted. The isolated glycoproteins and the glycoproteins from gastric aspirates showed similar carbohydrate and amino-acid composition. They consist of a protein core to which are attached carbohydrate side chains of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 1. Superimposed on this structure were additional sugar residues, the blood group determinants. The carbohydrate side chains are linked by an alkali-labile O-glycosidic linkage to the threonine and serine residues of the protein core, with N-acetylgalactosamine forming the link.", "contents": "The isolation and partial characterization of the major bronchial glycoproteins. Partial characterization of glycoprotein obtained from mucous secretion of the bronchi and stomach has been attempted. The isolated glycoproteins and the glycoproteins from gastric aspirates showed similar carbohydrate and amino-acid composition. They consist of a protein core to which are attached carbohydrate side chains of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine in the ratio of 4 : 3 : 1. Superimposed on this structure were additional sugar residues, the blood group determinants. The carbohydrate side chains are linked by an alkali-labile O-glycosidic linkage to the threonine and serine residues of the protein core, with N-acetylgalactosamine forming the link."}
{"id": "PMID:248016", "title": "Criteria for evaluating mucus functions and their disorders in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "In chronic bronchitis, disorders of the physical and chemical properties of mucus may contribute to bronchial obstruction. The abnormalities are analysed in sputum collected by physiotherapy. Measurements of the rheological properties (apparent viscosity and strain recovery), content analysis of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) and of serum albumin, and determination of the transport velocity of sputum on the ciliated frog palate provide reliable indices of the functional capacity of bronchial mucosa. The effectiveness of mucociliary clearance and coughing is analysed in patients by measuring the rate of removal of radioactive particles deposited on proximal airways. Different types of pathological secretions may be observed. In subjects with occasional cough and sputum, the secretions are characterized by a high content of S-IgA and serum albumin, and a high viscosity and low elasticity, reflecting their high degree of cross-linking. In chronic bronchitics, the S-IgA content and viscoelastic properties of sputum decrease as the illness progresses. During infection, purulent sputum exhibits high viscosity and low strain recovery. Such modifications of the rheological properties of mucus may impair mucociliary clearance. The role of the elastic component is predominant. Sputum, characterized by very low strain recovery (SR less than 4 units) or conversely by very high strain recovery (SR greater than 15 units), is transported at a low rate by mucociliary clearance. A marked hyperviscosity (no greater than 200 poises (120 N s m-2)) also appears as a limiting factor of the mucociliary clearance.", "contents": "Criteria for evaluating mucus functions and their disorders in chronic bronchitis. In chronic bronchitis, disorders of the physical and chemical properties of mucus may contribute to bronchial obstruction. The abnormalities are analysed in sputum collected by physiotherapy. Measurements of the rheological properties (apparent viscosity and strain recovery), content analysis of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) and of serum albumin, and determination of the transport velocity of sputum on the ciliated frog palate provide reliable indices of the functional capacity of bronchial mucosa. The effectiveness of mucociliary clearance and coughing is analysed in patients by measuring the rate of removal of radioactive particles deposited on proximal airways. Different types of pathological secretions may be observed. In subjects with occasional cough and sputum, the secretions are characterized by a high content of S-IgA and serum albumin, and a high viscosity and low elasticity, reflecting their high degree of cross-linking. In chronic bronchitics, the S-IgA content and viscoelastic properties of sputum decrease as the illness progresses. During infection, purulent sputum exhibits high viscosity and low strain recovery. Such modifications of the rheological properties of mucus may impair mucociliary clearance. The role of the elastic component is predominant. Sputum, characterized by very low strain recovery (SR less than 4 units) or conversely by very high strain recovery (SR greater than 15 units), is transported at a low rate by mucociliary clearance. A marked hyperviscosity (no greater than 200 poises (120 N s m-2)) also appears as a limiting factor of the mucociliary clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:248017", "title": "Animal models in clinical disease.", "content": "Hypersecretion of mucus is a feature of several clinical diseases and in some is associated with mucous gland hypertrophy and goblet cell increase. In a variety of species these changes have been produced by irritants, by infection, or by administration of drugs. While the end result may appear the same, differences emerge in the type and amount of glycoprotein secreted and in the amount retained within the cell. Organ culture can be used to ascertain functional activity. The use of animal models has not only established that these environmental changes cause hypertrophy but indicated some of the intracellular events associated with their development. When new types of granules appear within a cell, they appear first at the apex: a flow chart is offered of the way of which individual cells change and hence the population. The nature of glycoprotein elaborated by a secretory cell can change within hours. A Clara or serous cell can develop into a mucus-secreting or goblet cell. The pattern of reversibility is emerging.", "contents": "Animal models in clinical disease. Hypersecretion of mucus is a feature of several clinical diseases and in some is associated with mucous gland hypertrophy and goblet cell increase. In a variety of species these changes have been produced by irritants, by infection, or by administration of drugs. While the end result may appear the same, differences emerge in the type and amount of glycoprotein secreted and in the amount retained within the cell. Organ culture can be used to ascertain functional activity. The use of animal models has not only established that these environmental changes cause hypertrophy but indicated some of the intracellular events associated with their development. When new types of granules appear within a cell, they appear first at the apex: a flow chart is offered of the way of which individual cells change and hence the population. The nature of glycoprotein elaborated by a secretory cell can change within hours. A Clara or serous cell can develop into a mucus-secreting or goblet cell. The pattern of reversibility is emerging."}
{"id": "PMID:248019", "title": "Structure and function of mucus-secreting cells of cat and goose airway epithelium.", "content": "In the cat and goose, studies have been undertaken to determine the ultrastructure of airway epithelia, the concentration and distribution of the secretory cells which produce respiratory tract mucus, and the histochemistry of mucins located within cells and on their luminal surfaces. By electron microscopy all the 11 cell types so far described can be found in the airways of the cat but not the goose. Both goblet cells and submucosal glands are abundant in the cat whereas the trachea of goose lacks the latter, having instead abundant goblet cells many of which form 'intraepithelial glands'. Histochemically, the goblet cells of the cat and goose are similar in that they contain mucins with a predominance of sulphate esters. A surface mucosubstance can be demonstrated which, histochemically, is similar to that described in dog and man. Interestingly, this surface layer may be sloughed in response to an inhaled irritant such as ammonia and thereby contribute to the respiratory tract mucus recovered experimentally. Incorporation into macromolecules of radioactively labelled mucin precursors is assessed by autoradiography of tissue sections, and preliminary results of experiments designed to test the response of mucus-secreting cells to airway irritation and the parasympathomimetic drug, pilocarpine, are also presented.", "contents": "Structure and function of mucus-secreting cells of cat and goose airway epithelium. In the cat and goose, studies have been undertaken to determine the ultrastructure of airway epithelia, the concentration and distribution of the secretory cells which produce respiratory tract mucus, and the histochemistry of mucins located within cells and on their luminal surfaces. By electron microscopy all the 11 cell types so far described can be found in the airways of the cat but not the goose. Both goblet cells and submucosal glands are abundant in the cat whereas the trachea of goose lacks the latter, having instead abundant goblet cells many of which form 'intraepithelial glands'. Histochemically, the goblet cells of the cat and goose are similar in that they contain mucins with a predominance of sulphate esters. A surface mucosubstance can be demonstrated which, histochemically, is similar to that described in dog and man. Interestingly, this surface layer may be sloughed in response to an inhaled irritant such as ammonia and thereby contribute to the respiratory tract mucus recovered experimentally. Incorporation into macromolecules of radioactively labelled mucin precursors is assessed by autoradiography of tissue sections, and preliminary results of experiments designed to test the response of mucus-secreting cells to airway irritation and the parasympathomimetic drug, pilocarpine, are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:248021", "title": "Studies on the control of mucin production.", "content": "The process of synthesizing a mucin molecule is discussed, primarily from the standpoint of glycoconjugate biosynthesis. The control of the activation steps in the making of nucleotide sugars is detailed, stressing the molecular mechanisms operating. These include: supply of glycolytic intermediates; the pyridine nucleotide redox potential; the energy state as expressed in nucleotide potential; and feedback modifiers. Next, the glycosyl transferases are discussed, as are suggestions of control at the first committment step and the subjects of specificity of donor and acceptor molecules and the associational state of the glycosyl transferases. The secondpart of the paper describes a model system in vivo. The paired cat submandibular glands are exposed and, in one, blood supply and salivary duct are cannulated and the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve exposed. This preparation uses the contralateral gland as control and enables certain questions to be asked: 1. Does the cell produce incomplete mucins when the biosynthetic rate is high? 2. Does the energy state of the cell 'keep up with' the high rates of synthesis? 3. What is the extent of post-synthetic modifications? 4. What cell types are involved in mucin elicited by different chemical or electrical stimuli? 5. What is the time involved in synthesis and storage?", "contents": "Studies on the control of mucin production. The process of synthesizing a mucin molecule is discussed, primarily from the standpoint of glycoconjugate biosynthesis. The control of the activation steps in the making of nucleotide sugars is detailed, stressing the molecular mechanisms operating. These include: supply of glycolytic intermediates; the pyridine nucleotide redox potential; the energy state as expressed in nucleotide potential; and feedback modifiers. Next, the glycosyl transferases are discussed, as are suggestions of control at the first committment step and the subjects of specificity of donor and acceptor molecules and the associational state of the glycosyl transferases. The secondpart of the paper describes a model system in vivo. The paired cat submandibular glands are exposed and, in one, blood supply and salivary duct are cannulated and the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve exposed. This preparation uses the contralateral gland as control and enables certain questions to be asked: 1. Does the cell produce incomplete mucins when the biosynthetic rate is high? 2. Does the energy state of the cell 'keep up with' the high rates of synthesis? 3. What is the extent of post-synthetic modifications? 4. What cell types are involved in mucin elicited by different chemical or electrical stimuli? 5. What is the time involved in synthesis and storage?"}
{"id": "PMID:248039", "title": "[The idiopathic orthostatic hypotension -- Shy-Drager syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The idiopathic orthostatic hypotension can be characterized as a presenile degenerative process with a liability to attack especially multiple systems. In the course of the disease clinically the autonomic functional failure stands in the beginning. It also determines the serious illness in the later stages, which is associated with an additional variable neurologic syndrome. By means of an own clinically and pathologically examined case it is given a survey of the present knowledge about the disease process. Especially it is declared on the localization of the lesions. Phaemacological tests point to a main disturbance of the preganglionic respectively central part of the sympathetic system. The analysis of the neuropathologically examined cases shows as the most regular finding a neuronal loss in the nucleus intermediolateralis, which certainly is hold responsible for a great part of the functional failure. But it is to assume, that lesions in other structures cooperate in the genesis of the syndrome, which morphologically are not yet recorded.", "contents": "[The idiopathic orthostatic hypotension -- Shy-Drager syndrome (author's transl)]. The idiopathic orthostatic hypotension can be characterized as a presenile degenerative process with a liability to attack especially multiple systems. In the course of the disease clinically the autonomic functional failure stands in the beginning. It also determines the serious illness in the later stages, which is associated with an additional variable neurologic syndrome. By means of an own clinically and pathologically examined case it is given a survey of the present knowledge about the disease process. Especially it is declared on the localization of the lesions. Phaemacological tests point to a main disturbance of the preganglionic respectively central part of the sympathetic system. The analysis of the neuropathologically examined cases shows as the most regular finding a neuronal loss in the nucleus intermediolateralis, which certainly is hold responsible for a great part of the functional failure. But it is to assume, that lesions in other structures cooperate in the genesis of the syndrome, which morphologically are not yet recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:248042", "title": "[Cysticercosis of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of cysticercosis of the brain with multilocular parasite infestation are reported. Case 1 showed temporal lobe epilepsy with corresponding EEG and parkinsonism. Pathomorphologically there were parasites in the sylvian fossa and a bilateral necrosis of the pallidum. In case 2 there was a cranial nerve deficit (n.vestibulo-cochlearis) with pronounced vestibular ataxia. Parasite vesicles were surgically removed from the cerebello-pontine angle. Neurohistologically, chronic inflammatory changes were present in the immediate vicinity of the parasite. In both cases there was cysticercosis of the rhomboid fossa and base of the brain (leptomeningitis) with evidence of a process of the posterior cranial fossa. Psychic changes (hysteriform behavioral abnormalities, psychotic episodes and, increasingly, an organic psychosyndrome) were observed particularly in case 1. This case was followed for 11 years on the basis of documented and personal investigations. This report discusses the differential diagnosis and therapy of brain cysticercosis with reference to the two cases and the literature.", "contents": "[Cysticercosis of the brain (author's transl)]. Two cases of cysticercosis of the brain with multilocular parasite infestation are reported. Case 1 showed temporal lobe epilepsy with corresponding EEG and parkinsonism. Pathomorphologically there were parasites in the sylvian fossa and a bilateral necrosis of the pallidum. In case 2 there was a cranial nerve deficit (n.vestibulo-cochlearis) with pronounced vestibular ataxia. Parasite vesicles were surgically removed from the cerebello-pontine angle. Neurohistologically, chronic inflammatory changes were present in the immediate vicinity of the parasite. In both cases there was cysticercosis of the rhomboid fossa and base of the brain (leptomeningitis) with evidence of a process of the posterior cranial fossa. Psychic changes (hysteriform behavioral abnormalities, psychotic episodes and, increasingly, an organic psychosyndrome) were observed particularly in case 1. This case was followed for 11 years on the basis of documented and personal investigations. This report discusses the differential diagnosis and therapy of brain cysticercosis with reference to the two cases and the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:248043", "title": "[Symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of nervous tissue affecting toxoplasmosis in adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The neurological manifestations of three adult cases with acquired toxoplasmosis appearing like a focal lesion, multiple sclerosis and with symptoms indicating a cerebellar lesion are reported. The discussion with respect to the literature shows the following results: 1. The diagnosis of mono- and oligosymptomatic toxoplasmosis with neurological symptoms is only approximate after the introduction of the indirect immunofluorescence test too. 2. The toxoplasmosis of the nervous system in the adult is not characterized by a special syndrome like the connatale form. In contrary, it often is mimicking many well known neurological or psychiatric syndromes. 3. There may be an exacerbation of a latent infection in cause of immunosuppressive therapy or radiation of malignancy or after transplantations. 4. Treatment with the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfonamids today is handled less in spite of the possible complications and of doubtful serological results, because an early diagnosis and onset of treatment is important for a good restitution.", "contents": "[Symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of nervous tissue affecting toxoplasmosis in adult (author's transl)]. The neurological manifestations of three adult cases with acquired toxoplasmosis appearing like a focal lesion, multiple sclerosis and with symptoms indicating a cerebellar lesion are reported. The discussion with respect to the literature shows the following results: 1. The diagnosis of mono- and oligosymptomatic toxoplasmosis with neurological symptoms is only approximate after the introduction of the indirect immunofluorescence test too. 2. The toxoplasmosis of the nervous system in the adult is not characterized by a special syndrome like the connatale form. In contrary, it often is mimicking many well known neurological or psychiatric syndromes. 3. There may be an exacerbation of a latent infection in cause of immunosuppressive therapy or radiation of malignancy or after transplantations. 4. Treatment with the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfonamids today is handled less in spite of the possible complications and of doubtful serological results, because an early diagnosis and onset of treatment is important for a good restitution."}
{"id": "PMID:248056", "title": "\"Chemical aminoacylation\" of tRNA's.", "content": "Incubation of abbreviated tRNA's (tRNA-C-COH's) with (chemically) preaminoacylated P1, P2-di(adenosine 5'-)diphosphates in the presence of purified RNA ligase effected transfer of an aminoacyladenylate moiety to the 3'-terminus of the abbreviated tRNA's in good yield. Aminoacylated (or misacylated) tRNA's may thus be prepared from fractionated or unfractionated tRNA-C-COH's; each of the five aminoacylated dinucleoside diphosphates tested was utilized as a substrate by RNA ligase. That the resulting \"chemically aminoacylated\" tRNA's were identical with those prepared by enzymatic aminoacylation was judged by comparison of 1) chromatographic properties on benzolated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, 2) rates of chemical deacylation, and 3) affinities for elongation factor Tu, as well as 4) the ability of misacylated tRNA's so derived to be deacylated chemically and then reactivated enzymatically with their cognate amino acids.", "contents": "\"Chemical aminoacylation\" of tRNA's. Incubation of abbreviated tRNA's (tRNA-C-COH's) with (chemically) preaminoacylated P1, P2-di(adenosine 5'-)diphosphates in the presence of purified RNA ligase effected transfer of an aminoacyladenylate moiety to the 3'-terminus of the abbreviated tRNA's in good yield. Aminoacylated (or misacylated) tRNA's may thus be prepared from fractionated or unfractionated tRNA-C-COH's; each of the five aminoacylated dinucleoside diphosphates tested was utilized as a substrate by RNA ligase. That the resulting \"chemically aminoacylated\" tRNA's were identical with those prepared by enzymatic aminoacylation was judged by comparison of 1) chromatographic properties on benzolated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, 2) rates of chemical deacylation, and 3) affinities for elongation factor Tu, as well as 4) the ability of misacylated tRNA's so derived to be deacylated chemically and then reactivated enzymatically with their cognate amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:248057", "title": "Susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus in a family practice population.", "content": "Nasal swabs were obtained from 408 patients seen in a family practice office in an attempt to identify Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Isolated strains were tested for sensitivity to 11 antibiotics. Study participants were interviewed to obtain the following data: age, history of recent hospitalization and/or recent antibiotic use, number of household members, and occupation, if employed in a health-care facility. S aureus was isolated from 109 nasal swabs. This represents a 26.7 percent carrier rate. Only 25.7 percent of the isolates were sensitive to penicillin G and ampicillin. No statistically significant association was found between the patient variables and either the carrier rate or the sensitivity of the S aureus isolates to penicillin. The sensitivity testing demonstrated that 94.5 percent of the isolates were sensitive to tetracycline and erythromycin. Ninety-nine to 100 percent of the isolates were sensitive to all other antibiotics tested. The authors conclude that penicillin G should not be used in the treatment of S aureus infections. Erythromycin, due to demonstrated sensitivity and reasonable cost, is recommended for mild to moderate infections.", "contents": "Susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus in a family practice population. Nasal swabs were obtained from 408 patients seen in a family practice office in an attempt to identify Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Isolated strains were tested for sensitivity to 11 antibiotics. Study participants were interviewed to obtain the following data: age, history of recent hospitalization and/or recent antibiotic use, number of household members, and occupation, if employed in a health-care facility. S aureus was isolated from 109 nasal swabs. This represents a 26.7 percent carrier rate. Only 25.7 percent of the isolates were sensitive to penicillin G and ampicillin. No statistically significant association was found between the patient variables and either the carrier rate or the sensitivity of the S aureus isolates to penicillin. The sensitivity testing demonstrated that 94.5 percent of the isolates were sensitive to tetracycline and erythromycin. Ninety-nine to 100 percent of the isolates were sensitive to all other antibiotics tested. The authors conclude that penicillin G should not be used in the treatment of S aureus infections. Erythromycin, due to demonstrated sensitivity and reasonable cost, is recommended for mild to moderate infections."}
{"id": "PMID:248062", "title": "Synthesis of potential antineoplastic agents XXVI: 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]2-quinolizinone derivatives.", "content": "A number of 3-alkyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]2-quinolizinones and 2-substituted 3-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]quinolizines were prepared and submitted for antineoplastic and anticonvulsant screening.", "contents": "Synthesis of potential antineoplastic agents XXVI: 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]2-quinolizinone derivatives. A number of 3-alkyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]2-quinolizinones and 2-substituted 3-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2H-benzo[a]quinolizines were prepared and submitted for antineoplastic and anticonvulsant screening."}
{"id": "PMID:248089", "title": "Is a mandated comprehensive health education program a guarantee of successful health education?", "content": "This study evaluated the health knowledge of a selected population of 12th grade students. A random selection of 30% of the total senior population from 7 public high schools was obtained. The Kilander-Leach Health Knowledge test was used. An analysis of variance was performed by sex and by health area. The FLSD multiple range test was utilized where significance was found among groups. The findings revealed that students' health knowledge was weak; moderate strength was indicated in the area of chronic disease; no significant differences were observed between males and females on the total test; there was significant differences in health knowledge on the total test among the schools.", "contents": "Is a mandated comprehensive health education program a guarantee of successful health education? This study evaluated the health knowledge of a selected population of 12th grade students. A random selection of 30% of the total senior population from 7 public high schools was obtained. The Kilander-Leach Health Knowledge test was used. An analysis of variance was performed by sex and by health area. The FLSD multiple range test was utilized where significance was found among groups. The findings revealed that students' health knowledge was weak; moderate strength was indicated in the area of chronic disease; no significant differences were observed between males and females on the total test; there was significant differences in health knowledge on the total test among the schools."}
{"id": "PMID:248090", "title": "Cardiovascular disease education in Texas health education classes -- a needs assessment.", "content": "This study ascertained to what extent cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors are taught in public secondary health education classes in Texas, the disparity between what is taught and what is desired in terms of time allotment and educational materials, to what extent health education teachers are academically prepared to teach cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors, and to what extent teachers utilize self-instructional materials. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of health education teachers in Texas. There was a return of 45.4%. The findings indicated that more time is devoted to teaching the cardiovascular system than disease and risk factors; there is a disparity between what is taught and what is desired; the teachers rated their preparation as average; and the use of self-instructional materials by high school students as average to excellent.", "contents": "Cardiovascular disease education in Texas health education classes -- a needs assessment. This study ascertained to what extent cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors are taught in public secondary health education classes in Texas, the disparity between what is taught and what is desired in terms of time allotment and educational materials, to what extent health education teachers are academically prepared to teach cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors, and to what extent teachers utilize self-instructional materials. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of health education teachers in Texas. There was a return of 45.4%. The findings indicated that more time is devoted to teaching the cardiovascular system than disease and risk factors; there is a disparity between what is taught and what is desired; the teachers rated their preparation as average; and the use of self-instructional materials by high school students as average to excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:248091", "title": "A comparison of perceived and actual sexual behaviors of college students.", "content": "This study investigated the relationships between reported sexual behaviors of college students and their perceptions of sexual behaviors of peers. Seventy-four subjects completed the survey instrument. Chi-square comparisons determined the relationship between reported sexual behaviors and perceived sexual activities. Males were more accurate than females in perceiving sexual activities of males but not of females. Females were unable to perceive accurately male or female behaviors.", "contents": "A comparison of perceived and actual sexual behaviors of college students. This study investigated the relationships between reported sexual behaviors of college students and their perceptions of sexual behaviors of peers. Seventy-four subjects completed the survey instrument. Chi-square comparisons determined the relationship between reported sexual behaviors and perceived sexual activities. Males were more accurate than females in perceiving sexual activities of males but not of females. Females were unable to perceive accurately male or female behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:248087", "title": "[Human nutrition under hyperbarism].", "content": "In a 15-day experiment six test subjects were exposed to a hyperbaric environment. Their actual food and water consumption was measured. The consumption of a diet with a caloric value of 3300--3500 kcal did not alter the body weight of exercising test subjects. During decompression the food consumption decreased. Certain food products caused dyspepsia. The total amount of consumed water was not more than 2500 ml/day.", "contents": "[Human nutrition under hyperbarism]. In a 15-day experiment six test subjects were exposed to a hyperbaric environment. Their actual food and water consumption was measured. The consumption of a diet with a caloric value of 3300--3500 kcal did not alter the body weight of exercising test subjects. During decompression the food consumption decreased. Certain food products caused dyspepsia. The total amount of consumed water was not more than 2500 ml/day."}
{"id": "PMID:248092", "title": "The reduction in the intensity of meaning attached to sex words.", "content": "This investigation utilized 192 college students to determine if the intensity of meaning attached to sex words could be reduced, if change in this meaning intensity was affected by the passage of time, if the intensity of meaning was related to the students' anxiety level, and if students felt more comfortable in using sex words after treatment than they did before treatment. Pretest instruments determined the intensity of meaning and anxiety level. A verbal satiation method was used with the experimental groups. Three posttest time delay measurements were taken in both experimental and control groups. It was concluded that technical health words and common health words produce communication blockages.", "contents": "The reduction in the intensity of meaning attached to sex words. This investigation utilized 192 college students to determine if the intensity of meaning attached to sex words could be reduced, if change in this meaning intensity was affected by the passage of time, if the intensity of meaning was related to the students' anxiety level, and if students felt more comfortable in using sex words after treatment than they did before treatment. Pretest instruments determined the intensity of meaning and anxiety level. A verbal satiation method was used with the experimental groups. Three posttest time delay measurements were taken in both experimental and control groups. It was concluded that technical health words and common health words produce communication blockages."}
{"id": "PMID:248093", "title": "An instrument for the recording of student health complaints.", "content": "This study described the development and uses of an instrument for the systematic collection of student health complaints in school. A booklet was prepared listing all student's names for one rural elementary school. A code to indicate date, class period, complaint, and outcome was utilized for collecting data. After a 2.5 month trial period, data were analyzed. The findings revealed 418 visits to the school health room -- range of visits by classroom was 3 to 71 -- most visits were for stomach ache or physical injury -- one classroom accounted for 16% of all visits -- fourth and sixth grades had a significantly larger number of visits than grades three, five, and seven.", "contents": "An instrument for the recording of student health complaints. This study described the development and uses of an instrument for the systematic collection of student health complaints in school. A booklet was prepared listing all student's names for one rural elementary school. A code to indicate date, class period, complaint, and outcome was utilized for collecting data. After a 2.5 month trial period, data were analyzed. The findings revealed 418 visits to the school health room -- range of visits by classroom was 3 to 71 -- most visits were for stomach ache or physical injury -- one classroom accounted for 16% of all visits -- fourth and sixth grades had a significantly larger number of visits than grades three, five, and seven."}
{"id": "PMID:248137", "title": "[Nature of the heterogeneity of 30S ribosomal subparticles in vitro. I. Effect of large centrifugal fields during 30S subparticle isolation on their capacity for codon-dependent tRNA binding].", "content": "Measurements of association constants (Ka) of specific [14C]Phe-tRNAPhe with a 30S..poly(U) complex revealed that values of these constants vary from 0.5.10(7) up to 1.5.10(8) M--1 when different 30S subunit preparations were used at the same medium conditions (20 mM Mg2+, 200 mM NH4, 0 degrees C). Analysis of these data showed that the higher the rotor speeds were used during separation of 70S ribosomes into subunits, the less Ka values were measured. In special experiments on sedimentation of pure 30S subunits at different rotor speeds it was found that the decrease of Ka values was caused due to the additional reversible dissocation of ribosomal proteins from 30S subunits at high (the order of 100 000.g) centrifugal fields. As a possible mechanism of such dissociation we suggest the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the association constants of S-proteins with 30S subunits. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that at least one of the reasons for the physical and functional heterogeneity of 30S subunits in vitro derives from the application of high centrifugal fields during isolation of ribosomal subunits.", "contents": "[Nature of the heterogeneity of 30S ribosomal subparticles in vitro. I. Effect of large centrifugal fields during 30S subparticle isolation on their capacity for codon-dependent tRNA binding]. Measurements of association constants (Ka) of specific [14C]Phe-tRNAPhe with a 30S..poly(U) complex revealed that values of these constants vary from 0.5.10(7) up to 1.5.10(8) M--1 when different 30S subunit preparations were used at the same medium conditions (20 mM Mg2+, 200 mM NH4, 0 degrees C). Analysis of these data showed that the higher the rotor speeds were used during separation of 70S ribosomes into subunits, the less Ka values were measured. In special experiments on sedimentation of pure 30S subunits at different rotor speeds it was found that the decrease of Ka values was caused due to the additional reversible dissocation of ribosomal proteins from 30S subunits at high (the order of 100 000.g) centrifugal fields. As a possible mechanism of such dissociation we suggest the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the association constants of S-proteins with 30S subunits. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that at least one of the reasons for the physical and functional heterogeneity of 30S subunits in vitro derives from the application of high centrifugal fields during isolation of ribosomal subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:248184", "title": "Cardiac rehabilitation: a patient education program.", "content": "Hospitalized cardiac patients were given an education program that covered, in five 45-minute discussion sessions, anatomy and physiology, dietary management, appropriate activity programs, the adjustment process, risk factors, and signs and symptoms of complications of therapy. A sample of 36 patients was given pre- and posttests and followed at six weeks and three months postdischarge. Significant (p less than .05) increases in knowledge were found among study subjects which resulted in improved conditions for the subjects.", "contents": "Cardiac rehabilitation: a patient education program. Hospitalized cardiac patients were given an education program that covered, in five 45-minute discussion sessions, anatomy and physiology, dietary management, appropriate activity programs, the adjustment process, risk factors, and signs and symptoms of complications of therapy. A sample of 36 patients was given pre- and posttests and followed at six weeks and three months postdischarge. Significant (p less than .05) increases in knowledge were found among study subjects which resulted in improved conditions for the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:248185", "title": "Conceptual systems of undergraduate nursing students as compared with university students at large and practicing nurses.", "content": "Phase I of a longitudinal study compared characteristics of abstractness-concreteness of junior-level baccalaureate nursing students at the University of Colorado with characteristics of practicing nurses and other college students. Three measurement instruments were used: Harvey's Conceptual Systems Test, the Role Survey, and the Self-Esteem Questionnaire. Nursing students were found to be more abstract than practicing nurses; no difference was found on abstractness-concreteness between nursing and the other students. More nursing students than practicing nurses or other students were found to have a need for structure and order. And, nursing students showed higher overall expanded role orientation than practicing nurses. Phases II and III of the study will examine nursing students' changes in abstractness-concreteness during the second and third years of study.", "contents": "Conceptual systems of undergraduate nursing students as compared with university students at large and practicing nurses. Phase I of a longitudinal study compared characteristics of abstractness-concreteness of junior-level baccalaureate nursing students at the University of Colorado with characteristics of practicing nurses and other college students. Three measurement instruments were used: Harvey's Conceptual Systems Test, the Role Survey, and the Self-Esteem Questionnaire. Nursing students were found to be more abstract than practicing nurses; no difference was found on abstractness-concreteness between nursing and the other students. More nursing students than practicing nurses or other students were found to have a need for structure and order. And, nursing students showed higher overall expanded role orientation than practicing nurses. Phases II and III of the study will examine nursing students' changes in abstractness-concreteness during the second and third years of study."}
{"id": "PMID:248186", "title": "Increasing nurses' person-centeredness.", "content": "In a two-phased study, two samples of registered nurses listened to audiotaped disclosure statements from simulated patients and responded to each statement \"in as helpful a manner as possible.\" Their responses were judged for degree of \"person-centeredness.\" Nurses in sample one (N=24) received no intervention between the two phases of the study; nurses in sample two (N=20), after completing phase I, listened to a brief message designed to enhance the helpfulness of their responses. No differences were found for the phase I person-centeredness scores; the nurses who received the intervention showed significant improvement in their degree of person-centeredness as compared to those who did not receive the intervention. Implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Increasing nurses' person-centeredness. In a two-phased study, two samples of registered nurses listened to audiotaped disclosure statements from simulated patients and responded to each statement \"in as helpful a manner as possible.\" Their responses were judged for degree of \"person-centeredness.\" Nurses in sample one (N=24) received no intervention between the two phases of the study; nurses in sample two (N=20), after completing phase I, listened to a brief message designed to enhance the helpfulness of their responses. No differences were found for the phase I person-centeredness scores; the nurses who received the intervention showed significant improvement in their degree of person-centeredness as compared to those who did not receive the intervention. Implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:248187", "title": "Sex-role stereotyping in assessments of mental health made by psychiatric-mental health nurses.", "content": "To determine the amount of sex-role stereotyping in judgments of mental health made by psychiatric-mental health nurses, 150 of these nurses, divided into three equal groups, were asked to rate ideal states of mental health in males, females, and adults, respectively. An 83 percent return rate was obtained. Results showed: 1) there was less sex-role stereotyping than in a similar study reported in 1970 with other mental health professionals; 2) judgments of mental health closely resembled assessments of social desirability; 3) healthy females were rated closer to that which was considered desirable and closer to the healthy adult pole than males or adults; 4) healthy females possessed the valued male traits without losing the female-valued characteristics; and 5) nurses who had longer experience as therapists, who were older, and who were still practicing viewed men and women as more alike rather than placing higher expectations on women.", "contents": "Sex-role stereotyping in assessments of mental health made by psychiatric-mental health nurses. To determine the amount of sex-role stereotyping in judgments of mental health made by psychiatric-mental health nurses, 150 of these nurses, divided into three equal groups, were asked to rate ideal states of mental health in males, females, and adults, respectively. An 83 percent return rate was obtained. Results showed: 1) there was less sex-role stereotyping than in a similar study reported in 1970 with other mental health professionals; 2) judgments of mental health closely resembled assessments of social desirability; 3) healthy females were rated closer to that which was considered desirable and closer to the healthy adult pole than males or adults; 4) healthy females possessed the valued male traits without losing the female-valued characteristics; and 5) nurses who had longer experience as therapists, who were older, and who were still practicing viewed men and women as more alike rather than placing higher expectations on women."}
{"id": "PMID:248188", "title": "Methodologic dilemmas in tapping the concept of patient needs.", "content": "Patients' awareness of their own physical and emotional needs during hospitalization and nurses' perception of those needs were tested by a questionnaire constructed for the purpose. The test took place in five units of a large university medical center and included 30 patients and their 20 nurses. A comparison group included ten patients and eight nurses. Despite apparent reliability after pretesting, the questionnaire proved unreliable after use with the study group. This difference may have resulted from differences in responses between the pretest and study groups or from interviewer variability. Or contrary to pretest findings, the real contents of physical and emotional needs may not have been tapped.", "contents": "Methodologic dilemmas in tapping the concept of patient needs. Patients' awareness of their own physical and emotional needs during hospitalization and nurses' perception of those needs were tested by a questionnaire constructed for the purpose. The test took place in five units of a large university medical center and included 30 patients and their 20 nurses. A comparison group included ten patients and eight nurses. Despite apparent reliability after pretesting, the questionnaire proved unreliable after use with the study group. This difference may have resulted from differences in responses between the pretest and study groups or from interviewer variability. Or contrary to pretest findings, the real contents of physical and emotional needs may not have been tapped."}
{"id": "PMID:248189", "title": "The BOEL test as a screening device for otitis media in infants.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-five infants with a mean age of nine months were given screening tests in private pediatric offices by two nurses. Low scores on the BOEL test, a measure of selective attention developed at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, were found to be significantly associated with the presence of otitis media. Of the 12 items on the BOEL, only the four relating to auditory orienting behavior were discriminative. As a screening device for otitis media, these four items had a validity of 87 percent correct predictions, with 11 percent false positives but only two percent false negatives. BOEL scores also had positive correlations with three of four areas tested by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, but these relationships were modest in magnitude, suggesting that the BOEL and the DDST measure different aspects of the infant's behavior.", "contents": "The BOEL test as a screening device for otitis media in infants. Two hundred and forty-five infants with a mean age of nine months were given screening tests in private pediatric offices by two nurses. Low scores on the BOEL test, a measure of selective attention developed at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, were found to be significantly associated with the presence of otitis media. Of the 12 items on the BOEL, only the four relating to auditory orienting behavior were discriminative. As a screening device for otitis media, these four items had a validity of 87 percent correct predictions, with 11 percent false positives but only two percent false negatives. BOEL scores also had positive correlations with three of four areas tested by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, but these relationships were modest in magnitude, suggesting that the BOEL and the DDST measure different aspects of the infant's behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:248190", "title": "Values and value changes of graduate nursing students: their relationship to faculty values and to selected educational factors.", "content": "Values of 75 graduate nursing students in one university school of nursing were compared at times of entry into the program and at the completion of one academic year of study. Gordon's Survey of Interpersonal Values and Survey of Personal Values and a questionnaire were used to collect data. The students' perceived impact of certain educational factors was explored for possible relationship of these factors to changes that occurred. Values of the graduate nursing faculty and their perception of the importance of the same factors were obtained and compared with those of the students. Students showed signficant increases in values of support, recognition, and independence and significant decreases in benevolence, conformity, and practical mindedness. These changes bore similarity to those reported in previous studies of undergraduate nursing students and medical students. Differences between the students and faculty on two values, practical mindedness and independence, had disappeared by the end of one year; difference on one value, recognition, had appeared; and difference on one value, achievement, remained the same. The influence of specific educational factors was not clear. Faculty judged almost all factors as having a greater impact on students than students judged their impact to have been. Students' preestimate of probable influence of the same factors was significantly higher than their postestimate. Some uniform processes of socialization occurred even though students and faculty were not always in agreement about the importance of educational activities and outcomes.", "contents": "Values and value changes of graduate nursing students: their relationship to faculty values and to selected educational factors. Values of 75 graduate nursing students in one university school of nursing were compared at times of entry into the program and at the completion of one academic year of study. Gordon's Survey of Interpersonal Values and Survey of Personal Values and a questionnaire were used to collect data. The students' perceived impact of certain educational factors was explored for possible relationship of these factors to changes that occurred. Values of the graduate nursing faculty and their perception of the importance of the same factors were obtained and compared with those of the students. Students showed signficant increases in values of support, recognition, and independence and significant decreases in benevolence, conformity, and practical mindedness. These changes bore similarity to those reported in previous studies of undergraduate nursing students and medical students. Differences between the students and faculty on two values, practical mindedness and independence, had disappeared by the end of one year; difference on one value, recognition, had appeared; and difference on one value, achievement, remained the same. The influence of specific educational factors was not clear. Faculty judged almost all factors as having a greater impact on students than students judged their impact to have been. Students' preestimate of probable influence of the same factors was significantly higher than their postestimate. Some uniform processes of socialization occurred even though students and faculty were not always in agreement about the importance of educational activities and outcomes."}
{"id": "PMID:248194", "title": "Using nursing research findings to meet the needs of grieving spouses.", "content": "This article describes the utilization of nursing research findings in a coronary care setting. A standardized nursing care plan, based on Hampe's eight research-identified needs of grieving spouses, was developed by staff nurses in an intensive care unit. The 13 spouses of acutely ill coronary patients who had received specific nursing interventions reported more of their needs were met by nurses than did 13 spouses on whom base-line data were collected prior to the adoption of systematic nursing interventions.", "contents": "Using nursing research findings to meet the needs of grieving spouses. This article describes the utilization of nursing research findings in a coronary care setting. A standardized nursing care plan, based on Hampe's eight research-identified needs of grieving spouses, was developed by staff nurses in an intensive care unit. The 13 spouses of acutely ill coronary patients who had received specific nursing interventions reported more of their needs were met by nurses than did 13 spouses on whom base-line data were collected prior to the adoption of systematic nursing interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:248195", "title": "Impact of a management-oriented course on knowledge and leadership skills exhibited by baccalaureate nursing students.", "content": "This study evaluated the impact of a one-month management concept course on 80 senior baccalaureate nursing students. Findings revealed that leadership values held by nursing students did not affect their leadership behaviors. Nursing students who took the course demonstrated significantly more leadership behaviors and knowledge of leadership concepts than students who did not take the course. Reasons for the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Impact of a management-oriented course on knowledge and leadership skills exhibited by baccalaureate nursing students. This study evaluated the impact of a one-month management concept course on 80 senior baccalaureate nursing students. Findings revealed that leadership values held by nursing students did not affect their leadership behaviors. Nursing students who took the course demonstrated significantly more leadership behaviors and knowledge of leadership concepts than students who did not take the course. Reasons for the findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:248191", "title": "Cognitive and affective consequences of formative evaluation in graduate nursing students.", "content": "To test the effect of formative evaluations on cognitive learning and affective behaviors, 57 graduate nursing students were placed in experimental (E) and control (C) groups. Two hypotheses were stated: that E students learn and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than C group students. The 25 E group subjects were taught by means of formative evaluations. The 32 C group subjects were taught by lecture-discussion. The content taught dealt with conditions of learning and instruction in nursing. Pre- and posttests measured cognitive learning. Demographic data and affective measures were obtained only at the posttest. Results showed: The E group learned and demonstrated affective behaviors significantly more than the C group. Both groups learned significantly. Subjects preferred the formative evaluation technique significantly more than the LD. Significant positive correlation was found between amount of learning and affective behaviors. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and stall.", "contents": "Cognitive and affective consequences of formative evaluation in graduate nursing students. To test the effect of formative evaluations on cognitive learning and affective behaviors, 57 graduate nursing students were placed in experimental (E) and control (C) groups. Two hypotheses were stated: that E students learn and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than C group students. The 25 E group subjects were taught by means of formative evaluations. The 32 C group subjects were taught by lecture-discussion. The content taught dealt with conditions of learning and instruction in nursing. Pre- and posttests measured cognitive learning. Demographic data and affective measures were obtained only at the posttest. Results showed: The E group learned and demonstrated affective behaviors significantly more than the C group. Both groups learned significantly. Subjects preferred the formative evaluation technique significantly more than the LD. Significant positive correlation was found between amount of learning and affective behaviors. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and stall."}
{"id": "PMID:248196", "title": "Evening telephone call management by nurse practitioners and physicians.", "content": "History-taking, disposition, and telephone communication skills of pediatric nurse practitioners, pediatric house officers, and practicing pediatricians were assessed and compared. To evaluate the management of five common acute pediatric problems, a \"programmed mother\" made 148 unidentified calls to these health professionals during evening hours. The calls were tape recorded, and scored for history-taking, disposition, and interviewing skills. The scoring system, developed by a panel of 11 experts, assessed the relevance and completeness of each history obtained. Nurse practitioners averaged 79.6 percent of the total possible score, as compared to 52.6 percent for pediatricians  (p less than .001). When disposition was similarly analyzed, the nurse practitioners scored significantly higher than pediatricians. Analyzing only those items of history-taking and disposition deemed most critical by the panel, nurse practitioners included 91 percent and pediatricians only 55 percent (p less than .001). Parameters of interviewing skill were scored by the interviewer and each author with agreement of 80 percent or above; nurse practitioners obtained significantly higher scores than pediatricians (p less than .001). Calls handled by nurses averaged 7.4 minutes, those by pediatricians 3.2 minutes (p less than .001). Nurse practitioners, it was concluded, can safely and effectively share responsibility with physicians for night and weekend telephone call coverage for a pediatric practice with adequate physician back up.", "contents": "Evening telephone call management by nurse practitioners and physicians. History-taking, disposition, and telephone communication skills of pediatric nurse practitioners, pediatric house officers, and practicing pediatricians were assessed and compared. To evaluate the management of five common acute pediatric problems, a \"programmed mother\" made 148 unidentified calls to these health professionals during evening hours. The calls were tape recorded, and scored for history-taking, disposition, and interviewing skills. The scoring system, developed by a panel of 11 experts, assessed the relevance and completeness of each history obtained. Nurse practitioners averaged 79.6 percent of the total possible score, as compared to 52.6 percent for pediatricians  (p less than .001). When disposition was similarly analyzed, the nurse practitioners scored significantly higher than pediatricians. Analyzing only those items of history-taking and disposition deemed most critical by the panel, nurse practitioners included 91 percent and pediatricians only 55 percent (p less than .001). Parameters of interviewing skill were scored by the interviewer and each author with agreement of 80 percent or above; nurse practitioners obtained significantly higher scores than pediatricians (p less than .001). Calls handled by nurses averaged 7.4 minutes, those by pediatricians 3.2 minutes (p less than .001). Nurse practitioners, it was concluded, can safely and effectively share responsibility with physicians for night and weekend telephone call coverage for a pediatric practice with adequate physician back up."}
{"id": "PMID:248197", "title": "Death and dying: selected attitudes of Minnesota's registered nurses.", "content": "A study of attitudes toward dying patients of 1,061 Minnesota nurses who practiced in the metropolitan area (210 nurses) and outside the metropolitan area (851 nurses) revealed that they supported home care for dying children. They reported they would be willing to care for the dying adult or child in the home, but would feel more comfortable if they had added specialized preparation.", "contents": "Death and dying: selected attitudes of Minnesota's registered nurses. A study of attitudes toward dying patients of 1,061 Minnesota nurses who practiced in the metropolitan area (210 nurses) and outside the metropolitan area (851 nurses) revealed that they supported home care for dying children. They reported they would be willing to care for the dying adult or child in the home, but would feel more comfortable if they had added specialized preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:248198", "title": "ODWIN expansion program: a study in success.", "content": "Of 182 students who successfully completed an eight-week program for high school graduates with marginal credentials and who were admitted to schools of nursing, 125 (69 percent) subsequently received degrees or certificates. This success rate compares favorably with national and regional norms. This study documents the marginality of the students' credentials and evaluates their success rates. Of 11 academic variables correlated with successful completion of nursing programs, the two subjective evaluations of each student by the academic personnel teaching the eight-week program were the only variables to reach significance (p = .01).", "contents": "ODWIN expansion program: a study in success. Of 182 students who successfully completed an eight-week program for high school graduates with marginal credentials and who were admitted to schools of nursing, 125 (69 percent) subsequently received degrees or certificates. This success rate compares favorably with national and regional norms. This study documents the marginality of the students' credentials and evaluates their success rates. Of 11 academic variables correlated with successful completion of nursing programs, the two subjective evaluations of each student by the academic personnel teaching the eight-week program were the only variables to reach significance (p = .01)."}
{"id": "PMID:248199", "title": "Self-actualization and the baccalaureate nursing student's response to stress.", "content": "A sample of 144 senior nursing students from four baccalaureate schools in the New York metropolitan area was used to study the relationship between self-actualization and the baccalaureate nursing student's response to stress. Levels of self-actualization and state and trait anxiety were measured at a time defined as low in stress; state and trait anxiety were measured again at two high-stress times. Instruments used for the study were Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory and the Spielberger et al. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The three hypotheses were supported by significant results (p less than .05), confirming the prediction that level of self-actualization is a factor in the differential perception of evaluative events as stressful. Findings are considered applicable to the revision of recruitment and selection procedures and to incorporating in baccalaureate nursing curriculums measures more likely to produce graduates who can sustain the personal values prerequisite to a professional level of nursing practice.", "contents": "Self-actualization and the baccalaureate nursing student's response to stress. A sample of 144 senior nursing students from four baccalaureate schools in the New York metropolitan area was used to study the relationship between self-actualization and the baccalaureate nursing student's response to stress. Levels of self-actualization and state and trait anxiety were measured at a time defined as low in stress; state and trait anxiety were measured again at two high-stress times. Instruments used for the study were Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory and the Spielberger et al. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The three hypotheses were supported by significant results (p less than .05), confirming the prediction that level of self-actualization is a factor in the differential perception of evaluative events as stressful. Findings are considered applicable to the revision of recruitment and selection procedures and to incorporating in baccalaureate nursing curriculums measures more likely to produce graduates who can sustain the personal values prerequisite to a professional level of nursing practice."}
{"id": "PMID:248200", "title": "The nurse practitioner: role, physician utilization, patient acceptance.", "content": "A comprehensive study of nurse practitioners was undertaken by the University of Virginia Schools of Medicine and Nursing in the summer of 1974 to evaluate nurse practitioner training programs of the University of Virginia and to determine the effectiveness and responsibilities of nurse practitioners in various practice settings. Data on nurse practitioners in a number of locations in Virginia and in the Philadelphia metropolitan area were collected and analyzed to determine the way in which the nurse practitioners' time was allocated among various duties and to evaluate nurse practitioner performance by physicians and patients. Nurse practitioners performed a wide variety of clinical and nonclinical tasks. Most physicians were satisfied with the practitioner's performance, although there was some inconsistency between physicians and nurse practitioners regarding actual duties performed. A high percentage of physicians stated they would hire a nurse practitioner to replace one who left their employ. Physicians' reasons for hiring a nurse practitioner, as well as their previous contact with such personnel, were examined. Regarding patient attitudes toward nurse practitioners, data indicated that patients were satisfied with nurse practitioners and felt comfortable being treated by them.", "contents": "The nurse practitioner: role, physician utilization, patient acceptance. A comprehensive study of nurse practitioners was undertaken by the University of Virginia Schools of Medicine and Nursing in the summer of 1974 to evaluate nurse practitioner training programs of the University of Virginia and to determine the effectiveness and responsibilities of nurse practitioners in various practice settings. Data on nurse practitioners in a number of locations in Virginia and in the Philadelphia metropolitan area were collected and analyzed to determine the way in which the nurse practitioners' time was allocated among various duties and to evaluate nurse practitioner performance by physicians and patients. Nurse practitioners performed a wide variety of clinical and nonclinical tasks. Most physicians were satisfied with the practitioner's performance, although there was some inconsistency between physicians and nurse practitioners regarding actual duties performed. A high percentage of physicians stated they would hire a nurse practitioner to replace one who left their employ. Physicians' reasons for hiring a nurse practitioner, as well as their previous contact with such personnel, were examined. Regarding patient attitudes toward nurse practitioners, data indicated that patients were satisfied with nurse practitioners and felt comfortable being treated by them."}
{"id": "PMID:248201", "title": "Comparison of manifest needs of nurses and physicians in primary care practice.", "content": "Nurses, among other professionals, have been tested extensively using the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. High scoring needs found in previous studies were order, deference, and endurance. In this study, questions focused on whether these needs remained prominent in a group of nurses, whether there were shifts in the need patterns over time, and how the nurses' needs compared with the needs of physicians. In this study 127 graduate nurses enrolled in a medical nurse practitioner program and 31 physician colleagues completed the EPPS. The rank order of needs among nurses was strikingly different from those collected in previous samples. Need for heterosexuality, dominance, intraception, change, and achievement consistently appeared highest since 1973, whereas need for deference, order, and endurance scored consistently among the lowest six needs. The rank-order correlation between nurses and physicians in this sample, all of whom were working in primary care settings, was high (r = .9). Only one of the 15 needs, intraception, differed significantly between the nurse and the physician groups, the nurses scoring higher. The shift in needs of the nurses and the high similarity of needs of the nurse and physician groups suggest an emerging assertiveness on the part of the nurses and a trend toward similarity of need patterns with physicians practicing in primary care.", "contents": "Comparison of manifest needs of nurses and physicians in primary care practice. Nurses, among other professionals, have been tested extensively using the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. High scoring needs found in previous studies were order, deference, and endurance. In this study, questions focused on whether these needs remained prominent in a group of nurses, whether there were shifts in the need patterns over time, and how the nurses' needs compared with the needs of physicians. In this study 127 graduate nurses enrolled in a medical nurse practitioner program and 31 physician colleagues completed the EPPS. The rank order of needs among nurses was strikingly different from those collected in previous samples. Need for heterosexuality, dominance, intraception, change, and achievement consistently appeared highest since 1973, whereas need for deference, order, and endurance scored consistently among the lowest six needs. The rank-order correlation between nurses and physicians in this sample, all of whom were working in primary care settings, was high (r = .9). Only one of the 15 needs, intraception, differed significantly between the nurse and the physician groups, the nurses scoring higher. The shift in needs of the nurses and the high similarity of needs of the nurse and physician groups suggest an emerging assertiveness on the part of the nurses and a trend toward similarity of need patterns with physicians practicing in primary care."}
{"id": "PMID:248202", "title": "Effect of negative pressure on tracheobronchial trauma.", "content": "To test the effect of different negative pressures on tracheobronchial trauma in the presence of simulated mucus, measured amounts of simulated mucus were injected into the trachea of two anesthetized mongrel dogs. Suctioning was performed using a different negative pressure for each animal. To identify the effects of negative pressure alone, endotracheal tube size, suction catheter type, suction duration, and suction procedure were identical for both dogs and were selected on the basis of current practices at the hospital with which the investigator was affiliated. Arterial pressure and electrocardiogram were monitored throughout each experiment. The trachea was excised and examined for pathologic changes. Tracheobronchial trauma occurred with suctioning at negative pressures of 100 mm Hg and 200 mm Hg; damage was greater, however, at 200 mg Hg. Results were consistent with postulates made by other investigators in that the extent of tracheobronchial trauma was directly related to the magnitude of negative pressure applied. Comparison of this study with studies which omitted mucus simulation suggests that the amount of damage is not related to the amount of mucus in the trachea. In addition, aspiration efficiency proved to be the same regardless of the negative pressure used. Suctioning at 200 mg Hg recovered approximately the same amount of mucus as suctioning at 100 mm Hg.", "contents": "Effect of negative pressure on tracheobronchial trauma. To test the effect of different negative pressures on tracheobronchial trauma in the presence of simulated mucus, measured amounts of simulated mucus were injected into the trachea of two anesthetized mongrel dogs. Suctioning was performed using a different negative pressure for each animal. To identify the effects of negative pressure alone, endotracheal tube size, suction catheter type, suction duration, and suction procedure were identical for both dogs and were selected on the basis of current practices at the hospital with which the investigator was affiliated. Arterial pressure and electrocardiogram were monitored throughout each experiment. The trachea was excised and examined for pathologic changes. Tracheobronchial trauma occurred with suctioning at negative pressures of 100 mm Hg and 200 mm Hg; damage was greater, however, at 200 mg Hg. Results were consistent with postulates made by other investigators in that the extent of tracheobronchial trauma was directly related to the magnitude of negative pressure applied. Comparison of this study with studies which omitted mucus simulation suggests that the amount of damage is not related to the amount of mucus in the trachea. In addition, aspiration efficiency proved to be the same regardless of the negative pressure used. Suctioning at 200 mg Hg recovered approximately the same amount of mucus as suctioning at 100 mm Hg."}
{"id": "PMID:248241", "title": "Histidine transfer RNA levels in Friend leukemia cells: stimulation by histidine deprivation.", "content": "Friend leukemia cells incubated with sublethal concentrations of histidinol for 5 to 6 days show up to twofold increases in their relative concentrations of histidine transfer RNA and no change in the relative concentrations of leucine transfer RNA. A similar effect is seen when cells are grown to stationary phase in the presence of 0.2 times the amount of histidine in Eagle's minimum essential medium. These observations support the theory that the concentrations of specific transfer RNA's are regulated by a mechanism that is sensitive to the extent of their aminoacylation.", "contents": "Histidine transfer RNA levels in Friend leukemia cells: stimulation by histidine deprivation. Friend leukemia cells incubated with sublethal concentrations of histidinol for 5 to 6 days show up to twofold increases in their relative concentrations of histidine transfer RNA and no change in the relative concentrations of leucine transfer RNA. A similar effect is seen when cells are grown to stationary phase in the presence of 0.2 times the amount of histidine in Eagle's minimum essential medium. These observations support the theory that the concentrations of specific transfer RNA's are regulated by a mechanism that is sensitive to the extent of their aminoacylation."}
{"id": "PMID:248268", "title": "Cefuroxime, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of gram-positive and -negative activity.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cefuroxime, a cephalosporin antibiotic, was investigated against 604 isolates and compared with the activity of other beta-lactam compounds. Cefuroxime had activity comparable to that of other cephalosporins, including cefamandole and cefoxitin, against streptococcal and staphylococcal species; most streptococci were inhibited by 0.1 mug or less per ml, and staphylococci were inhibited by 1.6 mug or less per ml. Enterococci were relatively resistant. Cefuroxime inhibited beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Cefuroxime had excellent activity against members of the Enterobacteriaceae; 83% of beta-lactamase-producing Escherichea coli, 100% of Salmonella, 100% of Klebsiella, 90% of Proteus mirabilis, 95% of Citrobacter, 56% of Enterobacter, and 58% of Shigella were inhibited by 12.5 mug/ml. Cefuroxime had activity comparable to that of cefamandole and cefoxitin; it inhibited isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella resistant to cefamandole and inhibited Enterobacter and Citrobacter resistant to cefoxitin. Many isolates of Serratia, some indole-positive strains of Proteus, and Bacteroides fragilis were resistant to cefuroxime. Resistance of cefuroxime to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases played a major role in its activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Cefuroxime, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of gram-positive and -negative activity. The in vitro activity of cefuroxime, a cephalosporin antibiotic, was investigated against 604 isolates and compared with the activity of other beta-lactam compounds. Cefuroxime had activity comparable to that of other cephalosporins, including cefamandole and cefoxitin, against streptococcal and staphylococcal species; most streptococci were inhibited by 0.1 mug or less per ml, and staphylococci were inhibited by 1.6 mug or less per ml. Enterococci were relatively resistant. Cefuroxime inhibited beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Cefuroxime had excellent activity against members of the Enterobacteriaceae; 83% of beta-lactamase-producing Escherichea coli, 100% of Salmonella, 100% of Klebsiella, 90% of Proteus mirabilis, 95% of Citrobacter, 56% of Enterobacter, and 58% of Shigella were inhibited by 12.5 mug/ml. Cefuroxime had activity comparable to that of cefamandole and cefoxitin; it inhibited isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella resistant to cefamandole and inhibited Enterobacter and Citrobacter resistant to cefoxitin. Many isolates of Serratia, some indole-positive strains of Proteus, and Bacteroides fragilis were resistant to cefuroxime. Resistance of cefuroxime to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases played a major role in its activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:248269", "title": "Antibacterial activity of apalcillin (PC-904) against gram-negative bacilli, especially ampicillin-, carbenicillin-, and gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates.", "content": "Apalcillin (PC-904) is active against carbenicillin- and ampicillin-resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli. Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains highly resistant to carbenicillin (>/=3,200 mug/ml), half of them were susceptible to PC-904 at a concentration of 50 to 1,600 mug/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentration of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa strains resistant to carbenicillin (400 to 1,600 mug/ml) ranged from 3.1 to 25 mug/ml. Ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains were similarly susceptible to PC-904. However, drug resistance to PC-904 was already apparent among some strains of P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and P. morganii, recently isolated in Japan; i.e., 4, 35, 32, 4, 6, and 14% of strains isolated were resistant. PC-904 was more active, on the other hand, than ampicillin and carbenicillin against antibiotic-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and also showed high activity against most species of Pseudomonadaceae, especially P. cepacia and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of PC-904 were greatly affected by inoculum size when the organisms tested were strains producing large amounts of beta-lactamase.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of apalcillin (PC-904) against gram-negative bacilli, especially ampicillin-, carbenicillin-, and gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates. Apalcillin (PC-904) is active against carbenicillin- and ampicillin-resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli. Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains highly resistant to carbenicillin (>/=3,200 mug/ml), half of them were susceptible to PC-904 at a concentration of 50 to 1,600 mug/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentration of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa strains resistant to carbenicillin (400 to 1,600 mug/ml) ranged from 3.1 to 25 mug/ml. Ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains were similarly susceptible to PC-904. However, drug resistance to PC-904 was already apparent among some strains of P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and P. morganii, recently isolated in Japan; i.e., 4, 35, 32, 4, 6, and 14% of strains isolated were resistant. PC-904 was more active, on the other hand, than ampicillin and carbenicillin against antibiotic-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and also showed high activity against most species of Pseudomonadaceae, especially P. cepacia and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of PC-904 were greatly affected by inoculum size when the organisms tested were strains producing large amounts of beta-lactamase."}
{"id": "PMID:248270", "title": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility testing by an automated system, Autobac I.", "content": "The Autobac I system was used to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The results of the Autobac I were compared with the results of the disk diffusion method. The disk diffusion susceptibility pattern showed resistance to methicillin/oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and kanamycin. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin. There was at least 96% agreement using the Autobac I system with all antibiotics except methicillin and clindamycin. Seventy percent of 57 isolates were recorded as susceptible to methicillin, whereas 9% had an intermediate susceptibility. With clindamycin, 14% were recorded as susceptible and 7% were recorded as intermediate. Upon prolonged incubation of the Autobac I cuvette, the agreement between the two methods was 44% for methicillin and 93% for clindamycin. Changes in the environmental conditions, such as use of 5% sodium chloride broth and a 32 degrees C incubation temperature, did not increase the detection of methicillin-resistant isolates by the Autobac I system.", "contents": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility testing by an automated system, Autobac I. The Autobac I system was used to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The results of the Autobac I were compared with the results of the disk diffusion method. The disk diffusion susceptibility pattern showed resistance to methicillin/oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and kanamycin. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin. There was at least 96% agreement using the Autobac I system with all antibiotics except methicillin and clindamycin. Seventy percent of 57 isolates were recorded as susceptible to methicillin, whereas 9% had an intermediate susceptibility. With clindamycin, 14% were recorded as susceptible and 7% were recorded as intermediate. Upon prolonged incubation of the Autobac I cuvette, the agreement between the two methods was 44% for methicillin and 93% for clindamycin. Changes in the environmental conditions, such as use of 5% sodium chloride broth and a 32 degrees C incubation temperature, did not increase the detection of methicillin-resistant isolates by the Autobac I system."}
{"id": "PMID:248271", "title": "Mechanism of penicillin-erythromycin synergy on antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are inducibly resistant to both erythromycin and penicillin were susceptible to a combination of the two antibiotics. The synergistic effect of the combination results from an inhibition of penicillinase induction by erythromycin, sparing penicillin and allowing this drug to inhibit growth. When resistance to erythromycin is constitutive rather than inducible, the combination is no longer synergistic.", "contents": "Mechanism of penicillin-erythromycin synergy on antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are inducibly resistant to both erythromycin and penicillin were susceptible to a combination of the two antibiotics. The synergistic effect of the combination results from an inhibition of penicillinase induction by erythromycin, sparing penicillin and allowing this drug to inhibit growth. When resistance to erythromycin is constitutive rather than inducible, the combination is no longer synergistic."}
{"id": "PMID:248282", "title": "Chemical modification as a probe of conformational changes in transfer ribonucleic acid on aminoacylation.", "content": "Treatment of Escherichia coli CA265 phenylalanyl-tRNA with 3M-NaHSO3, pH6.0, at 25 degrees C resulted in modification of four bases and in the deacylation of the charged tRNAphe. The similarity of the rates of base modification and of the deacylation of the phenylalanyl-tRNA permitted the isolation of partially modified phenylalanyl-tRNAphe and partially modified deacylated tRNAphe. The sites and extents of base modification in these fractions were determined and found to be the same as those in uncharged tRNAphe modified under identical conditions. These findings are discussed in relation to previous evidence for and against a conformational change in tRNA on its aminoacylation. The methods described should prove adaptable to study of other aminoacyl-tRNA species.", "contents": "Chemical modification as a probe of conformational changes in transfer ribonucleic acid on aminoacylation. Treatment of Escherichia coli CA265 phenylalanyl-tRNA with 3M-NaHSO3, pH6.0, at 25 degrees C resulted in modification of four bases and in the deacylation of the charged tRNAphe. The similarity of the rates of base modification and of the deacylation of the phenylalanyl-tRNA permitted the isolation of partially modified phenylalanyl-tRNAphe and partially modified deacylated tRNAphe. The sites and extents of base modification in these fractions were determined and found to be the same as those in uncharged tRNAphe modified under identical conditions. These findings are discussed in relation to previous evidence for and against a conformational change in tRNA on its aminoacylation. The methods described should prove adaptable to study of other aminoacyl-tRNA species."}
{"id": "PMID:248283", "title": "Binding of reticulocyte elongation factor 1 to ribosomes and nucleic acids.", "content": "The present study has examined the requirements for the binding of rabbit reticulocyte elongation factor 1 (EF-1) to ribosomes under different assay conditions. When a centrifugation procedure was used to separate the ribosome EF-1 complex, the binding of EF-1 to ribosomes required GTP and Phe-tRNA, but not poly(U). The results suggested that undr these conditions a ternary complex, EF-1 . GTP . aminoacyl-tRNA, is necessary for the formation of a ribosome . EF-1 complex. However, when gel filtration was used to isolate the ribosome . EF-1 complex, only template and tRNA were required. These studie emphasize the fact that the procedure used to isolate the ribosome . EF-1 complex determines the requirements for stable complex formation. EF-1 can also interact with nucleic acids such as 28 S and 18 S rRNA, messenger RNA and DNA. In contrast to the binding to ribosomes, EF-1 binding to nucleic acids requires only Mg2+.", "contents": "Binding of reticulocyte elongation factor 1 to ribosomes and nucleic acids. The present study has examined the requirements for the binding of rabbit reticulocyte elongation factor 1 (EF-1) to ribosomes under different assay conditions. When a centrifugation procedure was used to separate the ribosome EF-1 complex, the binding of EF-1 to ribosomes required GTP and Phe-tRNA, but not poly(U). The results suggested that undr these conditions a ternary complex, EF-1 . GTP . aminoacyl-tRNA, is necessary for the formation of a ribosome . EF-1 complex. However, when gel filtration was used to isolate the ribosome . EF-1 complex, only template and tRNA were required. These studie emphasize the fact that the procedure used to isolate the ribosome . EF-1 complex determines the requirements for stable complex formation. EF-1 can also interact with nucleic acids such as 28 S and 18 S rRNA, messenger RNA and DNA. In contrast to the binding to ribosomes, EF-1 binding to nucleic acids requires only Mg2+."}
{"id": "PMID:248284", "title": "The role of guanine nucleotides in protein biosynthesis.", "content": "It is not possible to select one competing substrate molecule over another one when the selection system is at equilibrium. Therefore, it is convenient to view all substrate selections as transport phenomena. The requirement for a displacement from equilibrium to effect a substrate selection can be met in different ways. One particularly convenient way is to drive a nonselected substrate, such as GTP in protein synthesis, far from equilibrium. This allows the flux of selected substrate to be relatively slow, but effectively irreversible. Accordingly, the conventional view that GTP hydrolysis drives protein synthesis is amended. It is suggested that the regeneration GTP from GDP is the driving force for protein synthesis. Several different selection mechanisms are described in the context fof systems driven by displacements from equilibrium of the nonselected substrate. These are then evaluated in light of recent experimental results. The data argue against the relevance of proofreading mechanisms for aminoacyl-tRNA selection by the messenger RNA-programmed ribosome. Similarly, recent data suggesting that the translation of messenger RNA is not dependent on the presence of elongation factors and guanine nucleotides are reevaluated.", "contents": "The role of guanine nucleotides in protein biosynthesis. It is not possible to select one competing substrate molecule over another one when the selection system is at equilibrium. Therefore, it is convenient to view all substrate selections as transport phenomena. The requirement for a displacement from equilibrium to effect a substrate selection can be met in different ways. One particularly convenient way is to drive a nonselected substrate, such as GTP in protein synthesis, far from equilibrium. This allows the flux of selected substrate to be relatively slow, but effectively irreversible. Accordingly, the conventional view that GTP hydrolysis drives protein synthesis is amended. It is suggested that the regeneration GTP from GDP is the driving force for protein synthesis. Several different selection mechanisms are described in the context fof systems driven by displacements from equilibrium of the nonselected substrate. These are then evaluated in light of recent experimental results. The data argue against the relevance of proofreading mechanisms for aminoacyl-tRNA selection by the messenger RNA-programmed ribosome. Similarly, recent data suggesting that the translation of messenger RNA is not dependent on the presence of elongation factors and guanine nucleotides are reevaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:248285", "title": "Outcomes of 575 British opiate addicts entering treatment between 1968 and 1975.", "content": "Five hundred and seventy-five opiate addicts (455 male, 120 female) who were treated at two clinics in London between 1968 and 1975 had their current situation reviewed in October 1975. Fifty-two per cent were still in treatment (258 at the clinics, 42 elsewhere), 28 per cent were not in treatment and not known to be using opiates, 11 per cent had died, 6 per cent were in custody and 3 per cent had left the country. Sixty-one per cent of the patients in treatment had remained so continuously. Twenty-eight per cent had also had in-patient hospital treatment. Some patients were very unstable and those treated as in-patients in hospital two or more times for drug abuse had an average of nine hospitalizations. Forty-six per cent of patients in clinic treatment said they were working regularly at the end of the study (23 per cent at entry). Some 7-8 per cent of patients left treatment each year and the death rate remained between 2 and 3 per cent each year. The prescribing of heroin for addicts was gradually superseded by the prescribing of injectable methadone. The authors concluded that a methadone maintenance programme probably had some value in the treatment of opiate dependence.", "contents": "Outcomes of 575 British opiate addicts entering treatment between 1968 and 1975. Five hundred and seventy-five opiate addicts (455 male, 120 female) who were treated at two clinics in London between 1968 and 1975 had their current situation reviewed in October 1975. Fifty-two per cent were still in treatment (258 at the clinics, 42 elsewhere), 28 per cent were not in treatment and not known to be using opiates, 11 per cent had died, 6 per cent were in custody and 3 per cent had left the country. Sixty-one per cent of the patients in treatment had remained so continuously. Twenty-eight per cent had also had in-patient hospital treatment. Some patients were very unstable and those treated as in-patients in hospital two or more times for drug abuse had an average of nine hospitalizations. Forty-six per cent of patients in clinic treatment said they were working regularly at the end of the study (23 per cent at entry). Some 7-8 per cent of patients left treatment each year and the death rate remained between 2 and 3 per cent each year. The prescribing of heroin for addicts was gradually superseded by the prescribing of injectable methadone. The authors concluded that a methadone maintenance programme probably had some value in the treatment of opiate dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:248287", "title": "Drug abuse in Poland.", "content": "The abuse of drugs in Poland, a lesser problem than that of alcoholism, has only recently become a subject of interest. Although at present it is not of crucial importance in the pathology of social life, it may still have serious effects on the individual and society. This paper discusses the results of several surveys carried out by different researchers in Poland to assess different aspects of the drug abuse phenomenon. Drug abuse patterns in Poland, as in other countries, change rapidly. Therefore, yesterday's situation may not be considered as valid today. The first part of this article presents some of the characteristics that were observed since 1968, when the phenomenon appeared, up to 1976. The second part describes the provisions of the Polish criminal law to fight drug abuse, and envisages some measures to better control this phenomenon in the future.", "contents": "Drug abuse in Poland. The abuse of drugs in Poland, a lesser problem than that of alcoholism, has only recently become a subject of interest. Although at present it is not of crucial importance in the pathology of social life, it may still have serious effects on the individual and society. This paper discusses the results of several surveys carried out by different researchers in Poland to assess different aspects of the drug abuse phenomenon. Drug abuse patterns in Poland, as in other countries, change rapidly. Therefore, yesterday's situation may not be considered as valid today. The first part of this article presents some of the characteristics that were observed since 1968, when the phenomenon appeared, up to 1976. The second part describes the provisions of the Polish criminal law to fight drug abuse, and envisages some measures to better control this phenomenon in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:248289", "title": "Influence of photoperiodism on cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L.", "content": "Cannabis sativa plants submitted to 10 and 12 hours of natural light showed different content in cannabinoids. An increase of exposure to natural light of only 2 hours a day, at least, doubled the average amoung of THC, but decreased that of cannabichromene.", "contents": "Influence of photoperiodism on cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L. Cannabis sativa plants submitted to 10 and 12 hours of natural light showed different content in cannabinoids. An increase of exposure to natural light of only 2 hours a day, at least, doubled the average amoung of THC, but decreased that of cannabichromene."}
{"id": "PMID:248321", "title": "How vascular smooth muscle works.", "content": "Electrical recordings made from vascular smooth muscle during the last 15 years make it clear that the role of electrical activity in controlling contraction is often important but varies greatly both between different vessels and for different responses of a given vessel. Only a few mammalian vessels have widely conducted electrical activity, but others can develop this activity, with consequent rhythmical contraction, when made anoxic and stimulated. Action potentials play a part in smooth non-rhythmical responses of arteries to nerves and hormones, while passive conduction of depolarization round the vessel wall is responsible for ring contractions of arteries after local injury. Ca and K cause vasodilatation largely by hyperpolarizing the smooth muscle cells. Electrical activity plays no part in some responses. In particular noradrenaline can contract arteries by directly promoting entry of extracellular Ca, and also by releasing Ca stores by non-electrical means. These processes are particularly important in the inner muscle of arteries, which is not directly innervated.", "contents": "How vascular smooth muscle works. Electrical recordings made from vascular smooth muscle during the last 15 years make it clear that the role of electrical activity in controlling contraction is often important but varies greatly both between different vessels and for different responses of a given vessel. Only a few mammalian vessels have widely conducted electrical activity, but others can develop this activity, with consequent rhythmical contraction, when made anoxic and stimulated. Action potentials play a part in smooth non-rhythmical responses of arteries to nerves and hormones, while passive conduction of depolarization round the vessel wall is responsible for ring contractions of arteries after local injury. Ca and K cause vasodilatation largely by hyperpolarizing the smooth muscle cells. Electrical activity plays no part in some responses. In particular noradrenaline can contract arteries by directly promoting entry of extracellular Ca, and also by releasing Ca stores by non-electrical means. These processes are particularly important in the inner muscle of arteries, which is not directly innervated."}
{"id": "PMID:248322", "title": "Stimulation of enzymatic phe-tRNA binding to mammalian ribosomes by thallium ions at concentrations blocking other ribosomal functions.", "content": "Thallium acetate (TIOAc) effectively stimulates poly(U)-directed Phe-tRNA binding to mouse ascitic tumour ribosomes under conditions when other ribosomal functions are completely blocked. The TI+ optimum is about 200 mM. The reaction is stimulated by EF-1, but not significantly by GTP. EF-1-dependent ribosomal GTPase is inhibited by T1+. The isolated Phe-tRNA . ribosome complex is relatively stable. The bound Phe-tRNA does not react with puromycin in the presence of 175 mM KCl. The complex formed in the presence of 90-100 mM TlOAc can, after isolation, be directly utilized for polyphenylalanine synthesis. The complex formed at 200 mM TlOAc is less active, apparently because of damage to the 60-S subunits. TlOAc at low concentrations (8 mM) stimulates K+ -containing poly(U)-translating systems, probably by stabilizing the translation complex.", "contents": "Stimulation of enzymatic phe-tRNA binding to mammalian ribosomes by thallium ions at concentrations blocking other ribosomal functions. Thallium acetate (TIOAc) effectively stimulates poly(U)-directed Phe-tRNA binding to mouse ascitic tumour ribosomes under conditions when other ribosomal functions are completely blocked. The TI+ optimum is about 200 mM. The reaction is stimulated by EF-1, but not significantly by GTP. EF-1-dependent ribosomal GTPase is inhibited by T1+. The isolated Phe-tRNA . ribosome complex is relatively stable. The bound Phe-tRNA does not react with puromycin in the presence of 175 mM KCl. The complex formed in the presence of 90-100 mM TlOAc can, after isolation, be directly utilized for polyphenylalanine synthesis. The complex formed at 200 mM TlOAc is less active, apparently because of damage to the 60-S subunits. TlOAc at low concentrations (8 mM) stimulates K+ -containing poly(U)-translating systems, probably by stabilizing the translation complex."}
{"id": "PMID:248339", "title": "[Medical aspects of cerebral death determination of the time of death (author's transl)].", "content": "As a result of the development of intensive-care medicine and organ transplantation, an increasing number of neurologists and other physicians are being confronted with problems of cerebral death and relevant diagnostics. Subsequent to a survey of the, after all, rather uniform pathogenesis, and of the anatomic findings, the clinical syndrome is described in detail with the object of helping to avoid a diagnostic misinterpretation of individual neurologic findings. The diagnostic aids or methods which can be applied at present, are judged with regard to the problems involved and their diagnostic value (experiences with the computer-tomogram have been omitted, since too few observations have been made to date). The paper concludes with a few pointers as to how these guidelines can be utilized when dealing with the concrete everyday situation of diagnosing cerebral death.", "contents": "[Medical aspects of cerebral death determination of the time of death (author's transl)]. As a result of the development of intensive-care medicine and organ transplantation, an increasing number of neurologists and other physicians are being confronted with problems of cerebral death and relevant diagnostics. Subsequent to a survey of the, after all, rather uniform pathogenesis, and of the anatomic findings, the clinical syndrome is described in detail with the object of helping to avoid a diagnostic misinterpretation of individual neurologic findings. The diagnostic aids or methods which can be applied at present, are judged with regard to the problems involved and their diagnostic value (experiences with the computer-tomogram have been omitted, since too few observations have been made to date). The paper concludes with a few pointers as to how these guidelines can be utilized when dealing with the concrete everyday situation of diagnosing cerebral death."}
{"id": "PMID:248340", "title": "[On the use of computer tomography (CT) in clinical psychiatry (author's transl)].", "content": "220 hospitalized psychiatric patients were examined by computerized tomography (CT) mostly to exclude organic brain dammage. A third of the material proved to be within the normal range, when also slight cortical and subcortical atrophies are considered to be abnormal. Pronounced cerebral atrophy was found in 26.8% of the cases, 5% revealed other significant lesions. CT is a very promissing help in distinguishing vascular from purely degenerative processes. Chronic alcoholism showed an amount of 67% cortical atrophies of all degrees. Endogenic psychoses on the other side failed to demonstrate characteristic results. Many of possible unspecific pathogenetic factors seem to play an important role in this and other disease processes. CT as an almost non-invasive method may be repeated in dubious cases.", "contents": "[On the use of computer tomography (CT) in clinical psychiatry (author's transl)]. 220 hospitalized psychiatric patients were examined by computerized tomography (CT) mostly to exclude organic brain dammage. A third of the material proved to be within the normal range, when also slight cortical and subcortical atrophies are considered to be abnormal. Pronounced cerebral atrophy was found in 26.8% of the cases, 5% revealed other significant lesions. CT is a very promissing help in distinguishing vascular from purely degenerative processes. Chronic alcoholism showed an amount of 67% cortical atrophies of all degrees. Endogenic psychoses on the other side failed to demonstrate characteristic results. Many of possible unspecific pathogenetic factors seem to play an important role in this and other disease processes. CT as an almost non-invasive method may be repeated in dubious cases."}
{"id": "PMID:248342", "title": "[The idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuric myopathy (Meyer-Betz) (author's transl)].", "content": "The idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuric myopathy (IPMM) as a genuine disease can be differentiated from other myoglobinurias by clinical criterias. Concerning the course of the disease two different types of IPMM are to be seen, sporadic cases are observed as well as familiar, autosomal recessive inherited ones. Regarding the pathogeny of IPMM several metabolic disorders are discussed: Provocation of the disease by physical exertion and glucose deficiency point to a disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism are reported, too. So we tried to analyse the results of a case study in relation to the presently discussed - still hypothetical - pathogenetic ideas. Our laboratory, histological and electromyographic findings suggest a primary myopathy, which might be based on a peripheral glucose utilisation disorder (ATP-deficiency). Under the condition of exertion this disorder leads to a decompensation of the muscular functional and structural metabolism manifested by an excessive efflux of myoglobin and enzymes.", "contents": "[The idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuric myopathy (Meyer-Betz) (author's transl)]. The idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuric myopathy (IPMM) as a genuine disease can be differentiated from other myoglobinurias by clinical criterias. Concerning the course of the disease two different types of IPMM are to be seen, sporadic cases are observed as well as familiar, autosomal recessive inherited ones. Regarding the pathogeny of IPMM several metabolic disorders are discussed: Provocation of the disease by physical exertion and glucose deficiency point to a disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism are reported, too. So we tried to analyse the results of a case study in relation to the presently discussed - still hypothetical - pathogenetic ideas. Our laboratory, histological and electromyographic findings suggest a primary myopathy, which might be based on a peripheral glucose utilisation disorder (ATP-deficiency). Under the condition of exertion this disorder leads to a decompensation of the muscular functional and structural metabolism manifested by an excessive efflux of myoglobin and enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:248344", "title": "[Neuroradiologic and clinical correlations in asymmetric lateral ventricles and posterior cornua in pneumo-encephalograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective study of 452 out of 4155 pneumoencephalograms continuously investigated by two independent observers over 20 years. Follow-up and statistics of frequency and sex-differences of asymmetries of lateral ventricles and posterior cornua. Criteria of selection: history and clinical findings in favor of a general cerebral cause and against circumscribed changes due to local damage. Technique standardized and equal bilateral filling in pneumoencaphalography. Results of the numerous findings: 1. Posterior cornua were symmetrical in 370 patients 81.9% (256 male, 114 female, 18.1%). Definite asymmetry of posterior horns in 72 males and 10 males. 2. These asymmetries showed variations from unilateral to bilateral, but clearly different sizes of posterior horns. 3. Unilateral posterior horn \"anlagen\" seen in 64 (14.1%) of all patients. Males predominated 8:1, left more common than right 3.5:1. 4. Bilateral \"anlagen\", with one posterior horn predominating, in 18 patients (3.9%). Once more males more common 8:1. Larger \"anlagen\" on left: 8:1. 5. Accompanying further asymmetries of lateral ventricles with equal bilateral posterior horns were of similar size in 73.7%. In 21.1% the lateral ventricle was larger on the right, in 5.1% on the left. The left side was more common 4.15:1. 6. Large ventricles were of equal size in 45.1 of patients with asymmetry of the posterior horns, 45.1% on left, 9.7% on right the ventricle was larger. Once more the left side predominated 4.6:1. 7. Trying to correlate clinical-neurologic, neurophthalmic, neurophysiologic and tachistocopic findings with pneumoencephalograms with or without asymmetry showed no regular relation with handedness, ocular dominance, limitations of visual fields or--neglect or shapes of ventricles. In all subgroups frequency and sex-distribution corresponded to the norm. 8. Numerical frequency of coupling of right-handedness and right predominant eye with left increased size of ventricle was within the statistically expected and was, therefore, not interpreted as a sign of functional dominance of the left cerebral hemisphere, as done by others. 9. When eliciting from the occiput visually evoked potentials 8 patients showed important findings, in spite of their small number. In 3 patients with symmetrical \"anlagen\" of the posterior horns, latency and amplitude of potentials were the same; in 5 patients, with asymmetry of posterior horns the side of the larger horn showed significant reduction of amplitude without exception. The investigations show, quantitative statistical findings of frequency and sex-distribution and their negative correlation with examined clinical parameters apart, the anatomic-morphologic variation of asymmetry of posterior horns corresponds to a correlate which can also be shown with a neurophysiologic technique.", "contents": "[Neuroradiologic and clinical correlations in asymmetric lateral ventricles and posterior cornua in pneumo-encephalograms (author's transl)]. Retrospective study of 452 out of 4155 pneumoencephalograms continuously investigated by two independent observers over 20 years. Follow-up and statistics of frequency and sex-differences of asymmetries of lateral ventricles and posterior cornua. Criteria of selection: history and clinical findings in favor of a general cerebral cause and against circumscribed changes due to local damage. Technique standardized and equal bilateral filling in pneumoencaphalography. Results of the numerous findings: 1. Posterior cornua were symmetrical in 370 patients 81.9% (256 male, 114 female, 18.1%). Definite asymmetry of posterior horns in 72 males and 10 males. 2. These asymmetries showed variations from unilateral to bilateral, but clearly different sizes of posterior horns. 3. Unilateral posterior horn \"anlagen\" seen in 64 (14.1%) of all patients. Males predominated 8:1, left more common than right 3.5:1. 4. Bilateral \"anlagen\", with one posterior horn predominating, in 18 patients (3.9%). Once more males more common 8:1. Larger \"anlagen\" on left: 8:1. 5. Accompanying further asymmetries of lateral ventricles with equal bilateral posterior horns were of similar size in 73.7%. In 21.1% the lateral ventricle was larger on the right, in 5.1% on the left. The left side was more common 4.15:1. 6. Large ventricles were of equal size in 45.1 of patients with asymmetry of the posterior horns, 45.1% on left, 9.7% on right the ventricle was larger. Once more the left side predominated 4.6:1. 7. Trying to correlate clinical-neurologic, neurophthalmic, neurophysiologic and tachistocopic findings with pneumoencephalograms with or without asymmetry showed no regular relation with handedness, ocular dominance, limitations of visual fields or--neglect or shapes of ventricles. In all subgroups frequency and sex-distribution corresponded to the norm. 8. Numerical frequency of coupling of right-handedness and right predominant eye with left increased size of ventricle was within the statistically expected and was, therefore, not interpreted as a sign of functional dominance of the left cerebral hemisphere, as done by others. 9. When eliciting from the occiput visually evoked potentials 8 patients showed important findings, in spite of their small number. In 3 patients with symmetrical \"anlagen\" of the posterior horns, latency and amplitude of potentials were the same; in 5 patients, with asymmetry of posterior horns the side of the larger horn showed significant reduction of amplitude without exception. The investigations show, quantitative statistical findings of frequency and sex-distribution and their negative correlation with examined clinical parameters apart, the anatomic-morphologic variation of asymmetry of posterior horns corresponds to a correlate which can also be shown with a neurophysiologic technique."}
{"id": "PMID:248345", "title": "[Influence of a central cholinergic mode of action on the regulation of the intact and disturbed cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral chemical vasomotor reactivity and autoregulation were tested in normal baboons before and after intravertebral, intravenous and (or) intracarotid infusion of atropine and neostigmine. Furthermore, disordered cholinergic neurotransmission and dysautoregulation after acute experimental cerebral infarction have also been investigated. Intravertebral injection of atropine suppressed the increase of CBF by inhalation of 5% CO2 and enhanced the decrease of CBF induced by hyperventilation, but did not appreciably affect autoregulatory response. On the other hand, cerebral autoregulatory vasoconstriction during increases of CPP was significantly reduced following both intravertebral and intracarotid neostigmine infusion. Cerebral vasodilatory reactivity to CO2 inhalation was significantly enhanced only following intravertebral neostigmine and cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hyperventilation was not influenced by neostigmine. Following experimental cerebral infarction regional dysautoregulation was found in infarcted gray matter and correlated significantly with increased AChE levels in the same zones of cortex and basal ganglia. Intravenous infusion of scopolamine restored autoregulation to the ischemic zones. The results thus obtained support the view that central cholinergic cerebrovascular influences exist and are vasodilatory in nature. Furthermore, in acute experimental cerebral infarction disordered cholinergic neurotransmission seems to play a role in vasoconstrictive dysautoregulation.", "contents": "[Influence of a central cholinergic mode of action on the regulation of the intact and disturbed cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. Cerebral chemical vasomotor reactivity and autoregulation were tested in normal baboons before and after intravertebral, intravenous and (or) intracarotid infusion of atropine and neostigmine. Furthermore, disordered cholinergic neurotransmission and dysautoregulation after acute experimental cerebral infarction have also been investigated. Intravertebral injection of atropine suppressed the increase of CBF by inhalation of 5% CO2 and enhanced the decrease of CBF induced by hyperventilation, but did not appreciably affect autoregulatory response. On the other hand, cerebral autoregulatory vasoconstriction during increases of CPP was significantly reduced following both intravertebral and intracarotid neostigmine infusion. Cerebral vasodilatory reactivity to CO2 inhalation was significantly enhanced only following intravertebral neostigmine and cerebral vasoconstrictive response to hyperventilation was not influenced by neostigmine. Following experimental cerebral infarction regional dysautoregulation was found in infarcted gray matter and correlated significantly with increased AChE levels in the same zones of cortex and basal ganglia. Intravenous infusion of scopolamine restored autoregulation to the ischemic zones. The results thus obtained support the view that central cholinergic cerebrovascular influences exist and are vasodilatory in nature. Furthermore, in acute experimental cerebral infarction disordered cholinergic neurotransmission seems to play a role in vasoconstrictive dysautoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:248370", "title": "Oxygen therapy and delivery in obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The guidelines for O2 therapy in acute decompensation of COPD and even the indications for short-term use of O2 during periods of increased requirements in stable COPD are fairly clear-cut. With regard to continuous O2 therapy in hypoxemic patients with stable COPD, most would agree that in patients with cor pulmonale treatment with low concentrations of O2 for periods of more than 12 hours per day will result in improved pulmonary hemodynamics, mental function, polycythemia, and perhaps exercise tolerance. In similar patients without cor pulmonale the potential benefit of continuous O2 is unknown. Many other serious questions remain. The optimum duration of chronic O2 therapy must be clarified. More data are needed to determine the effect of continuous O2 therapy on mortality rate at both sea level and high altitude. It is not known whether O2 therapy has any prophylactic value in those patients with COPD who have not developed severe pulmonary hypertension. The potential value of O2 therapy in exercise rehabilitation programs needs further study. Finally, lightweight, longer-lasting, and less-expensive O2 delivery systems must be sought.", "contents": "Oxygen therapy and delivery in obstructive pulmonary disease. The guidelines for O2 therapy in acute decompensation of COPD and even the indications for short-term use of O2 during periods of increased requirements in stable COPD are fairly clear-cut. With regard to continuous O2 therapy in hypoxemic patients with stable COPD, most would agree that in patients with cor pulmonale treatment with low concentrations of O2 for periods of more than 12 hours per day will result in improved pulmonary hemodynamics, mental function, polycythemia, and perhaps exercise tolerance. In similar patients without cor pulmonale the potential benefit of continuous O2 is unknown. Many other serious questions remain. The optimum duration of chronic O2 therapy must be clarified. More data are needed to determine the effect of continuous O2 therapy on mortality rate at both sea level and high altitude. It is not known whether O2 therapy has any prophylactic value in those patients with COPD who have not developed severe pulmonary hypertension. The potential value of O2 therapy in exercise rehabilitation programs needs further study. Finally, lightweight, longer-lasting, and less-expensive O2 delivery systems must be sought."}
{"id": "PMID:248372", "title": "Outbreak of a multiply resistant Acinetobacter in a surgical intensive care unit: epidemiology and control.", "content": "During January, 1976 seven patients in an SICU became colonized or infected with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (variation, anitratum) at an attack rate of 12.5 per cent. The organism showed a marked reduction in antimicrobial sensitivity from previous experience. Comparison with 34 uninfected control patients indicated that intubation and continuous ventilatory assistance were significantly associated with acquiring the organism (p = 0.0154). Acinetobacter was cultured from nurses' hands, AMBU adaptors, respirator apparatus, respirometers, and unlabeled bottles of saline used for tracheal irrigation. Control measures were designed to interrupt transmission. The investigation identified the nursing techniques and reservoirs that allowed this outbreak to occur, and we emphasize the need for close surveillance of patient care procedures in an intensive care unit.", "contents": "Outbreak of a multiply resistant Acinetobacter in a surgical intensive care unit: epidemiology and control. During January, 1976 seven patients in an SICU became colonized or infected with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (variation, anitratum) at an attack rate of 12.5 per cent. The organism showed a marked reduction in antimicrobial sensitivity from previous experience. Comparison with 34 uninfected control patients indicated that intubation and continuous ventilatory assistance were significantly associated with acquiring the organism (p = 0.0154). Acinetobacter was cultured from nurses' hands, AMBU adaptors, respirator apparatus, respirometers, and unlabeled bottles of saline used for tracheal irrigation. Control measures were designed to interrupt transmission. The investigation identified the nursing techniques and reservoirs that allowed this outbreak to occur, and we emphasize the need for close surveillance of patient care procedures in an intensive care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:248379", "title": "A systems approach to the nursing process.", "content": "This paper makes the point that for psychiatric patients the nursing process based on a systems approach may be more useful than that based on problem-solving or activities of daily living. Some of the key concepts used in this approach are (1) listing component parts of a system, (2) defining the inside and outside of systems, the outside being described as environment, (3) changing the boundaries or the interface of various systems, as appropriate, (4) observing the impact of the environment and especially of the nurse herself as a part of the system or the environment, (5) tracing input, output and throughput, and (6) drawing distinctions between open and closed systems and accounting for a steady state in the system.", "contents": "A systems approach to the nursing process. This paper makes the point that for psychiatric patients the nursing process based on a systems approach may be more useful than that based on problem-solving or activities of daily living. Some of the key concepts used in this approach are (1) listing component parts of a system, (2) defining the inside and outside of systems, the outside being described as environment, (3) changing the boundaries or the interface of various systems, as appropriate, (4) observing the impact of the environment and especially of the nurse herself as a part of the system or the environment, (5) tracing input, output and throughput, and (6) drawing distinctions between open and closed systems and accounting for a steady state in the system."}
{"id": "PMID:248380", "title": "A strategy for patient teaching.", "content": "A theoretical model is described whose particular emphasis is directed towards operationalizing the statements: 'effective teaching bridges the gap between information and practice or 'teaching is more than telling'. It concentrates on nurse behaviours (facilitation) designed to actively engage the patient in learning whereby he accepts his diagnosis or situation, projects the effects of prescribed therapy on his future life, and commits his intentions to practice. It utilizes principles of learning derived from the perceptual (phenomenological) approach and indicates the nurses' responsibilities. The model identifies four critical elements in the engagement process--the patient's values, his perception of the disease threat, his perceived utility of prescription, and facilitating behaviours of the nurse. The strategy is adapted from a combination of the Health Belief Model and the Personal Choice Model.", "contents": "A strategy for patient teaching. A theoretical model is described whose particular emphasis is directed towards operationalizing the statements: 'effective teaching bridges the gap between information and practice or 'teaching is more than telling'. It concentrates on nurse behaviours (facilitation) designed to actively engage the patient in learning whereby he accepts his diagnosis or situation, projects the effects of prescribed therapy on his future life, and commits his intentions to practice. It utilizes principles of learning derived from the perceptual (phenomenological) approach and indicates the nurses' responsibilities. The model identifies four critical elements in the engagement process--the patient's values, his perception of the disease threat, his perceived utility of prescription, and facilitating behaviours of the nurse. The strategy is adapted from a combination of the Health Belief Model and the Personal Choice Model."}
{"id": "PMID:248381", "title": "Participation in decision-making in the health services.", "content": "There is widespread discussion at the present time of 'participation'--allowing members of an organization to exert an influence on the process of decision-making. The National Health Service is not isolated from this debate and already a number of experiments have been carried out at various levels of the service to allow a wider range of opinion to influence decisions than hitherto. This paper reports on a study the author carried out into one such exercise, designed to assist a Health Board reach decisions about the longterm pattern of health care in its area. Nurses, paramedical staff and local authority staff, as well as doctors, were appointed to a series of programme planning committees to advise the Health Board on issues of longterm policy. After 2 years of operation, a study was carried out into the operation of the committees and the lessons drawn from the experience should be relevant to actual and potential members of any consultative or decision-making body.", "contents": "Participation in decision-making in the health services. There is widespread discussion at the present time of 'participation'--allowing members of an organization to exert an influence on the process of decision-making. The National Health Service is not isolated from this debate and already a number of experiments have been carried out at various levels of the service to allow a wider range of opinion to influence decisions than hitherto. This paper reports on a study the author carried out into one such exercise, designed to assist a Health Board reach decisions about the longterm pattern of health care in its area. Nurses, paramedical staff and local authority staff, as well as doctors, were appointed to a series of programme planning committees to advise the Health Board on issues of longterm policy. After 2 years of operation, a study was carried out into the operation of the committees and the lessons drawn from the experience should be relevant to actual and potential members of any consultative or decision-making body."}
{"id": "PMID:248382", "title": "The need for a comprehensive counselling service for nursing students.", "content": "The responses to 'given situations' in a questionnaire administered to 50 nursing students indicate that they are conscious of high stress factors in nursing. Role conflict is created when they are given instructions in the wards contrary to what they are taught in the schools of nursing. Some of the responses also indicated that learners may be developing attitudes which are contrary to what they are taught in the schools of nursing. Some of the response also indicated that learners may be developing attitudes which are contrary to good nursing practice as a protection from external pressure. The majority of the respondents had opportunities for discussion of their problems, but 28% were unsure about available facilities. The author argues that the counselling needs of nursing students must be met by provision of a comprehensive counselling service.", "contents": "The need for a comprehensive counselling service for nursing students. The responses to 'given situations' in a questionnaire administered to 50 nursing students indicate that they are conscious of high stress factors in nursing. Role conflict is created when they are given instructions in the wards contrary to what they are taught in the schools of nursing. Some of the responses also indicated that learners may be developing attitudes which are contrary to what they are taught in the schools of nursing. Some of the response also indicated that learners may be developing attitudes which are contrary to good nursing practice as a protection from external pressure. The majority of the respondents had opportunities for discussion of their problems, but 28% were unsure about available facilities. The author argues that the counselling needs of nursing students must be met by provision of a comprehensive counselling service."}
{"id": "PMID:248383", "title": "Nurse--teacher behaviours in the clinical field: apparent effect on nursing students' learning.", "content": "One primary source of feedback on the effectiveness of their teaching, which instructors may easily overlook, comprises of students' reactions. The purpose of this study is to identify students' perceptions of teacher behaviours, which either facilitate or hinder students' learning in the clinical field, and to determine if there is a difference in the perceptions of 1st and 2nd year students. This study is exploratory and descriptive in nature. Firstly, some research studies regarding effective clinical teaching in nursing are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the research design. The tool used for collecting data is a modified form of the critical incident technique. A description of illustrative incidents is requested within five divisions: professional competency, relationship, personal attributes, teaching methods, and evaluation of  practice. A system for analysis and coding of data is then discussed. Finally, the finding of this study is presented. It would seem ot the investigator that students in 1st year are particularly sensitive to how the teacher makes them feel, whereas students in the 2nd year would seem to be more concerned with the teacher's competency in teaching. The teacher behaviours reported as helpful or hindering to students' learning, as identified by the students, are outlined.", "contents": "Nurse--teacher behaviours in the clinical field: apparent effect on nursing students' learning. One primary source of feedback on the effectiveness of their teaching, which instructors may easily overlook, comprises of students' reactions. The purpose of this study is to identify students' perceptions of teacher behaviours, which either facilitate or hinder students' learning in the clinical field, and to determine if there is a difference in the perceptions of 1st and 2nd year students. This study is exploratory and descriptive in nature. Firstly, some research studies regarding effective clinical teaching in nursing are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the research design. The tool used for collecting data is a modified form of the critical incident technique. A description of illustrative incidents is requested within five divisions: professional competency, relationship, personal attributes, teaching methods, and evaluation of  practice. A system for analysis and coding of data is then discussed. Finally, the finding of this study is presented. It would seem ot the investigator that students in 1st year are particularly sensitive to how the teacher makes them feel, whereas students in the 2nd year would seem to be more concerned with the teacher's competency in teaching. The teacher behaviours reported as helpful or hindering to students' learning, as identified by the students, are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:248384", "title": "The use of non-ionic detergents in sanitary cleansing: a report of a preliminary trial.", "content": "A preliminary trial was carried out to establish the most suitable hygienic wipe for sanitary cleansing in incontinence and to study and compare the difference between cleansing with soap and non-ionic detergents in incontinent patients. Four non-ionic detergents were tested against National Health toilet soap in 290 incontinent episodes. Other observations were made on the skin condition following cleansing, the ease of cleansing, odour control, detergency, and allergenicity. The results showed that a scrim wipe was the best for this purpose and also indicated that the non-ionic detergent Cetomacrogol 1000 B.P.C. to be preferential to all other creams and soap in the time taken for cleansing. The skin condition, odour control and detergent ability were all superior with this cream. It was revealed by the trial that in cleansing faecal incontinence with non-ionic detergent, an initial wipe, followed by about 7.0 grams of detergent on a moistened wipe to achieve emulsification and than followed by another dry wipe, is all that is required. The condition of the skin was recorded as excellent and the figures indicated a possible saving of 20% in nursing time.", "contents": "The use of non-ionic detergents in sanitary cleansing: a report of a preliminary trial. A preliminary trial was carried out to establish the most suitable hygienic wipe for sanitary cleansing in incontinence and to study and compare the difference between cleansing with soap and non-ionic detergents in incontinent patients. Four non-ionic detergents were tested against National Health toilet soap in 290 incontinent episodes. Other observations were made on the skin condition following cleansing, the ease of cleansing, odour control, detergency, and allergenicity. The results showed that a scrim wipe was the best for this purpose and also indicated that the non-ionic detergent Cetomacrogol 1000 B.P.C. to be preferential to all other creams and soap in the time taken for cleansing. The skin condition, odour control and detergent ability were all superior with this cream. It was revealed by the trial that in cleansing faecal incontinence with non-ionic detergent, an initial wipe, followed by about 7.0 grams of detergent on a moistened wipe to achieve emulsification and than followed by another dry wipe, is all that is required. The condition of the skin was recorded as excellent and the figures indicated a possible saving of 20% in nursing time."}
{"id": "PMID:248633", "title": "Prospects and problems in health services research.", "content": "Health services research has an important--and unique--role in affecting the climate of policy formulation and in defining future options. This very uniqueness, however, places the endeavor in a vulnerable position between the usual rigors of scientific investigation and the desire for simplicity and comprehensibility on the part of administrators and legislators. A constituency must be found to nurture the continuance of this modest but invaluable research activity.", "contents": "Prospects and problems in health services research. Health services research has an important--and unique--role in affecting the climate of policy formulation and in defining future options. This very uniqueness, however, places the endeavor in a vulnerable position between the usual rigors of scientific investigation and the desire for simplicity and comprehensibility on the part of administrators and legislators. A constituency must be found to nurture the continuance of this modest but invaluable research activity."}
{"id": "PMID:248634", "title": "Group practice recommendations of the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care: a new look at an old issue.", "content": "The model of comprehensive group practice advanced by the CCMC in 1932 has been an elusive reformist vision. Changes in the techniques and techology of medical practive will require new professional agendas as well a new political constituencies. Analysis of the process of these changes must balance avocacy of any uptopian forms of practice.", "contents": "Group practice recommendations of the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care: a new look at an old issue. The model of comprehensive group practice advanced by the CCMC in 1932 has been an elusive reformist vision. Changes in the techniques and techology of medical practive will require new professional agendas as well a new political constituencies. Analysis of the process of these changes must balance avocacy of any uptopian forms of practice."}
{"id": "PMID:248635", "title": "Effects of hospital cost containment on the development and use of medical technology.", "content": "The early hope for more effective, safer, and less expensive care through the \"medical technological revolution\" is critically examined. Inflated costs--and imperfect expectations--have led to broad proposals for hospital cost containment which may constrain development and use of new technology. But concerns for care and cost will be better served by selective shifts in the type of technology employed and incentives for its use.", "contents": "Effects of hospital cost containment on the development and use of medical technology. The early hope for more effective, safer, and less expensive care through the \"medical technological revolution\" is critically examined. Inflated costs--and imperfect expectations--have led to broad proposals for hospital cost containment which may constrain development and use of new technology. But concerns for care and cost will be better served by selective shifts in the type of technology employed and incentives for its use."}
{"id": "PMID:248636", "title": "Delay and noncompliance in cancer detection: a behavioral perspective for health planners.", "content": "Professionals and public alike believe in the benefits of early cancer detection. Yet screening programs have encountered serious problems in engaging their clients to seek prompt medical follow-up. If benefits of early detection are to be achieved, and fear and mistrust overcome, a more reliable connection between screening and treatment must be forged.", "contents": "Delay and noncompliance in cancer detection: a behavioral perspective for health planners. Professionals and public alike believe in the benefits of early cancer detection. Yet screening programs have encountered serious problems in engaging their clients to seek prompt medical follow-up. If benefits of early detection are to be achieved, and fear and mistrust overcome, a more reliable connection between screening and treatment must be forged."}
{"id": "PMID:248637", "title": "Toward the measurement of primary care.", "content": "The renaissance of rhetoric about primary care--\"continuous, coordinated, comprehensive, family-centered\"--has paralleled the growth of entrants into formal training programs. The extent to which primary care is actually practiced this way has not been examined, nor have the routes to preparing for it. A preliminary set of measurements is suggested.", "contents": "Toward the measurement of primary care. The renaissance of rhetoric about primary care--\"continuous, coordinated, comprehensive, family-centered\"--has paralleled the growth of entrants into formal training programs. The extent to which primary care is actually practiced this way has not been examined, nor have the routes to preparing for it. A preliminary set of measurements is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:248737", "title": "Blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Blunt abdominal trauma is a possible sequel of many accidents and can result in death from hemorrhage or sepsis if it is not detected early and managed aggressively. A thorough history of the causative accident, a systematic abdominal examination, selected laboratory studies, and x-ray films are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Peritoneal lavage is, however, the most reliable assessment tool (besides an exploratory laparotomy) for confirming significant viscus injury and intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Nurses who are assisting in the evaluation of trauma victims should be thoroughly familiar with the mechanics responsible for blunt abdominal injury, the initial steps for stabilizing the victim, and the usual tests and procedures that aid in diagnosis.", "contents": "Blunt abdominal trauma. Blunt abdominal trauma is a possible sequel of many accidents and can result in death from hemorrhage or sepsis if it is not detected early and managed aggressively. A thorough history of the causative accident, a systematic abdominal examination, selected laboratory studies, and x-ray films are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Peritoneal lavage is, however, the most reliable assessment tool (besides an exploratory laparotomy) for confirming significant viscus injury and intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Nurses who are assisting in the evaluation of trauma victims should be thoroughly familiar with the mechanics responsible for blunt abdominal injury, the initial steps for stabilizing the victim, and the usual tests and procedures that aid in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:248738", "title": "Emergency nursing care of the burned patient.", "content": "The emergency nursing care of patients with major burns presents one of nursing's greatest challenges. Priority is given to lifesaving measures. After a quick overall assessment, a careful estimate of fluid and electrolyte loss is made. An issue in burn care is whether colloids should be given in the immediate postburn period. Large amounts of fluid are always given, and balanced salt solutions are being used increasingly without colloid. The patient's response to fluid therapy can be monitored by central venous pressure readings, vital signs, and hourly measurements of urinary output. Psychologic and physiologic stress intensify the problems and should be kept to a minimum. Only after other aspects of care have been attended is attention directed to care of the burn wound.", "contents": "Emergency nursing care of the burned patient. The emergency nursing care of patients with major burns presents one of nursing's greatest challenges. Priority is given to lifesaving measures. After a quick overall assessment, a careful estimate of fluid and electrolyte loss is made. An issue in burn care is whether colloids should be given in the immediate postburn period. Large amounts of fluid are always given, and balanced salt solutions are being used increasingly without colloid. The patient's response to fluid therapy can be monitored by central venous pressure readings, vital signs, and hourly measurements of urinary output. Psychologic and physiologic stress intensify the problems and should be kept to a minimum. Only after other aspects of care have been attended is attention directed to care of the burn wound."}
{"id": "PMID:248739", "title": "Autotransfusion--a technique for the trauma patient.", "content": "The use of autotransfusion--the retrieval and reinfusion of shed blood--has been demonstrated to be a beneficial therapeutic modality for the trauma patient. The use of autotransfusion is indicated for major blood losses of the patient who experiences blunt or penetrating trauma and has an external or a cavitational bleeding source. Advantages and disadvantages are numerous. It does appear that because of the low incidence of complications and the many advantages, autotransfusion will become a widespread resuscitative technique for use with the trauma patient. The procedure also has clinical application for those other than trauma patients. The nursing implications suggested by this new modality are many, including legal considerations, safety factors, protocol adoption, and new nursing roles. Perhaps the most positive benefit to nursing is the opportunity for clinical nursing staff (ER and OR) to become involved in nursing research that they can apply directly to their clinical setting.", "contents": "Autotransfusion--a technique for the trauma patient. The use of autotransfusion--the retrieval and reinfusion of shed blood--has been demonstrated to be a beneficial therapeutic modality for the trauma patient. The use of autotransfusion is indicated for major blood losses of the patient who experiences blunt or penetrating trauma and has an external or a cavitational bleeding source. Advantages and disadvantages are numerous. It does appear that because of the low incidence of complications and the many advantages, autotransfusion will become a widespread resuscitative technique for use with the trauma patient. The procedure also has clinical application for those other than trauma patients. The nursing implications suggested by this new modality are many, including legal considerations, safety factors, protocol adoption, and new nursing roles. Perhaps the most positive benefit to nursing is the opportunity for clinical nursing staff (ER and OR) to become involved in nursing research that they can apply directly to their clinical setting."}
{"id": "PMID:249263", "title": "Incidence and characteristics of antibiotic-tolerant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Thirty clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for tolerance to oxacillin, cephalothin, and gentamicin by using killing curves and broth dilution susceptibility tests. Tolerance was defined as the presence of>/=100 colony-forming units per ml remaining after 24 h of incubation of the killing curve suspensions. Nineteen of 30 isolates were tolerant to oxacillin and cephalothin, but none was tolerant to gentamicin. Among the tolerant isolates, there was a wide spectrum of tolerance, with from 0.2 to 43% of the colony-forming units in the starting inoculum remaining after 18 to 24 h of incubation. Tolerance was unrelated to phage type or to any of several other characteristics studied.", "contents": "Incidence and characteristics of antibiotic-tolerant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for tolerance to oxacillin, cephalothin, and gentamicin by using killing curves and broth dilution susceptibility tests. Tolerance was defined as the presence of>/=100 colony-forming units per ml remaining after 24 h of incubation of the killing curve suspensions. Nineteen of 30 isolates were tolerant to oxacillin and cephalothin, but none was tolerant to gentamicin. Among the tolerant isolates, there was a wide spectrum of tolerance, with from 0.2 to 43% of the colony-forming units in the starting inoculum remaining after 18 to 24 h of incubation. Tolerance was unrelated to phage type or to any of several other characteristics studied."}
{"id": "PMID:249292", "title": "[Microbiological basis of antibiotic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The multitude of antibiotics is divided into groups according to their chemical origin and therapeutical demands. The knowledge of antimicrobial activity and side effects is essential for an effective antibiotic therapy. Clinical cases are exposed to demonstrate the main rules of antibiotic medication: a) Bacteria with solid or with varying susceptibility ratio; b) susceptibility testing.", "contents": "[Microbiological basis of antibiotic therapy (author's transl)]. The multitude of antibiotics is divided into groups according to their chemical origin and therapeutical demands. The knowledge of antimicrobial activity and side effects is essential for an effective antibiotic therapy. Clinical cases are exposed to demonstrate the main rules of antibiotic medication: a) Bacteria with solid or with varying susceptibility ratio; b) susceptibility testing."}
{"id": "PMID:249312", "title": "Chromosomal map location of the methicillin resistance determinant in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Three-factor genetic crosses performed by transformation have shown that the methicillin resistance determinant of Staphylococcus aureus strain DU4916 (the mec-4916 marker) is linked to a novobiocin resistance (Novr) marker (nov-142) and mutational sites affecting pyrimidine (pyr-141), purine (pur-102), and histidine (hisG15) biosynthesis in S. aureus strain 8325. The linkage group thus defined is pyr-141-hisG15-nov-142-pur-102-mec-4916. Phage 80alpha previously propagated on a novobiocin-resistant, methicillin-sensitive (Mecs) 8325 strain was used to infect 21 novobiocin-sensitive, methicillin-resistant clinical isolates (including strain DU4916). Among the novobiocin-resistant transductants so obtained from each recipient, between 1 and 5% were methicillin sensitive (reflecting cotransduction of Novr and Mecs). These results are consistent with the genetic determinant of methicillin resistance having a single chromosomal locus in most, if not all, strains of S. aureus.", "contents": "Chromosomal map location of the methicillin resistance determinant in Staphylococcus aureus. Three-factor genetic crosses performed by transformation have shown that the methicillin resistance determinant of Staphylococcus aureus strain DU4916 (the mec-4916 marker) is linked to a novobiocin resistance (Novr) marker (nov-142) and mutational sites affecting pyrimidine (pyr-141), purine (pur-102), and histidine (hisG15) biosynthesis in S. aureus strain 8325. The linkage group thus defined is pyr-141-hisG15-nov-142-pur-102-mec-4916. Phage 80alpha previously propagated on a novobiocin-resistant, methicillin-sensitive (Mecs) 8325 strain was used to infect 21 novobiocin-sensitive, methicillin-resistant clinical isolates (including strain DU4916). Among the novobiocin-resistant transductants so obtained from each recipient, between 1 and 5% were methicillin sensitive (reflecting cotransduction of Novr and Mecs). These results are consistent with the genetic determinant of methicillin resistance having a single chromosomal locus in most, if not all, strains of S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:249313", "title": "The function of the histidine tRNA isoaccepting species in hemoglobin synthesis.", "content": "Rabbit reticulocytes contain two RNA isoaccepting species for histidine as resolved by various chromatographic methods, while rabbit liver contains only one. These isoacceptors cannot be distinguished on the basis of coding properties, consistent with the \"Wobble Hypothesis\" (Smith, D.W.E., Meltzer, V.N., and McNamara, A.L. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 349, 366-375). Their function in hemoglobin synthesis in reticulocyte lysates has been investigated. Each of the tRNA isoacceptors of reticulocytes and the tRNA species of liver can incorporate histidine into positions in hemoglobin encoded by both of the histidine code words, CAC and CAU, and it is likely that each can incorporate histidine into all of the histidine-containing positions of hemoglobin. Even in experiments in which the two histidine tRNA species of reticulocytes are placed together in a lysate and are therefore in competition with each other, each incorporates histidine into all of the histidine-containing positions. There is no evidence that any residues are incorporated preferentially by either of the tRNA species. The two species are attached to reticulocyte ribosomes in the same proportion as they occur in the reticulocyte, also suggesting that neither of them is used preferentially in hemoglobin synthesis. The first of the two reticulocyte histidine isoacceptors and the histidine tRNA of rabbit liver contain Q base.", "contents": "The function of the histidine tRNA isoaccepting species in hemoglobin synthesis. Rabbit reticulocytes contain two RNA isoaccepting species for histidine as resolved by various chromatographic methods, while rabbit liver contains only one. These isoacceptors cannot be distinguished on the basis of coding properties, consistent with the \"Wobble Hypothesis\" (Smith, D.W.E., Meltzer, V.N., and McNamara, A.L. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 349, 366-375). Their function in hemoglobin synthesis in reticulocyte lysates has been investigated. Each of the tRNA isoacceptors of reticulocytes and the tRNA species of liver can incorporate histidine into positions in hemoglobin encoded by both of the histidine code words, CAC and CAU, and it is likely that each can incorporate histidine into all of the histidine-containing positions of hemoglobin. Even in experiments in which the two histidine tRNA species of reticulocytes are placed together in a lysate and are therefore in competition with each other, each incorporates histidine into all of the histidine-containing positions. There is no evidence that any residues are incorporated preferentially by either of the tRNA species. The two species are attached to reticulocyte ribosomes in the same proportion as they occur in the reticulocyte, also suggesting that neither of them is used preferentially in hemoglobin synthesis. The first of the two reticulocyte histidine isoacceptors and the histidine tRNA of rabbit liver contain Q base."}
{"id": "PMID:249314", "title": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes XXI. Purification and properties of a protein factor (Co-EIF-1) which stimulates Met-tRNAf binding to EIF-1.", "content": "The peptide chain initiation factor, Co-EIF-1 has been purified to homogeneity. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the homogeneous preparation gives a single protein band corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 20,000. In the crude preparation, Co-EIF-1 exists in two molecular forms: Co-EIF-1H (Mr = 200,000) and Co-EIF-1L (Mr = 20,000). Both forms are equally active in all the reactions studied. Upon heating, the heavy form (Co-EIF-1H) is completely converted into the light form (Co-EIF-1L). Radioactively labeled [14C]Co-EIF-1 was prepared by reductive alkylation using [14C]formaldehyde and borohydride. [14C]Methyl-Co-EIF-1 binds specifically to EIF-1; EIF-1.[14C]Co-EIF-1 complex was analyzed by gel (Sephadex G-100) filtration. EIF-1.Co-EIF-1 complex is distinctly more stable towards heat than EIF-1 alone and the quarternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.Co-EIF-1.GTP is more resistant to aurintricarboxylic acid than the ternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.GTP. Both the quarternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.Co-EIF-1.GTP, and the ternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.GTP, are equally sensitive to Mg2+ in the presence of EIF-2 (TDF). In the presence of Co-EIF-1, the initial rate of Met-tRNAf binding to 40 S ribosomes was significantly increased.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes XXI. Purification and properties of a protein factor (Co-EIF-1) which stimulates Met-tRNAf binding to EIF-1. The peptide chain initiation factor, Co-EIF-1 has been purified to homogeneity. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the homogeneous preparation gives a single protein band corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 20,000. In the crude preparation, Co-EIF-1 exists in two molecular forms: Co-EIF-1H (Mr = 200,000) and Co-EIF-1L (Mr = 20,000). Both forms are equally active in all the reactions studied. Upon heating, the heavy form (Co-EIF-1H) is completely converted into the light form (Co-EIF-1L). Radioactively labeled [14C]Co-EIF-1 was prepared by reductive alkylation using [14C]formaldehyde and borohydride. [14C]Methyl-Co-EIF-1 binds specifically to EIF-1; EIF-1.[14C]Co-EIF-1 complex was analyzed by gel (Sephadex G-100) filtration. EIF-1.Co-EIF-1 complex is distinctly more stable towards heat than EIF-1 alone and the quarternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.Co-EIF-1.GTP is more resistant to aurintricarboxylic acid than the ternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.GTP. Both the quarternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.Co-EIF-1.GTP, and the ternary complex, Met-tRNAf.EIF-1.GTP, are equally sensitive to Mg2+ in the presence of EIF-2 (TDF). In the presence of Co-EIF-1, the initial rate of Met-tRNAf binding to 40 S ribosomes was significantly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:249315", "title": "mRNA-induced dissociation of initiation factor 2.", "content": "The GTP-dependent initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNAi) binding protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), binds mRNA, as well as Met-tRNAi with high affinity and both RNA species appear to bind to the 48,000-dalton subunit of eIF2. Binding of mRNA by eIF2 produces an alteration in its molecular  configuration resulting in dissociation of component subunits as assayed by isoelectric focusing. In contrast, GTP, GDP, or Met-tRNAi produce no subunit dissociation. Phosphorylation of the 37,000-dalton eIF2 subunit by the heme-controlled translational repressor does not alter the ability of mRNA to produce subunit dissociation of eIF2. A role for mRNA binding by eIF2 in initiation of protein synthesis or in recycling of eIF2, or both, is postulated.", "contents": "mRNA-induced dissociation of initiation factor 2. The GTP-dependent initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNAi) binding protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), binds mRNA, as well as Met-tRNAi with high affinity and both RNA species appear to bind to the 48,000-dalton subunit of eIF2. Binding of mRNA by eIF2 produces an alteration in its molecular  configuration resulting in dissociation of component subunits as assayed by isoelectric focusing. In contrast, GTP, GDP, or Met-tRNAi produce no subunit dissociation. Phosphorylation of the 37,000-dalton eIF2 subunit by the heme-controlled translational repressor does not alter the ability of mRNA to produce subunit dissociation of eIF2. A role for mRNA binding by eIF2 in initiation of protein synthesis or in recycling of eIF2, or both, is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:249332", "title": "Effect of dietary amino acids on transfer ribonucleic acid charging levels in rat liver.", "content": "In order to examine the mechanism of the effect of dietary amino acids on hepatic polysome aggregation and protein synthesis, tRNA charging levels (tRNA acylated with amino acids) were measured in the livers of rats meal-fed (trained to eat for 2 hours/day) a 15% casein diet at the high and low point of polysome aggregation, and of meal-fed and control-fed (ad libitum feeding from 1800 to 0800 hours) rats fed an isoleucine deficient diet. The charging levels of tRNAs for two of the amino acids tested, namely isoleucine and phenylalanine, did not drop with the diurnal changes that occur in polysome aggregation, whereas, the feeding of an isoleucine deficient diet resulted in a 25% decrease in the ile-tRNA charging levels. Although it is not clear how amino acid supply regulates polysome aggregation and protein synthesis, it would not appear to be mediated via a decrease in tRNA charging levels.", "contents": "Effect of dietary amino acids on transfer ribonucleic acid charging levels in rat liver. In order to examine the mechanism of the effect of dietary amino acids on hepatic polysome aggregation and protein synthesis, tRNA charging levels (tRNA acylated with amino acids) were measured in the livers of rats meal-fed (trained to eat for 2 hours/day) a 15% casein diet at the high and low point of polysome aggregation, and of meal-fed and control-fed (ad libitum feeding from 1800 to 0800 hours) rats fed an isoleucine deficient diet. The charging levels of tRNAs for two of the amino acids tested, namely isoleucine and phenylalanine, did not drop with the diurnal changes that occur in polysome aggregation, whereas, the feeding of an isoleucine deficient diet resulted in a 25% decrease in the ile-tRNA charging levels. Although it is not clear how amino acid supply regulates polysome aggregation and protein synthesis, it would not appear to be mediated via a decrease in tRNA charging levels."}
{"id": "PMID:249341", "title": "Trends in nonionizing electomagnetic radiation bioeffects research and related occupational health aspects.", "content": "The international literature (circa 1970-1977) on biological and clinical phenomena associated with exposure to microwave or radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) fields was selectively reviewed. It was concluded that the mechanisms by which EM fields exert their biological effects are becoming better understood as investigative technology and methodology improve. Concurrent with this trend, there is some recent eivdence in the West which supports traditional Soviet and some European claims that EM fields can affect nervous system function and morphology in small mammals, birds and invertebrates at power levels below those defined as thermogenic in the West. These experimental findings coupled with the pressure of public opition may eventually have a significant effect on the establishment of revised occupational exposure limits and on unique positions regarding maximum permissible exposure (MPE). At present, the exposure level established in the Soviet Union is 0.01 m W/cm2 for a work day, while the United States adheres to a level of 10 m W/cm2 averaged over 0.1 h. At the same time, however, findings from clinical studies conducted in the West do not corroborate findings from extensive clinical surveys of occupational workers collected in Russia and in some East European countries. The latter continue to report a plethora of psychophysiological dysfunctions and impairments of a reversible nature as a result of chronic exposure to EM fields of relatively low power density (e.g., less than 10 m W/cm2, and occasionally below the 1 m W/cm2 level). Neither is there any recent compelling evidence to support certain speculations that modulated EM fields can be used to remotely control human behavior. Interaction between the concerned research and development communities in the East and West has increased substantially in the 1970s. Such interaction promises to provide a medium in which differences in doctrine, experimental methodology and protocol, and the interpretation of biological and clinical phenomena may be resolved.", "contents": "Trends in nonionizing electomagnetic radiation bioeffects research and related occupational health aspects. The international literature (circa 1970-1977) on biological and clinical phenomena associated with exposure to microwave or radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) fields was selectively reviewed. It was concluded that the mechanisms by which EM fields exert their biological effects are becoming better understood as investigative technology and methodology improve. Concurrent with this trend, there is some recent eivdence in the West which supports traditional Soviet and some European claims that EM fields can affect nervous system function and morphology in small mammals, birds and invertebrates at power levels below those defined as thermogenic in the West. These experimental findings coupled with the pressure of public opition may eventually have a significant effect on the establishment of revised occupational exposure limits and on unique positions regarding maximum permissible exposure (MPE). At present, the exposure level established in the Soviet Union is 0.01 m W/cm2 for a work day, while the United States adheres to a level of 10 m W/cm2 averaged over 0.1 h. At the same time, however, findings from clinical studies conducted in the West do not corroborate findings from extensive clinical surveys of occupational workers collected in Russia and in some East European countries. The latter continue to report a plethora of psychophysiological dysfunctions and impairments of a reversible nature as a result of chronic exposure to EM fields of relatively low power density (e.g., less than 10 m W/cm2, and occasionally below the 1 m W/cm2 level). Neither is there any recent compelling evidence to support certain speculations that modulated EM fields can be used to remotely control human behavior. Interaction between the concerned research and development communities in the East and West has increased substantially in the 1970s. Such interaction promises to provide a medium in which differences in doctrine, experimental methodology and protocol, and the interpretation of biological and clinical phenomena may be resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:249342", "title": "Potentially hazardous microwave radiation source--a review.", "content": "An increasing proliferation of microwave sources and their continuously broadening scope of applications result in the necessity of an assessment of the potential radiation hazard in various situations. Recently, there has appeared quite a large number of references dealing with specific sources. This paper provides a review of various microwave radiation sources to assist in a general understanding of the basic characteristics of the sources which are pertinent to microwave radiation hazards.", "contents": "Potentially hazardous microwave radiation source--a review. An increasing proliferation of microwave sources and their continuously broadening scope of applications result in the necessity of an assessment of the potential radiation hazard in various situations. Recently, there has appeared quite a large number of references dealing with specific sources. This paper provides a review of various microwave radiation sources to assist in a general understanding of the basic characteristics of the sources which are pertinent to microwave radiation hazards."}
{"id": "PMID:249343", "title": "Bladder assessment in the postpartum patient.", "content": "Bladder assessment is a crucial function of the postpartum nurse. Information about the rationale for and the method of performing bladder assessment is meager in nursing literature as well as in other sources. The anatomical-physiological facts about the effects of pregnancy and delivery on the urinary tract are presented. Bladder distention and the methods of ascertaining it are described, along with ways to encourage voiding. The article also covers the issues of timing and volume of voidings of the postpartum patient.", "contents": "Bladder assessment in the postpartum patient. Bladder assessment is a crucial function of the postpartum nurse. Information about the rationale for and the method of performing bladder assessment is meager in nursing literature as well as in other sources. The anatomical-physiological facts about the effects of pregnancy and delivery on the urinary tract are presented. Bladder distention and the methods of ascertaining it are described, along with ways to encourage voiding. The article also covers the issues of timing and volume of voidings of the postpartum patient."}
{"id": "PMID:249345", "title": "The unwed pregnant adolescent: implications for the professional nurse.", "content": "To promote better care fo the unwed pregnant adolescent, an overview of adolescent development, feelings, and behaviors is given, followed by a generalized description of the patient herself. Then, to help enhance the care given to this patient, who needs strong support and encouragement during this crucial time, the role of the nurse if outlined.", "contents": "The unwed pregnant adolescent: implications for the professional nurse. To promote better care fo the unwed pregnant adolescent, an overview of adolescent development, feelings, and behaviors is given, followed by a generalized description of the patient herself. Then, to help enhance the care given to this patient, who needs strong support and encouragement during this crucial time, the role of the nurse if outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:249346", "title": "Contraceptive counseling for the younger adolescent woman: a suggested solution to the problem.", "content": "The younger adolescent woman seeking contraceptive counseling presents clinicians with special problems specific to her age group. These include long-term physiological considerations plus psychological and social dynamics. An individualized clinic program, with emphasis on backup contraceptive methods, is suggested as a comprehensive solution.", "contents": "Contraceptive counseling for the younger adolescent woman: a suggested solution to the problem. The younger adolescent woman seeking contraceptive counseling presents clinicians with special problems specific to her age group. These include long-term physiological considerations plus psychological and social dynamics. An individualized clinic program, with emphasis on backup contraceptive methods, is suggested as a comprehensive solution."}
{"id": "PMID:249347", "title": "Who helps? coping with the unexpected outcomes of pregnancy.", "content": "Death in our obstetric and neonatal units causes grief, not only to the families of the patient, but to the nursing and medical staff. It is a primary duty of hospital administrators and nursing leaders to assist the staff to resolve their grief processes in order that they can more effectively support the bereaved. This article explores some effective means of providing such support to staff members through self-awareness and group sessions.", "contents": "Who helps? coping with the unexpected outcomes of pregnancy. Death in our obstetric and neonatal units causes grief, not only to the families of the patient, but to the nursing and medical staff. It is a primary duty of hospital administrators and nursing leaders to assist the staff to resolve their grief processes in order that they can more effectively support the bereaved. This article explores some effective means of providing such support to staff members through self-awareness and group sessions."}
{"id": "PMID:249348", "title": "The first coital experience of one hundred women.", "content": "A retrospective survey of the first coital experience of 100 women, with emphasis on the incidence of bleeding and pain, is reported. Eleven of the women interviewed had vaginismus on pelvic examination. The article includes a discussion of the etiology and treatment of vaginismus, as well as possible applications of survey findings in teaching and counseling patients.", "contents": "The first coital experience of one hundred women. A retrospective survey of the first coital experience of 100 women, with emphasis on the incidence of bleeding and pain, is reported. Eleven of the women interviewed had vaginismus on pelvic examination. The article includes a discussion of the etiology and treatment of vaginismus, as well as possible applications of survey findings in teaching and counseling patients."}
{"id": "PMID:249349", "title": "Pain in labor: a conceptual model for intervention.", "content": "A conceptual model, based on the Grantly Dick-Read fear-tension-pain cycle concept, for intervening in pain in labor is presented. The model can serve as a guide to help break the cycle and to establish a new cycle which operates on positive, rather than negative, forces, i.e., education, purposeful activity, and supportive care, each directed toward breaking a specific segment of the cycle. The conceptual model can be used in educational settings and as a tool for determining priority of focus for nursing intervention with the labor patient.", "contents": "Pain in labor: a conceptual model for intervention. A conceptual model, based on the Grantly Dick-Read fear-tension-pain cycle concept, for intervening in pain in labor is presented. The model can serve as a guide to help break the cycle and to establish a new cycle which operates on positive, rather than negative, forces, i.e., education, purposeful activity, and supportive care, each directed toward breaking a specific segment of the cycle. The conceptual model can be used in educational settings and as a tool for determining priority of focus for nursing intervention with the labor patient."}
{"id": "PMID:249350", "title": "Group process and childbirth education: a position paper.", "content": "Each childbirth education class has a group life of its own, and the responsibility for the group functioning is shared among all members. Experimental learning derived through group functioning has the potential for being as significant as the learning of specific skills. Formulating a contract between the teacher/leader and the members of the class can help in clarifying realistic objectives and goals. The teacher/leader can assist couples to learn new behavior and to confront their own feelings about becoming patents.", "contents": "Group process and childbirth education: a position paper. Each childbirth education class has a group life of its own, and the responsibility for the group functioning is shared among all members. Experimental learning derived through group functioning has the potential for being as significant as the learning of specific skills. Formulating a contract between the teacher/leader and the members of the class can help in clarifying realistic objectives and goals. The teacher/leader can assist couples to learn new behavior and to confront their own feelings about becoming patents."}
{"id": "PMID:249351", "title": "The mammography controversy: a case for breast self-examination.", "content": "More and more nurses are held legally accountable for their practice. The mammography controversy and the directives in the NIH guidelines must be taken into account by nurses because of their implications for preventive health care and early detection of breast cancer. Mortality rates from breast cancer are high enough that the importance of regular, competent BSE by women cannot be overestimated. Nursing is in an ideal position within the health care delivery system to promote BSE. In the meantime, the answer to the question of whether to use mammography as a routine screening device for asymptomatic women under age 50 can only come from research that is designed to demonstrate the relative risks and benefits of the procedure for this age group.", "contents": "The mammography controversy: a case for breast self-examination. More and more nurses are held legally accountable for their practice. The mammography controversy and the directives in the NIH guidelines must be taken into account by nurses because of their implications for preventive health care and early detection of breast cancer. Mortality rates from breast cancer are high enough that the importance of regular, competent BSE by women cannot be overestimated. Nursing is in an ideal position within the health care delivery system to promote BSE. In the meantime, the answer to the question of whether to use mammography as a routine screening device for asymptomatic women under age 50 can only come from research that is designed to demonstrate the relative risks and benefits of the procedure for this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:249404", "title": "Resistance of staphylococci to penicillin-G and cloxacillin.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis species from patient cultures and hospital environmental samples were studied for resistance to Penicillin-G and Cloxacillin, a penicillinase resistant penicillin. Only 4--7% of the 232 Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to Penicillin-G; 40--41% were sensitive to Cloxacillin. Patient strains (57) of Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to Penicillin-G in 29% and to Cloxacillin in 53% of the cases. The incidence of sensitivity of the hospital strains (50) of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Penicillin-G was 78% and to Cloxacillin was 93%. In view of their high resistance to Cloxacillin, the strains were evaluated for sensitivity to Gentamicin, an alternate choice for antibiotic therapy. Approximately 90% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to Gentamicin while 99% of the Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were sensitive. This study indicates that differences may exist in regard to antibiotic resistance patterns in various localities and this should be evaluated.", "contents": "Resistance of staphylococci to penicillin-G and cloxacillin. Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis species from patient cultures and hospital environmental samples were studied for resistance to Penicillin-G and Cloxacillin, a penicillinase resistant penicillin. Only 4--7% of the 232 Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to Penicillin-G; 40--41% were sensitive to Cloxacillin. Patient strains (57) of Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to Penicillin-G in 29% and to Cloxacillin in 53% of the cases. The incidence of sensitivity of the hospital strains (50) of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Penicillin-G was 78% and to Cloxacillin was 93%. In view of their high resistance to Cloxacillin, the strains were evaluated for sensitivity to Gentamicin, an alternate choice for antibiotic therapy. Approximately 90% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to Gentamicin while 99% of the Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were sensitive. This study indicates that differences may exist in regard to antibiotic resistance patterns in various localities and this should be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:249540", "title": "Cutaneous groin lesions.", "content": "The groin, the lowest portion of the abdominal wall near the junction with the thigh, is the site of a disproportionately large amount of dermatologic disease. Because of its close proximity to the genitalia it is the site of numerous sexually transmitted disorders. Maceration of the skin, which can occur quite readily in this area as the result of heat, perspiration, friction, and irritation, is a second factor enabling many cutaneous diseases to begin and to fluorish. This paper discusses the major cutaneous groin disorders with particular emphasis on practical diagnostic and therapeutic features.", "contents": "Cutaneous groin lesions. The groin, the lowest portion of the abdominal wall near the junction with the thigh, is the site of a disproportionately large amount of dermatologic disease. Because of its close proximity to the genitalia it is the site of numerous sexually transmitted disorders. Maceration of the skin, which can occur quite readily in this area as the result of heat, perspiration, friction, and irritation, is a second factor enabling many cutaneous diseases to begin and to fluorish. This paper discusses the major cutaneous groin disorders with particular emphasis on practical diagnostic and therapeutic features."}
{"id": "PMID:249541", "title": "Cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is a disease of varied clinical and dermatologic manifestations. The extent and severity of the skin lesions may be of value in the diagnosis and prognosis of the systemic disease.", "contents": "Cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a disease of varied clinical and dermatologic manifestations. The extent and severity of the skin lesions may be of value in the diagnosis and prognosis of the systemic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:249542", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma: a practical approach to diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the skin, and the majority of those afflicted are elderly Caucasians with sun-damaged skin. Knowledge of the indications for and contraindications to the various treatment modalities is required in order to choose the proper treatment for each patient. Only long-term follow-up can detect recurrent or new lesions.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma: a practical approach to diagnosis and therapy. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the skin, and the majority of those afflicted are elderly Caucasians with sun-damaged skin. Knowledge of the indications for and contraindications to the various treatment modalities is required in order to choose the proper treatment for each patient. Only long-term follow-up can detect recurrent or new lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:249543", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is not an uncommon problem. It is often accompanied or preceded by actinic keratoses, arsenical keratoses, or other skin cancers. The most common cause is exposure to sunlight. This paper will deal with squamous cell cancer of the skin and actinic keratoses.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is not an uncommon problem. It is often accompanied or preceded by actinic keratoses, arsenical keratoses, or other skin cancers. The most common cause is exposure to sunlight. This paper will deal with squamous cell cancer of the skin and actinic keratoses."}
{"id": "PMID:249544", "title": "Keratoacanthoma: clinical and therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Keratoacanthoma is a rapidly growing tumor of the skin which causes concern to both the affected individual and the examining physician. In spite of its clinical and histological similarity to squamous cell carcinoma, the lesion has, as a rule, a benign course with spontaneous involution in a period of weeks to several months. Recognition of the lesion and familiarity with its biological behavior are indispensable for adequate management. The different types of tumor, complications, and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Keratoacanthoma: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Keratoacanthoma is a rapidly growing tumor of the skin which causes concern to both the affected individual and the examining physician. In spite of its clinical and histological similarity to squamous cell carcinoma, the lesion has, as a rule, a benign course with spontaneous involution in a period of weeks to several months. Recognition of the lesion and familiarity with its biological behavior are indispensable for adequate management. The different types of tumor, complications, and therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:249545", "title": "Primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: recognition, properties, and management.", "content": "The fact that malignant melanoma occurs on a readily observable organ, the skin, and behaves in a predictable biological pattern in many cases suggests that its rate of cure should be high. Yet, despite advances in recognition and management, a significant percentage of patients still succumb to their disease. More sensitive methods of early detection and more effective therapies are required to improve survival.", "contents": "Primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: recognition, properties, and management. The fact that malignant melanoma occurs on a readily observable organ, the skin, and behaves in a predictable biological pattern in many cases suggests that its rate of cure should be high. Yet, despite advances in recognition and management, a significant percentage of patients still succumb to their disease. More sensitive methods of early detection and more effective therapies are required to improve survival."}
{"id": "PMID:249623", "title": "Comparative in vivo activities of cefsulodin, sulbenicillin, and gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The in vivo activities of cefsulodin, sulbenicillin, and gentamicin were compared in mice infected intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In mice infected with sulbenicillin- and gentamicin-susceptible strains, cefsulodin was about 12 to 60 times more active than sulbenicillin and had an activity similar to gentamicin. In mice, the activity of cefsulodin was independent whether the strains were resistant to gentamicin or not, but it was considerably affected by resistance of the strains to sulbenicillin.", "contents": "Comparative in vivo activities of cefsulodin, sulbenicillin, and gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vivo activities of cefsulodin, sulbenicillin, and gentamicin were compared in mice infected intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In mice infected with sulbenicillin- and gentamicin-susceptible strains, cefsulodin was about 12 to 60 times more active than sulbenicillin and had an activity similar to gentamicin. In mice, the activity of cefsulodin was independent whether the strains were resistant to gentamicin or not, but it was considerably affected by resistance of the strains to sulbenicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:249658", "title": "Liver enzyme induction by 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) is accompanied by an increase in the specific activity of elongation factor 1.", "content": "Homogenates of liver were obtained from control rats and from rats that had received DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane]. The postmicrosomal supernatant fractions were used for the purification of elongation factor 1 by hydroxyapatite chromatography and phosphocellulose chromarography. The amount of binding factor present was essentially the same for both groups of animals, but the specific activity, as measured by the binding assay, was about twice as high in the DDT-treated preparations. After sucrose-gradient sedimentation, the difference in specific activity was found to reside in the low-molecular-weight (50000) form of elongation factor 1. The implications of an increased reactivity of elongation factor 1 during the induction of membrane enzymes are discussed.", "contents": "Liver enzyme induction by 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) is accompanied by an increase in the specific activity of elongation factor 1. Homogenates of liver were obtained from control rats and from rats that had received DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane]. The postmicrosomal supernatant fractions were used for the purification of elongation factor 1 by hydroxyapatite chromatography and phosphocellulose chromarography. The amount of binding factor present was essentially the same for both groups of animals, but the specific activity, as measured by the binding assay, was about twice as high in the DDT-treated preparations. After sucrose-gradient sedimentation, the difference in specific activity was found to reside in the low-molecular-weight (50000) form of elongation factor 1. The implications of an increased reactivity of elongation factor 1 during the induction of membrane enzymes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:249680", "title": "The rationale for a ban on detergent phosphate in the Great Lakes Basin.", "content": "Immediate reduction of phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes is essential to slow accelerated eutrophication. The Great Lakes National Program Office of the US Environmental Protection Agency now advocates adoption of bans on detergent phosphates as the most practical and feasible means of immediately reducing the phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes. This change in policy from previous reliance on removal by sewage treatment has been adopted for the following reasons: (1) Bans on phosphates will reduce capital and operating costs of treatment and, were adopted, have met with consumer acceptance. (2) In practice, treatment plants have not met design expectations for phosphate removal. (3) Neither nitrilotriacetic acid nor other substitutes for phosphates have proved to be a public health problem. (4) Reduction of phosphorus loadings to treatment plants avoids increasing levels of chlorides and total dissolved solids in effluents. (5) Water quality has improved in small lakes with phosphorus reduction. In summary, detergent phosphate bans alone will not reduce phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes sufficiently for the long term but the Environmental Protection Agency has concluded that such action is necessary in addition to continued efforts to control non-point sources.", "contents": "The rationale for a ban on detergent phosphate in the Great Lakes Basin. Immediate reduction of phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes is essential to slow accelerated eutrophication. The Great Lakes National Program Office of the US Environmental Protection Agency now advocates adoption of bans on detergent phosphates as the most practical and feasible means of immediately reducing the phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes. This change in policy from previous reliance on removal by sewage treatment has been adopted for the following reasons: (1) Bans on phosphates will reduce capital and operating costs of treatment and, were adopted, have met with consumer acceptance. (2) In practice, treatment plants have not met design expectations for phosphate removal. (3) Neither nitrilotriacetic acid nor other substitutes for phosphates have proved to be a public health problem. (4) Reduction of phosphorus loadings to treatment plants avoids increasing levels of chlorides and total dissolved solids in effluents. (5) Water quality has improved in small lakes with phosphorus reduction. In summary, detergent phosphate bans alone will not reduce phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes sufficiently for the long term but the Environmental Protection Agency has concluded that such action is necessary in addition to continued efforts to control non-point sources."}
{"id": "PMID:249681", "title": "Can the availability of phosphorus be critical for mankind?", "content": "The biological cycle of phosphorus differs from that of other bulk elements in so far that the complete cycle has a long half-life. The cycle is described and man's inputs are analysed. The immediate problems are the inputs to the environment of phosphate through fertilizers and detergents, but the long-term problem is the availability of workable sources of phosphate.", "contents": "Can the availability of phosphorus be critical for mankind? The biological cycle of phosphorus differs from that of other bulk elements in so far that the complete cycle has a long half-life. The cycle is described and man's inputs are analysed. The immediate problems are the inputs to the environment of phosphate through fertilizers and detergents, but the long-term problem is the availability of workable sources of phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:249678", "title": "Balance sheet for phosphorus in the UK.", "content": "A balance sheet for the inputs, uses and outputs of phosphorus in the UK economy has been drawn up. The major import is fertilizer, amounting to about 200 kt P per year. After fertilizers, the other imports (in kt P) are in animal feeds (63), detergents (38) and human food (14). The major outputs are sewage (50), animal excreta (26) and refuse (21); soil losses are about 20 kt. The flowpaths for phosphorus through humans, animals and plants are described. The discrepancy of about 210 kt P/yr is explained by the fact that the amount of phosphorus in the soil increases each year by almost as much as the amount of fertilizer phosphorus added. In view of UK dependence on this imported resource it is suggested that priority is given to work which might eventually have some practical application in preventing or reversing the immobilization of phosphorus in the soil.", "contents": "Balance sheet for phosphorus in the UK. A balance sheet for the inputs, uses and outputs of phosphorus in the UK economy has been drawn up. The major import is fertilizer, amounting to about 200 kt P per year. After fertilizers, the other imports (in kt P) are in animal feeds (63), detergents (38) and human food (14). The major outputs are sewage (50), animal excreta (26) and refuse (21); soil losses are about 20 kt. The flowpaths for phosphorus through humans, animals and plants are described. The discrepancy of about 210 kt P/yr is explained by the fact that the amount of phosphorus in the soil increases each year by almost as much as the amount of fertilizer phosphorus added. In view of UK dependence on this imported resource it is suggested that priority is given to work which might eventually have some practical application in preventing or reversing the immobilization of phosphorus in the soil."}
{"id": "PMID:249679", "title": "The use of phosphate in detergents and possible replacements for phosphate.", "content": "About 5% of the total phosphate mined worldwide is used in detergents. The chemical form in which phosphate is used in detergents is predominantly pentasodium triphosphate (PSTP). The most significant feature for the use of PSTP in detergents is its ability to form soluble and strong complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. This provides a strong synergism with regard to detergency when PSTP is used in combination with synthetic surfactants. Other important features of PSTP are its ability to disperse dirt in the washing solution, its weak alkalinity, its crystalline form when dry (which enables production of crisp powders) and, last but not least, its toxicological acceptability. The development of PSTP for use in detergents has a history of over 25 years. In certain areas of highly developed countries where effluents from major centres of population can reach stagnant surface waters a rapid increase of eutrophication of these surface waters is observed. Phosphates are being recognized as one of the essential nutrients contributing to the eutrophication and detergents are one of the many sources of phosphate discharged to the environment. This is now causing demands for reduction in or even banning of the use of phosphates in detergents. Major reserach projects and some practical approaches to meeting these demands are described. The potential environmental impact of removing phosphate from detergents remains, however, doubtful, as it has been demonstrated in Sweden that phosphate removal by sewage treatment is the most effective measure to control phosphate discharges. This makes the case of phosphates in detergents an example of how science and technology can become entangled with politics.", "contents": "The use of phosphate in detergents and possible replacements for phosphate. About 5% of the total phosphate mined worldwide is used in detergents. The chemical form in which phosphate is used in detergents is predominantly pentasodium triphosphate (PSTP). The most significant feature for the use of PSTP in detergents is its ability to form soluble and strong complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. This provides a strong synergism with regard to detergency when PSTP is used in combination with synthetic surfactants. Other important features of PSTP are its ability to disperse dirt in the washing solution, its weak alkalinity, its crystalline form when dry (which enables production of crisp powders) and, last but not least, its toxicological acceptability. The development of PSTP for use in detergents has a history of over 25 years. In certain areas of highly developed countries where effluents from major centres of population can reach stagnant surface waters a rapid increase of eutrophication of these surface waters is observed. Phosphates are being recognized as one of the essential nutrients contributing to the eutrophication and detergents are one of the many sources of phosphate discharged to the environment. This is now causing demands for reduction in or even banning of the use of phosphates in detergents. Major reserach projects and some practical approaches to meeting these demands are described. The potential environmental impact of removing phosphate from detergents remains, however, doubtful, as it has been demonstrated in Sweden that phosphate removal by sewage treatment is the most effective measure to control phosphate discharges. This makes the case of phosphates in detergents an example of how science and technology can become entangled with politics."}
{"id": "PMID:249712", "title": "[ECG changes in psychiatric patients under long-term therapy with psychopharmaca (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the scope of an epidemiologic study on risk factors and coronary heart diseases, 1726 mentally ill, aged 40-69, under permanent hospitalization were examined electrocardiographically. There were few pronounced indications of a relationship between pathological ECG findings and psychopharmaca. ECG changes were rarest among patients treated exclusively with non-tricyclic drugs, and most often among those patients who received tricyclics and non-tricyclics simultaneously. Statistically ascertained, however, was only the connection with lesser pathological changes in the rest and load ECG's (T-flattening). In this connection, these disturbances appeared more often among women. A reciprocal effect between sex and the influence of psychopharmaca appeared on the ECG. Contrary to males, females under treatment with tricyclica or with several psychopharmaca simultaneously showed more ECG changes than those treated without medication.", "contents": "[ECG changes in psychiatric patients under long-term therapy with psychopharmaca (author's transl)]. Within the scope of an epidemiologic study on risk factors and coronary heart diseases, 1726 mentally ill, aged 40-69, under permanent hospitalization were examined electrocardiographically. There were few pronounced indications of a relationship between pathological ECG findings and psychopharmaca. ECG changes were rarest among patients treated exclusively with non-tricyclic drugs, and most often among those patients who received tricyclics and non-tricyclics simultaneously. Statistically ascertained, however, was only the connection with lesser pathological changes in the rest and load ECG's (T-flattening). In this connection, these disturbances appeared more often among women. A reciprocal effect between sex and the influence of psychopharmaca appeared on the ECG. Contrary to males, females under treatment with tricyclica or with several psychopharmaca simultaneously showed more ECG changes than those treated without medication."}
{"id": "PMID:249735", "title": "The rights of nurses.", "content": "The rights of nurses are those of all individuals in society. This paper examines some of the fundamental issues underlying the 'rights of nurses' in the context of the declaration of a belief in the inalienable rights of all members of society.", "contents": "The rights of nurses. The rights of nurses are those of all individuals in society. This paper examines some of the fundamental issues underlying the 'rights of nurses' in the context of the declaration of a belief in the inalienable rights of all members of society."}
{"id": "PMID:249736", "title": "Attitudes and beliefs versus study results: exemplified by attrition in a school of nursing in Israel during 1968-1974.", "content": "Head nurses and faculty members have their own beliefs on and attitudes towards the process of selecting candidates to schools of nursing. Many times these are based on impressions and/or everyday experiences that might have a crucial influence on perception of the issue. These impressions are not always verified when a study is conducted. This article reports on some of the issues and findings regarding attrition in one school for registered nurses in Israel during the years 1968-1974. It also describes what head nurses and faculty members thought to be valid criteria in the selection process, though findings revealed that things are not always as they are believed to be. For example, psychological tester recommendations were thought to be crucial in selecting candidates and preventing attrition, but no significant correlation was found between the recommendations and attrition. Head nurses thought that the main reason for attrition was dissatisfaction, although this was not found to be a stated reason. This belief of the head nurses should evidently be investigated. Findings support the author's belief that local studies are important and that faculty members and head nurses should communicate on the issue of student nurse selection and education.", "contents": "Attitudes and beliefs versus study results: exemplified by attrition in a school of nursing in Israel during 1968-1974. Head nurses and faculty members have their own beliefs on and attitudes towards the process of selecting candidates to schools of nursing. Many times these are based on impressions and/or everyday experiences that might have a crucial influence on perception of the issue. These impressions are not always verified when a study is conducted. This article reports on some of the issues and findings regarding attrition in one school for registered nurses in Israel during the years 1968-1974. It also describes what head nurses and faculty members thought to be valid criteria in the selection process, though findings revealed that things are not always as they are believed to be. For example, psychological tester recommendations were thought to be crucial in selecting candidates and preventing attrition, but no significant correlation was found between the recommendations and attrition. Head nurses thought that the main reason for attrition was dissatisfaction, although this was not found to be a stated reason. This belief of the head nurses should evidently be investigated. Findings support the author's belief that local studies are important and that faculty members and head nurses should communicate on the issue of student nurse selection and education."}
{"id": "PMID:249737", "title": "Effect of hospitalization on weight of psychiatric patients.", "content": "The hypothesis that patients hospitalized for long periods and receiving psychotrophic drugs increase in weight is tested, and it was discovered that women patients were somewhat heavier than their 'standard' weights. This, however, was not due to hospitalization or drug effects. Contrary to expectation, the ratio of observed/'standard' weight frequently observed in affective disorder patients, we discovered puzzling higher mean ratios in men with this illness. This paper shows that small research projects can be carried out by nurses who are actively involved in patient care. It also demonstrates that small scale investigations, replicating locally some other research, testing its validity in a different setting are eminently worthwhile.", "contents": "Effect of hospitalization on weight of psychiatric patients. The hypothesis that patients hospitalized for long periods and receiving psychotrophic drugs increase in weight is tested, and it was discovered that women patients were somewhat heavier than their 'standard' weights. This, however, was not due to hospitalization or drug effects. Contrary to expectation, the ratio of observed/'standard' weight frequently observed in affective disorder patients, we discovered puzzling higher mean ratios in men with this illness. This paper shows that small research projects can be carried out by nurses who are actively involved in patient care. It also demonstrates that small scale investigations, replicating locally some other research, testing its validity in a different setting are eminently worthwhile."}
{"id": "PMID:249793", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Combined therapy with vancomycin and rifampin.", "content": "Two children with persistent bacteremia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus failed to respond to vancomycin therapy, even though serum levels greatly exceeded the inhibitory concentrations. The Staphylococcus from one patient was resistant to methicillin; the other patient had a penicillin hypersensitivity. There was a wide disparity between the minimum inhibitory and the minimum bactericidal concentrations of vancomycin. Striking clinical and laboratory evidence of improvement was demonstrated with the addition of rifampin therapy.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Combined therapy with vancomycin and rifampin. Two children with persistent bacteremia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus failed to respond to vancomycin therapy, even though serum levels greatly exceeded the inhibitory concentrations. The Staphylococcus from one patient was resistant to methicillin; the other patient had a penicillin hypersensitivity. There was a wide disparity between the minimum inhibitory and the minimum bactericidal concentrations of vancomycin. Striking clinical and laboratory evidence of improvement was demonstrated with the addition of rifampin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:249945", "title": "Women with cured breast cancer a study of mastectomy patients in North Carolina.", "content": "A study of 49 postmastectomy patients in North Carolina, four years following the surgery, revealed that the women did not feel they had been prepared for their postoperative experiences; were not, in general, familiar with Reach to Recovery as a supportive organization, nor perceived it as such; only occasionally examined their remaining breast; and had a number of persisting physical complications. The extent of physical disability was found to be related to the quality of life inasmuch as women with a high number of physical symptoms were much more likely to have a higher number of symptoms of depression than women with fewer complications. Social supports mediated the effects of surgical complications on mental outlook, but only up to a point. Sexual adaptation was found to be associated with the quality of the marital-sexual relationship and its importance to the woman.", "contents": "Women with cured breast cancer a study of mastectomy patients in North Carolina. A study of 49 postmastectomy patients in North Carolina, four years following the surgery, revealed that the women did not feel they had been prepared for their postoperative experiences; were not, in general, familiar with Reach to Recovery as a supportive organization, nor perceived it as such; only occasionally examined their remaining breast; and had a number of persisting physical complications. The extent of physical disability was found to be related to the quality of life inasmuch as women with a high number of physical symptoms were much more likely to have a higher number of symptoms of depression than women with fewer complications. Social supports mediated the effects of surgical complications on mental outlook, but only up to a point. Sexual adaptation was found to be associated with the quality of the marital-sexual relationship and its importance to the woman."}
{"id": "PMID:249946", "title": "Personality profile of pediatric nurse practitioners associated with role change.", "content": "In a study of personality needs conducive to desired role change for nurse practitioners, 125 nursing students in a four-month pediatric nurse practitioner training program at Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, were given the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule before and after the course. Students in the program were found to have needs associated with the assertiveness and flexibility required by the new role. Before and after training they were low in need for order, endurance, abasement, and deference and high in need for autonomy and aggression. During training, the need for order, endurance, and abasement decreased further. Inconsistent with this interpretation was the finding that students were actually lower in dominance and higher in succorance after training. The decrease in dominance may be related to the program's special emphasis on counseling; the high succorance at the end of the program may have resulted from the transitional state associated with leaving the program.", "contents": "Personality profile of pediatric nurse practitioners associated with role change. In a study of personality needs conducive to desired role change for nurse practitioners, 125 nursing students in a four-month pediatric nurse practitioner training program at Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, were given the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule before and after the course. Students in the program were found to have needs associated with the assertiveness and flexibility required by the new role. Before and after training they were low in need for order, endurance, abasement, and deference and high in need for autonomy and aggression. During training, the need for order, endurance, and abasement decreased further. Inconsistent with this interpretation was the finding that students were actually lower in dominance and higher in succorance after training. The decrease in dominance may be related to the program's special emphasis on counseling; the high succorance at the end of the program may have resulted from the transitional state associated with leaving the program."}
{"id": "PMID:249947", "title": "Baccalaureate nursing students' identification with the women's movement.", "content": "To determine if nursing and nonnursing students changed their attitudes about themselves and the \"typical nurse\" in relation to feminist movement goals, results of 291 questionnaires were studied. A significant difference was found in the view of self and typical nurse for female nursing students, the nurses showing more feminist leanings as they progressed in school. Male nurses, nonnurses, and females in typical and atypical female majors rated themselves lower than female nurses on the feminist scale.", "contents": "Baccalaureate nursing students' identification with the women's movement. To determine if nursing and nonnursing students changed their attitudes about themselves and the \"typical nurse\" in relation to feminist movement goals, results of 291 questionnaires were studied. A significant difference was found in the view of self and typical nurse for female nursing students, the nurses showing more feminist leanings as they progressed in school. Male nurses, nonnurses, and females in typical and atypical female majors rated themselves lower than female nurses on the feminist scale."}
{"id": "PMID:249948", "title": "Relationship between loss of auditory and visual acuity and social disengagement in an aged population.", "content": "When 122 residents, aged 58 to 95 years, of two public-high-rise dwellings were interviewed on the Social Lifespace Measure, Perceived Lifespace Measure, Role Count Measure, and Total Disengagement Index and given vision and auditory tests, no relationships were found among the variables. There were no relationships between the variables and age and sex. Implications for nursing are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between loss of auditory and visual acuity and social disengagement in an aged population. When 122 residents, aged 58 to 95 years, of two public-high-rise dwellings were interviewed on the Social Lifespace Measure, Perceived Lifespace Measure, Role Count Measure, and Total Disengagement Index and given vision and auditory tests, no relationships were found among the variables. There were no relationships between the variables and age and sex. Implications for nursing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:249949", "title": "Masculinity and femininity in nursing.", "content": "The concept of the \"ideal nurse\" was rated by 186 undergraduate and graduate nursing students on the 24-item Personal Attributes Questionnaire. PAQ contains independent subscales that measure masculinity and femininity as well as a bipolar subscale in which masculinity and femininity represent opposite endpoints on a single continuum. The ideal nurse was rated as being highly masculine, highly feminine, and midway between masculine and feminine endpoints on the bipolar subscale. Compared to undergraduate females, graduate and male nursing students rated the ideal nurse as being more masculine. Implications of these findings in the field of nursing are discussed.", "contents": "Masculinity and femininity in nursing. The concept of the \"ideal nurse\" was rated by 186 undergraduate and graduate nursing students on the 24-item Personal Attributes Questionnaire. PAQ contains independent subscales that measure masculinity and femininity as well as a bipolar subscale in which masculinity and femininity represent opposite endpoints on a single continuum. The ideal nurse was rated as being highly masculine, highly feminine, and midway between masculine and feminine endpoints on the bipolar subscale. Compared to undergraduate females, graduate and male nursing students rated the ideal nurse as being more masculine. Implications of these findings in the field of nursing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:249950", "title": "A methodologic framework to study nurse-patient communication.", "content": "Communicative interaction patterns among nurses and patients in a complex hospital setting were examined, using the methodologic framework, synchronology. Extensive videotaped time-series data of patient-health care personnel interactions, involving four patients admitted for elective surgery, were collected approximately 16 hours a day from admission to discharge and computerized in both mnemonic word form and numeric files. These interactional data were instrumental in the methodologic development. Communicative interaction is conceptualized as a dynamic, ongoing behavior process which can be studied by identifying the observed effects of presenting behaviors on the participants. The process is complex, contex-related, and multivariate in nature. Synchronology provides a structure for in-context description and analysis of the complex verbal and nonverbal interaction patterns, preservation of multivariate data, and identification of key concepts in human interaction which are of use in education, practice, and research.", "contents": "A methodologic framework to study nurse-patient communication. Communicative interaction patterns among nurses and patients in a complex hospital setting were examined, using the methodologic framework, synchronology. Extensive videotaped time-series data of patient-health care personnel interactions, involving four patients admitted for elective surgery, were collected approximately 16 hours a day from admission to discharge and computerized in both mnemonic word form and numeric files. These interactional data were instrumental in the methodologic development. Communicative interaction is conceptualized as a dynamic, ongoing behavior process which can be studied by identifying the observed effects of presenting behaviors on the participants. The process is complex, contex-related, and multivariate in nature. Synchronology provides a structure for in-context description and analysis of the complex verbal and nonverbal interaction patterns, preservation of multivariate data, and identification of key concepts in human interaction which are of use in education, practice, and research."}
{"id": "PMID:249951", "title": "Generalized expectancy, situational perception, and morale among institutionalized aged.", "content": "This article was based on a larger study which sought to identify selected personality and situational variables that contribute to high morale of the institutionalized elderly. The relationship of generalized expectancy of control and perceived situational control to morale of the institutionalized aged was examined within a framework developed for the study. Locus of control, self-report, trust, self-rated health, and the Revised Philadelphia Geriatric Morale scales as well as a situational control of daily activities (SCDA) interview schedule were administered individually to 30 residents, aged 65 to 96, in four skilled nursing facilities. Congruence between internal orientation and self-determined SCDA resulted in higher morale than incongruence; however, congruence between external orientation and other-determined situations resulted in lower morale than incongruence.", "contents": "Generalized expectancy, situational perception, and morale among institutionalized aged. This article was based on a larger study which sought to identify selected personality and situational variables that contribute to high morale of the institutionalized elderly. The relationship of generalized expectancy of control and perceived situational control to morale of the institutionalized aged was examined within a framework developed for the study. Locus of control, self-report, trust, self-rated health, and the Revised Philadelphia Geriatric Morale scales as well as a situational control of daily activities (SCDA) interview schedule were administered individually to 30 residents, aged 65 to 96, in four skilled nursing facilities. Congruence between internal orientation and self-determined SCDA resulted in higher morale than incongruence; however, congruence between external orientation and other-determined situations resulted in lower morale than incongruence."}
{"id": "PMID:249953", "title": "Registration and voting participation of four faculty groups.", "content": "This study compared registration and voting behavior of nursing faculty, male medical school faculty, female education school faculty, female music school faculty, and the general population of the voting area in the 1972 general election and all 1974 elections. The faculty groups voted in higher proportions than the general population. Nursing faculty registered at a higher rate than the other three faculty groups; nursing faculty voted more than music and education faculty and less or at the same rate as medical school faculty. The male medical faculty registered less frequently than the female faculty, but generally voted in larger percentages. The medical faculty were found to be more consistent voters. The fact that nursing faculty were largely of lower rank and younger age than the other three faculty groups was suggested as a factor in their lower voting consistency.", "contents": "Registration and voting participation of four faculty groups. This study compared registration and voting behavior of nursing faculty, male medical school faculty, female education school faculty, female music school faculty, and the general population of the voting area in the 1972 general election and all 1974 elections. The faculty groups voted in higher proportions than the general population. Nursing faculty registered at a higher rate than the other three faculty groups; nursing faculty voted more than music and education faculty and less or at the same rate as medical school faculty. The male medical faculty registered less frequently than the female faculty, but generally voted in larger percentages. The medical faculty were found to be more consistent voters. The fact that nursing faculty were largely of lower rank and younger age than the other three faculty groups was suggested as a factor in their lower voting consistency."}
{"id": "PMID:250012", "title": "The Swan-Ganz catheter: a review.", "content": "Right heart catheterization, first reported in 1905, is now used for bedside assessment and management of the critically ill patient. A Swan-Ganz catheter and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring are the tools employed. In spite of the complications cited, the occurrence of hazard to the patient is infrequent. The catheter is particularly valuable in the hemodynamic evaluation of cardiac function. Right and left heart pump performance can be assessed by pressure measurements. The ability of the left heart to provide an adequate cardiac output can be numerically calculated, and its adequacy at a cellular level can be evaluated by determining arterial-venous oxygen saturation difference. One of the more important and newest uses of the Swan-Ganz catheter is the preventive function it plays in anesthesia administration. Implications of the Swan-Ganz catheter for nursing practice are: (1) explanation and support to patient and family; (2) technical understanding and knowledge of set-up; (3) care and maintenance of the catheter after insertion; (4) the understanding of physiologic principles underlying the use of the catheter; and, most important, (5) ability to correlate clinical observations and physiologic changes occurring in the patient with pressure measurements.", "contents": "The Swan-Ganz catheter: a review. Right heart catheterization, first reported in 1905, is now used for bedside assessment and management of the critically ill patient. A Swan-Ganz catheter and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring are the tools employed. In spite of the complications cited, the occurrence of hazard to the patient is infrequent. The catheter is particularly valuable in the hemodynamic evaluation of cardiac function. Right and left heart pump performance can be assessed by pressure measurements. The ability of the left heart to provide an adequate cardiac output can be numerically calculated, and its adequacy at a cellular level can be evaluated by determining arterial-venous oxygen saturation difference. One of the more important and newest uses of the Swan-Ganz catheter is the preventive function it plays in anesthesia administration. Implications of the Swan-Ganz catheter for nursing practice are: (1) explanation and support to patient and family; (2) technical understanding and knowledge of set-up; (3) care and maintenance of the catheter after insertion; (4) the understanding of physiologic principles underlying the use of the catheter; and, most important, (5) ability to correlate clinical observations and physiologic changes occurring in the patient with pressure measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:250013", "title": "Temporary cardiac pacing: causes, recognition, and management of failure to pace.", "content": "Proper management of temporary cardiac pacing is based on the knowledge of the system's vulnerable points and the practice of preventive maintenance measures. This article has described emergency measures for and systematic analysis of pacing failure keyed by the presence or absence of pacing spikes, as well as the correction of such failures. The authors have addressed only one aspect of pacing failure, however. The reader is also encouraged to become familiar with sensing failure and the complications of insertion of pacing catheters.", "contents": "Temporary cardiac pacing: causes, recognition, and management of failure to pace. Proper management of temporary cardiac pacing is based on the knowledge of the system's vulnerable points and the practice of preventive maintenance measures. This article has described emergency measures for and systematic analysis of pacing failure keyed by the presence or absence of pacing spikes, as well as the correction of such failures. The authors have addressed only one aspect of pacing failure, however. The reader is also encouraged to become familiar with sensing failure and the complications of insertion of pacing catheters."}
{"id": "PMID:250014", "title": "Monitoring cardiovascular status with noninvasive techniques.", "content": "Useful information regarding a patient's cardiovascular status can be gained through noninvasive monitoring techniques. Health assessment skills developed over a period of time by the nursing practitioner will aid in identifying problems, planning care, and understanding the total patient profile more comprehensively.", "contents": "Monitoring cardiovascular status with noninvasive techniques. Useful information regarding a patient's cardiovascular status can be gained through noninvasive monitoring techniques. Health assessment skills developed over a period of time by the nursing practitioner will aid in identifying problems, planning care, and understanding the total patient profile more comprehensively."}
{"id": "PMID:250015", "title": "Twenty-four hours ambulatory monitoring: a new electrocardiographic tool.", "content": "In summary, this author has been able to assist in alerting the physician to the critical findings of his patients' cardiac analyses so that immediate medical intervention could be initiated. The implications for such a tool are far-reaching. Heart disease is still America's number one killer, but with devices such as this one, advances are being made to undermine its life-threatening effects.", "contents": "Twenty-four hours ambulatory monitoring: a new electrocardiographic tool. In summary, this author has been able to assist in alerting the physician to the critical findings of his patients' cardiac analyses so that immediate medical intervention could be initiated. The implications for such a tool are far-reaching. Heart disease is still America's number one killer, but with devices such as this one, advances are being made to undermine its life-threatening effects."}
{"id": "PMID:250016", "title": "Nursing interventions with obese cardiac patients.", "content": "There is much conflicting data and many opinions regarding the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease. The best information shows that there is a relationship between multiple factors and cardiac problems. Nurses need to assist patient populations to assess their learning needs and should present material regarding multiple risk according to those needs. Classification of patient status as primary, secondary, or tertiary can assist in this process. Nurses need to help fill the void in proven data in this area by conducting longitudinal research into multiple risk factors and a variety of interventions.", "contents": "Nursing interventions with obese cardiac patients. There is much conflicting data and many opinions regarding the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease. The best information shows that there is a relationship between multiple factors and cardiac problems. Nurses need to assist patient populations to assess their learning needs and should present material regarding multiple risk according to those needs. Classification of patient status as primary, secondary, or tertiary can assist in this process. Nurses need to help fill the void in proven data in this area by conducting longitudinal research into multiple risk factors and a variety of interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:250017", "title": "A coronary teaching program in a community hospital.", "content": "In conclusion, the teaching program we developed appears to meet the needs originally established by the audit. Nurses are provided with a method of assessment, evaluation, and documentation. The program also provides a means of teaching continuity while following a structured time schedule that allows for recognition and satisfaction of individual patient needs. The patient teaching record provides the final tool as a reference and ongoing source of evaluation.", "contents": "A coronary teaching program in a community hospital. In conclusion, the teaching program we developed appears to meet the needs originally established by the audit. Nurses are provided with a method of assessment, evaluation, and documentation. The program also provides a means of teaching continuity while following a structured time schedule that allows for recognition and satisfaction of individual patient needs. The patient teaching record provides the final tool as a reference and ongoing source of evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:250020", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping: concepts and patient care.", "content": "Definite indications for intra-aortic balloon support include cardiogenic shock (with or without complicating mechanical defects) following acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris refractory to medical therapy, and left ventricular failure following cardiopulmonary bypass. Balloon effectiveness is based upon diastolic augmentation and reduction of left ventricular pressures and work load, as well as an increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure. The highly skilled nursing management required by the patient with balloon assist is based upon the nursing process principles of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, combined with a thorough knowledge of cardiovascular and other integral systems and balloon function and physiology.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping: concepts and patient care. Definite indications for intra-aortic balloon support include cardiogenic shock (with or without complicating mechanical defects) following acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris refractory to medical therapy, and left ventricular failure following cardiopulmonary bypass. Balloon effectiveness is based upon diastolic augmentation and reduction of left ventricular pressures and work load, as well as an increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure. The highly skilled nursing management required by the patient with balloon assist is based upon the nursing process principles of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation, combined with a thorough knowledge of cardiovascular and other integral systems and balloon function and physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:250021", "title": "Chest trauma.", "content": "For any patient with obvious or suspected chest trauma, one must first assure an adequate airway and adequate ventilation. One should never hesitate to administer oxygen to a victim with a chest injury. The nurse should be concerned with adequate circulation--this may mean the administration of intravenous fluids, specifically volume expanders, via large-bore cannulae. Any obvious open chest wound should be sealed, and any fractures should be splinted. These patients should be rapidly transported to the nearest Emergency Department capable of handling this type of injury. The majority of patients who arrive in the Emergency Department following blunt or penetrating trauma should be considered to be in critical condition until proven otherwise. On presentation, it is essential to recognize those signs, symptoms, and laboratory values that identify the patient's condition as life-threatening. Simple recognition of these signs and symptoms and early appropriate intervention may alter an otherwise fatal outcome.", "contents": "Chest trauma. For any patient with obvious or suspected chest trauma, one must first assure an adequate airway and adequate ventilation. One should never hesitate to administer oxygen to a victim with a chest injury. The nurse should be concerned with adequate circulation--this may mean the administration of intravenous fluids, specifically volume expanders, via large-bore cannulae. Any obvious open chest wound should be sealed, and any fractures should be splinted. These patients should be rapidly transported to the nearest Emergency Department capable of handling this type of injury. The majority of patients who arrive in the Emergency Department following blunt or penetrating trauma should be considered to be in critical condition until proven otherwise. On presentation, it is essential to recognize those signs, symptoms, and laboratory values that identify the patient's condition as life-threatening. Simple recognition of these signs and symptoms and early appropriate intervention may alter an otherwise fatal outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:250022", "title": "Aphasia: providing better nursing care.", "content": "The ability to communicate affects the total person and penetrates nearly every aspects of living. To best assist those persons experiencing language loss, the nurse needs to gain basic knowledge about the types of aphasia and about techniques to guide these persons in regaining communication skills that promote self-care. For the aphasic, relearning each small step in communication is a triumph. It is hoped that we can aid these individuals in experiencing many triumphs.", "contents": "Aphasia: providing better nursing care. The ability to communicate affects the total person and penetrates nearly every aspects of living. To best assist those persons experiencing language loss, the nurse needs to gain basic knowledge about the types of aphasia and about techniques to guide these persons in regaining communication skills that promote self-care. For the aphasic, relearning each small step in communication is a triumph. It is hoped that we can aid these individuals in experiencing many triumphs."}
{"id": "PMID:250110", "title": "Pituitary stalk-section and some of its effects on endocrine function in the fetal lamb.", "content": "A detailed description is given of a method to section the pituitary stalk of the fetal lamb after 105 days gestational age. The approach to the stalk is made through a window in the frontal bone. In order to prevent regeneration of the hypothalamo-pituitary connections a silicone plate is introduced through the probe used to fracture the stalk. The surgical outcome and viability of 11 pituitary stalk sectioned fetuses is described over periods of up to 23 days. The presence of pituitary infarction following stalk section was related to damage of the anterior hypophysial vesssels if the probe was deviated from the mid-line at any time in its course. The effect of this procedure on fetal plasma T4 and PRL concentrations and the initiation of premature labour by the continuous infusion of cortisol into the fetus is described.", "contents": "Pituitary stalk-section and some of its effects on endocrine function in the fetal lamb. A detailed description is given of a method to section the pituitary stalk of the fetal lamb after 105 days gestational age. The approach to the stalk is made through a window in the frontal bone. In order to prevent regeneration of the hypothalamo-pituitary connections a silicone plate is introduced through the probe used to fracture the stalk. The surgical outcome and viability of 11 pituitary stalk sectioned fetuses is described over periods of up to 23 days. The presence of pituitary infarction following stalk section was related to damage of the anterior hypophysial vesssels if the probe was deviated from the mid-line at any time in its course. The effect of this procedure on fetal plasma T4 and PRL concentrations and the initiation of premature labour by the continuous infusion of cortisol into the fetus is described."}
{"id": "PMID:250111", "title": "Mechanism of hypothalamic control of cardiac component of sinus nerve reflex.", "content": "The modulatory influence of hypothalamic structures on sinus nerve induced bradycardia was investigated in anaesthetized cats. Stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area inhibits the bradycardia produced by sinus nerve stimulation both in intact animals and also in animals with the spinal cord sectioned at C1 or C6. This inhibition was accompanied in the normal animal by an increased sympathetic discharge and by a sustained inspiration or tachypnoea. The same respiratory effects were noted in a spontaneously breathing C6 spinal animal, while an artificially ventilated C1 spinal animal still displayed a powerful central inspiratory drive in its recurrent laryngeal electroneurogram. The presence of central inspiratory activity was found to be an absolute impediment to the development of bradycardia. If this activity was eliminated by simultaneous stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve, it was possible to obtain bradycardia during combined sinus nerve and hypothalamic defence area stimulation, though this bradycardia was modified by the presence of sympathetic discharge. The level of sympathetic neural discharge affects the magnitude of the bradycardia produced by sinus nerve stimulation. The bradycardia was less with normal or augmented level of sympathetic activity and was greater if this activity was reduced or absent. A lesion just caudal to the mammillary bodies disclosed a tonic hypothalamic influence both on respiration and on sympathetic discharge; stimulation of the sinus nerve produced a much more powerful bradycardia after the lesion. The existence of a respiratory \"gate\" through which afferent stimuli pass on their way to the nucleus ambiguus, and which can be operated by the hypothalamic defence and depressor areas, is postulated and discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of hypothalamic control of cardiac component of sinus nerve reflex. The modulatory influence of hypothalamic structures on sinus nerve induced bradycardia was investigated in anaesthetized cats. Stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area inhibits the bradycardia produced by sinus nerve stimulation both in intact animals and also in animals with the spinal cord sectioned at C1 or C6. This inhibition was accompanied in the normal animal by an increased sympathetic discharge and by a sustained inspiration or tachypnoea. The same respiratory effects were noted in a spontaneously breathing C6 spinal animal, while an artificially ventilated C1 spinal animal still displayed a powerful central inspiratory drive in its recurrent laryngeal electroneurogram. The presence of central inspiratory activity was found to be an absolute impediment to the development of bradycardia. If this activity was eliminated by simultaneous stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve, it was possible to obtain bradycardia during combined sinus nerve and hypothalamic defence area stimulation, though this bradycardia was modified by the presence of sympathetic discharge. The level of sympathetic neural discharge affects the magnitude of the bradycardia produced by sinus nerve stimulation. The bradycardia was less with normal or augmented level of sympathetic activity and was greater if this activity was reduced or absent. A lesion just caudal to the mammillary bodies disclosed a tonic hypothalamic influence both on respiration and on sympathetic discharge; stimulation of the sinus nerve produced a much more powerful bradycardia after the lesion. The existence of a respiratory \"gate\" through which afferent stimuli pass on their way to the nucleus ambiguus, and which can be operated by the hypothalamic defence and depressor areas, is postulated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:250112", "title": "Effects of bile salts on the motor activity of the guinea-pig gall-bladder in vitro.", "content": "Intra-luminal pressures were measured in in vitro preparations of the guinea-pig gall bladder. Intrinsic tone and spontaneous activity were recorded together with the response of the gall-bladder to Pancreozymin. The effect of the presence of a variety of conjugated and unconjugated bile salts in the luminal fluid [pH 7.4] was studied. Sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate had in inhibitory effect on motor activity at concentrations as low as 6.0 times 10(-6) mol. 1(-1) Sodium taurocholate at a concentration of 3 times 10(-3) mol. 1(-1) promoted regular spontaneous activity. The results are discussed in relation to their possible physiological, pathological and pharmacological implications.", "contents": "Effects of bile salts on the motor activity of the guinea-pig gall-bladder in vitro. Intra-luminal pressures were measured in in vitro preparations of the guinea-pig gall bladder. Intrinsic tone and spontaneous activity were recorded together with the response of the gall-bladder to Pancreozymin. The effect of the presence of a variety of conjugated and unconjugated bile salts in the luminal fluid [pH 7.4] was studied. Sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate had in inhibitory effect on motor activity at concentrations as low as 6.0 times 10(-6) mol. 1(-1) Sodium taurocholate at a concentration of 3 times 10(-3) mol. 1(-1) promoted regular spontaneous activity. The results are discussed in relation to their possible physiological, pathological and pharmacological implications."}
{"id": "PMID:250113", "title": "Cardiac output during submaximal exercise in New Guineans: the relation with body size and habitat.", "content": "Cardiac performance in moderate bicycle exercise has been measured in five groups of New Guineans (N = 161). Men and women in both coastal and highland (2000 m) locations were studied, as well as a group of highland men after migration to the coast. The results have all been standardized to an oxygen consumption of 1 1.min(-1). Cardiac output values are similar to those previously quoted for Europeans; a significant positive correlation with body size is found, and resident highlanders appear to have slightly larger cardiac outputs (+4%) and larger stroke volumes (+10%) after adjustment for body size, but this is not because they have larger hearts. The highland migrants at sea-level share none of the 'altitude' characteristics of the highland residents and, after size-adjustment, correspond with the lowlanders. The cardiac frequencies of the lowland women are higher than the other groups (+15 beats.min(-1)) after adjustment for differences in body size. Their values are close to those found previously for moderately active Europeans, while all the other New Guinean subjects have lower cardiac frequencies probably because of their greater habitual activity.", "contents": "Cardiac output during submaximal exercise in New Guineans: the relation with body size and habitat. Cardiac performance in moderate bicycle exercise has been measured in five groups of New Guineans (N = 161). Men and women in both coastal and highland (2000 m) locations were studied, as well as a group of highland men after migration to the coast. The results have all been standardized to an oxygen consumption of 1 1.min(-1). Cardiac output values are similar to those previously quoted for Europeans; a significant positive correlation with body size is found, and resident highlanders appear to have slightly larger cardiac outputs (+4%) and larger stroke volumes (+10%) after adjustment for body size, but this is not because they have larger hearts. The highland migrants at sea-level share none of the 'altitude' characteristics of the highland residents and, after size-adjustment, correspond with the lowlanders. The cardiac frequencies of the lowland women are higher than the other groups (+15 beats.min(-1)) after adjustment for differences in body size. Their values are close to those found previously for moderately active Europeans, while all the other New Guinean subjects have lower cardiac frequencies probably because of their greater habitual activity."}
{"id": "PMID:250463", "title": "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of benzamidomethyl-benzylpenicillinate (FI7303). A new 'repository' form.", "content": "A new type of hydrolyzable ester of penicillin G, benzamidomethyl benzylpenicillinate (FI 7303), was studied for the antibacterial activity and kinetics of absorption in comparison with DBED-penicillin G. FI 7303 resulted to be a good repository form of penicillin G, slowly eliminated in mouse, dog and man. It exerted a remarkable therapeutic activity in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus even when administered 26 h before infection. The protective effect in mice was more prolonged than that of DBED-penicillin G, in agreement with the longer persistence of significant blood levels.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of benzamidomethyl-benzylpenicillinate (FI7303). A new 'repository' form. A new type of hydrolyzable ester of penicillin G, benzamidomethyl benzylpenicillinate (FI 7303), was studied for the antibacterial activity and kinetics of absorption in comparison with DBED-penicillin G. FI 7303 resulted to be a good repository form of penicillin G, slowly eliminated in mouse, dog and man. It exerted a remarkable therapeutic activity in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus even when administered 26 h before infection. The protective effect in mice was more prolonged than that of DBED-penicillin G, in agreement with the longer persistence of significant blood levels."}
{"id": "PMID:250499", "title": "Metabolism of glycosides by Pseudomonas maltophilia.", "content": "A study of the abilities of 23 strains of Pseudomonas maltophilia to hydrolyze synthetically-prepared and naturally-occurring glycosides is presented. Direct detection of liberated aglycones was used to determine hydrolysis of the five most-commonly-used glycosides (amygdalin, arbutin, esculin, ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactoside), and salicin). The capabilities of the strain for acid production from 17 glycoside substrates were also determined using a medium designed to minimize the production of acid-neutralizing end-products from peptones.", "contents": "Metabolism of glycosides by Pseudomonas maltophilia. A study of the abilities of 23 strains of Pseudomonas maltophilia to hydrolyze synthetically-prepared and naturally-occurring glycosides is presented. Direct detection of liberated aglycones was used to determine hydrolysis of the five most-commonly-used glycosides (amygdalin, arbutin, esculin, ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactoside), and salicin). The capabilities of the strain for acid production from 17 glycoside substrates were also determined using a medium designed to minimize the production of acid-neutralizing end-products from peptones."}
{"id": "PMID:250503", "title": "Ventricular tachycardia-flutter associated with disopyramide therapy: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients developed episodes of ventricular tachycardia and/or flutter-fibrillation while receiving disopyramide (Norpace). Syncope was the presenting complaint in all of them. The arrhythmias did not recur after disopyramide was discontinued. The Q-T interval was markedly prolonged in all three patients. One patient developed syncope associated with both quinidine and Norpace therapy. It is postulated that disopyramide, like quinidine, may provoke ventricular flutter-fibrillation in sensitive patients by similar mechanisms.", "contents": "Ventricular tachycardia-flutter associated with disopyramide therapy: a report of three cases. Three patients developed episodes of ventricular tachycardia and/or flutter-fibrillation while receiving disopyramide (Norpace). Syncope was the presenting complaint in all of them. The arrhythmias did not recur after disopyramide was discontinued. The Q-T interval was markedly prolonged in all three patients. One patient developed syncope associated with both quinidine and Norpace therapy. It is postulated that disopyramide, like quinidine, may provoke ventricular flutter-fibrillation in sensitive patients by similar mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:250505", "title": "Unilateral vascular plethora--a sign in advanced unilateral basal bronchiectasis.", "content": "Unilateral basal bronchiectasis results in a regional high vascular pressure and the flow of blood is thereby diverted to the uninvolved portion of the lung through bronchopulmonary anastomoses. Unilateral plethora of the upper lobe vessels in significant basal bronchiectasis of the same lung constitutes an important additional sign in the recognition of bronchiectasis on the plain chest radiograph. Attention is drawn to the fact that this will not occur if the adjacent lung is compromised by a related or unrelated disease process.", "contents": "Unilateral vascular plethora--a sign in advanced unilateral basal bronchiectasis. Unilateral basal bronchiectasis results in a regional high vascular pressure and the flow of blood is thereby diverted to the uninvolved portion of the lung through bronchopulmonary anastomoses. Unilateral plethora of the upper lobe vessels in significant basal bronchiectasis of the same lung constitutes an important additional sign in the recognition of bronchiectasis on the plain chest radiograph. Attention is drawn to the fact that this will not occur if the adjacent lung is compromised by a related or unrelated disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:250510", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome mimicking myocardial infarction: unmasking by means of rapid atrial pacing.", "content": "A patient is presented who had Q waves in Leads II, III, and aVF suggestive of inferior myocardial infarction. Despite a normal P-R interval, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was suspected because of an abnormal delta wave-type QRS configuration. By means of rapid atrial pacing the accessory pathway was blocked, and the QRS complex was temporarily normalized. The abnormal Q waves disappeared, removing the suspicion of infarction. Rapid atrial pacing is a simple procedure that is recommended for clarifying the electrocardiographic diagnosis when WPW syndrome is suspected.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome mimicking myocardial infarction: unmasking by means of rapid atrial pacing. A patient is presented who had Q waves in Leads II, III, and aVF suggestive of inferior myocardial infarction. Despite a normal P-R interval, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was suspected because of an abnormal delta wave-type QRS configuration. By means of rapid atrial pacing the accessory pathway was blocked, and the QRS complex was temporarily normalized. The abnormal Q waves disappeared, removing the suspicion of infarction. Rapid atrial pacing is a simple procedure that is recommended for clarifying the electrocardiographic diagnosis when WPW syndrome is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:250513", "title": "Cardiac rehabilitation in the coronary care unit. Part II.", "content": "The rehabilitation of the complicated-MI patient in the CCU should consist of early use of the bedside chair and progressive activity with the level and rate of advancement determined by frequent assessment of the clinical state. Patient education is an important part of the rehabilitation program, especially in the patient with complicated MI.", "contents": "Cardiac rehabilitation in the coronary care unit. Part II. The rehabilitation of the complicated-MI patient in the CCU should consist of early use of the bedside chair and progressive activity with the level and rate of advancement determined by frequent assessment of the clinical state. Patient education is an important part of the rehabilitation program, especially in the patient with complicated MI."}
{"id": "PMID:250579", "title": "Laetrile--an overview.", "content": "The original theory in the 1920s on the mode of action of Laetrile is described along with the research that followed in light of this theory. For over 40 years, studies were conducted, using test animals, in an attempt to substantiate the theory. All of these studies have shown Laetrile does not preferentially kill cancer cells. In spite of these studies, the misconception persists that Laetrile prevents and cures cancer. The legal and socioeconomic implications of Laetrile are examined and the role of health education in combating this problem is explored.", "contents": "Laetrile--an overview. The original theory in the 1920s on the mode of action of Laetrile is described along with the research that followed in light of this theory. For over 40 years, studies were conducted, using test animals, in an attempt to substantiate the theory. All of these studies have shown Laetrile does not preferentially kill cancer cells. In spite of these studies, the misconception persists that Laetrile prevents and cures cancer. The legal and socioeconomic implications of Laetrile are examined and the role of health education in combating this problem is explored."}
{"id": "PMID:250581", "title": "The relevance of health education to health activation and self-care.", "content": "Contemporary medical care is a valuable but incomplete approach to health. The individual is coming to be recognized by many providers and consumers of health care alike as the primary health care resource, and individual behaviors and lifestyles are now recognized as the principle determinants of health. A new trend toward health activation is emerging which emphasizes self-care and self-help. This movement is transforming the traditionally passive patient into an active, informed and effective participant in health care and health promotion. The recent interest in programs designed to enhance self-care skills is extremely relevant to health education in the schools and the community. The prime justification of health education has traditionally been one of promoting individual responsibility for generating and maintaining health. Integration of health education concepts may have an overall effect of enhancing health in the United States.", "contents": "The relevance of health education to health activation and self-care. Contemporary medical care is a valuable but incomplete approach to health. The individual is coming to be recognized by many providers and consumers of health care alike as the primary health care resource, and individual behaviors and lifestyles are now recognized as the principle determinants of health. A new trend toward health activation is emerging which emphasizes self-care and self-help. This movement is transforming the traditionally passive patient into an active, informed and effective participant in health care and health promotion. The recent interest in programs designed to enhance self-care skills is extremely relevant to health education in the schools and the community. The prime justification of health education has traditionally been one of promoting individual responsibility for generating and maintaining health. Integration of health education concepts may have an overall effect of enhancing health in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:250582", "title": "Parental attendance at a school dental program: its impact upon the dental behavior of the children.", "content": "The Okanagan dental health team invited parents of kindergarten children to attend an educational and brush-in session of the school dental program. This included actively participating in the brush-in. In four school districts, data were compiled comparing children whose parents attending with children whose parents did not. Behavioral variables compared included dental visits, routine oral hygiene, and the use of fluoride paste and rinse at the sessions. Dental exams both a priori and a posteriori allowed an assessment of the dentition and gingival tissue of both groups. Results showed a significantly greater improvement in both the dental behavior and dental health of the children whose parents attended the session. These results give valid evidence to the advantage of involving parents in a school based dental program.", "contents": "Parental attendance at a school dental program: its impact upon the dental behavior of the children. The Okanagan dental health team invited parents of kindergarten children to attend an educational and brush-in session of the school dental program. This included actively participating in the brush-in. In four school districts, data were compiled comparing children whose parents attending with children whose parents did not. Behavioral variables compared included dental visits, routine oral hygiene, and the use of fluoride paste and rinse at the sessions. Dental exams both a priori and a posteriori allowed an assessment of the dentition and gingival tissue of both groups. Results showed a significantly greater improvement in both the dental behavior and dental health of the children whose parents attended the session. These results give valid evidence to the advantage of involving parents in a school based dental program."}
{"id": "PMID:250583", "title": "An evaluation model for school health services.", "content": "The following article represents a summary of a study conducted during the 1976-77 school year in Virginia. The investigation was an attempt to describe some characteristics of school health services around the Commonwealth. The study also provided an opportunity to implement an evaluation model designed specifically for the Virginia situation, but its flexibility allows for modification in order to meet the evaluation needs of other school populations.", "contents": "An evaluation model for school health services. The following article represents a summary of a study conducted during the 1976-77 school year in Virginia. The investigation was an attempt to describe some characteristics of school health services around the Commonwealth. The study also provided an opportunity to implement an evaluation model designed specifically for the Virginia situation, but its flexibility allows for modification in order to meet the evaluation needs of other school populations."}
{"id": "PMID:250652", "title": "Persuasion and coercion for health: ethical issues in government efforts to change life-styles.", "content": "What should be government's role in promoting the kinds of personal behavior that lead to long life and good health! Mild measures of education and exhortation may be ineffective; imposition of stronger coercive actions may be unacceptable. Philosophical and social principles involved are complex, and threats to freedom can be averted through an understanding of moral justification for any intrusion.", "contents": "Persuasion and coercion for health: ethical issues in government efforts to change life-styles. What should be government's role in promoting the kinds of personal behavior that lead to long life and good health! Mild measures of education and exhortation may be ineffective; imposition of stronger coercive actions may be unacceptable. Philosophical and social principles involved are complex, and threats to freedom can be averted through an understanding of moral justification for any intrusion."}
{"id": "PMID:251069", "title": "Single and combination antibiotic therapy of Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis: emergence of gentamicin-resistant mutants.", "content": "The efficacy of nafcillin and gentamicin used alone and in combination at doses giving serum concentrations comparable to those achieved in patients was studied in rabbits with experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. The organism used was a penicillinase-producing, methicillin-susceptible, clinical isolate. The addition of gentamicin to nafcillin significantly increased the rate of killing of organisms in valvular vegetations, compared to the effect of nafcillin alone. Gentamicin alone delayed mortality but was not effective in reducing the bacterial populations of the vegetations. Bacteremia persisted in the animals treated with gentamicin alone, in contrast to the groups treated with nafcillin or the combination. Selection of a subpopulation of aminoglycoside-resistant small-colony variants occurred in animals treated with gentamicin alone. This variant was subsequently employed in the rabbit model and produced endocarditis, metastatic infection, and bacteremia comparable to those caused by the parent strain. Animals with infection produced by the variant died later than animals infected by the parent strain. Nafcillin was equally effective in reducing the population of both parent and variant strains in vitro and in therapy of the infected animals. Population studies showed the variant to be a mutant emerging at a rate of 1.9 x 10(-7). It was shown to differ from the parent strain in coagulase and hemolysin production, colonial morphology, and aminoglycoside susceptibility, but was similar by light and electron microscopy and in phage type, pigmentation of colonies, deoxyribonuclease production, mannitol fermentation, and growth rate.", "contents": "Single and combination antibiotic therapy of Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis: emergence of gentamicin-resistant mutants. The efficacy of nafcillin and gentamicin used alone and in combination at doses giving serum concentrations comparable to those achieved in patients was studied in rabbits with experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. The organism used was a penicillinase-producing, methicillin-susceptible, clinical isolate. The addition of gentamicin to nafcillin significantly increased the rate of killing of organisms in valvular vegetations, compared to the effect of nafcillin alone. Gentamicin alone delayed mortality but was not effective in reducing the bacterial populations of the vegetations. Bacteremia persisted in the animals treated with gentamicin alone, in contrast to the groups treated with nafcillin or the combination. Selection of a subpopulation of aminoglycoside-resistant small-colony variants occurred in animals treated with gentamicin alone. This variant was subsequently employed in the rabbit model and produced endocarditis, metastatic infection, and bacteremia comparable to those caused by the parent strain. Animals with infection produced by the variant died later than animals infected by the parent strain. Nafcillin was equally effective in reducing the population of both parent and variant strains in vitro and in therapy of the infected animals. Population studies showed the variant to be a mutant emerging at a rate of 1.9 x 10(-7). It was shown to differ from the parent strain in coagulase and hemolysin production, colonial morphology, and aminoglycoside susceptibility, but was similar by light and electron microscopy and in phage type, pigmentation of colonies, deoxyribonuclease production, mannitol fermentation, and growth rate."}
{"id": "PMID:251085", "title": "Upper extremity total joint replacement.", "content": "Current techniques of total joint replacement surgically correct badly destroyed joints by the insertion of plastic and metal components, which are secured to the skeleton by methylmethacrylate cement. This approach began in England in 1962 and in the United States in 1967. Recent development in the field of upper extremity joint replacement allow implementation of refined total shoulder, elbow, and wrist prostheses. Although less experience has been gained with these prostheses than with total hip and knee replacements, preliminary results are encouraging.", "contents": "Upper extremity total joint replacement. Current techniques of total joint replacement surgically correct badly destroyed joints by the insertion of plastic and metal components, which are secured to the skeleton by methylmethacrylate cement. This approach began in England in 1962 and in the United States in 1967. Recent development in the field of upper extremity joint replacement allow implementation of refined total shoulder, elbow, and wrist prostheses. Although less experience has been gained with these prostheses than with total hip and knee replacements, preliminary results are encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:251131", "title": "The role of guanine nucleotides in the interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA and elongation factor 1 of Artemia salina.", "content": "The low-molecular-weight form of elongation factor 1 (EF-1L) of the cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and [3H]phenylalanyl-tRNA are able to form a stable complex which can be isolated on a Sephacryl S200 column. The formation of this complex is inhibited by increasing concentrations of magnesium acetate and KCl. Furthermore, the formation of this complex is independent of the presence of guanine nucleotides. Complex formation between EF-1L and phenylalanyl-tRNA appears to be specific, since acylation of the tRNA is a necessity for this interaction. Although EF-1L alone binds GDP somewhat more strongly than GTP, the complex between EF-1L and phenylalanyl-tRNA binds GTP exclusively. Our results support the idea that complex formation between EF-1L and aminoacyl-tRNA precedes the enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the 80-S ribosome. Subsequently to this binding, release of EF-1L from the ribosome occurs.", "contents": "The role of guanine nucleotides in the interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA and elongation factor 1 of Artemia salina. The low-molecular-weight form of elongation factor 1 (EF-1L) of the cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia salina and [3H]phenylalanyl-tRNA are able to form a stable complex which can be isolated on a Sephacryl S200 column. The formation of this complex is inhibited by increasing concentrations of magnesium acetate and KCl. Furthermore, the formation of this complex is independent of the presence of guanine nucleotides. Complex formation between EF-1L and phenylalanyl-tRNA appears to be specific, since acylation of the tRNA is a necessity for this interaction. Although EF-1L alone binds GDP somewhat more strongly than GTP, the complex between EF-1L and phenylalanyl-tRNA binds GTP exclusively. Our results support the idea that complex formation between EF-1L and aminoacyl-tRNA precedes the enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the 80-S ribosome. Subsequently to this binding, release of EF-1L from the ribosome occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:251144", "title": "[Anti-smoking therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a comprehensive survey of the different anti-smoking therapies indicating the difficulty of comparing one method to another. It points out the minimum standard to be set for anti-smoking therapies. Reference is also made to advantages and disadvantages of the different kinds of treatment. The account of anti-smoking therapies includes hypnosis, aversion therapies, anti-smoking clinics, medical treatment, polyeclectrical and other methods of therapy. Detailed description is especially to be found of the behavior therapy. Eleven different techniques of the multimodal behavior treatment are presented. Finally consideration is given to the need of anti-smoking therapies, prevention from smoking as well as prophylaxis against relapse.", "contents": "[Anti-smoking therapy (author's transl)]. This is a comprehensive survey of the different anti-smoking therapies indicating the difficulty of comparing one method to another. It points out the minimum standard to be set for anti-smoking therapies. Reference is also made to advantages and disadvantages of the different kinds of treatment. The account of anti-smoking therapies includes hypnosis, aversion therapies, anti-smoking clinics, medical treatment, polyeclectrical and other methods of therapy. Detailed description is especially to be found of the behavior therapy. Eleven different techniques of the multimodal behavior treatment are presented. Finally consideration is given to the need of anti-smoking therapies, prevention from smoking as well as prophylaxis against relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:251145", "title": "[The influence of German speaking psychiatrists and neurologists in Northamerica and England (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of German speaking psychiatrists has been quite remarkable in many countries. The German-Swiss Adolf Meyer placed the emphasis of his \"psychobiological\" school on psychodynamics a fact which opened the way for psychoanalysis. Those who had been invited to the Cnited States prior to 1933 like Franz Alexander and Sandor Rado, were followed by a great number of immigrants mostly from Vienna and Berlin. Representatives of nonanalytical psychiatry were the genetic psychiatrist Franz Kallmann and pioneers of somatic treatments like Sakel and Meduna. Prominent among neurologists coming from Germany to the United States were Kurt Goldstein, Hauptmann, Hans Strauss and Wartenberg. In England Mayer-Gross and Erich Guttmann exerted great influence. It seems that especially in Psychiatry the effort of so many representatives of our specialty in other countries has helped to promote international exchanges which formerly were missing.", "contents": "[The influence of German speaking psychiatrists and neurologists in Northamerica and England (author's transl)]. The influence of German speaking psychiatrists has been quite remarkable in many countries. The German-Swiss Adolf Meyer placed the emphasis of his \"psychobiological\" school on psychodynamics a fact which opened the way for psychoanalysis. Those who had been invited to the Cnited States prior to 1933 like Franz Alexander and Sandor Rado, were followed by a great number of immigrants mostly from Vienna and Berlin. Representatives of nonanalytical psychiatry were the genetic psychiatrist Franz Kallmann and pioneers of somatic treatments like Sakel and Meduna. Prominent among neurologists coming from Germany to the United States were Kurt Goldstein, Hauptmann, Hans Strauss and Wartenberg. In England Mayer-Gross and Erich Guttmann exerted great influence. It seems that especially in Psychiatry the effort of so many representatives of our specialty in other countries has helped to promote international exchanges which formerly were missing."}
{"id": "PMID:251167", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, type A.", "content": "A young individual who developed ventricular fibrillation following atrial fibrillation in the WPW syndrome is presented. The precise cardiac rhythm diagnosis is extremely important for proper management. When the QRS morphology is bizarre and the ventricular rate is very fast (200 to 300 b.p.m.) in atrial fibrillation, the WPW syndrome should be considered as the underlying disorder. Digitalis should be avoided in this circumstance because anomalous conduction may be accelerated by the drug, leading to deterioration of the clinical picture and even death. When an antiarrhythmic drug is to be used, intravenous lidocaine is the drug of choice. For the prophylactic measure, oral quinidine or procainamide is equally effective for atrial fibrillation with anomalous conduction in the WPW syndrome.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, type A. A young individual who developed ventricular fibrillation following atrial fibrillation in the WPW syndrome is presented. The precise cardiac rhythm diagnosis is extremely important for proper management. When the QRS morphology is bizarre and the ventricular rate is very fast (200 to 300 b.p.m.) in atrial fibrillation, the WPW syndrome should be considered as the underlying disorder. Digitalis should be avoided in this circumstance because anomalous conduction may be accelerated by the drug, leading to deterioration of the clinical picture and even death. When an antiarrhythmic drug is to be used, intravenous lidocaine is the drug of choice. For the prophylactic measure, oral quinidine or procainamide is equally effective for atrial fibrillation with anomalous conduction in the WPW syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:251169", "title": "Sexual activity in exercising patients after myocardial infarction and revascularization.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effects of exercise training on coital habits after myocardial infarction and revascularization, questionnaires were mailed to 130 patients enrolled in a gymnasium exercise program. Of 87 (67%) responding, 68 had experienced myocardial infarction and 19 had undergone myocardial revascularization. The postinfarction group significantly decreased their frequency of coitus after infarction by 28%; the revascularization group, however, decreased activity by only 10%. The myocardial infarction group waited 9.4 weeks after infarction to resume sexual intercourse, while the revascularization group waited a mean of only 5.7 weeks. These data suggest that physically trained post-myocardial infarction patients decrease frequency of coitus significantly more than physically trained patients with myocardial revascularization. The overall decrease, however, is notably less than that reported in nontrained post-myocardial infarction patients and suggests a \"bedroom benefit\" of medically supervised exercise in selected patients after infarction or revascularization.", "contents": "Sexual activity in exercising patients after myocardial infarction and revascularization. In order to evaluate the effects of exercise training on coital habits after myocardial infarction and revascularization, questionnaires were mailed to 130 patients enrolled in a gymnasium exercise program. Of 87 (67%) responding, 68 had experienced myocardial infarction and 19 had undergone myocardial revascularization. The postinfarction group significantly decreased their frequency of coitus after infarction by 28%; the revascularization group, however, decreased activity by only 10%. The myocardial infarction group waited 9.4 weeks after infarction to resume sexual intercourse, while the revascularization group waited a mean of only 5.7 weeks. These data suggest that physically trained post-myocardial infarction patients decrease frequency of coitus significantly more than physically trained patients with myocardial revascularization. The overall decrease, however, is notably less than that reported in nontrained post-myocardial infarction patients and suggests a \"bedroom benefit\" of medically supervised exercise in selected patients after infarction or revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:251173", "title": "Exercise stress testing in the patient with coronary artery disease. Part I.", "content": "Treadmill cardiac stress tests have a number of well known, identifiable criteria for positivity. One that is less known and thus often not appreciated, is the appearance of an inverted U wave in the left chest leads at the peak of exercise. This, even as an isolated finding, indicates a positive test. Of clinical significance is that this electrocardiographic response to a stress test is associated with an isolated lesion of the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "contents": "Exercise stress testing in the patient with coronary artery disease. Part I. Treadmill cardiac stress tests have a number of well known, identifiable criteria for positivity. One that is less known and thus often not appreciated, is the appearance of an inverted U wave in the left chest leads at the peak of exercise. This, even as an isolated finding, indicates a positive test. Of clinical significance is that this electrocardiographic response to a stress test is associated with an isolated lesion of the left anterior descending coronary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:251202", "title": "A review of microwave oven safety.", "content": "The microwave leakage from current microwave ovens, which are manufactured to meet government emission standards, is reviewed. Typical leakage values imply exposure values well below the most conservative exposure standards in the world. A review of recent developments discloses increasingly stringent government regulation along with advances in techniques for suppression of microwave leakage. The nature of the leakage field is described and studies relating emission to exposure are reviewed. Field survey data are reviewed and it is found that the overwhelming majority of certified ovens in the field show leakage well below permissible limits with an increasing degree of certainty as time goes on. The conclusion is that microwave ovens are not only just as safe as they were in 1973 but they are being accepted as safe under essentially equivalent emission regulations in various countries including those in Eastern Europe.", "contents": "A review of microwave oven safety. The microwave leakage from current microwave ovens, which are manufactured to meet government emission standards, is reviewed. Typical leakage values imply exposure values well below the most conservative exposure standards in the world. A review of recent developments discloses increasingly stringent government regulation along with advances in techniques for suppression of microwave leakage. The nature of the leakage field is described and studies relating emission to exposure are reviewed. Field survey data are reviewed and it is found that the overwhelming majority of certified ovens in the field show leakage well below permissible limits with an increasing degree of certainty as time goes on. The conclusion is that microwave ovens are not only just as safe as they were in 1973 but they are being accepted as safe under essentially equivalent emission regulations in various countries including those in Eastern Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:251230", "title": "Effects of dietary choline and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol on lung phospholipid and surfactant of newborn rats.", "content": "Pups delivered by rats fed during pregnancy a choline-deficient (CD) diet containing 1% N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DME) die within 36 hr of birth. The concentrations of sphingomyelins, phosphatidyl cholines, and disaturated phosphatidyl cholines in the lungs of these pups are lower than those in the lungs of pups delivered by dams fed a choline-supplemented diet (CS). The amount of surfactant isolated from the lung of the pups was also reduced. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the activity of enzymes (choline kinase, EC 2.7.1.32; choline phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.2) involved in the synthesis of lung lecithins. These results strongly suggest that pups delivered by dams fed a CD diet containg 1% DME die of respiratory distress syndrome due to altered metabolism of lung surfactant.", "contents": "Effects of dietary choline and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol on lung phospholipid and surfactant of newborn rats. Pups delivered by rats fed during pregnancy a choline-deficient (CD) diet containing 1% N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DME) die within 36 hr of birth. The concentrations of sphingomyelins, phosphatidyl cholines, and disaturated phosphatidyl cholines in the lungs of these pups are lower than those in the lungs of pups delivered by dams fed a choline-supplemented diet (CS). The amount of surfactant isolated from the lung of the pups was also reduced. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the activity of enzymes (choline kinase, EC 2.7.1.32; choline phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.2) involved in the synthesis of lung lecithins. These results strongly suggest that pups delivered by dams fed a CD diet containg 1% DME die of respiratory distress syndrome due to altered metabolism of lung surfactant."}
{"id": "PMID:251245", "title": "Nursing care of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy.", "content": "As part of a research effort directed at identifying specific nursing activities related to the subsequent health status of the patient, this study explored relationships between selected nursing activities and patient outcomes for the oncology patient who was receiving chemotherapy. The study was correlational in design and descriptive in nature. Included in the study were 57 subjects from oncology and/or medical units in public and private nonprofit general hospitals. Human subjects' clearance was obtained for the study in each participating hospital. Data were collected primarily by means of patient and nurse responses to self-administered questionnaires. In the initial phase of data analysis, zero-order correlations were obtained for each pair of nursing activity and patient outcome variables. In addition, to identify relative contributions of different nursing activities to the health status of patients, regression analyses were performed in selected situations. The content and the quality of the explanation of the treatment and care regime were observed to be correlated positively with the patient's self-esteem. The quality of the explanation was observed to be positively related to the patient's knowledge base. Involving the patient in his care plan and giving him control over the activities of the day were positively correlated with importance of having things explained to him.", "contents": "Nursing care of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. As part of a research effort directed at identifying specific nursing activities related to the subsequent health status of the patient, this study explored relationships between selected nursing activities and patient outcomes for the oncology patient who was receiving chemotherapy. The study was correlational in design and descriptive in nature. Included in the study were 57 subjects from oncology and/or medical units in public and private nonprofit general hospitals. Human subjects' clearance was obtained for the study in each participating hospital. Data were collected primarily by means of patient and nurse responses to self-administered questionnaires. In the initial phase of data analysis, zero-order correlations were obtained for each pair of nursing activity and patient outcome variables. In addition, to identify relative contributions of different nursing activities to the health status of patients, regression analyses were performed in selected situations. The content and the quality of the explanation of the treatment and care regime were observed to be correlated positively with the patient's self-esteem. The quality of the explanation was observed to be positively related to the patient's knowledge base. Involving the patient in his care plan and giving him control over the activities of the day were positively correlated with importance of having things explained to him."}
{"id": "PMID:251246", "title": "Evaluating the performance of nurses: a multidimensional approach.", "content": "This article describes the development--including content, structure, validity, and reliability--of the Six-dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D Scale), which consists of a series of 52 nurse behaviors grouped into six performance subscales: leadership (5 items), critical care (7 items), teaching/collaboration (11 items), planning/evaluation (7 items), interpersonal relations/communications (12 items), and professional development (10 items). The scale may be used to obtain self-appraisals of performance, employer appraisals of performance, or perceived adequacy of nursing school preparation for performance. The case is made for the construct and pragmatic validity of the Six-D Scale, and all six subscales are shown to be highly reliable. The instrument was found to be suitable for performance evaluation as well as a useful research tool.", "contents": "Evaluating the performance of nurses: a multidimensional approach. This article describes the development--including content, structure, validity, and reliability--of the Six-dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D Scale), which consists of a series of 52 nurse behaviors grouped into six performance subscales: leadership (5 items), critical care (7 items), teaching/collaboration (11 items), planning/evaluation (7 items), interpersonal relations/communications (12 items), and professional development (10 items). The scale may be used to obtain self-appraisals of performance, employer appraisals of performance, or perceived adequacy of nursing school preparation for performance. The case is made for the construct and pragmatic validity of the Six-D Scale, and all six subscales are shown to be highly reliable. The instrument was found to be suitable for performance evaluation as well as a useful research tool."}
{"id": "PMID:251247", "title": "Status consistency and nurses' expectations and perceptions of role performance.", "content": "To determine if behavior of individuals at various levels within a profession may be predicted, relationship between expectations and perceptions of role performance among nurses and status consistency and status inconsistency was investigated. Two variables were selected as the best predictors in regression analysis of the scores for expectations and perceptions: type of basic nursing program from which a subject graduated and type of status consistency of the subject. Of the three variables--education, position, and income--education was the most important for determining status consistency. This study supported the conclusion that a significant relationship exists between expectations and perceptions of role behavior and status consistency.", "contents": "Status consistency and nurses' expectations and perceptions of role performance. To determine if behavior of individuals at various levels within a profession may be predicted, relationship between expectations and perceptions of role performance among nurses and status consistency and status inconsistency was investigated. Two variables were selected as the best predictors in regression analysis of the scores for expectations and perceptions: type of basic nursing program from which a subject graduated and type of status consistency of the subject. Of the three variables--education, position, and income--education was the most important for determining status consistency. This study supported the conclusion that a significant relationship exists between expectations and perceptions of role behavior and status consistency."}
{"id": "PMID:251248", "title": "Development of a research tool: Patient Indicators of Nursing Care.", "content": "A tool, Patient Indicators of Nursing Care, was designed to measure quality of nursing care, defined in this study as prevention of nursing care complications. Nursing-accountable complications are seen as the presence of negative patient care outcomes as evidenced by observable physiologic indicators. A negative outcome results when either an observed indicator which was present at admission remains evident up to seven days postadmission or an absent indicator becomes evident during this time period. PINC is a 24-item list. Th list is first administered up to 48 hours postadmission; the second administration takes place between five and seven days postadmission. Scoring of PINC is based on the idea that four important presence-absence conditions exist and that each represents a value of quality of nursing care. Split-half reliability was computed for PINC, based on a sample of 124 patients from four hospital settings. The Spearman-Brown reliability coefficient was .871. An item analysis was accomplished by computing the correlation of each item with the total score. The computed correlation of .797 was a measure of interrater agreement. Face validity was established early in the test development by having the investigators judge the items in terms of observability, availability, and credibility. Predictive validity was not explicity examined although a major difference in PINC scores was found between critical care patients and other groups.", "contents": "Development of a research tool: Patient Indicators of Nursing Care. A tool, Patient Indicators of Nursing Care, was designed to measure quality of nursing care, defined in this study as prevention of nursing care complications. Nursing-accountable complications are seen as the presence of negative patient care outcomes as evidenced by observable physiologic indicators. A negative outcome results when either an observed indicator which was present at admission remains evident up to seven days postadmission or an absent indicator becomes evident during this time period. PINC is a 24-item list. Th list is first administered up to 48 hours postadmission; the second administration takes place between five and seven days postadmission. Scoring of PINC is based on the idea that four important presence-absence conditions exist and that each represents a value of quality of nursing care. Split-half reliability was computed for PINC, based on a sample of 124 patients from four hospital settings. The Spearman-Brown reliability coefficient was .871. An item analysis was accomplished by computing the correlation of each item with the total score. The computed correlation of .797 was a measure of interrater agreement. Face validity was established early in the test development by having the investigators judge the items in terms of observability, availability, and credibility. Predictive validity was not explicity examined although a major difference in PINC scores was found between critical care patients and other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:251249", "title": "Relationship between length of time and contamination in open intravenous solutions.", "content": "This study investigated rate of contamination in simulated in-use intravenous solutions to obtain data from which to recommend a standard time period for the administration of intravenous solutions. Although the Center for Disease Control and many medical institutions have recommended that all bottles of in-use intravenous solutions be changed every 24 hours, there are no published data to support the 24-hour standard. In this study, samples were drawn from 80 bottles of Ringer's Lactate solution at predetermined time intervals over 48 hours and cultured on blood agar plates to determine rate of contamination. A low incidence of intravenous solution contamination was found at all time periods. Of 430 total samples, only 12 (2.8%) were contaminated. Results of this study did not indicate a significant relationship between time and contamination of simulated in-use intravenous solutions. Therefore, contamination that does occur within 48 hours in intravenous solutions must be introduced from some exogenous source. Further research is required to elucidate exogenous sources of contamination. In the meantime, it can be concluded, the 24-hour standard is adequate to protect against contamination that would occur solely from preparation of the intravenous solution for administration.", "contents": "Relationship between length of time and contamination in open intravenous solutions. This study investigated rate of contamination in simulated in-use intravenous solutions to obtain data from which to recommend a standard time period for the administration of intravenous solutions. Although the Center for Disease Control and many medical institutions have recommended that all bottles of in-use intravenous solutions be changed every 24 hours, there are no published data to support the 24-hour standard. In this study, samples were drawn from 80 bottles of Ringer's Lactate solution at predetermined time intervals over 48 hours and cultured on blood agar plates to determine rate of contamination. A low incidence of intravenous solution contamination was found at all time periods. Of 430 total samples, only 12 (2.8%) were contaminated. Results of this study did not indicate a significant relationship between time and contamination of simulated in-use intravenous solutions. Therefore, contamination that does occur within 48 hours in intravenous solutions must be introduced from some exogenous source. Further research is required to elucidate exogenous sources of contamination. In the meantime, it can be concluded, the 24-hour standard is adequate to protect against contamination that would occur solely from preparation of the intravenous solution for administration."}
{"id": "PMID:251320", "title": "Correlation of chest roentgenology and lung physiology.", "content": "Most disease states giving rise to pulmonary symptoms represent a composite of physiologic changes involving ventilation and perfusion. The major initial physiologic abnormality is identified for a number of problems commonly encountered.", "contents": "Correlation of chest roentgenology and lung physiology. Most disease states giving rise to pulmonary symptoms represent a composite of physiologic changes involving ventilation and perfusion. The major initial physiologic abnormality is identified for a number of problems commonly encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:251321", "title": "Preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The preoperative evaluation of patients with suspected or proven bronchogenic carcinoma is directed at establishing the diagnosis, the extent of disease, and the ability of the patient to withstand the removal of lung tissue. The diagnosis may not be established until thoracotomy, but sputum cytologies or specimens taken at the time of fiberoptic bronchoscopy may diagnose a malignant process preoperatively.", "contents": "Preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The preoperative evaluation of patients with suspected or proven bronchogenic carcinoma is directed at establishing the diagnosis, the extent of disease, and the ability of the patient to withstand the removal of lung tissue. The diagnosis may not be established until thoracotomy, but sputum cytologies or specimens taken at the time of fiberoptic bronchoscopy may diagnose a malignant process preoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:251322", "title": "Pulmonary embolism: dilemmas in diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Pulmonary embolism is unique among cardiorespiratory diseases because of its high frequency of both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. The lack of specific and consistent clinical, laboratory, roentgen, and electrocardiographic features lead to this paradox. While the lung scan may be diagnostic in selected cases, the pulmonary angiogram is the most accurate method of demonstrating emoboli short of operative or pathological examination.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism: dilemmas in diagnosis and therapy. Pulmonary embolism is unique among cardiorespiratory diseases because of its high frequency of both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. The lack of specific and consistent clinical, laboratory, roentgen, and electrocardiographic features lead to this paradox. While the lung scan may be diagnostic in selected cases, the pulmonary angiogram is the most accurate method of demonstrating emoboli short of operative or pathological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:251324", "title": "Nuclear medicine procedures in diagnosis of pulmonary diseases.", "content": "Nuclear medicine studies make it possible to identify areas within the lung where ventilation/perfusion changes have occurred, and allow precise quantification of the regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion.", "contents": "Nuclear medicine procedures in diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Nuclear medicine studies make it possible to identify areas within the lung where ventilation/perfusion changes have occurred, and allow precise quantification of the regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:251325", "title": "Aspiration pneumonia and anaerobic lung infections.", "content": "Anaerobic organisms and their role in pleuropulmonary infections have been recognized with increased frequency with advances in diagnostic techniques. Valuable clinical, microbiologic and radiologic clues exist and are extremely useful in the diagnosis and treatment of such infections.", "contents": "Aspiration pneumonia and anaerobic lung infections. Anaerobic organisms and their role in pleuropulmonary infections have been recognized with increased frequency with advances in diagnostic techniques. Valuable clinical, microbiologic and radiologic clues exist and are extremely useful in the diagnosis and treatment of such infections."}
{"id": "PMID:251326", "title": "Pulmonary infections in the compromised host.", "content": "Immunocompromised hosts are predisposed to pulmonary infection with a wide variety of pathogens. A cooperative team effort is recommended to complete, in stepwise fashion, the procedures necessary to establish the specific cause of pulmonary infiltrates in the compromised host. The diagnostic approach needs to be individualized, and will depend in part on the urgency of the clinical situation and the skills available at the institution providing treatment.", "contents": "Pulmonary infections in the compromised host. Immunocompromised hosts are predisposed to pulmonary infection with a wide variety of pathogens. A cooperative team effort is recommended to complete, in stepwise fashion, the procedures necessary to establish the specific cause of pulmonary infiltrates in the compromised host. The diagnostic approach needs to be individualized, and will depend in part on the urgency of the clinical situation and the skills available at the institution providing treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:251327", "title": "Acute respiratory failure: an approach to diagnosis and management.", "content": "Acute respiratory failure can be diagnosed using clinical judgment and simple bedside measurement of physiologic function. Respiratory support is based on the pathophysiology of the disorder. Initial therapy is directed at correcting life-threatening hypercapnia, hypoxia, and acidosis. The final outcome is positively influenced by skillful intensive care and a team approach.", "contents": "Acute respiratory failure: an approach to diagnosis and management. Acute respiratory failure can be diagnosed using clinical judgment and simple bedside measurement of physiologic function. Respiratory support is based on the pathophysiology of the disorder. Initial therapy is directed at correcting life-threatening hypercapnia, hypoxia, and acidosis. The final outcome is positively influenced by skillful intensive care and a team approach."}
{"id": "PMID:251328", "title": "Chest trauma.", "content": "Direct or secondary injury to the organs in the chest not only present the physician with a structural problem but will set up a situation where his knowledge of cardiopulmonary physiology is tested. Although major operative repair is usually not needed, procrastination and failure to meticulously treat even what appears to be a minor injury may result in rapid death or prolonged morbidity.", "contents": "Chest trauma. Direct or secondary injury to the organs in the chest not only present the physician with a structural problem but will set up a situation where his knowledge of cardiopulmonary physiology is tested. Although major operative repair is usually not needed, procrastination and failure to meticulously treat even what appears to be a minor injury may result in rapid death or prolonged morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:251348", "title": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Staphylococcus epidermidis is frequently associated with infection of prosthetic heart valves, prosthetic orthopedic devices, and neurosurgical shunts. Penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillins, such as methicillin, have been the therapeutic and prophylactic agents of choice for S epidermidis infection. However, more S epidermidis isolates are now resistant to methicillin and other penicillins. In our laboratory 41% of S epidermidis isolates were resistant to methici-lin. All of the methicillin-susceptible isolates and 82% of the methicillin-resistant isoates were susceptible to cephalothin. Cephalothin should replace methicillin as the prophylactic and therapeutic agent of choice in institutions with a high percentage of methicillin-resistant S epidermidis.", "contents": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus epidermidis is frequently associated with infection of prosthetic heart valves, prosthetic orthopedic devices, and neurosurgical shunts. Penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillins, such as methicillin, have been the therapeutic and prophylactic agents of choice for S epidermidis infection. However, more S epidermidis isolates are now resistant to methicillin and other penicillins. In our laboratory 41% of S epidermidis isolates were resistant to methici-lin. All of the methicillin-susceptible isolates and 82% of the methicillin-resistant isoates were susceptible to cephalothin. Cephalothin should replace methicillin as the prophylactic and therapeutic agent of choice in institutions with a high percentage of methicillin-resistant S epidermidis."}
{"id": "PMID:251423", "title": "New developments in antibiotics. Future clinical studies for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.", "content": "The classes of anti-infective agents and the numbers in each class that are currently available and in use in the United States are listed, and current activity with respect to discovery and development of new drugs in the most widely used categories is briefly reviewed. Fifteen major areas for future research in the therapy and control of infectious diseases are recommended, and the relative roles for industry, academic and clinical investigators, and government (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) in these areas are discussed. There are many problems requiring extensive research and financial support.", "contents": "New developments in antibiotics. Future clinical studies for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The classes of anti-infective agents and the numbers in each class that are currently available and in use in the United States are listed, and current activity with respect to discovery and development of new drugs in the most widely used categories is briefly reviewed. Fifteen major areas for future research in the therapy and control of infectious diseases are recommended, and the relative roles for industry, academic and clinical investigators, and government (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) in these areas are discussed. There are many problems requiring extensive research and financial support."}
{"id": "PMID:251500", "title": "A method for neurological evaluation within the first year of life: experience with full-term newborn infants with birth injury.", "content": "In a prospective study undertaken at Port-Royal Maternity Hospital, Paris, 1785 deliveries were studied during a 15-month period. Signs of cerebral dysfunction were observed in 57 newborn infants--mild signs in 38 infants, moderate in 17, severe in 2. There was a high incidence of abnormal labour in 28 of these 57 infants (50%) (dysfunctional labour patterns without obvious cephalopelvic disproportion, including false labour, prolonged active-phase dilatation, (prolonged descent, marked caput succedaneum). During the first year of life, 30 of the 57 infants were followed. In 14 of the 30 infants transitory abnormalities were observed. In five infants abnormalities persisted at the end of the first year. Eleven infants were normal throughout the first year. In another study the incidence of cerebral symptoms at birth was compared in full-term infants born in 1974 and those born in 1976. Thirteen infants with moderate and severe symptoms were observed out of 1578 deliveries during 1974 and five out of 1934 deliveries during 1976, the incidence of Caesarean section necessitated by acute fetal distress being the same in both groups. This decreasing percentage of complications appears to be linked with improving care, including more widespread use of fetal monitoring.", "contents": "A method for neurological evaluation within the first year of life: experience with full-term newborn infants with birth injury. In a prospective study undertaken at Port-Royal Maternity Hospital, Paris, 1785 deliveries were studied during a 15-month period. Signs of cerebral dysfunction were observed in 57 newborn infants--mild signs in 38 infants, moderate in 17, severe in 2. There was a high incidence of abnormal labour in 28 of these 57 infants (50%) (dysfunctional labour patterns without obvious cephalopelvic disproportion, including false labour, prolonged active-phase dilatation, (prolonged descent, marked caput succedaneum). During the first year of life, 30 of the 57 infants were followed. In 14 of the 30 infants transitory abnormalities were observed. In five infants abnormalities persisted at the end of the first year. Eleven infants were normal throughout the first year. In another study the incidence of cerebral symptoms at birth was compared in full-term infants born in 1974 and those born in 1976. Thirteen infants with moderate and severe symptoms were observed out of 1578 deliveries during 1974 and five out of 1934 deliveries during 1976, the incidence of Caesarean section necessitated by acute fetal distress being the same in both groups. This decreasing percentage of complications appears to be linked with improving care, including more widespread use of fetal monitoring."}
{"id": "PMID:251501", "title": "Aetiology of severe handicapping conditions in early childhood.", "content": "The hypothesis that the incidence of major childhood handicap could be significantly reduced by an increase in the availability of intensive care facilities for newborn babies has been considered in an examination of possible aetiological factors in 128 young children with mental and/or neurological handicaps referred to the Armitstead Child Development Centre, Dundee, 1973-77. Thirty-three children suffered from primary mental retardation; adverse perinatal factors were possibly implicated in one case. Low birth weight was considered to be the primary aetiological factor in 23 of 73 children with cerebral palsy +/- mental retardation and in 13 with other adverse perinatal factors. Moderate or severe neonatal complications were reported for 37% but in 27% complications were likely to have resulted from existing brain damage or abnormality. Available evidence suggested that early embryonic origin of handicap was most likely in three-quarters of cases of primary mental retardation, and in one-third of cases of cerebral palsy. Severity of handicap in children with cerebral palsy was significantly increased in those whose handicaps had a prenatal origin. Of this selected group of handicapped children (cerebral palsy being over-represented), adverse perinatal factors may have caused or exacerbated existing brain damage in, at most, one-third.", "contents": "Aetiology of severe handicapping conditions in early childhood. The hypothesis that the incidence of major childhood handicap could be significantly reduced by an increase in the availability of intensive care facilities for newborn babies has been considered in an examination of possible aetiological factors in 128 young children with mental and/or neurological handicaps referred to the Armitstead Child Development Centre, Dundee, 1973-77. Thirty-three children suffered from primary mental retardation; adverse perinatal factors were possibly implicated in one case. Low birth weight was considered to be the primary aetiological factor in 23 of 73 children with cerebral palsy +/- mental retardation and in 13 with other adverse perinatal factors. Moderate or severe neonatal complications were reported for 37% but in 27% complications were likely to have resulted from existing brain damage or abnormality. Available evidence suggested that early embryonic origin of handicap was most likely in three-quarters of cases of primary mental retardation, and in one-third of cases of cerebral palsy. Severity of handicap in children with cerebral palsy was significantly increased in those whose handicaps had a prenatal origin. Of this selected group of handicapped children (cerebral palsy being over-represented), adverse perinatal factors may have caused or exacerbated existing brain damage in, at most, one-third."}
{"id": "PMID:251502", "title": "ABCs of perinatal medicine.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the continuum of perinatal risks responsible for developmental handicaps in infancy. The first step is the Assessment of risks during pregnancy so that intervention can occur naturally in the process of preventive health care. A valid risk-assessment system has been developed which can facilitate identification of the high-risk pregnancy. New methods of perinatal care during the Birth process are now available which allow active intervention aimed at reducing the likelihood of a high-risk patient delivering an infant destined to become handicapped. During the neonatal period Critical care has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. However, the perinatal profile of the handicap is not yet complete enough to fully explain developmental delay. A new health care strategy based on prospective risk assessment and early intervention must now be seriously considered which will allow technological medicine to continue to improve well-being.", "contents": "ABCs of perinatal medicine. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the continuum of perinatal risks responsible for developmental handicaps in infancy. The first step is the Assessment of risks during pregnancy so that intervention can occur naturally in the process of preventive health care. A valid risk-assessment system has been developed which can facilitate identification of the high-risk pregnancy. New methods of perinatal care during the Birth process are now available which allow active intervention aimed at reducing the likelihood of a high-risk patient delivering an infant destined to become handicapped. During the neonatal period Critical care has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. However, the perinatal profile of the handicap is not yet complete enough to fully explain developmental delay. A new health care strategy based on prospective risk assessment and early intervention must now be seriously considered which will allow technological medicine to continue to improve well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:251503", "title": "Neonatal intensive care and the prevention of major handicap.", "content": "During the past 20 years there has been a great increase in the understanding of deranged physiological mechanisms in certain groups of newborn infants that were, in the past, at high risk for death or major handicap. Much information of direct clinical relevance has come from the study of experimental animals, particularly about the changes that occur in the lungs and circulation at birth. Work in progress on an animal model of intraventricular haemorrhage suggests that this, like many other causes of brain damage, is a potentially preventable condition. Technological advances, such as continuous blood-gas analysis, make the prevention of handicapping conditions simpler, but the application of modern methods can be expensive. Current evidence shows that neonatal intensive care saves lives, and that the incidence of major handicap in the survivors is reduced. Society will have to decide how much money should be put into this area of medicine, and it will also have to help neonatal paediatricians with the difficult ethical dilemmas that they are now having to face.", "contents": "Neonatal intensive care and the prevention of major handicap. During the past 20 years there has been a great increase in the understanding of deranged physiological mechanisms in certain groups of newborn infants that were, in the past, at high risk for death or major handicap. Much information of direct clinical relevance has come from the study of experimental animals, particularly about the changes that occur in the lungs and circulation at birth. Work in progress on an animal model of intraventricular haemorrhage suggests that this, like many other causes of brain damage, is a potentially preventable condition. Technological advances, such as continuous blood-gas analysis, make the prevention of handicapping conditions simpler, but the application of modern methods can be expensive. Current evidence shows that neonatal intensive care saves lives, and that the incidence of major handicap in the survivors is reduced. Society will have to decide how much money should be put into this area of medicine, and it will also have to help neonatal paediatricians with the difficult ethical dilemmas that they are now having to face."}
{"id": "PMID:251543", "title": "[Preventive drug therapy against anaerobic bacteria].", "content": "Anaerobic organisms can found normally in be normally major i.e. the upper airways, the gastrointestinal tract (beyond the caecum) and the female genital tract. Whereas the first group of microorganisms is usually sensitive to penicillin, the others are sensitive to clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. An appropriate prophylactic regimen will have to comply with these microbiological data. Prophylactic antibiotics should be started during operation and should be given for a short period of time; their efficacy has been proved and confirmed, particularly in bowel surgery. Nevertheless, side-effects should be carefully watched for.", "contents": "[Preventive drug therapy against anaerobic bacteria]. Anaerobic organisms can found normally in be normally major i.e. the upper airways, the gastrointestinal tract (beyond the caecum) and the female genital tract. Whereas the first group of microorganisms is usually sensitive to penicillin, the others are sensitive to clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. An appropriate prophylactic regimen will have to comply with these microbiological data. Prophylactic antibiotics should be started during operation and should be given for a short period of time; their efficacy has been proved and confirmed, particularly in bowel surgery. Nevertheless, side-effects should be carefully watched for."}
{"id": "PMID:251736", "title": "Weaning from the breast for a happy ending to a satisfying experience.", "content": "Weaning from breastfeeding is often more traumatic for both the mother and her child than most people think. A mild form of postpartum blues often occurs and is intensified when the mother lacks the needed emotional support. Advice by specialists varies from \"weaning naturally\" to \"gradual omission of each separate breastfeeding\", but all emphasize the need for gradual weaning. Little information is available on \"how to wean\". The nurse's role is to learn of the parent's feelings toward breastfeeding, provide for support, and avoid any actions that might undermine the mother's confidence in her decision to wean or not to wean.", "contents": "Weaning from the breast for a happy ending to a satisfying experience. Weaning from breastfeeding is often more traumatic for both the mother and her child than most people think. A mild form of postpartum blues often occurs and is intensified when the mother lacks the needed emotional support. Advice by specialists varies from \"weaning naturally\" to \"gradual omission of each separate breastfeeding\", but all emphasize the need for gradual weaning. Little information is available on \"how to wean\". The nurse's role is to learn of the parent's feelings toward breastfeeding, provide for support, and avoid any actions that might undermine the mother's confidence in her decision to wean or not to wean."}
{"id": "PMID:251737", "title": "Maternal anxiety in pregnancy and fetal homeostasis.", "content": "Although it is recognized that pregnant women may be extremely anxious and that anxiety is accompanied by sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, little clinical consideration has been given to the potential harm to the fetus. A review of the literature, including research on both animal and human pregnancies, reveals what is known about this subject. A section on implications for maternity care follows, including a summary of the possible effects of anxiety during pregnancy, identification of women most at risk from anxiety, and intervention measures.", "contents": "Maternal anxiety in pregnancy and fetal homeostasis. Although it is recognized that pregnant women may be extremely anxious and that anxiety is accompanied by sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, little clinical consideration has been given to the potential harm to the fetus. A review of the literature, including research on both animal and human pregnancies, reveals what is known about this subject. A section on implications for maternity care follows, including a summary of the possible effects of anxiety during pregnancy, identification of women most at risk from anxiety, and intervention measures."}
{"id": "PMID:251738", "title": "Using a teaching guide for better postpartum and infant care.", "content": "The development and use of a guide for postpartum and infant care teaching is discussed, including the rationale, methods,and advantages of using this tool at two hospitals of different sizes. Also discussed are the preparation of personnel, ongoing development, and extended uses of the guide.", "contents": "Using a teaching guide for better postpartum and infant care. The development and use of a guide for postpartum and infant care teaching is discussed, including the rationale, methods,and advantages of using this tool at two hospitals of different sizes. Also discussed are the preparation of personnel, ongoing development, and extended uses of the guide."}
{"id": "PMID:251739", "title": "A statewide program to teach nurses the use of fetal monitors.", "content": "The regionalization concept in perinatal medicine has opened many new areas of information and practice for obstetrical nurses. One of these areas is in electronic fetal monitoring. Since the technique is relatively new to most nurses, the need for in-hospital training is tremendous. This article describes the first steps taken in establishing such an educational program, the expansion of that program to statewide coverage, and the incorporation and expansion of such a program to meet the needs of the area in the regionalization of perinatal health care.", "contents": "A statewide program to teach nurses the use of fetal monitors. The regionalization concept in perinatal medicine has opened many new areas of information and practice for obstetrical nurses. One of these areas is in electronic fetal monitoring. Since the technique is relatively new to most nurses, the need for in-hospital training is tremendous. This article describes the first steps taken in establishing such an educational program, the expansion of that program to statewide coverage, and the incorporation and expansion of such a program to meet the needs of the area in the regionalization of perinatal health care."}
{"id": "PMID:251742", "title": "Preparation for breastfeeding: a one-year followup of 34 nursing mothers.", "content": "A retrospective survey of 34 breastfeeding mothers was undertaken. From the data the following hypotheses have been suggested for further study: 1) Class preparation for breastfeeding favors a longer duration of nursing. 2) Nipple rolling and breast massage with manual expression of colostrum during pregnancy are not associated with a longer duration of nursing, nor do they prevent sore nipples or breast engorgement postpartum. 3) Mothers with multiple complications are at high risk for lactation failure. 4) Limiting nursing time for the first few days postpartum does not prevent sore nipples.", "contents": "Preparation for breastfeeding: a one-year followup of 34 nursing mothers. A retrospective survey of 34 breastfeeding mothers was undertaken. From the data the following hypotheses have been suggested for further study: 1) Class preparation for breastfeeding favors a longer duration of nursing. 2) Nipple rolling and breast massage with manual expression of colostrum during pregnancy are not associated with a longer duration of nursing, nor do they prevent sore nipples or breast engorgement postpartum. 3) Mothers with multiple complications are at high risk for lactation failure. 4) Limiting nursing time for the first few days postpartum does not prevent sore nipples."}
{"id": "PMID:251740", "title": "Satisfaction with prepared childbirth and locus of control.", "content": "The study tests the hypothesis that there is a positive association between a sense of personal control (internal locus of control) and satisfaction with the experience of prepared childbirth. Women delivering at a university hospital were studied by the administration of the Rotter I-E Scale and a postpartum questionnaire. The results demonstrated that internal locus of control was related to satisfaction in the prepared group of women. Class attendance alone did not distinguish the subjects with respect to satisfaction.", "contents": "Satisfaction with prepared childbirth and locus of control. The study tests the hypothesis that there is a positive association between a sense of personal control (internal locus of control) and satisfaction with the experience of prepared childbirth. Women delivering at a university hospital were studied by the administration of the Rotter I-E Scale and a postpartum questionnaire. The results demonstrated that internal locus of control was related to satisfaction in the prepared group of women. Class attendance alone did not distinguish the subjects with respect to satisfaction."}
{"id": "PMID:251741", "title": "Evaluation of a prepared childbirth program.", "content": "A study was undertaken to ascertain what effects on the outcome of labor and delivery could be attributed to a prepared childbirth program. Three tables are included setting forth statistical relationships. The basic conclusion was that more than five hours of structured prenatal education has a positive impact on maternal-child health.", "contents": "Evaluation of a prepared childbirth program. A study was undertaken to ascertain what effects on the outcome of labor and delivery could be attributed to a prepared childbirth program. Three tables are included setting forth statistical relationships. The basic conclusion was that more than five hours of structured prenatal education has a positive impact on maternal-child health."}
{"id": "PMID:251745", "title": "Characteristics of posthospitalization recovery following hysterectomy.", "content": "A study to determine the characteristics of posthospitalization recovery after hysterectomy was designed and implemented. Explicit consideration was given to women's feelings of sexuality and the fears and myths which precede and follow the surgery. Retrospective and current self-report data on four major areas were obtained: a) physical changes, b) emotional changes, c) changes in sexuality, and d) fears or beliefs. The results identify some common posthysterectomy physical and emotional experiences. The data challenge the belief that hysterectomy is usually a blow to a woman's concept of self and indicate that most women do not harbor unrealistic fears of physical, emotional, and sexual sequelae. The study findings have implications for nursing care of hysterectomy patients.", "contents": "Characteristics of posthospitalization recovery following hysterectomy. A study to determine the characteristics of posthospitalization recovery after hysterectomy was designed and implemented. Explicit consideration was given to women's feelings of sexuality and the fears and myths which precede and follow the surgery. Retrospective and current self-report data on four major areas were obtained: a) physical changes, b) emotional changes, c) changes in sexuality, and d) fears or beliefs. The results identify some common posthysterectomy physical and emotional experiences. The data challenge the belief that hysterectomy is usually a blow to a woman's concept of self and indicate that most women do not harbor unrealistic fears of physical, emotional, and sexual sequelae. The study findings have implications for nursing care of hysterectomy patients."}
{"id": "PMID:251746", "title": "An instrument to assess the quality of maternal behavior.", "content": "Early assessment, detection, and therapeutic intervention in maladaptive maternal behavior can be facilitated by a simple nursing appraisal instrument employed initially on the third postpartum day. The Funke-Irby Interactional Assessment not only discriminates between early adaptive and maladaptive maternal behaviors, but it also illustrates a mother's progress or lack of progress toward adaptive mothering, making the instrument useful to the community health nurse during the early postdelivery weeks. This instrument has been effectively used as a screening device for nurses making decisions about the need for further referral for family therapy.", "contents": "An instrument to assess the quality of maternal behavior. Early assessment, detection, and therapeutic intervention in maladaptive maternal behavior can be facilitated by a simple nursing appraisal instrument employed initially on the third postpartum day. The Funke-Irby Interactional Assessment not only discriminates between early adaptive and maladaptive maternal behaviors, but it also illustrates a mother's progress or lack of progress toward adaptive mothering, making the instrument useful to the community health nurse during the early postdelivery weeks. This instrument has been effectively used as a screening device for nurses making decisions about the need for further referral for family therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:251747", "title": "The role of the nurse during amniocentesis.", "content": "Amniocentesis is a relatively simple, safe, and accurate diagnostic tool which is being performed with increased frequency in local hospitals. The maternity nurse has a responsibility to know the clinical applications, the role of the nurse during the procedure, and the potential risks associated with amniocentesis.", "contents": "The role of the nurse during amniocentesis. Amniocentesis is a relatively simple, safe, and accurate diagnostic tool which is being performed with increased frequency in local hospitals. The maternity nurse has a responsibility to know the clinical applications, the role of the nurse during the procedure, and the potential risks associated with amniocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:251749", "title": "Gentle birth: its safety and its effect on neonatal behavior.", "content": "Leboyer describes a method of handling babies at birth designed to decrease initial stimulation and lessen trauma for the infant. Twenty clinic patients were delivered using a modification of this method. They were compared to 17 control patients delivered in the customary manner. Significant differences were noted between the two groups in five of 18 neonate behaviors observed in the delivery room. Among control subjects there was significantly more time spent with hand muscles tense during the first ten minutes after birth; more trembling, shuddering, and blinking during the first 15 minutes after deliver; and more trembling and shuddering overall. Experimental subjects spent significantly more time with hand muscles relaxed during the first ten minutes after birth and more time with open eyes overall. Results of this study indicate the Leboyer method is safe for mother and infant and promotes infant relaxation in the delivery room.", "contents": "Gentle birth: its safety and its effect on neonatal behavior. Leboyer describes a method of handling babies at birth designed to decrease initial stimulation and lessen trauma for the infant. Twenty clinic patients were delivered using a modification of this method. They were compared to 17 control patients delivered in the customary manner. Significant differences were noted between the two groups in five of 18 neonate behaviors observed in the delivery room. Among control subjects there was significantly more time spent with hand muscles tense during the first ten minutes after birth; more trembling, shuddering, and blinking during the first 15 minutes after deliver; and more trembling and shuddering overall. Experimental subjects spent significantly more time with hand muscles relaxed during the first ten minutes after birth and more time with open eyes overall. Results of this study indicate the Leboyer method is safe for mother and infant and promotes infant relaxation in the delivery room."}
{"id": "PMID:251750", "title": "Theories regarding endocrine contributions to the onset of labor.", "content": "A review of the literature on endocrine factors influencing labor is presented. Treated separately are oxytocin, the prostaglandins, the fetus, and estrogen/progesterone. Implications for nursing practice and theory are discussed where appropriate, and the reader is encouraged to think of parturition as a complex interplay of factors.", "contents": "Theories regarding endocrine contributions to the onset of labor. A review of the literature on endocrine factors influencing labor is presented. Treated separately are oxytocin, the prostaglandins, the fetus, and estrogen/progesterone. Implications for nursing practice and theory are discussed where appropriate, and the reader is encouraged to think of parturition as a complex interplay of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:251751", "title": "Code pink: a system for neonatal resuscitation.", "content": "It has been documented that the care given to the high-risk neonate in the first moments after birth correlates with the incidence of mortality and morbidity in the first 24 hours of life. In an effort to reach optimal outcome for each individual infant, Columbia Hospital for Women developed an emergency system for neonatal resuscitation and provided a team of highly skilled professionals to deliver this emergency care. \"Code Pink\" provided an effective method of reducing mortality and morbidity and improving outcome.", "contents": "Code pink: a system for neonatal resuscitation. It has been documented that the care given to the high-risk neonate in the first moments after birth correlates with the incidence of mortality and morbidity in the first 24 hours of life. In an effort to reach optimal outcome for each individual infant, Columbia Hospital for Women developed an emergency system for neonatal resuscitation and provided a team of highly skilled professionals to deliver this emergency care. \"Code Pink\" provided an effective method of reducing mortality and morbidity and improving outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:251768", "title": "School mental health programs: a challenge to the health professional.", "content": "Mental health programs which facilitate prevention and remediation within the school system are indicated by large numbers of children at risk for problems. Counseling, consultation and communication activities to promote mental health can readily be provided by school health personnel. Barriers to the development and implementation of a mental health program include problems in staffing and communication as well as a continued illness orientation of the health professional.", "contents": "School mental health programs: a challenge to the health professional. Mental health programs which facilitate prevention and remediation within the school system are indicated by large numbers of children at risk for problems. Counseling, consultation and communication activities to promote mental health can readily be provided by school health personnel. Barriers to the development and implementation of a mental health program include problems in staffing and communication as well as a continued illness orientation of the health professional."}
{"id": "PMID:251769", "title": "School counseling and positive mental health: when does 1 + 1 = 3?", "content": "School counseling and guidance services are specifically intended to develop and maintain positive mental health among students. Although some school counselors have been highly effective, the majority have been only moderately effective because of the difficulties they have encountered in this mission. Personal, academic, and vocational counseling and information processing from either remedial or preventative perspectives are currently the most common functions within school counseling services. The factors limiting the effectiveness of these and other school counseling functions include discrepancies between school counseling training and practice, school counselor professional isolationism, lack of understanding of school counseling roles and functions, and the poor professional attitudes of some school counselors. As the school counseling profession develops, these inhibiting factors should be overcome as a result of changes in school counselor roles and activities and associated changes in school counseling and guidance services.", "contents": "School counseling and positive mental health: when does 1 + 1 = 3? School counseling and guidance services are specifically intended to develop and maintain positive mental health among students. Although some school counselors have been highly effective, the majority have been only moderately effective because of the difficulties they have encountered in this mission. Personal, academic, and vocational counseling and information processing from either remedial or preventative perspectives are currently the most common functions within school counseling services. The factors limiting the effectiveness of these and other school counseling functions include discrepancies between school counseling training and practice, school counselor professional isolationism, lack of understanding of school counseling roles and functions, and the poor professional attitudes of some school counselors. As the school counseling profession develops, these inhibiting factors should be overcome as a result of changes in school counselor roles and activities and associated changes in school counseling and guidance services."}
{"id": "PMID:251771", "title": "Identity crisis in school psychology.", "content": "The problem of identity crisis in school psychology has been with us for many years. It has been suggested in these pages that the problem does not constitute a weakness within the profession but rather promotes a healthy interchange in ideas. Instead of seeking to provide a narrow definition of the school psychologist's identity, it seems to be wiser to recognize the roles of school psychologists to be as broad as the needs of children in the schools. There will continue to be debate about school psychologists' identity and about what they can do or ought to do in the schools. Those whom school psychologists serve will be the ultimate beneficiaries of this vibrant and constructive debate within the profession.", "contents": "Identity crisis in school psychology. The problem of identity crisis in school psychology has been with us for many years. It has been suggested in these pages that the problem does not constitute a weakness within the profession but rather promotes a healthy interchange in ideas. Instead of seeking to provide a narrow definition of the school psychologist's identity, it seems to be wiser to recognize the roles of school psychologists to be as broad as the needs of children in the schools. There will continue to be debate about school psychologists' identity and about what they can do or ought to do in the schools. Those whom school psychologists serve will be the ultimate beneficiaries of this vibrant and constructive debate within the profession."}
{"id": "PMID:251864", "title": "[Urinary uropepsin activity in patients with different forms of stroke].", "content": "The investigations were carried out in 30 control cases, in 20 patients with acute transient cerebral circulatory failure, 20 patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, and 22 patients with thrombotic encephalomalacia. The determinations of uropepsin activity were done on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days of the disease. Uropepsin activity in 24-hour urine was determined by the method of West, Ellis and Scott. In the group of patients with acute transient cerebral circulatory failure abnormalities in urinary uropepsin activity were not significant. The mean activity of uropepsin in 24-hour urine in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and brain infarction on the 1st day of the disease was significantly higher than in controls. The rise in the activity of this enzyme in patients with encephalomalacia was lower in relation to patients with intracerebral haemorrhages. During improvement of the condition of patients with brain stroke the uropepsin activity in 24-hour urine decreased.", "contents": "[Urinary uropepsin activity in patients with different forms of stroke]. The investigations were carried out in 30 control cases, in 20 patients with acute transient cerebral circulatory failure, 20 patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, and 22 patients with thrombotic encephalomalacia. The determinations of uropepsin activity were done on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days of the disease. Uropepsin activity in 24-hour urine was determined by the method of West, Ellis and Scott. In the group of patients with acute transient cerebral circulatory failure abnormalities in urinary uropepsin activity were not significant. The mean activity of uropepsin in 24-hour urine in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and brain infarction on the 1st day of the disease was significantly higher than in controls. The rise in the activity of this enzyme in patients with encephalomalacia was lower in relation to patients with intracerebral haemorrhages. During improvement of the condition of patients with brain stroke the uropepsin activity in 24-hour urine decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:251931", "title": "Patterns of codon recognition by isoacceptor aminoacyl-tRNAs from wheat germ.", "content": "Isoacceptors of Ala-, Arg-, Glu-, Gln-, Ile-, Leu-, Lys-, Ser-, Thr- and Val-tRNAs from wheat germ have been resolved by reverse phast chromatography. Codon recognition properties have been determined on isolated fractions of each of these aa-tRNAs and codon assignments have been made to a number of isoacceptors. Evolutionary changes which have occurred in patterns of codon recognition by isoacceptor aa-tRNAs in wheat germ and other organisms are discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of codon recognition by isoacceptor aminoacyl-tRNAs from wheat germ. Isoacceptors of Ala-, Arg-, Glu-, Gln-, Ile-, Leu-, Lys-, Ser-, Thr- and Val-tRNAs from wheat germ have been resolved by reverse phast chromatography. Codon recognition properties have been determined on isolated fractions of each of these aa-tRNAs and codon assignments have been made to a number of isoacceptors. Evolutionary changes which have occurred in patterns of codon recognition by isoacceptor aa-tRNAs in wheat germ and other organisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:252144", "title": "Mortality in meningococcal infections.", "content": "Among 124 patients with meningococcal infections between 1966-1976, 108 had meningitis with a fatality rate of 7.4%, and 16 septicaemia with 18.8% fatality. High risk patients (more than 3 prognostically unfavourable characteristics) increased from 3.5% 1966-1970 to 15.6% 1971-1976, and the total mortality from 3.6 to 10.4%. The most unfavourable prognostic factor was low blood pressure at admission. High risk patients were more common among those who had meningococci with complete or partial sulfonamide resistance (25.7%) than among those having sensitive meningococci (11.9%). When the meningococci were at least partially sulfonamide-resistant, initial therapy with the combination of benzylpenicillin, sulfaisodimidine and chloramphenicol seemed to be more successful than benzylpenicillin alone in patients above 10 years. Ampicillin was used only in children, and these all survived.", "contents": "Mortality in meningococcal infections. Among 124 patients with meningococcal infections between 1966-1976, 108 had meningitis with a fatality rate of 7.4%, and 16 septicaemia with 18.8% fatality. High risk patients (more than 3 prognostically unfavourable characteristics) increased from 3.5% 1966-1970 to 15.6% 1971-1976, and the total mortality from 3.6 to 10.4%. The most unfavourable prognostic factor was low blood pressure at admission. High risk patients were more common among those who had meningococci with complete or partial sulfonamide resistance (25.7%) than among those having sensitive meningococci (11.9%). When the meningococci were at least partially sulfonamide-resistant, initial therapy with the combination of benzylpenicillin, sulfaisodimidine and chloramphenicol seemed to be more successful than benzylpenicillin alone in patients above 10 years. Ampicillin was used only in children, and these all survived."}
{"id": "PMID:252413", "title": "Nucleoside composition of lysine transfer RNAs from Lupinus luteus seeds.", "content": "Analysis of the nucleoside composition of five lysine tRNAs from lupin seeds has shown their general similarity to other eukaryotic lysine tRNAs, except that lupin lysine tRNAs do not contain either t6A, Tm, or thioderivatives of uridine. It is assumed that each of the lupin tRNALys is coded for by a separate gene. The acceptor activity of the analysed tRNAs ranged from about 1200 (tRNA3Lys, tRNA4Lys, tRNA5Lys) to 1470 (tRNA2Lys) pmoles of lysine per one A260 unit of tRNA.", "contents": "Nucleoside composition of lysine transfer RNAs from Lupinus luteus seeds. Analysis of the nucleoside composition of five lysine tRNAs from lupin seeds has shown their general similarity to other eukaryotic lysine tRNAs, except that lupin lysine tRNAs do not contain either t6A, Tm, or thioderivatives of uridine. It is assumed that each of the lupin tRNALys is coded for by a separate gene. The acceptor activity of the analysed tRNAs ranged from about 1200 (tRNA3Lys, tRNA4Lys, tRNA5Lys) to 1470 (tRNA2Lys) pmoles of lysine per one A260 unit of tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:252440", "title": "Single unit and lesion experiments on the sensory inputs to the hippocampal cognitive map.", "content": "The hippocampal cognitive map theory states that the hippocampus calculates the animal's location in an environment and also the locations of objects such as rewards and threats. In this paper we report single cell experiments which explored how sensory inputs are used by the hippocampus to calculate spatial information and behavioural experiments which tested the sensory capabilities of fornix-lesioned rats. Both sets of experiments were done in cue-controlled enclosures which contained only a few distant cues by which the rat could locate itself and the goal. Other cues were eliminated by rotating the constellation of cues and the goal from trial to trial. The results of the single cell experiment show that the place fields of hippocampal cells recorded in this environment are related to the controlled cues and, further, that some of these place cells maintain their fields after the removal of any two of four controlled cues. The lesion studies show that rats with damaged fornices can learn to approach distant cues behind and below the level of the goal but not ones behind and above the goal. A second study showed that the addition of redundant distant cues to the enclosure impairs the learning ability of the lesioned, but not the normal, animals.", "contents": "Single unit and lesion experiments on the sensory inputs to the hippocampal cognitive map. The hippocampal cognitive map theory states that the hippocampus calculates the animal's location in an environment and also the locations of objects such as rewards and threats. In this paper we report single cell experiments which explored how sensory inputs are used by the hippocampus to calculate spatial information and behavioural experiments which tested the sensory capabilities of fornix-lesioned rats. Both sets of experiments were done in cue-controlled enclosures which contained only a few distant cues by which the rat could locate itself and the goal. Other cues were eliminated by rotating the constellation of cues and the goal from trial to trial. The results of the single cell experiment show that the place fields of hippocampal cells recorded in this environment are related to the controlled cues and, further, that some of these place cells maintain their fields after the removal of any two of four controlled cues. The lesion studies show that rats with damaged fornices can learn to approach distant cues behind and below the level of the goal but not ones behind and above the goal. A second study showed that the addition of redundant distant cues to the enclosure impairs the learning ability of the lesioned, but not the normal, animals."}
{"id": "PMID:252441", "title": "Hippocampal electrical activity during waking behaviour and sleep: analyses using centrally acting drugs.", "content": "Rhythmical slow activity (RSA) occurs in the hippocampus under many conditions including waking behaviour, active sleep and surgical anaesthesia. Under all these conditions RSA, apparently, is produced by the coupled operation of CA1 and dentate gyrus generators. Two ascending brainstem systems appear capable of initiating activity in these coupled generators. One system, ascending via the diagonal band and medial septal nucleus, may contain cholinergic synapses since it is blocked by atropine and stimulated by eserine. The RSA produced by this system usually has a frequency of 4--7 Hz and can occur during total immobility during the waking state, active sleep or anaesthesia. A second ascending system produces RSA of higher frequency (usually 7--12 Hz) and is active during waking if, and only if, movements such as walking occur. During active sleep this system is active only during phasic muscular twitches. Anaesthetics (ether, urethane) and morphine abolish activity in this second system but it is resistant to atropinic and nicotinic drugs. Amphetamine stimulates, and major tranquillizers depress the atropine-resistant system but these drugs do not abolish its normal relation to behaviour. Neocortical activity appears to be controlled by two ascending systems which parallel closely those ascending to the hippocampus.", "contents": "Hippocampal electrical activity during waking behaviour and sleep: analyses using centrally acting drugs. Rhythmical slow activity (RSA) occurs in the hippocampus under many conditions including waking behaviour, active sleep and surgical anaesthesia. Under all these conditions RSA, apparently, is produced by the coupled operation of CA1 and dentate gyrus generators. Two ascending brainstem systems appear capable of initiating activity in these coupled generators. One system, ascending via the diagonal band and medial septal nucleus, may contain cholinergic synapses since it is blocked by atropine and stimulated by eserine. The RSA produced by this system usually has a frequency of 4--7 Hz and can occur during total immobility during the waking state, active sleep or anaesthesia. A second ascending system produces RSA of higher frequency (usually 7--12 Hz) and is active during waking if, and only if, movements such as walking occur. During active sleep this system is active only during phasic muscular twitches. Anaesthetics (ether, urethane) and morphine abolish activity in this second system but it is resistant to atropinic and nicotinic drugs. Amphetamine stimulates, and major tranquillizers depress the atropine-resistant system but these drugs do not abolish its normal relation to behaviour. Neocortical activity appears to be controlled by two ascending systems which parallel closely those ascending to the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:252442", "title": "An experimental 'dissection' of the septal syndrome.", "content": "I present evidence from several different lines of investigation (including partial lesions, intraseptal and intrahippocampal drug injections, and surgical transections of the major fibre systems that enter, leave, or traverse the area) which indicates that individual components of the septal syndrome in the rat and cat reflect an interruption of different neural elements. The 'disinhibitory' effects of septal lesions on behaviour that is suppressed as a consequence of non-reward are due to an interruption of septo-hippocampal (or hippocampo-septal) connections that do not have a cholinergic synapse in the septum but do have one in the hippocampus. The inhibitory effects of punishment are not mediated by the same pathways but involve amygdalo-septal (no directionality intended) projections that have a cholinergic synapse in the septal area. This component of the septum may communicate with the hippocampus via entorhinal and periamygdaloid projections. This pathway does not appear to have a cholinergic synapse in the hippocampus. The effects of septal lesions on active avoidance are related to an interruption of at least two pathways. The facilitated shuttle box conditioned avoidance response acquisition is related mainly to an interruption of ventral connections of the septum with the lower brainstem. The impaired acquisition of most other avoidance problems seems to be due to an interruption of components of the stria medullaris. Both pathways have a cholinergic synapse in the septal area. The hyperdipsia, finickiness, and sudden weight loss are related to an interruption of pathways that interconnect the septum with the lower brainstem.", "contents": "An experimental 'dissection' of the septal syndrome. I present evidence from several different lines of investigation (including partial lesions, intraseptal and intrahippocampal drug injections, and surgical transections of the major fibre systems that enter, leave, or traverse the area) which indicates that individual components of the septal syndrome in the rat and cat reflect an interruption of different neural elements. The 'disinhibitory' effects of septal lesions on behaviour that is suppressed as a consequence of non-reward are due to an interruption of septo-hippocampal (or hippocampo-septal) connections that do not have a cholinergic synapse in the septum but do have one in the hippocampus. The inhibitory effects of punishment are not mediated by the same pathways but involve amygdalo-septal (no directionality intended) projections that have a cholinergic synapse in the septal area. This component of the septum may communicate with the hippocampus via entorhinal and periamygdaloid projections. This pathway does not appear to have a cholinergic synapse in the hippocampus. The effects of septal lesions on active avoidance are related to an interruption of at least two pathways. The facilitated shuttle box conditioned avoidance response acquisition is related mainly to an interruption of ventral connections of the septum with the lower brainstem. The impaired acquisition of most other avoidance problems seems to be due to an interruption of components of the stria medullaris. Both pathways have a cholinergic synapse in the septal area. The hyperdipsia, finickiness, and sudden weight loss are related to an interruption of pathways that interconnect the septum with the lower brainstem."}
{"id": "PMID:252443", "title": "The anatomical organization of septo-hippocampal projections.", "content": "Since the time of Elliot Smith (1910) it has been recognized that the septal complex occupies a pivotal position within the mammalian telencephalon, being strategically placed between the hippocampal formation on the one hand and the basal forebrain and diencephalon on the other. However, it is only in the last few years that the detailed interrelationships between the different nuclear groups within the septum and the various subfields of the hippocampus have been studied. We have recently re-examined the connections of both the septum and the hippocampal formation using the techniques based on the anterograde transport of isotopically labelled proteins and the retrograde transport of the enzyme marker, horseradish peroxidase. Our findings may be summarized as follows. Field CA1 of Ammon's horn and the adjoining subiculum project through the fimbria and pre-commissural fornix upon the lateral septal nucleus of the same side in a topographically ordered manner. Field CA3, on the other hand, projects bilaterally upon the lateral septum. The lateral septal nucleus in turn, projects partly upon the medial septal nucleus and nucleus of the diagonal band, and partly to the lateral hypothalamus and the mamillary complex. The medial septal-diagonal band complex projects back, through the fimbria and dorsal fornix, to fields CA3 and CA4 of the hippocampus, to the dentate gyrus, to the subicular complex, and to the entorhinal area. The subicular complex projects through the post-commissural fornix to the anterior thalamic group, the mamillary complex, and the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. Ammon's horn and the subiculum also project to the posterior septal nuclei (triangular and septofimbrial), which in turn send their output to the habenular and interpeduncular nuclei. The significance of these projections is analysed in a review of the major known afferent and efferent connections of the septum and hippocampus, and the cell groups to which they project directly.", "contents": "The anatomical organization of septo-hippocampal projections. Since the time of Elliot Smith (1910) it has been recognized that the septal complex occupies a pivotal position within the mammalian telencephalon, being strategically placed between the hippocampal formation on the one hand and the basal forebrain and diencephalon on the other. However, it is only in the last few years that the detailed interrelationships between the different nuclear groups within the septum and the various subfields of the hippocampus have been studied. We have recently re-examined the connections of both the septum and the hippocampal formation using the techniques based on the anterograde transport of isotopically labelled proteins and the retrograde transport of the enzyme marker, horseradish peroxidase. Our findings may be summarized as follows. Field CA1 of Ammon's horn and the adjoining subiculum project through the fimbria and pre-commissural fornix upon the lateral septal nucleus of the same side in a topographically ordered manner. Field CA3, on the other hand, projects bilaterally upon the lateral septum. The lateral septal nucleus in turn, projects partly upon the medial septal nucleus and nucleus of the diagonal band, and partly to the lateral hypothalamus and the mamillary complex. The medial septal-diagonal band complex projects back, through the fimbria and dorsal fornix, to fields CA3 and CA4 of the hippocampus, to the dentate gyrus, to the subicular complex, and to the entorhinal area. The subicular complex projects through the post-commissural fornix to the anterior thalamic group, the mamillary complex, and the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. Ammon's horn and the subiculum also project to the posterior septal nuclei (triangular and septofimbrial), which in turn send their output to the habenular and interpeduncular nuclei. The significance of these projections is analysed in a review of the major known afferent and efferent connections of the septum and hippocampus, and the cell groups to which they project directly."}
{"id": "PMID:252445", "title": "The function of septo-hippocampal connections in spatially organized behaviour.", "content": "The role of septo-hippocampal connections in spatial behaviour is examined in lesion and stimulation experiments in rats. Destruction of septo-hippocampal connections produces a severe and enduring deficit in the ability to perform a spatial memory task. Furthermore, crossed unilateral lesions of the entorhinal area and fimbria-fornix produce the same deficit as bilateral lesions in either the entorhinal area or the fimbria-fornix, as predicted from a disconnection analysis of hippocampal lesions. Evidence also suggests that septo-hippocampal damage produces a greater deficit in spatial behaviours when a flexible response is required than when a consistent response is required, although this difference is a relative one rather than an absolute one. Finally, disruptive stimulation of the hippocampus while rats are performing a spatial memory task produces retrograde amnesia but not proactive interference. Taken together, these data indicate an important role of the septo-hippocampal system in spatial behaviour, and in the maintenance of spatial memories.", "contents": "The function of septo-hippocampal connections in spatially organized behaviour. The role of septo-hippocampal connections in spatial behaviour is examined in lesion and stimulation experiments in rats. Destruction of septo-hippocampal connections produces a severe and enduring deficit in the ability to perform a spatial memory task. Furthermore, crossed unilateral lesions of the entorhinal area and fimbria-fornix produce the same deficit as bilateral lesions in either the entorhinal area or the fimbria-fornix, as predicted from a disconnection analysis of hippocampal lesions. Evidence also suggests that septo-hippocampal damage produces a greater deficit in spatial behaviours when a flexible response is required than when a consistent response is required, although this difference is a relative one rather than an absolute one. Finally, disruptive stimulation of the hippocampus while rats are performing a spatial memory task produces retrograde amnesia but not proactive interference. Taken together, these data indicate an important role of the septo-hippocampal system in spatial behaviour, and in the maintenance of spatial memories."}
{"id": "PMID:252446", "title": "Multivariate analysis of the septal syndrome.", "content": "Since recent reviews of the behavioural effects of septal lesions agree that more than one explanatory concept is required, a multivariate analysis of the septal syndrome has been made. A total of 127 rats have been tested 73 with septal lesions and 54 controls. The rats were tested in a standard test battery consisting of a residential maze, spontaneous alternation, spatial learning, approach/avoidance conflict and one-way active avoidance. Factor analyses reveal a complex change in the factor structure after septal lesions. None of the previous explanations of septal functions receives unequivocal support. The findings do not exclude the possibility that septal lesions interfere with a few general behaviour mechanisms or perhaps only one. However, if so, this factor does not explain as much of the variance as expected. Situational or test-dependent factors play a greater role in the variance. This is interpreted as an indication of insufficiency in the theoretical structure, or in conventional test designs.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis of the septal syndrome. Since recent reviews of the behavioural effects of septal lesions agree that more than one explanatory concept is required, a multivariate analysis of the septal syndrome has been made. A total of 127 rats have been tested 73 with septal lesions and 54 controls. The rats were tested in a standard test battery consisting of a residential maze, spontaneous alternation, spatial learning, approach/avoidance conflict and one-way active avoidance. Factor analyses reveal a complex change in the factor structure after septal lesions. None of the previous explanations of septal functions receives unequivocal support. The findings do not exclude the possibility that septal lesions interfere with a few general behaviour mechanisms or perhaps only one. However, if so, this factor does not explain as much of the variance as expected. Situational or test-dependent factors play a greater role in the variance. This is interpreted as an indication of insufficiency in the theoretical structure, or in conventional test designs."}
{"id": "PMID:252447", "title": "A comparison of hippocampal pathology in man and other animals.", "content": "Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, in man is associated with a severe amnesic syndrome. It is still not clear whether the hippocampus (or its output pathways and related target projection sites) is the critical structure in producing this syndrome, especially as more severe learning deficits in animals are found with lesions in the anterior inferotemporal cortex than with hippocampal lesions per se. But the problem of trying to relate memory deficits in man and animals depends on the characterization of the amnesic syndrome itself. It was originally thought to be a failure of input into long-term memory store or a failure of consolidation. Medial temporal and hippocampal lesions in animals do not produce results that fit such a characterization. On re-examination of the human syndrome, however, for which some of the evidence is reviewed, it appears that the amnesic patients can learn and remember over long intervals if certain testing paradigms are used. The results are more readily matched to some of the results of hippocampal lesion studies in animals. Two main classes of current theories of the amnesic syndrome are discussed. A somewhat different approach is suggested here, based on the dissociation between human amnesic subjects' commentaries and their objective performance, which suggests a dissociation between levels of processing rather than a failure on any particular level.", "contents": "A comparison of hippocampal pathology in man and other animals. Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, in man is associated with a severe amnesic syndrome. It is still not clear whether the hippocampus (or its output pathways and related target projection sites) is the critical structure in producing this syndrome, especially as more severe learning deficits in animals are found with lesions in the anterior inferotemporal cortex than with hippocampal lesions per se. But the problem of trying to relate memory deficits in man and animals depends on the characterization of the amnesic syndrome itself. It was originally thought to be a failure of input into long-term memory store or a failure of consolidation. Medial temporal and hippocampal lesions in animals do not produce results that fit such a characterization. On re-examination of the human syndrome, however, for which some of the evidence is reviewed, it appears that the amnesic patients can learn and remember over long intervals if certain testing paradigms are used. The results are more readily matched to some of the results of hippocampal lesion studies in animals. Two main classes of current theories of the amnesic syndrome are discussed. A somewhat different approach is suggested here, based on the dissociation between human amnesic subjects' commentaries and their objective performance, which suggests a dissociation between levels of processing rather than a failure on any particular level."}
{"id": "PMID:252449", "title": "Intramolecular interactions, enzyme activity and models.", "content": "The specificity of protein binding and the specificity-catalysis relationship in enzymes are analysed. Many enzymes use extended binding sites to achieve specificity and to create special environments which activate chemical groups on both the substrate and the enzyme itself. Aside from this effect, which is not adequately available in model compounds, the use of models is exemplified for several possibly separable effects in enzyme-substrate reactions. These include proximity (entropy loss on binding), locking into a productive binding mode, desolvation, electrostatic effects, changes of pKa by local environments, geometric strain, acid-base catalysis, and formation of other intermediates.", "contents": "Intramolecular interactions, enzyme activity and models. The specificity of protein binding and the specificity-catalysis relationship in enzymes are analysed. Many enzymes use extended binding sites to achieve specificity and to create special environments which activate chemical groups on both the substrate and the enzyme itself. Aside from this effect, which is not adequately available in model compounds, the use of models is exemplified for several possibly separable effects in enzyme-substrate reactions. These include proximity (entropy loss on binding), locking into a productive binding mode, desolvation, electrostatic effects, changes of pKa by local environments, geometric strain, acid-base catalysis, and formation of other intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:252450", "title": "Perturbations of model protein systems as a basis for the central and peripheral mechanisms of general anaesthesia.", "content": "Protein perturbations associated with anaesthetic interactions are relevant to: (a) the central molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia; (b) the molecular basis of physiological selectivity and anaesthetic specificity of the many 'side-effects' of anaesthesia; (c) the use of anaesthetic agents as selective hydrophobic probes for the study of protein structures and activities in detail. Small but specific protein perturbations have been studied with various nuclear magnetic resonance procedures with haemoglobin as a model protein to establish the 'ground-rules' for anaesthetic-macromolecule interactions. The correlation of one aspect of these perturbations with anaesthetic potency and hydrophobic solubility indicates that hydrophobic pockets in proteins can behave like bulk-lipid phases in terms of their solubility characteristics. Other aspects appear to depend on physical characteristics such as size, geometry, structure and composition of the individual agents. These data support the hypothesis that anaesthetic actions can be explained on a molecular basis by direct interactions with proteins in addition to lipid and aqueous effects.", "contents": "Perturbations of model protein systems as a basis for the central and peripheral mechanisms of general anaesthesia. Protein perturbations associated with anaesthetic interactions are relevant to: (a) the central molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia; (b) the molecular basis of physiological selectivity and anaesthetic specificity of the many 'side-effects' of anaesthesia; (c) the use of anaesthetic agents as selective hydrophobic probes for the study of protein structures and activities in detail. Small but specific protein perturbations have been studied with various nuclear magnetic resonance procedures with haemoglobin as a model protein to establish the 'ground-rules' for anaesthetic-macromolecule interactions. The correlation of one aspect of these perturbations with anaesthetic potency and hydrophobic solubility indicates that hydrophobic pockets in proteins can behave like bulk-lipid phases in terms of their solubility characteristics. Other aspects appear to depend on physical characteristics such as size, geometry, structure and composition of the individual agents. These data support the hypothesis that anaesthetic actions can be explained on a molecular basis by direct interactions with proteins in addition to lipid and aqueous effects."}
{"id": "PMID:252451", "title": "Physical and chemical properties of lysozyme.", "content": "The conformations of lysozyme in crystals and in aqueous solution are discussed and it is shown that the basic conformation is similar in the two states. Certain parts of the molecule have mobility. The reactions of lysozyme with protons, metal ions and some organic reagents are examined in the light of the conformations and their dynamics. The reactions considered are mainly those of tyrosyl, tryptophyl and carboxylate residues. The reactivity data are used in a discussion of the energy states of the reacting side-chains. In particular the reactivity of Glu-35 and its interaction with Trp-108 lead to suggestions for some new aspects in the hypothesis for the mechanism of action of lysozyme. In most respects the X-ray crystal diffraction and the nuclear magnetic resonance solution studies are in accord and complementary.", "contents": "Physical and chemical properties of lysozyme. The conformations of lysozyme in crystals and in aqueous solution are discussed and it is shown that the basic conformation is similar in the two states. Certain parts of the molecule have mobility. The reactions of lysozyme with protons, metal ions and some organic reagents are examined in the light of the conformations and their dynamics. The reactions considered are mainly those of tyrosyl, tryptophyl and carboxylate residues. The reactivity data are used in a discussion of the energy states of the reacting side-chains. In particular the reactivity of Glu-35 and its interaction with Trp-108 lead to suggestions for some new aspects in the hypothesis for the mechanism of action of lysozyme. In most respects the X-ray crystal diffraction and the nuclear magnetic resonance solution studies are in accord and complementary."}
{"id": "PMID:252452", "title": "Dynamics of local conformation and enzyme function.", "content": "Enzyme function is critically affected by gross changes in tertiary structure, but much less is known about the dependence of activity on localized conformational changes that might occur during the catalytic process. Such information is essential to the understanding and verification of enzyme mechanisms, and can only be obtained from systems in which the substrate binding and catalytic groups of the enzyme active centre are not only identified but also rendered appropriate probes of the catalytic reaction, that is they must signal changes in their mutual interactions at rates at least as fast as catalysis. It should then be possible to observe directly each of the dynamic events that result in catalysis. Time-averaged structural analyses can neither reveal the dynamics of catalysis nor describe the conformational details of molecules who structures-particularly of the active centre-are motile. Moreover, the three-dimensional structures of enzymes in crystals and solutions may not always be identical as evidenced by marked differences between the kinetic properties of crystalline and of dissolved enzymes (e.g. hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase and carboxypeptidases A and B). Various experimental approaches have been devised to explore the relationship between structure and function of these and other enzymes. We have focused on the syncatalytic, spatial relationships of active-site residues as they bear on the mechanism of enzyme action using absorption, circular dichroism, magnetocircular dichroic, and resonance Raman spectroscopy as well as resonance energy transfer. Stopped-flow, pH and temperature jump methods quantitatively assess both the conformational and local structural features of the enzyme and reveal multiple, discrete conformational states that prove to have mechanistic significance. These and related data serve as a basis for a minimal model of the dynamic aspects of enzyme action.", "contents": "Dynamics of local conformation and enzyme function. Enzyme function is critically affected by gross changes in tertiary structure, but much less is known about the dependence of activity on localized conformational changes that might occur during the catalytic process. Such information is essential to the understanding and verification of enzyme mechanisms, and can only be obtained from systems in which the substrate binding and catalytic groups of the enzyme active centre are not only identified but also rendered appropriate probes of the catalytic reaction, that is they must signal changes in their mutual interactions at rates at least as fast as catalysis. It should then be possible to observe directly each of the dynamic events that result in catalysis. Time-averaged structural analyses can neither reveal the dynamics of catalysis nor describe the conformational details of molecules who structures-particularly of the active centre-are motile. Moreover, the three-dimensional structures of enzymes in crystals and solutions may not always be identical as evidenced by marked differences between the kinetic properties of crystalline and of dissolved enzymes (e.g. hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase and carboxypeptidases A and B). Various experimental approaches have been devised to explore the relationship between structure and function of these and other enzymes. We have focused on the syncatalytic, spatial relationships of active-site residues as they bear on the mechanism of enzyme action using absorption, circular dichroism, magnetocircular dichroic, and resonance Raman spectroscopy as well as resonance energy transfer. Stopped-flow, pH and temperature jump methods quantitatively assess both the conformational and local structural features of the enzyme and reveal multiple, discrete conformational states that prove to have mechanistic significance. These and related data serve as a basis for a minimal model of the dynamic aspects of enzyme action."}
{"id": "PMID:252453", "title": "To stabilize a transition state.", "content": "Inspection of the active sites of the many enzymes whose structures are known at high resolution leads to the unsurprising conclusion that an enzyme may provide an environment that exquisitely stabilizes the transition state for an elementary catalytic step that is expected to be difficult. In an effort both to mimic such an environment and to have the opportunity of investigating the thermodynamic and kinetic consequences of juxtaposing polar and non-polar loci in the same molecule, we have synthesized several specifically functionalized alpha-cyclodextrins. One of these is designed to stabilize the trigonal bipyramidal transition state for an in-line displacement at the phosphorus of a phosphate monoester. This cyclodextrin contains three symmetrically disposed ammonium groups on the 'top' (at C-6) of the hydrophobic cavity formed by the hexa-glucose torus and the remaining 15 hydroxy groups are methylated. The thermodynamic consequences of adjacent hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding and/or electrostatic binding sites are investigated using several charged and uncharged ligands. The feasibility of building host species explicitly to stabilize reaction transition states is discussed.", "contents": "To stabilize a transition state. Inspection of the active sites of the many enzymes whose structures are known at high resolution leads to the unsurprising conclusion that an enzyme may provide an environment that exquisitely stabilizes the transition state for an elementary catalytic step that is expected to be difficult. In an effort both to mimic such an environment and to have the opportunity of investigating the thermodynamic and kinetic consequences of juxtaposing polar and non-polar loci in the same molecule, we have synthesized several specifically functionalized alpha-cyclodextrins. One of these is designed to stabilize the trigonal bipyramidal transition state for an in-line displacement at the phosphorus of a phosphate monoester. This cyclodextrin contains three symmetrically disposed ammonium groups on the 'top' (at C-6) of the hydrophobic cavity formed by the hexa-glucose torus and the remaining 15 hydroxy groups are methylated. The thermodynamic consequences of adjacent hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding and/or electrostatic binding sites are investigated using several charged and uncharged ligands. The feasibility of building host species explicitly to stabilize reaction transition states is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:252454", "title": "Solvents, interfaces and protein structure.", "content": "Mean packing densities in protein interiors are comparable to those of most organic solids but the variations between small regions may be substantial. Packing defects may be related to allowed structural fluctuations. Molecular surface areas can be correlated with free energies of transfer between different solvents. The proportionality factor will depend, in general, on the nature of the solute and both the solvents. The changes in solvent-protein interfacial area on chain folding are large and the implied changes in free energy from this solvent-squeezing effect are correspondingly large. The strong tendency to minimize surface area is reflected in the globular shape of most protein molecules or domains in larger structures. The formation of isolated units of secondary structure from an extended chain represents about one half of the eventual total area change. The tendencies of amino acids to form beta-sheets correlate well with the rank-ordered list based on non-polar area change for each residue type. The calculated area changes for helix and sheet formation are not identical in rank order. The rank-ordered list for alpha-helix formation correlates satisfactorily with the probability list prepared from actual structures if glutamic acid and tyrosine are removed. What special characteristics unrelated to surface area these two amino acids might have is not clear. Tertiary structure formation from preformed secondary structural units can be rank ordered on area change and possible nucleation sites can be identified. A prediction scheme for helix-helix interactions is proposed. The hydrophobic force begins to be felt when two helices are about 0.6 nm (6 A) from their final contact positions. Interfacial surface tension is a logical parameter to relate free energy and solvent contact area, but this macroscopic parameter must be used with great caution. It is suggested that water in the deep grooves, characteristic of the active sites of many enzymes, may have a substantially higher fugacity than bulk water as indicated, at least qualitatively, by the Kelvin equation based on surface curvature. Such water would be more easily displaced than its plane surface counterpart and could contribute significantly to ligand-binding energy. This factor would be in addition to the usual solvent entropic effects associated with surface area reduction on association.", "contents": "Solvents, interfaces and protein structure. Mean packing densities in protein interiors are comparable to those of most organic solids but the variations between small regions may be substantial. Packing defects may be related to allowed structural fluctuations. Molecular surface areas can be correlated with free energies of transfer between different solvents. The proportionality factor will depend, in general, on the nature of the solute and both the solvents. The changes in solvent-protein interfacial area on chain folding are large and the implied changes in free energy from this solvent-squeezing effect are correspondingly large. The strong tendency to minimize surface area is reflected in the globular shape of most protein molecules or domains in larger structures. The formation of isolated units of secondary structure from an extended chain represents about one half of the eventual total area change. The tendencies of amino acids to form beta-sheets correlate well with the rank-ordered list based on non-polar area change for each residue type. The calculated area changes for helix and sheet formation are not identical in rank order. The rank-ordered list for alpha-helix formation correlates satisfactorily with the probability list prepared from actual structures if glutamic acid and tyrosine are removed. What special characteristics unrelated to surface area these two amino acids might have is not clear. Tertiary structure formation from preformed secondary structural units can be rank ordered on area change and possible nucleation sites can be identified. A prediction scheme for helix-helix interactions is proposed. The hydrophobic force begins to be felt when two helices are about 0.6 nm (6 A) from their final contact positions. Interfacial surface tension is a logical parameter to relate free energy and solvent contact area, but this macroscopic parameter must be used with great caution. It is suggested that water in the deep grooves, characteristic of the active sites of many enzymes, may have a substantially higher fugacity than bulk water as indicated, at least qualitatively, by the Kelvin equation based on surface curvature. Such water would be more easily displaced than its plane surface counterpart and could contribute significantly to ligand-binding energy. This factor would be in addition to the usual solvent entropic effects associated with surface area reduction on association."}
{"id": "PMID:252455", "title": "Stereochemical studies of enzymic C-methylations.", "content": "Samples of methionine carrying a chiral CHDT-group have been prepared from and degraded chemically to chiral acetic acid. With this powerful tool inversion mechanisms were detected for the methylations on sulphur, oxygen and carbon atoms in the biosynthesis of methionine, loganin and cyanocobalamin, respectively. Chirality of the methyl group of methionine is retained during formation of the C-24 methyl group in ergosterol biosynthesis. A stereochemical scheme for the unusual course of this reaction is presented and the current stage of experiments aimed at its verification is discussed.", "contents": "Stereochemical studies of enzymic C-methylations. Samples of methionine carrying a chiral CHDT-group have been prepared from and degraded chemically to chiral acetic acid. With this powerful tool inversion mechanisms were detected for the methylations on sulphur, oxygen and carbon atoms in the biosynthesis of methionine, loganin and cyanocobalamin, respectively. Chirality of the methyl group of methionine is retained during formation of the C-24 methyl group in ergosterol biosynthesis. A stereochemical scheme for the unusual course of this reaction is presented and the current stage of experiments aimed at its verification is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:252457", "title": "Flexibility and rigidity in protein crystals.", "content": "There is an increasing body of crystallographic evidence for disorder in parts of the main polypeptide chain of certain proteins. The zymogens of pancreatic serine proteinases and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase are used as examples. It is suggested that reactivity and specificity are favoured by an appropriate rigid conformation, and that disorder may often be involved in some kind of control function.", "contents": "Flexibility and rigidity in protein crystals. There is an increasing body of crystallographic evidence for disorder in parts of the main polypeptide chain of certain proteins. The zymogens of pancreatic serine proteinases and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase are used as examples. It is suggested that reactivity and specificity are favoured by an appropriate rigid conformation, and that disorder may often be involved in some kind of control function."}
{"id": "PMID:252473", "title": "[Neurological symptoms in a-beta-lipoproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Abetalipoproteinaemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome), an autosomal recessive inherited disease, up to now has been described in 53 instances in the world literature. Neurological symptoms were reported in 34 of them. Ataxia, loss of proprioceptive sensation, and areflexia characterize this disorder, resembling Friedreich's ataxia. Other signs, which may be inconstantly found, are weakness, diminution of cutaneous sensation, and in the later course an atypical retinitis pigmentosa. Laboratory examinations show acanthocytosis, lowered concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids and as the pathognomonic feature of this disease absence of beta-lipoproteins. Reduced serum concentrations of fat soluble vitamin are secondary effects of this metabolic disorder. In a few cases there are connections to familial hypobeta-lipoproteinaemia, which is autosomal dominantly inherited. Therapeutic trials with a controlled dietary intake of fat may cause an improvement of clinical symptoms, additional doses of fat-soluble vitamin, if given during the early stages of the disease are said to prevent from retinopathy but do not seem to influence the development and course of neuropathy.", "contents": "[Neurological symptoms in a-beta-lipoproteinemia (author's transl)]. Abetalipoproteinaemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome), an autosomal recessive inherited disease, up to now has been described in 53 instances in the world literature. Neurological symptoms were reported in 34 of them. Ataxia, loss of proprioceptive sensation, and areflexia characterize this disorder, resembling Friedreich's ataxia. Other signs, which may be inconstantly found, are weakness, diminution of cutaneous sensation, and in the later course an atypical retinitis pigmentosa. Laboratory examinations show acanthocytosis, lowered concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids and as the pathognomonic feature of this disease absence of beta-lipoproteins. Reduced serum concentrations of fat soluble vitamin are secondary effects of this metabolic disorder. In a few cases there are connections to familial hypobeta-lipoproteinaemia, which is autosomal dominantly inherited. Therapeutic trials with a controlled dietary intake of fat may cause an improvement of clinical symptoms, additional doses of fat-soluble vitamin, if given during the early stages of the disease are said to prevent from retinopathy but do not seem to influence the development and course of neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:252475", "title": "[Affective psychosis and month of birth (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on in parts extensive studies it is repeatedly indicated that patients with affective psychosis differ from the normal average population as to their month of birth. However, our studies concerning N = 6384 in-patients with affective psychosis demonstrate that they do not differ from the normal population in respect to their month of birth. Likewise the frequencies of male births agree vastly with those of female ones.", "contents": "[Affective psychosis and month of birth (author's transl)]. Based on in parts extensive studies it is repeatedly indicated that patients with affective psychosis differ from the normal average population as to their month of birth. However, our studies concerning N = 6384 in-patients with affective psychosis demonstrate that they do not differ from the normal population in respect to their month of birth. Likewise the frequencies of male births agree vastly with those of female ones."}
{"id": "PMID:252503", "title": "Brief sexual counseling during cardiac rehabilitation.", "content": "Advances in the understanding and treatment of myocardial infarction have appeared over the past decade. One intervention technique receiving increasing emphasis is the development of multidisciplinary \"rehabilitation teams\" whose chief aim is to assist individuals in returning to former levels of medical and psychosocial functioning. Within the team approach, the mental health specialist clearly plays a significant role. Counselors can provide support and reassurance in the midst of the medical crisis and help to minimize stress related to rearrangements in family roles and routines. In this instance, brief sex counseling as part of an ongoing rehabilitation program serves to clarify misconceptions, reduce fears, and facilitate return to sexual activities after infarction. It is important to remember, however, that an accurate physiologic evaluation provides the foundation on which to base counseling efforts. Without adequate medical information, no amount of counseling expertise will succeed. Certainly the final decision to resume sexual behavior remains with the individual couple. The counselor's primary task is to emphasize that the myth of total abstinence is not applicable for most cardiac patients. In reality, it is possible and even highly beneficial for patient and spouse to return to their normal sexual relationship.", "contents": "Brief sexual counseling during cardiac rehabilitation. Advances in the understanding and treatment of myocardial infarction have appeared over the past decade. One intervention technique receiving increasing emphasis is the development of multidisciplinary \"rehabilitation teams\" whose chief aim is to assist individuals in returning to former levels of medical and psychosocial functioning. Within the team approach, the mental health specialist clearly plays a significant role. Counselors can provide support and reassurance in the midst of the medical crisis and help to minimize stress related to rearrangements in family roles and routines. In this instance, brief sex counseling as part of an ongoing rehabilitation program serves to clarify misconceptions, reduce fears, and facilitate return to sexual activities after infarction. It is important to remember, however, that an accurate physiologic evaluation provides the foundation on which to base counseling efforts. Without adequate medical information, no amount of counseling expertise will succeed. Certainly the final decision to resume sexual behavior remains with the individual couple. The counselor's primary task is to emphasize that the myth of total abstinence is not applicable for most cardiac patients. In reality, it is possible and even highly beneficial for patient and spouse to return to their normal sexual relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:252504", "title": "Psychosocial responses to myocardial infarction.", "content": "This paper has presented some psychosocial factors believed to contribute to the incidence of coronary artery disease. In addition to the recognized risks, Type A behavior was identified as particularly predisposing to the incidence of CAD. A pattern of psychosocial responses to MI, as a symptomatic manifestation of CAD, was discussed in relation to a specific patient and to the nursing interventions employed. These responses are not peculiar to individuals who suffer an MI, but are common human responses to threat by illness or injury, and as such present a challenge to nurses for appropriate therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Psychosocial responses to myocardial infarction. This paper has presented some psychosocial factors believed to contribute to the incidence of coronary artery disease. In addition to the recognized risks, Type A behavior was identified as particularly predisposing to the incidence of CAD. A pattern of psychosocial responses to MI, as a symptomatic manifestation of CAD, was discussed in relation to a specific patient and to the nursing interventions employed. These responses are not peculiar to individuals who suffer an MI, but are common human responses to threat by illness or injury, and as such present a challenge to nurses for appropriate therapeutic intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:252507", "title": "Exercise stress testing in the patient with coronary artery disease. Part II.", "content": "Cardiac exercise stress testing has both diagnostic and prognostic implications. ECG changes, hemodynamic responses, and symptoms during exercise are clues to the functional capacity, severity of coronary artery disease, and probability of future coronary events. The time and workload required for a positive response to exercise and the length of time the ECG changes persist during recovery are indicators of the degree of coronary disease and are useful in predicting future coronary events.", "contents": "Exercise stress testing in the patient with coronary artery disease. Part II. Cardiac exercise stress testing has both diagnostic and prognostic implications. ECG changes, hemodynamic responses, and symptoms during exercise are clues to the functional capacity, severity of coronary artery disease, and probability of future coronary events. The time and workload required for a positive response to exercise and the length of time the ECG changes persist during recovery are indicators of the degree of coronary disease and are useful in predicting future coronary events."}
{"id": "PMID:252509", "title": "Management of the mechanically ventilated patient receiving pancuronium bromide.", "content": "The use of the drug pancuronium bromide occasionally is necessary as a part of the treatment of mechanically ventilated patients. This article reviews the mechanism of drug action, the use of the drug, and the nursing care of the patient receiving pancuronium bromide.", "contents": "Management of the mechanically ventilated patient receiving pancuronium bromide. The use of the drug pancuronium bromide occasionally is necessary as a part of the treatment of mechanically ventilated patients. This article reviews the mechanism of drug action, the use of the drug, and the nursing care of the patient receiving pancuronium bromide."}
{"id": "PMID:252510", "title": "The clinical importance of coronary arteriography after myocardial infarction.", "content": "An analysis of 80 patients who had elective coronary arteriography within 6 months after hospital dismissal for acute myocardial infarction showed that approximately two-thirds had multivessel coronary disease. The study is consistent with others reported in the recent literature in suggesting that most patients who survive myocardial infarction have multivessel disease. High early and late post-myocardial infarction mortality is comparable to that described for patients with two- and three-vessel occlusive disease. Knowledge of specific coronary anatomy and left ventricular function is critical in assessing post-myocardial infarction prognosis. This information is also important in defining optimal medical or surgical treatment. Unfortunately, the severity of the subjective clinical syndrome does not correlate well with the degree of anatomic findings or the prognosis. Properly selected surgical intervention may be one approach to modifying the high post-myocardial infarction mortality, which has not changed materially in the past several decades.", "contents": "The clinical importance of coronary arteriography after myocardial infarction. An analysis of 80 patients who had elective coronary arteriography within 6 months after hospital dismissal for acute myocardial infarction showed that approximately two-thirds had multivessel coronary disease. The study is consistent with others reported in the recent literature in suggesting that most patients who survive myocardial infarction have multivessel disease. High early and late post-myocardial infarction mortality is comparable to that described for patients with two- and three-vessel occlusive disease. Knowledge of specific coronary anatomy and left ventricular function is critical in assessing post-myocardial infarction prognosis. This information is also important in defining optimal medical or surgical treatment. Unfortunately, the severity of the subjective clinical syndrome does not correlate well with the degree of anatomic findings or the prognosis. Properly selected surgical intervention may be one approach to modifying the high post-myocardial infarction mortality, which has not changed materially in the past several decades."}
{"id": "PMID:252531", "title": "Educating teachers of nursing: the contribution of pedagogical studies.", "content": "This paper deals with the nature of pedagogical studies, starting with a discussion on aspects of the curriculum. This is followed by sections dealing with objectives, lesson presentation and teaching practice. The final sections deal with the assessment of learning and curriculum planning.", "contents": "Educating teachers of nursing: the contribution of pedagogical studies. This paper deals with the nature of pedagogical studies, starting with a discussion on aspects of the curriculum. This is followed by sections dealing with objectives, lesson presentation and teaching practice. The final sections deal with the assessment of learning and curriculum planning."}
{"id": "PMID:252532", "title": "Teaching psychiatric nursing in the classroom.", "content": "The practice in teaching psychiatric nursing to post registration student nurses at the Bethlem Royal & The Maudsley Hospital School of Nursing is described, showing the exclusive use of experiential teaching methods. Five distinct courses are conducted at present in this topic: 1 discussions based on written work; 2 discussions centring on set topics; 3 group dynamics discussions and projects; 4 psychodrama exercises; 5 supervision classes. The latter are conducted in a manner not previously described. The dependence of effective classroom teaching on the students' ward experience is demonstrated.", "contents": "Teaching psychiatric nursing in the classroom. The practice in teaching psychiatric nursing to post registration student nurses at the Bethlem Royal & The Maudsley Hospital School of Nursing is described, showing the exclusive use of experiential teaching methods. Five distinct courses are conducted at present in this topic: 1 discussions based on written work; 2 discussions centring on set topics; 3 group dynamics discussions and projects; 4 psychodrama exercises; 5 supervision classes. The latter are conducted in a manner not previously described. The dependence of effective classroom teaching on the students' ward experience is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:252533", "title": "Nursing care in labour and patient satisfaction: a descriptive study.", "content": "This study examined the subjective needs of labouring patients. A convenience sample of 80 postpartum patients was interviewed. They described the nursing care they had received, indicated the most helpful nursing measure received, and rated their satisfaction with their nursing care. These answers were categorized into types of nursing care. These were supportive care nursing, physical care nursing, medications and combinations of these three. X2 calculations done between these categories and satisfaction scores indicated a significant relationship between the type of care a patient received and her satisfaction scores. Patients found combined care very satisfying, but supportive care was the decisive factor in the way patients viewed their nursing care. The most frequently mentioned element in supportive care was the ability of the nurse to be a sustaining presence. The nurse's ability to assess and to meet the patient's need or non-need for her presence was major factor in patient satisfaction with nursing care in this sample. The relationship between congruency (agreement between time wanted and time spent by the nurse at the bedside) and satisfaction scores was highly significant. Thus the ability to recognize and respond to the patient's need or non-need for her presence was a crucial factor in patient satisfaction and in the way in which a nurse allocated her time. The relationships between numbers of nurses caring for a patient, parity, length of labour, presence of visitors, worries about the baby and patient satisfaction scores were examined. All were non-significant. However numbers of nurses caring for a patient was defined as a contributing factor to the delivery of supportive care nursing. More nurses contributed to more supportive care nursing being given, but was not the major factor in the delivery of supportive care nursing. Finally it was shown that the administration of syntocinon to patients in this sample decreased patient satisfaction with nursing care. Implications and possible reasons for these results are discussed.", "contents": "Nursing care in labour and patient satisfaction: a descriptive study. This study examined the subjective needs of labouring patients. A convenience sample of 80 postpartum patients was interviewed. They described the nursing care they had received, indicated the most helpful nursing measure received, and rated their satisfaction with their nursing care. These answers were categorized into types of nursing care. These were supportive care nursing, physical care nursing, medications and combinations of these three. X2 calculations done between these categories and satisfaction scores indicated a significant relationship between the type of care a patient received and her satisfaction scores. Patients found combined care very satisfying, but supportive care was the decisive factor in the way patients viewed their nursing care. The most frequently mentioned element in supportive care was the ability of the nurse to be a sustaining presence. The nurse's ability to assess and to meet the patient's need or non-need for her presence was major factor in patient satisfaction with nursing care in this sample. The relationship between congruency (agreement between time wanted and time spent by the nurse at the bedside) and satisfaction scores was highly significant. Thus the ability to recognize and respond to the patient's need or non-need for her presence was a crucial factor in patient satisfaction and in the way in which a nurse allocated her time. The relationships between numbers of nurses caring for a patient, parity, length of labour, presence of visitors, worries about the baby and patient satisfaction scores were examined. All were non-significant. However numbers of nurses caring for a patient was defined as a contributing factor to the delivery of supportive care nursing. More nurses contributed to more supportive care nursing being given, but was not the major factor in the delivery of supportive care nursing. Finally it was shown that the administration of syntocinon to patients in this sample decreased patient satisfaction with nursing care. Implications and possible reasons for these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:252534", "title": "Nurse-rating of psychotic behaviour.", "content": "The aim of this study was to review six nurse-rating schedules to evaluate their suitability for a British psychiatric unit and current nursing practice. They were compared for their reliability, their concordance with psychiatric ratings and their acceptability to the nursing staff. It was found that psychiatric and nursing observations corresponded over a wide area of psychopathology: anxiety, tension, depression, hostility, preoccupation with hypochondriacal, grandiose and self-depreciatory ideas, hallucinosis, thought disorders, mannerisms, retardation, emotional withdrawal, hypomanic activity and uncooperative behaviour. These were adequately covered by two of the scales, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP), which together took 7 1/2 minutes to complete. Another of the schedules studied, the Nursing Rating Scale (Hargreaves), also had relatively high reliability and a broad effective range.", "contents": "Nurse-rating of psychotic behaviour. The aim of this study was to review six nurse-rating schedules to evaluate their suitability for a British psychiatric unit and current nursing practice. They were compared for their reliability, their concordance with psychiatric ratings and their acceptability to the nursing staff. It was found that psychiatric and nursing observations corresponded over a wide area of psychopathology: anxiety, tension, depression, hostility, preoccupation with hypochondriacal, grandiose and self-depreciatory ideas, hallucinosis, thought disorders, mannerisms, retardation, emotional withdrawal, hypomanic activity and uncooperative behaviour. These were adequately covered by two of the scales, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP), which together took 7 1/2 minutes to complete. Another of the schedules studied, the Nursing Rating Scale (Hargreaves), also had relatively high reliability and a broad effective range."}
{"id": "PMID:252535", "title": "The future nurse: selection and training; autonomy; should her health-care role by modified for future patient demands?", "content": "This paper was presented in the context of an international interdisciplinary conference on Priorities in Health Care. The focus of the paper is the relationship between the nurse's role and the demands of patients, now and in the future. The incongruence between patients' needs and their demands is discussed and the question is raised as to whether the nurse's skills and knowledge currently acquired will be appropriate to meet patients' needs and demands in the future. Future patient needs and demands are not the only external pressures on changes in the nurse's role; advances in medical treatment and technology and changing roles of other health professionals are others. The paper highlights the dilemma between the profession having to give way to such external pressures or the risk of preparing nurses for irrelevant roles. A case is made for greater interchangeability of first level health care workers through a common portal of entry. It is suggested that diversion into the various professional fields should occur after the foundation course to health care and suitable counselling. Among the top level professionally qualified nurses should be both generalists and specialists. A speciality of nursing generalism, as a parallel with general medical practice, is advocated. A plea is made for a liberating rather than a restricting interpretation of professionalism so that necessary changes in the nurse's role can be initiated and directed by the profession rather than being forced upon it by external pressures.", "contents": "The future nurse: selection and training; autonomy; should her health-care role by modified for future patient demands? This paper was presented in the context of an international interdisciplinary conference on Priorities in Health Care. The focus of the paper is the relationship between the nurse's role and the demands of patients, now and in the future. The incongruence between patients' needs and their demands is discussed and the question is raised as to whether the nurse's skills and knowledge currently acquired will be appropriate to meet patients' needs and demands in the future. Future patient needs and demands are not the only external pressures on changes in the nurse's role; advances in medical treatment and technology and changing roles of other health professionals are others. The paper highlights the dilemma between the profession having to give way to such external pressures or the risk of preparing nurses for irrelevant roles. A case is made for greater interchangeability of first level health care workers through a common portal of entry. It is suggested that diversion into the various professional fields should occur after the foundation course to health care and suitable counselling. Among the top level professionally qualified nurses should be both generalists and specialists. A speciality of nursing generalism, as a parallel with general medical practice, is advocated. A plea is made for a liberating rather than a restricting interpretation of professionalism so that necessary changes in the nurse's role can be initiated and directed by the profession rather than being forced upon it by external pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:252536", "title": "Resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin Salmonella johannesburg in Hong Kong: observations over a five-year period 1973-1977.", "content": "Salmonella johannesburg has been prevalent in Hong Kong since 1973 and most strains were resistant to a multiplicity of antibiotics. The susceptibility of S. johannesburg strains isolated in a 5-year period from 1973 to 1977 to eight antimicrobial drugs including ampicillin (A), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (T), chloramphenicol (C), Kanamycin (K), sulphadiazine (Su), trimethoprim (Tm) and gentamicin (G) was tested by the agar dilution method. The proportion of strains resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin increased steadily during the 5-year period while those resistant to tetracycline decreased dramatically. This change was associated with an alteration of predominant patterns of antibiotic resistance: strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su predominated in years 1973, 1974 and 1975 while those with the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su predominated in years 1976 and 1977. Analysis of the resistance patterns of S. johannesburg strains isolated from the same cases showed that the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su was more stable, and changed less frequently to other patterns of resistance than strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su. In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.T.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.T.C.K.Su in toto, to A.S.T.C.Su,A.T.C.K.Su and to A or T alone were demonstrated. In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.C.K.Su in toto and to A.S.K.Su were detected. The significance of the carriage of such transmissible resistance factors by this Salmonella is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin Salmonella johannesburg in Hong Kong: observations over a five-year period 1973-1977. Salmonella johannesburg has been prevalent in Hong Kong since 1973 and most strains were resistant to a multiplicity of antibiotics. The susceptibility of S. johannesburg strains isolated in a 5-year period from 1973 to 1977 to eight antimicrobial drugs including ampicillin (A), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (T), chloramphenicol (C), Kanamycin (K), sulphadiazine (Su), trimethoprim (Tm) and gentamicin (G) was tested by the agar dilution method. The proportion of strains resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin increased steadily during the 5-year period while those resistant to tetracycline decreased dramatically. This change was associated with an alteration of predominant patterns of antibiotic resistance: strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su predominated in years 1973, 1974 and 1975 while those with the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su predominated in years 1976 and 1977. Analysis of the resistance patterns of S. johannesburg strains isolated from the same cases showed that the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su was more stable, and changed less frequently to other patterns of resistance than strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su. In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.T.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.T.C.K.Su in toto, to A.S.T.C.Su,A.T.C.K.Su and to A or T alone were demonstrated. In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.C.K.Su in toto and to A.S.K.Su were detected. The significance of the carriage of such transmissible resistance factors by this Salmonella is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:252550", "title": "High-risk pregnancy screening techniques: a nursing overview.", "content": "Procedures and indications for nonstress fetal monitoring, oxytocin challenge tests, 24-hour measurement of urine estriols, ultrasound, and amniocentesis, five of the most widely used diagnostic tools for monitoring the fetus at risk, are reviewed. While none of these tests is completely accurate by itself, selective use of these tests improves the ability to diagnose placental insufficiency and to predict the ability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus. Complications may threaten the life of the fetus, but delivery can be timed to minimize the complications associated with prematurity. Overall, skilled medical management of underlying problems remains most important, while tests of placental insufficiency add valuable, but supplementary guidelines for overall management of the high-risk patient.", "contents": "High-risk pregnancy screening techniques: a nursing overview. Procedures and indications for nonstress fetal monitoring, oxytocin challenge tests, 24-hour measurement of urine estriols, ultrasound, and amniocentesis, five of the most widely used diagnostic tools for monitoring the fetus at risk, are reviewed. While none of these tests is completely accurate by itself, selective use of these tests improves the ability to diagnose placental insufficiency and to predict the ability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus. Complications may threaten the life of the fetus, but delivery can be timed to minimize the complications associated with prematurity. Overall, skilled medical management of underlying problems remains most important, while tests of placental insufficiency add valuable, but supplementary guidelines for overall management of the high-risk patient."}
{"id": "PMID:252551", "title": "Toward improvements in parenting: a description of prenatal and postpartum classes with teaching guide.", "content": "A pilot program was developed at an urban community hospital in an attempt to enhance the educational preparation of new and expectant parents and to provide them with the opportunity to examine their values and expectations relating to parenthood. Forty-one couples attended prenatal and postpartum classes. Child development and parenting issues were the main topics of discussion. The effectiveness of the educational program and instructor performance were evaluated through questionnaires measuring parenting knowledge and emotional support. Also, a teaching guide was developed and published.", "contents": "Toward improvements in parenting: a description of prenatal and postpartum classes with teaching guide. A pilot program was developed at an urban community hospital in an attempt to enhance the educational preparation of new and expectant parents and to provide them with the opportunity to examine their values and expectations relating to parenthood. Forty-one couples attended prenatal and postpartum classes. Child development and parenting issues were the main topics of discussion. The effectiveness of the educational program and instructor performance were evaluated through questionnaires measuring parenting knowledge and emotional support. Also, a teaching guide was developed and published."}
{"id": "PMID:252553", "title": "Culture and preventive health care.", "content": "Interviews were conducted with 85 Puerto-Rican-born women encountered in one urban community in the United States concerning their obstetrical and gynecological preventive health participation, modesty pattern, and feelings of being male dominated. Women who were living with partners were influenced in preventive health participation by their modesty pattern. The more modest woman participated less. Women no longer living with their partners participated in preventive health care independently of their modesty pattern. Women reporting to be more male dominated demonstrated no differences in their preventive health participation; however, women reporting to be less male dominated participated more in preventive health. The nurse should determine the degree of modesty and assess its probable influence on the woman's future participation in preventive health. The more modest woman will relate better to a female health provider in matters concerning her physical person, and particularly, in matters concerned with her sexuality. In some instances the nurse should determine the need to include the partner in preventive health education in order to encourage a more positive attitude toward and participation in preventive health care.", "contents": "Culture and preventive health care. Interviews were conducted with 85 Puerto-Rican-born women encountered in one urban community in the United States concerning their obstetrical and gynecological preventive health participation, modesty pattern, and feelings of being male dominated. Women who were living with partners were influenced in preventive health participation by their modesty pattern. The more modest woman participated less. Women no longer living with their partners participated in preventive health care independently of their modesty pattern. Women reporting to be more male dominated demonstrated no differences in their preventive health participation; however, women reporting to be less male dominated participated more in preventive health. The nurse should determine the degree of modesty and assess its probable influence on the woman's future participation in preventive health. The more modest woman will relate better to a female health provider in matters concerning her physical person, and particularly, in matters concerned with her sexuality. In some instances the nurse should determine the need to include the partner in preventive health education in order to encourage a more positive attitude toward and participation in preventive health care."}
{"id": "PMID:252555", "title": "Self-care nursing model for patients experiencing radical change in body image.", "content": "A description of the integration of concepts from other disciplines into the nursing self-care model is presented. Orem's model of the patient as a self-care, goal-directed, decision-making agent is applied to the care of a woman recovering from a radical vulvectomy. The model can be used in other nursing care situations in which the patient's body image is altered.", "contents": "Self-care nursing model for patients experiencing radical change in body image. A description of the integration of concepts from other disciplines into the nursing self-care model is presented. Orem's model of the patient as a self-care, goal-directed, decision-making agent is applied to the care of a woman recovering from a radical vulvectomy. The model can be used in other nursing care situations in which the patient's body image is altered."}
{"id": "PMID:252552", "title": "Comparison of the antiseptic effect of two Iodophor preparations on hand washing in a well-baby nursery.", "content": "Two iodophor preparations, Betadine and Prepodyne, used as handwashing antiseptics in two well-baby nurseries, were compared. A total of 1,806 cultures were evaluated. They were taken a) from nurses' hands after washing with either of the products to determine the effectiveness in removing bacteria from the skin suface, b) from the babies' umbilicuses to assess the level of colonization of the infants' skin surfaces to which nurses were exposed during infant bathing, and c) from the nurses' hands immediately after completion of the babies' bathing routine. The results obtained indicated that the products are equally effective in eliminating bacteria in a routine handwashing procedure in similar circumstances. Both presented a comparable skin drying effect after repeated exposures and did not lead to any allergic reaction in the present trial.", "contents": "Comparison of the antiseptic effect of two Iodophor preparations on hand washing in a well-baby nursery. Two iodophor preparations, Betadine and Prepodyne, used as handwashing antiseptics in two well-baby nurseries, were compared. A total of 1,806 cultures were evaluated. They were taken a) from nurses' hands after washing with either of the products to determine the effectiveness in removing bacteria from the skin suface, b) from the babies' umbilicuses to assess the level of colonization of the infants' skin surfaces to which nurses were exposed during infant bathing, and c) from the nurses' hands immediately after completion of the babies' bathing routine. The results obtained indicated that the products are equally effective in eliminating bacteria in a routine handwashing procedure in similar circumstances. Both presented a comparable skin drying effect after repeated exposures and did not lead to any allergic reaction in the present trial."}
{"id": "PMID:252584", "title": "Children of alcoholic parents: a neglected issue.", "content": "Little attention has been focused on the children of alcoholic families, and the few studies that have been conducted indicate that these children are at grave risk for developing long-lasting psychosocial and educational problems. Their self-esteem suffers as a result of constant conflict, inconsistency, and role confusion in the home, and it is also known that academic performance and the ability to develop positive peer relationships are also greatly affected. In an effort to determine the scope of this problem, 51 Iowa school nurses attending an Annual School Nurse Conference were queried about: a) their awareness of the problem, b) who should be responsible for intervening with these children, and c) what the role of the school nurse is in working with these youngsters. Based on their responses as well as findings in the literature, suggestions regarding appropriate nursing interventions are offered.", "contents": "Children of alcoholic parents: a neglected issue. Little attention has been focused on the children of alcoholic families, and the few studies that have been conducted indicate that these children are at grave risk for developing long-lasting psychosocial and educational problems. Their self-esteem suffers as a result of constant conflict, inconsistency, and role confusion in the home, and it is also known that academic performance and the ability to develop positive peer relationships are also greatly affected. In an effort to determine the scope of this problem, 51 Iowa school nurses attending an Annual School Nurse Conference were queried about: a) their awareness of the problem, b) who should be responsible for intervening with these children, and c) what the role of the school nurse is in working with these youngsters. Based on their responses as well as findings in the literature, suggestions regarding appropriate nursing interventions are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:252586", "title": "Sixth graders can take blood pressures.", "content": "A curriculum guide entitled \"Heart Health Curriculum Guide\" was developed with and by teachers in Peabody Public Schools under a Massachusetts Public Health grant to the American Heart Association. The 67-page manual describes the format of the 12-hour teacher workshop, background physiology of heart/circulatory system, hypertension risk factors, a set of 20 lessons, and evaluating procedures. (Copies may be obtained for $3.00 by writing the corresponding author.) As a result of teaching this unit, sixth grade students in each school ran a Blood Pressure Screening Clinic for their parents and school staff.", "contents": "Sixth graders can take blood pressures. A curriculum guide entitled \"Heart Health Curriculum Guide\" was developed with and by teachers in Peabody Public Schools under a Massachusetts Public Health grant to the American Heart Association. The 67-page manual describes the format of the 12-hour teacher workshop, background physiology of heart/circulatory system, hypertension risk factors, a set of 20 lessons, and evaluating procedures. (Copies may be obtained for $3.00 by writing the corresponding author.) As a result of teaching this unit, sixth grade students in each school ran a Blood Pressure Screening Clinic for their parents and school staff."}
{"id": "PMID:252587", "title": "Dental health knowledge tests: their development, implementation and evaluation.", "content": "The present study discusses the development of dental health knowledge tests as part of an integrated dental health curriculum in the public school system of a rural community. It is part of a large project designed to test the effectiveness of a school-based dental health delivery system. Cognitive measures of dental health were designed to study the relationship of dental health knowledge to oral health behaviors. A review of the literature revealed no suitable dental health knowledge tests for grades K-6; new assessment measures were then developed by project staff. The tests consisted of 14 objectively scored tests--two parallel forms at each of the seven grade levels, K-6, and were administered four times to 1,942 students. Consistently, the tests have demonstrated high reliability estimates and low standard errors of measurement and indicate that the instruments are functioning as parallel forms and measuring the same dental concepts with equal precision.", "contents": "Dental health knowledge tests: their development, implementation and evaluation. The present study discusses the development of dental health knowledge tests as part of an integrated dental health curriculum in the public school system of a rural community. It is part of a large project designed to test the effectiveness of a school-based dental health delivery system. Cognitive measures of dental health were designed to study the relationship of dental health knowledge to oral health behaviors. A review of the literature revealed no suitable dental health knowledge tests for grades K-6; new assessment measures were then developed by project staff. The tests consisted of 14 objectively scored tests--two parallel forms at each of the seven grade levels, K-6, and were administered four times to 1,942 students. Consistently, the tests have demonstrated high reliability estimates and low standard errors of measurement and indicate that the instruments are functioning as parallel forms and measuring the same dental concepts with equal precision."}
{"id": "PMID:252593", "title": "Hyperactivity: pediatricians' and teachers' perspectives.", "content": "Research of related literature indicated that disagreement existed among professionals as to the causes, diagnoses, treatments and descriptors of hyperactivity. A questionnaire was developed to compare the responses of a group of pediatricians, and a group of master's degree candidates in special education (79.18%) of whom were teachers with an average of 4.72 years of teaching experience) on four variables relating to hyperactivity diagnoses, etiology, treatments, and labels. Significant differences between the two groups were noted in their responses to the dependent measures.", "contents": "Hyperactivity: pediatricians' and teachers' perspectives. Research of related literature indicated that disagreement existed among professionals as to the causes, diagnoses, treatments and descriptors of hyperactivity. A questionnaire was developed to compare the responses of a group of pediatricians, and a group of master's degree candidates in special education (79.18%) of whom were teachers with an average of 4.72 years of teaching experience) on four variables relating to hyperactivity diagnoses, etiology, treatments, and labels. Significant differences between the two groups were noted in their responses to the dependent measures."}
{"id": "PMID:252594", "title": "Height/weight disproportion in elementary school children.", "content": "This paper discusses the importance of studying physical growth patterns in children and presents the results of a survey of height and weight measurements collected on 1,953 children ages 5--11 from 12 schools in a city in the southeastern United States. Approximately 40% of the sample children had height/weight disproportion. Twenty-seven percent of the sample children weighed more than normal for their height. Physical and psychological consequences of childhood obesity are discussed as a basis for intervention with children. The investigators believe that the problems of elevated weight in childhood merits a great deal more study so that groups at risk can be predicted and more effective treatment programs developed. For persons who are overweight, control of weight requires a change in behavior which is essentially an educational process; therefore, it would appear appropriate to have such programs placed within the school setting.", "contents": "Height/weight disproportion in elementary school children. This paper discusses the importance of studying physical growth patterns in children and presents the results of a survey of height and weight measurements collected on 1,953 children ages 5--11 from 12 schools in a city in the southeastern United States. Approximately 40% of the sample children had height/weight disproportion. Twenty-seven percent of the sample children weighed more than normal for their height. Physical and psychological consequences of childhood obesity are discussed as a basis for intervention with children. The investigators believe that the problems of elevated weight in childhood merits a great deal more study so that groups at risk can be predicted and more effective treatment programs developed. For persons who are overweight, control of weight requires a change in behavior which is essentially an educational process; therefore, it would appear appropriate to have such programs placed within the school setting."}
{"id": "PMID:252595", "title": "Prenatal care for pregnant adolescents in a public high school.", "content": "Two groups of pregnant adolescents enrolled in the St. Paul, Minnesota Maternal and Infant Care Project were involved in this study. A retrospective analysis of obstetrical summary sheets of delivered pregnant adolescents was conducted to demonstrate the relationship of the availiability of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary program of prenatal care in a regular public school setting to the achievement of early and continuous prenatal care and to the minimizing of obstetrical complications of the pregnant adolescents who were students in the school. A total sample of 36 students who received prenatal care in the school clinic (study group) from 1973 to 1976 was compared with a random sample of 36 adolescent patients (matched for race) who received care at a non-school clinic (comparison group). The data demonstrated that the study group initiated care earlier and had more total prenatal visits than did the comparison group. Also demonstrated were fewer obstetrical complications in the study group than in the comparison group. The comparison group had more low birth weight infants and more complicated deliveries than did the study group. Therefore, the results of this study support the initial objective and may have significance for educators and health personnel.", "contents": "Prenatal care for pregnant adolescents in a public high school. Two groups of pregnant adolescents enrolled in the St. Paul, Minnesota Maternal and Infant Care Project were involved in this study. A retrospective analysis of obstetrical summary sheets of delivered pregnant adolescents was conducted to demonstrate the relationship of the availiability of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary program of prenatal care in a regular public school setting to the achievement of early and continuous prenatal care and to the minimizing of obstetrical complications of the pregnant adolescents who were students in the school. A total sample of 36 students who received prenatal care in the school clinic (study group) from 1973 to 1976 was compared with a random sample of 36 adolescent patients (matched for race) who received care at a non-school clinic (comparison group). The data demonstrated that the study group initiated care earlier and had more total prenatal visits than did the comparison group. Also demonstrated were fewer obstetrical complications in the study group than in the comparison group. The comparison group had more low birth weight infants and more complicated deliveries than did the study group. Therefore, the results of this study support the initial objective and may have significance for educators and health personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:252641", "title": "Interpreting a general index of subjective well-being.", "content": "The complex and continuing problem of identifying the relationship between several subjective and objective measurements of health is explored through data from a national health survey. Statistical analyses show that sociodemographic variables among groups are less important than are psychological variables in interpreting subjective well-being.", "contents": "Interpreting a general index of subjective well-being. The complex and continuing problem of identifying the relationship between several subjective and objective measurements of health is explored through data from a national health survey. Statistical analyses show that sociodemographic variables among groups are less important than are psychological variables in interpreting subjective well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:252699", "title": "Topical application of insulin in decubitus ulcers.", "content": "When a pilot study provided evidence that insulin may increase the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers, this study attempted to answer the question: Is topical insulin therapy an effective treatment regimen for decubitus ulcers? The experimental study utilized a two-group, before-after design. Twenty-nine geriatric subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The single independent variable was the topical application of ten units of regular insulin (U.S.P.) twice daily. The dependent variable was the surface area of the decubitus ulcer measured in square millimeters. Rate of healing was defined as decrease in surface area over time. Data were also gathered on extraneous variables believed to influence the healing process. The F test was used to test the research hypothesis that experimental subjects would have an increased rate of healing. When comparison of group means on day seven and day 15 revealed no significant differences, the research hypothesis was rejected. Pearson product moment correlation procedures were utilized to determine if there were differences between extraneous variables and the rate of healing. Females healed significantly (p less than .05) more slowly than males. Also, there was a direct correlation between the number of days of treatment and the rate of healing.", "contents": "Topical application of insulin in decubitus ulcers. When a pilot study provided evidence that insulin may increase the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers, this study attempted to answer the question: Is topical insulin therapy an effective treatment regimen for decubitus ulcers? The experimental study utilized a two-group, before-after design. Twenty-nine geriatric subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The single independent variable was the topical application of ten units of regular insulin (U.S.P.) twice daily. The dependent variable was the surface area of the decubitus ulcer measured in square millimeters. Rate of healing was defined as decrease in surface area over time. Data were also gathered on extraneous variables believed to influence the healing process. The F test was used to test the research hypothesis that experimental subjects would have an increased rate of healing. When comparison of group means on day seven and day 15 revealed no significant differences, the research hypothesis was rejected. Pearson product moment correlation procedures were utilized to determine if there were differences between extraneous variables and the rate of healing. Females healed significantly (p less than .05) more slowly than males. Also, there was a direct correlation between the number of days of treatment and the rate of healing."}
{"id": "PMID:252700", "title": "Situational stress and temporal changes in self-report and vocal measurements.", "content": "Vocal stress levels (using the Psychological Stress Evaluator) the day before and eight days after final examination week for one group (I) of volunteer students were compared with levels of another group (II) without intervening examinations. Time intervals for both groups were identical. Vocal stress was also compared with self-rate anxiety. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference in vocal stress for group I when compared to group II, with group I showing a decrease. Mean changes in vocal stress paralleled mean changes (or lack thereof) in self-reported anxiety for both groups. This study suggested that vocal stress, as recorded by the PSE, does depict predictable and self-reported state anxiety which is significantly increased prior to and declines following college final examinations. Data further suggest that the PSE is useful for intervals of days rather than just in terms of minutes and that PSE measures may not be readily altered by acclimatization to the testing situation.", "contents": "Situational stress and temporal changes in self-report and vocal measurements. Vocal stress levels (using the Psychological Stress Evaluator) the day before and eight days after final examination week for one group (I) of volunteer students were compared with levels of another group (II) without intervening examinations. Time intervals for both groups were identical. Vocal stress was also compared with self-rate anxiety. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference in vocal stress for group I when compared to group II, with group I showing a decrease. Mean changes in vocal stress paralleled mean changes (or lack thereof) in self-reported anxiety for both groups. This study suggested that vocal stress, as recorded by the PSE, does depict predictable and self-reported state anxiety which is significantly increased prior to and declines following college final examinations. Data further suggest that the PSE is useful for intervals of days rather than just in terms of minutes and that PSE measures may not be readily altered by acclimatization to the testing situation."}
{"id": "PMID:252701", "title": "Nursing activities and acute confusional states in elderly hip-fractured patients.", "content": "Confusion in 91 hospitalized patients over 60 years of age who had sustained hip fracture and undergone subsequent surgical repair was examined in seven hospitals in five states. The relationship of nursing activities, patient, surgical, and environmental variables to the extent of confusion apparent in the sample was explored. Data were gathered by record review, patient testing, observation, and interview. Patient testing and interview were carried out on the first, third, and fifth postoperative days; the patient's caregiver on those days was also interviewed. The major dependent variables used in multiple regression analysis were memory (immediate and recent), observed behavior, and patient's self-report of mental clarity. Results showed that the most consistent predictors of postoperative confusion were the presence of confusion on admission to the hospital or confusion during the preoperative period. Greater postoperative mobility and freedom from urinary problems resulted in less confusion. Being male and of increased age were risk factors. The presence of timepieces and patients' use of television were associated with higher levels of mental clarity. Patients in private rooms tended to do better on memory testing than patients in rooms shared with others. Nursing personnel's major action in response to patient confusion was that of conscious attention to orientation, explanation, or reassurance. Use of restraints was relatively frequent.", "contents": "Nursing activities and acute confusional states in elderly hip-fractured patients. Confusion in 91 hospitalized patients over 60 years of age who had sustained hip fracture and undergone subsequent surgical repair was examined in seven hospitals in five states. The relationship of nursing activities, patient, surgical, and environmental variables to the extent of confusion apparent in the sample was explored. Data were gathered by record review, patient testing, observation, and interview. Patient testing and interview were carried out on the first, third, and fifth postoperative days; the patient's caregiver on those days was also interviewed. The major dependent variables used in multiple regression analysis were memory (immediate and recent), observed behavior, and patient's self-report of mental clarity. Results showed that the most consistent predictors of postoperative confusion were the presence of confusion on admission to the hospital or confusion during the preoperative period. Greater postoperative mobility and freedom from urinary problems resulted in less confusion. Being male and of increased age were risk factors. The presence of timepieces and patients' use of television were associated with higher levels of mental clarity. Patients in private rooms tended to do better on memory testing than patients in rooms shared with others. Nursing personnel's major action in response to patient confusion was that of conscious attention to orientation, explanation, or reassurance. Use of restraints was relatively frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:252702", "title": "A study of older adults attending a program on human sexuality: a pilot study.", "content": "This study attempted to ascertain if significant changes took place in older adults' knowledge and attitudes about human sexuality following a two-session course on the subject. Subjects were volunteers who attended a neighborhood center in Miami, Florida. Information was gathered immediately before the first session and after the second session by use of pencil-and-paper tests. Test items were adapted from the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test and Attitude and Knowledge Assessment. At the first session, small-group discussions followed a large-group instruction period; the second session consisted of a 20-minute film on human sexuality, followed by group discussion. Of the 30 participants who took the pretest, only four completed the posttest, although most of the 30 attended the second session.", "contents": "A study of older adults attending a program on human sexuality: a pilot study. This study attempted to ascertain if significant changes took place in older adults' knowledge and attitudes about human sexuality following a two-session course on the subject. Subjects were volunteers who attended a neighborhood center in Miami, Florida. Information was gathered immediately before the first session and after the second session by use of pencil-and-paper tests. Test items were adapted from the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test and Attitude and Knowledge Assessment. At the first session, small-group discussions followed a large-group instruction period; the second session consisted of a 20-minute film on human sexuality, followed by group discussion. Of the 30 participants who took the pretest, only four completed the posttest, although most of the 30 attended the second session."}
{"id": "PMID:252704", "title": "Effect of free time the day prior to mastery testing on nursing students' scores.", "content": "This study compared mastery test score averages of 43 students who spent the day preceding the test in a seven-hour clinical laboratory with score averages of 36 students who had free time for study. The null hypothesis, that no significant difference would be found in the test means between the groups, was not rejected. Test score differences, it was assumed, resulted from chance.", "contents": "Effect of free time the day prior to mastery testing on nursing students' scores. This study compared mastery test score averages of 43 students who spent the day preceding the test in a seven-hour clinical laboratory with score averages of 36 students who had free time for study. The null hypothesis, that no significant difference would be found in the test means between the groups, was not rejected. Test score differences, it was assumed, resulted from chance."}
{"id": "PMID:252712", "title": "Symbiosis: nursing and the bioengineer.", "content": "At this time, bioinstrumentation is the product of the possible as modified by what is practical. The bioengineer offers both the possible and the practical from an engineering and ideal model. The nurse, in contrast, speaks to the ideal possible from a confining practical clinical model. Symbiosis of nursing and bioengineering will combine the important attributes of each discipline for the betterment of patient care. In truth, the machine becomes an instrument of humanity.", "contents": "Symbiosis: nursing and the bioengineer. At this time, bioinstrumentation is the product of the possible as modified by what is practical. The bioengineer offers both the possible and the practical from an engineering and ideal model. The nurse, in contrast, speaks to the ideal possible from a confining practical clinical model. Symbiosis of nursing and bioengineering will combine the important attributes of each discipline for the betterment of patient care. In truth, the machine becomes an instrument of humanity."}
{"id": "PMID:252706", "title": "Attitudes and intentions of baccalaureate nursing students toward the elderly.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study was to develop instruments that reliably measure belief and behavioral intentions toward the elderly with control for social desirability set within the belief measure. Related purposes involved evaluation of the impact of a gerontologic nursing course on beliefs and behavioral intentions of nursing students toward the elderly. Data were collected over a three-month period from 153 volunteers in a baccalaureate nursing program. One group was tested both before and immediately after a gerontologic nursing course; three other groups were tested immediately, one, and two years after the course. A paired-comparison type belief scale and a multiple-act behavioral intention scale were developed and used in the study. The Kogan Old People and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scales served as outside criteria. Both new instruments were found to be highly reliable. An association between beliefs and behavioral intentions above the .30 level was found between scores on the behavioral intention and Kogan scales, but not between behavioral intention and belief scores.", "contents": "Attitudes and intentions of baccalaureate nursing students toward the elderly. The primary purpose of this study was to develop instruments that reliably measure belief and behavioral intentions toward the elderly with control for social desirability set within the belief measure. Related purposes involved evaluation of the impact of a gerontologic nursing course on beliefs and behavioral intentions of nursing students toward the elderly. Data were collected over a three-month period from 153 volunteers in a baccalaureate nursing program. One group was tested both before and immediately after a gerontologic nursing course; three other groups were tested immediately, one, and two years after the course. A paired-comparison type belief scale and a multiple-act behavioral intention scale were developed and used in the study. The Kogan Old People and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scales served as outside criteria. Both new instruments were found to be highly reliable. An association between beliefs and behavioral intentions above the .30 level was found between scores on the behavioral intention and Kogan scales, but not between behavioral intention and belief scores."}
{"id": "PMID:252707", "title": "Professional development of nurse practitioners as a function of need motivation, learning style, and locus of control.", "content": "This study assessed the relationship of loci of control, learning styles, and motivational needs of 53 graduates of the Wichita State University Nurse Clinician Program to amounts and types of professional activities performed in a clinical setting. A self-appraisal was also considered in the analyses. Motivational needs assessed included the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Findings revealed that nurse clinicians with moderate need for achievement, high need for affiliation, and moderate need for power performed significantly (p less than .03) more professional activities than nurses with high need for achievement, low need for affiliation, and high need for power. Other findings showed a significant (p less than .04) negative relationship between chance locus of control and self-appraisals. Amounts and types of professional activities performed were not significantly related to loci of control or to learning styles.", "contents": "Professional development of nurse practitioners as a function of need motivation, learning style, and locus of control. This study assessed the relationship of loci of control, learning styles, and motivational needs of 53 graduates of the Wichita State University Nurse Clinician Program to amounts and types of professional activities performed in a clinical setting. A self-appraisal was also considered in the analyses. Motivational needs assessed included the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Findings revealed that nurse clinicians with moderate need for achievement, high need for affiliation, and moderate need for power performed significantly (p less than .03) more professional activities than nurses with high need for achievement, low need for affiliation, and high need for power. Other findings showed a significant (p less than .04) negative relationship between chance locus of control and self-appraisals. Amounts and types of professional activities performed were not significantly related to loci of control or to learning styles."}
{"id": "PMID:252713", "title": "Bioinstrumentation in the care of the neonate.", "content": "There are many things to consider when deciding upon the various instruments to use to monitor a newborn. The availability of these monitoring devices should be considered a boon both to the care of the sick newborn and to the nurse, for the data collection process is greatly enhanced in efficiency and accuracy. Nurses have assumed increasing responsibility for data collection, and with the aid of a variety of monitoring systems they will be better able to perform this task. They will also be left with more time for data synthesis and other aspects of patient care. The small amount of time that is necessary to check the machines for safety and functioning is well compensated for by the amount of data derived. The data contribute vastly to the maintenance of homeostasis and the early detection of problems in the neonate.", "contents": "Bioinstrumentation in the care of the neonate. There are many things to consider when deciding upon the various instruments to use to monitor a newborn. The availability of these monitoring devices should be considered a boon both to the care of the sick newborn and to the nurse, for the data collection process is greatly enhanced in efficiency and accuracy. Nurses have assumed increasing responsibility for data collection, and with the aid of a variety of monitoring systems they will be better able to perform this task. They will also be left with more time for data synthesis and other aspects of patient care. The small amount of time that is necessary to check the machines for safety and functioning is well compensated for by the amount of data derived. The data contribute vastly to the maintenance of homeostasis and the early detection of problems in the neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:252708", "title": "Antecedents of nursing school attrition: attitudinal dimensions.", "content": "In an attempt to identify attitudinal orientations that might be used as indicators of attrition, demographic, academic performance, and attitudinal data on 261 students enrolled in the Woodruff School of Nursing at Emory University, Atlanta, between 1968 and 1972, were studied. Traditional measures of scholastic aptitude were not found to be good indicators. The higher the father's educational attainment, the more likely attrition was to occur. The higher the mother's occupational status, the less likely attrition was to occur. Attitudinal measures used in the study seemed to have little direct impact on attrition.", "contents": "Antecedents of nursing school attrition: attitudinal dimensions. In an attempt to identify attitudinal orientations that might be used as indicators of attrition, demographic, academic performance, and attitudinal data on 261 students enrolled in the Woodruff School of Nursing at Emory University, Atlanta, between 1968 and 1972, were studied. Traditional measures of scholastic aptitude were not found to be good indicators. The higher the father's educational attainment, the more likely attrition was to occur. The higher the mother's occupational status, the less likely attrition was to occur. Attitudinal measures used in the study seemed to have little direct impact on attrition."}
{"id": "PMID:252714", "title": "The bioinstrumentation of hemodialysis.", "content": "This paper is designed to introduce the nondialysis nurse to the world of the hemodialysis patient through an overview of its bioinstrumentation. The aim of this paper is not to make a dialysis specialist of all who read it, but rather to assist the nurse--through an understanding of the basic principles of dialysis, the artificial kidney machine, and its component parts--to feel comfortable around the dialysis machine. The outcome will be to improve the quality of care given to the patient who is receiving hemodialysis.", "contents": "The bioinstrumentation of hemodialysis. This paper is designed to introduce the nondialysis nurse to the world of the hemodialysis patient through an overview of its bioinstrumentation. The aim of this paper is not to make a dialysis specialist of all who read it, but rather to assist the nurse--through an understanding of the basic principles of dialysis, the artificial kidney machine, and its component parts--to feel comfortable around the dialysis machine. The outcome will be to improve the quality of care given to the patient who is receiving hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:252716", "title": "Bioinstrumentation: twentieth century slave.", "content": "Instrumentation represents an extension of human ability to sense, to monitor, and to record data for interpretation. The devices can supplement failing physiologic functions. They are the products of fertile imaginations, tedius and fastidious development, and scientific and technologic knowledge. As such, the devices have infiltrated health care. The time is ripe for nursing actively to take advantage of the capacities and potentials of these tools, which slavishly and untiringly carry out tasks and relay information that can contribute to the well-being of patients and the advancement of nursing.", "contents": "Bioinstrumentation: twentieth century slave. Instrumentation represents an extension of human ability to sense, to monitor, and to record data for interpretation. The devices can supplement failing physiologic functions. They are the products of fertile imaginations, tedius and fastidious development, and scientific and technologic knowledge. As such, the devices have infiltrated health care. The time is ripe for nursing actively to take advantage of the capacities and potentials of these tools, which slavishly and untiringly carry out tasks and relay information that can contribute to the well-being of patients and the advancement of nursing."}
{"id": "PMID:252719", "title": "Influence of group process on the unit milieu.", "content": "The purpose of this paper has been to discuss one clinical phenomenon, that of the group process, the determination of which facilitates the provision of nursing care on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Both the phenomena that engender a stressful group process and the cues to determining a group process were discussed.", "contents": "Influence of group process on the unit milieu. The purpose of this paper has been to discuss one clinical phenomenon, that of the group process, the determination of which facilitates the provision of nursing care on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Both the phenomena that engender a stressful group process and the cues to determining a group process were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:252721", "title": "Multiple family group therapy with a tri-therapist team.", "content": "In summary, we attempt to minimize personal and professional factors that may hinder the group or be deleterious to the tri-therapists' working relationship. With such contract variables in mind, it is hoped that other co-therapists would find similar approaches that will make co-therapy a satisfying experience.", "contents": "Multiple family group therapy with a tri-therapist team. In summary, we attempt to minimize personal and professional factors that may hinder the group or be deleterious to the tri-therapists' working relationship. With such contract variables in mind, it is hoped that other co-therapists would find similar approaches that will make co-therapy a satisfying experience."}
{"id": "PMID:252820", "title": "Use of systemic antibiotics in the burned patient.", "content": "A diagnosis of clinical sepsis is the primary indication for administration of systemic antibiotics. Choices of antibiotics for sepsis, where cultures are unavailable, requires a knowledge of current strains in the unit where the patient resides and coverage for both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas. Dosage requirements are increased in burned patients and serum antibiotic levels must be monitored for maximal effectiveness and minimal toxicity. Localized foci of infection must be identified and eradicated with regional antibiotic therapy or surgery when possible. Gram-negative pneumonia in the patient with an inhalation injury poses special difficulties in therapy. Resistance to antibiotics must be constantly guarded against and isolation procedures followed to avoid its propagation in the burn unit. Combination drug regimens and plasmid-directed therapy may in the future slow down the acquisition of further antibiotic resistance and lead to improved salvage of severely burned patients.", "contents": "Use of systemic antibiotics in the burned patient. A diagnosis of clinical sepsis is the primary indication for administration of systemic antibiotics. Choices of antibiotics for sepsis, where cultures are unavailable, requires a knowledge of current strains in the unit where the patient resides and coverage for both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas. Dosage requirements are increased in burned patients and serum antibiotic levels must be monitored for maximal effectiveness and minimal toxicity. Localized foci of infection must be identified and eradicated with regional antibiotic therapy or surgery when possible. Gram-negative pneumonia in the patient with an inhalation injury poses special difficulties in therapy. Resistance to antibiotics must be constantly guarded against and isolation procedures followed to avoid its propagation in the burn unit. Combination drug regimens and plasmid-directed therapy may in the future slow down the acquisition of further antibiotic resistance and lead to improved salvage of severely burned patients."}
{"id": "PMID:252917", "title": "[Kinetics of specific (codon-dependent) binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit under different medium conditions].", "content": "It was shown that the increase of Mg2+ ions concentration in the medium from 0,01 M to 0,03 M speeds up the formation of a codon-dependent complex between 14C-Phe-tRNA and the 30S ribosomal subparticle. Under high MgCl2 concentration (0,02 M) the increase of NH4Cl concentration also accelerates the specific binding of 14C-Phe-tRNA to the 30S subparticle. In the presence of 0,005 M MgCl2 0,5 M urea significantly decreases the rate of the specific binding. 0,5 M ethanol does not have any noticeable effect on the kinetics of the reaction.", "contents": "[Kinetics of specific (codon-dependent) binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit under different medium conditions]. It was shown that the increase of Mg2+ ions concentration in the medium from 0,01 M to 0,03 M speeds up the formation of a codon-dependent complex between 14C-Phe-tRNA and the 30S ribosomal subparticle. Under high MgCl2 concentration (0,02 M) the increase of NH4Cl concentration also accelerates the specific binding of 14C-Phe-tRNA to the 30S subparticle. In the presence of 0,005 M MgCl2 0,5 M urea significantly decreases the rate of the specific binding. 0,5 M ethanol does not have any noticeable effect on the kinetics of the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:252918", "title": "[Functional role of aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerols in the lamellar system of chloroplasts].", "content": "The role of 14C-aminoacyl-tRNAs in the formation of aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols in isolated chloroplasts of haricot bean leaves was studied. The formation of 14C-aminoacyl-tRNAs was more intensive in the case when 14C-aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols were the source of amino acids. On incubation of lamellae with 14C-aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols, 14C-amino acids proved to be incorporated intensively in protein of the lamellae. Membrane-bound chloroplast ribosome-like particles were observed on the outermost thylakoid membranes of the grana stacks as well as on the stroma thylakoids. It is concluded that aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols play an important role in lateral transport of amino acids within the chloroplasts lamellar system.", "contents": "[Functional role of aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerols in the lamellar system of chloroplasts]. The role of 14C-aminoacyl-tRNAs in the formation of aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols in isolated chloroplasts of haricot bean leaves was studied. The formation of 14C-aminoacyl-tRNAs was more intensive in the case when 14C-aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols were the source of amino acids. On incubation of lamellae with 14C-aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols, 14C-amino acids proved to be incorporated intensively in protein of the lamellae. Membrane-bound chloroplast ribosome-like particles were observed on the outermost thylakoid membranes of the grana stacks as well as on the stroma thylakoids. It is concluded that aminoacyl phosphatidyl glycerols play an important role in lateral transport of amino acids within the chloroplasts lamellar system."}
{"id": "PMID:252921", "title": "Planning drug abuse treatment: critical decisions.", "content": "This paper identifies and discusses certain key issues which must be recognized and resolved as part of the process of planning drug abuse treatment efforts. It is emphasized that the approach which is ultimately adopted must be tailored to the specific needs which prevail in a particular locale, at a particular time. It is urged that the addict population be viewed as the most significant of all critics in assessing the appropriateness of the therapeutic services which are provided.", "contents": "Planning drug abuse treatment: critical decisions. This paper identifies and discusses certain key issues which must be recognized and resolved as part of the process of planning drug abuse treatment efforts. It is emphasized that the approach which is ultimately adopted must be tailored to the specific needs which prevail in a particular locale, at a particular time. It is urged that the addict population be viewed as the most significant of all critics in assessing the appropriateness of the therapeutic services which are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:252925", "title": "Nonexistence of N-acetylseryl-tRNA in rat liver.", "content": "Reports of the existence of N-acetylseryl-tRNA in rat liver were reinvestigated. Methods were developed to permit recovery of N-acetylserine in a yield of 30--40% from N-acetylseryl-tRNA added to liver homogenates and cell-free incubations. [14C]Serine and [3H]acetate were injected into rats pretreated with iron and into rats after partial hepatectomy, and aminoacyl-tRNA was isolated from their livers. The amount of radioactivity associated with N-acetylserine in the amino acids released by hydrolysis from the aminoacyl-tRNA was negligible. No formation of N-acetylseryl-tRNA could be observed in incubations of acetyl CoA and seryl-tRNA or tRNA with enzyme fractions from liver of rats pretreated with iron. It is concluded that previous reports of the existence of N-acetylseryl-tRNA in rat liver are erroneous.", "contents": "Nonexistence of N-acetylseryl-tRNA in rat liver. Reports of the existence of N-acetylseryl-tRNA in rat liver were reinvestigated. Methods were developed to permit recovery of N-acetylserine in a yield of 30--40% from N-acetylseryl-tRNA added to liver homogenates and cell-free incubations. [14C]Serine and [3H]acetate were injected into rats pretreated with iron and into rats after partial hepatectomy, and aminoacyl-tRNA was isolated from their livers. The amount of radioactivity associated with N-acetylserine in the amino acids released by hydrolysis from the aminoacyl-tRNA was negligible. No formation of N-acetylseryl-tRNA could be observed in incubations of acetyl CoA and seryl-tRNA or tRNA with enzyme fractions from liver of rats pretreated with iron. It is concluded that previous reports of the existence of N-acetylseryl-tRNA in rat liver are erroneous."}
{"id": "PMID:252923", "title": "Effects of cannabis resin on learning by repetition in the rat.", "content": "Studies were made of the effects of cannabis resin in differing doses on a type of learning by repetition, using the water-filled maze technique, and on the conditioned avoidance reflex in the rat. When administered at a dose corresponding to 0.5 mg of delta9-THC per kg, the resin led to improved learning in both the types of test employed; opposite effects were observed with the higher dose (corresponding to 5 mg of delta9-THC per kg). These effects are probably attributable to complex reciprocal action between the active constituents of the resin, particularly THC, and the metabolisms of the cerebral monoamines and c-AMP.", "contents": "Effects of cannabis resin on learning by repetition in the rat. Studies were made of the effects of cannabis resin in differing doses on a type of learning by repetition, using the water-filled maze technique, and on the conditioned avoidance reflex in the rat. When administered at a dose corresponding to 0.5 mg of delta9-THC per kg, the resin led to improved learning in both the types of test employed; opposite effects were observed with the higher dose (corresponding to 5 mg of delta9-THC per kg). These effects are probably attributable to complex reciprocal action between the active constituents of the resin, particularly THC, and the metabolisms of the cerebral monoamines and c-AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:253004", "title": "Vibrio cholerae hybrid sex factor that contains ampicillin transposon Tn1.", "content": "The ampicillin resistance transposon Tn1 was translocated from the R plasmid RP4 to the Vibrio cholerae conjugative plasmid, P. The hybrid sex factor P::Tn1 was highly transmissible and expressed the biological activities of the P factor. In addition, P::Tn1 facilitated transfer of RP4 to V. cholerae recipients. Physical studies of P::Tn1 indicated that the Tn1 transposon was added to the otherwise unaltered P plasmid.", "contents": "Vibrio cholerae hybrid sex factor that contains ampicillin transposon Tn1. The ampicillin resistance transposon Tn1 was translocated from the R plasmid RP4 to the Vibrio cholerae conjugative plasmid, P. The hybrid sex factor P::Tn1 was highly transmissible and expressed the biological activities of the P factor. In addition, P::Tn1 facilitated transfer of RP4 to V. cholerae recipients. Physical studies of P::Tn1 indicated that the Tn1 transposon was added to the otherwise unaltered P plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:253005", "title": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants degrade protein at a normal rate.", "content": "The stability of both rapidly and slowly degraded proteins in wild type CHO cells is similar to that in three ts aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants at both permissive and non-permissive temperatures, although the degree of tRNA charging in the synthetase mutants differs considerably with temperature. These results indicate that the altered rate of protein breakdown seen under a variety of physiological conditions in eukaryotic systems is not mediated by uncharged tRNA.", "contents": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants degrade protein at a normal rate. The stability of both rapidly and slowly degraded proteins in wild type CHO cells is similar to that in three ts aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutants at both permissive and non-permissive temperatures, although the degree of tRNA charging in the synthetase mutants differs considerably with temperature. These results indicate that the altered rate of protein breakdown seen under a variety of physiological conditions in eukaryotic systems is not mediated by uncharged tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:253006", "title": "Carbenicillin for treatment of Bacteroides fragilis infections: why not penicillin G?", "content": "Carbenicillin has been advocated for treatment of infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria. Wide-scale use of the drug in this setting could result in a substantial increase in carbenicillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an effect that would have serious implications. Thirty-four strains of B. fragilis, one-half from bacteremic infections, were tested in vitro, and penicillin G was found to be twice as active as carbenicillin on an equal weight basis; 94% of the strains were inhibited by 32 microgram of penicillin/ml, a level easily achieved therapeutically. Penicillin killed B. fragilis organisms as rapidly as carbenicillin. In two subjects given equivalent doses (100 mg/kg intravenously) of carbenicillin and aqueous penicillin G, the bactericidal activity of serum against B. fragilis after administration of each drug was the same. Controlled clinical trials of treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections with penicillin G in high dosage, carbenicillin (or closely related ticarcillin), clindamycin, and chloramphenicol should be undertaken. Carbenicillin (and ticarcillin) for the present would seem better reserved for P. aeruginosa infections.", "contents": "Carbenicillin for treatment of Bacteroides fragilis infections: why not penicillin G? Carbenicillin has been advocated for treatment of infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria. Wide-scale use of the drug in this setting could result in a substantial increase in carbenicillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an effect that would have serious implications. Thirty-four strains of B. fragilis, one-half from bacteremic infections, were tested in vitro, and penicillin G was found to be twice as active as carbenicillin on an equal weight basis; 94% of the strains were inhibited by 32 microgram of penicillin/ml, a level easily achieved therapeutically. Penicillin killed B. fragilis organisms as rapidly as carbenicillin. In two subjects given equivalent doses (100 mg/kg intravenously) of carbenicillin and aqueous penicillin G, the bactericidal activity of serum against B. fragilis after administration of each drug was the same. Controlled clinical trials of treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections with penicillin G in high dosage, carbenicillin (or closely related ticarcillin), clindamycin, and chloramphenicol should be undertaken. Carbenicillin (and ticarcillin) for the present would seem better reserved for P. aeruginosa infections."}
{"id": "PMID:253017", "title": "Outcome criteria: a process for validation at the unit level.", "content": "This study reports the development of a process for the validation of sets of outcome criteria. The process can be simply and inexpensively utilized at the unit level by staff nurses. It was tested by the investigators and did serve to differentiate between valid and invalid outcomes of nursing care.", "contents": "Outcome criteria: a process for validation at the unit level. This study reports the development of a process for the validation of sets of outcome criteria. The process can be simply and inexpensively utilized at the unit level by staff nurses. It was tested by the investigators and did serve to differentiate between valid and invalid outcomes of nursing care."}
{"id": "PMID:253018", "title": "The \"cooling out\" process in a complex organization.", "content": "In a sequence of events described as the \"cooling out\" process, an administrative conflict snowballed to an irrevocable stage resulting  in an employee's dismissal. Such scapegoating reduces friction in the organization structure, but does not identify and resolve problems.", "contents": "The \"cooling out\" process in a complex organization. In a sequence of events described as the \"cooling out\" process, an administrative conflict snowballed to an irrevocable stage resulting  in an employee's dismissal. Such scapegoating reduces friction in the organization structure, but does not identify and resolve problems."}
{"id": "PMID:253019", "title": "The clinical nurse specialist: implementing the role in a hospital setting.", "content": "The introduction of a clinical nurse specialist into a functioning patient care setting represents a major institutional change, and implementation of the role should involve all affected staff members. The authors describe how one nurse unilaterally negotiated her role using an exchange theory approach. They make recommendations to help nursing service administrators aid in role negotiation.", "contents": "The clinical nurse specialist: implementing the role in a hospital setting. The introduction of a clinical nurse specialist into a functioning patient care setting represents a major institutional change, and implementation of the role should involve all affected staff members. The authors describe how one nurse unilaterally negotiated her role using an exchange theory approach. They make recommendations to help nursing service administrators aid in role negotiation."}
{"id": "PMID:253021", "title": "Writing for publication: a survey of nursing journal editors.", "content": "Nursing administrators have exciting programs, thoughts, and experiences that can benefit the nursing community. Suggestions and advice offered by editors, representing seven nursing journals with a readership of nearly 200,000, are presented for those preparing to publish in the professional literature.", "contents": "Writing for publication: a survey of nursing journal editors. Nursing administrators have exciting programs, thoughts, and experiences that can benefit the nursing community. Suggestions and advice offered by editors, representing seven nursing journals with a readership of nearly 200,000, are presented for those preparing to publish in the professional literature."}
{"id": "PMID:253093", "title": "Consequences of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Exposure to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) during the first 18 weeks of prenatal life can have many results ranging from benign misconfigurations of the reproductive organs to adenocarcinoma. Since the drug was routinely administered to pregnant American women from 1940 to 1970, a large population of Americans are involved. The key factor is early awareness to the exposure and careful follow-up. Since many of those exposed are unaware that they received DES, the health care profession must be attuned to the signs and symptoms predisposed by the exposure and be able to provide adequate follow-up and education concerning this medical problem.", "contents": "Consequences of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Exposure to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) during the first 18 weeks of prenatal life can have many results ranging from benign misconfigurations of the reproductive organs to adenocarcinoma. Since the drug was routinely administered to pregnant American women from 1940 to 1970, a large population of Americans are involved. The key factor is early awareness to the exposure and careful follow-up. Since many of those exposed are unaware that they received DES, the health care profession must be attuned to the signs and symptoms predisposed by the exposure and be able to provide adequate follow-up and education concerning this medical problem."}
{"id": "PMID:253095", "title": "Relieving parental anxiety a booklet for parents of an infant in NICU.", "content": "The transfer of a sick newborn infant to a Newborn Intensive Care Unit evokes an acute emotional crisis for the parents. In order to help the family master this crisis, the authors have developed a parent booklet entitled, \"A Sign of Hope.\" This pamphlet introduces the parents to Newborn Intensive Care even before the transfer of the baby to the regional hospital. By merely changing a few words, telephone numbers, and maps, this brochure can be adapted for use at most Level II or III Newborn Special Care Units.", "contents": "Relieving parental anxiety a booklet for parents of an infant in NICU. The transfer of a sick newborn infant to a Newborn Intensive Care Unit evokes an acute emotional crisis for the parents. In order to help the family master this crisis, the authors have developed a parent booklet entitled, \"A Sign of Hope.\" This pamphlet introduces the parents to Newborn Intensive Care even before the transfer of the baby to the regional hospital. By merely changing a few words, telephone numbers, and maps, this brochure can be adapted for use at most Level II or III Newborn Special Care Units."}
{"id": "PMID:253165", "title": "School nurse certification with a health education minor option.", "content": "Undergraduate nursing students, graduate nurses and practicing school nurses may enter a program of study at the University of Wisconsin-Madison leading to eligibility for certification as a school nurse. The option of attaining a minor in health education and certification eligibility as a teacher of health is available in conjunction with the school nurse program. The program and potentials are described and discussed.", "contents": "School nurse certification with a health education minor option. Undergraduate nursing students, graduate nurses and practicing school nurses may enter a program of study at the University of Wisconsin-Madison leading to eligibility for certification as a school nurse. The option of attaining a minor in health education and certification eligibility as a teacher of health is available in conjunction with the school nurse program. The program and potentials are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:253166", "title": "Non-health professionals and the school-age child: early intervention for behavioral problems.", "content": "A methodology is described to utilize dormitory parents in direct care activities for the early intervention of behavioral problems of the school-age child. Specific information gathering, assessment, treatment, referral and follow-up tasks were defined and incorporated into a problem-solving protocol which served to guide the dormitory parents through the defined problem-solving process, to promote early identification of students with a behavioral problem, and to expedite referral to a professional for students with more severe problems. The methodology was pilot-tested in a large American Indian boarding school and demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of dormitory parents in a therapeutic role as one component of a team approach to the management of behavioral problems. The pilot study resulted in a significant reduction in the rates of alcohol abuse and school dropouts and deserves application in a variety of settings.", "contents": "Non-health professionals and the school-age child: early intervention for behavioral problems. A methodology is described to utilize dormitory parents in direct care activities for the early intervention of behavioral problems of the school-age child. Specific information gathering, assessment, treatment, referral and follow-up tasks were defined and incorporated into a problem-solving protocol which served to guide the dormitory parents through the defined problem-solving process, to promote early identification of students with a behavioral problem, and to expedite referral to a professional for students with more severe problems. The methodology was pilot-tested in a large American Indian boarding school and demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of dormitory parents in a therapeutic role as one component of a team approach to the management of behavioral problems. The pilot study resulted in a significant reduction in the rates of alcohol abuse and school dropouts and deserves application in a variety of settings."}
{"id": "PMID:253167", "title": "The \"other\" venereal diseases: herpes simplex, trichomoniasis and candidiasis.", "content": "Although the term venereal disease has been synonymous with gonorrhea and syphilis, the Center for Disease Control now states that the new cases of herpes simplex type - 2, trichomoniasis and candidiasis are rapidly approaching and, in certain instances, have surpassed the annual cases of syphilis and gonorrhea. Trichomoniasis and candidiasis are at times unbearable to millions of women. In relation to genital herpes, the circumstances are much more serious. It is rapidly approaching epidemic proportions, it has no cure, and it can be detrimental to the unsuspecting pregnant woman. It is imperative that, as health professionals, we broaden our teaching efforts to include these \"other\" venereal diseases and help our students to do what they can within the total framework of their own knowledge and behavior to avoid and treat venereal infections. Traditionally the term \"venereal disease\" has been thought of as being synonymous with only gonorrhea and syphilis because of their high incidence rates. The Center for Disease Control estimates that there are 3 million new cases of trichomoniasis and 300,000 to 1 million cases of herpes genitalis, compared to one million cases of gonorrhea and about 20,000 cases of syphilis each year. These incidence rates certainly indicate a need for our educational programs to include trichomoniasis and herpes simplex, as well as the traditional coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis, in our health education classes. But what are these other common, sexually transmitted diseases? What are their causes, symptoms and complications, and most important, how can they be prevented or at least treated?", "contents": "The \"other\" venereal diseases: herpes simplex, trichomoniasis and candidiasis. Although the term venereal disease has been synonymous with gonorrhea and syphilis, the Center for Disease Control now states that the new cases of herpes simplex type - 2, trichomoniasis and candidiasis are rapidly approaching and, in certain instances, have surpassed the annual cases of syphilis and gonorrhea. Trichomoniasis and candidiasis are at times unbearable to millions of women. In relation to genital herpes, the circumstances are much more serious. It is rapidly approaching epidemic proportions, it has no cure, and it can be detrimental to the unsuspecting pregnant woman. It is imperative that, as health professionals, we broaden our teaching efforts to include these \"other\" venereal diseases and help our students to do what they can within the total framework of their own knowledge and behavior to avoid and treat venereal infections. Traditionally the term \"venereal disease\" has been thought of as being synonymous with only gonorrhea and syphilis because of their high incidence rates. The Center for Disease Control estimates that there are 3 million new cases of trichomoniasis and 300,000 to 1 million cases of herpes genitalis, compared to one million cases of gonorrhea and about 20,000 cases of syphilis each year. These incidence rates certainly indicate a need for our educational programs to include trichomoniasis and herpes simplex, as well as the traditional coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis, in our health education classes. But what are these other common, sexually transmitted diseases? What are their causes, symptoms and complications, and most important, how can they be prevented or at least treated?"}
{"id": "PMID:253169", "title": "Involuntary deviance: schooling and epileptic children.", "content": "There exists in schools an unwritten set of presuppositions defining \"normalcy.\" Students going beyond these boundaries of normalcy are encouraged (sometimes punitively) to change their behaviors. However, there is a growing awareness that not all children going beyond normalcy do so willingly. The phenomenon here termed \"involuntary deviance\" represents a way of perceiving and dealing with special students. An example, the case of children with epilepsy, is presented to illustrate the need for health educators and other educators to be familiar with such medical problems and, among their students, to help decrease the social stigma attached to some of these conditions. This need will become more urgent as the practice of mainstreaming students becomes increasingly prevalent.", "contents": "Involuntary deviance: schooling and epileptic children. There exists in schools an unwritten set of presuppositions defining \"normalcy.\" Students going beyond these boundaries of normalcy are encouraged (sometimes punitively) to change their behaviors. However, there is a growing awareness that not all children going beyond normalcy do so willingly. The phenomenon here termed \"involuntary deviance\" represents a way of perceiving and dealing with special students. An example, the case of children with epilepsy, is presented to illustrate the need for health educators and other educators to be familiar with such medical problems and, among their students, to help decrease the social stigma attached to some of these conditions. This need will become more urgent as the practice of mainstreaming students becomes increasingly prevalent."}
{"id": "PMID:253196", "title": "Measuring the quality of medical care: process versus outcome.", "content": "The controversy over appropriate and efficient ways to measure the quality of medical care continues. Many experts call for increased attention to assessment of the outcome of care. Others maintain that process measurements are more direct and practical. But both measurement techniques are of questionable validity, and each obscures important problems of the differences among patients, disease severity, and medical performance.", "contents": "Measuring the quality of medical care: process versus outcome. The controversy over appropriate and efficient ways to measure the quality of medical care continues. Many experts call for increased attention to assessment of the outcome of care. Others maintain that process measurements are more direct and practical. But both measurement techniques are of questionable validity, and each obscures important problems of the differences among patients, disease severity, and medical performance."}
{"id": "PMID:253197", "title": "Alternative physician payment methods: incentives, efficiency, and National Health Insurance.", "content": "Physicians are the dominant group in our health care system. Their decisions often influence the ways by which society's resources are used to achieve and maintain health. But physicians are also social and economic beings; their behavior is, in part, determined by the way they are reimbursed. Reimbursement methods and physician preferences interact on important medical care variables: utilization of services; treatment setting; practice location and specialty choice; and the efficiency of an individual physician's practice.", "contents": "Alternative physician payment methods: incentives, efficiency, and National Health Insurance. Physicians are the dominant group in our health care system. Their decisions often influence the ways by which society's resources are used to achieve and maintain health. But physicians are also social and economic beings; their behavior is, in part, determined by the way they are reimbursed. Reimbursement methods and physician preferences interact on important medical care variables: utilization of services; treatment setting; practice location and specialty choice; and the efficiency of an individual physician's practice."}
{"id": "PMID:253198", "title": "Control, participation, and the British National Health Service.", "content": "The experience of Britain's National Health Service since 1948 suggests that there is a conflict between different social values and policy aims, and that progress toward achieving more community or worker control is constrained by the pursuit of other desired objectives. The egalitarian ideology of the NHS emphasizes central control to achieve a nationally equitable distribution of resources. Emphasis on coordination between the NHS and other social services limits freedom of action. Democracy as accountable policy-making on a national scale may therefore be incompatible with democracy as direct control, whether by community or workers. To encourage participation means accepting diversity in the provision of health care and the multiplication of small, self-governing units. Similarly, worker control is professional autonomy writ large and may therefore conflict with community control.", "contents": "Control, participation, and the British National Health Service. The experience of Britain's National Health Service since 1948 suggests that there is a conflict between different social values and policy aims, and that progress toward achieving more community or worker control is constrained by the pursuit of other desired objectives. The egalitarian ideology of the NHS emphasizes central control to achieve a nationally equitable distribution of resources. Emphasis on coordination between the NHS and other social services limits freedom of action. Democracy as accountable policy-making on a national scale may therefore be incompatible with democracy as direct control, whether by community or workers. To encourage participation means accepting diversity in the provision of health care and the multiplication of small, self-governing units. Similarly, worker control is professional autonomy writ large and may therefore conflict with community control."}
{"id": "PMID:253359", "title": "Estrogen and alternative therapy of the menopausal patient.", "content": "Estrogen therapy is indicated for the vasomotor, genitourinary, and menstrual changes of the climacteric woman. Estrogens should be prescribed to relieve these symptoms specifically, and in the lowest dosage for the shortest time. Vaginal estrogens are appropriate in the treatment of genitourinary symptoms and may be given until sexual activity ceases. Vaginal ointments may be given even to patients in whom oral therapy may be contraindicated. Alternative therapy is helpful in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, vulvitis, and breast tenderness. Appropriate therapy for all women includes a complete history and physical examination, and a thorough discussion of the physiologic and psychological changes of menopause. Appropriate studies include tests for estrogen effect to monitor therapy. They assist in treatment of the complexity of the menopause.", "contents": "Estrogen and alternative therapy of the menopausal patient. Estrogen therapy is indicated for the vasomotor, genitourinary, and menstrual changes of the climacteric woman. Estrogens should be prescribed to relieve these symptoms specifically, and in the lowest dosage for the shortest time. Vaginal estrogens are appropriate in the treatment of genitourinary symptoms and may be given until sexual activity ceases. Vaginal ointments may be given even to patients in whom oral therapy may be contraindicated. Alternative therapy is helpful in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, vulvitis, and breast tenderness. Appropriate therapy for all women includes a complete history and physical examination, and a thorough discussion of the physiologic and psychological changes of menopause. Appropriate studies include tests for estrogen effect to monitor therapy. They assist in treatment of the complexity of the menopause."}
{"id": "PMID:253367", "title": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.", "content": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy is the definitive treatment for chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy. It is most important to determine if the patient has chronic tonsillitis--a diagnosis that can only be made between acute attacks when the patient is clinically well. Decisions regarding the need for a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy should be made only at this time and never during an episode of acute tonsillitis. Frequency of acute attacks should not by itself be the indication for surgery. The family physician who performs tonsillectomy and adenoidectomies has an opportunity to correlate the preoperative and postoperative clinical course of the patient with the findings at the time of surgery. In my experience, patients carefully selected for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the basis of these criteria do benefit from the surgery, and the clinical improvement is sustained in the long-term follow up of these patients.", "contents": "Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy is the definitive treatment for chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy. It is most important to determine if the patient has chronic tonsillitis--a diagnosis that can only be made between acute attacks when the patient is clinically well. Decisions regarding the need for a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy should be made only at this time and never during an episode of acute tonsillitis. Frequency of acute attacks should not by itself be the indication for surgery. The family physician who performs tonsillectomy and adenoidectomies has an opportunity to correlate the preoperative and postoperative clinical course of the patient with the findings at the time of surgery. In my experience, patients carefully selected for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the basis of these criteria do benefit from the surgery, and the clinical improvement is sustained in the long-term follow up of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:253374", "title": "The effects of antidiuretic hormone on urine flow and composition in the chronically-cannulated ovine fetus.", "content": "The fetuses of nine pregnant ewes were chronically cannulated between 86 and 130 days with cannulae in one carotid artery, one jugular vein, the fetal bladder and the amniotic cavity. The effects of infused AVP on fetal urine flow rate and composition were studied. A dose of 35 pmol. h-1 always caused an increase in urine osmolality and a decrease in flow rate and free water clearance without change in blood pressure. Higher doses (140 pmol.h-1) were significantly pressor and caused increased excretion of sodium, chloride, urea and creatinine. Although this dose always caused an increase in urine osmolality, in five experiments the flow rate also rose. It is concluded that the ovine fetus has the ability to control its own urine flow and composition, and possibly also amniotic fluid volume and composition.", "contents": "The effects of antidiuretic hormone on urine flow and composition in the chronically-cannulated ovine fetus. The fetuses of nine pregnant ewes were chronically cannulated between 86 and 130 days with cannulae in one carotid artery, one jugular vein, the fetal bladder and the amniotic cavity. The effects of infused AVP on fetal urine flow rate and composition were studied. A dose of 35 pmol. h-1 always caused an increase in urine osmolality and a decrease in flow rate and free water clearance without change in blood pressure. Higher doses (140 pmol.h-1) were significantly pressor and caused increased excretion of sodium, chloride, urea and creatinine. Although this dose always caused an increase in urine osmolality, in five experiments the flow rate also rose. It is concluded that the ovine fetus has the ability to control its own urine flow and composition, and possibly also amniotic fluid volume and composition."}
{"id": "PMID:253375", "title": "The effect of intravenous hypertonic saline infusion on renal function and vasopressin excretion in sheep.", "content": "Conscious Merino ewes were given an intravenous hypertonic sodium chloride load of 4 mmol.min-1 for 100 min. This resulted in increases in urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion and plasma sodium concentration and osmolality. Urinary vasopressin output and solute-free water reabsorption increased and plasma renin activity declined. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rose, as did the solute clearance. The change in urinary osmolality was related to the initial urine osmolality such that when the initial urine osmolality was high the urine became more dilute, and vice versa. Tubular sodium reabsorption increased but the fractional reabsorption rate fell. It is suggested that the increase in GFR was at least partly due to the increase in AVP and that the electrolyte loss can be accounted for by the increase in GFR without necessarily involving AVP or other hormonal effects at the tubular level.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous hypertonic saline infusion on renal function and vasopressin excretion in sheep. Conscious Merino ewes were given an intravenous hypertonic sodium chloride load of 4 mmol.min-1 for 100 min. This resulted in increases in urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion and plasma sodium concentration and osmolality. Urinary vasopressin output and solute-free water reabsorption increased and plasma renin activity declined. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rose, as did the solute clearance. The change in urinary osmolality was related to the initial urine osmolality such that when the initial urine osmolality was high the urine became more dilute, and vice versa. Tubular sodium reabsorption increased but the fractional reabsorption rate fell. It is suggested that the increase in GFR was at least partly due to the increase in AVP and that the electrolyte loss can be accounted for by the increase in GFR without necessarily involving AVP or other hormonal effects at the tubular level."}
{"id": "PMID:253376", "title": "The breathing pattern after breath-holding: the influence of chest position and the drive to breathe.", "content": "The pattern of breathing following the breaking-point of sixty breath-holds has been studied in five healthy adults and compared with the pattern during recovery from CO2-rebreathing. The volume and direction of the first respiratory movement, and the VT, V relation for the first four complete breaths was measured. Only when breath-holds were terminated with an inspiration was the accumulated drive to breathe reflected in an increased volume of the first respiratory movement: terminating expirations simply returned the chest to the resting respiratory level. The volume of the first inspiration was not influenced by the intervention of a terminating expiration, suggesting that expiratory movements do not dissipate the non-chemical component of the drive to breathe. In three of the five subjects the tidal volumes for given levels of ventilation were greater following breath-holding than following rebreathing. This altered pattern of breathing has been interpreted in terms of an insiratory-augmenting reflex.", "contents": "The breathing pattern after breath-holding: the influence of chest position and the drive to breathe. The pattern of breathing following the breaking-point of sixty breath-holds has been studied in five healthy adults and compared with the pattern during recovery from CO2-rebreathing. The volume and direction of the first respiratory movement, and the VT, V relation for the first four complete breaths was measured. Only when breath-holds were terminated with an inspiration was the accumulated drive to breathe reflected in an increased volume of the first respiratory movement: terminating expirations simply returned the chest to the resting respiratory level. The volume of the first inspiration was not influenced by the intervention of a terminating expiration, suggesting that expiratory movements do not dissipate the non-chemical component of the drive to breathe. In three of the five subjects the tidal volumes for given levels of ventilation were greater following breath-holding than following rebreathing. This altered pattern of breathing has been interpreted in terms of an insiratory-augmenting reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:253377", "title": "Portal circulations and their relation to counter-current systems.", "content": "We have reviewed the distribution of portal circulations throughout the animal body; they are commoner than is generally supposed. Most portal circulations consist of two serial capillary beds connected by one or more larger vessels. We have called these 'convergent' portal circulations: examples are hepatic portal, placental, hypophysial, renal, ovarian and testicular circulations, as are parts of the lymphatic circulation. A second type of portal circulation, which is less common, consists of two serial capillary beds that are not connected by larger vessels. These we have called 'continuous' portal circulations: adrenal and pancreatic circulations are examples of this type. When a countercurrent concentrating mechanism exists in the body it is always part of the primary or secondary bed of a convergent portal circulation, though some convergent portal circulations are not associated with countercurrent mechanisms.", "contents": "Portal circulations and their relation to counter-current systems. We have reviewed the distribution of portal circulations throughout the animal body; they are commoner than is generally supposed. Most portal circulations consist of two serial capillary beds connected by one or more larger vessels. We have called these 'convergent' portal circulations: examples are hepatic portal, placental, hypophysial, renal, ovarian and testicular circulations, as are parts of the lymphatic circulation. A second type of portal circulation, which is less common, consists of two serial capillary beds that are not connected by larger vessels. These we have called 'continuous' portal circulations: adrenal and pancreatic circulations are examples of this type. When a countercurrent concentrating mechanism exists in the body it is always part of the primary or secondary bed of a convergent portal circulation, though some convergent portal circulations are not associated with countercurrent mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:253378", "title": "Serum enzyme levels during experimental hypothermia in man.", "content": "Deep surgical and accidental hypothermia cause elevations in serum enzyme levels, probably because of ultrastructural cell damage. Many variables hinder work on this problem in the clinical situation and the mechanism is obscure. Accordingly, enzymes and other physiological parameters were monitored in four subjects cooled four times, under controlled conditions in the laboratory, to a mean auditory canal temperature of 35.0 degrees C. Mild hypovolaemia and acidosis is occurred. Serum enzyme levels did not change significantly and it is concluded that elevations due to hypothermia cannot be studied in laboratory experiments on healthy volunteers who can only safely be cooled to 35 degrees C.", "contents": "Serum enzyme levels during experimental hypothermia in man. Deep surgical and accidental hypothermia cause elevations in serum enzyme levels, probably because of ultrastructural cell damage. Many variables hinder work on this problem in the clinical situation and the mechanism is obscure. Accordingly, enzymes and other physiological parameters were monitored in four subjects cooled four times, under controlled conditions in the laboratory, to a mean auditory canal temperature of 35.0 degrees C. Mild hypovolaemia and acidosis is occurred. Serum enzyme levels did not change significantly and it is concluded that elevations due to hypothermia cannot be studied in laboratory experiments on healthy volunteers who can only safely be cooled to 35 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:253379", "title": "Iron metabolism in pigeons.", "content": "Several haematological parameters such as haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte number, reticulocyte concentration, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity were determined in 118 urban pigeons of both sexes. No statistically significant sex differences among these parameters were found. In 36 specimens (23 males and 13 females), the plasma iron turnover was determined using 59Fe. The results obtained in this species, expressed per 100 ml-1 blood. day-1 and Kg-1 body weight. day-1, were compared with those of turkeys, ducks and chickens calculated from earlier papers. The highest values versus body weight were observed in pigeons. Organ (liver, spleen, tibia, heart, leg muscle, ribs, sternal keel, gonads and blood) distribution of 59Fe intravenous injection was analyzed during a period from 5 min up to 120 days (19 different times) in groups of 4 pigeons. At the 6 h period, the organs retained the highest dose (20% of total Fe injected), but by the 2nd day period, the radioiron in the blood represented about 98% of the total injected. A fast iron uptake by the circulatory blood was checked and compared with that of other species (domestic fowl, ducks and turkeys). The reticulocyte count in pigeons normally ranged from 4 to 12%, which was consistent with these results. A linear decreasing radioactivity in blood, with an inflexion point on the 40th day was observed. An inverse correspondence between blood and liver was found. Content in other organs decreased uniformly with time, except the heart where the iron content was practically constant during the whole time. Ribs and sternal keel are erythropoietic organs in young pigeons.", "contents": "Iron metabolism in pigeons. Several haematological parameters such as haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte number, reticulocyte concentration, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity were determined in 118 urban pigeons of both sexes. No statistically significant sex differences among these parameters were found. In 36 specimens (23 males and 13 females), the plasma iron turnover was determined using 59Fe. The results obtained in this species, expressed per 100 ml-1 blood. day-1 and Kg-1 body weight. day-1, were compared with those of turkeys, ducks and chickens calculated from earlier papers. The highest values versus body weight were observed in pigeons. Organ (liver, spleen, tibia, heart, leg muscle, ribs, sternal keel, gonads and blood) distribution of 59Fe intravenous injection was analyzed during a period from 5 min up to 120 days (19 different times) in groups of 4 pigeons. At the 6 h period, the organs retained the highest dose (20% of total Fe injected), but by the 2nd day period, the radioiron in the blood represented about 98% of the total injected. A fast iron uptake by the circulatory blood was checked and compared with that of other species (domestic fowl, ducks and turkeys). The reticulocyte count in pigeons normally ranged from 4 to 12%, which was consistent with these results. A linear decreasing radioactivity in blood, with an inflexion point on the 40th day was observed. An inverse correspondence between blood and liver was found. Content in other organs decreased uniformly with time, except the heart where the iron content was practically constant during the whole time. Ribs and sternal keel are erythropoietic organs in young pigeons."}
{"id": "PMID:253572", "title": "HR 756, a highly active cephalosporin: comparison with cefazolin and carbenicillin.", "content": "HR 756, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was compared with cefazolin and carbenicillin for activity against a total of 264 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Proteus spp. (indole positive), Enterobacter spp., Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Providencia stuartii, and Staphylococcus aureus. In every comparison, except that with the last organism, HR 756 was clearly more active than cefazolin and carbenicillin. All three compounds had similar activity against penicillin-susceptible staphylococci; against penicillin-resistant strains, HR 756 and cefazolin were equally active and superior to carbenicillin. HR 756 was compared with penicillin for activity against strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, Lancefield group D streptococci, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae; with ampicillin against Haemophilus influenzae; and with cefoxitin against Bacteriodes fragilis. HR 756 was clearly more active than the respective reference compounds in all of these comparisons, except those involving the streptococci. HR 756 and penicillin were essentially equally active against S. pyogenes; against Lancefield group D, penicillin was 32 times as active as HR 756. HR 756 not only compared favorably with the reference compounds with respect to relative activity, but also effected growth inhibition of essentially all test organisms (P. aeruginosa and group D streptococci excepted) at remarkably low concentrations ranging from 0.015 to 2.0 mug/ml. A series of seven transfers of selected strains of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa through medium containing HR 756 led to emergence of strains with significant levels of resistance to the agent. Resistance to HR 756 was retained for at least seven transfers through plain medium.", "contents": "HR 756, a highly active cephalosporin: comparison with cefazolin and carbenicillin. HR 756, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was compared with cefazolin and carbenicillin for activity against a total of 264 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Proteus spp. (indole positive), Enterobacter spp., Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Providencia stuartii, and Staphylococcus aureus. In every comparison, except that with the last organism, HR 756 was clearly more active than cefazolin and carbenicillin. All three compounds had similar activity against penicillin-susceptible staphylococci; against penicillin-resistant strains, HR 756 and cefazolin were equally active and superior to carbenicillin. HR 756 was compared with penicillin for activity against strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, Lancefield group D streptococci, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae; with ampicillin against Haemophilus influenzae; and with cefoxitin against Bacteriodes fragilis. HR 756 was clearly more active than the respective reference compounds in all of these comparisons, except those involving the streptococci. HR 756 and penicillin were essentially equally active against S. pyogenes; against Lancefield group D, penicillin was 32 times as active as HR 756. HR 756 not only compared favorably with the reference compounds with respect to relative activity, but also effected growth inhibition of essentially all test organisms (P. aeruginosa and group D streptococci excepted) at remarkably low concentrations ranging from 0.015 to 2.0 mug/ml. A series of seven transfers of selected strains of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa through medium containing HR 756 led to emergence of strains with significant levels of resistance to the agent. Resistance to HR 756 was retained for at least seven transfers through plain medium."}
{"id": "PMID:253573", "title": "Comparative evaluation of piperacillin in vitro.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations of piperacillin and seven other betalactam antibiotics were determined against 407 bacterial isolates. Piperacillin was found to be more active than ampicillin against susceptible gram-negative bacilli and more active than either carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci. Although piperacillin was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae, this activity was less than that of the cephalosporins. Piperacillin was not active against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae that were resistant to the other test antibiotics.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of piperacillin in vitro. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of piperacillin and seven other betalactam antibiotics were determined against 407 bacterial isolates. Piperacillin was found to be more active than ampicillin against susceptible gram-negative bacilli and more active than either carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci. Although piperacillin was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae, this activity was less than that of the cephalosporins. Piperacillin was not active against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae that were resistant to the other test antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:253592", "title": "Effect of modeccin on the steps of peptide-chain elongation.", "content": "Modeccin inhibits polypeptide-chain elongation catalysed by Artemia salina (brine shrimp) ribosomes by inactivating the 60 S ribosomal subunit. Among the individual steps of elongation, peptide-bond formation, catalysed by 60 S peptidyltransferase, is unaffected by the toxin, whereas the binding of EF 2 (elongation factor 2) to ribosomes is strongly inhibited. Modeccin does not affect the poly(U)-dependent non-enzymic binding of either deacylated tRNAPhe or phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The inhibitory effect of modeccin on the EF 1 (elongation factor 1)-dependent binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA is discussed, since it is decreased by tRNAPhe, which stimulates the binding reaction. The analysis of the distribution of ribosome-bound radioactivity during protein synthesis shows that modeccin consistently inhibits the radioactivity bound as long-chain peptides, but depending on the experimental conditions, can leave unchanged or even greatly stimulates the radioactivity bound as phenylalanyl-tRNA and/or short-chain peptides. It is concluded that, during the complete elongation cycle, modeccin does not affect the binding of the first aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes, but inhibits some step in the subsequent repetitive activity of either EF 1 or EF 2. The results obtained indicate that the mechanism of action of modeccin is very similar to that of ricin and related plant toxins such as abrin and crotin.", "contents": "Effect of modeccin on the steps of peptide-chain elongation. Modeccin inhibits polypeptide-chain elongation catalysed by Artemia salina (brine shrimp) ribosomes by inactivating the 60 S ribosomal subunit. Among the individual steps of elongation, peptide-bond formation, catalysed by 60 S peptidyltransferase, is unaffected by the toxin, whereas the binding of EF 2 (elongation factor 2) to ribosomes is strongly inhibited. Modeccin does not affect the poly(U)-dependent non-enzymic binding of either deacylated tRNAPhe or phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The inhibitory effect of modeccin on the EF 1 (elongation factor 1)-dependent binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA is discussed, since it is decreased by tRNAPhe, which stimulates the binding reaction. The analysis of the distribution of ribosome-bound radioactivity during protein synthesis shows that modeccin consistently inhibits the radioactivity bound as long-chain peptides, but depending on the experimental conditions, can leave unchanged or even greatly stimulates the radioactivity bound as phenylalanyl-tRNA and/or short-chain peptides. It is concluded that, during the complete elongation cycle, modeccin does not affect the binding of the first aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes, but inhibits some step in the subsequent repetitive activity of either EF 1 or EF 2. The results obtained indicate that the mechanism of action of modeccin is very similar to that of ricin and related plant toxins such as abrin and crotin."}
{"id": "PMID:253626", "title": "Tumor-associated phenylalanyl transfer RNA found in a wide spectrum of rat and mouse tumors but absent in normal adult, fetal, and regenerating tissues.", "content": "RPC-5 chromatography was used to examine the phenylalanyl transfer RNA (Phe-tRNA) of 25 normal rat and mouse tissues including adult, fetal, and regenerating liver; whole embryos; and other adult organs. Only a single major isoaccepting Phe-tRNA was found in every case. Phe-tRNA's from 25 transplantable rat tumors and 33 transplantable mouse tumors were similarly examined. Seventeen rat tumors and 10 mouse tumors, of a wide spectrum of histological types, were found to have an additional, tumor-associated Phe-tRNA isoacceptor. This tumor-associated Phe-tRNA was not found in the livers of animals bearing tumors that contained this isoacceptor. Differences in chromatographic behavior between the rat and mouse tumor-associated Phe-tRNA's strongly suggest that they have different structures. Our data suggest that these differences result from different degrees of incompleteness of posttranscriptional modification, most likely at the normally very hypermodified Wye (formerly called Y) base.", "contents": "Tumor-associated phenylalanyl transfer RNA found in a wide spectrum of rat and mouse tumors but absent in normal adult, fetal, and regenerating tissues. RPC-5 chromatography was used to examine the phenylalanyl transfer RNA (Phe-tRNA) of 25 normal rat and mouse tissues including adult, fetal, and regenerating liver; whole embryos; and other adult organs. Only a single major isoaccepting Phe-tRNA was found in every case. Phe-tRNA's from 25 transplantable rat tumors and 33 transplantable mouse tumors were similarly examined. Seventeen rat tumors and 10 mouse tumors, of a wide spectrum of histological types, were found to have an additional, tumor-associated Phe-tRNA isoacceptor. This tumor-associated Phe-tRNA was not found in the livers of animals bearing tumors that contained this isoacceptor. Differences in chromatographic behavior between the rat and mouse tumor-associated Phe-tRNA's strongly suggest that they have different structures. Our data suggest that these differences result from different degrees of incompleteness of posttranscriptional modification, most likely at the normally very hypermodified Wye (formerly called Y) base."}
{"id": "PMID:253634", "title": "Impetigo contagiosa--etiology in Iraq.", "content": "Two hundred cases of impetigo contagiosa were studied bacteriologically. Along with the usual staphylococci and streptococci, gram-positive diplococci were isolated in pure cultures in thirty-seven cases. Ninety-six cases were submitted for sensitivity tests to several antibiotics; the results are discussed.", "contents": "Impetigo contagiosa--etiology in Iraq. Two hundred cases of impetigo contagiosa were studied bacteriologically. Along with the usual staphylococci and streptococci, gram-positive diplococci were isolated in pure cultures in thirty-seven cases. Ninety-six cases were submitted for sensitivity tests to several antibiotics; the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:253635", "title": "Endocarditis due to strain of Cardiobacterium hominis resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin.", "content": "Endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis was observed in a penicillin-allergic patient with a prosthetic cardiac valve who had received prophylactic therapy with erythromycin for dental extractions. The organism was resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12.5 microgram/ml and 25 microgram/ml, respectively, but was sensitive to penicillin G, tetracycline, cephalexin, and cefaclor. This case suggests that currently recommended antibiotic prophylactic therapy for endocarditis, especially in penicillin-allergic patients, may be inadequate for unusual pathogens such as C hominis.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to strain of Cardiobacterium hominis resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin. Endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis was observed in a penicillin-allergic patient with a prosthetic cardiac valve who had received prophylactic therapy with erythromycin for dental extractions. The organism was resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12.5 microgram/ml and 25 microgram/ml, respectively, but was sensitive to penicillin G, tetracycline, cephalexin, and cefaclor. This case suggests that currently recommended antibiotic prophylactic therapy for endocarditis, especially in penicillin-allergic patients, may be inadequate for unusual pathogens such as C hominis."}
{"id": "PMID:253636", "title": "Antibacterial activity and synergy, in vitro and in vivo, of a combination of amoxycillin and flucloxacillin.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of a combination of equal parts of amoxycillin and flucloxacillin was compared in vitro and in vivo with that of amoxycillin and flucloxacillin against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The combination generally showed additive effects against bacteria sensitive to the individual penicillins and there was no evidence of antagonism, but synergistic effects were observed between amoxycillin and flucloxacillin against certain amoxycillin-resistant gram-negative bacilli. The extent of synergism varied according to the particular bacterial species under test and synergy was observed only against bacteria with chromosomally-mediated beta-lactamases and not against bacteria with R-factor-mediated beta-lactamases. In general, amoxycillin + flucloxacillin demonstrated activity against experimental mouse infections in good agreement with demonstrated activity against experimental mouse infections in good agreement with its in vitro activity, and synergy was produced against a range of gram-negative bacilli in vivo. The data suggest that clinical trial with amoxycillin + flucloxacillin in the treatment of selected infections including those due to some amoxycillin-resistant bacteria may well be justified.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity and synergy, in vitro and in vivo, of a combination of amoxycillin and flucloxacillin. The antibacterial activity of a combination of equal parts of amoxycillin and flucloxacillin was compared in vitro and in vivo with that of amoxycillin and flucloxacillin against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The combination generally showed additive effects against bacteria sensitive to the individual penicillins and there was no evidence of antagonism, but synergistic effects were observed between amoxycillin and flucloxacillin against certain amoxycillin-resistant gram-negative bacilli. The extent of synergism varied according to the particular bacterial species under test and synergy was observed only against bacteria with chromosomally-mediated beta-lactamases and not against bacteria with R-factor-mediated beta-lactamases. In general, amoxycillin + flucloxacillin demonstrated activity against experimental mouse infections in good agreement with demonstrated activity against experimental mouse infections in good agreement with its in vitro activity, and synergy was produced against a range of gram-negative bacilli in vivo. The data suggest that clinical trial with amoxycillin + flucloxacillin in the treatment of selected infections including those due to some amoxycillin-resistant bacteria may well be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:253637", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of pseudomonas to four beta-lactamantibiotics (ampicillin, cephalothin, carbenicillin, piperacillin), to four aminoglycosides (kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin) and to colimycin.", "content": "Of 97 well-defined strains of Pseudomonas, isolated from sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics was determined with a broth dilution method. The majority of the strains were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin, moderately susceptible to carbenicillin (70% to 100 microgram/ml) and highly susceptible to piperacillin (100% to 25 microgram/ml, 88% to 6.25 microgram and 60% to 3.12 microgram/ml). If the pharmacological properties of piperacillin are comparable with those of carbenicillin, it can be expected that the sputum level of this drug will be adequate to treat Pseudomonas pulmonary infections. At the lowest concentration tested (0.78 microgram/ml) 3% of the strains were susceptible to kanamycin, 85,5% to amikacin, 95% to gentamicin, 98% of tobramycin, and 80% to colimycin. With regard to clinically attainable concentrations, 98.9% of the strains were susceptible to gentamicin and tobramycin 97.9% to amikacin, 96.9% to colimycin, 88.6%  to piperacillin, 38% to carbenicillin, 25.7% to kanamycin, 12.3% to ampicillin, and 1% to cephalothin.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of pseudomonas to four beta-lactamantibiotics (ampicillin, cephalothin, carbenicillin, piperacillin), to four aminoglycosides (kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin) and to colimycin. Of 97 well-defined strains of Pseudomonas, isolated from sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics was determined with a broth dilution method. The majority of the strains were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin, moderately susceptible to carbenicillin (70% to 100 microgram/ml) and highly susceptible to piperacillin (100% to 25 microgram/ml, 88% to 6.25 microgram and 60% to 3.12 microgram/ml). If the pharmacological properties of piperacillin are comparable with those of carbenicillin, it can be expected that the sputum level of this drug will be adequate to treat Pseudomonas pulmonary infections. At the lowest concentration tested (0.78 microgram/ml) 3% of the strains were susceptible to kanamycin, 85,5% to amikacin, 95% to gentamicin, 98% of tobramycin, and 80% to colimycin. With regard to clinically attainable concentrations, 98.9% of the strains were susceptible to gentamicin and tobramycin 97.9% to amikacin, 96.9% to colimycin, 88.6%  to piperacillin, 38% to carbenicillin, 25.7% to kanamycin, 12.3% to ampicillin, and 1% to cephalothin."}
{"id": "PMID:253668", "title": "[Cognitive and learning theory aspects of anxiety (author's transl)].", "content": "The learning model of anxiety by Mowrer and Miller has significantly influenced the development of theories in clinical psychology and psychosomatic medicine as well as the development of behavioral therapies. This concept, however, is insufficient in explaining factors effective in psychophysiological conditioning experiments, behavioral therapies, and in animal experiments of anxiety conditioning. This study discusses new learning theoretical concepts intending to explain the development and persistence of anxiety states. Therewith the various effects of cognitive, psychobiological, and situational factors on each other are of special significance. Therefore in studying the causes of anxiety states in clinical psychology the different components of anxiety dealt with in these theories have to be considered.", "contents": "[Cognitive and learning theory aspects of anxiety (author's transl)]. The learning model of anxiety by Mowrer and Miller has significantly influenced the development of theories in clinical psychology and psychosomatic medicine as well as the development of behavioral therapies. This concept, however, is insufficient in explaining factors effective in psychophysiological conditioning experiments, behavioral therapies, and in animal experiments of anxiety conditioning. This study discusses new learning theoretical concepts intending to explain the development and persistence of anxiety states. Therewith the various effects of cognitive, psychobiological, and situational factors on each other are of special significance. Therefore in studying the causes of anxiety states in clinical psychology the different components of anxiety dealt with in these theories have to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:253669", "title": "[Highly located transverse lesion of the cord with quadriplegia caused by giant cell arteritis (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of a 64 years old patient who experienced a transverse lesion of the spinal cord with quadriplegia caused by giant cell arteritis. It is stressed that giant cell arteritis not only affects the temporal arteries but on principle any other artery of the body. The giant cell arteritis generally is accompanied with similar humoral findigns as a malignant neoplasm. Therefor in a few cases with high spinal cord lesion suspected to be caused by a malignant tumour the giant cell arteritis may be the real cause, if a spinal mass is excluded. In order to prevent irreversible paralytic defects a cortisone therapy has to be started with as early as possible. It must be carried on for a long period to prevent a restarting of the inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Highly located transverse lesion of the cord with quadriplegia caused by giant cell arteritis (author's transl)]. This is a report of a 64 years old patient who experienced a transverse lesion of the spinal cord with quadriplegia caused by giant cell arteritis. It is stressed that giant cell arteritis not only affects the temporal arteries but on principle any other artery of the body. The giant cell arteritis generally is accompanied with similar humoral findigns as a malignant neoplasm. Therefor in a few cases with high spinal cord lesion suspected to be caused by a malignant tumour the giant cell arteritis may be the real cause, if a spinal mass is excluded. In order to prevent irreversible paralytic defects a cortisone therapy has to be started with as early as possible. It must be carried on for a long period to prevent a restarting of the inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:253687", "title": "Endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "Sixteen patients with coagulase-negative staphylococcal endocarditis were treated at the University of Minnesota Hospitals between January 1970 and September 1977. In six patients, endocarditis developed after prosthetic valve surgery; among the other ten patients (the medical group), eight had known antecedent valvular disease. The skin was thought to be the source of infection in eight patients, suggesting that prompt treatment of skin infections and avoidance of injections in patients with valvular disease are important measures in the prevention of this disease. Patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis were infected with antibiotic-resistant organisms and had a higher mortality than those in the medical group (83% versus 20%). Bacterial isolates from three patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis were resistant to methicillin, and two of these three isolates also were resistant to cephalothin by quantitative susceptibility testing. The only patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis to survive was operated upon early in the course of his illness. These observation, coupled with the high mortality in this series and in others, has prompted us to advocate early surgery in prosthetic valve endocarditis.", "contents": "Endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Sixteen patients with coagulase-negative staphylococcal endocarditis were treated at the University of Minnesota Hospitals between January 1970 and September 1977. In six patients, endocarditis developed after prosthetic valve surgery; among the other ten patients (the medical group), eight had known antecedent valvular disease. The skin was thought to be the source of infection in eight patients, suggesting that prompt treatment of skin infections and avoidance of injections in patients with valvular disease are important measures in the prevention of this disease. Patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis were infected with antibiotic-resistant organisms and had a higher mortality than those in the medical group (83% versus 20%). Bacterial isolates from three patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis were resistant to methicillin, and two of these three isolates also were resistant to cephalothin by quantitative susceptibility testing. The only patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis to survive was operated upon early in the course of his illness. These observation, coupled with the high mortality in this series and in others, has prompted us to advocate early surgery in prosthetic valve endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:253705", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a team approach in critical care and life-support research.", "content": "ECMO may be used clinically in selected cases to provide life support when all other modes of therapy have been exhausted. Survival of moribund patients has been demonstrated. Results might be improved if the severity of the disease is recognized and defined early in the clinical course to prevent the development of irreversible complications. ECMO requires a large, fully trained team to interface with the attending physicians and nursing staff in providing complete life support. The ECMO team provides continued evaluation of the status and treatment of the patient, detection of complications, and correction of any minor or major emergency. It also conducts laboratory and clinical research programs in pulmonary insufficiency as an adjunct to clinical life-support research.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a team approach in critical care and life-support research. ECMO may be used clinically in selected cases to provide life support when all other modes of therapy have been exhausted. Survival of moribund patients has been demonstrated. Results might be improved if the severity of the disease is recognized and defined early in the clinical course to prevent the development of irreversible complications. ECMO requires a large, fully trained team to interface with the attending physicians and nursing staff in providing complete life support. The ECMO team provides continued evaluation of the status and treatment of the patient, detection of complications, and correction of any minor or major emergency. It also conducts laboratory and clinical research programs in pulmonary insufficiency as an adjunct to clinical life-support research."}
{"id": "PMID:253706", "title": "The patient with left heart assist device: nursing management.", "content": "When prolonged use of adjuvant therapy (positive inotropic agents, ventricular or atrial pacing), including intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation, fails to achieve separation of patients with poor ventricular performance from CPBP the use of LHAD should be considered. The left heart assist device is a means of diverting a moderate portion of the systemic blood flow around the left ventricle. It provides hemodynamic stability until the left ventricle regains is effectiveness and capability as a pump. Nursing care of these patients requires the highest competence in clinical assessment based on a sound knowledge of the interrelatedness of body system and technical support devices. Nursing responsibilities include: careful observation of patient's clinical appearance and behavior, interpretation of data obtained from monitoring equipment, early recognition of physiologic deviations, and prompt initiation of appropriate nursing interventions.", "contents": "The patient with left heart assist device: nursing management. When prolonged use of adjuvant therapy (positive inotropic agents, ventricular or atrial pacing), including intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation, fails to achieve separation of patients with poor ventricular performance from CPBP the use of LHAD should be considered. The left heart assist device is a means of diverting a moderate portion of the systemic blood flow around the left ventricle. It provides hemodynamic stability until the left ventricle regains is effectiveness and capability as a pump. Nursing care of these patients requires the highest competence in clinical assessment based on a sound knowledge of the interrelatedness of body system and technical support devices. Nursing responsibilities include: careful observation of patient's clinical appearance and behavior, interpretation of data obtained from monitoring equipment, early recognition of physiologic deviations, and prompt initiation of appropriate nursing interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:253707", "title": "Use of sodium nitroprusside and dopamine hydrochloride in the postoperative cardiac patient.", "content": "Effective postoperative nursing care of the cardiac surgery patient receiving combined drug infusion of dopamine HCl and SNP requires awareness of many critical factors. Among these are: (1) understanding of cardiac physiology with emphasis on the concepts of myocardial oxygen consumption vs. availability; (2) basic pharmacologic functions of dopamine HCl and SNP, both singly and combined; (3) importance of maintaining intravascular volume at optimum levels; and (4) awareness that constant nursing observations and reassessments are essential.", "contents": "Use of sodium nitroprusside and dopamine hydrochloride in the postoperative cardiac patient. Effective postoperative nursing care of the cardiac surgery patient receiving combined drug infusion of dopamine HCl and SNP requires awareness of many critical factors. Among these are: (1) understanding of cardiac physiology with emphasis on the concepts of myocardial oxygen consumption vs. availability; (2) basic pharmacologic functions of dopamine HCl and SNP, both singly and combined; (3) importance of maintaining intravascular volume at optimum levels; and (4) awareness that constant nursing observations and reassessments are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:253710", "title": "Continuing education for coronary care nurses.", "content": "Coronary care nurses were surveyed to determine their perceptions of their initial training and ongoing continuing education. Eighty-one per cent (162 of 200) completed formal training, 65 per cent (105 of 162) felt this training adequately prepared them, but only 42 percent (84 of 200) successfully passed a test of competency prior to beginning work. Nurses' perceptions of their abilities were compared to actual performance of physical assessment and no significant differences were noted. Continuing education programs were ongoing for 57  per cent (114 of 200) of the nurses but physician participation was rare. Physician involvement in the overall management of CCUs was satisfactory for only 40.5 per cent of nurses (81 of 200). In view of these data, physicians and nurses have been remiss in the training and evaluation of coronary care nurses and must work together to define educational objectives and institute evaluation mechanisms. It is through this type of joint cooperation that the quality of care will improve as will morale.", "contents": "Continuing education for coronary care nurses. Coronary care nurses were surveyed to determine their perceptions of their initial training and ongoing continuing education. Eighty-one per cent (162 of 200) completed formal training, 65 per cent (105 of 162) felt this training adequately prepared them, but only 42 percent (84 of 200) successfully passed a test of competency prior to beginning work. Nurses' perceptions of their abilities were compared to actual performance of physical assessment and no significant differences were noted. Continuing education programs were ongoing for 57  per cent (114 of 200) of the nurses but physician participation was rare. Physician involvement in the overall management of CCUs was satisfactory for only 40.5 per cent of nurses (81 of 200). In view of these data, physicians and nurses have been remiss in the training and evaluation of coronary care nurses and must work together to define educational objectives and institute evaluation mechanisms. It is through this type of joint cooperation that the quality of care will improve as will morale."}
{"id": "PMID:253711", "title": "Shifting pleural effusions.", "content": "The patient's position in bed may cause repositioning of free pleural fluid, which can track to paravertebral, subpulmonary, and paramediastinal planes. Awareness of this situation aids the clinician's recognition of the nature of the lesion on chest roentgenograms.", "contents": "Shifting pleural effusions. The patient's position in bed may cause repositioning of free pleural fluid, which can track to paravertebral, subpulmonary, and paramediastinal planes. Awareness of this situation aids the clinician's recognition of the nature of the lesion on chest roentgenograms."}
{"id": "PMID:253712", "title": "Needs of relatives of critically ill patients: a descriptive study.", "content": "Relatives of critically ill patients were able to identify their needs during the intensive care phase of hospitalization. The universal need identified as very important was the need for hope. Other important needs were concerned with receiving adequate and honest information and feeling that the hospital staff members were concerned about the patient. Although several of the needs appeared to be of great concern to relatives, all the needs were considered very important by at least one relative. The majority of needs were perceived as being met consistently. Various resources were used by the relatives to meet their needs; however, specific needs were expected to be met by physicians and nurses. Since many relatives have similar needs, the use of a group process to deal with them should be investigated. A group process allows for sharing and support among the relatives and also allows one  staff member to work with several relatives. The relatives perceived the role of health care personnel to be patientcentered only. If the patient is a member of a family, then the family and staff should recognize that the health care personnel are helping relatives because it is a crucial part of total patient care. This area in providing total patient care needs to be studied carefully. The relatives of critically ill patients have important needs in this crisis period. By recognizing these needs and evaluating how they are being met, total patient care will involve the family. Such involvement is essential to the care of the critically ill patient.", "contents": "Needs of relatives of critically ill patients: a descriptive study. Relatives of critically ill patients were able to identify their needs during the intensive care phase of hospitalization. The universal need identified as very important was the need for hope. Other important needs were concerned with receiving adequate and honest information and feeling that the hospital staff members were concerned about the patient. Although several of the needs appeared to be of great concern to relatives, all the needs were considered very important by at least one relative. The majority of needs were perceived as being met consistently. Various resources were used by the relatives to meet their needs; however, specific needs were expected to be met by physicians and nurses. Since many relatives have similar needs, the use of a group process to deal with them should be investigated. A group process allows for sharing and support among the relatives and also allows one  staff member to work with several relatives. The relatives perceived the role of health care personnel to be patientcentered only. If the patient is a member of a family, then the family and staff should recognize that the health care personnel are helping relatives because it is a crucial part of total patient care. This area in providing total patient care needs to be studied carefully. The relatives of critically ill patients have important needs in this crisis period. By recognizing these needs and evaluating how they are being met, total patient care will involve the family. Such involvement is essential to the care of the critically ill patient."}
{"id": "PMID:253721", "title": "Neisseria sicca endocarditis: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A rare case of bacterial endocarditis caused by Neisseria sicca is reported. Review of the literature revealed only five other cases where sufficient data existed to confirm this particular organism as the etiological agent of bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Neisseria sicca endocarditis: report of a case and review of the literature. A rare case of bacterial endocarditis caused by Neisseria sicca is reported. Review of the literature revealed only five other cases where sufficient data existed to confirm this particular organism as the etiological agent of bacterial endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:253738", "title": "A joint practice council in action.", "content": "A nurse/physician joint practice council, patterned after the activities and recommendations of the National Joint Practice Commission, was developed at a community hospital to provide a forum for nurse-physician dialogue regarding roles and practice issues. Clear objectives, good communications, utilization of resource persons, and equal physician and nurse representation and critical elements of the council's success. In operation, the council's focus is evolving from conflict resolution to a medium for planning and implementing change.", "contents": "A joint practice council in action. A nurse/physician joint practice council, patterned after the activities and recommendations of the National Joint Practice Commission, was developed at a community hospital to provide a forum for nurse-physician dialogue regarding roles and practice issues. Clear objectives, good communications, utilization of resource persons, and equal physician and nurse representation and critical elements of the council's success. In operation, the council's focus is evolving from conflict resolution to a medium for planning and implementing change."}
{"id": "PMID:253739", "title": "Nurses' stress factors in the intensive care unit.", "content": "To identify the origins to stress as preceived by ICU nurses, stressful situations in the intensive care unit were identified and ICU nurses were asked to rank order them. Situations pertaining to the physical workload, death of a patient, and communication problems with physicians and nursing administrators were ranked most highly stressful. Nursing educators and nursing administrators can make changes and adjustments to lessen these stressors.", "contents": "Nurses' stress factors in the intensive care unit. To identify the origins to stress as preceived by ICU nurses, stressful situations in the intensive care unit were identified and ICU nurses were asked to rank order them. Situations pertaining to the physical workload, death of a patient, and communication problems with physicians and nursing administrators were ranked most highly stressful. Nursing educators and nursing administrators can make changes and adjustments to lessen these stressors."}
{"id": "PMID:253741", "title": "A health education model for ambulatory care.", "content": "Nurses in this ambulatory care center recognized a need for a systematic, planned approach to health education, and developed a health education model. The nurses on the committee serve as inhouse consultants to help other nurses develop, implement, and evaluate health education programs.", "contents": "A health education model for ambulatory care. Nurses in this ambulatory care center recognized a need for a systematic, planned approach to health education, and developed a health education model. The nurses on the committee serve as inhouse consultants to help other nurses develop, implement, and evaluate health education programs."}
{"id": "PMID:253743", "title": "A regional cardiac care program: planning & development.", "content": "Five hospitals in northeastern Massachusetts joined together to provide a cardiac care nursing educational program for staff nurses. Their mutual effort reduced costs for each hospital and maximized the use of human and material resources. The endeavor has been successful, based upon a number of evaluation factors.", "contents": "A regional cardiac care program: planning & development. Five hospitals in northeastern Massachusetts joined together to provide a cardiac care nursing educational program for staff nurses. Their mutual effort reduced costs for each hospital and maximized the use of human and material resources. The endeavor has been successful, based upon a number of evaluation factors."}
{"id": "PMID:253744", "title": "A computerized scheduling system with centralized staffing.", "content": "Personnel costs make up approximately 70 percent of the operating expense of a hospital, and nursing service accounts for a large percentage of those personnel costs. It is imperative that nursing personnel be appropriately scheduled so that patient care units are properly staffed while personnel budgets are maintained. This hospital's centralized staffing function, supported by a computerized scheduling system, successfully handles all staffing situations with minimal involvement of professional nurses.", "contents": "A computerized scheduling system with centralized staffing. Personnel costs make up approximately 70 percent of the operating expense of a hospital, and nursing service accounts for a large percentage of those personnel costs. It is imperative that nursing personnel be appropriately scheduled so that patient care units are properly staffed while personnel budgets are maintained. This hospital's centralized staffing function, supported by a computerized scheduling system, successfully handles all staffing situations with minimal involvement of professional nurses."}
{"id": "PMID:253745", "title": "The use of supplemental nurses: why, where, how?", "content": "The use of nurses from labor pool agencies is one way of dealing with the ever present problem of maintaining adequate staffing. Although there are benefits in using supplemental nurses, there are also problems which directors of nursing services need to be aware of in order to assure quality nursing care. The author reports the results of a statewide survey of the use of nurses from supplemental staffing agencies.", "contents": "The use of supplemental nurses: why, where, how? The use of nurses from labor pool agencies is one way of dealing with the ever present problem of maintaining adequate staffing. Although there are benefits in using supplemental nurses, there are also problems which directors of nursing services need to be aware of in order to assure quality nursing care. The author reports the results of a statewide survey of the use of nurses from supplemental staffing agencies."}
{"id": "PMID:253746", "title": "A systematic approach to leadership selection.", "content": "This article introduces a system for selecting nursing leaders that recognizes personal aspiration as the motivating force behind successful leadership. The nursing administrator relinquishes sole responsibility and asks others to share in the selection process. An objective and subjective assessment examines every aspect of the candidates' potential.", "contents": "A systematic approach to leadership selection. This article introduces a system for selecting nursing leaders that recognizes personal aspiration as the motivating force behind successful leadership. The nursing administrator relinquishes sole responsibility and asks others to share in the selection process. An objective and subjective assessment examines every aspect of the candidates' potential."}
{"id": "PMID:253934", "title": "[Urinary uropepsin activity in patients with encephalomalacia as an index of the activity of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal-adrenal axis].", "content": "The determinations were carried out in 25 patients with thrombotic encephalomalacia. The changes in 24-hour urine uropepsin activity were studied after administration of metopirone and dexamethasone. The uropepsin activity in a sample of 24-hour urine was determined by the method of West, Ellis and Scott. A statistically significant fall of uropepsin activity was observed in 24-hour urine after metopirone, with a rise in the activity of this enzyme after dexamethasone administration.", "contents": "[Urinary uropepsin activity in patients with encephalomalacia as an index of the activity of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal-adrenal axis]. The determinations were carried out in 25 patients with thrombotic encephalomalacia. The changes in 24-hour urine uropepsin activity were studied after administration of metopirone and dexamethasone. The uropepsin activity in a sample of 24-hour urine was determined by the method of West, Ellis and Scott. A statistically significant fall of uropepsin activity was observed in 24-hour urine after metopirone, with a rise in the activity of this enzyme after dexamethasone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:254045", "title": "Functionally impaired tRNA from ethionine treated rats as detected in injected Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Treatment of rats with ethionine was found to cause severe impairment in the aminoacylation capacity of tRNA. This effect was only observed when assayed in injected oocytes, while invitro assays of aminoacylation failed to detect differences between normal tRNA and tRNA from ethionine treated animals. The effect of ethionine on the tRNA population was not uniform and differed for various amino acid specific tRNAs. Thus liver tRNA from ethionine treated rats showed a decreased capacity for phenylalanine aminoacylation, while no change was found in the case of leucine. On the other hand, the level of histidine aminoacylation was higher for tRNA from ethionine treated animals. An even more complex response was observed with methionine aminoacylation where tRNA from ethionine treated animals showed an initially faster rate than control tRNA. With more prolonged incubation periods, the methionyl-tRNA from ethionine treated animals was deacylated at an accelerated rate while the level of normal methionyl-tRNA remained almost constant. In addition to the aminoacylation reaction, the participation of aminoacyl-tRNA in protein synthesis was severely impaired. In this case, both the injected oocyte system and the cell-free wheat germ assay revealed these differences which were manifested with various mRNA and viral RNA preparations.", "contents": "Functionally impaired tRNA from ethionine treated rats as detected in injected Xenopus oocytes. Treatment of rats with ethionine was found to cause severe impairment in the aminoacylation capacity of tRNA. This effect was only observed when assayed in injected oocytes, while invitro assays of aminoacylation failed to detect differences between normal tRNA and tRNA from ethionine treated animals. The effect of ethionine on the tRNA population was not uniform and differed for various amino acid specific tRNAs. Thus liver tRNA from ethionine treated rats showed a decreased capacity for phenylalanine aminoacylation, while no change was found in the case of leucine. On the other hand, the level of histidine aminoacylation was higher for tRNA from ethionine treated animals. An even more complex response was observed with methionine aminoacylation where tRNA from ethionine treated animals showed an initially faster rate than control tRNA. With more prolonged incubation periods, the methionyl-tRNA from ethionine treated animals was deacylated at an accelerated rate while the level of normal methionyl-tRNA remained almost constant. In addition to the aminoacylation reaction, the participation of aminoacyl-tRNA in protein synthesis was severely impaired. In this case, both the injected oocyte system and the cell-free wheat germ assay revealed these differences which were manifested with various mRNA and viral RNA preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:254058", "title": "Effect of positioning on discomfort from intramuscular injections in the dorsogluteal site.", "content": "An intramuscular injection into a relaxed muscle is believed to result in less discomfort than an injection into a contracted muscle. When the femur is internally rotated, the gluteus maximus muscle is relaxed. The hypothesis that a dorsogluteal injection with the femur internally rotated will cause less discomfort than when the femur is externally rotated was tested in 44 surgical patients who received two injections of preoperative medication. Each patient received an injection of a narcotic medication and one of diazepam. All possible combinations of the factors--position (internal and external rotation), order of injection (first or second injection), and medication (narcotic or diazepam)--were determined, and patients were randomly assigned to one of these conditions. Patients rated their perceived discomfort after each injection on a five-point scale. The hypothesis was supported by discomfort ratings from injections of both types of medications, although diazepam injections caused significantly more discomfort than injections of narcotics. Older patients tended to report less discomfort from diazepam injections than younger patients. Sex, order of injection, and nurse administering the injection did not significantly influence discomfort ratings.", "contents": "Effect of positioning on discomfort from intramuscular injections in the dorsogluteal site. An intramuscular injection into a relaxed muscle is believed to result in less discomfort than an injection into a contracted muscle. When the femur is internally rotated, the gluteus maximus muscle is relaxed. The hypothesis that a dorsogluteal injection with the femur internally rotated will cause less discomfort than when the femur is externally rotated was tested in 44 surgical patients who received two injections of preoperative medication. Each patient received an injection of a narcotic medication and one of diazepam. All possible combinations of the factors--position (internal and external rotation), order of injection (first or second injection), and medication (narcotic or diazepam)--were determined, and patients were randomly assigned to one of these conditions. Patients rated their perceived discomfort after each injection on a five-point scale. The hypothesis was supported by discomfort ratings from injections of both types of medications, although diazepam injections caused significantly more discomfort than injections of narcotics. Older patients tended to report less discomfort from diazepam injections than younger patients. Sex, order of injection, and nurse administering the injection did not significantly influence discomfort ratings."}
{"id": "PMID:254061", "title": "Promoting creativity in nursing education.", "content": "Shortly after the University of Iowa implemented a new, integrated curriculum in 1974, a study of creativity was initiated because one goal of the process curriculum is to foster creativity. Hypotheses of no difference between beginning and graduating students and between old and new curriculum students were tested by means of Student's t test with Activities 5, 6, and 7 of Verbal Form A, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking used as the criterion measure. The null hypotheses were rejected in favor of the beginning students and the old curriculum students, respectively (p less than .05). Hypotheses of no relationship between creativity and American College Testing scores and admit grade point average were tested by computing Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. All values of r were nonsignificant. Further research on a number of aspects of creativity in nursing is suggested.", "contents": "Promoting creativity in nursing education. Shortly after the University of Iowa implemented a new, integrated curriculum in 1974, a study of creativity was initiated because one goal of the process curriculum is to foster creativity. Hypotheses of no difference between beginning and graduating students and between old and new curriculum students were tested by means of Student's t test with Activities 5, 6, and 7 of Verbal Form A, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking used as the criterion measure. The null hypotheses were rejected in favor of the beginning students and the old curriculum students, respectively (p less than .05). Hypotheses of no relationship between creativity and American College Testing scores and admit grade point average were tested by computing Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. All values of r were nonsignificant. Further research on a number of aspects of creativity in nursing is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:254059", "title": "Information structures: an analysis of nursing performance.", "content": "This study demonstrated a methodology of measuring information content and manipulation of nursing subject matter and suggested features of information processing nurses may use to determine the condition of patients. Subjects included 23 associate degree nurses (experts) and 37 first-year AD nursing students (novices) who sorted 59 data elements of a simulated client problem into categories. As a result, 12 categories of patient problems were identified, which were subjected to a latent partition analysis to identify common categorization. Subjects then were asked to decide on appropriate patient interventions. The two groups--experts and novices--were compared re: mean number of data elements requested, mean number of elements requested by LPA category, t test of the mean weights for each category, and rank order correlations of category emphasis. The 12 protocols were then tested for conformity to experience by nine judges. Experts were found to address more problems than novices; they placed more emphasis on current vital signs, pain, and neurological check.", "contents": "Information structures: an analysis of nursing performance. This study demonstrated a methodology of measuring information content and manipulation of nursing subject matter and suggested features of information processing nurses may use to determine the condition of patients. Subjects included 23 associate degree nurses (experts) and 37 first-year AD nursing students (novices) who sorted 59 data elements of a simulated client problem into categories. As a result, 12 categories of patient problems were identified, which were subjected to a latent partition analysis to identify common categorization. Subjects then were asked to decide on appropriate patient interventions. The two groups--experts and novices--were compared re: mean number of data elements requested, mean number of elements requested by LPA category, t test of the mean weights for each category, and rank order correlations of category emphasis. The 12 protocols were then tested for conformity to experience by nine judges. Experts were found to address more problems than novices; they placed more emphasis on current vital signs, pain, and neurological check."}
{"id": "PMID:254063", "title": "Effectiveness of a comprehensive health program for the well-elderly by community health nurses.", "content": "Effectiveness of three nursing approaches used in providing health care for the well-aging was tested experimentally by selecting three matched groups among a well-aging population of 195 who lived in three housing units for the elderly. The approaches differed in extensiveness of physical and psychosocial assessment and in involvement of residents in screening, counseling, and health education sessions. Health status was measured before and after one year of implementation by specific observations and structured interviews. Residents who received the extensive nursing program: reported increases in their positive perceptions of their own health, learned to respond effectively to health screening programs, and showed increases in the number who were under primary care. The data supported study hypotheses that predicted higher levels of health for persons who had the opportunity of extensive and specific nursing interventions.", "contents": "Effectiveness of a comprehensive health program for the well-elderly by community health nurses. Effectiveness of three nursing approaches used in providing health care for the well-aging was tested experimentally by selecting three matched groups among a well-aging population of 195 who lived in three housing units for the elderly. The approaches differed in extensiveness of physical and psychosocial assessment and in involvement of residents in screening, counseling, and health education sessions. Health status was measured before and after one year of implementation by specific observations and structured interviews. Residents who received the extensive nursing program: reported increases in their positive perceptions of their own health, learned to respond effectively to health screening programs, and showed increases in the number who were under primary care. The data supported study hypotheses that predicted higher levels of health for persons who had the opportunity of extensive and specific nursing interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:254060", "title": "Factors related to foreign nurse graduates' test-taking performance.", "content": "The essential problem in the immigration of foreign nurse graduates (FNGs) to the United States is their poor incidence of success in meeting state licensure requirements. Factors responsible for the low success rate include nonfamiliarity with multiple-choice format in tests, lack of English proficiency, and anxiety. This study gathered information regarding FNGs' experience in taking state board examinations and demonstrated relationships between factors identified above and scores obtained by FNGs on achievement tests developed according to the American Nurses' Association Blueprint for Licensing Examination for R.N. Licensure.", "contents": "Factors related to foreign nurse graduates' test-taking performance. The essential problem in the immigration of foreign nurse graduates (FNGs) to the United States is their poor incidence of success in meeting state licensure requirements. Factors responsible for the low success rate include nonfamiliarity with multiple-choice format in tests, lack of English proficiency, and anxiety. This study gathered information regarding FNGs' experience in taking state board examinations and demonstrated relationships between factors identified above and scores obtained by FNGs on achievement tests developed according to the American Nurses' Association Blueprint for Licensing Examination for R.N. Licensure."}
{"id": "PMID:254064", "title": "The language of touch.", "content": "A conceptual framework is discussed from which to consider the meaning of touch in nursing research and practice. The impact of interpersonal touch is examined through a review of literature that demonstrates the relationship of touching to human development. The importance of acknowledging the physiologic foundations of touch is reinforced, with considerations as to dangers in accepting all forms of touch as therapeutic. Existing research into the physiologic and psychosocial bases of tactile interaction is explored, and qualitative symbols for a language of touch are presented. These qualitative symbols create the foundations for discussing a construct of tactile arousal.", "contents": "The language of touch. A conceptual framework is discussed from which to consider the meaning of touch in nursing research and practice. The impact of interpersonal touch is examined through a review of literature that demonstrates the relationship of touching to human development. The importance of acknowledging the physiologic foundations of touch is reinforced, with considerations as to dangers in accepting all forms of touch as therapeutic. Existing research into the physiologic and psychosocial bases of tactile interaction is explored, and qualitative symbols for a language of touch are presented. These qualitative symbols create the foundations for discussing a construct of tactile arousal."}
{"id": "PMID:254066", "title": "Cross-cultural study of initial visits to psychiatric outpatient clinics.", "content": "This descriptive and comparative study explored issues involving initial visits to psychiatric outpatient clinics. Seventy patients in an Irish clinic and 51 patients in a United States clinic were interviewed and 100 medical records in each clinic were reviewed to examine data on five variables: presenting complaints, critical incidents, referral processes, patient expectations, and reactions to treatment plans. Commonalities and differences between clinics were cited.", "contents": "Cross-cultural study of initial visits to psychiatric outpatient clinics. This descriptive and comparative study explored issues involving initial visits to psychiatric outpatient clinics. Seventy patients in an Irish clinic and 51 patients in a United States clinic were interviewed and 100 medical records in each clinic were reviewed to examine data on five variables: presenting complaints, critical incidents, referral processes, patient expectations, and reactions to treatment plans. Commonalities and differences between clinics were cited."}
{"id": "PMID:254067", "title": "Relationships of processes of care to patient outcomes.", "content": "This study examined relationships between process and outcome components of patient care. Relationships were determined between independent process variables--diagnostic approach, therapeutic approach, and patient compliance--and dependent outcome variables--functional status, clinical health status, perception of health and care, and knowledge and understanding of disease and therapy. Criteria for process and outcome dimensions were developed, based on a literature review. Data on 103 patients, followed for a five-month period, were collected by use of patient record audit and beginning- and end-of-study patient interviews. Cross-tabulations and multiple regression analysis were used to determine relationships between independent and dependent variables. Analysis of variance was used to determine difference in provider and patient process dimensions according to patient severity groups. Significant relationships were found between all independent variables and the dependent variables of clinical health status and knowledge and understanding of disease and therapy. Patient compliance level was found to be the most significant process variable.", "contents": "Relationships of processes of care to patient outcomes. This study examined relationships between process and outcome components of patient care. Relationships were determined between independent process variables--diagnostic approach, therapeutic approach, and patient compliance--and dependent outcome variables--functional status, clinical health status, perception of health and care, and knowledge and understanding of disease and therapy. Criteria for process and outcome dimensions were developed, based on a literature review. Data on 103 patients, followed for a five-month period, were collected by use of patient record audit and beginning- and end-of-study patient interviews. Cross-tabulations and multiple regression analysis were used to determine relationships between independent and dependent variables. Analysis of variance was used to determine difference in provider and patient process dimensions according to patient severity groups. Significant relationships were found between all independent variables and the dependent variables of clinical health status and knowledge and understanding of disease and therapy. Patient compliance level was found to be the most significant process variable."}
{"id": "PMID:254068", "title": "Relationship of psychological factors in pregnancy to progress in labor.", "content": "A prospective study of 32 normal, married primigravidas was conducted to determine the relationship between psychological factors in the third trimester of pregnancy and progress in two defined phases of labor. Data were analyzed for the total group and with five subjects deleted to control partially for the effect of medications. Psychological variables measured in pregnancy had significant correlations with variables measured at the onset of phase two labor. Conflict concerning the acceptance of pregnancy showed the most significant relationships to the phase two labor variables with correlations of .39 with anxiety, .59 with plasma epinephrine, -.70 and -.52 with two adjacent Montevideo units, and .58 with length of labor in phase two (3-10 cm cervical dilation). Other pregnancy variables which significantly correlated with the labor variables were identification of a motherhood role, history of psychological counseling or psychiatric treatment, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and fears related to helplessness, pain, loss of control, and loss of self-esteem. Several psychological variables measured in pregnancy also correlated significantly with length of labor in phase three and type of delivery. The results demonstrate that specific psychological factors in pregnancy are predictive of progress in labor.", "contents": "Relationship of psychological factors in pregnancy to progress in labor. A prospective study of 32 normal, married primigravidas was conducted to determine the relationship between psychological factors in the third trimester of pregnancy and progress in two defined phases of labor. Data were analyzed for the total group and with five subjects deleted to control partially for the effect of medications. Psychological variables measured in pregnancy had significant correlations with variables measured at the onset of phase two labor. Conflict concerning the acceptance of pregnancy showed the most significant relationships to the phase two labor variables with correlations of .39 with anxiety, .59 with plasma epinephrine, -.70 and -.52 with two adjacent Montevideo units, and .58 with length of labor in phase two (3-10 cm cervical dilation). Other pregnancy variables which significantly correlated with the labor variables were identification of a motherhood role, history of psychological counseling or psychiatric treatment, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and fears related to helplessness, pain, loss of control, and loss of self-esteem. Several psychological variables measured in pregnancy also correlated significantly with length of labor in phase three and type of delivery. The results demonstrate that specific psychological factors in pregnancy are predictive of progress in labor."}
{"id": "PMID:254069", "title": "Effect of clinical settings on the utilization of nurse practitioners.", "content": "In this study, 143 medical and pediatric nurse practitioners in 61 agencies identified problems in role implementation and formulated recommendations for more effective utilization in clinical settings which employ, or plan to employ, nurse practitioners. Physician-intensive settings appeared to utilize nurse practitioners least effectively and more practitioners left such settings, citing inability to implement the role, than did practitioners employed by other types of health agencies. Different kinds of health agencies integrated and implemented the role at different rates.", "contents": "Effect of clinical settings on the utilization of nurse practitioners. In this study, 143 medical and pediatric nurse practitioners in 61 agencies identified problems in role implementation and formulated recommendations for more effective utilization in clinical settings which employ, or plan to employ, nurse practitioners. Physician-intensive settings appeared to utilize nurse practitioners least effectively and more practitioners left such settings, citing inability to implement the role, than did practitioners employed by other types of health agencies. Different kinds of health agencies integrated and implemented the role at different rates."}
{"id": "PMID:254670", "title": "Investigation of intake-output as a means of assessing body fluid balance.", "content": "This study has demonstrated a mean error in I-O figures of 799.50 cc per day when compared with daily weight calculations. There was no statistically significant correlation between the two values. It is suggested that a change be made in nursing practice. If recording of intake-output is to continue as a nursing practice, then it must be coupled with daily weighings and used only in cases where intake must be limited and/or output carefully monitored. Then the two figures, weight loss and gain and fluid balance, loss or gain, must be compared and causes sought for any variances greater than +/- 250 cc.", "contents": "Investigation of intake-output as a means of assessing body fluid balance. This study has demonstrated a mean error in I-O figures of 799.50 cc per day when compared with daily weight calculations. There was no statistically significant correlation between the two values. It is suggested that a change be made in nursing practice. If recording of intake-output is to continue as a nursing practice, then it must be coupled with daily weighings and used only in cases where intake must be limited and/or output carefully monitored. Then the two figures, weight loss and gain and fluid balance, loss or gain, must be compared and causes sought for any variances greater than +/- 250 cc."}
{"id": "PMID:254671", "title": "Complications associated with balloon-tipped, flow-directed catheters.", "content": "In summary, the balloon-tipped, flow-directed catheter is used almost universally to obtain important diagnostic information at the bedside with a relatively low risk of serious complications. The flexibility of the catheter and the protection of the catheter tip with the inflated balloon as it passes through the heart chambers have contributed to the low incidence of complications associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Although serious complications are rare, they have been reported to occur. It should always be kept in mind that this technique is an invasive one and can be potentially dangerous. Most of the complications associated with flow-directed catheters can be avoided, however, if they do occur the user should be able to recognize the problem immediately and correct it if possible.", "contents": "Complications associated with balloon-tipped, flow-directed catheters. In summary, the balloon-tipped, flow-directed catheter is used almost universally to obtain important diagnostic information at the bedside with a relatively low risk of serious complications. The flexibility of the catheter and the protection of the catheter tip with the inflated balloon as it passes through the heart chambers have contributed to the low incidence of complications associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Although serious complications are rare, they have been reported to occur. It should always be kept in mind that this technique is an invasive one and can be potentially dangerous. Most of the complications associated with flow-directed catheters can be avoided, however, if they do occur the user should be able to recognize the problem immediately and correct it if possible."}
{"id": "PMID:254672", "title": "Left subclavian vein puncture for insertion of Swan-Ganz catheters.", "content": "A rapid, safe, and reliable method for insertion of Swan-Ganz flow-directed, balloon-tipped catheters using the left subclavian vein is described. Experience with this method in 24 consecutive patients indicates a distinct advantage over the antecubital fossa approach: A venous cutdown is not necessary, the pulmonary artery is readily entered, fluoroscopy is not required, the patient is free to move both arms, and thrombophlebitis and infection occur infrequently. With proper attention to landmarks such as the clavicular tubercle, the procedure may be performed with facility. The major complication, pneumothorax, is minimized if mechanical ventilators are briefly disconnected during the subclavian puncture.", "contents": "Left subclavian vein puncture for insertion of Swan-Ganz catheters. A rapid, safe, and reliable method for insertion of Swan-Ganz flow-directed, balloon-tipped catheters using the left subclavian vein is described. Experience with this method in 24 consecutive patients indicates a distinct advantage over the antecubital fossa approach: A venous cutdown is not necessary, the pulmonary artery is readily entered, fluoroscopy is not required, the patient is free to move both arms, and thrombophlebitis and infection occur infrequently. With proper attention to landmarks such as the clavicular tubercle, the procedure may be performed with facility. The major complication, pneumothorax, is minimized if mechanical ventilators are briefly disconnected during the subclavian puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:254674", "title": "Enhancement of recall of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): Use of moving-image card to review the dynamics of CPR.", "content": "Since victims of cardiac arrest have a more favorable outcome when CPR is immediately applied, it is important to continue to motivate individuals to learn proper technique. It is equally important to ensure that individuals who have learned CPR maintain adequate recall of the procedure. With the intent of enhancing recall of the principles of CPR, a wallet-size plastic card was developed which, when tilted, creates the illusion of movements. Thus, the card enables a viewer to review the dynamic aspects of CPR and reinforces the essential steps of establishing an airway and maintaining breathing and circulation.", "contents": "Enhancement of recall of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): Use of moving-image card to review the dynamics of CPR. Since victims of cardiac arrest have a more favorable outcome when CPR is immediately applied, it is important to continue to motivate individuals to learn proper technique. It is equally important to ensure that individuals who have learned CPR maintain adequate recall of the procedure. With the intent of enhancing recall of the principles of CPR, a wallet-size plastic card was developed which, when tilted, creates the illusion of movements. Thus, the card enables a viewer to review the dynamic aspects of CPR and reinforces the essential steps of establishing an airway and maintaining breathing and circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:254675", "title": "Group sessions as a method of reducing anxiety in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The purpose of the group sessions in our hospital was to relieve patient anxiety by offering the patients an opportunity to discuss lifestyle changes necessary for adjustment in living with CAD in order to better adapt to the illness. A series of informal group sessions accomplished these purposes admirably. It is the opinion of these authors that nurses educated in group skills should institute group sessions for patients with CAD. The benefits to both the nurse and patient are unlimited.", "contents": "Group sessions as a method of reducing anxiety in patients with coronary artery disease. The purpose of the group sessions in our hospital was to relieve patient anxiety by offering the patients an opportunity to discuss lifestyle changes necessary for adjustment in living with CAD in order to better adapt to the illness. A series of informal group sessions accomplished these purposes admirably. It is the opinion of these authors that nurses educated in group skills should institute group sessions for patients with CAD. The benefits to both the nurse and patient are unlimited."}
{"id": "PMID:254677", "title": "Role perception of the staff nurse in the intensive care unit.", "content": "A group of 201 ICU staff nurses were questioned regarding those activities they perceived as (1) most important, (2) most time-consuming, and (3) most professional. This information was collected to provide a data base for defining the role of the ICU staff nurse and evaluating the implications for nursing administration and staff development. The results indicated that the nurses are doing what they perceive to be important, but not what they perceive to be professional. There were differences in ranking relationships when the basic educational preparation of the nurse was considered as a variable. The results indicate that role perception was more a function of job requirements than a function of educational background. Comparing functional groupings of activities, the nurses ranked direct patient care activities high in time consumption and for importance when compared to nondirect patient care activities, but neither was ranked high for professionalism. This implies a disparity between perception of importance vs. professionalism.", "contents": "Role perception of the staff nurse in the intensive care unit. A group of 201 ICU staff nurses were questioned regarding those activities they perceived as (1) most important, (2) most time-consuming, and (3) most professional. This information was collected to provide a data base for defining the role of the ICU staff nurse and evaluating the implications for nursing administration and staff development. The results indicated that the nurses are doing what they perceive to be important, but not what they perceive to be professional. There were differences in ranking relationships when the basic educational preparation of the nurse was considered as a variable. The results indicate that role perception was more a function of job requirements than a function of educational background. Comparing functional groupings of activities, the nurses ranked direct patient care activities high in time consumption and for importance when compared to nondirect patient care activities, but neither was ranked high for professionalism. This implies a disparity between perception of importance vs. professionalism."}
{"id": "PMID:254678", "title": "Critical care unit transfer: reducing patient stress through nursing interventions.", "content": "Thirty patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction were studied by means of comparison of randomized groups to determine the effectiveness of two different nursing interventions on reducing the stress associated with CCU transfer. In order to promote continuity of patient care, one intervention implemented a family centered nursing approach while the other established a staff nurse-patient relationship prior to transfer to the general medical unit. Inferences as to the relationship between each of the nursing interventions and reduction of patient stress during the CCU transfer period were based on a comparison of the mean scores of psychosocial and physiological measures for the experimental and control groups. Six variables were measured. Overall, experimental patients in each group scored lower than control patients for (1-3) patient stress as reported by patient, family, and nurse, (4) cardiovascular complications within 24 hours of transfer, and (5) cardiovascular complications 24 to 72 hours after transfer; no difference was found in (6) physical complaints reported by the patient the evening of transfer.", "contents": "Critical care unit transfer: reducing patient stress through nursing interventions. Thirty patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction were studied by means of comparison of randomized groups to determine the effectiveness of two different nursing interventions on reducing the stress associated with CCU transfer. In order to promote continuity of patient care, one intervention implemented a family centered nursing approach while the other established a staff nurse-patient relationship prior to transfer to the general medical unit. Inferences as to the relationship between each of the nursing interventions and reduction of patient stress during the CCU transfer period were based on a comparison of the mean scores of psychosocial and physiological measures for the experimental and control groups. Six variables were measured. Overall, experimental patients in each group scored lower than control patients for (1-3) patient stress as reported by patient, family, and nurse, (4) cardiovascular complications within 24 hours of transfer, and (5) cardiovascular complications 24 to 72 hours after transfer; no difference was found in (6) physical complaints reported by the patient the evening of transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:254684", "title": "Attitudes towards mental illness: a comparison of post-basic nursing students with science students.", "content": "Two groups of Nigerian university students were compared in terms of their attitudes towards mental illness. Responses on the OMI scale questionnaire items on attitudes towards mental illness were examined. Subjects were 37 registered general nurses from the Faculty of Medicine and 15 science students from the Faculty of Science. Differences between the nurses and science students not attributable to age were observed in Factors A : Authoritarianism, B: Benevolence and D: Social restrictiveness. The nurses scored lower on the above mentioned factors while they scored higher on Interpersonal etiology and Mental hygiene ideology. Also intercorrelation between the five factors was done. Positive correlation was found between Authoritarianism and Social restrictiveness and also between these two factors and Benevolence.", "contents": "Attitudes towards mental illness: a comparison of post-basic nursing students with science students. Two groups of Nigerian university students were compared in terms of their attitudes towards mental illness. Responses on the OMI scale questionnaire items on attitudes towards mental illness were examined. Subjects were 37 registered general nurses from the Faculty of Medicine and 15 science students from the Faculty of Science. Differences between the nurses and science students not attributable to age were observed in Factors A : Authoritarianism, B: Benevolence and D: Social restrictiveness. The nurses scored lower on the above mentioned factors while they scored higher on Interpersonal etiology and Mental hygiene ideology. Also intercorrelation between the five factors was done. Positive correlation was found between Authoritarianism and Social restrictiveness and also between these two factors and Benevolence."}
{"id": "PMID:254680", "title": "Sudden cardiac death and selective myocardial cell necrosis.", "content": "Sudden cardiac death is characterized by ventricular fibrillation. There is evidence that the pathologic lesion associated with sudden cardiac death is selective myocardial cell necrosis. This lesion can be induced experimentally in animals by the administration of catecholamines. A hypothetical association between the effect of catecholamines and ventricular fibrillation has been discussed.", "contents": "Sudden cardiac death and selective myocardial cell necrosis. Sudden cardiac death is characterized by ventricular fibrillation. There is evidence that the pathologic lesion associated with sudden cardiac death is selective myocardial cell necrosis. This lesion can be induced experimentally in animals by the administration of catecholamines. A hypothetical association between the effect of catecholamines and ventricular fibrillation has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:254685", "title": "Measurement in nursing education.", "content": "The objectives for this paper are fourfold. Evaluation is put into perspective, including measurement and assessment, in relation to the curriculum as a whole. The elements included in the evaluation of educational programmes are outlined. The process of evaluation is related to learning abilities in the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and experiential domains. Finally, some conclusions are made about the process of evaluation.", "contents": "Measurement in nursing education. The objectives for this paper are fourfold. Evaluation is put into perspective, including measurement and assessment, in relation to the curriculum as a whole. The elements included in the evaluation of educational programmes are outlined. The process of evaluation is related to learning abilities in the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and experiential domains. Finally, some conclusions are made about the process of evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:254686", "title": "A sociological approach to the analysis of nursing work.", "content": "This paper describes, from a sociological perspective, the work of hospital ward nurses. An analogy is drawn between the work organization of miners at the coal-face and that of nurses in hospital wards. Work roles are considered in order to provide a framework for the analysis of the work of nurses. Multi-skilled and single skilled work roles are described and the concept of a hierarchy of nursing tasks is considered. Problems of observing and analyzing the work of nurses are highlighted with particular reference to the type of environment in which hospital nursing takes place.", "contents": "A sociological approach to the analysis of nursing work. This paper describes, from a sociological perspective, the work of hospital ward nurses. An analogy is drawn between the work organization of miners at the coal-face and that of nurses in hospital wards. Work roles are considered in order to provide a framework for the analysis of the work of nurses. Multi-skilled and single skilled work roles are described and the concept of a hierarchy of nursing tasks is considered. Problems of observing and analyzing the work of nurses are highlighted with particular reference to the type of environment in which hospital nursing takes place."}
{"id": "PMID:254683", "title": "Acute problems in the coronary care unit that do not require intervention. II. Atrial fibrillation with optimal heart rates.", "content": "Acute onset of atrial fibrillation during the early period of an MI does not require antiarrhythmic therapy if the ventricular response is not excessive and the patient is hemodynamically stable. The use of diuretics and/or unloading agents, determined by the degree of CHF, is the preferred management. Use of digitalis glycosides is potentially hazardous because of the possibility of precipitating A-V block in patients with acute A-V nodal injury.", "contents": "Acute problems in the coronary care unit that do not require intervention. II. Atrial fibrillation with optimal heart rates. Acute onset of atrial fibrillation during the early period of an MI does not require antiarrhythmic therapy if the ventricular response is not excessive and the patient is hemodynamically stable. The use of diuretics and/or unloading agents, determined by the degree of CHF, is the preferred management. Use of digitalis glycosides is potentially hazardous because of the possibility of precipitating A-V block in patients with acute A-V nodal injury."}
{"id": "PMID:254687", "title": "Reality and expectation of the British National Health Service Consumer.", "content": "On the analysis of some 40 000 letters received each year, the author, a medical journalist, has identified nine main categories of queries about health care problems which are not adequately dealt with by the British National Health Services. The problems are concerned with anatomy and physiology, illness, pregnancy and childbirth, contraception, child care, mental health, the old and plastic surgery. By focusing on these unmet needs, a plea is made to rectify the matter.", "contents": "Reality and expectation of the British National Health Service Consumer. On the analysis of some 40 000 letters received each year, the author, a medical journalist, has identified nine main categories of queries about health care problems which are not adequately dealt with by the British National Health Services. The problems are concerned with anatomy and physiology, illness, pregnancy and childbirth, contraception, child care, mental health, the old and plastic surgery. By focusing on these unmet needs, a plea is made to rectify the matter."}
{"id": "PMID:254688", "title": "Applications to undergraduate nursing courses.", "content": "Education of nurses has in recent years developed in centres of higher education, but with a rapid rise in courses offered concern has been expressed that too few suitable applicants may be available. This study has attempted to ascertain actual demand for the courses available by cross-referencing applications to a sample of courses, and has demonstrated a downward trend of suitable applications over the two years 1975 and 1976. A cautionary approach to establishing new courses or increasing numbers on existing courses may be advisable and further comparable work will be carried out to assess the validity of the trends already found.", "contents": "Applications to undergraduate nursing courses. Education of nurses has in recent years developed in centres of higher education, but with a rapid rise in courses offered concern has been expressed that too few suitable applicants may be available. This study has attempted to ascertain actual demand for the courses available by cross-referencing applications to a sample of courses, and has demonstrated a downward trend of suitable applications over the two years 1975 and 1976. A cautionary approach to establishing new courses or increasing numbers on existing courses may be advisable and further comparable work will be carried out to assess the validity of the trends already found."}
{"id": "PMID:254690", "title": "An interdisciplinary tool for assessing patients' readiness for discharge in the rehabilitation setting.", "content": "This paper describes the setting up of an interdisciplinary tool to assess readiness for discharge of patients from hospital. The rationale behind the tool is discussed and the literature is reviewed for current perspectives of measurement in rehabilitation, the desirability of planning discharges of referrals and the interdisciplinary nature of the health care team. The concept of readiness is also discussed. Finally, the evolution of the tool is described and its use with selected patients in a rehabilitation hospital is demonstrated.", "contents": "An interdisciplinary tool for assessing patients' readiness for discharge in the rehabilitation setting. This paper describes the setting up of an interdisciplinary tool to assess readiness for discharge of patients from hospital. The rationale behind the tool is discussed and the literature is reviewed for current perspectives of measurement in rehabilitation, the desirability of planning discharges of referrals and the interdisciplinary nature of the health care team. The concept of readiness is also discussed. Finally, the evolution of the tool is described and its use with selected patients in a rehabilitation hospital is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:254692", "title": "Commitment to nursing.", "content": "After a discussion of models of nursing, the author focuses on what nurses are and argues that their perceptions are significantly different from those of medical practitioners. The commitment of nurses is discussed, debated and explored and some values shared between newly qualified nurses and the lay public. Commitment is put into the prespective of 'accountability' and its effects on assessing quality of care and nurse-patient relationships are discussed. The author also argues that in certain circumstances she would contemplate defecting from 'being a nurse', particularly with regards to her personal concern for the mentally disordered. But the message that pervades the paper is that once one is a nurse, one is a nurse forever. Finally researchers are admonished to strive for 'an elucidation of the nature of commitment'.", "contents": "Commitment to nursing. After a discussion of models of nursing, the author focuses on what nurses are and argues that their perceptions are significantly different from those of medical practitioners. The commitment of nurses is discussed, debated and explored and some values shared between newly qualified nurses and the lay public. Commitment is put into the prespective of 'accountability' and its effects on assessing quality of care and nurse-patient relationships are discussed. The author also argues that in certain circumstances she would contemplate defecting from 'being a nurse', particularly with regards to her personal concern for the mentally disordered. But the message that pervades the paper is that once one is a nurse, one is a nurse forever. Finally researchers are admonished to strive for 'an elucidation of the nature of commitment'."}
{"id": "PMID:254693", "title": "Patterns of nurse activity.", "content": "A major study was undertaken in three acute hospitals of how nursing staff occupied their time on the medical, surgical and orthopaedic wards, the observation technique adopted being systematic activity sampling. In addition all the interactions patients received from nurses were recorded, the categorization scheme for both sets of data being identical. This paper presents the overall results which emerged from the computer analysis of this material. One of the less expected results is the amount of nursing performed which is categorized as Basic.", "contents": "Patterns of nurse activity. A major study was undertaken in three acute hospitals of how nursing staff occupied their time on the medical, surgical and orthopaedic wards, the observation technique adopted being systematic activity sampling. In addition all the interactions patients received from nurses were recorded, the categorization scheme for both sets of data being identical. This paper presents the overall results which emerged from the computer analysis of this material. One of the less expected results is the amount of nursing performed which is categorized as Basic."}
{"id": "PMID:254694", "title": "The inability to transfer classroom learning to clinical nursing practice: a learning problem and its remedial plan.", "content": "The inability to transfer classroom knowledge to clinical nursing practice is a common learning problem encountered by many nursing students. Manifestations of this problem may involve both the academic performance and personal development of the students: inability to solve problems in nursing situations; inflexibility and rigidity in the exercise of nursing care; fragmentation of nursing care; and apathy towards clinical practice. Because of the seriousness of this learning problem, a plan must be formulated to rectify it. This plan is developed with major emphasis on the teaching process, the student and the curriculum. One of the important roles of a teacher is to help students understand many widely useful relationships, principles or generalizations. In order to enhance transfer, nursing students must be given ample opportunities to apply the learned principles in a variety of nursing situations. Learning is a self-active process; an ideal transfer demands the students' conscious realization that transfer is possible. Students need to be committed to the belief that particular facts in the classroom study are pertinent in other situations. To promote transfer, the curriculum must be designed in such a way so that it has transfer value in terms of the students' goals and purposes. Furthermore, proper sequence of curricular activities is crucial if transfer of classroom knowledge to clinical practice is to occur.", "contents": "The inability to transfer classroom learning to clinical nursing practice: a learning problem and its remedial plan. The inability to transfer classroom knowledge to clinical nursing practice is a common learning problem encountered by many nursing students. Manifestations of this problem may involve both the academic performance and personal development of the students: inability to solve problems in nursing situations; inflexibility and rigidity in the exercise of nursing care; fragmentation of nursing care; and apathy towards clinical practice. Because of the seriousness of this learning problem, a plan must be formulated to rectify it. This plan is developed with major emphasis on the teaching process, the student and the curriculum. One of the important roles of a teacher is to help students understand many widely useful relationships, principles or generalizations. In order to enhance transfer, nursing students must be given ample opportunities to apply the learned principles in a variety of nursing situations. Learning is a self-active process; an ideal transfer demands the students' conscious realization that transfer is possible. Students need to be committed to the belief that particular facts in the classroom study are pertinent in other situations. To promote transfer, the curriculum must be designed in such a way so that it has transfer value in terms of the students' goals and purposes. Furthermore, proper sequence of curricular activities is crucial if transfer of classroom knowledge to clinical practice is to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:254695", "title": "Criteria to be used in the selection of clinical areas for basic nurse training.", "content": "The problem of establishing criteria to be considered when selecting clinical areas for basic nurse training was investigated by the Teaching team from Bexley Hospital Nurse Education Centre, Kent. Establishments involved in training personnel in occupations other than nursing were examined and evaluated in order to see if comparisons could be made. Unfortunately the establishments chosen provided little information in respect of learner placement in nursing. Contributions to the nursing literature in respect of the subject being considered were sparse, but articles by Martin (1976), Roper (1976), Schr\u00f6ck (1973) and Strohmann (1977) were interesting and of considerable value. Whilst the project at Bexley involved examination of the more obvious criteria used in the selection of training areas, considerable attention was paid to the attitudes of clinical nursing personnel towards nurse education and training. Replies to an educational questionnaire devised by the team revealed many significant differences between the attitudes of those nurses involved in basic nurse training in the hospital's wards and departments when compared with those of other teaching and service personnel. A checklist of criteria was ultimately complied and it was suggested that a further comparative study emphasizing the attitude component of this project should be made in 12 months time.", "contents": "Criteria to be used in the selection of clinical areas for basic nurse training. The problem of establishing criteria to be considered when selecting clinical areas for basic nurse training was investigated by the Teaching team from Bexley Hospital Nurse Education Centre, Kent. Establishments involved in training personnel in occupations other than nursing were examined and evaluated in order to see if comparisons could be made. Unfortunately the establishments chosen provided little information in respect of learner placement in nursing. Contributions to the nursing literature in respect of the subject being considered were sparse, but articles by Martin (1976), Roper (1976), Schr\u00f6ck (1973) and Strohmann (1977) were interesting and of considerable value. Whilst the project at Bexley involved examination of the more obvious criteria used in the selection of training areas, considerable attention was paid to the attitudes of clinical nursing personnel towards nurse education and training. Replies to an educational questionnaire devised by the team revealed many significant differences between the attitudes of those nurses involved in basic nurse training in the hospital's wards and departments when compared with those of other teaching and service personnel. A checklist of criteria was ultimately complied and it was suggested that a further comparative study emphasizing the attitude component of this project should be made in 12 months time."}
{"id": "PMID:254696", "title": "Professionalism in nursing master's graduates.", "content": "The past 10 years have seen a shift in the master's level preparation of nurses. The majority of nurses currently seeking advanced preparation choose clinical specialization as the functional area rather than teaching. Such a shift in focus reflects the ever increasing specialization of services associated with an ever-growing complex society. Although the shift in focus of preparation and the concomitant change in curriculum design have been documented, few scientific investigations have been conducted on the graduates from master's programmes. Of those studies that have been conducted, the majority have focused on the differential personal characteristics of graduate nursing students in different types of programmes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between a nurse's area of functional preparation in a master's degree programme and the individual's level of professionalism. The independent variable of the study was functional area of preparation in a master's programme. The dependent variables became enrolment in a formal programme of study, subscription to professional journals, attendance at non-formal educational programmes, number of authored publications, membership in professional organizations and employment in prepared area, as these seemed to reflect the criteria of professionalism explicated by Flexner (1915). The data for the study were gleaned from questionnaires sent to the 637 individuals who had graduated from the programme. Of the 395 questionnaires that were returned, only 272 were usable. This number represented 43% of the graduate population. The chi-square test was used to analyse the data. Each of the chi-square values for association between professionalism and graduate specialty was found to be significant. Postgraduates prepared as teachers met Flexner's criteria more often than did postgraduates prepared as clinical specialists.", "contents": "Professionalism in nursing master's graduates. The past 10 years have seen a shift in the master's level preparation of nurses. The majority of nurses currently seeking advanced preparation choose clinical specialization as the functional area rather than teaching. Such a shift in focus reflects the ever increasing specialization of services associated with an ever-growing complex society. Although the shift in focus of preparation and the concomitant change in curriculum design have been documented, few scientific investigations have been conducted on the graduates from master's programmes. Of those studies that have been conducted, the majority have focused on the differential personal characteristics of graduate nursing students in different types of programmes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between a nurse's area of functional preparation in a master's degree programme and the individual's level of professionalism. The independent variable of the study was functional area of preparation in a master's programme. The dependent variables became enrolment in a formal programme of study, subscription to professional journals, attendance at non-formal educational programmes, number of authored publications, membership in professional organizations and employment in prepared area, as these seemed to reflect the criteria of professionalism explicated by Flexner (1915). The data for the study were gleaned from questionnaires sent to the 637 individuals who had graduated from the programme. Of the 395 questionnaires that were returned, only 272 were usable. This number represented 43% of the graduate population. The chi-square test was used to analyse the data. Each of the chi-square values for association between professionalism and graduate specialty was found to be significant. Postgraduates prepared as teachers met Flexner's criteria more often than did postgraduates prepared as clinical specialists."}
{"id": "PMID:254697", "title": "The British National Health Service 1948-1978: should we start again?", "content": "The author concludes that since the British National Health Service is the product of a complex history, it is impossible th start again: however, the removal of three factors and the development of one would greatly improve it. The factors to be removed are: (i) the witch hunt against management, which has become the scapegoat for other ills; (ii) the medical model of health care, which is no longer relevant or practical; (iii) the industrial model, which has forced the NHS into an inappropriate style of management, trade unionism and employment patterns. The factor to be developed is the clinical skill of the nurse; such development requires improved educational opportunities and a clinical career structure.", "contents": "The British National Health Service 1948-1978: should we start again? The author concludes that since the British National Health Service is the product of a complex history, it is impossible th start again: however, the removal of three factors and the development of one would greatly improve it. The factors to be removed are: (i) the witch hunt against management, which has become the scapegoat for other ills; (ii) the medical model of health care, which is no longer relevant or practical; (iii) the industrial model, which has forced the NHS into an inappropriate style of management, trade unionism and employment patterns. The factor to be developed is the clinical skill of the nurse; such development requires improved educational opportunities and a clinical career structure."}
{"id": "PMID:254700", "title": "From staff nurse to head nurse: a trying transition.", "content": "The new head nurse is often unprepared for the role transition required by this new position. In this retrospective analysis of their first six months as head nurses, the authors, with a sense of humor, define a transition process consisting of three maturational stages. If nursing administrators and new head nurses anticipate and recognize these stages and their effects on nursing staff and care delivery, some of the resulting problems may be alleviated.", "contents": "From staff nurse to head nurse: a trying transition. The new head nurse is often unprepared for the role transition required by this new position. In this retrospective analysis of their first six months as head nurses, the authors, with a sense of humor, define a transition process consisting of three maturational stages. If nursing administrators and new head nurses anticipate and recognize these stages and their effects on nursing staff and care delivery, some of the resulting problems may be alleviated."}
{"id": "PMID:254701", "title": "The evolution of a public health nursing performance evaluation tool.", "content": "A tool was developed to evaluate the performance of nurses in a large public health department. Nursing staff were involved in the development process and received inservice education in some aspects of performance that would be measured by the tool. The evaluation tool is used to assess performance in four areas: clinical practice, supervision and management, professional growth and research. The authors wish to express their appreciation to the following individuals in the Chicago Department of Health who worked so diligently in the development of the Performance Evaluation Tool and the inservice education program described in this paper: Elizabeth Velten, Lee Gross, JoAnn Macon, Mitchi Oki, Carol Corcoran, Hazel Barclay, Carrie Manley, Evelyn Ribic, Etherlene Palmer, Zettie Richardson. The authors also acknowledge the guidance of Ms. Claudie Leckeisik during the preparation of this manuscript.", "contents": "The evolution of a public health nursing performance evaluation tool. A tool was developed to evaluate the performance of nurses in a large public health department. Nursing staff were involved in the development process and received inservice education in some aspects of performance that would be measured by the tool. The evaluation tool is used to assess performance in four areas: clinical practice, supervision and management, professional growth and research. The authors wish to express their appreciation to the following individuals in the Chicago Department of Health who worked so diligently in the development of the Performance Evaluation Tool and the inservice education program described in this paper: Elizabeth Velten, Lee Gross, JoAnn Macon, Mitchi Oki, Carol Corcoran, Hazel Barclay, Carrie Manley, Evelyn Ribic, Etherlene Palmer, Zettie Richardson. The authors also acknowledge the guidance of Ms. Claudie Leckeisik during the preparation of this manuscript."}
{"id": "PMID:254809", "title": "Health education for kindergarten children.", "content": "A health education program for kindergarten children was jointly planned and conducted by health and education professionals. The program demonstrates an application of an approach based on skill development for health behavior. It is presented as an example of how a school district can take beginning steps in developing a foundation for teaching health skills. A unique activity of the program included medical students as a means of involving health care professionals as part of school health education.", "contents": "Health education for kindergarten children. A health education program for kindergarten children was jointly planned and conducted by health and education professionals. The program demonstrates an application of an approach based on skill development for health behavior. It is presented as an example of how a school district can take beginning steps in developing a foundation for teaching health skills. A unique activity of the program included medical students as a means of involving health care professionals as part of school health education."}
{"id": "PMID:254811", "title": "Values education: extending the view.", "content": "A number of values education strategies have recently been developed for use in the classroom. The Shaver model described here incorporates a rational decision-making process based on basic moral values. That process involves identifying and clarifying values, value labeling and generalization, examining the possible consequences of value decision, recognizing and resolving value conflict, and forming qualified decisions. It is not, however, necessary to proceed through that exact sequence of steps. For example, values discussion may begin with the teacher helping a students to recognize a value conflict. From that point, the discussion may move the identification and labeling of values. Consequently, there is flexibility in how this model may be used in the classroom. This model is developed on the premise that people who use such a process in making decisions relating to social-ethnical issues enhance their functioning within a democratic society. It is suggested that people who utilize this process in relation to health issues can likewise enhance the effectiveness of their health-related decisions. Hopefully, there will be a yield of postive health behaviors.", "contents": "Values education: extending the view. A number of values education strategies have recently been developed for use in the classroom. The Shaver model described here incorporates a rational decision-making process based on basic moral values. That process involves identifying and clarifying values, value labeling and generalization, examining the possible consequences of value decision, recognizing and resolving value conflict, and forming qualified decisions. It is not, however, necessary to proceed through that exact sequence of steps. For example, values discussion may begin with the teacher helping a students to recognize a value conflict. From that point, the discussion may move the identification and labeling of values. Consequently, there is flexibility in how this model may be used in the classroom. This model is developed on the premise that people who use such a process in making decisions relating to social-ethnical issues enhance their functioning within a democratic society. It is suggested that people who utilize this process in relation to health issues can likewise enhance the effectiveness of their health-related decisions. Hopefully, there will be a yield of postive health behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:254851", "title": "Standards for adequate minimum personal health services.", "content": "Consideration of adequate minimum standards for health services usually fails to distinguish among the underlying interpretations of the problem--poverty, wastefulness, or harmfulness. Proposed \"redistributive\" programs, then, must specify what it is that is to be redistributed; the shortages may not be where expected. Government as guarantor of rights may be more effective in health services than as provider of programs. Adequate standards will best be advanced through adequate financial assistance.", "contents": "Standards for adequate minimum personal health services. Consideration of adequate minimum standards for health services usually fails to distinguish among the underlying interpretations of the problem--poverty, wastefulness, or harmfulness. Proposed \"redistributive\" programs, then, must specify what it is that is to be redistributed; the shortages may not be where expected. Government as guarantor of rights may be more effective in health services than as provider of programs. Adequate standards will best be advanced through adequate financial assistance."}
{"id": "PMID:254852", "title": "Organizational determinants of services, quality and cost of care in hospitals.", "content": "Characteristics of hospitals may be useful predictors of the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of services delivered. But it is difficult to explain the variables of cost and quality among hospitals until differences among patients and outcomes are accounted for. A promising new research approach is explored as a source of information on that most elusive of all measures in service organizations--the outcome experienced by clients.", "contents": "Organizational determinants of services, quality and cost of care in hospitals. Characteristics of hospitals may be useful predictors of the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of services delivered. But it is difficult to explain the variables of cost and quality among hospitals until differences among patients and outcomes are accounted for. A promising new research approach is explored as a source of information on that most elusive of all measures in service organizations--the outcome experienced by clients."}
{"id": "PMID:254885", "title": "Displacement of the abomasum in the cow. Incidence, etiological factors and results of treatment.", "content": "Fiftynine cases of abomasal displacement were registered during a 10 year period in a veterinary district in Norway with a dairy cow population of approx. 2500. Of these, 88% were left displacements and 12% right displacements. Ten per cent recovered spontaneously without subsequent relapse. Corrective surgery was performed on the remainder, and 92% of these recovered completely. Surgery was, in most cases, performed on the same day as the diagnosis of abomasal displacement was made. The displacements occurred at all times of the year: 86% of cases involved cows in third or subsequent lactation 95% were diagnosed within the period 4--64 days after calving, and 70% of the cows had been treated for other illness with disturbance of digestion during the week immediately prior to the demonstration of the displacement. In a further 25%, ketosis was diagnosed at the same time as the displacement. Etiology and pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Displacement of the abomasum in the cow. Incidence, etiological factors and results of treatment. Fiftynine cases of abomasal displacement were registered during a 10 year period in a veterinary district in Norway with a dairy cow population of approx. 2500. Of these, 88% were left displacements and 12% right displacements. Ten per cent recovered spontaneously without subsequent relapse. Corrective surgery was performed on the remainder, and 92% of these recovered completely. Surgery was, in most cases, performed on the same day as the diagnosis of abomasal displacement was made. The displacements occurred at all times of the year: 86% of cases involved cows in third or subsequent lactation 95% were diagnosed within the period 4--64 days after calving, and 70% of the cows had been treated for other illness with disturbance of digestion during the week immediately prior to the demonstration of the displacement. In a further 25%, ketosis was diagnosed at the same time as the displacement. Etiology and pathogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:254895", "title": "Duration experience for bed-confined subjects: a replication and refinement.", "content": "This study replicated a 1975 study that tested the theoretical proposition that duration experience is related to the processing of environmental events and that changes in the load and complexity of auditory information will change temporal experience. Duration experience was measured by the productive judgment of a 40-second interval and the retrospective estimate of a 150-minute interval. The sample consisted of 60 men and 60 women, aged 18--35 years, who had no known physical or mental health problems. Subjects rested in bed for two and one-half hours. Each subject received one of four forms of auditory information: decoded heavy, decoded light, coded heavy, and coded light. Three hypotheses were tested: 1) Duration experience will be shorter for decoded light than for coded heavy auditory information. 2) Duration experience will be shorter for subjects in decoded than for subjects in coded auditory information. 3) Duration experience will be shorter for subjects who assign a positive value to the auditory information than for those who assign a negative value. None of the hypotheses was supported by the data. The differences that were demonstrated in the first study did not occur. The major points of diversion in the two studies were the difference in geographic location of the sample, the method of judging a 40-second interval, and payment or nonpayment to the participating subjects.", "contents": "Duration experience for bed-confined subjects: a replication and refinement. This study replicated a 1975 study that tested the theoretical proposition that duration experience is related to the processing of environmental events and that changes in the load and complexity of auditory information will change temporal experience. Duration experience was measured by the productive judgment of a 40-second interval and the retrospective estimate of a 150-minute interval. The sample consisted of 60 men and 60 women, aged 18--35 years, who had no known physical or mental health problems. Subjects rested in bed for two and one-half hours. Each subject received one of four forms of auditory information: decoded heavy, decoded light, coded heavy, and coded light. Three hypotheses were tested: 1) Duration experience will be shorter for decoded light than for coded heavy auditory information. 2) Duration experience will be shorter for subjects in decoded than for subjects in coded auditory information. 3) Duration experience will be shorter for subjects who assign a positive value to the auditory information than for those who assign a negative value. None of the hypotheses was supported by the data. The differences that were demonstrated in the first study did not occur. The major points of diversion in the two studies were the difference in geographic location of the sample, the method of judging a 40-second interval, and payment or nonpayment to the participating subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:254896", "title": "Relationship between nurse counseling and sexual adjustment after hysterectomy.", "content": "The relationship between nurse counseling of hysterectomy patients and sexual adjustment following surgery was the focus of this descriptive study. Of 108 premenopausal women admitted to seven hospitals in California, New Mexico, and Utah who completed a series of questionnaires preoperatively, postoperatively, and eight weeks post-surgery, only 11 percent identified the nurse as the person who supplied the most valuable information. Self-reported sexual adjustment following surgery was significantly (p=.001) related to their presurgical pattern. Almost half the respondents wrote comments urging nurses to initiate discussion about the effect of hysterectomy on sexuality.", "contents": "Relationship between nurse counseling and sexual adjustment after hysterectomy. The relationship between nurse counseling of hysterectomy patients and sexual adjustment following surgery was the focus of this descriptive study. Of 108 premenopausal women admitted to seven hospitals in California, New Mexico, and Utah who completed a series of questionnaires preoperatively, postoperatively, and eight weeks post-surgery, only 11 percent identified the nurse as the person who supplied the most valuable information. Self-reported sexual adjustment following surgery was significantly (p=.001) related to their presurgical pattern. Almost half the respondents wrote comments urging nurses to initiate discussion about the effect of hysterectomy on sexuality."}
{"id": "PMID:254897", "title": "Level of activation, body temperature, and interpersonal conflict in family relationships.", "content": "The 24-hour variation in physiological and psychological functioning within the individual and interpersonal differences were investigated in relation to the nature of social interaction between individuals. Level of activation, body temperature, and interpersonal conflict were studied in a sample of 16 married couples for a period of six weekdays of routine activity. Homogeneity was a major factor in sample selection. Body temperature was measured every hour during the waking time by electronic thermometer, and level of activation was measured four times a day on alternate forms of a self-report adjective  checklist. Interpersonal conflict, defined as perceived fulfillment of emotional and interaction needs, was measured in the morning and late day. The interpersonal Conflict Scale with established validity was constructed for the study and had two alternate forms of equal reliability. An index of desynchrony between partners for both temperature and activation was calculated for each day of data collection by the following method: The deviation score from the overall six-day mean was determined for each measurement time for each spouse and for each variable. Absolute values of the differences between deviation scores were added to obtain an index of desynchrony in that variable for the day. A daily mean of interpersonal conflict scores for both partners was also calculated. The hypotheses that a desynchrony between partners in body temperature rhythm and in level of activation rhythm would be positively related to conflict were tested by the Pearson product moment correlation. Obtained coefficient; were not significant at the .05 level.", "contents": "Level of activation, body temperature, and interpersonal conflict in family relationships. The 24-hour variation in physiological and psychological functioning within the individual and interpersonal differences were investigated in relation to the nature of social interaction between individuals. Level of activation, body temperature, and interpersonal conflict were studied in a sample of 16 married couples for a period of six weekdays of routine activity. Homogeneity was a major factor in sample selection. Body temperature was measured every hour during the waking time by electronic thermometer, and level of activation was measured four times a day on alternate forms of a self-report adjective  checklist. Interpersonal conflict, defined as perceived fulfillment of emotional and interaction needs, was measured in the morning and late day. The interpersonal Conflict Scale with established validity was constructed for the study and had two alternate forms of equal reliability. An index of desynchrony between partners for both temperature and activation was calculated for each day of data collection by the following method: The deviation score from the overall six-day mean was determined for each measurement time for each spouse and for each variable. Absolute values of the differences between deviation scores were added to obtain an index of desynchrony in that variable for the day. A daily mean of interpersonal conflict scores for both partners was also calculated. The hypotheses that a desynchrony between partners in body temperature rhythm and in level of activation rhythm would be positively related to conflict were tested by the Pearson product moment correlation. Obtained coefficient; were not significant at the .05 level."}
{"id": "PMID:254898", "title": "Use of reality orientation with aging confused patients.", "content": "Use of reality orientation with elderly confused patients in a nursing home setting was evaluated. Although no significant differences were found in degree of confusion, as measured by the questionnaire developed for this study, between an experimental group who participated in a concentrated three-week reality orientation program and a control group, many effects were positive. Nursing home staff were cooperative and helpful. Families of some of the patients were pleased with improvements in their relatives. Many patients became less confused, more open, and appeared to be more alert.", "contents": "Use of reality orientation with aging confused patients. Use of reality orientation with elderly confused patients in a nursing home setting was evaluated. Although no significant differences were found in degree of confusion, as measured by the questionnaire developed for this study, between an experimental group who participated in a concentrated three-week reality orientation program and a control group, many effects were positive. Nursing home staff were cooperative and helpful. Families of some of the patients were pleased with improvements in their relatives. Many patients became less confused, more open, and appeared to be more alert."}
{"id": "PMID:254899", "title": "Ego defensiveness, open-closed mindedness, and nurses' attitude toward culturally different patients.", "content": "Three hundred actively employed female registered professional nurses representing four cultural groups (white Anglo-Saxon, black, Jewish, and Hispanic) participated in a study to investigate nurses' attitudes toward culturally different patients. Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale were used to measure the independent variables of ego defensiveness and open-closed mindedness. The Cultural Attitude Scale which was used to measure nurses' attitudes was developed by the investigator. Lower ego defensiveness of the nurses was found to result in more positive attitudes toward Hispanic patients regarding cultural attitudes and beliefs (p = .05). The more open minded the nurse, the more positive were attitudes toward all patients regarding nursing care-patient interaction (p = .01 for the white patient, p = .001 for the Hispanic, Jewish, and black patients) and cultural attitudes and beliefs. The data supported the hypothesis that ego defensiveness and open-closed mindedness predict greater variance in attitudes than one variable alone for all patients regarding nursing care-patient interaction and cultural attitudes and beliefs. Implications for nursing research, education, and practice are discussed.", "contents": "Ego defensiveness, open-closed mindedness, and nurses' attitude toward culturally different patients. Three hundred actively employed female registered professional nurses representing four cultural groups (white Anglo-Saxon, black, Jewish, and Hispanic) participated in a study to investigate nurses' attitudes toward culturally different patients. Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale were used to measure the independent variables of ego defensiveness and open-closed mindedness. The Cultural Attitude Scale which was used to measure nurses' attitudes was developed by the investigator. Lower ego defensiveness of the nurses was found to result in more positive attitudes toward Hispanic patients regarding cultural attitudes and beliefs (p = .05). The more open minded the nurse, the more positive were attitudes toward all patients regarding nursing care-patient interaction (p = .01 for the white patient, p = .001 for the Hispanic, Jewish, and black patients) and cultural attitudes and beliefs. The data supported the hypothesis that ego defensiveness and open-closed mindedness predict greater variance in attitudes than one variable alone for all patients regarding nursing care-patient interaction and cultural attitudes and beliefs. Implications for nursing research, education, and practice are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:254900", "title": "Cognitive-affective consequences of grading versus nongrading of formative evaluations.", "content": "In testing the effect of grading versus nongrading of formative evaluations on cognitive learning and affective behaviors of graduate nursing students the following hypotheses were formulated: The experimental (E) group will learn and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than control I (CI) and II (CII) groups. Subjects were 95 graduate nursing students. E group subjects (N = 38) were taught by means of FE, with grades. CI (N = 32) and CII (N = 25) groups were taught by means of lecture-discussion and FE without grades, respectively. The content covered conditions of learning and instruction in nursing. Pre- and posttests provided data on cognitive learning. Affective measures and demographic data were obtained only at the posttest. The hypotheses were tested by means of t test. Fisher's Exact Probability Test and Pearson were done to test distribution and relationships between variables. Results showed that: The E group learned significantly more than the CI group, but the CII group learned significantly more than the E group; all groups learned significantly; there were no significant differences among groups in affective behaviors although CII subjects scored highest. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and staff.", "contents": "Cognitive-affective consequences of grading versus nongrading of formative evaluations. In testing the effect of grading versus nongrading of formative evaluations on cognitive learning and affective behaviors of graduate nursing students the following hypotheses were formulated: The experimental (E) group will learn and demonstrate affective behaviors significantly more than control I (CI) and II (CII) groups. Subjects were 95 graduate nursing students. E group subjects (N = 38) were taught by means of FE, with grades. CI (N = 32) and CII (N = 25) groups were taught by means of lecture-discussion and FE without grades, respectively. The content covered conditions of learning and instruction in nursing. Pre- and posttests provided data on cognitive learning. Affective measures and demographic data were obtained only at the posttest. The hypotheses were tested by means of t test. Fisher's Exact Probability Test and Pearson were done to test distribution and relationships between variables. Results showed that: The E group learned significantly more than the CI group, but the CII group learned significantly more than the E group; all groups learned significantly; there were no significant differences among groups in affective behaviors although CII subjects scored highest. Implications were made for education of patients, students, and staff."}
{"id": "PMID:254901", "title": "A follow-up study of the reliability and validity of the motor activity rating scale.", "content": "This study compared and extended the evaluation of reliability and validity of the Motor Activity Rating Scale (MARS) for observing and symbolically recording body positions, body movements, and intensity of body movements. In contrast to a previously reported study, the movement of relatively inactive individuals was observed. High interrater reliability and statistically significant correlations between MARS movement scores and actometer scores were again observed.", "contents": "A follow-up study of the reliability and validity of the motor activity rating scale. This study compared and extended the evaluation of reliability and validity of the Motor Activity Rating Scale (MARS) for observing and symbolically recording body positions, body movements, and intensity of body movements. In contrast to a previously reported study, the movement of relatively inactive individuals was observed. High interrater reliability and statistically significant correlations between MARS movement scores and actometer scores were again observed."}
{"id": "PMID:254902", "title": "Use of a decision tree to improve accuracy of diagnosis.", "content": "Thirty triads of nurses matched for educational background, length of experience, and previous performance were studied to determine if use of a decision tree would improve diagnostic accuracy. One experimental and two control groups were given a written case study and asked to list all possible diagnoses that could cause the change in behavior exhibited by the patient. Experimental group nurses were given a set of decision trees to enable them to use the information systematically to determine if characteristics of each condition were present. Significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy was shown by nurses who used the decision trees.", "contents": "Use of a decision tree to improve accuracy of diagnosis. Thirty triads of nurses matched for educational background, length of experience, and previous performance were studied to determine if use of a decision tree would improve diagnostic accuracy. One experimental and two control groups were given a written case study and asked to list all possible diagnoses that could cause the change in behavior exhibited by the patient. Experimental group nurses were given a set of decision trees to enable them to use the information systematically to determine if characteristics of each condition were present. Significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy was shown by nurses who used the decision trees."}
{"id": "PMID:254903", "title": "Nurses' propensity to risk.", "content": "Risk taking by 53 nurses and 22 non-nurses was investigated in nursing and nonnursing situations in a laboratory study to assess nurses' propensity to risk and to gain information about how nurses make decisions. Games involving loss and gain of money were used. Subjects received money won from the games, but debts incurred by subjects were canceled. The study indicated that unwillingness to accept risk is not characteristic of all nurses. A nurse's propensity to risk appeared to depend on the situation and on the nurse's educational level. Study findings, though restricted by the mode of investigation, have implications for practice and future research.", "contents": "Nurses' propensity to risk. Risk taking by 53 nurses and 22 non-nurses was investigated in nursing and nonnursing situations in a laboratory study to assess nurses' propensity to risk and to gain information about how nurses make decisions. Games involving loss and gain of money were used. Subjects received money won from the games, but debts incurred by subjects were canceled. The study indicated that unwillingness to accept risk is not characteristic of all nurses. A nurse's propensity to risk appeared to depend on the situation and on the nurse's educational level. Study findings, though restricted by the mode of investigation, have implications for practice and future research."}
{"id": "PMID:255089", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy, intestinal microbial pullulation and risk of infection in children].", "content": "The effect of antibiotic therapy on the intestinal flora was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in 41 infants. The results have been compared with 27 normal children of the same age and background. Antibiotics were responsible for the suppression of sensitive strains and for their replacement by resistant organisms but above all to a rapid multiplication of the intestinal flora. Colistin and pristinamycin caused these changes when given orally. Ampicillin when given both orally and parenterally but Colistin and the aminoglycosides when given parenterally did not have any effect. Fourteen cases of secondary septicaemia due to resistant organisms were observed but other factors were also important, namely the young age of the patients and intestinal problems (stasis and diarrhoea).", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy, intestinal microbial pullulation and risk of infection in children]. The effect of antibiotic therapy on the intestinal flora was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in 41 infants. The results have been compared with 27 normal children of the same age and background. Antibiotics were responsible for the suppression of sensitive strains and for their replacement by resistant organisms but above all to a rapid multiplication of the intestinal flora. Colistin and pristinamycin caused these changes when given orally. Ampicillin when given both orally and parenterally but Colistin and the aminoglycosides when given parenterally did not have any effect. Fourteen cases of secondary septicaemia due to resistant organisms were observed but other factors were also important, namely the young age of the patients and intestinal problems (stasis and diarrhoea)."}
{"id": "PMID:255090", "title": "Ricin and modeccin do not inhibit the elongation factor 1-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes.", "content": "Ricin and modeccin do not affect the total number of ribosomes to which phenylalanyl-tRNA becomes bound in the EF 1-dependent reaction. Previous inconsistencies resulted from the use of the nitrocellulose-filter technique, which overestimates the number of control ribosomes engaged in the binding reaction if trace amounts of EF 2 contaminate the ribosomal preparations.", "contents": "Ricin and modeccin do not inhibit the elongation factor 1-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. Ricin and modeccin do not affect the total number of ribosomes to which phenylalanyl-tRNA becomes bound in the EF 1-dependent reaction. Previous inconsistencies resulted from the use of the nitrocellulose-filter technique, which overestimates the number of control ribosomes engaged in the binding reaction if trace amounts of EF 2 contaminate the ribosomal preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:255131", "title": "A synthetic steroid (R2323) as a once-a-week oral contraceptive.", "content": "Five milligrams of the steroid R2323 (13 beta-ethyl-17 alpha-ethynyl-17-hydroxygona-4,9,11-trien-3-one (R2323) were administered orally once weekly to 28 subjects for a total of 138 treatment cycles. No pregnancies occurred. The predominant side effects were irregular vaginal bleeding, headache, weight gain, and acne. Administration of the drug was stopped by the investigator in four patients (14%) because of the onset of headaches. Four patients discontinued the drug for other reasons. In 8 of 26 subjects (31%), endometrial biopsy in the third treatment cycle showed secretory endometrium. This suggests a variable central suppression with the 5-mg dose schedule. Patients were enthusiastic about the once-weekly oral administration. This contraceptive may be useful in a select group of women.", "contents": "A synthetic steroid (R2323) as a once-a-week oral contraceptive. Five milligrams of the steroid R2323 (13 beta-ethyl-17 alpha-ethynyl-17-hydroxygona-4,9,11-trien-3-one (R2323) were administered orally once weekly to 28 subjects for a total of 138 treatment cycles. No pregnancies occurred. The predominant side effects were irregular vaginal bleeding, headache, weight gain, and acne. Administration of the drug was stopped by the investigator in four patients (14%) because of the onset of headaches. Four patients discontinued the drug for other reasons. In 8 of 26 subjects (31%), endometrial biopsy in the third treatment cycle showed secretory endometrium. This suggests a variable central suppression with the 5-mg dose schedule. Patients were enthusiastic about the once-weekly oral administration. This contraceptive may be useful in a select group of women."}
{"id": "PMID:255135", "title": "[Differential-diagnostic problems with the brain abscess in axial computerized tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "On the base of three autoptically controlled cases with ring-shaped findings in the CT the problem of the differential diagnosis of the brain abscess in axial computerized tomography is discussed. A brain abscess must especially be taken into account when the hyperdense anulus already occurs without enhancement by contrast media. The ring-shaped finding is then caused by the high amount of collagen fibres within the abscess membrane, which has no comparable correlate in other focal processes of the brain.", "contents": "[Differential-diagnostic problems with the brain abscess in axial computerized tomography (author's transl)]. On the base of three autoptically controlled cases with ring-shaped findings in the CT the problem of the differential diagnosis of the brain abscess in axial computerized tomography is discussed. A brain abscess must especially be taken into account when the hyperdense anulus already occurs without enhancement by contrast media. The ring-shaped finding is then caused by the high amount of collagen fibres within the abscess membrane, which has no comparable correlate in other focal processes of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:255136", "title": "[Optic neuritis in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptoms and signs of twenty-one children under 15 years of age with optic neuritis are presented here. The optic neuritis often was bilateral and accompanied by papilledema. In the acute stage there was however no typical central scotoma in every case. Some children had only peripheral visual field defects. The visual disorder will not improve so much as is general assumed: a slight decrease of visus and visual field defects in static perimetry usually persist. Half of the children developed signs of multiple sclerosis within a few years.", "contents": "[Optic neuritis in childhood (author's transl)]. The symptoms and signs of twenty-one children under 15 years of age with optic neuritis are presented here. The optic neuritis often was bilateral and accompanied by papilledema. In the acute stage there was however no typical central scotoma in every case. Some children had only peripheral visual field defects. The visual disorder will not improve so much as is general assumed: a slight decrease of visus and visual field defects in static perimetry usually persist. Half of the children developed signs of multiple sclerosis within a few years."}
{"id": "PMID:255137", "title": "[Has the rate of resistant staphylococci increased recently? (author's transl)].", "content": "In clinical material sent to the Clinic for Chemotherapy and the Institute of Hygiene of Vienna University between 1973 and 1978, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 0.9-2.3% and 4.2-11.9% respectively. The rate of resistance of the clinic material to oxacillin increased from 0.8 to 16.0%, to cephalothin from 3.3 to 30.5%, to gentamicin from 0.0 to 43.3%, and to erythromycin from 0.8 to 40.2%. In material sent to the Institute of Hygiene the rate of resistance to oxacillin was stable at 13.8%, and to cephalothin remained fairly constant at 2.4%. On the other hand, the rate of resistance to gentamicin increased from 0.5 to 48.5%, and to erythromycin from 19.8 to 56.9%. The reasons for these alarming increases in resistance and the conclusions which should be drawn are discussed.", "contents": "[Has the rate of resistant staphylococci increased recently? (author's transl)]. In clinical material sent to the Clinic for Chemotherapy and the Institute of Hygiene of Vienna University between 1973 and 1978, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 0.9-2.3% and 4.2-11.9% respectively. The rate of resistance of the clinic material to oxacillin increased from 0.8 to 16.0%, to cephalothin from 3.3 to 30.5%, to gentamicin from 0.0 to 43.3%, and to erythromycin from 0.8 to 40.2%. In material sent to the Institute of Hygiene the rate of resistance to oxacillin was stable at 13.8%, and to cephalothin remained fairly constant at 2.4%. On the other hand, the rate of resistance to gentamicin increased from 0.5 to 48.5%, and to erythromycin from 19.8 to 56.9%. The reasons for these alarming increases in resistance and the conclusions which should be drawn are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:255138", "title": "Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus: relation between expression of resistance and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Virulent strains of staphylococci are known to resist phagocytic destruction better than avirulent strains. In this context, in vitro elimination by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes of eight methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus of unknown virulence was studied. After incubation for 1, 3, 5, or 24 hr in a modified phagocytic assay, the methicillin-resistant strains survived as well as other virulent but methicillin-sensitive strains of S. aureus. Highly resistant subpopulations were obtained from three parent strains, and a methicillin-sensitive revertant subpopulation from one resistant parent strain. All subpopulations were eliminated to the same extent as were the moderately resistant parent strains. When the phagocytic assay was performed in the presence of 25 microgram of methicillin/ml, only the methicillin-sensitive strains and the sensitive subpopulation derived from one resistant parent strain were eliminated after incubation for 24 hr. These in vitro data are further evidence against the use of methicillin in infections due to these organisms.", "contents": "Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus: relation between expression of resistance and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Virulent strains of staphylococci are known to resist phagocytic destruction better than avirulent strains. In this context, in vitro elimination by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes of eight methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus of unknown virulence was studied. After incubation for 1, 3, 5, or 24 hr in a modified phagocytic assay, the methicillin-resistant strains survived as well as other virulent but methicillin-sensitive strains of S. aureus. Highly resistant subpopulations were obtained from three parent strains, and a methicillin-sensitive revertant subpopulation from one resistant parent strain. All subpopulations were eliminated to the same extent as were the moderately resistant parent strains. When the phagocytic assay was performed in the presence of 25 microgram of methicillin/ml, only the methicillin-sensitive strains and the sensitive subpopulation derived from one resistant parent strain were eliminated after incubation for 24 hr. These in vitro data are further evidence against the use of methicillin in infections due to these organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:255139", "title": "Simulated decision-making experience via case analysis.", "content": "An effective strategy for developing decision-making skills is presented, using a problem-solving systems model. Through retrospective examination of an actual problem, the systematic, sequential aspects of decision making are illustrated.", "contents": "Simulated decision-making experience via case analysis. An effective strategy for developing decision-making skills is presented, using a problem-solving systems model. Through retrospective examination of an actual problem, the systematic, sequential aspects of decision making are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:255141", "title": "A new role for nursing: project director.", "content": "A nursing department project director can play a central role in coordinating and directing nursing participation in construction and remodeling and in various departmental projects such as planning and development of new systems and programs. The author tells how she first assumed the project director role for the purpose of facilitating patient care unit construction, expansion and remodeling, and describes additional tasks that can justify the position in the nursing personnel budget.", "contents": "A new role for nursing: project director. A nursing department project director can play a central role in coordinating and directing nursing participation in construction and remodeling and in various departmental projects such as planning and development of new systems and programs. The author tells how she first assumed the project director role for the purpose of facilitating patient care unit construction, expansion and remodeling, and describes additional tasks that can justify the position in the nursing personnel budget."}
{"id": "PMID:255143", "title": "A study of patient falls from bed.", "content": "An analysis of patient falls from bed can help identify high risk patients and can lead to staffing, inservice education, equipment, and environmental adjustments. The method used to investigate falls in this community hospital can be adapted to any other hospital.", "contents": "A study of patient falls from bed. An analysis of patient falls from bed can help identify high risk patients and can lead to staffing, inservice education, equipment, and environmental adjustments. The method used to investigate falls in this community hospital can be adapted to any other hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:255144", "title": "Successful educational programming: increasing learner motivation through involvement.", "content": "Requiring attendance at staff development activities does not insure that staff members will be motivated to learn or to use the skills and information being taught. Such motivation can be increased by asking a representative sample of prospective learners to help determine program content. This article will discuss the process used to capture learner input in educational program planning.", "contents": "Successful educational programming: increasing learner motivation through involvement. Requiring attendance at staff development activities does not insure that staff members will be motivated to learn or to use the skills and information being taught. Such motivation can be increased by asking a representative sample of prospective learners to help determine program content. This article will discuss the process used to capture learner input in educational program planning."}
{"id": "PMID:255146", "title": "Making press interviews work for you.", "content": "A press interview provides a unique opportunity to promote a positive public image of your institution. A good interview takes preparation, some understanding of what interests the press, and often follow-up. Covering all three areas, this article tells the nurse administrator how to deal effectively with journalists.", "contents": "Making press interviews work for you. A press interview provides a unique opportunity to promote a positive public image of your institution. A good interview takes preparation, some understanding of what interests the press, and often follow-up. Covering all three areas, this article tells the nurse administrator how to deal effectively with journalists."}
{"id": "PMID:255161", "title": "Use of microwave radiation in surgery and cancer therapy.", "content": "In considering the therapy of cancer, the author has been interested in the internal dielectric heating property of microwaves and applied their capacity of rapid protein coagulation to medical treatment. With the purpose of utilizing this phenomenon for the resection of fragile parenchymatous organs, the experiment was conducted on rabbit livers, which were irradiated with microwaves for about 3 min. The effect of this phenomenon on cancer cells was also observed. Malignant tumors induced in rats were exposed to microwave radiation for 2 min.", "contents": "Use of microwave radiation in surgery and cancer therapy. In considering the therapy of cancer, the author has been interested in the internal dielectric heating property of microwaves and applied their capacity of rapid protein coagulation to medical treatment. With the purpose of utilizing this phenomenon for the resection of fragile parenchymatous organs, the experiment was conducted on rabbit livers, which were irradiated with microwaves for about 3 min. The effect of this phenomenon on cancer cells was also observed. Malignant tumors induced in rats were exposed to microwave radiation for 2 min."}
{"id": "PMID:255162", "title": "A system for studying effects of microwaves on cells in culture.", "content": "An improved design of the fluid-filled waveguide-exposure chamber is described for studying effects of microwave radiation on cells in vitro. The system with a micropipette sample holder may be used as a prototype to isolate the apparent nonthermal factor of microwave radiation on cells in culture from those effects resulting from cell temperature rise. This system also allows more precise calibration of incident and absorbed microwave energies. Compared with control, somatic cells of the Chinese hamster exhibited a lower rate of growth and difference in morphology after 2450 MHz microwave radiation for 20 min at a power density of 500 mW/cm2.", "contents": "A system for studying effects of microwaves on cells in culture. An improved design of the fluid-filled waveguide-exposure chamber is described for studying effects of microwave radiation on cells in vitro. The system with a micropipette sample holder may be used as a prototype to isolate the apparent nonthermal factor of microwave radiation on cells in culture from those effects resulting from cell temperature rise. This system also allows more precise calibration of incident and absorbed microwave energies. Compared with control, somatic cells of the Chinese hamster exhibited a lower rate of growth and difference in morphology after 2450 MHz microwave radiation for 20 min at a power density of 500 mW/cm2."}
{"id": "PMID:255181", "title": "Impact of family planning nurse practitioners.", "content": "A survey of family planning clinics shows that over half of responding clinics utilize the services of nurse practitioners and delegate to them considerable responsibility for patient care. Reported benefits from the use of family planning nurse practitioners as primary service providers include improved utilization of physician time, wider range of services, greater patient satisfaction, and increased patient volume. Findings indicate that family planning nurse practitioners have become an integral and important part of the family planning delivery system in the United States.", "contents": "Impact of family planning nurse practitioners. A survey of family planning clinics shows that over half of responding clinics utilize the services of nurse practitioners and delegate to them considerable responsibility for patient care. Reported benefits from the use of family planning nurse practitioners as primary service providers include improved utilization of physician time, wider range of services, greater patient satisfaction, and increased patient volume. Findings indicate that family planning nurse practitioners have become an integral and important part of the family planning delivery system in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:255182", "title": "Birth of a comprehensive family-centered maternity program.", "content": "The author shares her personal experience in the development of a comprehensive family-centered maternity program. Emphasis is on concepts of continuous evaluation, planning, communication, and changes in attitude. The historical background and methodology are presented to demonstrate the cooperative efforts and responsibilities among nursing, hospital administration, the medical staff, and the consumer to attain their collective goal of a family-centered atmosphere.", "contents": "Birth of a comprehensive family-centered maternity program. The author shares her personal experience in the development of a comprehensive family-centered maternity program. Emphasis is on concepts of continuous evaluation, planning, communication, and changes in attitude. The historical background and methodology are presented to demonstrate the cooperative efforts and responsibilities among nursing, hospital administration, the medical staff, and the consumer to attain their collective goal of a family-centered atmosphere."}
{"id": "PMID:255184", "title": "Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.", "content": "Preeclampsia/eclampsia, also known as toxemia of pregnancy, remains one of the great triad of obstetric complications. The outlook for the preeclamptic woman and the fetus has improved as a result of increased knowledge of uteroplacental-fetal physiology and of the physiologic deviations involved in preeclampsia, although the  basic cause of preeclampsia remains unknown. Careful screening of women at risk for preeclampsia along with early detection and treatment can help reduce the toll taken in stillbirths, prematurity, and maternal death. Current concepts of pathophysiology are reviewed as is nursing care during the antepartum and intrapartum periods.", "contents": "Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Preeclampsia/eclampsia, also known as toxemia of pregnancy, remains one of the great triad of obstetric complications. The outlook for the preeclamptic woman and the fetus has improved as a result of increased knowledge of uteroplacental-fetal physiology and of the physiologic deviations involved in preeclampsia, although the  basic cause of preeclampsia remains unknown. Careful screening of women at risk for preeclampsia along with early detection and treatment can help reduce the toll taken in stillbirths, prematurity, and maternal death. Current concepts of pathophysiology are reviewed as is nursing care during the antepartum and intrapartum periods."}
{"id": "PMID:255185", "title": "Evaluation and need of education programs for community hospital nurses providing neonatal care.", "content": "Phase I: Of 204 RN's providing neonatal care in community hospitals in east Georgia and who were examined using a standardized test, those from large hospitals (greater than 1,000 live births/year) performed significantly better than those from medium or small hospitals (P less than .05). Also, there was negative correlation between test scores and years of experience in areas of the hospital other than the nursery and percent of employment time currently spent in areas of the hospital other than the nursery. Phase II: An educational program in neonatal nursing was then provided to 48 RN's by the authors and to 12 RN's by peer-instructors. At the end of the course of instruction a posttest was given. Thirteen RN's who received no formal instruction served as a control group. On the posttest, both experimental groups performed significantly better than the control group (P less than .01), but the group taught by the authors scored significantly higher than the group taught by peers (P less than .05). Educational programs taught by RN's from the community hospital staff are not as effective in regional educational programs as instruction by course by developers.", "contents": "Evaluation and need of education programs for community hospital nurses providing neonatal care. Phase I: Of 204 RN's providing neonatal care in community hospitals in east Georgia and who were examined using a standardized test, those from large hospitals (greater than 1,000 live births/year) performed significantly better than those from medium or small hospitals (P less than .05). Also, there was negative correlation between test scores and years of experience in areas of the hospital other than the nursery and percent of employment time currently spent in areas of the hospital other than the nursery. Phase II: An educational program in neonatal nursing was then provided to 48 RN's by the authors and to 12 RN's by peer-instructors. At the end of the course of instruction a posttest was given. Thirteen RN's who received no formal instruction served as a control group. On the posttest, both experimental groups performed significantly better than the control group (P less than .01), but the group taught by the authors scored significantly higher than the group taught by peers (P less than .05). Educational programs taught by RN's from the community hospital staff are not as effective in regional educational programs as instruction by course by developers."}
{"id": "PMID:255343", "title": "Purification and properties of a translation inhibitor from wheat germ.", "content": "A translation inhibitor from wheat germ has been purified more than 400-fold to apparent homogeneity. The inhibitor is a basic protein with a molecular weight of 30 000. This protein effectively blocks protein synthesis in animal cell-free extracts but does not affect protein synthesis in intact cells. Inhibition occurs at a ribosome to inhibitor molar ratio of 100:1, indicating an enzymic mechanism of action. The wheat germ protein inhibits the translation of endogenous mRNA, exogenous mRNA, and poly(uridylic acid) at a step in polypeptide chain elongation and without breakdown of the polysomes. Neither the aminoacylation reaction nor mRNA degradation is affected by the inhibitor. An interesting feature of the inhibition reaction is that it requires, in addition to the wheat germ inhibitor, both ATP and tRNA. The function of these two compounds in the inhibition is presently unknown since neither the hydrolysis of the beta,gamma-pyrophosphate bond of ATP nor a modification of the tRNA can be demonstrated during the reaction.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a translation inhibitor from wheat germ. A translation inhibitor from wheat germ has been purified more than 400-fold to apparent homogeneity. The inhibitor is a basic protein with a molecular weight of 30 000. This protein effectively blocks protein synthesis in animal cell-free extracts but does not affect protein synthesis in intact cells. Inhibition occurs at a ribosome to inhibitor molar ratio of 100:1, indicating an enzymic mechanism of action. The wheat germ protein inhibits the translation of endogenous mRNA, exogenous mRNA, and poly(uridylic acid) at a step in polypeptide chain elongation and without breakdown of the polysomes. Neither the aminoacylation reaction nor mRNA degradation is affected by the inhibitor. An interesting feature of the inhibition reaction is that it requires, in addition to the wheat germ inhibitor, both ATP and tRNA. The function of these two compounds in the inhibition is presently unknown since neither the hydrolysis of the beta,gamma-pyrophosphate bond of ATP nor a modification of the tRNA can be demonstrated during the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:255344", "title": "Transfer ribonucleic acids from eleven immunoglobulin-secreting mouse plasmacytomas. Constant and variable chromatographic profiles compared with the myeloma protein sequences.", "content": "In order to test the concepts that aminoacyl-tRNAs in plasmacytomas may on the one hand modulate the protein synthesized or on the other hand reflect the structure of the synthesized protein, the RPC-5 chromatographic profiles of aminoacyl-tRNAs for all 20 amino acids were studied in tRNA prepared from normal mouse liver and 11 plasmacytomas. The patterns of isoaccepting tRNA were compared with the structure of the myeloma protein being synthesized. The elution profiles of aminoacyl-tRNAs for nine of the amino acids were constant, i.e. they were the same for liver and all plasmacytomas. Significant variability was observed in the profiles of the other 11 families of aminoacyl-tRNAs: asparagine, serine and tryptophan, had peaks of isoaccepting tRNAs found in tumors and not in liver; glutamic acid, histidine and lysine, had different patterns of aminoacyl-tRNAs in plasmacytomas which could be distinguished from the elution profile of liver; and isoleucine, proline, threonine and tyrosine, showed pattern variability in only a few of the tumors. Valyl-tRNA uniquely had one isoacceptor present in liver but absent in the tumors. This variability is thought to be associated with different posttranscriptional modification of the tRNAs rather than regulation of individual tRNA genes in response to particular amino acid sequences in secreted myeloma proteins. Similarily, the lack of correlation of isoacceptors with sequence differences makes the modulation of protein fine structure by tRNA availability unlikely.", "contents": "Transfer ribonucleic acids from eleven immunoglobulin-secreting mouse plasmacytomas. Constant and variable chromatographic profiles compared with the myeloma protein sequences. In order to test the concepts that aminoacyl-tRNAs in plasmacytomas may on the one hand modulate the protein synthesized or on the other hand reflect the structure of the synthesized protein, the RPC-5 chromatographic profiles of aminoacyl-tRNAs for all 20 amino acids were studied in tRNA prepared from normal mouse liver and 11 plasmacytomas. The patterns of isoaccepting tRNA were compared with the structure of the myeloma protein being synthesized. The elution profiles of aminoacyl-tRNAs for nine of the amino acids were constant, i.e. they were the same for liver and all plasmacytomas. Significant variability was observed in the profiles of the other 11 families of aminoacyl-tRNAs: asparagine, serine and tryptophan, had peaks of isoaccepting tRNAs found in tumors and not in liver; glutamic acid, histidine and lysine, had different patterns of aminoacyl-tRNAs in plasmacytomas which could be distinguished from the elution profile of liver; and isoleucine, proline, threonine and tyrosine, showed pattern variability in only a few of the tumors. Valyl-tRNA uniquely had one isoacceptor present in liver but absent in the tumors. This variability is thought to be associated with different posttranscriptional modification of the tRNAs rather than regulation of individual tRNA genes in response to particular amino acid sequences in secreted myeloma proteins. Similarily, the lack of correlation of isoacceptors with sequence differences makes the modulation of protein fine structure by tRNA availability unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:255402", "title": "Paraneoplastic syndromes: unusual manifestations of malignant disease.", "content": "This monograph has attempted to summarize in a general fashion the ever-enlarging spectrum of the paraneoplastic syndromes. Recognition of their presence at times can lead to the earlier diagnosis of an underlying malignancy. In many instances, palliative therapy or correction of the syndrome may produce relief from the multiplicity of symptoms that develop. The syndromes may be readily apparent or subtle in their onset. Some are life threatening. Prompt recognition and institution of therapy are essential in those instances. The paraneoplastic syndromes usually are categorized by organ system, target organ involved or, where possible, by mediating factors. A careful study of these symptom complexes may lead to better methods of detecting cancer, as well as to a better understanding of its etiology and prevention in the human.", "contents": "Paraneoplastic syndromes: unusual manifestations of malignant disease. This monograph has attempted to summarize in a general fashion the ever-enlarging spectrum of the paraneoplastic syndromes. Recognition of their presence at times can lead to the earlier diagnosis of an underlying malignancy. In many instances, palliative therapy or correction of the syndrome may produce relief from the multiplicity of symptoms that develop. The syndromes may be readily apparent or subtle in their onset. Some are life threatening. Prompt recognition and institution of therapy are essential in those instances. The paraneoplastic syndromes usually are categorized by organ system, target organ involved or, where possible, by mediating factors. A careful study of these symptom complexes may lead to better methods of detecting cancer, as well as to a better understanding of its etiology and prevention in the human."}
{"id": "PMID:255552", "title": "An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. I. Clinical studies.", "content": "In a 22-month period, strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and multiple aminoglycosides, (designated MARS) were recovered from 108 inpatients with nosocomial infections at a hospital in the midwestern United States. Sixty-six of these patients were staying in a burn unit, and 42 were on other hospital wards. Among the patients with burns, MARS were recovered from the burn wounds of 64%; 32% of the patients with burns had MARS bacteremia. The patients without burns were age-matched with patients with nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-susceptible strains of S. aureus. Patients from whom MARS were isolated had a longer mean hospital stay (79.6 days vs. 36.9 days; P less than 0.01), developed infection later (26.5 days vs. 13.5 days after admission; P less than 0.01), and had received antibiotic therapy before infection more often (81% vs. 38% of patients; P less than 0.01) than patients in the comparative population. Types of infection and incidences of death and bacteremia were similar in the two groups. Antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus may cause serious infections and significant mortality.", "contents": "An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. I. Clinical studies. In a 22-month period, strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and multiple aminoglycosides, (designated MARS) were recovered from 108 inpatients with nosocomial infections at a hospital in the midwestern United States. Sixty-six of these patients were staying in a burn unit, and 42 were on other hospital wards. Among the patients with burns, MARS were recovered from the burn wounds of 64%; 32% of the patients with burns had MARS bacteremia. The patients without burns were age-matched with patients with nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-susceptible strains of S. aureus. Patients from whom MARS were isolated had a longer mean hospital stay (79.6 days vs. 36.9 days; P less than 0.01), developed infection later (26.5 days vs. 13.5 days after admission; P less than 0.01), and had received antibiotic therapy before infection more often (81% vs. 38% of patients; P less than 0.01) than patients in the comparative population. Types of infection and incidences of death and bacteremia were similar in the two groups. Antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus may cause serious infections and significant mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:255553", "title": "An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. II. Epidemiologic studies.", "content": "Studies to determine the epidemiologic behavior of strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides (MARS) were conducted over a period of two and one-half years, during which MARS were isolated from 201 patients at a hospital in the midwestern United States. Most cases of infection or colonization with MARS (156 of 201) occurred in patients with burns. In the burn unit, MARS were recovered from the air, from the hair and hands of personnel, and from inanimate objects. Nasal (72%) and rectal (66%) colonization were common among burned patients with infected or colonized burn wounds but occurred in only six of 74 burn unit personnel. When compared with two control periods, the prophylactic use of antistaphylococcal agents in patients with burns increased markedly at the time the outbreak began. Of the 45 patients without burns from whom MARS were isolated, 42 (93%) were surgical patients. MARS were not demonstrated in the air or environment of patients with infected surgical wounds. None of 334 non-burn unit hospital personnel were found to be carriers of MARS. Four phage types (83A, 6/75/85, 29/52/80, and 92) were recovered during the outbreak. A determinant of antibiotic resistance was probably transmitted among strains of S. aureus.", "contents": "An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. II. Epidemiologic studies. Studies to determine the epidemiologic behavior of strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides (MARS) were conducted over a period of two and one-half years, during which MARS were isolated from 201 patients at a hospital in the midwestern United States. Most cases of infection or colonization with MARS (156 of 201) occurred in patients with burns. In the burn unit, MARS were recovered from the air, from the hair and hands of personnel, and from inanimate objects. Nasal (72%) and rectal (66%) colonization were common among burned patients with infected or colonized burn wounds but occurred in only six of 74 burn unit personnel. When compared with two control periods, the prophylactic use of antistaphylococcal agents in patients with burns increased markedly at the time the outbreak began. Of the 45 patients without burns from whom MARS were isolated, 42 (93%) were surgical patients. MARS were not demonstrated in the air or environment of patients with infected surgical wounds. None of 334 non-burn unit hospital personnel were found to be carriers of MARS. Four phage types (83A, 6/75/85, 29/52/80, and 92) were recovered during the outbreak. A determinant of antibiotic resistance was probably transmitted among strains of S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:255555", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord.", "content": "Spinal AVM's are not rare, and are diagnosed today with increasing frequency by utilization of moedern neuroradiological techniques. Their relationship to the spinal medulla is related to vascular embryological anatomy, and the only effective treatment is directed at obliteration of the fistula. Males are affected more frequently in the middle years of life. Symptoms may mimic spinal cord tumors and demyelinating disorders. The pathogenesis of symptoms, classification, and methods of diagnosis are reviewed, and the various methods of treatment discussed.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord. Spinal AVM's are not rare, and are diagnosed today with increasing frequency by utilization of moedern neuroradiological techniques. Their relationship to the spinal medulla is related to vascular embryological anatomy, and the only effective treatment is directed at obliteration of the fistula. Males are affected more frequently in the middle years of life. Symptoms may mimic spinal cord tumors and demyelinating disorders. The pathogenesis of symptoms, classification, and methods of diagnosis are reviewed, and the various methods of treatment discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:255583", "title": "Let's rethink staff development programs.", "content": "Staff development programs act as agents of change in the health care organizations in which they operate. This article suggests that certain consultative techniques and strategies be used by staff development personnel as alternatives to traditional instructional techniques, to bring about positive change more effectively", "contents": "Let's rethink staff development programs. Staff development programs act as agents of change in the health care organizations in which they operate. This article suggests that certain consultative techniques and strategies be used by staff development personnel as alternatives to traditional instructional techniques, to bring about positive change more effectively"}
{"id": "PMID:255588", "title": "Adapting the patient care conference to primary nursing.", "content": "Patient care conferences are a crucial element in the concept of primary nursing. The authors compare and contrast team and primary nursing patient care conferences. Changes in format and approach needed for patient care conferences in the primary nursing system are discussed, and specific behaviors for conducting primary nursing patient care conferences are outlined.", "contents": "Adapting the patient care conference to primary nursing. Patient care conferences are a crucial element in the concept of primary nursing. The authors compare and contrast team and primary nursing patient care conferences. Changes in format and approach needed for patient care conferences in the primary nursing system are discussed, and specific behaviors for conducting primary nursing patient care conferences are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:255589", "title": "WICHE panel of expert consultants report: implications for nursing leaders.", "content": "A Panel of Expert Consultants, convened for WICHE's Analysis and Planning for Improved Distribution of Nursing Personnel and Services Project, projected nursing requirements for 1982 using an analytic model. Their projections and their recommendations for educational preparation, distribution of nursing services, practice, and planning to meet projected needs have important implications for nursing administrators and nursing educators.", "contents": "WICHE panel of expert consultants report: implications for nursing leaders. A Panel of Expert Consultants, convened for WICHE's Analysis and Planning for Improved Distribution of Nursing Personnel and Services Project, projected nursing requirements for 1982 using an analytic model. Their projections and their recommendations for educational preparation, distribution of nursing services, practice, and planning to meet projected needs have important implications for nursing administrators and nursing educators."}
{"id": "PMID:255590", "title": "Assertiveness issues for nursing administrators and managers.", "content": "Nurses in upper- and middle-management positions often struggle with issues related to assertiveness. The author lists some questions that nursing administrators and managers have raised at assertiveness workshops and offers some answers.", "contents": "Assertiveness issues for nursing administrators and managers. Nurses in upper- and middle-management positions often struggle with issues related to assertiveness. The author lists some questions that nursing administrators and managers have raised at assertiveness workshops and offers some answers."}
{"id": "PMID:255592", "title": "Power: a perspective for the nurse administrator.", "content": "The nurse administrator is viewed as a manager within an organization. In this light, power becomes a critical component of the administrative position, and the hospital environment is shown to manifest traditional organizational power phenomena. The nature of power is explored and the skills and strategies necessary for the acquisition and use of power are outlined.", "contents": "Power: a perspective for the nurse administrator. The nurse administrator is viewed as a manager within an organization. In this light, power becomes a critical component of the administrative position, and the hospital environment is shown to manifest traditional organizational power phenomena. The nature of power is explored and the skills and strategies necessary for the acquisition and use of power are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:255770", "title": "[Translocation in ribosomes induced by elongation factor G without cleavage of GTP. Study using a solid phase translation system in columns].", "content": "Columns containing ribosomes translating poly(U) covalently bound with cellulose (solid-phase translating system) were used to study translocation in ribosomes. It is shown that the passing of elongation factor G (EF-G) with the non-cleavable analog of GTP (GMP-PCP) through a column containing pre-translocated ribosomes results in the increase of competence for puromycin (i. e. to the transition of pre-translocated peptidyl-tRNA into the post-translocated state) just as in the case of the passing of EF-G with GTP. On the other hand, it is shown that the passing of EF-G with GMP-PCP through a column with pre-translocated ribosomes makes them capable of binding the next aminoacyl-tRNA (i. e. leads to the vacation of the ribosomal A-site). Thus, by means of the two independent tests it is shown that EF-G-promoted translocation in the ribosome can proceed without GTP hydrolysis. On the basis of the data obtained, a controlled step-wise elongation of polypeptide with the participation of EF-G without GTP cleavage has been carried out in the solid-phase column system of translation.", "contents": "[Translocation in ribosomes induced by elongation factor G without cleavage of GTP. Study using a solid phase translation system in columns]. Columns containing ribosomes translating poly(U) covalently bound with cellulose (solid-phase translating system) were used to study translocation in ribosomes. It is shown that the passing of elongation factor G (EF-G) with the non-cleavable analog of GTP (GMP-PCP) through a column containing pre-translocated ribosomes results in the increase of competence for puromycin (i. e. to the transition of pre-translocated peptidyl-tRNA into the post-translocated state) just as in the case of the passing of EF-G with GTP. On the other hand, it is shown that the passing of EF-G with GMP-PCP through a column with pre-translocated ribosomes makes them capable of binding the next aminoacyl-tRNA (i. e. leads to the vacation of the ribosomal A-site). Thus, by means of the two independent tests it is shown that EF-G-promoted translocation in the ribosome can proceed without GTP hydrolysis. On the basis of the data obtained, a controlled step-wise elongation of polypeptide with the participation of EF-G without GTP cleavage has been carried out in the solid-phase column system of translation."}
{"id": "PMID:255915", "title": "Type A (coronary-prone) behavior and transient blood pressure change.", "content": "A study was conducted to delineate further the physiological mechanisms underlying the type A behavior pattern's influence on coronary heart disease. It was suggested that while chronically elevated blood pressure is apparently not associated with overall A--B distinctions (at least not for males), acting in a type A fashion may be accompanied by temporary increases in blood pressure. Changes in the speech characteristics of 33 black inner-city women during the A--B interview and subsequent unstructured dialogue were analyzed at one-minute intervals and correlated with concomitant blood pressure measurements. Differences in the speech characteristics of women classified type A as opposed to B were consistent with recent studies of white males (e.g., type As spoke significantly faster than type Bs). Further, within-subject blood pressure elevations were significantly associated with louder/more explosive, longer speech episodes. Additional research is urged which examines biochemical and physiological changes as a function of type A behavior considered as a transient state as well as a relatively enduring trait.", "contents": "Type A (coronary-prone) behavior and transient blood pressure change. A study was conducted to delineate further the physiological mechanisms underlying the type A behavior pattern's influence on coronary heart disease. It was suggested that while chronically elevated blood pressure is apparently not associated with overall A--B distinctions (at least not for males), acting in a type A fashion may be accompanied by temporary increases in blood pressure. Changes in the speech characteristics of 33 black inner-city women during the A--B interview and subsequent unstructured dialogue were analyzed at one-minute intervals and correlated with concomitant blood pressure measurements. Differences in the speech characteristics of women classified type A as opposed to B were consistent with recent studies of white males (e.g., type As spoke significantly faster than type Bs). Further, within-subject blood pressure elevations were significantly associated with louder/more explosive, longer speech episodes. Additional research is urged which examines biochemical and physiological changes as a function of type A behavior considered as a transient state as well as a relatively enduring trait."}
{"id": "PMID:255916", "title": "Institutional sources of articles published in the American Journal of Nursing, Nursing Outlook, and Nursing Research.", "content": "To identify institutions in which scholarly productivity in nursing is occurring, all articles appearing in American Journal of Nursing, Nursing Outlook, and Nursing Research from 1963 to 1977 were tabulated according to institutional affiliation of author, geographic location of institution, and highest degree obtained by the author. More than half of the 5,560 articles appeared in AJN, and more than half were written by authors in the Mid-Atlantic and North Central areas by the U.S.A. Fifty-eight percent of the articles were written by nurses with at least a masters degree. There were 32 institutions in which at least 20 articles originated during the 15 years studied. The three top-ranking institutions, according to number of publications, were University of Washington, University of California at San Francisco, and the University of California at Los Angeles. The findings revealed that publications in AJN, NO, and NR originated in a large number of institutions and that there were few institutions in which large numbers of articles originated.", "contents": "Institutional sources of articles published in the American Journal of Nursing, Nursing Outlook, and Nursing Research. To identify institutions in which scholarly productivity in nursing is occurring, all articles appearing in American Journal of Nursing, Nursing Outlook, and Nursing Research from 1963 to 1977 were tabulated according to institutional affiliation of author, geographic location of institution, and highest degree obtained by the author. More than half of the 5,560 articles appeared in AJN, and more than half were written by authors in the Mid-Atlantic and North Central areas by the U.S.A. Fifty-eight percent of the articles were written by nurses with at least a masters degree. There were 32 institutions in which at least 20 articles originated during the 15 years studied. The three top-ranking institutions, according to number of publications, were University of Washington, University of California at San Francisco, and the University of California at Los Angeles. The findings revealed that publications in AJN, NO, and NR originated in a large number of institutions and that there were few institutions in which large numbers of articles originated."}
{"id": "PMID:255917", "title": "Use of vignettes to elicit responses toward broad concepts.", "content": "Use of vignettes in a measuring instrument is a valid and desirable method of elicting responses toward broad concepts. Ambiguities of any type should be given considered attention in the establishing of validity.", "contents": "Use of vignettes to elicit responses toward broad concepts. Use of vignettes in a measuring instrument is a valid and desirable method of elicting responses toward broad concepts. Ambiguities of any type should be given considered attention in the establishing of validity."}
{"id": "PMID:255918", "title": "Holistic care in a cancer care center.", "content": "Emotional moods and subjective evaluations of care received by three groups of terminally ill cancer patients were measured one week after hospital discharge. Patients treated in a newly opened Cancer Care Center, organized to provide holistic care, formed the treatment group (N = 52). Patients treated before the Center opened comprised one comparison group (N = 67), and patients admitted after the Center opened but treated on other units made up the second comparison group (N = 53). Center patients and their relatives evaluated care in significantly more positive terms than patients in either comparison group. Emotional mood was not significantly different across units; however, women reported more positive moods than men.", "contents": "Holistic care in a cancer care center. Emotional moods and subjective evaluations of care received by three groups of terminally ill cancer patients were measured one week after hospital discharge. Patients treated in a newly opened Cancer Care Center, organized to provide holistic care, formed the treatment group (N = 52). Patients treated before the Center opened comprised one comparison group (N = 67), and patients admitted after the Center opened but treated on other units made up the second comparison group (N = 53). Center patients and their relatives evaluated care in significantly more positive terms than patients in either comparison group. Emotional mood was not significantly different across units; however, women reported more positive moods than men."}
{"id": "PMID:255919", "title": "Children's fears: a review of the literature with implications for nursing research and practice.", "content": "Research reports of child's fears were reviewed from a developmental perspective. These studies suggested that as children's fears change with age they become more complex, varied, and realistic. It was concluded that longitudinal studies of children's fears are needed to support or refute the developmental pattern suggested by these studies of distinct age groups at one point in time. It is also suggested that sex, social class, family relationships, and the media be considered in investigations of the development of children's fears. Implications for practice focused on the use of this information in helping parents deal with fears that concern children as they move through childhood.", "contents": "Children's fears: a review of the literature with implications for nursing research and practice. Research reports of child's fears were reviewed from a developmental perspective. These studies suggested that as children's fears change with age they become more complex, varied, and realistic. It was concluded that longitudinal studies of children's fears are needed to support or refute the developmental pattern suggested by these studies of distinct age groups at one point in time. It is also suggested that sex, social class, family relationships, and the media be considered in investigations of the development of children's fears. Implications for practice focused on the use of this information in helping parents deal with fears that concern children as they move through childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:255920", "title": "Predicting student attrition in a baccalaureate curriculum.", "content": "A longitudinal study of enrollment data of the Universtiy of Wisconsin--Madison School of Nursing identified several trends in student attrition over a six-year period and formed the basis for the development of a model to predict student attrition. The model proposed to satisfy the need for more precise measures of probable student retention and attrition for counseling and planning purposes in the school's new curriculum. To arrive at a means for predicting student attrition, scores of random samples of continuing and dropout student on achievement, learning style, and psychologial variables obtained during the first three years of the new curriculum were examined using a discriminant analysis technique. A significant differentiation between continuing and dropout students (p less than .000) resulted and allowed a predictive function to be developed. Using a conservative method of identification with student scores transformed by this function, predictions of successful and nonsuccessful students were obtained.", "contents": "Predicting student attrition in a baccalaureate curriculum. A longitudinal study of enrollment data of the Universtiy of Wisconsin--Madison School of Nursing identified several trends in student attrition over a six-year period and formed the basis for the development of a model to predict student attrition. The model proposed to satisfy the need for more precise measures of probable student retention and attrition for counseling and planning purposes in the school's new curriculum. To arrive at a means for predicting student attrition, scores of random samples of continuing and dropout student on achievement, learning style, and psychologial variables obtained during the first three years of the new curriculum were examined using a discriminant analysis technique. A significant differentiation between continuing and dropout students (p less than .000) resulted and allowed a predictive function to be developed. Using a conservative method of identification with student scores transformed by this function, predictions of successful and nonsuccessful students were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:255921", "title": "Changes in life goals as related to success in a nursing leadership role.", "content": "Based on questionnaire returns from 50 nurses in leadership positions, this study revealed major differences in the life goals of successful nurses before and after assuming a leadership role. Our reason for success, the study found, was the nurses' ability to develop life goals consistent with their leadership role.", "contents": "Changes in life goals as related to success in a nursing leadership role. Based on questionnaire returns from 50 nurses in leadership positions, this study revealed major differences in the life goals of successful nurses before and after assuming a leadership role. Our reason for success, the study found, was the nurses' ability to develop life goals consistent with their leadership role."}
{"id": "PMID:255922", "title": "Tracheal suctioning: a tool for evaluation and learning needs assessment.", "content": "A 21-item observation tool developed by one of the authors was used to assess learning needs of 30 registered nurses who regularly suction intubated patients. Of the nurses observed, 97 percent had excellent regard for proper equipment utilization and 91 percent for maintenance of sterile environment. These high percentages were responsible for pulling the overall average scores to 65 percent, thus partially disguising the acute need for patient assessment (38 percent), psychological support (57 percent), and procedure (62 percent). Scores for subgroups of nurses--associate degree (group 1), diploma (group II), And baccalaureate (group III)--were 72, 69, and 65, respectively. Of particular concern were low scores in the assessment and psychological support categories. Despite increased emphasis on both of these areas in nursing programs in the last decade, AD graduates received scores of 52 and 57 percent while diploma graduates received scores of 38 and 58 percent and baccalaureate graduates received scores of 26 and 55 percent.", "contents": "Tracheal suctioning: a tool for evaluation and learning needs assessment. A 21-item observation tool developed by one of the authors was used to assess learning needs of 30 registered nurses who regularly suction intubated patients. Of the nurses observed, 97 percent had excellent regard for proper equipment utilization and 91 percent for maintenance of sterile environment. These high percentages were responsible for pulling the overall average scores to 65 percent, thus partially disguising the acute need for patient assessment (38 percent), psychological support (57 percent), and procedure (62 percent). Scores for subgroups of nurses--associate degree (group 1), diploma (group II), And baccalaureate (group III)--were 72, 69, and 65, respectively. Of particular concern were low scores in the assessment and psychological support categories. Despite increased emphasis on both of these areas in nursing programs in the last decade, AD graduates received scores of 52 and 57 percent while diploma graduates received scores of 38 and 58 percent and baccalaureate graduates received scores of 26 and 55 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:255923", "title": "Defining nursing assignment patterns.", "content": "A new way of defining nursing assignment patterns, consistent with current work in studies of organizations, is presented. An instrument has been devised which allows direct measurement of the assignment pattern in use on a patient unit. Although current instrumentation requires continued refinement, the instrument has been used successfully on a dozen patients units to characterize the assignment pattern and appears to be both practical and superior to more conventional methods of characterizing assignment patterns which are now in use.", "contents": "Defining nursing assignment patterns. A new way of defining nursing assignment patterns, consistent with current work in studies of organizations, is presented. An instrument has been devised which allows direct measurement of the assignment pattern in use on a patient unit. Although current instrumentation requires continued refinement, the instrument has been used successfully on a dozen patients units to characterize the assignment pattern and appears to be both practical and superior to more conventional methods of characterizing assignment patterns which are now in use."}
{"id": "PMID:255924", "title": "The preoperational child's reaction to immunization.", "content": "Forty-four children, aged four to seven, who attended two midwestern metropolitan immunization clinics were studied in an attempt to ascertain their responses to a painful stimulus and to observe correlations between their behavioral responses and their subjective ratings of the experience. The children were screened with three tests--two Piaget tests for the preoperational stage development and the Denver Develoment Screening Test for normal development. The children were observed for verbal, vocal, facial, and motor behavior during diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or diphtheria-tetanus injections. The children then rated the extent of pain during the injection by responding to two instruments, a modification of Eland's Projective Tool and Hester's Poker Chip Tool. Each behavior category was correlated with the pain rating. Significant positive correlations were found for verbal and vocal behaviors while significant negative correlations were found for facial and motor behaviors.", "contents": "The preoperational child's reaction to immunization. Forty-four children, aged four to seven, who attended two midwestern metropolitan immunization clinics were studied in an attempt to ascertain their responses to a painful stimulus and to observe correlations between their behavioral responses and their subjective ratings of the experience. The children were screened with three tests--two Piaget tests for the preoperational stage development and the Denver Develoment Screening Test for normal development. The children were observed for verbal, vocal, facial, and motor behavior during diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or diphtheria-tetanus injections. The children then rated the extent of pain during the injection by responding to two instruments, a modification of Eland's Projective Tool and Hester's Poker Chip Tool. Each behavior category was correlated with the pain rating. Significant positive correlations were found for verbal and vocal behaviors while significant negative correlations were found for facial and motor behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:256165", "title": "Vagus nerves and the gastric tissue histamine concentration in pylorus ligated albino rats.", "content": "Gastric tissue histamine concentration was determined, 6 and 16 hours after pylorus ligation in vagus intact and vagotomized albino rats and the results were compared with those of respective control animals, sacrificed, 6 and 16 hours after ether anaesthesia alone. The gastric tissue histamine concentration of rats subjected to none of the experimental situations was also determined and taken into comparison. The results show that the stress of pylorus ligation reduced the gastric tissue histamine concentration, the reduction being more with increased duration of stress. On the other hand, subdiaphragmatic vagtomy preserved the histamine concentration of gastric tissue irrespective of the duration to which the animals were exposed following pylorus ligation. It appears that increase in vagal discharges during stress leads to increased liberation of histamine from the gastric wall, thereby, reducing the gastric tissue histamine concentration; the reduction being proportional to the duration of stress and increase in vagal discharges, whereas, in the absence of vagal impulses following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, the gastric tissue histamine concentration is preserved in spite of the stress to which the animals were exposed.", "contents": "Vagus nerves and the gastric tissue histamine concentration in pylorus ligated albino rats. Gastric tissue histamine concentration was determined, 6 and 16 hours after pylorus ligation in vagus intact and vagotomized albino rats and the results were compared with those of respective control animals, sacrificed, 6 and 16 hours after ether anaesthesia alone. The gastric tissue histamine concentration of rats subjected to none of the experimental situations was also determined and taken into comparison. The results show that the stress of pylorus ligation reduced the gastric tissue histamine concentration, the reduction being more with increased duration of stress. On the other hand, subdiaphragmatic vagtomy preserved the histamine concentration of gastric tissue irrespective of the duration to which the animals were exposed following pylorus ligation. It appears that increase in vagal discharges during stress leads to increased liberation of histamine from the gastric wall, thereby, reducing the gastric tissue histamine concentration; the reduction being proportional to the duration of stress and increase in vagal discharges, whereas, in the absence of vagal impulses following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, the gastric tissue histamine concentration is preserved in spite of the stress to which the animals were exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:256166", "title": "Comparison of metabolic effect of ammonia and adrenaline infusions in sheep.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of ammonium chloride (62.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1) for 30 min caused a significant increase in blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. A similar effect was also observed during infusion of adrenaline. Propanolol--a beta-receptor blocking agent--completely prevented the rise of blood pyruvate and lactate after adrenaline when 8.3 microgram.kg-1.min-1 of propranolol were infused, but not after NH4Cl administration. Lipolytic actions of adrenaline were completely prevented but that of NH4Cl was only significantly diminished by blockade of beta-receptors with propranolol. It was concluded that the influence of ammonium ions on blood lactate and pyruvate and FFA was not entirely mediated by adrenaline.", "contents": "Comparison of metabolic effect of ammonia and adrenaline infusions in sheep. Intravenous infusions of ammonium chloride (62.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1) for 30 min caused a significant increase in blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. A similar effect was also observed during infusion of adrenaline. Propanolol--a beta-receptor blocking agent--completely prevented the rise of blood pyruvate and lactate after adrenaline when 8.3 microgram.kg-1.min-1 of propranolol were infused, but not after NH4Cl administration. Lipolytic actions of adrenaline were completely prevented but that of NH4Cl was only significantly diminished by blockade of beta-receptors with propranolol. It was concluded that the influence of ammonium ions on blood lactate and pyruvate and FFA was not entirely mediated by adrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:256167", "title": "Effect of hyperammonaemia on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in sheep.", "content": "The effects of continuous intravenous infusions (6 h) of ammonium chloride (5.6; 11.2; and 16.8 mumol.kg-1.min) on plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin (I.R.I.) levels were studied in three adult sheep. Infusions of 5.6 and 11.2 mumol.kg-1.min elevated ammonia levels in circulating blood from 100 to 150 and 300 microgram.100 ml-1, respectively, but showed no appreciable effect on plasma glucose and I.R.I. concentrations. Infusion of 16.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1 resulted in a blood ammonia concentration of about 400 microgram.100 ml-1 after six hours of infusion. Blood ammonia returned to normal 1 to 2 hours after the end of infusion. Plasma glucose concentration tended to increase slightly from 65 to 75 mg . 100 ml-1 when 16.8 mumol of NH4Cl were infused kg-1.min-1 and remained at the elevated level at least for two additional hours when ammonia infusions were stopped. Plasma I.R.I. tended to decrease from 48 to 38 microunits . ml-1 during the time of the NH4Cl infusion and increased continually to 82 microunits . ml-1 when NH4Cl infusions were stopped. It is concluded from the time courses of plasma glucose and plasma I.R.I. that the effect of ammonia infusion of these parameters cannot entirely be explained by a regulatory release of adrenaline.", "contents": "Effect of hyperammonaemia on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in sheep. The effects of continuous intravenous infusions (6 h) of ammonium chloride (5.6; 11.2; and 16.8 mumol.kg-1.min) on plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin (I.R.I.) levels were studied in three adult sheep. Infusions of 5.6 and 11.2 mumol.kg-1.min elevated ammonia levels in circulating blood from 100 to 150 and 300 microgram.100 ml-1, respectively, but showed no appreciable effect on plasma glucose and I.R.I. concentrations. Infusion of 16.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1 resulted in a blood ammonia concentration of about 400 microgram.100 ml-1 after six hours of infusion. Blood ammonia returned to normal 1 to 2 hours after the end of infusion. Plasma glucose concentration tended to increase slightly from 65 to 75 mg . 100 ml-1 when 16.8 mumol of NH4Cl were infused kg-1.min-1 and remained at the elevated level at least for two additional hours when ammonia infusions were stopped. Plasma I.R.I. tended to decrease from 48 to 38 microunits . ml-1 during the time of the NH4Cl infusion and increased continually to 82 microunits . ml-1 when NH4Cl infusions were stopped. It is concluded from the time courses of plasma glucose and plasma I.R.I. that the effect of ammonia infusion of these parameters cannot entirely be explained by a regulatory release of adrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:256433", "title": "Continuous infusion tobramycin combined with carbenicillin for infections in cancer patients.", "content": "The cure rate of infections in cancer patients is adversely affected by neutropenia (less than 1,000/mm3). In particular, patients with severe neutropenia (less than 100/mm3) have shown a poor response to antibiotics. To overcome the adverse effects of neutropenia, tobramycin was given by continuous infusion and combined with intermittent carbenicillin. Tobramycin was given to a total daily dose of 300 mg/m2 and carbenicillin was given at a dose of 5 gm every four hours. There were 125 infectious episodes in 116 cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. The overall cure rate was 70%. Pneumonia was the most common infection and 61% of 59 episodes were cured. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common causative organisms and 69% of these infections were cured. The most common pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae and this, together with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounted for 74% of all gram-negative bacillary infections. Response was not influenced by the initial neutrophil count, with a 62% cure rate for 39 episodes associated with severe neutropenia. However, failure of the neutrophil count to increase during therapy adversely affected response. Azotemia was the major side effect recognized, and it occurred in 11% of episodes. Major azotemia (serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dl or BUN greater than 50 mg/dl) occurred in only 2%. Azotemia was not related to duration of therapy or serum tobramycin concentration. This antibiotic regimen showed both therapeutic efficacy and acceptable renal toxicity for these patients.", "contents": "Continuous infusion tobramycin combined with carbenicillin for infections in cancer patients. The cure rate of infections in cancer patients is adversely affected by neutropenia (less than 1,000/mm3). In particular, patients with severe neutropenia (less than 100/mm3) have shown a poor response to antibiotics. To overcome the adverse effects of neutropenia, tobramycin was given by continuous infusion and combined with intermittent carbenicillin. Tobramycin was given to a total daily dose of 300 mg/m2 and carbenicillin was given at a dose of 5 gm every four hours. There were 125 infectious episodes in 116 cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. The overall cure rate was 70%. Pneumonia was the most common infection and 61% of 59 episodes were cured. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common causative organisms and 69% of these infections were cured. The most common pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae and this, together with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounted for 74% of all gram-negative bacillary infections. Response was not influenced by the initial neutrophil count, with a 62% cure rate for 39 episodes associated with severe neutropenia. However, failure of the neutrophil count to increase during therapy adversely affected response. Azotemia was the major side effect recognized, and it occurred in 11% of episodes. Major azotemia (serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dl or BUN greater than 50 mg/dl) occurred in only 2%. Azotemia was not related to duration of therapy or serum tobramycin concentration. This antibiotic regimen showed both therapeutic efficacy and acceptable renal toxicity for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:256515", "title": "Isolation procedure and properties of monomer unit from lysozyme digest of peptidoglycan complex excreted into the medium by penicillin-treated Brevibacterium divaricatum mutant.", "content": "1. The peptidoglycan complex excreted in large amounts into the medium by the biotin-requiring mutant Brevibacterium divaricatum NRRL-2311 incubated in the presence of penicillin for 1 h has been investigated. A convenient isolation procedure with high yield for the pure monomeric unit from lysozyme digest of the accumulated polymer is described. 2. It is shown that the released peptidoglycan possesses the linear uncross-linked structure made of repeating disaccharide-pentapeptide unit [GlcNAc-MurNac-Ala-D-Glyn(meso-DAP-D-Ala-D-Ala)] which was isolated by stepwise gel filtration and fractionation of the digestion mixture in 10-mg quantities. Evidence that the minor digestion product of accumulated peptidoglycan possesses the glycan-linked dimer structure is given. Under conditions of beta-elimination, the monomeric unit yielded a lactylpentapeptide which was isolated in pure form by gel filtration. 3. The monomer unit originating from the cultures to which L-[U-14C]glutamic acid was added simultaneously with penicillin incorporated the label exclusively in the peptide chain, whereas that labeled from E11-14C]acetate as the precursor contained radioactivity in both the peptide chain (53%) and N-acetylamino groups (47%) of the glycan portion.", "contents": "Isolation procedure and properties of monomer unit from lysozyme digest of peptidoglycan complex excreted into the medium by penicillin-treated Brevibacterium divaricatum mutant. 1. The peptidoglycan complex excreted in large amounts into the medium by the biotin-requiring mutant Brevibacterium divaricatum NRRL-2311 incubated in the presence of penicillin for 1 h has been investigated. A convenient isolation procedure with high yield for the pure monomeric unit from lysozyme digest of the accumulated polymer is described. 2. It is shown that the released peptidoglycan possesses the linear uncross-linked structure made of repeating disaccharide-pentapeptide unit [GlcNAc-MurNac-Ala-D-Glyn(meso-DAP-D-Ala-D-Ala)] which was isolated by stepwise gel filtration and fractionation of the digestion mixture in 10-mg quantities. Evidence that the minor digestion product of accumulated peptidoglycan possesses the glycan-linked dimer structure is given. Under conditions of beta-elimination, the monomeric unit yielded a lactylpentapeptide which was isolated in pure form by gel filtration. 3. The monomer unit originating from the cultures to which L-[U-14C]glutamic acid was added simultaneously with penicillin incorporated the label exclusively in the peptide chain, whereas that labeled from E11-14C]acetate as the precursor contained radioactivity in both the peptide chain (53%) and N-acetylamino groups (47%) of the glycan portion."}
{"id": "PMID:256516", "title": "Further experience with the syndromes produced by coca paste smoking.", "content": "Cocaine base or white coca paste was smoked heavily by 188 patients who came to four hospitals of Lima, Peru. The length of hospitalization varied from two days to six months. All patients were admitted because coca paste smoking had become a serious problem for their health or for social adjustment. Coca paste was smoked mixed with tobacco or marihuana. The main symptoms were anxiety mingled with euphoria and a rapidly developing compulsion to continue smoking. Frequently the patients developed irritability, illusions, hallucinations. When the use of the drug was heavy and continued for many hours or several days, the patients developed successively four stages of psychological reaction: euphoria, dysphoria, hallucinosis, and acute paranoid psychosis. The main symptoms and signs of all of these phases are discussed.", "contents": "Further experience with the syndromes produced by coca paste smoking. Cocaine base or white coca paste was smoked heavily by 188 patients who came to four hospitals of Lima, Peru. The length of hospitalization varied from two days to six months. All patients were admitted because coca paste smoking had become a serious problem for their health or for social adjustment. Coca paste was smoked mixed with tobacco or marihuana. The main symptoms were anxiety mingled with euphoria and a rapidly developing compulsion to continue smoking. Frequently the patients developed irritability, illusions, hallucinations. When the use of the drug was heavy and continued for many hours or several days, the patients developed successively four stages of psychological reaction: euphoria, dysphoria, hallucinosis, and acute paranoid psychosis. The main symptoms and signs of all of these phases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:256524", "title": "Comparative activities of ampicillin, epicillin and amoxycillin in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The antibacterial activities of three aminopenicillins ampicillin, epicillin and amoxycillin were compared in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the three penicillins were very similar and the compounds were active against non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella species, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Streptococci including Streptococcus faecalis, and non-beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci were also sensitive to the compounds but Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus species were resistant. At concentrations close to MIC value epicillin and ampicillin showed similar bactericidal activity against E. coli and against S. typhi and both compounds caused a slower rate of kill than was seen with amoxycillin. Microscopical observation of the cells exposed to ampicillin and epicillin for 1 h showed the presence of filamentous forms which lysed slowly, whereas cells exposed to amoxycillin for the same period rapidly. Epicillin was similar to or slightly less active than ampicillin against experimental mouse infections, and against the majority of infections both compounds were significantly less effective than amoxycillin by the oral and subcutaneous routes of administration.", "contents": "Comparative activities of ampicillin, epicillin and amoxycillin in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial activities of three aminopenicillins ampicillin, epicillin and amoxycillin were compared in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the three penicillins were very similar and the compounds were active against non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella species, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Streptococci including Streptococcus faecalis, and non-beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci were also sensitive to the compounds but Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus species were resistant. At concentrations close to MIC value epicillin and ampicillin showed similar bactericidal activity against E. coli and against S. typhi and both compounds caused a slower rate of kill than was seen with amoxycillin. Microscopical observation of the cells exposed to ampicillin and epicillin for 1 h showed the presence of filamentous forms which lysed slowly, whereas cells exposed to amoxycillin for the same period rapidly. Epicillin was similar to or slightly less active than ampicillin against experimental mouse infections, and against the majority of infections both compounds were significantly less effective than amoxycillin by the oral and subcutaneous routes of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:256518", "title": "The influence of cannabis on glucoregulation.", "content": "The effects of the administration of cannabis resin in different doses on haematic glucose levels, on plasmic IRI and on the amount of ammonia in the blood have been studied in dogs which had not been fed or had been fed intravenously with glucose. The results show that such resin leads to an increase in haematic glucose, accompanied by a reduction in plasmic IRI and an increase in ammonia levels. In addition, a decrease is observed in the tolerance of glucose administered intravenously.", "contents": "The influence of cannabis on glucoregulation. The effects of the administration of cannabis resin in different doses on haematic glucose levels, on plasmic IRI and on the amount of ammonia in the blood have been studied in dogs which had not been fed or had been fed intravenously with glucose. The results show that such resin leads to an increase in haematic glucose, accompanied by a reduction in plasmic IRI and an increase in ammonia levels. In addition, a decrease is observed in the tolerance of glucose administered intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:256522", "title": "Environmental effects on morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.).", "content": "Ten cultivars of opium poppy were tested for morphine content during the past five years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Techniques employed to determine the adaptive potential (Finlay and Wilkinson, 1963; Eberhart and Russel, 1966), relative stability and environmental interaction showed the significant varietal differences when the cultivars' mean square was tested over pooled deviations as the error term. Significant V- X -E (linear) component suggests the existence of genetically conditional differences in the stability of cultivars. Highest morphine content was observed in cultivar H and least in R. Four cultivars exceeded the grand mean. Within the five-year study period three were observed to have given the highest morphine content.", "contents": "Environmental effects on morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Ten cultivars of opium poppy were tested for morphine content during the past five years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Techniques employed to determine the adaptive potential (Finlay and Wilkinson, 1963; Eberhart and Russel, 1966), relative stability and environmental interaction showed the significant varietal differences when the cultivars' mean square was tested over pooled deviations as the error term. Significant V- X -E (linear) component suggests the existence of genetically conditional differences in the stability of cultivars. Highest morphine content was observed in cultivar H and least in R. Four cultivars exceeded the grand mean. Within the five-year study period three were observed to have given the highest morphine content."}
{"id": "PMID:256526", "title": "The field of possible structures for the chlorophyll a dimer in photosystem I of green plants delineated by polarized photochemistry.", "content": "Photoselection experiments with immobilized photosystem I particles have been done to determine the mutual orientation of pigments in the reaction centre. When these particles are excited and interrogated with linearly polarized light, the flash-induced transient absorption changes (mainly from the chlorophyll a dimer) reveal linear dichroism, which yields information on the mutual orientation between the excited and the interrogated transition moments. The interpretation of the data, however, is ambiguous, (1) for reasons of principles inherent in the photoselection technique when applied to complex systems and (2) because of incomplete knowledge about the relative contribution of x- and of y-polarized transitions of chlorophyll a to absorption or to absorption changes at a given wavelength. We find it impossible to attribute any particular structure to the photooxidizable dimer based on photoselection data alone. Instead we present a field of possible structures, imposing constraints on proposed models for the dimer structure.", "contents": "The field of possible structures for the chlorophyll a dimer in photosystem I of green plants delineated by polarized photochemistry. Photoselection experiments with immobilized photosystem I particles have been done to determine the mutual orientation of pigments in the reaction centre. When these particles are excited and interrogated with linearly polarized light, the flash-induced transient absorption changes (mainly from the chlorophyll a dimer) reveal linear dichroism, which yields information on the mutual orientation between the excited and the interrogated transition moments. The interpretation of the data, however, is ambiguous, (1) for reasons of principles inherent in the photoselection technique when applied to complex systems and (2) because of incomplete knowledge about the relative contribution of x- and of y-polarized transitions of chlorophyll a to absorption or to absorption changes at a given wavelength. We find it impossible to attribute any particular structure to the photooxidizable dimer based on photoselection data alone. Instead we present a field of possible structures, imposing constraints on proposed models for the dimer structure."}
{"id": "PMID:256527", "title": "Effects of ions and gravity forces on the supramolecular organization and excitation energy distribution in chloroplast membranes.", "content": "This study was designed to explore the possible relationship between chloroplast membrane stacking or particle aggregation in stacked membrane regions (or both) and excitation energy distribution between photosystems I and II. To this end we have quantitatively examined the effects of different concentrations of univalent ions on the above-mentioned parameters, using a combination of freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy for structural analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assay energy-transfer processes. Membrane stacking was found to saturate at about 150mM-NaCl. Maximal EFs-face particle density and chlorophyll fluorescence occurred at about 100mM-NaCl, although only 50% of the potential EFs-face particles were located in stacked membrane regions at this salt concentration. Centrifugation (30,000 g, 1 h) could significantly increase the amount of stacked membranes at salt concentrations between 20- and 60-mM-NaCl; in contrast, centrifugation had little effect on cation-regulation of chlorophyll fluorescence properties. These and other findings suggest that neither chloroplast membrane stacking nor the aggregation of EF-face particles into stacked regions is directly related to the mechanism of excitation energy distribution between the two photosystems (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence changes) although both structural and functional changes may be mediated by the same membrane component. It is proposed that the salt-induced stacking of chloroplast membranes and the concomitant aggregation of EF-face particles is mediated by the screening of negative surface charges on the membrane pigment-protein subunits, by the establishment of specific interactions between light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes and by 'entropic ordering' forces.", "contents": "Effects of ions and gravity forces on the supramolecular organization and excitation energy distribution in chloroplast membranes. This study was designed to explore the possible relationship between chloroplast membrane stacking or particle aggregation in stacked membrane regions (or both) and excitation energy distribution between photosystems I and II. To this end we have quantitatively examined the effects of different concentrations of univalent ions on the above-mentioned parameters, using a combination of freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy for structural analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assay energy-transfer processes. Membrane stacking was found to saturate at about 150mM-NaCl. Maximal EFs-face particle density and chlorophyll fluorescence occurred at about 100mM-NaCl, although only 50% of the potential EFs-face particles were located in stacked membrane regions at this salt concentration. Centrifugation (30,000 g, 1 h) could significantly increase the amount of stacked membranes at salt concentrations between 20- and 60-mM-NaCl; in contrast, centrifugation had little effect on cation-regulation of chlorophyll fluorescence properties. These and other findings suggest that neither chloroplast membrane stacking nor the aggregation of EF-face particles into stacked regions is directly related to the mechanism of excitation energy distribution between the two photosystems (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence changes) although both structural and functional changes may be mediated by the same membrane component. It is proposed that the salt-induced stacking of chloroplast membranes and the concomitant aggregation of EF-face particles is mediated by the screening of negative surface charges on the membrane pigment-protein subunits, by the establishment of specific interactions between light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes and by 'entropic ordering' forces."}
{"id": "PMID:256528", "title": "Fluorescence of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes: implications for the photosynthetic unit.", "content": "To the extent that extracted light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) retain the chlorophyll configuration which they had in vivo, information on the optical properties of LHCPs is useful for an assessment of the transfer process of the primary excitation energy in photosynthesis. Within this context we report and discuss the implication of three kinds of data on spinach chloroplast LHCP. First, an analysis of the spectroscopic dependence of absorption, polarization and circular dichroism (reported recently by R.L.V.) suggests a model affording the possibility of easy chlorophyll a intercomplex transfer with chlorophyll b groups acting as local antitraps. Second, the ratio of LHCP emission and absorption probabilities obeys the Stepanov relation over a relatively wide range, an observation which suggests rapid Chl b-Chl a excitation equilibration. Finally, an LHCP absolute fluorescence yield as great as 10% has been measured, which provides a possible upper limit for the yield of the antenna fluorescence.", "contents": "Fluorescence of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes: implications for the photosynthetic unit. To the extent that extracted light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) retain the chlorophyll configuration which they had in vivo, information on the optical properties of LHCPs is useful for an assessment of the transfer process of the primary excitation energy in photosynthesis. Within this context we report and discuss the implication of three kinds of data on spinach chloroplast LHCP. First, an analysis of the spectroscopic dependence of absorption, polarization and circular dichroism (reported recently by R.L.V.) suggests a model affording the possibility of easy chlorophyll a intercomplex transfer with chlorophyll b groups acting as local antitraps. Second, the ratio of LHCP emission and absorption probabilities obeys the Stepanov relation over a relatively wide range, an observation which suggests rapid Chl b-Chl a excitation equilibration. Finally, an LHCP absolute fluorescence yield as great as 10% has been measured, which provides a possible upper limit for the yield of the antenna fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:256529", "title": "Energy transfer in a model of the photosynthetic unit.", "content": "A simple model of the photosynthetic unit has been constructed and used for simulated F\u00f6rster-type energy migration, fluorescence and intersystem crossing, in order to gain insight into the conditions that influence both the form and the lifetime of the fluorescence decay in vivo. The model consists of a two-dimensional random lattice with one central trap. The simulation was done by means of repetitive Monte Carlo-type computations. The results obtained show that the form of the decay curve changes from exponential to non-exponential, as the chlorophyll concentration (molecules/nm2) is increased. The fluorescence lifetimes (tau 1/e) were also found to decrease substantially with only slight increases inc concentration. At a concentration comparable to that of chlorophyll in the chloroplast, both the form of the fluorescence decay and the lifetime are in fair agreement with experiment in vivo. The reasons for non-exponentially of the decay as well as the properties of energy migration are discussed. Preliminary work involving the dependence of trapping rate on donor concentration is also presented.", "contents": "Energy transfer in a model of the photosynthetic unit. A simple model of the photosynthetic unit has been constructed and used for simulated F\u00f6rster-type energy migration, fluorescence and intersystem crossing, in order to gain insight into the conditions that influence both the form and the lifetime of the fluorescence decay in vivo. The model consists of a two-dimensional random lattice with one central trap. The simulation was done by means of repetitive Monte Carlo-type computations. The results obtained show that the form of the decay curve changes from exponential to non-exponential, as the chlorophyll concentration (molecules/nm2) is increased. The fluorescence lifetimes (tau 1/e) were also found to decrease substantially with only slight increases inc concentration. At a concentration comparable to that of chlorophyll in the chloroplast, both the form of the fluorescence decay and the lifetime are in fair agreement with experiment in vivo. The reasons for non-exponentially of the decay as well as the properties of energy migration are discussed. Preliminary work involving the dependence of trapping rate on donor concentration is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:256530", "title": "Dynamics of excitions created by a single picosecond pulse.", "content": "A theoretical analysis of bimolecular annihilation in finite domains is presented. A Pauli master equation is formulated for the case of varying incident delta function excitation sources. Expressions for the quantum fluorescence yield and its time dependence are derived. The relationship between the fluorescence yield and the number of hits per domain depends on two parameters: the rate constant of bimolecular exciton annihilation and the dimension of the domain in which this annihilation occurs. Recent experimental results imply that the exciton diffusion constant (D) is large (D approximately to greater than 10(-3) cm2 S-1) and that the photosystem II domains may contain as many as five photosynthetic units. An analysis of the time decay of the fluorescence indicates that, for a few hits per domain, the decay may be considered as exponential but for many hits it becomes non-exponential. Thus the fluorescence decay depends on the intensity of the excitation source and/or on the dimension of the domains. Conditions which change the effective size of the domain may change the shape of the fluorescence decay. Some biological consequences and experimental applications of this theory are presented.", "contents": "Dynamics of excitions created by a single picosecond pulse. A theoretical analysis of bimolecular annihilation in finite domains is presented. A Pauli master equation is formulated for the case of varying incident delta function excitation sources. Expressions for the quantum fluorescence yield and its time dependence are derived. The relationship between the fluorescence yield and the number of hits per domain depends on two parameters: the rate constant of bimolecular exciton annihilation and the dimension of the domain in which this annihilation occurs. Recent experimental results imply that the exciton diffusion constant (D) is large (D approximately to greater than 10(-3) cm2 S-1) and that the photosystem II domains may contain as many as five photosynthetic units. An analysis of the time decay of the fluorescence indicates that, for a few hits per domain, the decay may be considered as exponential but for many hits it becomes non-exponential. Thus the fluorescence decay depends on the intensity of the excitation source and/or on the dimension of the domains. Conditions which change the effective size of the domain may change the shape of the fluorescence decay. Some biological consequences and experimental applications of this theory are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:256531", "title": "Chlorophyll orientation and exciton migration in the photosynthetic membrane.", "content": "Measurements of the linear dichroism and of the polarization of the fluorescence with oriented chloroplasts have revealed a definite orientation of the pigment molecules with respect to the membrane plane. The Qy transition moments of the chlorophyll a molecules are more closely inclined with respect to this plane for the forms absorbing at longer wavelengths than for those absorbing at shorter wavelengths. The fluorescence depolarization by energy transfer, determined with magnetically-oriented chloroplasts, indicates that the degree of local order increases with wavelength for the different (absorption wavelength) forms of chlorophyll a in vivo. Laser pulses of either picosecond or microsecond duration have been used to probe the emission spectrum, lifetime and quantum yield of fluorescence of chloroplasts at various temperatures. With single picosecond pulses, singlet-singlet annihilations occur within the light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. In the case of microsecond pulses, triplet excitions act as efficient quenchers of the singlets. By monitoring both the yield of carotenoid triplets and of the fluorescence during and after a laser flash, one can show that the carotenoid triplets account for part of but not all the fluorescence quenching.", "contents": "Chlorophyll orientation and exciton migration in the photosynthetic membrane. Measurements of the linear dichroism and of the polarization of the fluorescence with oriented chloroplasts have revealed a definite orientation of the pigment molecules with respect to the membrane plane. The Qy transition moments of the chlorophyll a molecules are more closely inclined with respect to this plane for the forms absorbing at longer wavelengths than for those absorbing at shorter wavelengths. The fluorescence depolarization by energy transfer, determined with magnetically-oriented chloroplasts, indicates that the degree of local order increases with wavelength for the different (absorption wavelength) forms of chlorophyll a in vivo. Laser pulses of either picosecond or microsecond duration have been used to probe the emission spectrum, lifetime and quantum yield of fluorescence of chloroplasts at various temperatures. With single picosecond pulses, singlet-singlet annihilations occur within the light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. In the case of microsecond pulses, triplet excitions act as efficient quenchers of the singlets. By monitoring both the yield of carotenoid triplets and of the fluorescence during and after a laser flash, one can show that the carotenoid triplets account for part of but not all the fluorescence quenching."}
{"id": "PMID:256532", "title": "Tripartite and bipartite models of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis.", "content": "Tripartite and bipartite models for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis are presented and examined. It is shown that the equations for the yields of fluorescence from the different parts of the photochemical apparatus of the tripartite model transform into the simple equations of the bipartite formulation when the probability for energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex to photosystem II is unity. The nature of the 695 and 735 nm fluorescence bands which appear in the emission spectrum of chloroplasts at low temperature is examined. It is proposed that these bands are due to fluorescence from energy-trapping centres which form in the antenna chlorophyll of photosystem II and photosystem I on cooling to low temperature. Even though these fluorescence emissions can be regarded as low temperature artifacts since they are not present at physiological temperatures, they nevertheless are proportional to the excitation energy in the two photosystems and can be used to monitor energy distribution in the photochemical apparatus. However, the question of their artifactual nature is crucial to the interpretation of fluorescence-lifetime measurements at low temperature.", "contents": "Tripartite and bipartite models of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. Tripartite and bipartite models for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis are presented and examined. It is shown that the equations for the yields of fluorescence from the different parts of the photochemical apparatus of the tripartite model transform into the simple equations of the bipartite formulation when the probability for energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex to photosystem II is unity. The nature of the 695 and 735 nm fluorescence bands which appear in the emission spectrum of chloroplasts at low temperature is examined. It is proposed that these bands are due to fluorescence from energy-trapping centres which form in the antenna chlorophyll of photosystem II and photosystem I on cooling to low temperature. Even though these fluorescence emissions can be regarded as low temperature artifacts since they are not present at physiological temperatures, they nevertheless are proportional to the excitation energy in the two photosystems and can be used to monitor energy distribution in the photochemical apparatus. However, the question of their artifactual nature is crucial to the interpretation of fluorescence-lifetime measurements at low temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:256533", "title": "Picosecond fluorescence from photosynthetic systems in vivo.", "content": "Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence emission from the pigments of intact photosynthetic systems and isolated pigment-protein fractions has been used to probe the mechanism of energy transfer and the organization of the pigments. The fluorescence kinetics of chlorophyll and the phycobilins of the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, are governed by time-dependent kinetics, but the observed time dependence of the chlorophyll a fluorescence decay from dark-adapted Chlorella pyrenoidosa and spinach sub-chloroplast fractions is still open to conjecture. In contrast to the green plants containing only chlorophyll and carotenoids, Porphyridium shows distinct emission bands for each the pigments in the transfer sequence. The rate of energy transfer in vivo has the empirical form: dS/dt = -1/2S At-1/2, where S is the excited-state population of the donor pigment and A is the overall rate of energy transfer to the acceptor pigment. The kinetic analysis can describe closely the observed fluorescence risetimes and lifetimes of the photosynthetic pigments of Porphyridium. The extremely rapid rates of energy transfer, determined by this treatment, imply that exciton migration within each pigment bed of the phycobilisome is less extensive than in the chlorophyll-antenna systems. Changes in the fluorescence yield and decay kinetics of chlorophyll a and allophycocyanin in vivo can be induced at high excitation intensities by exciton-exciton annihilation.", "contents": "Picosecond fluorescence from photosynthetic systems in vivo. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence emission from the pigments of intact photosynthetic systems and isolated pigment-protein fractions has been used to probe the mechanism of energy transfer and the organization of the pigments. The fluorescence kinetics of chlorophyll and the phycobilins of the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, are governed by time-dependent kinetics, but the observed time dependence of the chlorophyll a fluorescence decay from dark-adapted Chlorella pyrenoidosa and spinach sub-chloroplast fractions is still open to conjecture. In contrast to the green plants containing only chlorophyll and carotenoids, Porphyridium shows distinct emission bands for each the pigments in the transfer sequence. The rate of energy transfer in vivo has the empirical form: dS/dt = -1/2S At-1/2, where S is the excited-state population of the donor pigment and A is the overall rate of energy transfer to the acceptor pigment. The kinetic analysis can describe closely the observed fluorescence risetimes and lifetimes of the photosynthetic pigments of Porphyridium. The extremely rapid rates of energy transfer, determined by this treatment, imply that exciton migration within each pigment bed of the phycobilisome is less extensive than in the chlorophyll-antenna systems. Changes in the fluorescence yield and decay kinetics of chlorophyll a and allophycocyanin in vivo can be induced at high excitation intensities by exciton-exciton annihilation."}
{"id": "PMID:256534", "title": "Energy transfer and its dependence on membrane properties.", "content": "With isolated chloroplasts variations in the degree of energy transfer between light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes can be induced by changing the cation content of the suspending medium. The changes can be observed by measuring chlorophyll-fluorescence yields and lifetimes and are probably brought about by conformatial changes in the thylakoid membrane. Detailed studies of the properties of cation-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the alterations in pigment organization are due to variations in the density of positive charges immediately adjacent to the surface of the thylakoid membrane, being in qualitative agreement with predictions based on the Gouy-Chapman theory of diffuse double layers. Possible mechanisms for the membrane structural changes controlling energy transfer are given.", "contents": "Energy transfer and its dependence on membrane properties. With isolated chloroplasts variations in the degree of energy transfer between light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes can be induced by changing the cation content of the suspending medium. The changes can be observed by measuring chlorophyll-fluorescence yields and lifetimes and are probably brought about by conformatial changes in the thylakoid membrane. Detailed studies of the properties of cation-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the alterations in pigment organization are due to variations in the density of positive charges immediately adjacent to the surface of the thylakoid membrane, being in qualitative agreement with predictions based on the Gouy-Chapman theory of diffuse double layers. Possible mechanisms for the membrane structural changes controlling energy transfer are given."}
{"id": "PMID:256535", "title": "Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical activity of chloroplasts at low temperature.", "content": "Fluorescence kinetics and emission spectra of pea and spinach chloroplasts were studied between 294 and 4.2 K. In the presence of MgCl2 the fluorescence-induction curves were sigmoidal between 294 and 180 K but they lost their inflection points at lower temperature. In the absence as well as in the presence of Mg2+ ions, analysis of the kinetics of the area over the induction curve revealed two different components, indicating the existence of two different types of reaction centres at all temperatures. The 'rate constants' for these centres were nearly independent of temperature between 294 and 200 K, but showed a sharp decrease on further cooling. Emission spectra at low temperature showed the previously observed bands at 685, 695 and 735 nm. All three bands showed a considerable increase on cooling between 180 and 4.2 K, but with different temperature-dependence. The amplitude of the 695 band became constant below about 50 K, whereas the 685 emission increased markedly in this region. The relative proportion of the socalled variable fluorescence was almost the same at 685 and 695 nm, both at 80 and at 5 K. The data are discussed in terms of changes of energy-transfer rates on cooling.", "contents": "Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical activity of chloroplasts at low temperature. Fluorescence kinetics and emission spectra of pea and spinach chloroplasts were studied between 294 and 4.2 K. In the presence of MgCl2 the fluorescence-induction curves were sigmoidal between 294 and 180 K but they lost their inflection points at lower temperature. In the absence as well as in the presence of Mg2+ ions, analysis of the kinetics of the area over the induction curve revealed two different components, indicating the existence of two different types of reaction centres at all temperatures. The 'rate constants' for these centres were nearly independent of temperature between 294 and 200 K, but showed a sharp decrease on further cooling. Emission spectra at low temperature showed the previously observed bands at 685, 695 and 735 nm. All three bands showed a considerable increase on cooling between 180 and 4.2 K, but with different temperature-dependence. The amplitude of the 695 band became constant below about 50 K, whereas the 685 emission increased markedly in this region. The relative proportion of the socalled variable fluorescence was almost the same at 685 and 695 nm, both at 80 and at 5 K. The data are discussed in terms of changes of energy-transfer rates on cooling."}
{"id": "PMID:256536", "title": "Transfer and trapping of excitation energy in photosystem II.", "content": "The fluorescence yield of chlorophyll a of system II in spinach chloroplasts as a function of the fraction q- of reaction centres in the weakly trapping state PQ-, with reduced acceptor Q-, and reduced primary donor chlorophyll, P, of the reaction centre, is described by the function phi = a/(1 - pq-), a and p being constants (Van Gorkom et al. 1978); P was estimated to be 0.74. By special treatment and additions it was ascertained that the donor complex (S-states, see below) was in the reduced state. Three models of pigment systems have been considered: separate units; units with a boundary limiting energy transfer; and the matrix or pigment bed model, which was found to describe the experimental data. The following supplementary assumptions were made: ktf greater than kt greater than k't greater than 0. The rate constant ktf is that for electronic excitation transfer from a chlorophyll a molecule (or reaction-centre chlorophyll) to the surrounding chlorophyll molecules; kt and k't are rate constants for trapping at the reaction centres in the state PQ and PQ-, respectively. From this model and additional data such as fluorescence yield in vivo and in vitro, kt was estimated to be 4 X 10(11) S-1 and k't = 7.1 X 10(10) S-1; ktf greater than 10(12) S-1. In dark-adapted Chlorella, a series of curves respresenting changes in fluorescence yield as a function of time in a succession of six 16 microseconds xenon flashes spaced at 3 s crossed at one point. It is concluded from this and other observations that in the states S2 and S3 (with two or three oxidizing equivalents in the donor complex of system II) a certain fraction of the reaction centres occurs in a special conformational state. In this state electron transfer and, possibly, energy transfer to P+ are appreciably decreased.", "contents": "Transfer and trapping of excitation energy in photosystem II. The fluorescence yield of chlorophyll a of system II in spinach chloroplasts as a function of the fraction q- of reaction centres in the weakly trapping state PQ-, with reduced acceptor Q-, and reduced primary donor chlorophyll, P, of the reaction centre, is described by the function phi = a/(1 - pq-), a and p being constants (Van Gorkom et al. 1978); P was estimated to be 0.74. By special treatment and additions it was ascertained that the donor complex (S-states, see below) was in the reduced state. Three models of pigment systems have been considered: separate units; units with a boundary limiting energy transfer; and the matrix or pigment bed model, which was found to describe the experimental data. The following supplementary assumptions were made: ktf greater than kt greater than k't greater than 0. The rate constant ktf is that for electronic excitation transfer from a chlorophyll a molecule (or reaction-centre chlorophyll) to the surrounding chlorophyll molecules; kt and k't are rate constants for trapping at the reaction centres in the state PQ and PQ-, respectively. From this model and additional data such as fluorescence yield in vivo and in vitro, kt was estimated to be 4 X 10(11) S-1 and k't = 7.1 X 10(10) S-1; ktf greater than 10(12) S-1. In dark-adapted Chlorella, a series of curves respresenting changes in fluorescence yield as a function of time in a succession of six 16 microseconds xenon flashes spaced at 3 s crossed at one point. It is concluded from this and other observations that in the states S2 and S3 (with two or three oxidizing equivalents in the donor complex of system II) a certain fraction of the reaction centres occurs in a special conformational state. In this state electron transfer and, possibly, energy transfer to P+ are appreciably decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:256537", "title": "Properties of chlorophyll on plasticized polyethylene particles.", "content": "There are several reasons for suspecting that there is a specific interaction between chlorophyll and galactolipids in the chloroplast. The model system described is intended to detect association of chlorophyll with polar lipids and other surfactants at a hydrocarbon-water interface. It consists of chlorophyll and other lipids or surfactants absorbed to the surface of polyethylene particles, which have been swelled with undecane to allow the lipophilic parts of these molecules to be anchored firmly in the hydrocarbon substrate. The absorption spectrum of adsorbed chlorophyll is usually modified by the presence of surfactant, and usually in the direction of decreased order of aggregation. Spectra in the presence of glycolipids in particular seem peculiar to the surfactant. The particles are strongly fluorescent, at room temperature as well as at 77K, and emission bands from aggregated chlorophyll species are observed along with fluorescence of monomeric chlorophyll.", "contents": "Properties of chlorophyll on plasticized polyethylene particles. There are several reasons for suspecting that there is a specific interaction between chlorophyll and galactolipids in the chloroplast. The model system described is intended to detect association of chlorophyll with polar lipids and other surfactants at a hydrocarbon-water interface. It consists of chlorophyll and other lipids or surfactants absorbed to the surface of polyethylene particles, which have been swelled with undecane to allow the lipophilic parts of these molecules to be anchored firmly in the hydrocarbon substrate. The absorption spectrum of adsorbed chlorophyll is usually modified by the presence of surfactant, and usually in the direction of decreased order of aggregation. Spectra in the presence of glycolipids in particular seem peculiar to the surfactant. The particles are strongly fluorescent, at room temperature as well as at 77K, and emission bands from aggregated chlorophyll species are observed along with fluorescence of monomeric chlorophyll."}
{"id": "PMID:256538", "title": "Chlorophyll-protein complexes of brown algae: P700 reaction centre and light-harvesting complexes.", "content": "Thylakoid membranes from several brown algae have been fragmented with the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. Three intrinsic chlorophyll-protein complexes with different pigment compositions have been isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Brown algae contain the photosystem 1 reaction-centre complex, a P700-chlorophyll a-protein which has similar spectroscopic and chemical properties to those of higher plants. This complex represents about 10--20% of the total chlorophyll in all species; the Acrocarpia paniculata complex has a chlorophyll/P700 ratio of 38. Two main light-harvesting complexes have also been isolated, which have properties unique to brown algae. The heavier of these, an orange fraction, is a fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein; this complex contains most of the fucoxanthin and has only chlorophyll c2. The other, a green fraction, is a chlorophyll a/c-protein enriched in violaxanthin. Neither of these complexes possesses detectable photosystem 1 or photosystem 2 activities. Both of these complexes efficiently transfer light energy to chlorophyll a, indicating that the molecular arrangement of their pigments is similar to that in vivo. Differential extraction of thylakoid membranes indicates that the P700-chlorophyll a-protein is the complex most firmly embedded in the membrane, but the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein is the least firmly bound. We suggest that the fucoxanthin complex is the most variable component of the photosynthetic unit of brown algal chloroplasts.", "contents": "Chlorophyll-protein complexes of brown algae: P700 reaction centre and light-harvesting complexes. Thylakoid membranes from several brown algae have been fragmented with the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. Three intrinsic chlorophyll-protein complexes with different pigment compositions have been isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Brown algae contain the photosystem 1 reaction-centre complex, a P700-chlorophyll a-protein which has similar spectroscopic and chemical properties to those of higher plants. This complex represents about 10--20% of the total chlorophyll in all species; the Acrocarpia paniculata complex has a chlorophyll/P700 ratio of 38. Two main light-harvesting complexes have also been isolated, which have properties unique to brown algae. The heavier of these, an orange fraction, is a fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein; this complex contains most of the fucoxanthin and has only chlorophyll c2. The other, a green fraction, is a chlorophyll a/c-protein enriched in violaxanthin. Neither of these complexes possesses detectable photosystem 1 or photosystem 2 activities. Both of these complexes efficiently transfer light energy to chlorophyll a, indicating that the molecular arrangement of their pigments is similar to that in vivo. Differential extraction of thylakoid membranes indicates that the P700-chlorophyll a-protein is the complex most firmly embedded in the membrane, but the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein is the least firmly bound. We suggest that the fucoxanthin complex is the most variable component of the photosynthetic unit of brown algal chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:256541", "title": "Culture in vitro as a means of analysing the effect of maternal diabetes on embryonic development in rats.", "content": "Rodents have been used by many investigators for studies of the effects that maternal diabetes during pregnancy may have on developing fetuses. In Wistar rats, the induction of mild chronic diabetes at the onset of pregnancy by alloxan or streptozotocin results in abnormalities of the nervous system and the heart, recognized in embryos at 11--13 days' gestation. Thus, early organogenesis is evidently affected in these embryos. With a method which enables rat embryos to be cultured in vitro in serum for the period of their early organogenesis, the growth and differentiation of embryos from normal and from diabetic rats can be observed in some detail. It is also possible to compare the effects of normal and of diabetic maternal serum on their development. The results reported here show that embryos from diabetic animals are more likely to be retarded or abnormal than those from non-diabetic animals when cultured in identical serum. The development of both types of embryo is more successful in diabetic than in non-diabetic serum, however, possibly because of the higher glucose content of diabetic serum. Cultures of fetal organs may also be used as test systems for the effects of diabetic maternal serum. Sacral vertebrae, some of which fail to ossify in fetuses from daibetic rats, are now being grown in media containing diabetic serum. It is planned to test the effects of insulin on these cultures.", "contents": "Culture in vitro as a means of analysing the effect of maternal diabetes on embryonic development in rats. Rodents have been used by many investigators for studies of the effects that maternal diabetes during pregnancy may have on developing fetuses. In Wistar rats, the induction of mild chronic diabetes at the onset of pregnancy by alloxan or streptozotocin results in abnormalities of the nervous system and the heart, recognized in embryos at 11--13 days' gestation. Thus, early organogenesis is evidently affected in these embryos. With a method which enables rat embryos to be cultured in vitro in serum for the period of their early organogenesis, the growth and differentiation of embryos from normal and from diabetic rats can be observed in some detail. It is also possible to compare the effects of normal and of diabetic maternal serum on their development. The results reported here show that embryos from diabetic animals are more likely to be retarded or abnormal than those from non-diabetic animals when cultured in identical serum. The development of both types of embryo is more successful in diabetic than in non-diabetic serum, however, possibly because of the higher glucose content of diabetic serum. Cultures of fetal organs may also be used as test systems for the effects of diabetic maternal serum. Sacral vertebrae, some of which fail to ossify in fetuses from daibetic rats, are now being grown in media containing diabetic serum. It is planned to test the effects of insulin on these cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:256542", "title": "Congenital anomalies and the diabetic and prediabetic pregnancy.", "content": "Congenital anomalies are two to four times more frequent in the offspring of diabetic mothers than in those of non-diabetic mothers, and represent an increasingly important cause of perinatal mortality. These anomalies involve multiple organ systems more often than those found in the children of non-diabetic mothers. The excess of anomalies associated with maternal diabetes occurs in many organ systems. Anomalies are no more frequent in the offspring of diabetic fathers and pre-diabetic mothers than among those of non-diabetics, suggesting that non-genetic factors are the important determinants. Anomalies are most frequent in the offspring of mothers who have developed diabetes at an early age, many of whom have diabetes of long duration, are insulin-treated, and may have vascular complications. The relative importance of each of these factors in the pathogenesis of anomalies is unknown, but present evidence is consistent with a hypothesis that anomalies are the result of metabolic disturbances in the intrauterine environment during the first trimester of pregnancy. Whether or not their incidence can be reduced by optimum metabolic control of maternal diabetes during this period is unknown.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies and the diabetic and prediabetic pregnancy. Congenital anomalies are two to four times more frequent in the offspring of diabetic mothers than in those of non-diabetic mothers, and represent an increasingly important cause of perinatal mortality. These anomalies involve multiple organ systems more often than those found in the children of non-diabetic mothers. The excess of anomalies associated with maternal diabetes occurs in many organ systems. Anomalies are no more frequent in the offspring of diabetic fathers and pre-diabetic mothers than among those of non-diabetics, suggesting that non-genetic factors are the important determinants. Anomalies are most frequent in the offspring of mothers who have developed diabetes at an early age, many of whom have diabetes of long duration, are insulin-treated, and may have vascular complications. The relative importance of each of these factors in the pathogenesis of anomalies is unknown, but present evidence is consistent with a hypothesis that anomalies are the result of metabolic disturbances in the intrauterine environment during the first trimester of pregnancy. Whether or not their incidence can be reduced by optimum metabolic control of maternal diabetes during this period is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:256544", "title": "The influence of preconceptional glucose values on the outcome of pregnancy.", "content": "A relationship between maternal diabetes and fetal malformations has been recognized for a long time, but there has been considerable difference of opinion about the size of the risk. Several defects of the pelvis and lower limbs appear to be relatively common in offspring of diabetic mothers. In experimental studies a dose relationship has been shown between some drugs (insulin-Trypan blue) and lower limb malformations. Three patients are discribed with congenital malformations with diabetes or prediabetes during pregnancy. Is the caudal regression syndrome a part of a larger syndrome caused by a disturbance of glucose homeostasis?", "contents": "The influence of preconceptional glucose values on the outcome of pregnancy. A relationship between maternal diabetes and fetal malformations has been recognized for a long time, but there has been considerable difference of opinion about the size of the risk. Several defects of the pelvis and lower limbs appear to be relatively common in offspring of diabetic mothers. In experimental studies a dose relationship has been shown between some drugs (insulin-Trypan blue) and lower limb malformations. Three patients are discribed with congenital malformations with diabetes or prediabetes during pregnancy. Is the caudal regression syndrome a part of a larger syndrome caused by a disturbance of glucose homeostasis?"}
{"id": "PMID:256543", "title": "The outcome of diabetic pregnancies: a prospective study.", "content": "In a large prospective study of pregnancy the perinatal mortality rate was 141/1000 births for diabetic gestations in which the onset of labour was spontaneous, 33/1000 for diabetic gestations in which labour was induced or the infant delivered by Caesarean section and 34/1000 for the non-diabetics. Forty per cent of the perinatal mortality excess in the diabetics was due to the consequences of maternal vascular lesions, i.e. large placental infarcts and marked retardation of placental growth. Seventeen per cent of the perinatal mortality excess was related to maternal acidosis or to insulin shock, 12% to severe congenital anomalies, 12% to the complications of Caesarean sections and the remainder to other disorders. Mothers with diabetes mellitus had more than twice the frequency of atheromata, fibrinoid change and thrombi in decidual arteries as non-diabetic mothers. Histological grading revealed that overweight newborns of diabetic mothers had immature lungs by comparison with the lungs of normally grown infants of diabetic mothers and infants of non-diabetic mothers. Low IQ values and an excess of neurological abnormalities in children of diabetic mothers who were ketotic during pregnancy were found to be due to amniotic fluid bacterial infections and their complications rather than to the maternal ketosis.", "contents": "The outcome of diabetic pregnancies: a prospective study. In a large prospective study of pregnancy the perinatal mortality rate was 141/1000 births for diabetic gestations in which the onset of labour was spontaneous, 33/1000 for diabetic gestations in which labour was induced or the infant delivered by Caesarean section and 34/1000 for the non-diabetics. Forty per cent of the perinatal mortality excess in the diabetics was due to the consequences of maternal vascular lesions, i.e. large placental infarcts and marked retardation of placental growth. Seventeen per cent of the perinatal mortality excess was related to maternal acidosis or to insulin shock, 12% to severe congenital anomalies, 12% to the complications of Caesarean sections and the remainder to other disorders. Mothers with diabetes mellitus had more than twice the frequency of atheromata, fibrinoid change and thrombi in decidual arteries as non-diabetic mothers. Histological grading revealed that overweight newborns of diabetic mothers had immature lungs by comparison with the lungs of normally grown infants of diabetic mothers and infants of non-diabetic mothers. Low IQ values and an excess of neurological abnormalities in children of diabetic mothers who were ketotic during pregnancy were found to be due to amniotic fluid bacterial infections and their complications rather than to the maternal ketosis."}
{"id": "PMID:256545", "title": "Congenital malformations: the possible role of diabetes care outside pregnancy.", "content": "A consecutive and prospective series comprising 949 newborn infants of diabetic mothers treated during pregnancy and delivery in the period 1966--1977 has been analysed. The malformation rate was 8.2%. As compared to infants of mothers (White classes B-F alone) controlled outside pregnancy elsewhere, the rate of malformations was significantly reduced (from 14.1 to 7.4%) in fants whose mothers attended two hospitals specializing in the treatment and ambulatory control of diabetics. For diabetics not controlled at a diabetic centre outside pregnancy the malformation rate was 9% in classes B + C and 19.4% in classes D + F, compared to 6.2 and 8.5%, respectively, for those who were controlled. The rates of malformation (total as well as severe alone) were significantly reduced in infants of White's classes D + F, and insignificantly reduced in classes B + C (in class A no comparison could be made). The findings indicate that poor diabetic control outside pregnancy is teratogenic, although the 'disastrous malformation factor' of diabetes appears not to be totally dependent on the degree of compensation of the disbetic metabolism, as measured by the variables usually applied.", "contents": "Congenital malformations: the possible role of diabetes care outside pregnancy. A consecutive and prospective series comprising 949 newborn infants of diabetic mothers treated during pregnancy and delivery in the period 1966--1977 has been analysed. The malformation rate was 8.2%. As compared to infants of mothers (White classes B-F alone) controlled outside pregnancy elsewhere, the rate of malformations was significantly reduced (from 14.1 to 7.4%) in fants whose mothers attended two hospitals specializing in the treatment and ambulatory control of diabetics. For diabetics not controlled at a diabetic centre outside pregnancy the malformation rate was 9% in classes B + C and 19.4% in classes D + F, compared to 6.2 and 8.5%, respectively, for those who were controlled. The rates of malformation (total as well as severe alone) were significantly reduced in infants of White's classes D + F, and insignificantly reduced in classes B + C (in class A no comparison could be made). The findings indicate that poor diabetic control outside pregnancy is teratogenic, although the 'disastrous malformation factor' of diabetes appears not to be totally dependent on the degree of compensation of the disbetic metabolism, as measured by the variables usually applied."}
{"id": "PMID:256546", "title": "Principal substrates of fetal metabolism: fuel and growth requirements of the ovine fetus.", "content": "In those fetuses studied, the glucose uptake by the fetus has been a major source of calories, although in all instances it has been insufficient to account for the total fuel requirements of the fetus. The glucose/oxygen quotients in different mammalian fetuses vary from about 0.5 to 0.8. Glucose transport across the placenta has been altered by fetal hyperinsulinaemia and by maternal fasting. Fetal hypoglycaemia is common to both conditions. However, umbilical glucose uptake increases with fetal hyperinsulinaemia and decreases with maternal fasting. During fasting, concomitant with a decrease in fetal glucose supply, there is an increase in amino acid catabolism. A high rate of placental production of both ammonia and lactate has been demonstrated in several mammalian species. Umbilical lactate uptake is sufficient to account for about 25% of the oxygen consumption in the ovine fetus. Ammonia production by the sheep placenta is reflected in increased ammonia concentrations in both the maternal and fetal circulations. In the ovine fetus, transport of umbilical amino acid has exceeded that required for new tissue growth, supporting the observations of a high urea production rate during fetal life. Neutral and basic amino acids represent the bulk of the amino acids transported across the placenta. In contrast there is a net uptake of glutamate from the fetal circulation into the placenta and very little umbilical uptake of aspartic acid. The umbilical uptake of free fatty acids varies markedly among species. In some species, such as the sheep and the cow, no umbilical veno-arterial differences for free fatty acids can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Principal substrates of fetal metabolism: fuel and growth requirements of the ovine fetus. In those fetuses studied, the glucose uptake by the fetus has been a major source of calories, although in all instances it has been insufficient to account for the total fuel requirements of the fetus. The glucose/oxygen quotients in different mammalian fetuses vary from about 0.5 to 0.8. Glucose transport across the placenta has been altered by fetal hyperinsulinaemia and by maternal fasting. Fetal hypoglycaemia is common to both conditions. However, umbilical glucose uptake increases with fetal hyperinsulinaemia and decreases with maternal fasting. During fasting, concomitant with a decrease in fetal glucose supply, there is an increase in amino acid catabolism. A high rate of placental production of both ammonia and lactate has been demonstrated in several mammalian species. Umbilical lactate uptake is sufficient to account for about 25% of the oxygen consumption in the ovine fetus. Ammonia production by the sheep placenta is reflected in increased ammonia concentrations in both the maternal and fetal circulations. In the ovine fetus, transport of umbilical amino acid has exceeded that required for new tissue growth, supporting the observations of a high urea production rate during fetal life. Neutral and basic amino acids represent the bulk of the amino acids transported across the placenta. In contrast there is a net uptake of glutamate from the fetal circulation into the placenta and very little umbilical uptake of aspartic acid. The umbilical uptake of free fatty acids varies markedly among species. In some species, such as the sheep and the cow, no umbilical veno-arterial differences for free fatty acids can be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:256549", "title": "Methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase. Purification, characterization, and effects on translational initiation complexes.", "content": "A methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase was found in ribosomal salt wash from cultured human cells of the HeLa line. This enzyme was purified by the use of DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, and appears to be a protein with a native molecular weight of 80,000, which consists of two 40,000-Mr subunits. The mechanism of the Met-tRNA-Met-f deacylase is shown to involve end-product inhibition by the deacylated form of Met-tRNA-Met-f. The methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase is rather specific for Met-tRNA-Met-f as opposed to Met-tRNA-Met-m, has a KCl optimum of 85 mM, is inhibited by MgCl2 and is inhibited by GTP and NAD+ at physiological concentration. 40-S and 60-S subunits inhibit the enzyme, possibly by binding to it. The stability of translational initiation complexes, containing methionyl-tRNA-Met-f, was investigated in the presence of the enzyme. Purified ternary complex was slowly broken down by the enzyme, while the 40-S-subunit . Met-tRNA-Met-f complex was stable in the presence of enzyme. The 80-S complex formed with A-U-G trinucleotide as the message molecule was broken down, whereas the 80-S complex formed with globin mRNA was stable in the presence of the enzyme. The physiological role of this enzyme is unclear, but it might act to regulate initiation by deacylating Met-tRNA-Met-f.", "contents": "Methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase. Purification, characterization, and effects on translational initiation complexes. A methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase was found in ribosomal salt wash from cultured human cells of the HeLa line. This enzyme was purified by the use of DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, and appears to be a protein with a native molecular weight of 80,000, which consists of two 40,000-Mr subunits. The mechanism of the Met-tRNA-Met-f deacylase is shown to involve end-product inhibition by the deacylated form of Met-tRNA-Met-f. The methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase is rather specific for Met-tRNA-Met-f as opposed to Met-tRNA-Met-m, has a KCl optimum of 85 mM, is inhibited by MgCl2 and is inhibited by GTP and NAD+ at physiological concentration. 40-S and 60-S subunits inhibit the enzyme, possibly by binding to it. The stability of translational initiation complexes, containing methionyl-tRNA-Met-f, was investigated in the presence of the enzyme. Purified ternary complex was slowly broken down by the enzyme, while the 40-S-subunit . Met-tRNA-Met-f complex was stable in the presence of enzyme. The 80-S complex formed with A-U-G trinucleotide as the message molecule was broken down, whereas the 80-S complex formed with globin mRNA was stable in the presence of the enzyme. The physiological role of this enzyme is unclear, but it might act to regulate initiation by deacylating Met-tRNA-Met-f."}
{"id": "PMID:256550", "title": "Synthesis of chloroplast ribonucleic acid in Chlamydomonas  reinhardtii toluene-treated cells.", "content": "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells treated with toluene at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C incorporate ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) into chloroplast RNA at 25 degrees C and also at 35 degrees C. The incorporation requires all four NTPs and Mg2+, and is completely inhibited by DNase, RNase, actinomycin D (40 microgram/ml) and rifampicin (350 microgram/ml).  However, the incorporation is almost totally insensitive to both alpha-amanitin and streptolydigin at 200 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Synthesis of chloroplast ribonucleic acid in Chlamydomonas  reinhardtii toluene-treated cells. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells treated with toluene at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C incorporate ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) into chloroplast RNA at 25 degrees C and also at 35 degrees C. The incorporation requires all four NTPs and Mg2+, and is completely inhibited by DNase, RNase, actinomycin D (40 microgram/ml) and rifampicin (350 microgram/ml).  However, the incorporation is almost totally insensitive to both alpha-amanitin and streptolydigin at 200 microgram/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:256547", "title": "Evidence for fatty acid transfer across the human placenta.", "content": "Lipid analysis of blood from umbilical artery and vein, experiments on artificially perfused human placentas, measurements of fetal blood triglyceride concentrations and the relative percentage of essential fatty acids in fetal adipose tissue are all consistent with the view that fatty acids cross the human placenta and that the flow to the fetus is influenced by maternal blood concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides.", "contents": "Evidence for fatty acid transfer across the human placenta. Lipid analysis of blood from umbilical artery and vein, experiments on artificially perfused human placentas, measurements of fetal blood triglyceride concentrations and the relative percentage of essential fatty acids in fetal adipose tissue are all consistent with the view that fatty acids cross the human placenta and that the flow to the fetus is influenced by maternal blood concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:256551", "title": "Eucaryotic elongation factors Ts is an integral component of rabbit reticulocyte elongation factor 1.", "content": "Elongation factor 1 (EF-1) was purified from rabbit reticulocytes and found to contain at least two distinct polypeptides: one of Mr 53 000 and one of Mr 30 000. The 30 000-Mr polypeptide was purified from EF-1 by treatment of the factor with 5.4 M guanidine . HCl and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-BioGel A in the presence of 5 M urea. By a number of functional criteria, the 30 000-Mr polypeptide was found to be the eucaryotic elongation factor Ts (eEF-Ts). These criteria include the ability of the polypeptide to stimulate Artemia salina eEF-Tu-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 80-S ribosomes as well as eEF-Tu + EF-2-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis. The reticulocyte factor also markedly increased the rate of exchange of eEF-Tu . gdp complexes with free GTP. Furthermore, rabbit antibodies to EF-1 from A. salina which was previously shown to contain eEF-Ts [Slobin, L. I. and M\u00f6ller, W. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 84, 69--77] were found to cross-react with reticulocyte eEF-Ts, suggesting extensive structural homology between brine shrimp and rabbit eEF-Ts. The demonstration that eEF-Ts is and integral component of EF-1 from such diverse sources as brine shrimp and rabbit reticulocytes supports the conclusion that the factor is universally present in eucaryotic EF-1.", "contents": "Eucaryotic elongation factors Ts is an integral component of rabbit reticulocyte elongation factor 1. Elongation factor 1 (EF-1) was purified from rabbit reticulocytes and found to contain at least two distinct polypeptides: one of Mr 53 000 and one of Mr 30 000. The 30 000-Mr polypeptide was purified from EF-1 by treatment of the factor with 5.4 M guanidine . HCl and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-BioGel A in the presence of 5 M urea. By a number of functional criteria, the 30 000-Mr polypeptide was found to be the eucaryotic elongation factor Ts (eEF-Ts). These criteria include the ability of the polypeptide to stimulate Artemia salina eEF-Tu-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 80-S ribosomes as well as eEF-Tu + EF-2-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis. The reticulocyte factor also markedly increased the rate of exchange of eEF-Tu . gdp complexes with free GTP. Furthermore, rabbit antibodies to EF-1 from A. salina which was previously shown to contain eEF-Ts [Slobin, L. I. and M\u00f6ller, W. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 84, 69--77] were found to cross-react with reticulocyte eEF-Ts, suggesting extensive structural homology between brine shrimp and rabbit eEF-Ts. The demonstration that eEF-Ts is and integral component of EF-1 from such diverse sources as brine shrimp and rabbit reticulocytes supports the conclusion that the factor is universally present in eucaryotic EF-1."}
{"id": "PMID:256548", "title": "Metabolism during normal and diabetic pregnancy and its effect on neonatal outcome.", "content": "Diurnal profile studies have been used to define the fetal carbohydrate and lipid substrate environment in normal and diabetic women during late pregnancy. In women with normal glucose tolerance the diurnal plasma glucose concentration was maintained within close limits (mean +/- S.D., 4.70 +/- 0.38 mmol/l) but in chemical and insulin-dependent diabetics there was a marked increase in both the mean diurnal glucose value and in the variability of the plasma glucose levels observed through the day (mean +/- S.D., 5.61 +/- 5.61 +/- 1.03 and 6.02 +/- 1.26 mmol/l respectively, P less than 0.01). No difference was observed between the peripheral insulin activity of the normal and chemical diabetic women, and the impaired glucose tolerance of the latter group was due to a deficient insulin response to goucose. The diurnal glucose variability, expressed as the standard deviation of the mean, was found to be inversely correlated with the residual C-peptide response in insulin-requiring diabetics. The mean diurnal plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was slightly raised in chemical diabetic subjects compared to normal women (mean +/- S.D., 0.77 +/- 0.34 and 0.68 +/- 0.20 mmol/l respectively) but this difference was not significant. Insulin treatment produced a marked reduction in circulating FFA concentration, with a mean value in the insulin-dependent diabetic group of 0.45 +/- 0.11 mmol/l (P less than 0.001). Neonatal glucose assimilation during the first two hours of life correlated strongly with several functions of maternal carbohydrate tolerance. This was associated with higher plasma insulin concentrations at birth, and a marked tendency to hypoglycaemia in the infants of untreated chemical diabetic women. Impaired mobilization of triglyceride stores was also observed during the two hours after birth in the infants of diabetic women. This, however, appears to be due not to impaired lipolysis but to rapid re-esterification of FFA. These findings all indicate a state of functional hyperinsulinism in the infant of the diabetic women secondary to maternal hyperglycaemia.", "contents": "Metabolism during normal and diabetic pregnancy and its effect on neonatal outcome. Diurnal profile studies have been used to define the fetal carbohydrate and lipid substrate environment in normal and diabetic women during late pregnancy. In women with normal glucose tolerance the diurnal plasma glucose concentration was maintained within close limits (mean +/- S.D., 4.70 +/- 0.38 mmol/l) but in chemical and insulin-dependent diabetics there was a marked increase in both the mean diurnal glucose value and in the variability of the plasma glucose levels observed through the day (mean +/- S.D., 5.61 +/- 5.61 +/- 1.03 and 6.02 +/- 1.26 mmol/l respectively, P less than 0.01). No difference was observed between the peripheral insulin activity of the normal and chemical diabetic women, and the impaired glucose tolerance of the latter group was due to a deficient insulin response to goucose. The diurnal glucose variability, expressed as the standard deviation of the mean, was found to be inversely correlated with the residual C-peptide response in insulin-requiring diabetics. The mean diurnal plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was slightly raised in chemical diabetic subjects compared to normal women (mean +/- S.D., 0.77 +/- 0.34 and 0.68 +/- 0.20 mmol/l respectively) but this difference was not significant. Insulin treatment produced a marked reduction in circulating FFA concentration, with a mean value in the insulin-dependent diabetic group of 0.45 +/- 0.11 mmol/l (P less than 0.001). Neonatal glucose assimilation during the first two hours of life correlated strongly with several functions of maternal carbohydrate tolerance. This was associated with higher plasma insulin concentrations at birth, and a marked tendency to hypoglycaemia in the infants of untreated chemical diabetic women. Impaired mobilization of triglyceride stores was also observed during the two hours after birth in the infants of diabetic women. This, however, appears to be due not to impaired lipolysis but to rapid re-esterification of FFA. These findings all indicate a state of functional hyperinsulinism in the infant of the diabetic women secondary to maternal hyperglycaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:256554", "title": "[The importance of computer tomography in the diagnosis of epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "208 patients with epilepsy were investigated by computertomography (Emi Scanner CT 1010 and CT 5005). In 173 patients with generalised epilepsy 87 had a normal scan, 51 revealed a definitive diagnosis and 37 showed generalised atrophy. Of the 35 patients with partial seizures a definitive diagnosis was possible in 22; representing a higher proportion than the group with generalised seizures. A definitive diagnosis from the CT Scan was significantly more common in both patients with generalised and partial seizures when pathological neurological findings were also present. Symptomatic epilepsy was only significantly commoner in Dementia patients with generalised seizures. A significantly higher proportion of patients over 30 years old demonstrated a symptomatic epilepsy than those under 30 years of age.", "contents": "[The importance of computer tomography in the diagnosis of epilepsy (author's transl)]. 208 patients with epilepsy were investigated by computertomography (Emi Scanner CT 1010 and CT 5005). In 173 patients with generalised epilepsy 87 had a normal scan, 51 revealed a definitive diagnosis and 37 showed generalised atrophy. Of the 35 patients with partial seizures a definitive diagnosis was possible in 22; representing a higher proportion than the group with generalised seizures. A definitive diagnosis from the CT Scan was significantly more common in both patients with generalised and partial seizures when pathological neurological findings were also present. Symptomatic epilepsy was only significantly commoner in Dementia patients with generalised seizures. A significantly higher proportion of patients over 30 years old demonstrated a symptomatic epilepsy than those under 30 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:256567", "title": "Relationship between histidyl-tRNA level and protein synthesis rate in wild-type and mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "A preliminary investigation was carried out to determine how conditional lethal mutants affected in particular aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may be used to study the role of tRNA charging levels in protein synthesis. The relationship between rate of protein synthesis and level of histidyl-tRNA in wild-type cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells was determined using the analogue histidinol to inhibit histidyl-tRNA synthetase activity. This response was compared with that obtained using a mutant strain with a defective histidyl-tRNA synthetase that phenotypically shows decreased rates of protein synthesis at reduced concentrations of histidine in the growth medium. The approach used was based on measuring the histidyl-tRNA levels in live cells. The percentage charging was estimated by comparing [14C]histidine incorporated into alkali-labile material in paired samples, one of which was treated with cycloheximide, five minutes before terminating during the incubation, to produce maximal aminoacylation. Wild-type cells under histidinol inhibition exhibited a sensitive, sigmoidal relationship between the level of histidyl-tRNA and the rate of protein synthesis. A decrease in the relative percentage of acylated tRNA (His) from 46% to 35% elicited a large reduction in the rate of protein synthesis from 90% to 30% relative to untreated cells. An unpredicted result was that the relationship between protein synthesis and histidyl-tRNA in the mutant was essentially linear. High acylation values for tRNA (His) were associated with rates of protein synthesis that were not nearly as high as in wild-type cells. These findings suggest that the charging charging levels of tRNA (His) isoacceptors could play a regulatory role in determining the rate of protein synthesis under conditions of histidine starvation in normal cells. The mutant appears to be a potentially useful system for studying the pivotal role of tRNA charging in protein synthesis, assuming that the altered response in the mutant is caused by its altered synthetase.", "contents": "Relationship between histidyl-tRNA level and protein synthesis rate in wild-type and mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells. A preliminary investigation was carried out to determine how conditional lethal mutants affected in particular aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may be used to study the role of tRNA charging levels in protein synthesis. The relationship between rate of protein synthesis and level of histidyl-tRNA in wild-type cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells was determined using the analogue histidinol to inhibit histidyl-tRNA synthetase activity. This response was compared with that obtained using a mutant strain with a defective histidyl-tRNA synthetase that phenotypically shows decreased rates of protein synthesis at reduced concentrations of histidine in the growth medium. The approach used was based on measuring the histidyl-tRNA levels in live cells. The percentage charging was estimated by comparing [14C]histidine incorporated into alkali-labile material in paired samples, one of which was treated with cycloheximide, five minutes before terminating during the incubation, to produce maximal aminoacylation. Wild-type cells under histidinol inhibition exhibited a sensitive, sigmoidal relationship between the level of histidyl-tRNA and the rate of protein synthesis. A decrease in the relative percentage of acylated tRNA (His) from 46% to 35% elicited a large reduction in the rate of protein synthesis from 90% to 30% relative to untreated cells. An unpredicted result was that the relationship between protein synthesis and histidyl-tRNA in the mutant was essentially linear. High acylation values for tRNA (His) were associated with rates of protein synthesis that were not nearly as high as in wild-type cells. These findings suggest that the charging charging levels of tRNA (His) isoacceptors could play a regulatory role in determining the rate of protein synthesis under conditions of histidine starvation in normal cells. The mutant appears to be a potentially useful system for studying the pivotal role of tRNA charging in protein synthesis, assuming that the altered response in the mutant is caused by its altered synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:256568", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in mitotic HeLa cells.", "content": "Mitotic HeLa cells (M cells) synthesize protein at about 25% of the rate of S phase cells. This decrease in protein synthesis is due to a reduction in the rate of initiation. However, extracts prepared from M cells are almost as active in protein synthesis as S cell extracts. Both cell extracts are quite active in in vitro initiation of protein synthesis. Moreover, two steps in initiation, binding of Met-tRNAf to 40S ribosomal subunits and binding of mRNA to ribosomes, show similar activity in both extracts. The difference in protein synthesizing activity observed in vivo is largely eliminated in the preparation of cell-free systems. The ribosomes of M cells contain small mol wt RNA, which inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. This RNA, which has possibly a nuclear origin, may be a cause of the reduction in the rate of protein synthesis in M cells.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in mitotic HeLa cells. Mitotic HeLa cells (M cells) synthesize protein at about 25% of the rate of S phase cells. This decrease in protein synthesis is due to a reduction in the rate of initiation. However, extracts prepared from M cells are almost as active in protein synthesis as S cell extracts. Both cell extracts are quite active in in vitro initiation of protein synthesis. Moreover, two steps in initiation, binding of Met-tRNAf to 40S ribosomal subunits and binding of mRNA to ribosomes, show similar activity in both extracts. The difference in protein synthesizing activity observed in vivo is largely eliminated in the preparation of cell-free systems. The ribosomes of M cells contain small mol wt RNA, which inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. This RNA, which has possibly a nuclear origin, may be a cause of the reduction in the rate of protein synthesis in M cells."}
{"id": "PMID:256570", "title": "Who cares? Nursing and sociology: the development of a symbiotic relationship.", "content": "The paper has three aims: to illustrate ways in which sociology may help nurses to achieve their primary objective: good patient care; to show how nursing can contribute to sociology; and to indicate some conditions for a healthy relationship between the two activities. After a brief discussion of the nature of sociology, intended for non-sociologists, four examples of ways in which sociology may be relevant to nursing are discussed: (i) Implications for nursing of changing patterns of disease, dependency and death; (ii) Social and cultural variations in perceptions of, and responses to, pain and disease; (iii) Organizational analyses, with particular reference to the importance of nurse-patient communication; (iv) Sociological studies of inter-personal relationships, illustrated by a study of student nurse training. Nursing is described as the major caring profession; as such it has inherent interest for sociologists interested in health care. However, its sociological interest is enhanced by the fact that it is permeated by paradoxes. Reference is also made to current debate on the most appropriate model for health care: the traditional medical model places relatively greater emphasis on cure than does nursing, with its relatively greater involvement with care. It is suggested that current patterns of disease and dependency increase the importance of the care model, and that nursing could play a crucial role in such a shift of emphasis. Having shown that sociology can make positive contributions to nursing, attention is drawn to certain dangers. Nursing should thus make sure that the sociology which it welcomes into its domain is academically sound, and not ideology in disguise. It is also suggested that nursing education should encourage more critical thinking, to enliven nurses' appreciation of what sociology has to offer, and to improve their ability to evaluate the quality of health care.", "contents": "Who cares? Nursing and sociology: the development of a symbiotic relationship. The paper has three aims: to illustrate ways in which sociology may help nurses to achieve their primary objective: good patient care; to show how nursing can contribute to sociology; and to indicate some conditions for a healthy relationship between the two activities. After a brief discussion of the nature of sociology, intended for non-sociologists, four examples of ways in which sociology may be relevant to nursing are discussed: (i) Implications for nursing of changing patterns of disease, dependency and death; (ii) Social and cultural variations in perceptions of, and responses to, pain and disease; (iii) Organizational analyses, with particular reference to the importance of nurse-patient communication; (iv) Sociological studies of inter-personal relationships, illustrated by a study of student nurse training. Nursing is described as the major caring profession; as such it has inherent interest for sociologists interested in health care. However, its sociological interest is enhanced by the fact that it is permeated by paradoxes. Reference is also made to current debate on the most appropriate model for health care: the traditional medical model places relatively greater emphasis on cure than does nursing, with its relatively greater involvement with care. It is suggested that current patterns of disease and dependency increase the importance of the care model, and that nursing could play a crucial role in such a shift of emphasis. Having shown that sociology can make positive contributions to nursing, attention is drawn to certain dangers. Nursing should thus make sure that the sociology which it welcomes into its domain is academically sound, and not ideology in disguise. It is also suggested that nursing education should encourage more critical thinking, to enliven nurses' appreciation of what sociology has to offer, and to improve their ability to evaluate the quality of health care."}
{"id": "PMID:256571", "title": "Breast feeding in Cambridge, England: factors affecting the mother's milk supply.", "content": "Mothers breast feeding 2 weeks after delivery were studied. One group (106 mothers) were advised to 'eat for two' during lactation to sustain their milk supply. They were compared at 3 months with a control group of 152 mothers. At 3 months only half as many advised group mothers had weaned their babies due to insufficient milk as control mothers. The numbers weaning for other reasons were similar in both groups. More breast feeding mothers reported an increased appetite during lactation than did mothers who had changed to artificial feeding. Smokers were more likely to have given up breast feeding between 2 weeks and 3 months than non-smokers but smoking was not associated with any particular weaning reason. Women taking a contraceptive pill during lactation more often experienced a diminution of milk supply than non-pill-takers. Sustained lactation benefits the mother since those who were still breast feeding were less likely to suffer from depression or fatigue at 3 months, and were more likely to  have lost weight. The early introduction of solids was less frequent among infants being breast fed at 3 months.", "contents": "Breast feeding in Cambridge, England: factors affecting the mother's milk supply. Mothers breast feeding 2 weeks after delivery were studied. One group (106 mothers) were advised to 'eat for two' during lactation to sustain their milk supply. They were compared at 3 months with a control group of 152 mothers. At 3 months only half as many advised group mothers had weaned their babies due to insufficient milk as control mothers. The numbers weaning for other reasons were similar in both groups. More breast feeding mothers reported an increased appetite during lactation than did mothers who had changed to artificial feeding. Smokers were more likely to have given up breast feeding between 2 weeks and 3 months than non-smokers but smoking was not associated with any particular weaning reason. Women taking a contraceptive pill during lactation more often experienced a diminution of milk supply than non-pill-takers. Sustained lactation benefits the mother since those who were still breast feeding were less likely to suffer from depression or fatigue at 3 months, and were more likely to  have lost weight. The early introduction of solids was less frequent among infants being breast fed at 3 months."}
{"id": "PMID:256572", "title": "The role of the nurse in support of breast feeding.", "content": "The nurse can provide information about, and support of, breast feeding. The prenatal nurse can inform the mother of the advantages of breast feeding to herself and her baby. The labour and delivery nurse can aid the mother in her first contact with the baby and reassure the mother who has a Caesarean birth, or a premature or sick infant, that she too can nurse. The postpartum nurse can help breast feeding to continue by providing frequent maternal-infant contact during the mother's hospital stay. The nursery nurse supports breast feeding by refraining from giving the baby other fluids. The paediatric nurse continues the helping pattern by reinforcing the statements and actions of others which will further impress the mother with the appropriateness of her infant feeding method. Mothers need to be informed about infant feeding options in order to make a knowledgeable choice based on awareness of alternatives. The nurse's role in support of breast feeding varies with the time and place where patient care is provided. In each setting, however, the nurse plays a significant role in helping the mother to begin breast feeding and to enjoy it, at the same time providing her infant with optimum nutrition for his early growth and development.", "contents": "The role of the nurse in support of breast feeding. The nurse can provide information about, and support of, breast feeding. The prenatal nurse can inform the mother of the advantages of breast feeding to herself and her baby. The labour and delivery nurse can aid the mother in her first contact with the baby and reassure the mother who has a Caesarean birth, or a premature or sick infant, that she too can nurse. The postpartum nurse can help breast feeding to continue by providing frequent maternal-infant contact during the mother's hospital stay. The nursery nurse supports breast feeding by refraining from giving the baby other fluids. The paediatric nurse continues the helping pattern by reinforcing the statements and actions of others which will further impress the mother with the appropriateness of her infant feeding method. Mothers need to be informed about infant feeding options in order to make a knowledgeable choice based on awareness of alternatives. The nurse's role in support of breast feeding varies with the time and place where patient care is provided. In each setting, however, the nurse plays a significant role in helping the mother to begin breast feeding and to enjoy it, at the same time providing her infant with optimum nutrition for his early growth and development."}
{"id": "PMID:256573", "title": "Nursing in a changing society.", "content": "In this paper the technological, demographic, social and disease-pattern changes in British society are considered and their implications for the nursing and health services discussed. The influences of major nursing reports as well as the consequences of the growth of professionalism in nursing and the potential outcome of the spread of political consciousness among nurses are also highlighted. Nurses are admonished to come to terms with the 'real' diseases of today; those resulting from affluence and senescence. Although conceding that nurses have unique and professional roles, a plea is made for the importance of good team work in health care. The paper ends with the recognition that by building up the body of knowledge of nursing, not only will the planning of nursing care be enhanced but also the ability to change as the needs of society change.", "contents": "Nursing in a changing society. In this paper the technological, demographic, social and disease-pattern changes in British society are considered and their implications for the nursing and health services discussed. The influences of major nursing reports as well as the consequences of the growth of professionalism in nursing and the potential outcome of the spread of political consciousness among nurses are also highlighted. Nurses are admonished to come to terms with the 'real' diseases of today; those resulting from affluence and senescence. Although conceding that nurses have unique and professional roles, a plea is made for the importance of good team work in health care. The paper ends with the recognition that by building up the body of knowledge of nursing, not only will the planning of nursing care be enhanced but also the ability to change as the needs of society change."}
{"id": "PMID:256574", "title": "The relationship between the level of nurse staffing and the patterns of patient care and staff activity.", "content": "Data relating to patterns of nursing activity and all the interactions occurring between patients and nursing staff were obtained during observation periods of 1 week's duration on a total of 20 wards in three hospitals. When analysed these data reveal that in all wards there is a strong relationship between the nursing hours available and the various components of the nursing care provided. Indeed the linear relationship is so strong in some cases that it appears that these wards are a long way short of the staffing levels which produced the 'saturation' effect described by several American authors. The analysis of the interactions reveals, as one would suspect, that a disproportionate number of patients account for a large proportion of the interactions, but two further analyses will, it is hoped, shed a little more light on this aspect of the ward situation. The data are being subject to further examination to ascertain whether extra nursing staff leads to more or longer interactions and a longer term investigation is under way which is focused on patients with comparable diagnoses in different hospitals.", "contents": "The relationship between the level of nurse staffing and the patterns of patient care and staff activity. Data relating to patterns of nursing activity and all the interactions occurring between patients and nursing staff were obtained during observation periods of 1 week's duration on a total of 20 wards in three hospitals. When analysed these data reveal that in all wards there is a strong relationship between the nursing hours available and the various components of the nursing care provided. Indeed the linear relationship is so strong in some cases that it appears that these wards are a long way short of the staffing levels which produced the 'saturation' effect described by several American authors. The analysis of the interactions reveals, as one would suspect, that a disproportionate number of patients account for a large proportion of the interactions, but two further analyses will, it is hoped, shed a little more light on this aspect of the ward situation. The data are being subject to further examination to ascertain whether extra nursing staff leads to more or longer interactions and a longer term investigation is under way which is focused on patients with comparable diagnoses in different hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:256575", "title": "Is the nursing profession really research-based?", "content": "Modern nursing has its origins in the pioneering research of Florence Nightingale but a research approach to nursing problems was never transmitted as part of the traditions of the Nightingale pattern of nurse training. Although nurses in North America established nursing education programmes in centres of higher education as long ago as 1899, British nurses did not utilize these facilities until the 1950s. This militated against the proper preparation of British nurses for research and the innovation of nursing research activities was therefore drastically delayed in the United Kingdom. Such research as there was tended to focus on nurses rather than nursing. The Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom, together with the Department of Health and Social Security, London, sponsored a number of nursing care research projects in the late 1960s. This was followed, in the 1970s, by an upsurge of research interest and research activity among British nurses. But it is still very difficult to demonstrate any direct benefits from nursing research interest or activity on patient care. There are also problems associated with the lack of experimental and replicated studies, the death or research-minded nurses and the apparent lack of interest in implementing nursing research findings. This places a great responsibility on the teachers of nurses. Hope is on the horizon. This is fostered by recent syllabuses and guides produced by British statutory bodies responsible for basic and postbasic nursing research. In conclusion, the author argues that nursing research activity should not be permitted to become an end in itself. The search for a research base for nursing should be motivated primarily by a desire to achieve better nursing practice.", "contents": "Is the nursing profession really research-based? Modern nursing has its origins in the pioneering research of Florence Nightingale but a research approach to nursing problems was never transmitted as part of the traditions of the Nightingale pattern of nurse training. Although nurses in North America established nursing education programmes in centres of higher education as long ago as 1899, British nurses did not utilize these facilities until the 1950s. This militated against the proper preparation of British nurses for research and the innovation of nursing research activities was therefore drastically delayed in the United Kingdom. Such research as there was tended to focus on nurses rather than nursing. The Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom, together with the Department of Health and Social Security, London, sponsored a number of nursing care research projects in the late 1960s. This was followed, in the 1970s, by an upsurge of research interest and research activity among British nurses. But it is still very difficult to demonstrate any direct benefits from nursing research interest or activity on patient care. There are also problems associated with the lack of experimental and replicated studies, the death or research-minded nurses and the apparent lack of interest in implementing nursing research findings. This places a great responsibility on the teachers of nurses. Hope is on the horizon. This is fostered by recent syllabuses and guides produced by British statutory bodies responsible for basic and postbasic nursing research. In conclusion, the author argues that nursing research activity should not be permitted to become an end in itself. The search for a research base for nursing should be motivated primarily by a desire to achieve better nursing practice."}
{"id": "PMID:256580", "title": "A discharge planning tool for use with families of high-risk infants.", "content": "The transition from hospital care to home care for high risk infants can be facilitated by the process of discharge planning. A tool designed specifically to coordinate discharge counseling and instruction for parents of high-risk infants has been developed and implemented in a perinatal center. Preliminary results indicate that the tool enables the health team to make an objective, rather than subjective, decision in respect to discharge of infants. Use of the tool also standardizes and documents the nurse's role in discharge planning.", "contents": "A discharge planning tool for use with families of high-risk infants. The transition from hospital care to home care for high risk infants can be facilitated by the process of discharge planning. A tool designed specifically to coordinate discharge counseling and instruction for parents of high-risk infants has been developed and implemented in a perinatal center. Preliminary results indicate that the tool enables the health team to make an objective, rather than subjective, decision in respect to discharge of infants. Use of the tool also standardizes and documents the nurse's role in discharge planning."}
{"id": "PMID:256583", "title": "The high-risk mother viewed in relation to a holistic model of the childbearing experience.", "content": "The high-risk antepartal mother is, first, a woman facing the experience of childbearing and, second, a woman for whom this experience is defined as high risk. Too often, health professionals concentrate on the latter almost to the exclusion of the former. In this article a holistic model of the experience of childbearing, common to all women, is proposed. It takes into account relevant social, cultural, and psychological as well as physiological factors. The model is then related to specific problems that may threaten the successful outcome of pregnancy. Appropriate implications for nursing are also discussed.", "contents": "The high-risk mother viewed in relation to a holistic model of the childbearing experience. The high-risk antepartal mother is, first, a woman facing the experience of childbearing and, second, a woman for whom this experience is defined as high risk. Too often, health professionals concentrate on the latter almost to the exclusion of the former. In this article a holistic model of the experience of childbearing, common to all women, is proposed. It takes into account relevant social, cultural, and psychological as well as physiological factors. The model is then related to specific problems that may threaten the successful outcome of pregnancy. Appropriate implications for nursing are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:256581", "title": "A breastfeeding protocol.", "content": "Specific guidelines for assisting patients in breastfeeding their infants are outlined, beginning in the prenatal period and continuing through initiation of nursing and established lactation. Prevention of possible problems is emphasized, but included are methods for relieving difficulites encountered during breastfeeding, such as flat nipples, sleepy babies, sore nipples, oversupply, engorgement, multiple births, forceful expulsion of milk, and breast infections.", "contents": "A breastfeeding protocol. Specific guidelines for assisting patients in breastfeeding their infants are outlined, beginning in the prenatal period and continuing through initiation of nursing and established lactation. Prevention of possible problems is emphasized, but included are methods for relieving difficulites encountered during breastfeeding, such as flat nipples, sleepy babies, sore nipples, oversupply, engorgement, multiple births, forceful expulsion of milk, and breast infections."}
{"id": "PMID:256584", "title": "Counseling the parents of a critically ill newborn.", "content": "Nurses caring for critically ill infants should be reminded of their responsibilities to the parents of these children. The parents' needs often go either unrecognized or unmet. Nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit should have a working knowledge of their additional responsibility of serving in the role of counselor. Knowing sufficiently what emotional factors should be considered, one can effectively implement this counseling.", "contents": "Counseling the parents of a critically ill newborn. Nurses caring for critically ill infants should be reminded of their responsibilities to the parents of these children. The parents' needs often go either unrecognized or unmet. Nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit should have a working knowledge of their additional responsibility of serving in the role of counselor. Knowing sufficiently what emotional factors should be considered, one can effectively implement this counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:256582", "title": "An education program for nurses from referring hospitals in a perinatal regionalization system.", "content": "Administering high-quality perinatal care at a regional center involves more than providing in-center service. An outreach education program was developed for nurses in referring hospitals. The authors believe that through the carefully phased development of an outreach education program, quality perinatal care on all levels can be realized.", "contents": "An education program for nurses from referring hospitals in a perinatal regionalization system. Administering high-quality perinatal care at a regional center involves more than providing in-center service. An outreach education program was developed for nurses in referring hospitals. The authors believe that through the carefully phased development of an outreach education program, quality perinatal care on all levels can be realized."}
{"id": "PMID:256600", "title": "Child abuse prevention--implementation within the curriculum.", "content": "The number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect is increasing. Most educators are aware of the problem; however, awareness alone has minimal impact on prevention. Specific planning is needed, and this article explores various avenues for including child abuse education as a part of the regular school curriculum. The ultimate goal is to develop educational strategies as one means of preventing abuse when school children grow to adulthood and become parents.", "contents": "Child abuse prevention--implementation within the curriculum. The number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect is increasing. Most educators are aware of the problem; however, awareness alone has minimal impact on prevention. Specific planning is needed, and this article explores various avenues for including child abuse education as a part of the regular school curriculum. The ultimate goal is to develop educational strategies as one means of preventing abuse when school children grow to adulthood and become parents."}
{"id": "PMID:256601", "title": "Instructional emphasis in family life and sex education: viewpoints of students, parents, teachers and principals at four grade levels.", "content": "This study was conducted to assess and compare the opinions of four population groups -- students, parents, teachers and principals -- concerning the amount of teaching emphasis that should be given to family life and sex education at school grades three, six, nine and twelve. The population was derived from a large, county school corporation in north central Indiana. A large proportion of each population at each grade supported at least some instructional emphasis about the topic, with nearly a majority or more of the subjects of most of the 16 populations favoring major teaching emphasis. Some differences in endorsement among the populations and sub-populations (male vs. female students) at each grade and among the four grades were found.", "contents": "Instructional emphasis in family life and sex education: viewpoints of students, parents, teachers and principals at four grade levels. This study was conducted to assess and compare the opinions of four population groups -- students, parents, teachers and principals -- concerning the amount of teaching emphasis that should be given to family life and sex education at school grades three, six, nine and twelve. The population was derived from a large, county school corporation in north central Indiana. A large proportion of each population at each grade supported at least some instructional emphasis about the topic, with nearly a majority or more of the subjects of most of the 16 populations favoring major teaching emphasis. Some differences in endorsement among the populations and sub-populations (male vs. female students) at each grade and among the four grades were found."}
{"id": "PMID:256602", "title": "Health education for the preadolescent: basic first aid.", "content": "Accidents are the leading cause of death and disability in the preadolescent age group. For this population, the State of California now recommends specific accident and emergency health education. This article discusses the American Red Cross' self-paced Basic First Aid course which can meet the needs of the student as suggested and integrate the student-teacher-nurse in a health education experience profitable for all.", "contents": "Health education for the preadolescent: basic first aid. Accidents are the leading cause of death and disability in the preadolescent age group. For this population, the State of California now recommends specific accident and emergency health education. This article discusses the American Red Cross' self-paced Basic First Aid course which can meet the needs of the student as suggested and integrate the student-teacher-nurse in a health education experience profitable for all."}
{"id": "PMID:256604", "title": "Are basic assumptions we hold about health education defensible?", "content": "Underlying numerous programs designed to promote healthfulness are several implicit and/or overlooked assumptions. These suppositions are considered to be \"understood.\" However, more often they lack validation in an empirical sense. The article is intended to prompt a systematic appraisal of certain presumptions about health, health education and health educators.", "contents": "Are basic assumptions we hold about health education defensible? Underlying numerous programs designed to promote healthfulness are several implicit and/or overlooked assumptions. These suppositions are considered to be \"understood.\" However, more often they lack validation in an empirical sense. The article is intended to prompt a systematic appraisal of certain presumptions about health, health education and health educators."}
{"id": "PMID:256610", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis during postnatal maturation of mouse brain.", "content": "On a DNA basis, there is higher concentration of polysomes in the brain of newborn than in the brain of adult mice, but there is no maturation-dependent decrease in tRNA content during postnatal development. The amino acid incorporating activity of cell-free systems with polysomes or mitochondria from newborn brain exceeds that of adult controls significantly in contrast to a smaller incorporating rate of labelled amino acids into synaptosomal protein. Addition of polysomes isolated from newborn brain increases the amino acid incorporation by cell-free systems with adult brain tRNA and enzymes, whereas the polysomes from adult brain decrease the incorporating activity of newborn brain systems. The loading capacity of newborn brain tRNA exceeds that of the adult controls and the velocities of its aminoacylation are four times faster. Uncharged as well as precharged newborn brain tRNA increases the amino acid incorporating activity of tRNA-dependent cell-free systems with adult brain polysomes and enzymes. In contrast to polysomes and tRNA, the newborn brain enzymes involved in protein synthesis seem to be less active in cell-free amino acid incorporation than the enzyme fractions from adult brain. These data indicate that the different protein synthesizing activity in developing and adult mouse brain is the result not only of higher amino acid incorporating activities of the newborn polysomes, but also of a stimulated acceptance and transfer function of the newborn brain tRNA.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis during postnatal maturation of mouse brain. On a DNA basis, there is higher concentration of polysomes in the brain of newborn than in the brain of adult mice, but there is no maturation-dependent decrease in tRNA content during postnatal development. The amino acid incorporating activity of cell-free systems with polysomes or mitochondria from newborn brain exceeds that of adult controls significantly in contrast to a smaller incorporating rate of labelled amino acids into synaptosomal protein. Addition of polysomes isolated from newborn brain increases the amino acid incorporation by cell-free systems with adult brain tRNA and enzymes, whereas the polysomes from adult brain decrease the incorporating activity of newborn brain systems. The loading capacity of newborn brain tRNA exceeds that of the adult controls and the velocities of its aminoacylation are four times faster. Uncharged as well as precharged newborn brain tRNA increases the amino acid incorporating activity of tRNA-dependent cell-free systems with adult brain polysomes and enzymes. In contrast to polysomes and tRNA, the newborn brain enzymes involved in protein synthesis seem to be less active in cell-free amino acid incorporation than the enzyme fractions from adult brain. These data indicate that the different protein synthesizing activity in developing and adult mouse brain is the result not only of higher amino acid incorporating activities of the newborn polysomes, but also of a stimulated acceptance and transfer function of the newborn brain tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:256622", "title": "Immunization and health advice for international travelers.", "content": "Physicians are increasingly being called upon to advise travelers regarding health matters. Travel to virtually all parts of the world can be medically safe, given a modest investment of effort to provide appropriate immunizations and education of travelers regarding precautionary steps regarding food, drink and other matters. Instruction regarding the self administration of a few simple drugs is reasonalbe for most patients anticipating prolonged travel in tropical areas.", "contents": "Immunization and health advice for international travelers. Physicians are increasingly being called upon to advise travelers regarding health matters. Travel to virtually all parts of the world can be medically safe, given a modest investment of effort to provide appropriate immunizations and education of travelers regarding precautionary steps regarding food, drink and other matters. Instruction regarding the self administration of a few simple drugs is reasonalbe for most patients anticipating prolonged travel in tropical areas."}
{"id": "PMID:256623", "title": "Use of antibiotics in the outpatient setting.", "content": "Antibiotics with small but definable mortality, such as chloramphenicol, should not be used when safer drugs will suffice. Antibiotics with a low (1 to 5 per cent) morbidity should not be used when safer drugs are available. Therefore, cleocin, minocycline, or oral erythromycin estolate should rarely be used and regular erythromycin base is almost always preferable. Fever should not be treated with antibiotics since they are not antipyretics. \"Colds\" should not be treated with antibiotics, but antibiotics should be administered to patients with a history of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and recurrent otitis as soon as any symptoms begin. Intramuscular antibiotics should not be given except for benzathine penicillin. Use placebos instead of antibiotics when the patient's psyche demands an intramuscular injection. Make certain that the needle, syringe, and solution are sterile. Agents other than penicillin or cephalosporins should be used in patients with a definite history of penicillin allergy. Combination antibiotics or broad spectrum antibiotics like cephelosporins or tetracyclines should not be used when narrow spectrum antibiotics of known efficacy are available for specific syndromes such as streptococcal pharyngitis.", "contents": "Use of antibiotics in the outpatient setting. Antibiotics with small but definable mortality, such as chloramphenicol, should not be used when safer drugs will suffice. Antibiotics with a low (1 to 5 per cent) morbidity should not be used when safer drugs are available. Therefore, cleocin, minocycline, or oral erythromycin estolate should rarely be used and regular erythromycin base is almost always preferable. Fever should not be treated with antibiotics since they are not antipyretics. \"Colds\" should not be treated with antibiotics, but antibiotics should be administered to patients with a history of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and recurrent otitis as soon as any symptoms begin. Intramuscular antibiotics should not be given except for benzathine penicillin. Use placebos instead of antibiotics when the patient's psyche demands an intramuscular injection. Make certain that the needle, syringe, and solution are sterile. Agents other than penicillin or cephalosporins should be used in patients with a definite history of penicillin allergy. Combination antibiotics or broad spectrum antibiotics like cephelosporins or tetracyclines should not be used when narrow spectrum antibiotics of known efficacy are available for specific syndromes such as streptococcal pharyngitis."}
{"id": "PMID:256626", "title": "Parasympathetic degeneration secretion of saliva in rats.", "content": "In rats under chloralose anaethesia saliva was found to flow from the submandibular and parotid glands previously subjected to (partial) postganglionic parasympathetic denervation. Secretion started in the submandibular glands 8.8-11.8 hours, and in the parotid glands 14.0-12.6 hours after the denervation and lasted about 7 hours in both glands. It was not abolished by sympatholytic drugs but by atropine. It is regarded as an example of the \"degeneration activity\" described in many organs and species and provides a method for prolonged stimulation of salivary glands in rats.", "contents": "Parasympathetic degeneration secretion of saliva in rats. In rats under chloralose anaethesia saliva was found to flow from the submandibular and parotid glands previously subjected to (partial) postganglionic parasympathetic denervation. Secretion started in the submandibular glands 8.8-11.8 hours, and in the parotid glands 14.0-12.6 hours after the denervation and lasted about 7 hours in both glands. It was not abolished by sympatholytic drugs but by atropine. It is regarded as an example of the \"degeneration activity\" described in many organs and species and provides a method for prolonged stimulation of salivary glands in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:256627", "title": "Daily changes in the curved crown-rump length of individual sheep fetuses during the last 60 days of pregnancy and effects of different levels of maternal nutrition.", "content": "A method is described by which daily changes in the curved crown-rump length (CRL) of individual sheep fetuses were observed during the last 50 to 60 days of pregnancy. The mean discrepancy between the derived value for CRL and the CRL measured directly in eight fetuses aged between 100 and 135 days and in 12 lambs born at 143 to 150 days was 1.5 +/- 0.2 per cent (mean +/- s.e.). In adequately nourished ewes between 100 and 115 days of gestation growth rate showed a between-fetus range of 4.2 to 7.5 mm.day-1 (n=16), remained constant within each fetus until about 132 days and then decreased by about 27 per cent (n=4). Decreases in growth rate of about 30 to 44 per cent occurred within three days of the introduction of maternal undernutrition at 115 or 120 days of gestation (n=6) and in two other fetuses maternal undernutrition effected an almost complete cessation of growth. The relationship between fetal CRL and weight is described and some physiological implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Daily changes in the curved crown-rump length of individual sheep fetuses during the last 60 days of pregnancy and effects of different levels of maternal nutrition. A method is described by which daily changes in the curved crown-rump length (CRL) of individual sheep fetuses were observed during the last 50 to 60 days of pregnancy. The mean discrepancy between the derived value for CRL and the CRL measured directly in eight fetuses aged between 100 and 135 days and in 12 lambs born at 143 to 150 days was 1.5 +/- 0.2 per cent (mean +/- s.e.). In adequately nourished ewes between 100 and 115 days of gestation growth rate showed a between-fetus range of 4.2 to 7.5 mm.day-1 (n=16), remained constant within each fetus until about 132 days and then decreased by about 27 per cent (n=4). Decreases in growth rate of about 30 to 44 per cent occurred within three days of the introduction of maternal undernutrition at 115 or 120 days of gestation (n=6) and in two other fetuses maternal undernutrition effected an almost complete cessation of growth. The relationship between fetal CRL and weight is described and some physiological implications of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:256628", "title": "The relation between structure and function of bile ducts in man, some laboratory animals and the Adelie penguin.", "content": "The biliary trees of man, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, guinea pig and penguin were examined in histological sections and by latex casts. The trees of man, dog, and cat were similar with only minor differences. Tubulo-alveolar glands were present in all three species around large intrahepatic ducts and in large portal tracts there were zones of ductules (areas with many small bile ducts), surrounded by small vessels with no apparent relation to hepatocytes. Both these features were present in the guinea pig and tubulo-alveolar glands were present in the penguin liver. The biliary epithelium of the rat was comparatively simple but that of the rabbit appeared to be highly specialized. An estimation of the complexity of the biliary tree was obtained in the mammals by comparing the circumference of small portal venous branches with the circumference of the accompanying bile ducts, and obtaining a ratio. Man, dog, and cat had fewer and smaller bile ducts than the other species. The literature on the rate of formation and composition of bile in the species studied here was reviewed and it appears that the physiology of bile secretion can be related to the morphology of the biliary tree.", "contents": "The relation between structure and function of bile ducts in man, some laboratory animals and the Adelie penguin. The biliary trees of man, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, guinea pig and penguin were examined in histological sections and by latex casts. The trees of man, dog, and cat were similar with only minor differences. Tubulo-alveolar glands were present in all three species around large intrahepatic ducts and in large portal tracts there were zones of ductules (areas with many small bile ducts), surrounded by small vessels with no apparent relation to hepatocytes. Both these features were present in the guinea pig and tubulo-alveolar glands were present in the penguin liver. The biliary epithelium of the rat was comparatively simple but that of the rabbit appeared to be highly specialized. An estimation of the complexity of the biliary tree was obtained in the mammals by comparing the circumference of small portal venous branches with the circumference of the accompanying bile ducts, and obtaining a ratio. Man, dog, and cat had fewer and smaller bile ducts than the other species. The literature on the rate of formation and composition of bile in the species studied here was reviewed and it appears that the physiology of bile secretion can be related to the morphology of the biliary tree."}
{"id": "PMID:256629", "title": "Oxygen consumptions and potassium contents of slices of rat renal cortex.", "content": "An oxygen electrode respirometer for determining the oxygen consumption of slices of mammalian renal cortex is described and assessed. Though rat renal cortical slices incubated in potassium-free medium for one hour lost 102 +/- 14 mmol of potassium/kg dry weight, there was only a small, nonsignificant fall in oxygen consumption. In contrast the oxygen consumption of slices incubated in potassium-free medium with 10 mmol.1-1 ouabain was markedly reduced (by 32 +/- 6%), while such slices lost 180 +/- 15 mmol of potassium/kg dry weight. These disproportionate effects on potassium loss and inhibition of oxygen consumption suggest that in renal cortical slices the loss of potassium in low potassium medium is not primarily due to inhibition of the conventional sodium pump.", "contents": "Oxygen consumptions and potassium contents of slices of rat renal cortex. An oxygen electrode respirometer for determining the oxygen consumption of slices of mammalian renal cortex is described and assessed. Though rat renal cortical slices incubated in potassium-free medium for one hour lost 102 +/- 14 mmol of potassium/kg dry weight, there was only a small, nonsignificant fall in oxygen consumption. In contrast the oxygen consumption of slices incubated in potassium-free medium with 10 mmol.1-1 ouabain was markedly reduced (by 32 +/- 6%), while such slices lost 180 +/- 15 mmol of potassium/kg dry weight. These disproportionate effects on potassium loss and inhibition of oxygen consumption suggest that in renal cortical slices the loss of potassium in low potassium medium is not primarily due to inhibition of the conventional sodium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:256630", "title": "Water and electrolyte excretion during the oestrous cycle in sheep.", "content": "Electrolyte excretion was observed during 24 oestrous cycles in housed sheep, together with mixed salivary Na/K ratio during 10 additional cycles. 1. The sharp fall in food and fluid intake at oestrus accompanied a peak of sodium excretion which changed to peak retention 3 days later, both in faeces and urine. 2. Potassium excretion declined with food intake at oestrus but subsequently failed to recover to pre-oestrous levels dispite full recovery of dietary intake. 3. Curiously, water intake also recovered completely whereas urinary and faecal water retention continued; faecal loss actually exceeded renal excretion on these liberal water intakes. 4. Changes in salivary, urinary and faecal Na/K indicated an aldosterone peak neither during the luteal phase nor at oestrus but three days later. The data raise questions concerning the regulation of water and electrolyte balance within the normal cycle. They also provide a baseline for the investigation of renal effects of gonadal steroids. Possible roles for aldosterone, ADH and progesterone in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance are discussed, emphasising problems confronting species which have evolved with heavy obligatory potassium excretion but undependable supplies of sodium and water.", "contents": "Water and electrolyte excretion during the oestrous cycle in sheep. Electrolyte excretion was observed during 24 oestrous cycles in housed sheep, together with mixed salivary Na/K ratio during 10 additional cycles. 1. The sharp fall in food and fluid intake at oestrus accompanied a peak of sodium excretion which changed to peak retention 3 days later, both in faeces and urine. 2. Potassium excretion declined with food intake at oestrus but subsequently failed to recover to pre-oestrous levels dispite full recovery of dietary intake. 3. Curiously, water intake also recovered completely whereas urinary and faecal water retention continued; faecal loss actually exceeded renal excretion on these liberal water intakes. 4. Changes in salivary, urinary and faecal Na/K indicated an aldosterone peak neither during the luteal phase nor at oestrus but three days later. The data raise questions concerning the regulation of water and electrolyte balance within the normal cycle. They also provide a baseline for the investigation of renal effects of gonadal steroids. Possible roles for aldosterone, ADH and progesterone in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance are discussed, emphasising problems confronting species which have evolved with heavy obligatory potassium excretion but undependable supplies of sodium and water."}
{"id": "PMID:256631", "title": "Parotid salivary flow and composition during infusion of acetylcholine and atropine into the carotid artery of conscious sodium-replete sheep.", "content": "The rate of salivary flow and the concentrations of the major electrolytes in parotid saliva and arterial plasma of conscious sodium-replete sheep were measured during resting salivary secretion and when salivary flow was either increased by intracarotid infusion of acetylcholine at 10-30 nmol. min-1 for 20 min or reduced by intracarotid infusion of atropine at 14 nmol. min-1 for 50 min. During both treatments salivary phosphate concentration was always negatively correlated with salivary flow and salivary bicarbonate concentration was always positively correlated with flow. The chloride concentration of the saliva during the acetylcholine infusion experiments was positively correlated with salivary flow whereas when atropine was infused the chloride concentration was negatively correlated with flow. Acetylcholine infusion caused the potassium concentration of the saliva to increase significantly resulting in a marked increase in the total rate of loss of potassium in the saliva. The salivary potassium concentration fell significantly at the onset of the atropine infusion and then rose progressively so that the potassium concentration was elevated by the end of the infusion. In both treatments the concentrations of sodium and hydrion were negatively correlated with salivary flow rate. The maximum sodium concentration which occurred in the low-flow saliva of the atropine infusion was substantially higher than the concentration that would be achieved by equilibrium with the aqueous phase of arterial plasma. It was concluded that the negative correlation between salivary flow and sodium concentration occurred because the reabsorption of sodium from the saliva by the excurrent duct system was minimal in sodium-replete sheep which would have low levels of mineralocorticoids in the circulation. The inconsistency between this  study and previous reports presumably reflects differences in the criteria used to define the sodium status of the animals.", "contents": "Parotid salivary flow and composition during infusion of acetylcholine and atropine into the carotid artery of conscious sodium-replete sheep. The rate of salivary flow and the concentrations of the major electrolytes in parotid saliva and arterial plasma of conscious sodium-replete sheep were measured during resting salivary secretion and when salivary flow was either increased by intracarotid infusion of acetylcholine at 10-30 nmol. min-1 for 20 min or reduced by intracarotid infusion of atropine at 14 nmol. min-1 for 50 min. During both treatments salivary phosphate concentration was always negatively correlated with salivary flow and salivary bicarbonate concentration was always positively correlated with flow. The chloride concentration of the saliva during the acetylcholine infusion experiments was positively correlated with salivary flow whereas when atropine was infused the chloride concentration was negatively correlated with flow. Acetylcholine infusion caused the potassium concentration of the saliva to increase significantly resulting in a marked increase in the total rate of loss of potassium in the saliva. The salivary potassium concentration fell significantly at the onset of the atropine infusion and then rose progressively so that the potassium concentration was elevated by the end of the infusion. In both treatments the concentrations of sodium and hydrion were negatively correlated with salivary flow rate. The maximum sodium concentration which occurred in the low-flow saliva of the atropine infusion was substantially higher than the concentration that would be achieved by equilibrium with the aqueous phase of arterial plasma. It was concluded that the negative correlation between salivary flow and sodium concentration occurred because the reabsorption of sodium from the saliva by the excurrent duct system was minimal in sodium-replete sheep which would have low levels of mineralocorticoids in the circulation. The inconsistency between this  study and previous reports presumably reflects differences in the criteria used to define the sodium status of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:256682", "title": "[Effect of fasting on aminoacylation of tRNA from rabbit muscles].", "content": "The aminoacylation of tRNA from muscles was studied in the fasting rabbits. It is shown that under equal conditions of incubation the intensity of the process is higher in the fasting animals. It may be a result of an increase in the content or activity of leucil-tRNA-synthetase in muscles of the fasting rabbits, that is testified by the evidence on the level of aminoacylation in heterologous systems.", "contents": "[Effect of fasting on aminoacylation of tRNA from rabbit muscles]. The aminoacylation of tRNA from muscles was studied in the fasting rabbits. It is shown that under equal conditions of incubation the intensity of the process is higher in the fasting animals. It may be a result of an increase in the content or activity of leucil-tRNA-synthetase in muscles of the fasting rabbits, that is testified by the evidence on the level of aminoacylation in heterologous systems."}
{"id": "PMID:256748", "title": "The response of Staphylococcus aureus to benzylpenicillin.", "content": "The response to benzylpenicillin of 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in vitro using 3 techniques in parallel: continuous turbidimetric monitoring, continuous microscopic monitoring, and thin-section electron microscopy. Cultures of staphylococci were exposed to several concentrations of penicillin for various intervals of time before terminating the antibiotic activity with penicillinase. Bacterial lysis by penicillin was concentration-dependent and showed an optimal dosage effect which was very marked for one of the strains. The growth and division of cells continued for up to 1 h in the presence of penicillin. A variety of morphological responses was observed at each penicillin concentration. These changes ranged from complete bacterial lysis to apparently normal cells, and included several different types of aberrant morphological forms. On addition of penicillinase to cultures exposed to penicillin, there was a time interval before survivors began to divide. This period was increased by raising the concentration of penicillin or by increasing the period of exposure to penicillin. Bacteria resuming growth after surviving penicillin action exhibited markedly aberrant septation. Most of the survivors were found to originate from clumps of cocci rather than from individual cells or small groups.", "contents": "The response of Staphylococcus aureus to benzylpenicillin. The response to benzylpenicillin of 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in vitro using 3 techniques in parallel: continuous turbidimetric monitoring, continuous microscopic monitoring, and thin-section electron microscopy. Cultures of staphylococci were exposed to several concentrations of penicillin for various intervals of time before terminating the antibiotic activity with penicillinase. Bacterial lysis by penicillin was concentration-dependent and showed an optimal dosage effect which was very marked for one of the strains. The growth and division of cells continued for up to 1 h in the presence of penicillin. A variety of morphological responses was observed at each penicillin concentration. These changes ranged from complete bacterial lysis to apparently normal cells, and included several different types of aberrant morphological forms. On addition of penicillinase to cultures exposed to penicillin, there was a time interval before survivors began to divide. This period was increased by raising the concentration of penicillin or by increasing the period of exposure to penicillin. Bacteria resuming growth after surviving penicillin action exhibited markedly aberrant septation. Most of the survivors were found to originate from clumps of cocci rather than from individual cells or small groups."}
{"id": "PMID:256826", "title": "Animal models for human sexuality.", "content": "The value of animal models in biomedical research is firmly established, and many basic principles of human psychology have been explicated as the result of comparative studies. There is pressing need for non-human models in the behavioural sciences as represented by psychiatry, psychology and ethology; and such models should be constructed, provided their validity can be assured. Valid models cannot be based exclusively on similarity in the formal properties of behaviour. Commonality of descriptive terms as applied to different species does not guarantee identity of the concepts to which the terms apply. Model builders must evaluate interspecific similarities and differences in the causes, mediating mechanisms and functional outcomes of behaviour. The validity of interspecific generalization can never exceed the reliability of intraspecific analysis; and the latter is an indispensable antecedent of the former. Existing and potential models for homosexuality and other psychosexual characteristics of human beings are evaluated within the perspective provided by the foregoing generalizations.", "contents": "Animal models for human sexuality. The value of animal models in biomedical research is firmly established, and many basic principles of human psychology have been explicated as the result of comparative studies. There is pressing need for non-human models in the behavioural sciences as represented by psychiatry, psychology and ethology; and such models should be constructed, provided their validity can be assured. Valid models cannot be based exclusively on similarity in the formal properties of behaviour. Commonality of descriptive terms as applied to different species does not guarantee identity of the concepts to which the terms apply. Model builders must evaluate interspecific similarities and differences in the causes, mediating mechanisms and functional outcomes of behaviour. The validity of interspecific generalization can never exceed the reliability of intraspecific analysis; and the latter is an indispensable antecedent of the former. Existing and potential models for homosexuality and other psychosexual characteristics of human beings are evaluated within the perspective provided by the foregoing generalizations."}
{"id": "PMID:256827", "title": "Male homosexuality: perversion, deviation or variant?", "content": "Male homosexuality has complex determinants: biological, psychological, social, cultural and situational factors may be relevant, either inhibiting hetereosexuality or leading towards homosexuality. Environmental factors seem paramount, particularly significant early relationships, usually within the family. Especially implicated are the personalities and interaction of the parents, recent interest being especially in the father's role. Also relevant is the family as a complex social system and the modes of communication within it, both verbal and non-verbal. Social research and sociopolitical pressures have helped to liberalize attitudes to homosexually 'deviant' behaviour but have not added significantly to its understanding. Many factors are involved in determining whether homosexual men seek therapy and reach a particular therapist. These factors relate to the patient's and therapist's personalities; to different therapeutic philosophies and therapeutic goals; and to the formal and informal referral networks in society.", "contents": "Male homosexuality: perversion, deviation or variant? Male homosexuality has complex determinants: biological, psychological, social, cultural and situational factors may be relevant, either inhibiting hetereosexuality or leading towards homosexuality. Environmental factors seem paramount, particularly significant early relationships, usually within the family. Especially implicated are the personalities and interaction of the parents, recent interest being especially in the father's role. Also relevant is the family as a complex social system and the modes of communication within it, both verbal and non-verbal. Social research and sociopolitical pressures have helped to liberalize attitudes to homosexually 'deviant' behaviour but have not added significantly to its understanding. Many factors are involved in determining whether homosexual men seek therapy and reach a particular therapist. These factors relate to the patient's and therapist's personalities; to different therapeutic philosophies and therapeutic goals; and to the formal and informal referral networks in society."}
{"id": "PMID:256828", "title": "Transsexuality: some remarks based on clinical experience.", "content": "People with severe gender identity problems have always existed. Some hope to find a solution to their deep intrapersonal conflicts in a so-called sex transformation. The term 'transsexual' was coined by Cauldwell in 1949 and since then an unknown number of people all over the world, probably more biological men than women, have undergone a hormonal and surgical sex-transformation procedure. In this chapter we discuss the impossibility of real sex change from man to woman and vice versa. We briefly touch on two classical cases of sex transformation with some connection with Denmark: the Lili Elbe case of 1930 and the famous Chris Jorgensen case from the early fifties. We discuss the incidence of transsexuality and follow-up studies of patients, and give preliminary results from a Danish study of 110 people (81 men and 29 women) who during the past 25 years have applied for a sex-change operation. Of these, 56 individuals (42 men and 14 women) have had such operations. These are minimum figures since some transsexuals are known to have had operations in other countries but have not contacted Danish hospitals or health personnel.", "contents": "Transsexuality: some remarks based on clinical experience. People with severe gender identity problems have always existed. Some hope to find a solution to their deep intrapersonal conflicts in a so-called sex transformation. The term 'transsexual' was coined by Cauldwell in 1949 and since then an unknown number of people all over the world, probably more biological men than women, have undergone a hormonal and surgical sex-transformation procedure. In this chapter we discuss the impossibility of real sex change from man to woman and vice versa. We briefly touch on two classical cases of sex transformation with some connection with Denmark: the Lili Elbe case of 1930 and the famous Chris Jorgensen case from the early fifties. We discuss the incidence of transsexuality and follow-up studies of patients, and give preliminary results from a Danish study of 110 people (81 men and 29 women) who during the past 25 years have applied for a sex-change operation. Of these, 56 individuals (42 men and 14 women) have had such operations. These are minimum figures since some transsexuals are known to have had operations in other countries but have not contacted Danish hospitals or health personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:256829", "title": "The endocrine function of the human testis in regard to sexuality.", "content": "It is well known that the testes play a determining role in male sexuality. However, the exact interrelations between endocrine testicular function and sexual behaviour are not well understood. If these interrelations are to be investigated a number of factors influencing testicular function have to be considered: circadian and seasonal variations, age-related changes, body constitution, physical activity and drug interactions, as well as the influence of endocrine and non-endocrine diseases. The paper emphasizes the complexity of the field and warns against seeing correlations between single random plasma sex hormone determinations and sexual behaviour.", "contents": "The endocrine function of the human testis in regard to sexuality. It is well known that the testes play a determining role in male sexuality. However, the exact interrelations between endocrine testicular function and sexual behaviour are not well understood. If these interrelations are to be investigated a number of factors influencing testicular function have to be considered: circadian and seasonal variations, age-related changes, body constitution, physical activity and drug interactions, as well as the influence of endocrine and non-endocrine diseases. The paper emphasizes the complexity of the field and warns against seeing correlations between single random plasma sex hormone determinations and sexual behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:256833", "title": "Psychosexual development: an examination of the role of prenatal hormones.", "content": "Naturally occurring endocrine syndromes and the offspring from steroid-treated pregnancies are the major sources of evidence for a role of prenatal hormones in psychosexual development in man. Effects of prenatal androgens have been established for the sex-dimorphic behaviour clusters of energy expenditure (increased), parenting rehearsal (decreased), peer associations (shifted to male), and grooming-related behaviour (decreased); most of the information was obtained on the syndrome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in progestin-induced female hermaphroditism. Studies of children and adults exposed prenatally to exogenous oestrogens and/or progestagens suggest slight demasculinizing effects but cannot yet be considered conclusive. Gender identity is largely dependent on the sex of rearing; a direct role of prenatal hormones in its formation has not been shown. The evidence for the role of prenatal hormones in the development of sexual orientation is inconclusive.", "contents": "Psychosexual development: an examination of the role of prenatal hormones. Naturally occurring endocrine syndromes and the offspring from steroid-treated pregnancies are the major sources of evidence for a role of prenatal hormones in psychosexual development in man. Effects of prenatal androgens have been established for the sex-dimorphic behaviour clusters of energy expenditure (increased), parenting rehearsal (decreased), peer associations (shifted to male), and grooming-related behaviour (decreased); most of the information was obtained on the syndrome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in progestin-induced female hermaphroditism. Studies of children and adults exposed prenatally to exogenous oestrogens and/or progestagens suggest slight demasculinizing effects but cannot yet be considered conclusive. Gender identity is largely dependent on the sex of rearing; a direct role of prenatal hormones in its formation has not been shown. The evidence for the role of prenatal hormones in the development of sexual orientation is inconclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:256834", "title": "Basic sexual trends in the development of vertebrates.", "content": "The chain of events occurring during sexual development involves successive steps: genetic sex, gonadal sex and body sex. The latter comprises the genital tract, secondary sex characters and neural structures mediating sexual interest and appetite. Body sex obeys a hormonal control. In the absence of any hormone it develops in conformity with the homozygous sex type--feminine in mammals, masculine in birds, newts and one lizard studied so far. Similar differences have been observed for sex behaviour in some mammals and birds. It has been suggested that the sex of the gonads is determined by the presence (or absence) of the histocompatibility antigen produced by the sex chromosome of the heterozygous sex (Y or W). However, in newt or Xenopus graft chimaeras as well as in bovine freemartins, testicular dominance over presumptive ovaries is obvious whatever the mode of chromosomal control of sex. A unifying concept for sex differentiation in all vertebrates, accounting for the long series of recognized data, is still difficult to delineate.", "contents": "Basic sexual trends in the development of vertebrates. The chain of events occurring during sexual development involves successive steps: genetic sex, gonadal sex and body sex. The latter comprises the genital tract, secondary sex characters and neural structures mediating sexual interest and appetite. Body sex obeys a hormonal control. In the absence of any hormone it develops in conformity with the homozygous sex type--feminine in mammals, masculine in birds, newts and one lizard studied so far. Similar differences have been observed for sex behaviour in some mammals and birds. It has been suggested that the sex of the gonads is determined by the presence (or absence) of the histocompatibility antigen produced by the sex chromosome of the heterozygous sex (Y or W). However, in newt or Xenopus graft chimaeras as well as in bovine freemartins, testicular dominance over presumptive ovaries is obvious whatever the mode of chromosomal control of sex. A unifying concept for sex differentiation in all vertebrates, accounting for the long series of recognized data, is still difficult to delineate."}
{"id": "PMID:256830", "title": "Androgens and human sexual behaviour.", "content": "Androgens are generally believed to be necessary for normal sexual responsiveness in the human male and female. The evidence for this is limited and sometimes conflicting. This paper considers evidence from experiments in which exogenous androgens are given to people with impaired sexual response. Results from a study in which testosterone was given to unresponsive women are reported, together with the preliminary results of giving androstenedione to sexually unresponsive women taking oral contraceptives and giving testosterone undecanoate to hypogonadal males. In the first study, when testosterone was combined with counselling, significant effects were produced by the addition of testosterone. In the androstenedione study, where no counselling was given, beneficial effects of the androgen have been unusual. Examples of the evaluation of androgen replacement in hypogonodal males are also presented. Finally, some methodological problems of evaluating the effects of exogenous hormone in human sexual behaviour are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Androgens and human sexual behaviour. Androgens are generally believed to be necessary for normal sexual responsiveness in the human male and female. The evidence for this is limited and sometimes conflicting. This paper considers evidence from experiments in which exogenous androgens are given to people with impaired sexual response. Results from a study in which testosterone was given to unresponsive women are reported, together with the preliminary results of giving androstenedione to sexually unresponsive women taking oral contraceptives and giving testosterone undecanoate to hypogonadal males. In the first study, when testosterone was combined with counselling, significant effects were produced by the addition of testosterone. In the androstenedione study, where no counselling was given, beneficial effects of the androgen have been unusual. Examples of the evaluation of androgen replacement in hypogonodal males are also presented. Finally, some methodological problems of evaluating the effects of exogenous hormone in human sexual behaviour are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:256835", "title": "Sex-dimorphic behaviour development in the human: prenatal hormone administration and postnatal socialization.", "content": "An interdisciplinary integrative approach must be utilized in the study of psychosexual differentiation. The approach must capitalize on data derived from non-human models, from experiments of nature, and from experiments of nurture. Studies from non-human primates strongly suggest the influence of prenatal sex hormone levels on postnatal sexually dimorphic behaviours. Starting from this basis we have studied sixty young adult men whose mothers received, during pregnancy, diethylstilboestrol, diethylstilboestrol and natural progesterone, natural progesterone, or synthetic progesterone. They have been compared with matched controls not exposed in utero to exogenous hormones. Studies of socialization patterns must document the differential developmental experiences, if any, of children with atypical and typical sex-typed behaviours. To this end, we are studying 60 boys whose behaviour before puberty was decidedly feminine, and their parents, and contrasting them with masculine boys and their parents. We are also studying 50 girls whose behaviour before puberty was 'masculine', and contrasting them with 'feminine' girls. Additionally, we are studying the sexually dimorphic behaviour of children of sexually atypical parents. The parents have either undergone sex-change surgery (male-to-female or female-to-male) or are homosexual. Data from the three studies are presented. A call is made to researchers working with non-human primates to test and extend these findings.", "contents": "Sex-dimorphic behaviour development in the human: prenatal hormone administration and postnatal socialization. An interdisciplinary integrative approach must be utilized in the study of psychosexual differentiation. The approach must capitalize on data derived from non-human models, from experiments of nature, and from experiments of nurture. Studies from non-human primates strongly suggest the influence of prenatal sex hormone levels on postnatal sexually dimorphic behaviours. Starting from this basis we have studied sixty young adult men whose mothers received, during pregnancy, diethylstilboestrol, diethylstilboestrol and natural progesterone, natural progesterone, or synthetic progesterone. They have been compared with matched controls not exposed in utero to exogenous hormones. Studies of socialization patterns must document the differential developmental experiences, if any, of children with atypical and typical sex-typed behaviours. To this end, we are studying 60 boys whose behaviour before puberty was decidedly feminine, and their parents, and contrasting them with masculine boys and their parents. We are also studying 50 girls whose behaviour before puberty was 'masculine', and contrasting them with 'feminine' girls. Additionally, we are studying the sexually dimorphic behaviour of children of sexually atypical parents. The parents have either undergone sex-change surgery (male-to-female or female-to-male) or are homosexual. Data from the three studies are presented. A call is made to researchers working with non-human primates to test and extend these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:256836", "title": "Hormones and sexual differentiation of the brain.", "content": "Male rats castrated on the first day of life exhibited predominantly heterotypical (homosexual) behaviour after androgen substitution in adulthood. In addition, an increased evocability of a positive feedback effect of oestrogen was observed in such genetic males. In homosexual men, an increased evocability of a positive oestrogen feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was also found as compared to heterosexual men. These findings suggest that male homosexuality may be based, at least in part, on andogen deficiency during a critical period of brain differentiation. In addition, we have found significantly increased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH levels associated with decreased plasma free testosterone levels in homosexual men, but only in effeminate homosexuals. In view of these data, sexual deviations in the human may be based, at least in part, on discrepancies between the genetic sex and a sex-specific sex-hormone level during brain differentiation in prenatal life. Methods were therefore developed for determining genetic sex and sex-specific sex-hormone level during brain differentiation in prenatal life. Methods were therefore developed for determining genetic sex and sex-specific sex-hormone levels in amniotic fluid, in order to detect and possibly correct such discrepancies. Sex hormone-dependent brain differentiation may be mediated, at least in part, by neurotransmitters, which may be regarded as local hormones of the brain. Interestingly enough, we have found permanent abnormalities of mating and other non-mating behaviour associated with permanent structural and chemical alterations in discrete brain regions of rats after neonatal treatment with psychotropic drugs known to affect neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain. Therefore, changes in  neurotransmitter concentrations and/or turnover rates induced by psychosocial influences as well as by systemic hormones (particularly by sex hormones), when occurring during differentiation and maturation of the brain, may permanently affect sexual behaviour, sexual orientation and gender role behaviour throughout life.", "contents": "Hormones and sexual differentiation of the brain. Male rats castrated on the first day of life exhibited predominantly heterotypical (homosexual) behaviour after androgen substitution in adulthood. In addition, an increased evocability of a positive feedback effect of oestrogen was observed in such genetic males. In homosexual men, an increased evocability of a positive oestrogen feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was also found as compared to heterosexual men. These findings suggest that male homosexuality may be based, at least in part, on andogen deficiency during a critical period of brain differentiation. In addition, we have found significantly increased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH levels associated with decreased plasma free testosterone levels in homosexual men, but only in effeminate homosexuals. In view of these data, sexual deviations in the human may be based, at least in part, on discrepancies between the genetic sex and a sex-specific sex-hormone level during brain differentiation in prenatal life. Methods were therefore developed for determining genetic sex and sex-specific sex-hormone level during brain differentiation in prenatal life. Methods were therefore developed for determining genetic sex and sex-specific sex-hormone levels in amniotic fluid, in order to detect and possibly correct such discrepancies. Sex hormone-dependent brain differentiation may be mediated, at least in part, by neurotransmitters, which may be regarded as local hormones of the brain. Interestingly enough, we have found permanent abnormalities of mating and other non-mating behaviour associated with permanent structural and chemical alterations in discrete brain regions of rats after neonatal treatment with psychotropic drugs known to affect neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain. Therefore, changes in  neurotransmitter concentrations and/or turnover rates induced by psychosocial influences as well as by systemic hormones (particularly by sex hormones), when occurring during differentiation and maturation of the brain, may permanently affect sexual behaviour, sexual orientation and gender role behaviour throughout life."}
{"id": "PMID:256870", "title": "[The initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports about the initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy. A general view of the special literature about the aetiology, diagnosis and clinical forms of cerebral atrophy will be given. The initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy will be given. The initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy, their structure, the connections between them and their social consequences will be discussed. The difficulties of the use of a standard psychopathometrical trial including all the symptoms will be described. We think that the description of symptoms in each individual case is more precise than a collective description under a vague syndrom-labelling.", "contents": "[The initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy (author's transl)]. The paper reports about the initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy. A general view of the special literature about the aetiology, diagnosis and clinical forms of cerebral atrophy will be given. The initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy will be given. The initial symptoms of cerebral atrophy, their structure, the connections between them and their social consequences will be discussed. The difficulties of the use of a standard psychopathometrical trial including all the symptoms will be described. We think that the description of symptoms in each individual case is more precise than a collective description under a vague syndrom-labelling."}
{"id": "PMID:256871", "title": "[The carpal tunnel syndrome--clinical symptomatology and electrophysiological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first part of this study 17 patients with a clinically clear-cut carpal tunnel syndrome but with normal electrophysiological findings have been controlled after 1 to 3 years. In 12 of these patients an other cause of the complaints could be found. In 2 patients no definite diagnosis could be made and in 3 the previous diagnosis was considered to be corrected. Control electromyography was pathological in 2 of them and 1 patient was symptom-free after the operation. In the second part 133 hands with clinical symptoms of a carpal tunnel syndrome were examined clinically and electrophysiologically. In the group of patients with pathological electrophysiological findings there were significantly more objective signs than in those with normal EMG findings. In 13 of these patients which could be followed an other diagnosis could be made. It was not possible to establish a clinical index for the carpal tunnel syndorme. For a definite diagnosis, positive clinical and electrophysiological findings are required.", "contents": "[The carpal tunnel syndrome--clinical symptomatology and electrophysiological findings (author's transl)]. In the first part of this study 17 patients with a clinically clear-cut carpal tunnel syndrome but with normal electrophysiological findings have been controlled after 1 to 3 years. In 12 of these patients an other cause of the complaints could be found. In 2 patients no definite diagnosis could be made and in 3 the previous diagnosis was considered to be corrected. Control electromyography was pathological in 2 of them and 1 patient was symptom-free after the operation. In the second part 133 hands with clinical symptoms of a carpal tunnel syndrome were examined clinically and electrophysiologically. In the group of patients with pathological electrophysiological findings there were significantly more objective signs than in those with normal EMG findings. In 13 of these patients which could be followed an other diagnosis could be made. It was not possible to establish a clinical index for the carpal tunnel syndorme. For a definite diagnosis, positive clinical and electrophysiological findings are required."}
{"id": "PMID:256872", "title": "[On the temperature sensitivity of multiple sclerosis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Aggravation of neurological symptoms in MS patients in heating is well known. This phenomenon is explained by the change of conduction in demyelinated nerve fibers. In raised temperature conduction block occurs. The threshold of conduction block dependent on temperature, is probably proportional to the degree of demyelination. It is possible to inhibit this effect by tyrosin. This model may present a view to a part of neurophysiological mechanisms of MS, on which we possibly can take therapeutical influence. By way of a questionnaire 125 MS patients were asked about changes of their symptoms in heating or cooling. 93% had marked sensitivity to heating. In 90% worsening of neurological symptoms or of general feeling occured in a hot bath. On the other hand about half the patients reported improvement in a cold bath. Therefore we suggest, that a noticeable part of neurological deficit is reversible, if we were able to raise the threshold of conduction block, which depends on temperature, ph, electrolytes and neurotransmitters.", "contents": "[On the temperature sensitivity of multiple sclerosis patients (author's transl)]. Aggravation of neurological symptoms in MS patients in heating is well known. This phenomenon is explained by the change of conduction in demyelinated nerve fibers. In raised temperature conduction block occurs. The threshold of conduction block dependent on temperature, is probably proportional to the degree of demyelination. It is possible to inhibit this effect by tyrosin. This model may present a view to a part of neurophysiological mechanisms of MS, on which we possibly can take therapeutical influence. By way of a questionnaire 125 MS patients were asked about changes of their symptoms in heating or cooling. 93% had marked sensitivity to heating. In 90% worsening of neurological symptoms or of general feeling occured in a hot bath. On the other hand about half the patients reported improvement in a cold bath. Therefore we suggest, that a noticeable part of neurological deficit is reversible, if we were able to raise the threshold of conduction block, which depends on temperature, ph, electrolytes and neurotransmitters."}
{"id": "PMID:256873", "title": "[Quantitative measurement of muscle tone in patients with Parkinsonism before and during therapy with madopar (author's transl)].", "content": "Muscle tone at rest and during passive movement was measured in 13 patients with Parkinsonism before and during Madopar therapy. We used the method of kommutative therapy with additional therapy. Data were obtained by myointegration using surface electrodes on the musc. biceps brachii. As already communicated earlier for measurements during passive movements, we could now also state a significant decrease of rigidity at rest during therapy with Madopar. The rigidity improved by 77,5% after an average duration of treatment of 6,25 months and by 84,8% after 25,7 months. There was a proportional dependence between the degree of rigidity at rest and rigidity during passive movements before therapy. Beyond that the decrease for both types of rigidity was approximately similar during therapy. Furthermore possible pathophysiological sources and correlations of alterations of muscle tone in man are discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative measurement of muscle tone in patients with Parkinsonism before and during therapy with madopar (author's transl)]. Muscle tone at rest and during passive movement was measured in 13 patients with Parkinsonism before and during Madopar therapy. We used the method of kommutative therapy with additional therapy. Data were obtained by myointegration using surface electrodes on the musc. biceps brachii. As already communicated earlier for measurements during passive movements, we could now also state a significant decrease of rigidity at rest during therapy with Madopar. The rigidity improved by 77,5% after an average duration of treatment of 6,25 months and by 84,8% after 25,7 months. There was a proportional dependence between the degree of rigidity at rest and rigidity during passive movements before therapy. Beyond that the decrease for both types of rigidity was approximately similar during therapy. Furthermore possible pathophysiological sources and correlations of alterations of muscle tone in man are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:256875", "title": "[On relapsing paraneoplastic cerebral embolism. Case report and survey of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The disease of a 34-year-old patient with relapsing cerebral embolisms, endocarditis, thrombophlebitis and hypercoagulopathy had the characteristics of paraneoplastic syndromes described and discussed in literature. Autopsy yielded a clinically unrecognised, dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the bronchial system. At an early stage of the disease cerebral embolisms had produced severe cerebral neurological signs with varying manifestations. This influenced not only the clinical picture and course of the disease to a considerable extent, but also focussed diagnostic attention on these signs to such a degree that the possibility of a masked carcinoma did not seem to suggest itself. The assumption of paraneoplastic linkups is supported by experimental and postmortem examinations on metabolic and immunological remote action of tumours on cardiac valves and on the vascular and coagulation system. However, the exact pathogenetic details are still largely unknown.", "contents": "[On relapsing paraneoplastic cerebral embolism. Case report and survey of literature (author's transl)]. The disease of a 34-year-old patient with relapsing cerebral embolisms, endocarditis, thrombophlebitis and hypercoagulopathy had the characteristics of paraneoplastic syndromes described and discussed in literature. Autopsy yielded a clinically unrecognised, dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the bronchial system. At an early stage of the disease cerebral embolisms had produced severe cerebral neurological signs with varying manifestations. This influenced not only the clinical picture and course of the disease to a considerable extent, but also focussed diagnostic attention on these signs to such a degree that the possibility of a masked carcinoma did not seem to suggest itself. The assumption of paraneoplastic linkups is supported by experimental and postmortem examinations on metabolic and immunological remote action of tumours on cardiac valves and on the vascular and coagulation system. However, the exact pathogenetic details are still largely unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:256941", "title": "The use of [14C]eukaryotic initiation factor 2 to measure the endogenous pool size of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in rabbit reticulocyte lysate.", "content": "[14C]Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), obtained by reductive methylation of the purified initiation factor, was shown to be active in the unfractionated reticulocyte lysate. This allowed a direct measurement of the endogenous pool size of eIF-2 in rabbit reticulocyte lysate according to the principle of isotope dilution. A value of 20 to 30 pmol/ml of lysate was obtained. Although translational inhibition resulting from hemin deficiency appears to be characterized by a change from catalytic to stoichiometric utilization of eIF-2, the pool size of eIF-2 is too small to account for the normal period of protein synthesis before the onset of translation inhibition. This suggests, therefore, that additional events to eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation may be required for translational inhibition.", "contents": "The use of [14C]eukaryotic initiation factor 2 to measure the endogenous pool size of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. [14C]Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), obtained by reductive methylation of the purified initiation factor, was shown to be active in the unfractionated reticulocyte lysate. This allowed a direct measurement of the endogenous pool size of eIF-2 in rabbit reticulocyte lysate according to the principle of isotope dilution. A value of 20 to 30 pmol/ml of lysate was obtained. Although translational inhibition resulting from hemin deficiency appears to be characterized by a change from catalytic to stoichiometric utilization of eIF-2, the pool size of eIF-2 is too small to account for the normal period of protein synthesis before the onset of translation inhibition. This suggests, therefore, that additional events to eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation may be required for translational inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:256942", "title": "Personality correlates in a sample of male nurses in the British Royal Air Force.", "content": "This descriptive study provides data relevant to two currently popular views of the male nursing image. Firstly, that male nurses tend to prefer the more technological or administrative aspects of nursing and secondly, that they exhibit to an unusually high degree what are commonly thought of as being amongst the more feminine personality traits. The sample consisted of 91 male RAF nurses working in RAF hospitals, and was of predominantly English nationality. Of the 39 SRNs in the sample 65.8% preferred general nursing to the more technical areas such as intensive care, operating theatre, orthopaedic and renal. The preference for general nursing was even greater, 76.1%, amongst the 30 SENs surveyed. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and a Level of Aspiration Test (LOA) were used to obtain measures of the personality traits of the sample. The scores obtained showed that the male RAF nurses were significantly less psychotic than male civilian nurses, male civilians or serviceman of similar age. They were also significantly less extraverted than servicemen as a whole and significantly more stable than the male civilian norm. A comparison of SRNs with SENs revealed only two significant differences. The SRNs were significantly less extraverted and had a significantly higher level of adpiration than the SENs.", "contents": "Personality correlates in a sample of male nurses in the British Royal Air Force. This descriptive study provides data relevant to two currently popular views of the male nursing image. Firstly, that male nurses tend to prefer the more technological or administrative aspects of nursing and secondly, that they exhibit to an unusually high degree what are commonly thought of as being amongst the more feminine personality traits. The sample consisted of 91 male RAF nurses working in RAF hospitals, and was of predominantly English nationality. Of the 39 SRNs in the sample 65.8% preferred general nursing to the more technical areas such as intensive care, operating theatre, orthopaedic and renal. The preference for general nursing was even greater, 76.1%, amongst the 30 SENs surveyed. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and a Level of Aspiration Test (LOA) were used to obtain measures of the personality traits of the sample. The scores obtained showed that the male RAF nurses were significantly less psychotic than male civilian nurses, male civilians or serviceman of similar age. They were also significantly less extraverted than servicemen as a whole and significantly more stable than the male civilian norm. A comparison of SRNs with SENs revealed only two significant differences. The SRNs were significantly less extraverted and had a significantly higher level of adpiration than the SENs."}
{"id": "PMID:256943", "title": "Theory of nursing: creating effective care.", "content": "Aspects are identified which are to be considered when attempting to identify those activities we wish to call nursing. Using conceptual analysis by means borderline and model cases, an exposition of the nature of nursing is reached, The process of theory building, the function of theories and their application to what has been identified as the sphere of nursing are explained. The relationship of 'micro theory' and 'paradigmatic theory' are described. The application of theory to nursing education are linked by the use of Peters' (1966) criteria for education. A model attempts to demonstrate the relationships pointed out in the text.", "contents": "Theory of nursing: creating effective care. Aspects are identified which are to be considered when attempting to identify those activities we wish to call nursing. Using conceptual analysis by means borderline and model cases, an exposition of the nature of nursing is reached, The process of theory building, the function of theories and their application to what has been identified as the sphere of nursing are explained. The relationship of 'micro theory' and 'paradigmatic theory' are described. The application of theory to nursing education are linked by the use of Peters' (1966) criteria for education. A model attempts to demonstrate the relationships pointed out in the text."}
{"id": "PMID:256944", "title": "Perspectives and problems on quality of nursing care: an overview of contributions from North America and recent developments in Europe.", "content": "The author focuses on the quality of nursing care and discusses the major problems inherent in control of the quality of nursing care. The concept of quality is analysed and the approaches of health care professionals to the concept are discussed. An overview of the American contribution to the relevant research is presented together with ongoing deveopments in Europe.", "contents": "Perspectives and problems on quality of nursing care: an overview of contributions from North America and recent developments in Europe. The author focuses on the quality of nursing care and discusses the major problems inherent in control of the quality of nursing care. The concept of quality is analysed and the approaches of health care professionals to the concept are discussed. An overview of the American contribution to the relevant research is presented together with ongoing deveopments in Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:256945", "title": "Nursing: the European Economic Community dimension.", "content": "The author traces the history and discusses the implications of the EEC Nursing Directives, put into the perspective of the nursing histories of the nine countries within the European Economic Community. She focuses, in particular, on the strengths of the nursing profession in the United Kingdom and argues that the Nursing Directives can lead to enhancement of nursing services and nursing education, better cooperation between health care professions and a stronger voice for the nursing profession, throughout the EEC.", "contents": "Nursing: the European Economic Community dimension. The author traces the history and discusses the implications of the EEC Nursing Directives, put into the perspective of the nursing histories of the nine countries within the European Economic Community. She focuses, in particular, on the strengths of the nursing profession in the United Kingdom and argues that the Nursing Directives can lead to enhancement of nursing services and nursing education, better cooperation between health care professions and a stronger voice for the nursing profession, throughout the EEC."}
{"id": "PMID:256946", "title": "Nurses' perception of their psychological role in treating rehabilitation patients: a study employing the critical incident technique.", "content": "This study presents the theoretical literature on the psychological role of nurses. The nurses' perception of their psychological role is empirically obtained, employing the critical incident technique. General aims and objectives of pschological care of physically ill patients are formulated and are found to generally support the theoretical literature. Nurses were clearly found to perceive their psychological role as covering a very broad spectrum, the ultimate of which was the ability to anticipate and meet the emotional needs of the patient. The importance of implementing the application of social science concepts and methods to nursing is discussed.", "contents": "Nurses' perception of their psychological role in treating rehabilitation patients: a study employing the critical incident technique. This study presents the theoretical literature on the psychological role of nurses. The nurses' perception of their psychological role is empirically obtained, employing the critical incident technique. General aims and objectives of pschological care of physically ill patients are formulated and are found to generally support the theoretical literature. Nurses were clearly found to perceive their psychological role as covering a very broad spectrum, the ultimate of which was the ability to anticipate and meet the emotional needs of the patient. The importance of implementing the application of social science concepts and methods to nursing is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:256947", "title": "The relevance of a philosophical perspective on education.", "content": "The relevance of philosophy to education is discussed from three aspects. The first concerns the nature of philosophy; the second concerns the nature of education; and the third concerns the nature of the curriculum. These aspects are then followed by an example from the practice of education. The paper ends by outlining some criticisms and conclusions about the relevance of philosophy to education.", "contents": "The relevance of a philosophical perspective on education. The relevance of philosophy to education is discussed from three aspects. The first concerns the nature of philosophy; the second concerns the nature of education; and the third concerns the nature of the curriculum. These aspects are then followed by an example from the practice of education. The paper ends by outlining some criticisms and conclusions about the relevance of philosophy to education."}
{"id": "PMID:256948", "title": "The functions of the nurse in an integrated national health service.", "content": "The British National Health Service was reorganized in 1974 when the hospital services and the community health services, previously administered separately, were brought together into one organization: the Area Health Authority. The reorganization was a culmination of developments triggered off as long ago as 1589 when the first Poor Law Act was passed, but more particularly, the reorganization was the natural outcome of a number of important government and professional nursing reports published during the past 30 years. From 1974 the community and hospital nursing services have, therefore, been amalgamated under the direction of one head of the nursing services: a district (or area) nursing officer, who, together with medical, administrative and financial colleagues, manages the health services on a day-to-day basis in a team managing by consensus. The nurse's role in the management teams is both executive and professional: the nurse's unique contribution is that he/she brings a nursing perspective to management. The new nursing service organization has provided new opportunities for reorientating middle nurse managers to a clinical role. It has also provided opportunities for innovating integrated teams of community and hospital nurses and for developing specialist nursing roles. Nurses are also now able to make other additional contributions to health care by their involvement in health care planning team activities and by their membership of the statutory area and regional nursing and midwifery advisory committees. But, on the whole, changes and influence on health care have been brought about chiefly by changes in the managerial structure of British nursing, which is a perspective of the British nursing profession that seems to have been all pervasive since Florence Nightingale's reforms and which is perpetuated by the powerfully socializing agent of British nurse training. As health care and nursing service organizations should be means towards the end of good patient care, it may be timely to focus on the suggestion of autonomous nurse practitioners supported by a separately organized administrative structure.", "contents": "The functions of the nurse in an integrated national health service. The British National Health Service was reorganized in 1974 when the hospital services and the community health services, previously administered separately, were brought together into one organization: the Area Health Authority. The reorganization was a culmination of developments triggered off as long ago as 1589 when the first Poor Law Act was passed, but more particularly, the reorganization was the natural outcome of a number of important government and professional nursing reports published during the past 30 years. From 1974 the community and hospital nursing services have, therefore, been amalgamated under the direction of one head of the nursing services: a district (or area) nursing officer, who, together with medical, administrative and financial colleagues, manages the health services on a day-to-day basis in a team managing by consensus. The nurse's role in the management teams is both executive and professional: the nurse's unique contribution is that he/she brings a nursing perspective to management. The new nursing service organization has provided new opportunities for reorientating middle nurse managers to a clinical role. It has also provided opportunities for innovating integrated teams of community and hospital nurses and for developing specialist nursing roles. Nurses are also now able to make other additional contributions to health care by their involvement in health care planning team activities and by their membership of the statutory area and regional nursing and midwifery advisory committees. But, on the whole, changes and influence on health care have been brought about chiefly by changes in the managerial structure of British nursing, which is a perspective of the British nursing profession that seems to have been all pervasive since Florence Nightingale's reforms and which is perpetuated by the powerfully socializing agent of British nurse training. As health care and nursing service organizations should be means towards the end of good patient care, it may be timely to focus on the suggestion of autonomous nurse practitioners supported by a separately organized administrative structure."}
{"id": "PMID:257020", "title": "An EM radiation safety controller.", "content": "A safety control system has been developed for use in high power RF/microwave radiation exposure facilities. The system features Fail-Safe RF detectors, visible \"RF ON\" indicators, door-status sensors and digital logic to maintain safe operating conditions in spite of human errors or unsafe equipment malfunctions.", "contents": "An EM radiation safety controller. A safety control system has been developed for use in high power RF/microwave radiation exposure facilities. The system features Fail-Safe RF detectors, visible \"RF ON\" indicators, door-status sensors and digital logic to maintain safe operating conditions in spite of human errors or unsafe equipment malfunctions."}
{"id": "PMID:257202", "title": "Research in resource allocation in a prepaid group practice.", "content": "Much that has been written about the concept, operation, and performance of HMOs--their use of resources compared with other health service systems--masks the real differences among HMOs themselves. Investigation of autonomous units within a unified HMO program shows a surprising diversity. Analytic formulations drawn from long-term and large-scale research fail to account for variations in staffing, budgeting, rate setting, and expansion when applied to institutional research. Judgment of intangibles remains a key aspect of most major decisions.", "contents": "Research in resource allocation in a prepaid group practice. Much that has been written about the concept, operation, and performance of HMOs--their use of resources compared with other health service systems--masks the real differences among HMOs themselves. Investigation of autonomous units within a unified HMO program shows a surprising diversity. Analytic formulations drawn from long-term and large-scale research fail to account for variations in staffing, budgeting, rate setting, and expansion when applied to institutional research. Judgment of intangibles remains a key aspect of most major decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:257399", "title": "Comparison of primiparas' perceptions of vaginal and cesarean births.", "content": "Twenty primiparous mothers who had cesarean births were compared with 30 primiparous mothers who had vaginal deliveries to determine differences in their perceptions of the birth experience. The effect of general versus regional anesthesia on the satisfaction level of the cesarean mothers was also investigated. All subjects were between 20 and 32 years of age, were interviewed within 48 hours postpartum, and completed a 29-item questionnaire that measures maternal perceptions about the labor and delivery experience. Satisfaction with the birth experience was significantly lower among cesarean mothers and among those who had general anesthesia. The cesarean group displayed greater hesitancy in naming their infants and tended to view their deliveries as abnormal and having social stigma. The presence of a support person in the operating room for a cesarean birth seemed to lessen anxiety among these mothers. These findings suggest that a cesarean birth has a negative impact on the mother's perceptions of her labor and delivery experience. There is a need for further study of factors that can enhance this experience for families.", "contents": "Comparison of primiparas' perceptions of vaginal and cesarean births. Twenty primiparous mothers who had cesarean births were compared with 30 primiparous mothers who had vaginal deliveries to determine differences in their perceptions of the birth experience. The effect of general versus regional anesthesia on the satisfaction level of the cesarean mothers was also investigated. All subjects were between 20 and 32 years of age, were interviewed within 48 hours postpartum, and completed a 29-item questionnaire that measures maternal perceptions about the labor and delivery experience. Satisfaction with the birth experience was significantly lower among cesarean mothers and among those who had general anesthesia. The cesarean group displayed greater hesitancy in naming their infants and tended to view their deliveries as abnormal and having social stigma. The presence of a support person in the operating room for a cesarean birth seemed to lessen anxiety among these mothers. These findings suggest that a cesarean birth has a negative impact on the mother's perceptions of her labor and delivery experience. There is a need for further study of factors that can enhance this experience for families."}
{"id": "PMID:257402", "title": "Attitudes of psychiatric nurses toward same sex orientations.", "content": "This descriptive survey attempted to discern attitudes of a sample of 67 psychiatric nurses toward lesbianism. The sample included nurses employed at two midwestern psychiatric facilities and students beginning the masters program in psychiatric nursing at a midwestern university. Two questionnaires were administered: MacDonald's Attitude toward Homosexuality Scale--Female (ATHS--F) and the TAW Attitude toward Lesbianism Scenario. Scores on the ATHS--F range from 28 to 252, reflecting increasingly negative attitudes toward lesbianism; scores for this sample ranged from 28 to 232. Demographic variables which showed relationships to ATHS--F scores were type of education (p = .058), religious preference (p = .002), and level of religious devotion (p = .001). The TAW scenario proved more efficacious in determining affective components of attitudes than behavioral aspects.", "contents": "Attitudes of psychiatric nurses toward same sex orientations. This descriptive survey attempted to discern attitudes of a sample of 67 psychiatric nurses toward lesbianism. The sample included nurses employed at two midwestern psychiatric facilities and students beginning the masters program in psychiatric nursing at a midwestern university. Two questionnaires were administered: MacDonald's Attitude toward Homosexuality Scale--Female (ATHS--F) and the TAW Attitude toward Lesbianism Scenario. Scores on the ATHS--F range from 28 to 252, reflecting increasingly negative attitudes toward lesbianism; scores for this sample ranged from 28 to 232. Demographic variables which showed relationships to ATHS--F scores were type of education (p = .058), religious preference (p = .002), and level of religious devotion (p = .001). The TAW scenario proved more efficacious in determining affective components of attitudes than behavioral aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:257400", "title": "Prenatal nipple conditioning for breastfeeding.", "content": "Twenty-two primigravida women who planned to breastfeed began conditioning their nipples six weeks before their expected delivery date by nipple rolling twice a day for two minutes each time; providing gentle friction against the nipple with a terry cloth towel for 15 seconds once a day; and nipple airing for two hours a day, allowing outer clothing to rub against the nipple. Each woman served as her own control, conditioning one nipple but not the other. No nipple ointments or soap were used on either nipple during the course of the study. Each woman was given instructions on breastfeeding techniques to be used after delivery. The women completed two checklists: One revealed how consistently they followed the nipple-conditioning regime; with the other, they rated nipple pain on each breast, for every nursing, during the first five days postdelivery. Ratings were: 1--negligible pain or no pain, 2--definite pain, 3--extreme pain. Seventeen women successfully completed the study. Effect of skin color on the amount of nipple pain was also investigated. The prenatal nipple-conditioning regime significantly reduced the amount of total nipple pain experienced during the first few days of breastfeeding. The amount of extreme pain experienced on the conditioned nipple was significantly (p less than .01) reduced compared to the control nipple. Fair-skinned women reported more nipple soreness on unconditioned nipples, and olive-complected women reported significantly (p less than .01) less nipple soreness on unconditioned nipples.", "contents": "Prenatal nipple conditioning for breastfeeding. Twenty-two primigravida women who planned to breastfeed began conditioning their nipples six weeks before their expected delivery date by nipple rolling twice a day for two minutes each time; providing gentle friction against the nipple with a terry cloth towel for 15 seconds once a day; and nipple airing for two hours a day, allowing outer clothing to rub against the nipple. Each woman served as her own control, conditioning one nipple but not the other. No nipple ointments or soap were used on either nipple during the course of the study. Each woman was given instructions on breastfeeding techniques to be used after delivery. The women completed two checklists: One revealed how consistently they followed the nipple-conditioning regime; with the other, they rated nipple pain on each breast, for every nursing, during the first five days postdelivery. Ratings were: 1--negligible pain or no pain, 2--definite pain, 3--extreme pain. Seventeen women successfully completed the study. Effect of skin color on the amount of nipple pain was also investigated. The prenatal nipple-conditioning regime significantly reduced the amount of total nipple pain experienced during the first few days of breastfeeding. The amount of extreme pain experienced on the conditioned nipple was significantly (p less than .01) reduced compared to the control nipple. Fair-skinned women reported more nipple soreness on unconditioned nipples, and olive-complected women reported significantly (p less than .01) less nipple soreness on unconditioned nipples."}
{"id": "PMID:257401", "title": "Rape: the process of recovery.", "content": "Based on tape-recorded interviews with 11 rape victims, the victims' reports of rape, rape sequelae, and disruptions of the social system were analyzed. Victims who articulated their feelings were able to cope with fears, interact with others, and return to normal routines faster than those who did not discuss their feelings.", "contents": "Rape: the process of recovery. Based on tape-recorded interviews with 11 rape victims, the victims' reports of rape, rape sequelae, and disruptions of the social system were analyzed. Victims who articulated their feelings were able to cope with fears, interact with others, and return to normal routines faster than those who did not discuss their feelings."}
{"id": "PMID:257406", "title": "Nursing staff attitudes toward the geriatric nurse practitioner student.", "content": "This study investigated nursing staff attitudes toward the geriatric nurse practitioner as an agent of change in a long-term care facility, based on two University of Miami GNP students' practicum in a county nursing home. Nursing personnel were surveyed before and after the practicum to measure their acceptance of the GNP. While nursing staff initially held a wait-and-see attitude, posttest ratings were favorable. Recommendations for improving quality of care in the setting were made by student participants, and a six-month follow-up revealed that a number of changes had been implemented.", "contents": "Nursing staff attitudes toward the geriatric nurse practitioner student. This study investigated nursing staff attitudes toward the geriatric nurse practitioner as an agent of change in a long-term care facility, based on two University of Miami GNP students' practicum in a county nursing home. Nursing personnel were surveyed before and after the practicum to measure their acceptance of the GNP. While nursing staff initially held a wait-and-see attitude, posttest ratings were favorable. Recommendations for improving quality of care in the setting were made by student participants, and a six-month follow-up revealed that a number of changes had been implemented."}
{"id": "PMID:257405", "title": "Measures of transactional analysis ego states for nurses.", "content": "Factor analysis of 432 registered nurses' responses to three measures of the transactional analysis ego states of parent, adult, and child were run in order to develop shorter scales tailored to nurses. The analysis resulted in four 10-item scales labeled parent, adult, adapted child, and natural child. Reliability coefficients ranged from .79 to .85. Interscale correlations ranged from -.20 to .18. Means, standard deviations, and percentile scores were presented for each scale. Implications for nursing research are discussed.", "contents": "Measures of transactional analysis ego states for nurses. Factor analysis of 432 registered nurses' responses to three measures of the transactional analysis ego states of parent, adult, and child were run in order to develop shorter scales tailored to nurses. The analysis resulted in four 10-item scales labeled parent, adult, adapted child, and natural child. Reliability coefficients ranged from .79 to .85. Interscale correlations ranged from -.20 to .18. Means, standard deviations, and percentile scores were presented for each scale. Implications for nursing research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:257407", "title": "Concerns of final semester baccalaureate nursing students.", "content": "At 10 taped group meetings data pertaining to concerns of 19 final semester baccalaureate nursing students were collected. When data were categorized according to task-, self-, or client-related concerns, an important finding was the low frequency of client-related concerns. Recommendations and suggestions for further research were made.", "contents": "Concerns of final semester baccalaureate nursing students. At 10 taped group meetings data pertaining to concerns of 19 final semester baccalaureate nursing students were collected. When data were categorized according to task-, self-, or client-related concerns, an important finding was the low frequency of client-related concerns. Recommendations and suggestions for further research were made."}
{"id": "PMID:257408", "title": "Blocked- and integrated-content baccalaureate nursing programs: a comparative study.", "content": "This study evaluated the differences between blocked- and integrated-content baccalaureate nursing programs related to faculty satisfaction, senior students' critical thinking ability, and students' state board examination performance. Faculty satisfaction had 10 factor scores--7 directly teacher-related factors and 3 indirectly teacher-related factors. Analysis of 85 faculty members by a one-dimensional, nested multivariate analysis of variance design revealed that faculty satisfaction was not a function of the type of content program. Analysis of 104 senior students by a one-dimensional, nested univariate analysis of variance design revealed no significant difference in critical-thinking ability between the two types of content programs. When 230 students' SBE scores were subjected to a one-dimensional, nested multivariate analysis of variance, blocked-content program students scored significantly higher than integrated-content program students. Recommendations for further study are made.", "contents": "Blocked- and integrated-content baccalaureate nursing programs: a comparative study. This study evaluated the differences between blocked- and integrated-content baccalaureate nursing programs related to faculty satisfaction, senior students' critical thinking ability, and students' state board examination performance. Faculty satisfaction had 10 factor scores--7 directly teacher-related factors and 3 indirectly teacher-related factors. Analysis of 85 faculty members by a one-dimensional, nested multivariate analysis of variance design revealed that faculty satisfaction was not a function of the type of content program. Analysis of 104 senior students by a one-dimensional, nested univariate analysis of variance design revealed no significant difference in critical-thinking ability between the two types of content programs. When 230 students' SBE scores were subjected to a one-dimensional, nested multivariate analysis of variance, blocked-content program students scored significantly higher than integrated-content program students. Recommendations for further study are made."}
{"id": "PMID:257409", "title": "Insider-out: the health worker as researcher.", "content": "This article discusses two dimensions related to the insider-outsider dilemma in conducting anthropological research in the health setting. One dimension concerns advantages of the insider's special knowledge in selecting and conducting successful research in a health institution. The other dimension deals with the ambiguity and confusion of roles attributed by staff to the investigator who may be seen as practitioner as well as social scientist. The patient may also see the researcher as performing dual, and possibly conflicting, roles. The advantage gained in the first dimension may be negated, to some extent, by the disadvantages associated with the second.", "contents": "Insider-out: the health worker as researcher. This article discusses two dimensions related to the insider-outsider dilemma in conducting anthropological research in the health setting. One dimension concerns advantages of the insider's special knowledge in selecting and conducting successful research in a health institution. The other dimension deals with the ambiguity and confusion of roles attributed by staff to the investigator who may be seen as practitioner as well as social scientist. The patient may also see the researcher as performing dual, and possibly conflicting, roles. The advantage gained in the first dimension may be negated, to some extent, by the disadvantages associated with the second."}
{"id": "PMID:258111", "title": "Significance of methicillin tolerance in experimental staphylococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Methicillin-tolerant staphylococci are organisms that are inhibited by low concentrations of the drug but are resistant to its bactericidal effects. The clinical significance of this in vitro phenomenon is unknown. An experimental model of staphylococcal endocarditis in rabbits was used to determine whether methicillin-tolerant staphylococci are particularly difficult to eradicate from infected heart valves. In vitro sensitivity testing was used to identify a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits prepared by the insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left ventricle and injected with a tolerant strain survived significantly longer than those injected with a nontolerant strain. No significant differences were demonstrated in the prevention of endocarditis with a single prophylactic dose of methicillin, or in the treatment of established endocardial infection with multiple doses of methicillin. In this study, methicillin had the same activity against experimental endocarditis caused by a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of S. aureus.", "contents": "Significance of methicillin tolerance in experimental staphylococcal endocarditis. Methicillin-tolerant staphylococci are organisms that are inhibited by low concentrations of the drug but are resistant to its bactericidal effects. The clinical significance of this in vitro phenomenon is unknown. An experimental model of staphylococcal endocarditis in rabbits was used to determine whether methicillin-tolerant staphylococci are particularly difficult to eradicate from infected heart valves. In vitro sensitivity testing was used to identify a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits prepared by the insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left ventricle and injected with a tolerant strain survived significantly longer than those injected with a nontolerant strain. No significant differences were demonstrated in the prevention of endocarditis with a single prophylactic dose of methicillin, or in the treatment of established endocardial infection with multiple doses of methicillin. In this study, methicillin had the same activity against experimental endocarditis caused by a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:258112", "title": "Comparative susceptibility of Haemophilus species to cefaclor, cefamandole, and five other cephalosporins and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentration of cefaclor, cephalexin, cephradine, cefamandole, cephalothin, cephapirin, cefazolin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline for inhibition of 198 freshly isolated clinical strains of Haemophilus species (23 H. influenzae type b, 157 H. influenzae non-type b, 14 H. parainfluenzae, and 4 H. aphrophilus) was determined simultaneously by a slightly modified WHO-ICS agar dilution method. Nine strains were resistant to ampicillin. There was no correlation between ampicillin resistance and minimal inhibitory concentration of other antibiotics. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and all except five were susceptible to tetracycline. Cefaclor was the most active oral cephalosporin, and cefamandole was the most active parenteral cephalosporin. Among the seven cephalosporins tested, cefamandole was the most effective compound. All but two strains were inhibited by cefamandole at 2 mug or less per ml.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility of Haemophilus species to cefaclor, cefamandole, and five other cephalosporins and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. The minimal inhibitory concentration of cefaclor, cephalexin, cephradine, cefamandole, cephalothin, cephapirin, cefazolin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline for inhibition of 198 freshly isolated clinical strains of Haemophilus species (23 H. influenzae type b, 157 H. influenzae non-type b, 14 H. parainfluenzae, and 4 H. aphrophilus) was determined simultaneously by a slightly modified WHO-ICS agar dilution method. Nine strains were resistant to ampicillin. There was no correlation between ampicillin resistance and minimal inhibitory concentration of other antibiotics. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and all except five were susceptible to tetracycline. Cefaclor was the most active oral cephalosporin, and cefamandole was the most active parenteral cephalosporin. Among the seven cephalosporins tested, cefamandole was the most effective compound. All but two strains were inhibited by cefamandole at 2 mug or less per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:258151", "title": "Energy cost of proofreading to increase fidelity of transfer ribonucleic acid aminoacylation.", "content": "The paradox of relatively error free function in biological systems composed of relatively error prone components has recently come under intensive investigation. In the case of tRNA aminoacylation, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were discovered to have a separate function that allows misacylated molecules to be hydrolyzed more rapidly than correctly acylated molecules. This additional function of the synthetases provides a proofreading or verification mechanism that is believed to improve significantly the overall accuracy of tRNA aminoacylation. In this paper we provide an explicit relationship between the accuracy achieved by proofreading and the energy cost. Experimental data available in the literature are examined in light of this relationship. The following are the principal conclusions from our study: (1) high-accuracy proofreading of tRNA aminoacylation has a high energy cost, as much as 100 times greater than indications from early experimental work; (2) the minimum net error derived in previous theoretical studies is never actually reached; (3) mechanisms in which misacylation and subsequent proofreading occur on the surface of the same synthetase molecule achieve a much higher accuracy than mechanisms in which these functions occur on the surface of different synthetase molecules.", "contents": "Energy cost of proofreading to increase fidelity of transfer ribonucleic acid aminoacylation. The paradox of relatively error free function in biological systems composed of relatively error prone components has recently come under intensive investigation. In the case of tRNA aminoacylation, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were discovered to have a separate function that allows misacylated molecules to be hydrolyzed more rapidly than correctly acylated molecules. This additional function of the synthetases provides a proofreading or verification mechanism that is believed to improve significantly the overall accuracy of tRNA aminoacylation. In this paper we provide an explicit relationship between the accuracy achieved by proofreading and the energy cost. Experimental data available in the literature are examined in light of this relationship. The following are the principal conclusions from our study: (1) high-accuracy proofreading of tRNA aminoacylation has a high energy cost, as much as 100 times greater than indications from early experimental work; (2) the minimum net error derived in previous theoretical studies is never actually reached; (3) mechanisms in which misacylation and subsequent proofreading occur on the surface of the same synthetase molecule achieve a much higher accuracy than mechanisms in which these functions occur on the surface of different synthetase molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:258159", "title": "Mechanisms of protection against the damage produced in biological systems by oxygen-derived radicals.", "content": "This paper will concentrate on the damage to liver endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane fractions that results from exposure to O2- derived radicals and lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum can be produced in various ways involving electron flow out of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 electron-transport chain; analogous reactions occur also in liver plasma membrane suspensions. The subsequent damaging reactions of oxygen-derived radicals and of lipid peroxidation on biological components can be attenuated by various free-radical scavengers and a survey of more than 50 such scavengers in four different systems involving lipid peroxidation has been made. The conditions required for such scavenging reactions to be effective will be outlined, and the difficulties inherent in using such scavengers in vivo will be discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of protection against the damage produced in biological systems by oxygen-derived radicals. This paper will concentrate on the damage to liver endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane fractions that results from exposure to O2- derived radicals and lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum can be produced in various ways involving electron flow out of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 electron-transport chain; analogous reactions occur also in liver plasma membrane suspensions. The subsequent damaging reactions of oxygen-derived radicals and of lipid peroxidation on biological components can be attenuated by various free-radical scavengers and a survey of more than 50 such scavengers in four different systems involving lipid peroxidation has been made. The conditions required for such scavenging reactions to be effective will be outlined, and the difficulties inherent in using such scavengers in vivo will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:258160", "title": "Lipid peroxidation: detection in vivo and in vitro through the formation of saturated hydrocarbon gases.", "content": "Saturated, short-chain hydrocarbon gases (ethane, propane, etc.--but not methane) are evolved during the spontaneous lipid peroxidation of mouse tissue slices or homogenates. A relatively-selective increase in either ethane or pentane was observed when either linolenic acid or linoleic acid, respectively, was added to tissue homogenates. When mice were challenged by injection of carbon tetrachloride or cumene hydroperoxide (two agents that induce a lipid peroxidative attack on liver), they exhaled ethane. The gas chromatographic detection and monitoring of hydrocarbon gases can serve as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo.", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation: detection in vivo and in vitro through the formation of saturated hydrocarbon gases. Saturated, short-chain hydrocarbon gases (ethane, propane, etc.--but not methane) are evolved during the spontaneous lipid peroxidation of mouse tissue slices or homogenates. A relatively-selective increase in either ethane or pentane was observed when either linolenic acid or linoleic acid, respectively, was added to tissue homogenates. When mice were challenged by injection of carbon tetrachloride or cumene hydroperoxide (two agents that induce a lipid peroxidative attack on liver), they exhaled ethane. The gas chromatographic detection and monitoring of hydrocarbon gases can serve as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:258161", "title": "Hydroxyl radicals and biological damage in vitro: what relevance in vivo?", "content": "Hydroxyl radicals have been implicated in various forms of tissue injury ranging from radiation-induced cell death to alloxan-induced diabetes in animals. Although hydroxyl radicals can be readily generated in vitro, for example by the action of radiation or from the reaction of ferrous (FeII) ions with peroxides, they have not been observed directly in vivo. Their involvement in tissue damage has generally only been inferred from studies with so-called selective radical scavengers. In this paper the validity of such inferences will be briefly discussed in the light of current knowledge about the mechanisms and rates of reactions of hydroxyl radicals with biological compounds.", "contents": "Hydroxyl radicals and biological damage in vitro: what relevance in vivo? Hydroxyl radicals have been implicated in various forms of tissue injury ranging from radiation-induced cell death to alloxan-induced diabetes in animals. Although hydroxyl radicals can be readily generated in vitro, for example by the action of radiation or from the reaction of ferrous (FeII) ions with peroxides, they have not been observed directly in vivo. Their involvement in tissue damage has generally only been inferred from studies with so-called selective radical scavengers. In this paper the validity of such inferences will be briefly discussed in the light of current knowledge about the mechanisms and rates of reactions of hydroxyl radicals with biological compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:258162", "title": "Specific induction of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (molecular weight about 42,000) has been purified from rabbit intestines and contains one mole of protohaem IX as the sole prosthetic group. It catalyses the oxidative cleavage of the pyrrole ring of various indoleamines with a much broader specificity of substrate than tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for superoxide anion for catalytic activity. The enzyme was induced specifically in the lungs of mice for 24 h after administration of the lipopolysaccharide fraction of E. coli. This  increase is due to synthesis of enzyme protein and is specific for the lipopolysaccharide fraction. These results are interpreted to mean that indoleamine dioxygenase is induced in pulmonary inflammatory processes in response to an increase in production of superoxide anion, 5-hydroxytryptamine or other indoleamines in the lung as a consequence of inflammation. The dioxygenase reaction is a more innocuous way of disposing of superoxide than dismutation.", "contents": "Specific induction of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (molecular weight about 42,000) has been purified from rabbit intestines and contains one mole of protohaem IX as the sole prosthetic group. It catalyses the oxidative cleavage of the pyrrole ring of various indoleamines with a much broader specificity of substrate than tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for superoxide anion for catalytic activity. The enzyme was induced specifically in the lungs of mice for 24 h after administration of the lipopolysaccharide fraction of E. coli. This  increase is due to synthesis of enzyme protein and is specific for the lipopolysaccharide fraction. These results are interpreted to mean that indoleamine dioxygenase is induced in pulmonary inflammatory processes in response to an increase in production of superoxide anion, 5-hydroxytryptamine or other indoleamines in the lung as a consequence of inflammation. The dioxygenase reaction is a more innocuous way of disposing of superoxide than dismutation."}
{"id": "PMID:258163", "title": "The pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects of ozone.", "content": "The toxicity of ozone is solely due to its action as an oxidant. It is an extremely reactive gas which rapidly forms intermediate oxidizing derivatives after inhalation. High concentrations cause death from pulmonary oedema. Both pulmonary and extrapulmonary toxicity have been observed at lower concentrations of ozone, including those currently present in urban air. Pulmonary cellular and subcellular membranes appear to be particularly susceptible. A primary mechanism of this effect is the oxidative decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which has been demonstrated in rodent lungs after inhalation of ozone. Supporting evidence includes the potentiation of ozone toxicity by vitamin E deficiency and an increased use of this antioxidant vitamin during repetitive exposure to ozone. Other membrane effects include oxidation of thiol groups and, perhaps, of tryptophan. Microsomal alterations include a loss of lung cytochrome P450 which may also be related to lipid peroxidation. Extrapulmonary toxicity is not directly due to ozone but may represent in effect due to lipid peroxide decomposition products, particularly malonaldehyde. This three-carbon dialdehyde has been shown to alter cell membrane fluidity and to have mutagenic properties; the latter perhaps due to cross-linkage of DNA to histone.", "contents": "The pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects of ozone. The toxicity of ozone is solely due to its action as an oxidant. It is an extremely reactive gas which rapidly forms intermediate oxidizing derivatives after inhalation. High concentrations cause death from pulmonary oedema. Both pulmonary and extrapulmonary toxicity have been observed at lower concentrations of ozone, including those currently present in urban air. Pulmonary cellular and subcellular membranes appear to be particularly susceptible. A primary mechanism of this effect is the oxidative decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which has been demonstrated in rodent lungs after inhalation of ozone. Supporting evidence includes the potentiation of ozone toxicity by vitamin E deficiency and an increased use of this antioxidant vitamin during repetitive exposure to ozone. Other membrane effects include oxidation of thiol groups and, perhaps, of tryptophan. Microsomal alterations include a loss of lung cytochrome P450 which may also be related to lipid peroxidation. Extrapulmonary toxicity is not directly due to ozone but may represent in effect due to lipid peroxide decomposition products, particularly malonaldehyde. This three-carbon dialdehyde has been shown to alter cell membrane fluidity and to have mutagenic properties; the latter perhaps due to cross-linkage of DNA to histone."}
{"id": "PMID:258165", "title": "Interactions between iron metabolism and oxygen activation.", "content": "On account of its easy access in aqueous solution to the two states ferrous (FeII) and ferric (FeIII), iron is ideally suited for the activation of molecular oxygen. It is, therefore, logical to seek links between the normal and pathological metabolism of iron and oxygen activation. The pathways of intracellular iron metabolism require changes in the oxidation state of iron both in its deposition in the storage form, ferritin, and in its mobilization from the storage form and use in the cell. Evidence is presented which shows that iron oxidation and deposition in ferritin involves activation of molecular oxygen with formation of a stable peroxo-complex as an intermediate in which the oxygen is bound between two iron atoms attached to adjacent polypeptide chains. The release of iron from ferritin is thought to involve reduction by a flavin, which is associated with the protein, and serves as a cofactor being alternately reduced by NADH or NADPH and oxidized by iron(III). The nature of the low-molecular-weight iron complex which serves to transfer storage iron to transferrin and to supply iron for intracellular use remains to be established. The consequence of excessive iron overload can be rationalized on the basis of oxidative free-radical reactions which provoke lesions typical of deregulated oxygen activation. In some cases these pathological defects can be reversed by iron chelators. Progress in the development of chelation therapy for iron overload are reviewed.", "contents": "Interactions between iron metabolism and oxygen activation. On account of its easy access in aqueous solution to the two states ferrous (FeII) and ferric (FeIII), iron is ideally suited for the activation of molecular oxygen. It is, therefore, logical to seek links between the normal and pathological metabolism of iron and oxygen activation. The pathways of intracellular iron metabolism require changes in the oxidation state of iron both in its deposition in the storage form, ferritin, and in its mobilization from the storage form and use in the cell. Evidence is presented which shows that iron oxidation and deposition in ferritin involves activation of molecular oxygen with formation of a stable peroxo-complex as an intermediate in which the oxygen is bound between two iron atoms attached to adjacent polypeptide chains. The release of iron from ferritin is thought to involve reduction by a flavin, which is associated with the protein, and serves as a cofactor being alternately reduced by NADH or NADPH and oxidized by iron(III). The nature of the low-molecular-weight iron complex which serves to transfer storage iron to transferrin and to supply iron for intracellular use remains to be established. The consequence of excessive iron overload can be rationalized on the basis of oxidative free-radical reactions which provoke lesions typical of deregulated oxygen activation. In some cases these pathological defects can be reversed by iron chelators. Progress in the development of chelation therapy for iron overload are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:258166", "title": "Human haemoglobin genetics.", "content": "The genes which direct the structure of human fetal and adult haemoglobin consist of a linked pair of alpha-chain loci on chromosome 16 and the G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta loci complex on chromosome 11. The delta-and beta-chain genes contain inserts similar to those of the mouse and rabbit globin genes. The structure of the various messenger RNAs transcribed from these loci is now worked out although the function of the non-coding regions is not known. The abnormal haemoglobin disorders and thalassaemias result from a variety of lesions at these loci which include single base substitutions, deletions of one or more bases or entire loci, insertions, frame-shifts, fusion genes caused by abnormal crossing over, chain termination mutations and ill-defined defects which lead to a reduced rate of transcription or abnormal structure of messenger RNA. Some progress has been made towards an understanding of the cellular mechanisms whereby the haemoglobin polymorphisms have been maintained. Very little is known about the regulatory mechanisms involved in the switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin production, although it is likely that certain specific areas of the gamma-delta-beta gene complex are involved in its control.", "contents": "Human haemoglobin genetics. The genes which direct the structure of human fetal and adult haemoglobin consist of a linked pair of alpha-chain loci on chromosome 16 and the G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta loci complex on chromosome 11. The delta-and beta-chain genes contain inserts similar to those of the mouse and rabbit globin genes. The structure of the various messenger RNAs transcribed from these loci is now worked out although the function of the non-coding regions is not known. The abnormal haemoglobin disorders and thalassaemias result from a variety of lesions at these loci which include single base substitutions, deletions of one or more bases or entire loci, insertions, frame-shifts, fusion genes caused by abnormal crossing over, chain termination mutations and ill-defined defects which lead to a reduced rate of transcription or abnormal structure of messenger RNA. Some progress has been made towards an understanding of the cellular mechanisms whereby the haemoglobin polymorphisms have been maintained. Very little is known about the regulatory mechanisms involved in the switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin production, although it is likely that certain specific areas of the gamma-delta-beta gene complex are involved in its control."}
{"id": "PMID:258168", "title": "The genetics of the complement system.", "content": "It is suggested that the classical and alternative pathways of C3 activation and the terminal complement reaction pathway represent three replicates formed by gene duplication. It seems likely that the precursor system was what is now the alternative pathway and that its original function was a positive feedback loop for amplifying inflammatory reactions. These views are supported by physicochemical data on the complement components; by genetic data; and by similarities in the reaction patterns. Study of subjects with isolated complement component deficiencies provides information on the function of complement in vivo. It has been found that complement component deficiency is associated with bacterial infection, particularly with Neisseria; and even more so with immune complex disease. This second, rather surprising, association is likely to be the result of a requirement for complement in the catabolism of immune complexes on the one hand, and the need for an intact complement system to eliminate low virulence infectious organisms on the other.", "contents": "The genetics of the complement system. It is suggested that the classical and alternative pathways of C3 activation and the terminal complement reaction pathway represent three replicates formed by gene duplication. It seems likely that the precursor system was what is now the alternative pathway and that its original function was a positive feedback loop for amplifying inflammatory reactions. These views are supported by physicochemical data on the complement components; by genetic data; and by similarities in the reaction patterns. Study of subjects with isolated complement component deficiencies provides information on the function of complement in vivo. It has been found that complement component deficiency is associated with bacterial infection, particularly with Neisseria; and even more so with immune complex disease. This second, rather surprising, association is likely to be the result of a requirement for complement in the catabolism of immune complexes on the one hand, and the need for an intact complement system to eliminate low virulence infectious organisms on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:258170", "title": "Monoclonal antibodies and cell surface antigens.", "content": "Antibody chains are encoded in three gene clusters containing genes for the variable and constant regions. V and C genes are separated in germ line and during differentiation a rearrangement takes place. But even after this rearrangement the V and C coding sequences are not contiguous. A final splicing must take place in committed cells between the transcription of a discontinuous V-and C-region DNA and the expression of a continuous mRNA coding for an antibody chain. Analysis by cell fusion indicates that the splicing is cis. When two antibody-producing cell lines are fused, the resulting hybrids express the two antibodies that characterize the parental lines. Permanent cell lines producing antibody of predefined specificity have now been derived in this way. Spleen cells from hyperimmunized donors are fused with myeloma cells and a proportion of the hybrids that are established synthesize and secrete antibodies directed against the immunogen. The heterogeneous cell population can be cloned and propagated. This is a potent way of producing monospecific antibodies to complex antigens such as cell membranes and transplantation antigens. Monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to rat cell-surface membranes have proved very valuable for characterizing and separating rat lymphocyte subpopulations. In more recent experiments, monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to mouse and human cell-surface antigens have also been produced which permit the characterization of the hitherto undescribed differentiation antigens.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibodies and cell surface antigens. Antibody chains are encoded in three gene clusters containing genes for the variable and constant regions. V and C genes are separated in germ line and during differentiation a rearrangement takes place. But even after this rearrangement the V and C coding sequences are not contiguous. A final splicing must take place in committed cells between the transcription of a discontinuous V-and C-region DNA and the expression of a continuous mRNA coding for an antibody chain. Analysis by cell fusion indicates that the splicing is cis. When two antibody-producing cell lines are fused, the resulting hybrids express the two antibodies that characterize the parental lines. Permanent cell lines producing antibody of predefined specificity have now been derived in this way. Spleen cells from hyperimmunized donors are fused with myeloma cells and a proportion of the hybrids that are established synthesize and secrete antibodies directed against the immunogen. The heterogeneous cell population can be cloned and propagated. This is a potent way of producing monospecific antibodies to complex antigens such as cell membranes and transplantation antigens. Monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to rat cell-surface membranes have proved very valuable for characterizing and separating rat lymphocyte subpopulations. In more recent experiments, monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to mouse and human cell-surface antigens have also been produced which permit the characterization of the hitherto undescribed differentiation antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:258171", "title": "Human gene mapping and cancer biology.", "content": "The topics covered in this paper include: (i) a somatic cell genetics approach for measuring the individual variability in the susceptibility to DNA damage/repair at the level of specific chromosomal sites; (ii) a rationale for a selective chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy of chromosomally unbalanced tumours; and (iii) studies on complementation for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in roden-human hybrids. Preliminary studies indicate that the 'radiation co-transfer method' for gene mapping can be simplified and used in screening for differences in individual susceptibility to radiation induced chromosomal damage. The second topic is dealt with only speculatively, with the explicit aim of emphasizing a practical application in clinical medicine which may potentially derive from the admittedly esoteric activity of gene mappers. The third topic summarizes a somatic cell genetic approach to the study of SCE in mammalian cells. The high rate of SCE observed in an established rodent cell line can be fully suppressed after hybridization with SCE-normal human cells. However, this suppression can be fully removed after extensive loss of the human chromosome complement. Correspondingly, the high SCE rate of Bloom syndrome cells is fully corrected after hybridization with a Chinese hamster line, though the chromosomes of the latter parental cells continue to exhibit in the hybrid cells the moderately high rate of SCE which is typical of this animal line. These complementation experiments indicate that more than one lesion can upset the normal chromatid replication of mammalian cells and lead to high SCE. The experimental studies described promise to be of significant help for studies on the biology of SCE in general and offer a suitable way of screening for possible genetical heterogeneity among different Bloom syndrome patients.", "contents": "Human gene mapping and cancer biology. The topics covered in this paper include: (i) a somatic cell genetics approach for measuring the individual variability in the susceptibility to DNA damage/repair at the level of specific chromosomal sites; (ii) a rationale for a selective chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy of chromosomally unbalanced tumours; and (iii) studies on complementation for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in roden-human hybrids. Preliminary studies indicate that the 'radiation co-transfer method' for gene mapping can be simplified and used in screening for differences in individual susceptibility to radiation induced chromosomal damage. The second topic is dealt with only speculatively, with the explicit aim of emphasizing a practical application in clinical medicine which may potentially derive from the admittedly esoteric activity of gene mappers. The third topic summarizes a somatic cell genetic approach to the study of SCE in mammalian cells. The high rate of SCE observed in an established rodent cell line can be fully suppressed after hybridization with SCE-normal human cells. However, this suppression can be fully removed after extensive loss of the human chromosome complement. Correspondingly, the high SCE rate of Bloom syndrome cells is fully corrected after hybridization with a Chinese hamster line, though the chromosomes of the latter parental cells continue to exhibit in the hybrid cells the moderately high rate of SCE which is typical of this animal line. These complementation experiments indicate that more than one lesion can upset the normal chromatid replication of mammalian cells and lead to high SCE. The experimental studies described promise to be of significant help for studies on the biology of SCE in general and offer a suitable way of screening for possible genetical heterogeneity among different Bloom syndrome patients."}
{"id": "PMID:258167", "title": "Multilocus enzymes in man.", "content": "Two or more separate loci may be concerned in coding for enzyme proteins with the same or very similar catalytic properties. The phenomenon appears to be remarkably common and rough estimates suggest that perhaps 50% or more of structural loci coding for enzyme proteins are concerned with these so-called multilocus enzymes. The separate enzymes in such a multilocus set ressemble each other not only in their enzyme properties, but also in subunit structures and in molecular sizes. However there are often remarkable differences in expression of the several loci of a set from tissue to tissue. Such sets of loci probably arose in evolution by gene duplications with subsequent divergence by point mutations. Tissue differentiation in expression suggests that, pari passu with the divergence of the structural genes, there was an evolution of genetic regulating systems controlling their tissue expression.", "contents": "Multilocus enzymes in man. Two or more separate loci may be concerned in coding for enzyme proteins with the same or very similar catalytic properties. The phenomenon appears to be remarkably common and rough estimates suggest that perhaps 50% or more of structural loci coding for enzyme proteins are concerned with these so-called multilocus enzymes. The separate enzymes in such a multilocus set ressemble each other not only in their enzyme properties, but also in subunit structures and in molecular sizes. However there are often remarkable differences in expression of the several loci of a set from tissue to tissue. Such sets of loci probably arose in evolution by gene duplications with subsequent divergence by point mutations. Tissue differentiation in expression suggests that, pari passu with the divergence of the structural genes, there was an evolution of genetic regulating systems controlling their tissue expression."}
{"id": "PMID:258169", "title": "Genes and non-coding DNA sequences.", "content": "Many new categories of DNA sequence organization in higher organisms have been discovered in the last 20 years. Most of these are not found in bacterial and each in turn is hailed as a likely candidate for those regulatory elements which are assumed to distinguish higher from lower organisms. This article stresses the similarities between their sequence organizations and the continuing lack of convincing function for any of them. It suggests that these sequences often appear after chance recombinational events and their presence then facilitates further change. Within the constraints of proper function the genome is clearly able to find many organizational solutions of apparently equal advantage to the organism. Finally, an example of rapid genome reorganization resulting from selection for resistance to the drug methotrexate is considered.", "contents": "Genes and non-coding DNA sequences. Many new categories of DNA sequence organization in higher organisms have been discovered in the last 20 years. Most of these are not found in bacterial and each in turn is hailed as a likely candidate for those regulatory elements which are assumed to distinguish higher from lower organisms. This article stresses the similarities between their sequence organizations and the continuing lack of convincing function for any of them. It suggests that these sequences often appear after chance recombinational events and their presence then facilitates further change. Within the constraints of proper function the genome is clearly able to find many organizational solutions of apparently equal advantage to the organism. Finally, an example of rapid genome reorganization resulting from selection for resistance to the drug methotrexate is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:258178", "title": "Surfactant substitution.", "content": "A mixture of synthetic phospholipids containing 90% Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and 10% Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol was tested for its suitability as surfactant substitute. Different methods of preparation were employed. The substance was studied by chromatography, Wilhelmy balance, and in rabbits after tracheal instillation during mechanical ventilation. When prepared as suspension of multilamellar liposomes in NaCl, the phospholipid samples displayed the essential surfactant features of adsorption from the subphase, spreading to a monolayer and lowering the surface tension to 3.7 dyn/cm at compression. For a dose of 2.55 microgram/cm2, the stability index was 1.83 +/- 0.29. Samples prepared with ultrasound were not surface-active. Sonication also destroyed the surface-tension-lowering ability of previously active samples. No signs of local toxicity were found in the treated animals. When radioactive DPPC/DPPG was instillated into the trachea of the ventilated rabbit, autohistoradiography demonstrated radioactive material in the alveoli covering the alveolar wall with a thin layer. Provided that proper techniques of preparation and administration are employed, the phospholipids tested are a promising surfactant substitute worthy of clinical study.", "contents": "Surfactant substitution. A mixture of synthetic phospholipids containing 90% Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and 10% Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol was tested for its suitability as surfactant substitute. Different methods of preparation were employed. The substance was studied by chromatography, Wilhelmy balance, and in rabbits after tracheal instillation during mechanical ventilation. When prepared as suspension of multilamellar liposomes in NaCl, the phospholipid samples displayed the essential surfactant features of adsorption from the subphase, spreading to a monolayer and lowering the surface tension to 3.7 dyn/cm at compression. For a dose of 2.55 microgram/cm2, the stability index was 1.83 +/- 0.29. Samples prepared with ultrasound were not surface-active. Sonication also destroyed the surface-tension-lowering ability of previously active samples. No signs of local toxicity were found in the treated animals. When radioactive DPPC/DPPG was instillated into the trachea of the ventilated rabbit, autohistoradiography demonstrated radioactive material in the alveoli covering the alveolar wall with a thin layer. Provided that proper techniques of preparation and administration are employed, the phospholipids tested are a promising surfactant substitute worthy of clinical study."}
{"id": "PMID:258179", "title": "[Neuromuscular manifestation of sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three of our own observations of neuromuscular manifestation of sarcoidosis are presented. In two cases, a slowly progredient myopathic syndrome was evident. This syndrome developed in mid-life and showed asymmetrical distribution. In another case, a polyneuropathic syndrome was seen, which mainly affected motor function of the lower extremities. None of these patients had typical findings on chest x-rays. Histological proof of granulomatous alterations of skeletal muscle was the first indication of sarcoidosis. With reference to a further observation, the diagnostical value of muscle biopsy in sarcoidosis without neuromuscular manifestation is discussed.", "contents": "[Neuromuscular manifestation of sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Three of our own observations of neuromuscular manifestation of sarcoidosis are presented. In two cases, a slowly progredient myopathic syndrome was evident. This syndrome developed in mid-life and showed asymmetrical distribution. In another case, a polyneuropathic syndrome was seen, which mainly affected motor function of the lower extremities. None of these patients had typical findings on chest x-rays. Histological proof of granulomatous alterations of skeletal muscle was the first indication of sarcoidosis. With reference to a further observation, the diagnostical value of muscle biopsy in sarcoidosis without neuromuscular manifestation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:258180", "title": "[Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with thalamic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of thalamic lesions on the configuration of the somatosensory evoked cortical potential is studied on the basis of two own observations and of the literature. An increased latency of the initial component N1 and a reduced voltage in the beginning of the potential recorded on the side of the thalamic lesion are the most frequent findings in patients with thalamic syndromes. Most dramatic changes of the evoked response occur in cases with lesions of the VPL nucleus and with proprioceptive sensory disturbances. Considering the morphological basis of the normally configurated potential possible developmental mechanisms of the pathological evoked response are discussed.", "contents": "[Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with thalamic lesions (author's transl)]. The influence of thalamic lesions on the configuration of the somatosensory evoked cortical potential is studied on the basis of two own observations and of the literature. An increased latency of the initial component N1 and a reduced voltage in the beginning of the potential recorded on the side of the thalamic lesion are the most frequent findings in patients with thalamic syndromes. Most dramatic changes of the evoked response occur in cases with lesions of the VPL nucleus and with proprioceptive sensory disturbances. Considering the morphological basis of the normally configurated potential possible developmental mechanisms of the pathological evoked response are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:258172", "title": "Some recent progress in the analysis of malignancy by cell fusion.", "content": "Malignancy, as measured by the ability of cells to grow progressively in vivo, is intimately linked to the presence of a structural abnormality in the polysaccharide moiety of one particular membrane glycoprotein. This abnormality is present in a wide range of different tumours; it co-segregates with malignancy in all crosses between malignant and non-malignant cells that have so far been tested; and it remains linked to malignancy in a stringent new test in which non-malignant variants are selected from tumour cell populations by the use of a lectin. Current work indicates that the abnormal membrane glycoprotein is, in all probability, one of the glucose transport proteins.", "contents": "Some recent progress in the analysis of malignancy by cell fusion. Malignancy, as measured by the ability of cells to grow progressively in vivo, is intimately linked to the presence of a structural abnormality in the polysaccharide moiety of one particular membrane glycoprotein. This abnormality is present in a wide range of different tumours; it co-segregates with malignancy in all crosses between malignant and non-malignant cells that have so far been tested; and it remains linked to malignancy in a stringent new test in which non-malignant variants are selected from tumour cell populations by the use of a lectin. Current work indicates that the abnormal membrane glycoprotein is, in all probability, one of the glucose transport proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:258173", "title": "The genetics of learning disabilities.", "content": "Rapid progress in the study of learning disabilities requires a common context within which investigators and professionals with very diverse backgrounds can work towards common goals. Much evidence points to the heterogeneity of origin and clinical expression of learning disabilities as well as to many other ways in which they resemble such multifactorial conditions as mental retardation, gout and hypertension. In these conditions, genetic and epidemiological methods have been used to sort out the constitutional and environmental factors which precipitate disease in susceptible persons. Such an approach to learning disabilities can be expected to be rewarding.", "contents": "The genetics of learning disabilities. Rapid progress in the study of learning disabilities requires a common context within which investigators and professionals with very diverse backgrounds can work towards common goals. Much evidence points to the heterogeneity of origin and clinical expression of learning disabilities as well as to many other ways in which they resemble such multifactorial conditions as mental retardation, gout and hypertension. In these conditions, genetic and epidemiological methods have been used to sort out the constitutional and environmental factors which precipitate disease in susceptible persons. Such an approach to learning disabilities can be expected to be rewarding."}
{"id": "PMID:258177", "title": "DNA repair defects and chromosome instability disorders.", "content": "Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Fanconi anaemia (FA), ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Bloom disease (BS) are four rare autosomal recessive disorders in which there is defective DNA repair and/or chromosome instability and proneness to malignancy. Between 80 and 90% of patients with XP have a defect, demonstrable at cell level, of excision of DNA lesions induced by ultraviolet rays, while the remainder have a cellular error of post-replication repair. XP cells are also deficient in repairing DNA damage caused by a variety of chemical mutagens. There are at least five different complementation groups of the first, or classical, type of XP (A to D, etc.) Apparently group C patients, as well as those with defective post-replication repair, do not show the progressive neurological illness found in a proportion of the other patients. AT is heterogeneous clinically and genetically. Clinically it presents with a progressive neurological illness, progressive telangiectases and a developmental disorder of the thymus. AT is characterized by sensitivity to X-rays and AT cells are unable to repair gamma-ray-induced damage to bases in the DNA. It appears that in many cases of the disorder a chromosomally marked cellular clone is found. In BS the main defect, which results in growth retardation, sun-induced lesions of the face and susceptibility to infection, appears to be a slow DNA chain maturation during DNA synthesis. An increase of sister chromatid exchanges is characteristically seen in the chromosomes of cultured BS cells. In FA, in which there is progressive pancytopenia with eventual bone marrow exhaustion and a tendency to haemorrhage and infection, the cellular defect seems to consist of faulty removal of repair of cross-links in the DNA. In this condition, as in BS and AT, various structural chromosome changes are detected in cultured cells. Patients with XP develop skin cancers in early life and often maligant melanomas. In the other three disorders, in which an immune deficiency is often present, leukaemia and related proliferative disorders are a frequent cause of death while other malignancies also occur. There is some evidence that points to an increased risk of malignancy in heterozygotes who carry the FA and AT genes.", "contents": "DNA repair defects and chromosome instability disorders. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Fanconi anaemia (FA), ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Bloom disease (BS) are four rare autosomal recessive disorders in which there is defective DNA repair and/or chromosome instability and proneness to malignancy. Between 80 and 90% of patients with XP have a defect, demonstrable at cell level, of excision of DNA lesions induced by ultraviolet rays, while the remainder have a cellular error of post-replication repair. XP cells are also deficient in repairing DNA damage caused by a variety of chemical mutagens. There are at least five different complementation groups of the first, or classical, type of XP (A to D, etc.) Apparently group C patients, as well as those with defective post-replication repair, do not show the progressive neurological illness found in a proportion of the other patients. AT is heterogeneous clinically and genetically. Clinically it presents with a progressive neurological illness, progressive telangiectases and a developmental disorder of the thymus. AT is characterized by sensitivity to X-rays and AT cells are unable to repair gamma-ray-induced damage to bases in the DNA. It appears that in many cases of the disorder a chromosomally marked cellular clone is found. In BS the main defect, which results in growth retardation, sun-induced lesions of the face and susceptibility to infection, appears to be a slow DNA chain maturation during DNA synthesis. An increase of sister chromatid exchanges is characteristically seen in the chromosomes of cultured BS cells. In FA, in which there is progressive pancytopenia with eventual bone marrow exhaustion and a tendency to haemorrhage and infection, the cellular defect seems to consist of faulty removal of repair of cross-links in the DNA. In this condition, as in BS and AT, various structural chromosome changes are detected in cultured cells. Patients with XP develop skin cancers in early life and often maligant melanomas. In the other three disorders, in which an immune deficiency is often present, leukaemia and related proliferative disorders are a frequent cause of death while other malignancies also occur. There is some evidence that points to an increased risk of malignancy in heterozygotes who carry the FA and AT genes."}
{"id": "PMID:258182", "title": "[Four decades of clinical psychiatry--from a personal angle (author's transl)].", "content": "The article confronts the issues in clinical psychiatry during the past four decades which contributed to both scientific progress and the current crisis. The author's own experience as German medical student and American psychiatrist serves as basis for the formation of a conceptual perspective.", "contents": "[Four decades of clinical psychiatry--from a personal angle (author's transl)]. The article confronts the issues in clinical psychiatry during the past four decades which contributed to both scientific progress and the current crisis. The author's own experience as German medical student and American psychiatrist serves as basis for the formation of a conceptual perspective."}
{"id": "PMID:258174", "title": "On being an individual, or: the man in the red hat.", "content": "If health is a state of equilibrium between intrinsic (genetic) functions and extrinsic (environmental) factors, then disease can be defined as a state of disequilibrium. Medicine has traditionally emphasized extrinsic factors in the origin of human diseases; medical genetics is concerned with the intrinsic factors (mutations) that either yield disease in the universal environment or constitute states of risk for individuals in particular (or universal) enviroments. Genetic screening is a process that defines specific risks for particular individuals. Screening is an ineffective activity if there is no participation by clients. Newborn (and homozygote) screening, on the basis of an experience involving 35 million infants, is usually considered as a 'successful' enterprise. But adult screening, usually for heterozygosity, is quantitatively a much more important activity in its execution, judging from current experience. Comprehension of risk and perceived importance of biological individuality by potential participants and advocates are part of the problem. A major revision in the education of medical personnel and citizens is indicated if medical genetics is to achieve its goals.", "contents": "On being an individual, or: the man in the red hat. If health is a state of equilibrium between intrinsic (genetic) functions and extrinsic (environmental) factors, then disease can be defined as a state of disequilibrium. Medicine has traditionally emphasized extrinsic factors in the origin of human diseases; medical genetics is concerned with the intrinsic factors (mutations) that either yield disease in the universal environment or constitute states of risk for individuals in particular (or universal) enviroments. Genetic screening is a process that defines specific risks for particular individuals. Screening is an ineffective activity if there is no participation by clients. Newborn (and homozygote) screening, on the basis of an experience involving 35 million infants, is usually considered as a 'successful' enterprise. But adult screening, usually for heterozygosity, is quantitatively a much more important activity in its execution, judging from current experience. Comprehension of risk and perceived importance of biological individuality by potential participants and advocates are part of the problem. A major revision in the education of medical personnel and citizens is indicated if medical genetics is to achieve its goals."}
{"id": "PMID:258176", "title": "Cultural change and its relevance for human genetics.", "content": "The first part of this paper summarizes conclusions drawn from theoretical analysis of cultural change, as appeared in various papers (published and unpublished) by the author in collaboration with Marc Feldman. Among conclusions emphasized are the tendency to homogeneity of cultural traits with most mechanisms of cultural transmissions, the great variation in rates of change and conditions determining them, and the major factors responsible for change. The possibility of genetic variation in learning ability adds considerable complications and determines joint biological and cultural evolution. In the second part of the paper, one very specific example of biological and cultural coevolution is outlined. Archaeological information shows that agriculture spread slowly from a Near East area of origin of domestication of plants and animals. The spread towards Europe is particularly well mapped. There are good reasons why the spread of agriculture may have been accompanied by a spread of farmers from the area of origin. It turns out that synthetic gene maps of Europe showing such a spread of farmers would be an excellent explanation for the geographic distribution of genes in Europe.", "contents": "Cultural change and its relevance for human genetics. The first part of this paper summarizes conclusions drawn from theoretical analysis of cultural change, as appeared in various papers (published and unpublished) by the author in collaboration with Marc Feldman. Among conclusions emphasized are the tendency to homogeneity of cultural traits with most mechanisms of cultural transmissions, the great variation in rates of change and conditions determining them, and the major factors responsible for change. The possibility of genetic variation in learning ability adds considerable complications and determines joint biological and cultural evolution. In the second part of the paper, one very specific example of biological and cultural coevolution is outlined. Archaeological information shows that agriculture spread slowly from a Near East area of origin of domestication of plants and animals. The spread towards Europe is particularly well mapped. There are good reasons why the spread of agriculture may have been accompanied by a spread of farmers from the area of origin. It turns out that synthetic gene maps of Europe showing such a spread of farmers would be an excellent explanation for the geographic distribution of genes in Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:258240", "title": "Prenatal testing for birth defects and nursing practice.", "content": "Recent advances in the prenatal diagnosis of birth defects including amniocentesis, ultrasound and fetoscopy are discussed. Indications, technical considerations and limitations are presented. Parental reactions to the stresses encountered during the process of prenatal diagnosis are related. Implications are identified for nursing care practice in different clinical settings including prenatal diagnostic units, paediatric services, obstetrical services and in the community.", "contents": "Prenatal testing for birth defects and nursing practice. Recent advances in the prenatal diagnosis of birth defects including amniocentesis, ultrasound and fetoscopy are discussed. Indications, technical considerations and limitations are presented. Parental reactions to the stresses encountered during the process of prenatal diagnosis are related. Implications are identified for nursing care practice in different clinical settings including prenatal diagnostic units, paediatric services, obstetrical services and in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:258241", "title": "Measuring life satisfaction in an elderly female population.", "content": "The study described in this paper was undertaken as part of the pilot work for a main study, which attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of health visitor intervention on an elderly female population in Scotland. The Life Satisfaction Index A (Neugarten et al. 1961) was modified by the researcher and tested on a female Scottish population and is subsequently being used as one of three outcome measures of health visitor intervention.", "contents": "Measuring life satisfaction in an elderly female population. The study described in this paper was undertaken as part of the pilot work for a main study, which attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of health visitor intervention on an elderly female population in Scotland. The Life Satisfaction Index A (Neugarten et al. 1961) was modified by the researcher and tested on a female Scottish population and is subsequently being used as one of three outcome measures of health visitor intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:258247", "title": "Protocol for intravenous barbiturate therapy in increased intracranial pressure in a community hospital.", "content": "A barbiturate protocol for control of raised intracranial pressure is presented in detail. Since the nursing staff may be responsible for maintaining cerebral perfusion and normal ICP with barbiturates, mannitol, fluids, and pressor agents, it was thought that a detailed description such as presented might be useful. We have shown that complex management protocols can easily be managed, even in smaller, non-university community hospitals. The present state of brain injury management by barbiturates, guided by ICP monitoring, even at this early stage of development, seems to show promise as the latest adjunct in the care of this difficult problem.", "contents": "Protocol for intravenous barbiturate therapy in increased intracranial pressure in a community hospital. A barbiturate protocol for control of raised intracranial pressure is presented in detail. Since the nursing staff may be responsible for maintaining cerebral perfusion and normal ICP with barbiturates, mannitol, fluids, and pressor agents, it was thought that a detailed description such as presented might be useful. We have shown that complex management protocols can easily be managed, even in smaller, non-university community hospitals. The present state of brain injury management by barbiturates, guided by ICP monitoring, even at this early stage of development, seems to show promise as the latest adjunct in the care of this difficult problem."}
{"id": "PMID:258248", "title": "The neurologic examination in patients with central nervous system trauma.", "content": "The neurological assessment of the head injured patient must be integrated into the emergency management and daily care of the patient. Neurosurgical nurses are in the best position to perform serial neurologic examinations and assess changes in the patient's clinical picture. If this added responsibility is assumed, neurosurgical nurses must take an active role in improving assessment skills. The improved assessment of the head injured patient will result in early intervention in the patient's course to avert potential problems, thus resulting in improved morbidity and eventual outcome. As neurosurgical nurses expand their roles in nursing, improved patient assessments are mandatory to deliver optimal patient care.", "contents": "The neurologic examination in patients with central nervous system trauma. The neurological assessment of the head injured patient must be integrated into the emergency management and daily care of the patient. Neurosurgical nurses are in the best position to perform serial neurologic examinations and assess changes in the patient's clinical picture. If this added responsibility is assumed, neurosurgical nurses must take an active role in improving assessment skills. The improved assessment of the head injured patient will result in early intervention in the patient's course to avert potential problems, thus resulting in improved morbidity and eventual outcome. As neurosurgical nurses expand their roles in nursing, improved patient assessments are mandatory to deliver optimal patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:258255", "title": "MBO and performance appraisal.", "content": "Using an MBO approach, a nurse administrator tapped the resources of her staff to diagnose and resolve a performance appraisal problem. A new performance evaluation system that embodies the concepts of MBO resulted. Through this process, MBO was implemented at the unit level, where it had previously been resisted.", "contents": "MBO and performance appraisal. Using an MBO approach, a nurse administrator tapped the resources of her staff to diagnose and resolve a performance appraisal problem. A new performance evaluation system that embodies the concepts of MBO resulted. Through this process, MBO was implemented at the unit level, where it had previously been resisted."}
{"id": "PMID:258257", "title": "Pharmacology program produces results.", "content": "A traditional inservice pharmacology program presented problems for the participants, educators, and head nurses and, despite the program, a significant number of medication errors occurred. A new program, based on principles of adult education, has had positive effects on patient care and is viewed favorably by educators and participants. The results suggest that competency-based education in other areas could have similar benefits.", "contents": "Pharmacology program produces results. A traditional inservice pharmacology program presented problems for the participants, educators, and head nurses and, despite the program, a significant number of medication errors occurred. A new program, based on principles of adult education, has had positive effects on patient care and is viewed favorably by educators and participants. The results suggest that competency-based education in other areas could have similar benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:258258", "title": "The planning process and development of a time line.", "content": "Careful organization is the key to effective facilities planning. This article outlines the major steps in organizing a planning effort and discussed techniques for estimating project time and manpower requirements. Methods for reducing the duration of the project are also briefly discussed. The information can be generalized for use in planning any complex project.", "contents": "The planning process and development of a time line. Careful organization is the key to effective facilities planning. This article outlines the major steps in organizing a planning effort and discussed techniques for estimating project time and manpower requirements. Methods for reducing the duration of the project are also briefly discussed. The information can be generalized for use in planning any complex project."}
{"id": "PMID:258260", "title": "Two management systems in a nursing private practice group.", "content": "Entry into private practice can be rewarding for nurses who are willing to risk personal, financial, and professional security. Among the problems faced by the nurse in this new role is the administration of the practice, since few, if any, adequate models exist. This article describes the struggle of nurses in one private nursing practice, Creative Health Services, to meet their needs for individual freedom within an organization that is regulated sufficiently to maintain its viability.", "contents": "Two management systems in a nursing private practice group. Entry into private practice can be rewarding for nurses who are willing to risk personal, financial, and professional security. Among the problems faced by the nurse in this new role is the administration of the practice, since few, if any, adequate models exist. This article describes the struggle of nurses in one private nursing practice, Creative Health Services, to meet their needs for individual freedom within an organization that is regulated sufficiently to maintain its viability."}
{"id": "PMID:258261", "title": "Nurse turnover in the newborn intensive care unit.", "content": "Nurse retention has become a significant issue in the newborn intensive care units for two main reasons: 1) the quality of care declines as it is delivered by inexperienced nurses, and 2) the cost of orienting new nurses is exorbitant. \"Stress\" has been implicated as one of the important factors in nurse retention; it appears that a paradox exists in that the stress/excitement that attracts a nurse to the newborn ICU in the first place may ultimately drive her away. We attempted to define stress factors in the Turner Newborn Intensive Care Unit at Hermann Hospital in Houston, Texas, and to develop management methods to decrease stress. Over a three-year period, during the implementing of new programs, nurse termination rates decreased significantly, as did turnover.", "contents": "Nurse turnover in the newborn intensive care unit. Nurse retention has become a significant issue in the newborn intensive care units for two main reasons: 1) the quality of care declines as it is delivered by inexperienced nurses, and 2) the cost of orienting new nurses is exorbitant. \"Stress\" has been implicated as one of the important factors in nurse retention; it appears that a paradox exists in that the stress/excitement that attracts a nurse to the newborn ICU in the first place may ultimately drive her away. We attempted to define stress factors in the Turner Newborn Intensive Care Unit at Hermann Hospital in Houston, Texas, and to develop management methods to decrease stress. Over a three-year period, during the implementing of new programs, nurse termination rates decreased significantly, as did turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:258262", "title": "Neonatal circumcision.", "content": "The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that there is no valid medical reason for performing routine neonatal circumcision. Although the issue is hotly debated in medical circles, little attention has been given to the issue in the nursing literature. It is important that nurses understand the medical, social, religious, and child care issues involved in order to help parents make informed decisions regarding circumcision of their neonate.", "contents": "Neonatal circumcision. The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that there is no valid medical reason for performing routine neonatal circumcision. Although the issue is hotly debated in medical circles, little attention has been given to the issue in the nursing literature. It is important that nurses understand the medical, social, religious, and child care issues involved in order to help parents make informed decisions regarding circumcision of their neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:258264", "title": "Home birth--a manifestation of aggression?", "content": "An increasing number of women today are choosing to have their babies at home. Health professionals concerned about the welfare of both mother and baby sometime tend to respond to these mothers by lecturing rather than listening. This tends to block communication. As a result, women become frustrated and often leave the health care system. This paper attempts to understand the behavior of women who seek a home birth and hypothesizes that these women are responding in a normal, healthy manner to threats imposed by present maternity care. Viewing women who seek home birth from this perspective would tend to facilitate communication. Through open communication the home birth option can be viewed not as a movement or fad, but as a growth period for women and maternity care.", "contents": "Home birth--a manifestation of aggression? An increasing number of women today are choosing to have their babies at home. Health professionals concerned about the welfare of both mother and baby sometime tend to respond to these mothers by lecturing rather than listening. This tends to block communication. As a result, women become frustrated and often leave the health care system. This paper attempts to understand the behavior of women who seek a home birth and hypothesizes that these women are responding in a normal, healthy manner to threats imposed by present maternity care. Viewing women who seek home birth from this perspective would tend to facilitate communication. Through open communication the home birth option can be viewed not as a movement or fad, but as a growth period for women and maternity care."}
{"id": "PMID:258263", "title": "Estrogens + patient package insert = confused patients.", "content": "A brief review of the patient package inserts concept and estrogen pharmacology is presented. Then the need for patient education is discussed along with recommendations for a team approach to managing patient anxiety by helping patients understand the estrogen-containing products they are using.", "contents": "Estrogens + patient package insert = confused patients. A brief review of the patient package inserts concept and estrogen pharmacology is presented. Then the need for patient education is discussed along with recommendations for a team approach to managing patient anxiety by helping patients understand the estrogen-containing products they are using."}
{"id": "PMID:258265", "title": "The relationship of age to nurses' attitudes toward abortion.", "content": "An attitude questionnaire was distributed to 200 nurses to study the relationship of age to nurses' attitudes toward abortion. Of 139 responses, 128 were usable. The data showed that for this sample a combination of age and religion had the greatest influence on attitudes. With the exception of Catholic nurses, nurses 30 years of age and over were found to have attitudes at least as approving as those of nurses under 30.", "contents": "The relationship of age to nurses' attitudes toward abortion. An attitude questionnaire was distributed to 200 nurses to study the relationship of age to nurses' attitudes toward abortion. Of 139 responses, 128 were usable. The data showed that for this sample a combination of age and religion had the greatest influence on attitudes. With the exception of Catholic nurses, nurses 30 years of age and over were found to have attitudes at least as approving as those of nurses under 30."}
{"id": "PMID:258267", "title": "Enhancement of mother-infant social interaction.", "content": "Thirty infants were assessed on the third day after delivery to determine their individual capabilities for social interactions. A modified Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale was used. The infant's mothers were interviewed to determine their perceptions of the social behavioral potential of their neonates. It was found that mothers had expected and did observe behaviors which the Brazelton Scale measures. The mothers did not, however, realize the purposeful nature of behavior such as response decrements to stimuli and finger sucking. Incorporation of this information in the lay literature related to childbearing and childrearing and in expectant parents' classes is recommended. A further recommendation considers the nurses' active role in contributing to the enhancement of maternal-infant social interaction during the early neonatal period.", "contents": "Enhancement of mother-infant social interaction. Thirty infants were assessed on the third day after delivery to determine their individual capabilities for social interactions. A modified Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale was used. The infant's mothers were interviewed to determine their perceptions of the social behavioral potential of their neonates. It was found that mothers had expected and did observe behaviors which the Brazelton Scale measures. The mothers did not, however, realize the purposeful nature of behavior such as response decrements to stimuli and finger sucking. Incorporation of this information in the lay literature related to childbearing and childrearing and in expectant parents' classes is recommended. A further recommendation considers the nurses' active role in contributing to the enhancement of maternal-infant social interaction during the early neonatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:258266", "title": "The relationship between previous elective abortions and postpartum depressive reactions.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that primiparas who have had a previous elective abortion will have a higher incidence of depressive reactions postpartum than will primiparas who have not, 48 women pregnant for the first time and 25 who had had one abortion were interviewed six to eight weeks postpartum. No significant difference in the incidence of depression between the two groups could be found. In addition, when associations between their mean depression scores and other variables such as planned pregnancy, preferred infant sex, identified obstetrical problems, help at home, experiencing the baby blues, and an identified recent sad life event were calculated, no significant differences were noted. Spontaneous comments from the previously aborted women suggested that anxiety during pregnancy concerning the infant's health was a greater source of discomfort than was postpartum depression.", "contents": "The relationship between previous elective abortions and postpartum depressive reactions. To test the hypothesis that primiparas who have had a previous elective abortion will have a higher incidence of depressive reactions postpartum than will primiparas who have not, 48 women pregnant for the first time and 25 who had had one abortion were interviewed six to eight weeks postpartum. No significant difference in the incidence of depression between the two groups could be found. In addition, when associations between their mean depression scores and other variables such as planned pregnancy, preferred infant sex, identified obstetrical problems, help at home, experiencing the baby blues, and an identified recent sad life event were calculated, no significant differences were noted. Spontaneous comments from the previously aborted women suggested that anxiety during pregnancy concerning the infant's health was a greater source of discomfort than was postpartum depression."}
{"id": "PMID:258268", "title": "Unwed adolescent primigravidas identify subject matter for prenatal classes.", "content": "The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify areas that the unwed 15- to 19-year-old primigravida felt should be included in prenatal classes. The sample consisted of 15 subjects, three from each year of age, 15 through 19. Data were collected by a structured interview. The findings revealed that these adolescents tended to select topics for prenatal classes that were self-oriented, the most important topic identified being the labor and delivery process. However, the other traditional prenatal class topics were not the major concerns of these adolescents. They preferred a group-discussion-oriented class. These findings could be useful for nurses teaching adolescent prenatal classes.", "contents": "Unwed adolescent primigravidas identify subject matter for prenatal classes. The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify areas that the unwed 15- to 19-year-old primigravida felt should be included in prenatal classes. The sample consisted of 15 subjects, three from each year of age, 15 through 19. Data were collected by a structured interview. The findings revealed that these adolescents tended to select topics for prenatal classes that were self-oriented, the most important topic identified being the labor and delivery process. However, the other traditional prenatal class topics were not the major concerns of these adolescents. They preferred a group-discussion-oriented class. These findings could be useful for nurses teaching adolescent prenatal classes."}
{"id": "PMID:258548", "title": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from prostatic fluid.", "content": "Bacterial isolates from expressed prostatic secretions were tested in vitro for susceptibility to five antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of prostatitis. Comparisons of susceptibility and resistance were made between minocycline and each of the other four agents: tetracycline, cephalexin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A high percentage of the isolates from patients with prostatitis which were resistant to tetracycline and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole were susceptible to minocycline.", "contents": "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from prostatic fluid. Bacterial isolates from expressed prostatic secretions were tested in vitro for susceptibility to five antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of prostatitis. Comparisons of susceptibility and resistance were made between minocycline and each of the other four agents: tetracycline, cephalexin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A high percentage of the isolates from patients with prostatitis which were resistant to tetracycline and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole were susceptible to minocycline."}
{"id": "PMID:258576", "title": "Oxacillin-induced lysis of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Six clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were compared for their relative susceptibilities to the killing effects of oxacillin. Three of the strains had minimum bactericidal concentrations which were >10 times the minimum bacteriostatic concentration for this antibiotic and were designated tolerant (Tol(+)). The other strains had minimum bactericidal concentrations which were comparable to the minimum bacteriostatic concentration (Tol(-)). Lysis curves of these strains revealed that the Tol(+) strains exhibited a diminished rate of lysis when inhibited by oxacillin. This reduced rate of lysis was reflected also in a reduced rate of viability loss when the cells were exposed to oxacillin. During log growth the uptake of [(14)C]glycerol by Tol(+) cells was 1.5-fold greater than that by Tol(-) cells. Glycerol-labeled cells of each phenotype secreted radioactivity when inhibited by oxacillin. However, the Tol(+) strains released over twice as much label as the Tol(-) strains. No difference in the proportion of lipid secreted by the two phenotypes was found. The behavior of 60 to 65% of the labeled material released by inhibited cells during both sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and Sepharose 6B chromatography corresponded to that of lipoteichoic acid. When the major component of secreted material was added to oxacillin-inhibited Tol(-) strains, an inhibition of the lytic response was observed. These results suggest that oxacillin tolerance in S. aureus could be related to the enhanced secretion of an autolysin inhibitor, such as lipoteichoic acid.", "contents": "Oxacillin-induced lysis of Staphylococcus aureus. Six clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were compared for their relative susceptibilities to the killing effects of oxacillin. Three of the strains had minimum bactericidal concentrations which were >10 times the minimum bacteriostatic concentration for this antibiotic and were designated tolerant (Tol(+)). The other strains had minimum bactericidal concentrations which were comparable to the minimum bacteriostatic concentration (Tol(-)). Lysis curves of these strains revealed that the Tol(+) strains exhibited a diminished rate of lysis when inhibited by oxacillin. This reduced rate of lysis was reflected also in a reduced rate of viability loss when the cells were exposed to oxacillin. During log growth the uptake of [(14)C]glycerol by Tol(+) cells was 1.5-fold greater than that by Tol(-) cells. Glycerol-labeled cells of each phenotype secreted radioactivity when inhibited by oxacillin. However, the Tol(+) strains released over twice as much label as the Tol(-) strains. No difference in the proportion of lipid secreted by the two phenotypes was found. The behavior of 60 to 65% of the labeled material released by inhibited cells during both sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and Sepharose 6B chromatography corresponded to that of lipoteichoic acid. When the major component of secreted material was added to oxacillin-inhibited Tol(-) strains, an inhibition of the lytic response was observed. These results suggest that oxacillin tolerance in S. aureus could be related to the enhanced secretion of an autolysin inhibitor, such as lipoteichoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:258599", "title": "Penicillinase-resistant penicillin/gentamicin synergism. Effect in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.", "content": "Gentamicin sulfate has been shown to enhance the effects of penicillinase-resistant penicillins against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, but the relevance of this observation to bacteremic patients is unclear. Therefore, serum samples from 14 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia were tested for growth inhibitory and bactericidal effects against the patients' own pathogen while they received a penicillinase-resistant penicillin alone, and again when gentamicin was added to the therapeutic regimen. Addition of gentamicin in vivo was associated with slight improvement in growth inhibitory activity but it caused profound increases in serum bactericidal activity. This effect could not be attributed to higher serum levels of penicillinase-resistant penicillin during gentamicin administration. Addition of gentamicin to penicillinase-resistant penicillin can lead to marked improvement in a patient's serum bactericidal activity against his own staphylococcal pathogen, and should be considered for any patient who does not respond to more conventional therapy.", "contents": "Penicillinase-resistant penicillin/gentamicin synergism. Effect in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Gentamicin sulfate has been shown to enhance the effects of penicillinase-resistant penicillins against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, but the relevance of this observation to bacteremic patients is unclear. Therefore, serum samples from 14 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia were tested for growth inhibitory and bactericidal effects against the patients' own pathogen while they received a penicillinase-resistant penicillin alone, and again when gentamicin was added to the therapeutic regimen. Addition of gentamicin in vivo was associated with slight improvement in growth inhibitory activity but it caused profound increases in serum bactericidal activity. This effect could not be attributed to higher serum levels of penicillinase-resistant penicillin during gentamicin administration. Addition of gentamicin to penicillinase-resistant penicillin can lead to marked improvement in a patient's serum bactericidal activity against his own staphylococcal pathogen, and should be considered for any patient who does not respond to more conventional therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:258600", "title": "Protein synthesis in muscles from normal and dystrophic hamsters.", "content": "Homogenates of hindleg muscle were obtained from control and dystrophic male hamsters, 30 and 190 days of age, and were used to prepare the postmicrosomal pH5-supernatant fraction. The activity of this fraction in the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA into peptides was increased in the dystrophic-muscle preparations. No such increase was found in brain or liver preparations from dystrophic hamsters. The increased capacity for aminoacyl-tRNA binding that was observed in preparations from dystrophic animals is discussed.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in muscles from normal and dystrophic hamsters. Homogenates of hindleg muscle were obtained from control and dystrophic male hamsters, 30 and 190 days of age, and were used to prepare the postmicrosomal pH5-supernatant fraction. The activity of this fraction in the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA into peptides was increased in the dystrophic-muscle preparations. No such increase was found in brain or liver preparations from dystrophic hamsters. The increased capacity for aminoacyl-tRNA binding that was observed in preparations from dystrophic animals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:258603", "title": "Differential patterns of drug involvement among Israeli youth.", "content": "The present study tries to link some demographic, social, psycholoogical and attitudinal variables of drug abuse. The findings were centred around the readiness of secondary school youth in Israel to be involved in drugs and their active searching for drug involvement. A dependent variable based on five indices of drug involvement was constructed. It was then related to parental control, peer involvement in drugs, sex differentiation and membership in youth movements. A bi-modal high involvement curve was found, the first mode consisting of youth of low socio-economic strata who are drop-outs, who associate with outside peer groups as an alternative to their shaky and diffused families and lack of involvement in school life. The other mode consists of youth with a higher socio-economic background who are involved with drugs due to their desire for new hedonistic and emotional experiences. Their openness to experiment with drugs is a corollary to their involvement within a peer group which condones and legitimizes narcotics as well as any experiences which irrespective of their source, provide \"a good high\". There is a sub-group within this group which would be involved with drugs as a partial escape from personal problems.", "contents": "Differential patterns of drug involvement among Israeli youth. The present study tries to link some demographic, social, psycholoogical and attitudinal variables of drug abuse. The findings were centred around the readiness of secondary school youth in Israel to be involved in drugs and their active searching for drug involvement. A dependent variable based on five indices of drug involvement was constructed. It was then related to parental control, peer involvement in drugs, sex differentiation and membership in youth movements. A bi-modal high involvement curve was found, the first mode consisting of youth of low socio-economic strata who are drop-outs, who associate with outside peer groups as an alternative to their shaky and diffused families and lack of involvement in school life. The other mode consists of youth with a higher socio-economic background who are involved with drugs due to their desire for new hedonistic and emotional experiences. Their openness to experiment with drugs is a corollary to their involvement within a peer group which condones and legitimizes narcotics as well as any experiences which irrespective of their source, provide \"a good high\". There is a sub-group within this group which would be involved with drugs as a partial escape from personal problems."}
{"id": "PMID:258604", "title": "Contacts with a Canadian \"street level\" drug and crisis centre, 1972-76.", "content": "The Calgary Distress Centre/Drug Centre is a \"street level\" agency that deals with both drug and non-drug related crises. Telephone and drop-in service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Centre has approximately 60 non-professional volunteers and a paid staff of six. Data about crisis information and counselling contacts over the period 1972-76 are presented and discussed. The Distress Centre/Drug Centre is perhaps a useful model on which to base other crisis intervention facilities. Furthermore, the systematic compilation of data regarding contacts with the agency provides significant insight regarding trends in drug use and evolution of the agency.", "contents": "Contacts with a Canadian \"street level\" drug and crisis centre, 1972-76. The Calgary Distress Centre/Drug Centre is a \"street level\" agency that deals with both drug and non-drug related crises. Telephone and drop-in service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Centre has approximately 60 non-professional volunteers and a paid staff of six. Data about crisis information and counselling contacts over the period 1972-76 are presented and discussed. The Distress Centre/Drug Centre is perhaps a useful model on which to base other crisis intervention facilities. Furthermore, the systematic compilation of data regarding contacts with the agency provides significant insight regarding trends in drug use and evolution of the agency."}
{"id": "PMID:258602", "title": "Opium use in two communities of Pakistan ---a preliminary comparison of rural and urban patterns.", "content": "Interviews were conducted to clarify drug use patterns and characteristics of opium users in two communities. Because of the small number of subjects selected from only two communities, the results are not representative of the country as a whole. Nevertheless, in the city of Rawalpindi 90 users were studied and found to have a mean daily opium consumption of 0.9 grams at a cost of Rs. 1.00 ($US 0.10). Opium was taken by mouth once or twice daily. They were solitary users who first used opium as adults, most often for self-treatment of health disorders. The majority were employed males with no history of criminality. In the rural opium-producing village, 28 users were interviewed. They smoked opium three or four times a day in a social setting and reported a mean daily consumption of 11 grams. They were more likely to use the drug for its social and pleasure effects and to have addicts as close friends. The high dose was associated with adverse effects on work performance and with more severe withdrawal symptoms. The findings suggest different intervention strategies for the two populations.", "contents": "Opium use in two communities of Pakistan ---a preliminary comparison of rural and urban patterns. Interviews were conducted to clarify drug use patterns and characteristics of opium users in two communities. Because of the small number of subjects selected from only two communities, the results are not representative of the country as a whole. Nevertheless, in the city of Rawalpindi 90 users were studied and found to have a mean daily opium consumption of 0.9 grams at a cost of Rs. 1.00 ($US 0.10). Opium was taken by mouth once or twice daily. They were solitary users who first used opium as adults, most often for self-treatment of health disorders. The majority were employed males with no history of criminality. In the rural opium-producing village, 28 users were interviewed. They smoked opium three or four times a day in a social setting and reported a mean daily consumption of 11 grams. They were more likely to use the drug for its social and pleasure effects and to have addicts as close friends. The high dose was associated with adverse effects on work performance and with more severe withdrawal symptoms. The findings suggest different intervention strategies for the two populations."}
{"id": "PMID:258606", "title": "Detection and analysis of paraquat in confiscated marijuana samples.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method used to test for paraquat in 160 confiscated marijuana samples is described. Twenty of these samples (12.5 per cent) tested positive for paraquat. Nine confiscated hash oil samples tested negative. The identification of paraquat was proven by isolation, chromatography, and spectral methods. The cannabinoids in paraquat positive Cannabis samples were analysed.", "contents": "Detection and analysis of paraquat in confiscated marijuana samples. A spectrophotometric method used to test for paraquat in 160 confiscated marijuana samples is described. Twenty of these samples (12.5 per cent) tested positive for paraquat. Nine confiscated hash oil samples tested negative. The identification of paraquat was proven by isolation, chromatography, and spectral methods. The cannabinoids in paraquat positive Cannabis samples were analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:258607", "title": "Stability of Cannabis sativa L. samples and their extracts, on prolonged storage in Delhi.", "content": "The percentage rate of change into cannabinoids (Cannabidiol [CBD], tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] and cannabinol [CBN]) was higher in cannabis samples than in the extracts. This is probalby due to the decomposition of acids into corresponding neutral cannabinoids under the conditions of storage. Previous claims that CBD content in plant material is relatively constant are not substantiated by our results. There was a 1.0-2.5-fold increase in CBD content in plant material compared with the extracts. However, the fact that there was no appreciable increase in CBD/CBN content in the stored extracts of the same samples supports the view that the step-wise extraction does not bring the acids into the final extract pure delta 9THC decomposed at a rate of 41 per cent per year under tropical storage conditions. The delta 9THC content decreased in the samples and equally in the extracts though 100 per cent conversion of THC to CBN does not take place. The higher CBN content found in extracts than that expected by the conversion THC to CBN is a result of metabolic conversion.", "contents": "Stability of Cannabis sativa L. samples and their extracts, on prolonged storage in Delhi. The percentage rate of change into cannabinoids (Cannabidiol [CBD], tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] and cannabinol [CBN]) was higher in cannabis samples than in the extracts. This is probalby due to the decomposition of acids into corresponding neutral cannabinoids under the conditions of storage. Previous claims that CBD content in plant material is relatively constant are not substantiated by our results. There was a 1.0-2.5-fold increase in CBD content in plant material compared with the extracts. However, the fact that there was no appreciable increase in CBD/CBN content in the stored extracts of the same samples supports the view that the step-wise extraction does not bring the acids into the final extract pure delta 9THC decomposed at a rate of 41 per cent per year under tropical storage conditions. The delta 9THC content decreased in the samples and equally in the extracts though 100 per cent conversion of THC to CBN does not take place. The higher CBN content found in extracts than that expected by the conversion THC to CBN is a result of metabolic conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:258612", "title": "Forced swimming in rats: hypothermia, immobility and the effects of imipramine.", "content": "Rats when forced to swim in a restricted space not only became immobile but showed marked hypothermia. The hypothermia was greater than that observed after reserpine or Ro 4-1284 and was not antagonized by imipramine at doses which significantly reduced immobility. Hypothermia induced by forced swimming can therefore be dissociated from the immobility occurring in these conditions and also from drug-induced hypothermia.", "contents": "Forced swimming in rats: hypothermia, immobility and the effects of imipramine. Rats when forced to swim in a restricted space not only became immobile but showed marked hypothermia. The hypothermia was greater than that observed after reserpine or Ro 4-1284 and was not antagonized by imipramine at doses which significantly reduced immobility. Hypothermia induced by forced swimming can therefore be dissociated from the immobility occurring in these conditions and also from drug-induced hypothermia."}
{"id": "PMID:258639", "title": "[Brain stem seizures (author's transl)].", "content": "Paroxysmal symptoms of frequent recurrence and short duration occurring mostly unilaterally and without loss of consciousness have been described under a vast variety of headings. Brain stem origin of these symptoms was presumed. Electroencephalographic recordings usually did not show any paroxysmal discharges. 328 patients were found in the available literature including 9 patients of ours. The seizures were classified by their appearance. Tonic or dystonic, sensory, algetic, ataxic and akinetic-atonic fits were distinguished. The dystonic variety includes the \"paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis\". The \"paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia\" was subsumed under the ataxic type. By etiology, seizures were grouped into the cryptogenic and the symptomatic type. The symptomatic variety is frequently caused by multiple sclerosis, and rarely by tumours of the basal ganglia or by vascular disorders. Cranial computertomography showed subcortical lesions in three out of seven patients. In one case cerebral atrophy was found. All types of seizures respond very well to antiepileptic drugs. The prognosis is favourable with the cryptogenic type and unfavourable with the symptomatic variety depending on the underlying disease.", "contents": "[Brain stem seizures (author's transl)]. Paroxysmal symptoms of frequent recurrence and short duration occurring mostly unilaterally and without loss of consciousness have been described under a vast variety of headings. Brain stem origin of these symptoms was presumed. Electroencephalographic recordings usually did not show any paroxysmal discharges. 328 patients were found in the available literature including 9 patients of ours. The seizures were classified by their appearance. Tonic or dystonic, sensory, algetic, ataxic and akinetic-atonic fits were distinguished. The dystonic variety includes the \"paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis\". The \"paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia\" was subsumed under the ataxic type. By etiology, seizures were grouped into the cryptogenic and the symptomatic type. The symptomatic variety is frequently caused by multiple sclerosis, and rarely by tumours of the basal ganglia or by vascular disorders. Cranial computertomography showed subcortical lesions in three out of seven patients. In one case cerebral atrophy was found. All types of seizures respond very well to antiepileptic drugs. The prognosis is favourable with the cryptogenic type and unfavourable with the symptomatic variety depending on the underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:258636", "title": "[Transferable antibiotic resistance of Salmonellae isolated at the Novara General Hospital in 1977].", "content": "Of 74 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Hospital of Novara in 1977 and belonging to 20 different serotypes, transfer of antibiotic-resistance, mostly multiple (Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, Ampicillin) has been detected in 78,5% of 28 antibiotic-resistant strains. As in previous investigations made by the same Laboratory, the highest percentages of transfer of resistance have been observed in some serotypes (S. typhi murium, S. panama), while that was observed only in S. enteritidis isolated in 1977. At last in this period was S. wien able to transmit multiple resistance isolated only once.", "contents": "[Transferable antibiotic resistance of Salmonellae isolated at the Novara General Hospital in 1977]. Of 74 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Hospital of Novara in 1977 and belonging to 20 different serotypes, transfer of antibiotic-resistance, mostly multiple (Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, Ampicillin) has been detected in 78,5% of 28 antibiotic-resistant strains. As in previous investigations made by the same Laboratory, the highest percentages of transfer of resistance have been observed in some serotypes (S. typhi murium, S. panama), while that was observed only in S. enteritidis isolated in 1977. At last in this period was S. wien able to transmit multiple resistance isolated only once."}
{"id": "PMID:258658", "title": "Characterization of R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance from Salmonella species.", "content": "A sudden increase in the incidence of ampicillin resistance was observed among Salmonella species isolated within New Zealand in 1973--4. This increase was due mainly to the apperance and proliferation of Salmonella newington and Salmonella anatum serotypes resistant to ampicillin. The plasmid complements of 14 ampicillin-resistant S. newington and S. anatum isolates obtained from widely separated geographical areas within New Zealand between 1973 and 1974 were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Each contained one or more plasmids ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 to 42 Mdal. Eleven isolates contained a self-transmissible plasmid of 33 Mdal which encoded resistance to ampicillin. After transfer to Escherichia coli, the 33 Mdal R-plasmids from each of these isolates were shown to be identical by restriction endonuclease analysis. The remaining three strains contained ampicillin R-plasmids having molecular weights of 35, 37.5 and 42 Mdal. These plasmids were shown by restriction endonuclease analysis to be related to the 33 Mdal R-plasmid. We conclude that the 33 Mdal plasmid and its derivatives were responsible for the increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant S. newington and S. anatum serotypes among the total Salmonella population.", "contents": "Characterization of R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance from Salmonella species. A sudden increase in the incidence of ampicillin resistance was observed among Salmonella species isolated within New Zealand in 1973--4. This increase was due mainly to the apperance and proliferation of Salmonella newington and Salmonella anatum serotypes resistant to ampicillin. The plasmid complements of 14 ampicillin-resistant S. newington and S. anatum isolates obtained from widely separated geographical areas within New Zealand between 1973 and 1974 were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Each contained one or more plasmids ranging in molecular weight from 1.4 to 42 Mdal. Eleven isolates contained a self-transmissible plasmid of 33 Mdal which encoded resistance to ampicillin. After transfer to Escherichia coli, the 33 Mdal R-plasmids from each of these isolates were shown to be identical by restriction endonuclease analysis. The remaining three strains contained ampicillin R-plasmids having molecular weights of 35, 37.5 and 42 Mdal. These plasmids were shown by restriction endonuclease analysis to be related to the 33 Mdal R-plasmid. We conclude that the 33 Mdal plasmid and its derivatives were responsible for the increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant S. newington and S. anatum serotypes among the total Salmonella population."}
{"id": "PMID:258659", "title": "[An experimental study on pyogenic osteomyelitis with special reference to the analysis of the therapeutic effects of antibiotics in vivo (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental osteomyelitis was produced in mice by the Ueno's method for the purpose of evaluating therapeutic effects of the antibiotics. The results were as follows: 1) Experimental osteomyelitis produced with penicillin-G sensitive bacteria was completely cured by PC-G 1.8 mg per mouse a day, which provided maintenance of the concentration in serum more than 10 times of MIC for over 12 hours. The dosis of 0.18 mg per mouse per day was insufficient to bring a complete healing. 2) Experimental osteomyelitis produced with penicillin-G resistant bacteria did not heal completely, despite the administration of MPI-PC, a synthetic penicillin designed against penicillin resistant staphylococci, in a dosis of 5 mg twice a day, probably by the following reasons. Since MPI-PC is water-soluble, it is difficult to maintain the concentration in serum more than 10 times of MIC for over 1 hour. In other word, the bacteria was exposed to the effective antibiotic concentration for only one hour twice a day. 3) It was experimentally proved that earlier administration of antibiotics following inoculation provided quicker elimination of bacteria. 4) When bactericidal antibiotics were used, administration twice a day in half dosis gave better results compared with the full dosis once a day. 5) This experimental model of osteomyelitis proved quite useful for quantitative analysis of the effects of antibiotics, which would be applicable as a good method for evaluation of antibiotics to be developed in the future.", "contents": "[An experimental study on pyogenic osteomyelitis with special reference to the analysis of the therapeutic effects of antibiotics in vivo (author's transl)]. Experimental osteomyelitis was produced in mice by the Ueno's method for the purpose of evaluating therapeutic effects of the antibiotics. The results were as follows: 1) Experimental osteomyelitis produced with penicillin-G sensitive bacteria was completely cured by PC-G 1.8 mg per mouse a day, which provided maintenance of the concentration in serum more than 10 times of MIC for over 12 hours. The dosis of 0.18 mg per mouse per day was insufficient to bring a complete healing. 2) Experimental osteomyelitis produced with penicillin-G resistant bacteria did not heal completely, despite the administration of MPI-PC, a synthetic penicillin designed against penicillin resistant staphylococci, in a dosis of 5 mg twice a day, probably by the following reasons. Since MPI-PC is water-soluble, it is difficult to maintain the concentration in serum more than 10 times of MIC for over 1 hour. In other word, the bacteria was exposed to the effective antibiotic concentration for only one hour twice a day. 3) It was experimentally proved that earlier administration of antibiotics following inoculation provided quicker elimination of bacteria. 4) When bactericidal antibiotics were used, administration twice a day in half dosis gave better results compared with the full dosis once a day. 5) This experimental model of osteomyelitis proved quite useful for quantitative analysis of the effects of antibiotics, which would be applicable as a good method for evaluation of antibiotics to be developed in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:258660", "title": "Evaluation of a primary nursing system using the quality patient care scale.", "content": "The quality of nursing care at the Children's Hospital National Medical Center was measured with the QualPaCS evaluation instrument before and after the implementation of primary nursing. Significantly higher mean QualPaCS scores under the new primary nursing system at CHNMC suggest that this change improved the quality of nursing care.", "contents": "Evaluation of a primary nursing system using the quality patient care scale. The quality of nursing care at the Children's Hospital National Medical Center was measured with the QualPaCS evaluation instrument before and after the implementation of primary nursing. Significantly higher mean QualPaCS scores under the new primary nursing system at CHNMC suggest that this change improved the quality of nursing care."}
{"id": "PMID:258661", "title": "Time management.", "content": "Maximization of the nurse administrator's managerial time is the focus of this article. Activities inventory, goal setting, assessing peak and low times, scheduling activities, using transition times, streamlining paperwork, using the telephone, office visits, and meetings are discussed. The author addresses planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling at the organizational level as ways to maximize organizational time.", "contents": "Time management. Maximization of the nurse administrator's managerial time is the focus of this article. Activities inventory, goal setting, assessing peak and low times, scheduling activities, using transition times, streamlining paperwork, using the telephone, office visits, and meetings are discussed. The author addresses planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling at the organizational level as ways to maximize organizational time."}
{"id": "PMID:258662", "title": "Control of Christmas holiday census and staffing.", "content": "Most hospitals experience decreased census during certain holiday periods. The costs related to keeping units open during these periods are major problems for nursing administrators. This article describes a holiday staffing plan that addresses the personal needs of staff and the need to control operations. The same principles may apply at other low census periods such as during summer months, vacation periods, or strikes.", "contents": "Control of Christmas holiday census and staffing. Most hospitals experience decreased census during certain holiday periods. The costs related to keeping units open during these periods are major problems for nursing administrators. This article describes a holiday staffing plan that addresses the personal needs of staff and the need to control operations. The same principles may apply at other low census periods such as during summer months, vacation periods, or strikes."}
{"id": "PMID:258663", "title": "Developing a usable performance appraisal system.", "content": "A sound, effective performance appraisal system is an important management tool for the nursing administrator. The author describes an approach to developing a performance appraisal system that yields reliable information about performance and is trusted and accepted by both appraisers and appraisees.", "contents": "Developing a usable performance appraisal system. A sound, effective performance appraisal system is an important management tool for the nursing administrator. The author describes an approach to developing a performance appraisal system that yields reliable information about performance and is trusted and accepted by both appraisers and appraisees."}
{"id": "PMID:258675", "title": "[Comparison of the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin with other antibacterial agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin was determined in comparison with that of sulbenicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime, clindamycin and metronidazole against anaerobic bacteria which have been isolated from various clinical materials in this hospital. Growth of more than 90% of Gram-negative anaerobic rod bacteria was inhibited by ticarcillin at its concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. Strains resistant to ticarcillin showed cross resistance against both sulbenicillin and amoxicillin. Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin against Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria was found almost equal to sulbenicillin but slightly inferior to amoxicillin. Cefuroxime was found most inferior among the tested six antibiotics when an inoculation level of 10(8)/ml was utilized, but it showed similar activity to ticarcillin when they were tested with 10(6)/ml inoculation. Approximately 10% of bacteroides strains was resistant to clindamycin while all the strains were sensitive to metronidazole.", "contents": "[Comparison of the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin with other antibacterial agents (author's transl)]. Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin was determined in comparison with that of sulbenicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime, clindamycin and metronidazole against anaerobic bacteria which have been isolated from various clinical materials in this hospital. Growth of more than 90% of Gram-negative anaerobic rod bacteria was inhibited by ticarcillin at its concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. Strains resistant to ticarcillin showed cross resistance against both sulbenicillin and amoxicillin. Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin against Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria was found almost equal to sulbenicillin but slightly inferior to amoxicillin. Cefuroxime was found most inferior among the tested six antibiotics when an inoculation level of 10(8)/ml was utilized, but it showed similar activity to ticarcillin when they were tested with 10(6)/ml inoculation. Approximately 10% of bacteroides strains was resistant to clindamycin while all the strains were sensitive to metronidazole."}
{"id": "PMID:258676", "title": "Parent-parent support in the care of high-risk newborns.", "content": "Despite the expertise of professional personnel in supporting parents of high-risk infants, parents with similar previous experiences can play a strong adjunctive role also. One program in which these parents were used as the key resource is described, including organization, actual operation, results, and problems.", "contents": "Parent-parent support in the care of high-risk newborns. Despite the expertise of professional personnel in supporting parents of high-risk infants, parents with similar previous experiences can play a strong adjunctive role also. One program in which these parents were used as the key resource is described, including organization, actual operation, results, and problems."}
{"id": "PMID:258677", "title": "Increase in diaphragm use in a university population.", "content": "A striking increase observed in the demand for the diaphragm method at a contraception clinic for university women was documented by means of a record review and questionnaire. Record reviews completed at the conclusion of each semester from December 1973 to December 1976 showed a statistically significant increase in diaphragm acceptors. In the fall semester of 1976, diaphragm acceptors (49% of 151 patients) surpassed pill acceptors (46%). Data from 123 questionnaires revealed that concern for pill and IUD side effects was the primary reason for diaphragm choice. The study numbers are small, but a definite trend is evident. These educated young women may be forerunners, and an increase in diagphragm use in the general population may be seen in the near future.", "contents": "Increase in diaphragm use in a university population. A striking increase observed in the demand for the diaphragm method at a contraception clinic for university women was documented by means of a record review and questionnaire. Record reviews completed at the conclusion of each semester from December 1973 to December 1976 showed a statistically significant increase in diaphragm acceptors. In the fall semester of 1976, diaphragm acceptors (49% of 151 patients) surpassed pill acceptors (46%). Data from 123 questionnaires revealed that concern for pill and IUD side effects was the primary reason for diaphragm choice. The study numbers are small, but a definite trend is evident. These educated young women may be forerunners, and an increase in diagphragm use in the general population may be seen in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:258679", "title": "Touching the high-risk obstetrical patient.", "content": "Nurses are reminded that there is a patient, rather than just an array of technical marvels, in the intensive care labor unit. Practical measures for promoting the patient's physical ease are outlined, and the meaning of support is reviewed.", "contents": "Touching the high-risk obstetrical patient. Nurses are reminded that there is a patient, rather than just an array of technical marvels, in the intensive care labor unit. Practical measures for promoting the patient's physical ease are outlined, and the meaning of support is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:258678", "title": "The ffect of early parent-infant contact on newborn body temperature.", "content": "To determine whether infants who are properly dried and wrapped can be held and warmed by parents in the delivery room without suffering a significant heat loss, temperatures of 100 infants were monitored with electronic thermometers after delivery; 50 were held by one or both parents and 50 were not held but immediately placed in a heated transporter. A two-tailed t test showed no significant differences between temperatures of the two groups.", "contents": "The ffect of early parent-infant contact on newborn body temperature. To determine whether infants who are properly dried and wrapped can be held and warmed by parents in the delivery room without suffering a significant heat loss, temperatures of 100 infants were monitored with electronic thermometers after delivery; 50 were held by one or both parents and 50 were not held but immediately placed in a heated transporter. A two-tailed t test showed no significant differences between temperatures of the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:258680", "title": "Considering patient-centered obstetric nursing care: why and how?", "content": "The authors assay the need for, the procedures involved in, and the benefits derived from a primary nurse approach to providing patient-centered nursing care for those pregnant women who receive their major prenatal and postnatal care through clinic facilities rather than from private physicians.", "contents": "Considering patient-centered obstetric nursing care: why and how? The authors assay the need for, the procedures involved in, and the benefits derived from a primary nurse approach to providing patient-centered nursing care for those pregnant women who receive their major prenatal and postnatal care through clinic facilities rather than from private physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:258701", "title": "Perceptions of the school nurse's role.", "content": "This study identifies and compares perceptions of school personnel (principals, teachers, counselors and school nurses) about the nurse's role in secondary school settings. A two-art questionnaire was utilized. Part one elicited descriptive data, while part two consisted of 50 Likert-type items related to the school nurse's role. Mean perception scores on the 50 items were obtained by job category and compared using a one-way ANOVA. Chi-square analyses were performed on the frequencies of scale values to determine if their distributions, by item, were the same for all job categories. Correlation coefficients were utilized to determine relationships between training levels, experience, direct contact and perceptions. Analyses revealed: (1) Significant differences in perceptions of the school nurse's role between each group of educators and school nurses. (2) No significant relationship between training level, experience, number of contacts with the nurse and perceptions of the school nurse's role.", "contents": "Perceptions of the school nurse's role. This study identifies and compares perceptions of school personnel (principals, teachers, counselors and school nurses) about the nurse's role in secondary school settings. A two-art questionnaire was utilized. Part one elicited descriptive data, while part two consisted of 50 Likert-type items related to the school nurse's role. Mean perception scores on the 50 items were obtained by job category and compared using a one-way ANOVA. Chi-square analyses were performed on the frequencies of scale values to determine if their distributions, by item, were the same for all job categories. Correlation coefficients were utilized to determine relationships between training levels, experience, direct contact and perceptions. Analyses revealed: (1) Significant differences in perceptions of the school nurse's role between each group of educators and school nurses. (2) No significant relationship between training level, experience, number of contacts with the nurse and perceptions of the school nurse's role."}
{"id": "PMID:258702", "title": "Mental health and the teacher.", "content": "The emotional atmosphere in a classroom setting is important to the experiences of all students. That atmosphere is affeected by the emotional stability of the teacher. A teacher with personal mental health problems can have a detrimental effect upon all of those students who are associated with him or her. There are a variety of courses and contributing factors of mental health problems. Certain signs and symptoms, at times, can be identified that relate to emotional difficulties. It is important that measures be identified to help teachers with emotional problems. This is not always an easy task, yet it is necessary if the teaching-learning environment is to be of a positive nature. School administrators, teacher preparation programs, teaching peers, and self-analysis all should play a role in identifying one's teaching. This is a task that no one person or agency can accomplish alone. Though often felt to be an uncomfortable issue with which to deal, all educators must become increasingly aware of the problem and be willing to work toward greater emotional health of all teachers.", "contents": "Mental health and the teacher. The emotional atmosphere in a classroom setting is important to the experiences of all students. That atmosphere is affeected by the emotional stability of the teacher. A teacher with personal mental health problems can have a detrimental effect upon all of those students who are associated with him or her. There are a variety of courses and contributing factors of mental health problems. Certain signs and symptoms, at times, can be identified that relate to emotional difficulties. It is important that measures be identified to help teachers with emotional problems. This is not always an easy task, yet it is necessary if the teaching-learning environment is to be of a positive nature. School administrators, teacher preparation programs, teaching peers, and self-analysis all should play a role in identifying one's teaching. This is a task that no one person or agency can accomplish alone. Though often felt to be an uncomfortable issue with which to deal, all educators must become increasingly aware of the problem and be willing to work toward greater emotional health of all teachers."}
{"id": "PMID:258704", "title": "Cancer education for school personnel.", "content": "A large segment of our society associates cancer with doom and despair. This negative view appears to originate partially from the public's general lack of knowledge of the disease and of current treatment potential. In response to this lack of information and overall pessimistic attitude, a cancer education course was developed for school teachers and school nurses. The unique two-day course provides cognitive and affective learning experiences. Through the multiple teaching strategies employed, students are able to examine their own health practices, increase their knowledge of cancer and cancer treatment, interact with a person who is successfully living with cancer, and learn how to share information related to cancer. At the conclusion of the course, a comparison of the participants' pretest and posttest scores indicate a statistical improvement in both their cognitive and affective domains.", "contents": "Cancer education for school personnel. A large segment of our society associates cancer with doom and despair. This negative view appears to originate partially from the public's general lack of knowledge of the disease and of current treatment potential. In response to this lack of information and overall pessimistic attitude, a cancer education course was developed for school teachers and school nurses. The unique two-day course provides cognitive and affective learning experiences. Through the multiple teaching strategies employed, students are able to examine their own health practices, increase their knowledge of cancer and cancer treatment, interact with a person who is successfully living with cancer, and learn how to share information related to cancer. At the conclusion of the course, a comparison of the participants' pretest and posttest scores indicate a statistical improvement in both their cognitive and affective domains."}
{"id": "PMID:258705", "title": "Relevant curriculum planning in health education: a methodology.", "content": "Procedures proposed to present a methodology for planning relevant health education curriculum included having students write out questions they felt their peers had about health in the specific content areas of community health, consumer health, diseases, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, ecology, family life, nutrition, mental health, personal health and safety and first aid. A sample survey was presented where 80 junior high school students wrote a total of 981 questions and 74 senior high school students wrote 786 questions. Implications for the health education curriculum would be as follows: (1) Curriculum can be made relevant if the specific content covered is directly related to problems of daily living: (2) Provide needed cognitive information to meet real or potential problems of students; and (3) Provide guidance for the health educator in planning the kind and the amount of emphasis within the total health education program.", "contents": "Relevant curriculum planning in health education: a methodology. Procedures proposed to present a methodology for planning relevant health education curriculum included having students write out questions they felt their peers had about health in the specific content areas of community health, consumer health, diseases, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, ecology, family life, nutrition, mental health, personal health and safety and first aid. A sample survey was presented where 80 junior high school students wrote a total of 981 questions and 74 senior high school students wrote 786 questions. Implications for the health education curriculum would be as follows: (1) Curriculum can be made relevant if the specific content covered is directly related to problems of daily living: (2) Provide needed cognitive information to meet real or potential problems of students; and (3) Provide guidance for the health educator in planning the kind and the amount of emphasis within the total health education program."}
{"id": "PMID:258718", "title": "School nursing: current observations and future projections.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to 16 nurses in administrative, supervisory, consultant and educational positions to determined the curent state of school nursing. Opinions regarding the future of school nursing were also solicited. The results showed regional variations in the staffing levels, character of nursing practice, and use of school nurse practitioners. There was consensus that a provider image will be necessary and cost effectiveness will be crucial to the future of nursing.", "contents": "School nursing: current observations and future projections. A questionnaire was sent to 16 nurses in administrative, supervisory, consultant and educational positions to determined the curent state of school nursing. Opinions regarding the future of school nursing were also solicited. The results showed regional variations in the staffing levels, character of nursing practice, and use of school nurse practitioners. There was consensus that a provider image will be necessary and cost effectiveness will be crucial to the future of nursing."}
{"id": "PMID:258720", "title": "A client-held health record in a health education curriculum.", "content": "A pilot health education project stressing prevention and individual responsibility was developed and presented at two high schools. The health record, maintained by the individual, focuses on health maintenance and illness prevention; although it allows for recording illnesses as well. Preliminary results are encouraging. Students were interested in the course and the record and indicated their intent to continue using the record. The article describes the health record, the educational process used and directions for future research.", "contents": "A client-held health record in a health education curriculum. A pilot health education project stressing prevention and individual responsibility was developed and presented at two high schools. The health record, maintained by the individual, focuses on health maintenance and illness prevention; although it allows for recording illnesses as well. Preliminary results are encouraging. Students were interested in the course and the record and indicated their intent to continue using the record. The article describes the health record, the educational process used and directions for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:258721", "title": "The life-after-death phenomenon.", "content": "The life-after-death phenomenon has created student interest and is often a topic initiated by students by students in death education courses. The article summarizes some popular publications about the life-after-death phenomenon and extracts commonalities that potentially affect other topic areas in a death education course or unit. Topic areas such as coping with death, suicide and stages of dying are then examined to note the effect the phenomenon can have on the topical discussions. The article concludes with a section on precautions in teaching the phenomenon.", "contents": "The life-after-death phenomenon. The life-after-death phenomenon has created student interest and is often a topic initiated by students by students in death education courses. The article summarizes some popular publications about the life-after-death phenomenon and extracts commonalities that potentially affect other topic areas in a death education course or unit. Topic areas such as coping with death, suicide and stages of dying are then examined to note the effect the phenomenon can have on the topical discussions. The article concludes with a section on precautions in teaching the phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:258724", "title": "School water fluoridation.", "content": "In areas lacking public water supplies and where fluoride is not naturally present in the well water, school fluoridation programs have been shown to be effective and safe. Reductions of up to 38.9% in the rate of dental decay have been reported. Higher levels of fluoride are used in the school water than in public water because of the limited time the children are in school. The relatively low cost of the necessary equipment and chemicals can easily be justified by taking into account the amount of dental decay that can be prevented. Interested parents, teachers, or administrators should contact their state health department for technical assistance.", "contents": "School water fluoridation. In areas lacking public water supplies and where fluoride is not naturally present in the well water, school fluoridation programs have been shown to be effective and safe. Reductions of up to 38.9% in the rate of dental decay have been reported. Higher levels of fluoride are used in the school water than in public water because of the limited time the children are in school. The relatively low cost of the necessary equipment and chemicals can easily be justified by taking into account the amount of dental decay that can be prevented. Interested parents, teachers, or administrators should contact their state health department for technical assistance."}
{"id": "PMID:258767", "title": "Community Mental Health Care: new services from old systems.", "content": "An integrated service system for the mentally disabled must encompass federally supported community centers and state-supported mental hospitals. The vision, of course, has been elusive. Rational coordination and collaboration will be politically difficult but economically necessary to achieve a just--and sane--society.", "contents": "Community Mental Health Care: new services from old systems. An integrated service system for the mentally disabled must encompass federally supported community centers and state-supported mental hospitals. The vision, of course, has been elusive. Rational coordination and collaboration will be politically difficult but economically necessary to achieve a just--and sane--society."}
{"id": "PMID:258768", "title": "Abandonment of responsibility for the seriously mentally ill.", "content": "The road leading to the demise of state responsibility for the seriously mentally ill and the current crisis of abandonment was paved with all the best intentions. Tragically, policies underlying the pattern of abandonment are based on erroneous interpretations of what patients need and what our current techniques can produce to help them. An index of declining hospital census must not be mistaken for the goal of care.", "contents": "Abandonment of responsibility for the seriously mentally ill. The road leading to the demise of state responsibility for the seriously mentally ill and the current crisis of abandonment was paved with all the best intentions. Tragically, policies underlying the pattern of abandonment are based on erroneous interpretations of what patients need and what our current techniques can produce to help them. An index of declining hospital census must not be mistaken for the goal of care."}
{"id": "PMID:258769", "title": "The mental health movement, 1949--1979.", "content": "Three decades of social experimentation in caring for the mentally ill have yielded many new programs, treatments, personnel, and facilities. Despite administrative complexities and historical divisions, alternatives are already available in general hospitals as well as in community centers. Future policies and priorities will not be clarified through recourse to unrealistic \"medical models.\"", "contents": "The mental health movement, 1949--1979. Three decades of social experimentation in caring for the mentally ill have yielded many new programs, treatments, personnel, and facilities. Despite administrative complexities and historical divisions, alternatives are already available in general hospitals as well as in community centers. Future policies and priorities will not be clarified through recourse to unrealistic \"medical models.\""}
{"id": "PMID:258770", "title": "Deinstitutionalization in two cultures.", "content": "American and British reformers may act as if reducing the number of beds alone reduces human distress or the incidence and prevalence of psychiatric illness. Deinstitutionalization requires a recognition of changed relationships between patients and staff, and between patients and families. Our two cultures have responded differently to questions of where, by whom, and how to treat their mental patients.", "contents": "Deinstitutionalization in two cultures. American and British reformers may act as if reducing the number of beds alone reduces human distress or the incidence and prevalence of psychiatric illness. Deinstitutionalization requires a recognition of changed relationships between patients and staff, and between patients and families. Our two cultures have responded differently to questions of where, by whom, and how to treat their mental patients."}
{"id": "PMID:258771", "title": "Some mental health premises.", "content": "The premises underlying our understanding of the nature of mental illness and its treatment are subject to cycles of fashion. Recurring emphasis is too often on structures and too seldom on functions within a system. Publicizing paradigms is no substitute for demonstration of efficacy.", "contents": "Some mental health premises. The premises underlying our understanding of the nature of mental illness and its treatment are subject to cycles of fashion. Recurring emphasis is too often on structures and too seldom on functions within a system. Publicizing paradigms is no substitute for demonstration of efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:258772", "title": "Deinstitutionalization in context.", "content": "Unlike other policy developments, which are regular and cumulative or even circular, reforms in mental health have been characterized by a peak-trough movement. Public responses continue to be very different from professional responses to achieving the practical limits of mental health. Ironically, the lack of machinery to integrate special services into a broad national program has mobilized more creative energy in the United States than has been the case in Britain.", "contents": "Deinstitutionalization in context. Unlike other policy developments, which are regular and cumulative or even circular, reforms in mental health have been characterized by a peak-trough movement. Public responses continue to be very different from professional responses to achieving the practical limits of mental health. Ironically, the lack of machinery to integrate special services into a broad national program has mobilized more creative energy in the United States than has been the case in Britain."}
{"id": "PMID:258798", "title": "Prone immersion physical exercise therapy in three children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.", "content": "Prone immersion physical exercise therapy has been used successfully in the physical rehabilitation of middle-aged adults with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this pilot project was to evaluate the effects of PIPE therapy in children with cystic fibrosis. Three children with CF, two boys aged 6 and 14 years and one girl aged 15 years, voluntarily participated in the experimental training program. The patients performed individualized group exercise three times a week on alternate days for 28 consecutive weeks at an intensity of approximately 75 percent aerobic capacity. Duration of exercise gradually increased from 15 (3 x 5 minutes) to 60 (3 x 20 minutes) minutes while the rest period after each exercise was constant at two minutes. PIPE training resulted in increased physical work capacity and maximal oxygen consumption in all three subjects. Curiously, these changes were not accompanied by training bradycardia.", "contents": "Prone immersion physical exercise therapy in three children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Prone immersion physical exercise therapy has been used successfully in the physical rehabilitation of middle-aged adults with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this pilot project was to evaluate the effects of PIPE therapy in children with cystic fibrosis. Three children with CF, two boys aged 6 and 14 years and one girl aged 15 years, voluntarily participated in the experimental training program. The patients performed individualized group exercise three times a week on alternate days for 28 consecutive weeks at an intensity of approximately 75 percent aerobic capacity. Duration of exercise gradually increased from 15 (3 x 5 minutes) to 60 (3 x 20 minutes) minutes while the rest period after each exercise was constant at two minutes. PIPE training resulted in increased physical work capacity and maximal oxygen consumption in all three subjects. Curiously, these changes were not accompanied by training bradycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:258799", "title": "Health care workers' role conceptions and orientation to family-centered child care.", "content": "This study, designed as a correlation survey, was predicated on the existence of belief systems and on the premise that health care workers' orientation to family-centered care can reflect the openness or closedness of their belief systems. It was hypothesized that health care workers' orientation to family-centered child care is directly related to their professional role conception and inversely related to their employee role conception. The two hypotheses were tested on a sample of nursing and medical personnel associated with restorative and preventive care of children in inpatient and outpatient settings in New York City, central Pennsylvania, and the Philippines. Three sets of Likert-type scales were used for data collection from 1974 through 1976. Data were analyzed by correlation technique and the F test. Findings supported the hypotheses, and some demographic factors were found to be reliable predictors of health workers' orientation to family-centered child care and their conception of the professional or employee role. Implications of the findings for nursing practice and education, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed.", "contents": "Health care workers' role conceptions and orientation to family-centered child care. This study, designed as a correlation survey, was predicated on the existence of belief systems and on the premise that health care workers' orientation to family-centered care can reflect the openness or closedness of their belief systems. It was hypothesized that health care workers' orientation to family-centered child care is directly related to their professional role conception and inversely related to their employee role conception. The two hypotheses were tested on a sample of nursing and medical personnel associated with restorative and preventive care of children in inpatient and outpatient settings in New York City, central Pennsylvania, and the Philippines. Three sets of Likert-type scales were used for data collection from 1974 through 1976. Data were analyzed by correlation technique and the F test. Findings supported the hypotheses, and some demographic factors were found to be reliable predictors of health workers' orientation to family-centered child care and their conception of the professional or employee role. Implications of the findings for nursing practice and education, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:258800", "title": "Prenatal education evaluation.", "content": "Prenatal classes are commonly offered by hospitals with obstetrical units. To evaluate their effectiveness in one hospital, the relationship between the amount of medication used by women during labor and the birth weight of their infants following participation in one of three treatment groups was determined by a multivariate nonorthogonal analysis of covariance design. Women who attended a prenatal class program, it was found, required significantly less medication during labor than women exposed to other structured programs during pregnancy. There were no significant differences in birth weights among the infants born to women in the study. These findings, consistent regardless of age, race, and parity, suggest the value of prenatal education in reducing levels of medication required by women during labor.", "contents": "Prenatal education evaluation. Prenatal classes are commonly offered by hospitals with obstetrical units. To evaluate their effectiveness in one hospital, the relationship between the amount of medication used by women during labor and the birth weight of their infants following participation in one of three treatment groups was determined by a multivariate nonorthogonal analysis of covariance design. Women who attended a prenatal class program, it was found, required significantly less medication during labor than women exposed to other structured programs during pregnancy. There were no significant differences in birth weights among the infants born to women in the study. These findings, consistent regardless of age, race, and parity, suggest the value of prenatal education in reducing levels of medication required by women during labor."}
{"id": "PMID:258801", "title": "Family nurse practitioners: perceived competencies and recommendations.", "content": "Responses to a mail questionnaire returned by 327 family nurse practitioners throughout the United States provided data for this study. Categories of health problems respondents encountered, from highest to lowest mean frequency, were: cardiovascular and respiratory; neurologic/musculoskeletal; eye, ear, nose, and throat; emergencies; mental health; miscellaneous; gastroenterology; allergy and dermatology; obstetrics and gynecology; genitourinary; endocrine; oncology. Respondents, as a group, judged themselves moderately competent to handle problems they encountered. That is, to the question. \"What overall percentage of patient needs and problems you encounter do you estimate you are able to handle without further referral or consultation?,\" the mean response was 66 percent. Discussion centers on where in the nursing education process family nurse practitioner competencies should be taught.", "contents": "Family nurse practitioners: perceived competencies and recommendations. Responses to a mail questionnaire returned by 327 family nurse practitioners throughout the United States provided data for this study. Categories of health problems respondents encountered, from highest to lowest mean frequency, were: cardiovascular and respiratory; neurologic/musculoskeletal; eye, ear, nose, and throat; emergencies; mental health; miscellaneous; gastroenterology; allergy and dermatology; obstetrics and gynecology; genitourinary; endocrine; oncology. Respondents, as a group, judged themselves moderately competent to handle problems they encountered. That is, to the question. \"What overall percentage of patient needs and problems you encounter do you estimate you are able to handle without further referral or consultation?,\" the mean response was 66 percent. Discussion centers on where in the nursing education process family nurse practitioner competencies should be taught."}
{"id": "PMID:258803", "title": "Reasons nurses participate in continuing education.", "content": "The study was undertaken to identify dimensions, or motivational orientations that underlie reasons nurses participate in continuing education programs and to determine relationships between these orientations and the legal status of CE and selected demographic characteristics of participants. The sample included 843 nurses who participated in CE programs sponsored by colleges and universities with accredited baccalaureate schools of nursing. Two instruments were used for data collection: a 56-item checklist consisting of reasons for participation (Education Participation Scale) and a personal data sheet. Factor analysis of responses to the EPS indicated that seven motivational orientations underlay the nurses' reasons for participation: compliance with authority, improvement in social relations, improvement in social welfare skills, professional advancement, professional knowledge, relief from routine, and acquisition of credentials. Mean scores on each orientation for the entire sample ranged from 6.55 (professional knowledge) to 1.57 (improvement in social relations) on a 10-point scale. Analysis of variance to determine the relationship between motivational orientation scores and legal status of continuing nursing education revealed no differences among the three legal conditions studied---mandatory, proposed, and voluntary CE---except on the acquisition of credentials orientation. Scores on this orientation varied significantly (p less than .001), but only for respondents employed part-time; for these nurses mean scores were ranked mandatory, proposed, then voluntary. Study findings suggest that, for these nurses, the presence or threat of a mandatory CE law had little influence in motivating participation. Rather, these nurses participated in continuing nursing education programs for reasons related to maintaining professional currency and improving their ability to serve the public.", "contents": "Reasons nurses participate in continuing education. The study was undertaken to identify dimensions, or motivational orientations that underlie reasons nurses participate in continuing education programs and to determine relationships between these orientations and the legal status of CE and selected demographic characteristics of participants. The sample included 843 nurses who participated in CE programs sponsored by colleges and universities with accredited baccalaureate schools of nursing. Two instruments were used for data collection: a 56-item checklist consisting of reasons for participation (Education Participation Scale) and a personal data sheet. Factor analysis of responses to the EPS indicated that seven motivational orientations underlay the nurses' reasons for participation: compliance with authority, improvement in social relations, improvement in social welfare skills, professional advancement, professional knowledge, relief from routine, and acquisition of credentials. Mean scores on each orientation for the entire sample ranged from 6.55 (professional knowledge) to 1.57 (improvement in social relations) on a 10-point scale. Analysis of variance to determine the relationship between motivational orientation scores and legal status of continuing nursing education revealed no differences among the three legal conditions studied---mandatory, proposed, and voluntary CE---except on the acquisition of credentials orientation. Scores on this orientation varied significantly (p less than .001), but only for respondents employed part-time; for these nurses mean scores were ranked mandatory, proposed, then voluntary. Study findings suggest that, for these nurses, the presence or threat of a mandatory CE law had little influence in motivating participation. Rather, these nurses participated in continuing nursing education programs for reasons related to maintaining professional currency and improving their ability to serve the public."}
{"id": "PMID:258802", "title": "Nurse practitioner employment, unemployment, reemployment.", "content": "An estimate for nurse practitioner unemployment is attempted, based on responses of 260 graduates of a single program and published data. Reasons for not working are examined. The activity of NPs is compared to registered nurses. Job changers are compared to those who remained in the same job since graduation. Some of the reasons for unemployment and nonparticipation in the labor force are examined. Suggestive evidence on job changing is reviewed. Finally, policy implications are discussed.", "contents": "Nurse practitioner employment, unemployment, reemployment. An estimate for nurse practitioner unemployment is attempted, based on responses of 260 graduates of a single program and published data. Reasons for not working are examined. The activity of NPs is compared to registered nurses. Job changers are compared to those who remained in the same job since graduation. Some of the reasons for unemployment and nonparticipation in the labor force are examined. Suggestive evidence on job changing is reviewed. Finally, policy implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:258804", "title": "A survey of health needs of older adults in northwest Johnson County, Iowa.", "content": "In 1975, the 1972 survey by the DuPage County, Illinois, Health Department (Managan et al. 1974) was replicated in an eight-township area of Johnson County, Iowa, to compare and document areas of nursing needs for the nursing division of a rural health center and to determine if the Illinois findings were generalizable to a setting which included both similarities and differences. The DuPage County population was urban, while the Johnson County population had a strong farm background and the majority of the subjects still resided on a farm. The DuPage County sample of 1,466 represented approximately 5 percent of the elderly population. The sample size in the Johnson County study was only 82; however, it represented approximately 10 percent of the elderly in the eight townships of the study area. The method of interviewing in the resident's homes was replicated as was DuPage's method of statistical analysis. Comparison of data from the two counties showed striking similarities in all parameters: health condition, physical functioning accessibility of medical care, social isolation, and service needs. Both studies found need for additional health services. A multiple disciplinary service approach to health needs would assist the elderly to remain in their own homes longer and to improve the quality of their lives. In the Iowa study, four questions to determine satisfaction with present living facilities and with adequacy of income for needed medical and dental costs were added. When these answers were compared to two previous Iowa studies, findings were similar.", "contents": "A survey of health needs of older adults in northwest Johnson County, Iowa. In 1975, the 1972 survey by the DuPage County, Illinois, Health Department (Managan et al. 1974) was replicated in an eight-township area of Johnson County, Iowa, to compare and document areas of nursing needs for the nursing division of a rural health center and to determine if the Illinois findings were generalizable to a setting which included both similarities and differences. The DuPage County population was urban, while the Johnson County population had a strong farm background and the majority of the subjects still resided on a farm. The DuPage County sample of 1,466 represented approximately 5 percent of the elderly population. The sample size in the Johnson County study was only 82; however, it represented approximately 10 percent of the elderly in the eight townships of the study area. The method of interviewing in the resident's homes was replicated as was DuPage's method of statistical analysis. Comparison of data from the two counties showed striking similarities in all parameters: health condition, physical functioning accessibility of medical care, social isolation, and service needs. Both studies found need for additional health services. A multiple disciplinary service approach to health needs would assist the elderly to remain in their own homes longer and to improve the quality of their lives. In the Iowa study, four questions to determine satisfaction with present living facilities and with adequacy of income for needed medical and dental costs were added. When these answers were compared to two previous Iowa studies, findings were similar."}
{"id": "PMID:258805", "title": "Interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse relationships.", "content": "The specific purpose of a study that examined interpersonal communication in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads was to ascertain the nature of the relationship between interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse interaction. Analysis of questionnaire data collected from a sample of 36 diploma school nursing instructors indicated slight correlations between specific trust and general trust and between general trust and empathy. A strong negative correlation was found between specific trust and empathy. Discussion centered on an explanation for the inverse relationship between specific trust and empathy and a proposed model for how trust functions in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads.", "contents": "Interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse relationships. The specific purpose of a study that examined interpersonal communication in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads was to ascertain the nature of the relationship between interpersonal trust and empathy in nurse-nurse interaction. Analysis of questionnaire data collected from a sample of 36 diploma school nursing instructors indicated slight correlations between specific trust and general trust and between general trust and empathy. A strong negative correlation was found between specific trust and empathy. Discussion centered on an explanation for the inverse relationship between specific trust and empathy and a proposed model for how trust functions in ongoing nurse-nurse dyads."}
{"id": "PMID:258813", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of deafness.", "content": "Paranoia has long been associated with deafness, but the most significant psychiatric questions in the field of deafness concern the effects of prelingual deafness on intelligence, personality, and control of aggressive drives. With intensive language training, an emotionally favorable family situation, and adequate education, prelingual deafness has little or no deleterious effect on intelligence or personality. It does not predispose to major psychotic illnesses, but probably affects character structure in such a way as to accentuate impulsivity, and weaken depressive and obsessional traits. In order to prevent psychiatric morbidity in the deaf, the primary care physician needs not only to be able to diagnose and treat deafness and its causes, but also to grasp the importance of family counseling, adequate communication and education, and vocational rehabilitation for the deaf.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of deafness. Paranoia has long been associated with deafness, but the most significant psychiatric questions in the field of deafness concern the effects of prelingual deafness on intelligence, personality, and control of aggressive drives. With intensive language training, an emotionally favorable family situation, and adequate education, prelingual deafness has little or no deleterious effect on intelligence or personality. It does not predispose to major psychotic illnesses, but probably affects character structure in such a way as to accentuate impulsivity, and weaken depressive and obsessional traits. In order to prevent psychiatric morbidity in the deaf, the primary care physician needs not only to be able to diagnose and treat deafness and its causes, but also to grasp the importance of family counseling, adequate communication and education, and vocational rehabilitation for the deaf."}
{"id": "PMID:258817", "title": "Psychological aspects of menopause.", "content": "There are no psychological symptoms specific to menopause, though minor psychological complaints such as irritability may increase in women aged 45 to 55. These symptoms seem to be related to psychosocial stress, social class, or cultural group rather than to hormone imbalance alone. Management requires careful assessment of the medical as well as the psychosocial situation.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of menopause. There are no psychological symptoms specific to menopause, though minor psychological complaints such as irritability may increase in women aged 45 to 55. These symptoms seem to be related to psychosocial stress, social class, or cultural group rather than to hormone imbalance alone. Management requires careful assessment of the medical as well as the psychosocial situation."}
{"id": "PMID:258820", "title": "Getting alcoholics out of your office, into treatment, and back to your office.", "content": "There have been important expansions in knowledge about alcohol recently. In this chapter a number of advances pertinent to the family practitioner are summarized. However, technology is not our focus. We are talking first about troubled people. The applications of research may help such people in practice. However, our main concern is for the patients and their families as a primary care practitioner rightly should be. Therefore, scientific study results are interspersed among the sections on a variety of clinical concerns. Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are family affairs. Families are complex interactive systems that serve to maintain themselves and their members. Under certain conditions the powerful forces at work within a family can promote the use of alcohol as an effort to solve problems. This chapter has discussed some methods which may be used to change them. Alcohol also presents a number of specialized problems that may occur in family practice. We include recent modifications in the treatment of withdrawal. Another syndrome increasingly observed is that of the effects of alcohol on the human fetus. The interesting but less usual manifestations of alcoholism are also noted in passing.", "contents": "Getting alcoholics out of your office, into treatment, and back to your office. There have been important expansions in knowledge about alcohol recently. In this chapter a number of advances pertinent to the family practitioner are summarized. However, technology is not our focus. We are talking first about troubled people. The applications of research may help such people in practice. However, our main concern is for the patients and their families as a primary care practitioner rightly should be. Therefore, scientific study results are interspersed among the sections on a variety of clinical concerns. Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are family affairs. Families are complex interactive systems that serve to maintain themselves and their members. Under certain conditions the powerful forces at work within a family can promote the use of alcohol as an effort to solve problems. This chapter has discussed some methods which may be used to change them. Alcohol also presents a number of specialized problems that may occur in family practice. We include recent modifications in the treatment of withdrawal. Another syndrome increasingly observed is that of the effects of alcohol on the human fetus. The interesting but less usual manifestations of alcoholism are also noted in passing."}
{"id": "PMID:258824", "title": "Parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilator mechanism in the terminal liver microcirculation in rats.", "content": "Changes in the diameter of liver sinusoids were studied by an intravital television microscope method in pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. Dilatation of liver sinusoids was observed during parasympathetic neural stimulation and during acetylcholine administration. Frequency-dependent stimulation-effect relationships were obtained by electrical excitation of intact vagus nerves at supramaximal intensity from 2 to 8 Hz. Acetylcholine concentration-effect relationships were also obtained by intraportal venous infusions of acetylcholine 30 microliter for 5 s from 10(-9) to 10(-2) mol.1(-1). Systemic cholinergic receptor blockade with atropine (1 mg.kg-1) markedly reduced dilatation of liver sinusoids produced by both vagus nerve stimulation and acetylcholine administration. Changes in diameter of liver sinusoids with frequency of neural stimulation and with concentration of administered acetylcholine were also expressed as percentage of observed maximum effect and the respective stimulation-effect curves were constructed such that at a certain percentage of diameter change, the equivalent level of vagus nerve activity was represented by a given concentration of administered acetylcholine. Liver plasma concentration of acetylcholine presumably released during electrical vagal stimulation and reaching liver sinusoids was also estimated and found to be within physiological range. It is therefore proposed that rat liver sinusoids have the capacity for parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation.", "contents": "Parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilator mechanism in the terminal liver microcirculation in rats. Changes in the diameter of liver sinusoids were studied by an intravital television microscope method in pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. Dilatation of liver sinusoids was observed during parasympathetic neural stimulation and during acetylcholine administration. Frequency-dependent stimulation-effect relationships were obtained by electrical excitation of intact vagus nerves at supramaximal intensity from 2 to 8 Hz. Acetylcholine concentration-effect relationships were also obtained by intraportal venous infusions of acetylcholine 30 microliter for 5 s from 10(-9) to 10(-2) mol.1(-1). Systemic cholinergic receptor blockade with atropine (1 mg.kg-1) markedly reduced dilatation of liver sinusoids produced by both vagus nerve stimulation and acetylcholine administration. Changes in diameter of liver sinusoids with frequency of neural stimulation and with concentration of administered acetylcholine were also expressed as percentage of observed maximum effect and the respective stimulation-effect curves were constructed such that at a certain percentage of diameter change, the equivalent level of vagus nerve activity was represented by a given concentration of administered acetylcholine. Liver plasma concentration of acetylcholine presumably released during electrical vagal stimulation and reaching liver sinusoids was also estimated and found to be within physiological range. It is therefore proposed that rat liver sinusoids have the capacity for parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:258825", "title": "Inhibition by angiotensin II of some vasopressin effects on renal function in sheep.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusions of arginine vasopressin (AVP) alone and with angiotensin II (AII) on renal function were studied in conscious Merino ewes. AVP at 11.5 pmol.min-1 caused an increase in water and electrolyte output which was associated with a rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), solute clearance, solute-free water reabsorption and tubular sodium reabsorption. Addition of AII of 100 ng.min-1 generally reversed all of these effects. The filtration fraction, which rose during AVP infusion, increased further when AII was added due to a greater fall in renal plasma flow than in GFR. The diuretic and electrolyte-excreting effects of infused AVP appeared to be brought about by an increase in GFR. It is suggested that this inappropriate effect of AVP, which is secreted in response to water deprivation, could be countered by the simultaneous production of AII.", "contents": "Inhibition by angiotensin II of some vasopressin effects on renal function in sheep. The effects of intravenous infusions of arginine vasopressin (AVP) alone and with angiotensin II (AII) on renal function were studied in conscious Merino ewes. AVP at 11.5 pmol.min-1 caused an increase in water and electrolyte output which was associated with a rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), solute clearance, solute-free water reabsorption and tubular sodium reabsorption. Addition of AII of 100 ng.min-1 generally reversed all of these effects. The filtration fraction, which rose during AVP infusion, increased further when AII was added due to a greater fall in renal plasma flow than in GFR. The diuretic and electrolyte-excreting effects of infused AVP appeared to be brought about by an increase in GFR. It is suggested that this inappropriate effect of AVP, which is secreted in response to water deprivation, could be countered by the simultaneous production of AII."}
{"id": "PMID:258826", "title": "The effect of ammonium ion concentration on the activity of adenylate cyclase in various rat tissues in vitro.", "content": "The effects of three different ammonium ion concentrations (0.143; 1.43; 14.3 mmol .1(-1)) on adenylate cyclase activities in liver, muscle, fat and brain tissue in vitro were studied in the rat. At physiological levels, ammonium ions reduced adenylate cyclase activity in liver and fat by about 30%, did not affect enzyme activity in muscle tissue but increased adenylate cyclase activity in brain by 40%. Similar effects were observed at higher ammonium ion concentrations though there were no statistically significant correlations between ammonium ion concentration and the degree of change of enzyme activity.", "contents": "The effect of ammonium ion concentration on the activity of adenylate cyclase in various rat tissues in vitro. The effects of three different ammonium ion concentrations (0.143; 1.43; 14.3 mmol .1(-1)) on adenylate cyclase activities in liver, muscle, fat and brain tissue in vitro were studied in the rat. At physiological levels, ammonium ions reduced adenylate cyclase activity in liver and fat by about 30%, did not affect enzyme activity in muscle tissue but increased adenylate cyclase activity in brain by 40%. Similar effects were observed at higher ammonium ion concentrations though there were no statistically significant correlations between ammonium ion concentration and the degree of change of enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:258828", "title": "Effect of the Canadian Air Force training programme on a submaximal exercise test.", "content": "Validation of the submaximal heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship as an index of 'cardiorespiratory fitness' requires the demonstration of systematic alterations in this relationship concomitant with interventions designed to alter physical fitness. To fulfil those criteria a longitudinal training/de-training study was undertaken. Previously sedentary adult subjects undertook the Canadian Airforce 5BX-XBX exercise programme. Submaximal exercise tests were performed before and after training, and following several weeks cessation of training. A regression line of submaximal heart rate on submaximal oxygen consumption was calculated from the data of each submaximal exercise test. Alterations in the regression lines were examined for each subject individually by testing statistically for difference in slope and elevation between any pair of lines. Subjects who undertook the training/de-training study demonstrated significant systematic alterations in the elevation of the regression lines concomitant with periods of training and de-training. The reproducibility of the submaximal heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship was examined in two additional groups of subjects. Group A repeated a submaximal test on 3 or 4 successive days; Group B were tested before and after 16 weeks of normal activity. Subjects in Group A demonstrated non significant, random alterations in the regression lines on repeated testing and subjects in Group B demonstrated random, though on occasion significant, alterations in the regression lines. The elevation of the submaximal heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship is therefore a valid index for detecting sequential changes in 'cardiorespiratory fitness' in individual subjects.", "contents": "Effect of the Canadian Air Force training programme on a submaximal exercise test. Validation of the submaximal heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship as an index of 'cardiorespiratory fitness' requires the demonstration of systematic alterations in this relationship concomitant with interventions designed to alter physical fitness. To fulfil those criteria a longitudinal training/de-training study was undertaken. Previously sedentary adult subjects undertook the Canadian Airforce 5BX-XBX exercise programme. Submaximal exercise tests were performed before and after training, and following several weeks cessation of training. A regression line of submaximal heart rate on submaximal oxygen consumption was calculated from the data of each submaximal exercise test. Alterations in the regression lines were examined for each subject individually by testing statistically for difference in slope and elevation between any pair of lines. Subjects who undertook the training/de-training study demonstrated significant systematic alterations in the elevation of the regression lines concomitant with periods of training and de-training. The reproducibility of the submaximal heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship was examined in two additional groups of subjects. Group A repeated a submaximal test on 3 or 4 successive days; Group B were tested before and after 16 weeks of normal activity. Subjects in Group A demonstrated non significant, random alterations in the regression lines on repeated testing and subjects in Group B demonstrated random, though on occasion significant, alterations in the regression lines. The elevation of the submaximal heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship is therefore a valid index for detecting sequential changes in 'cardiorespiratory fitness' in individual subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:258829", "title": "A comparison of the oxygen consumption/body weight relationship obtained during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer and on a treadmill.", "content": "It is widely accepted that the relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight obtained during exercise on a bicycle ergometer differs from that obtained during treadmill walking. Experimental evidence to support this claim is lacking. To examine this difference a group of subjects (body weight 41--81 kg) undertook a predetermined level of submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill. Oxygen consumption was measured in a steady state at rest (i.e. sitting on the bicycle ergometer and standing on the treadmill) and during the two modes of exercise. A significant positive correlation between oxygen consumption and body weight was obtained under all four conditions of measurement. At rest the two regression lines did not differ in slope or elevation. During exercise the slope and the elevation of the line obtain from treadmill walking were significantly greater than from bicycle ergometer exercise. The 'metabolic cost' of bicycle ergometer exercise, (Vo2 during exercise--V02 at rest), showed no significant correlation with body weight. In contrast, there was a significant positive correlation during walking. It is suggested that these differences have arisen due to a different proportion of the total body weight supported by the subject in the two forms of exercise.", "contents": "A comparison of the oxygen consumption/body weight relationship obtained during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer and on a treadmill. It is widely accepted that the relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight obtained during exercise on a bicycle ergometer differs from that obtained during treadmill walking. Experimental evidence to support this claim is lacking. To examine this difference a group of subjects (body weight 41--81 kg) undertook a predetermined level of submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill. Oxygen consumption was measured in a steady state at rest (i.e. sitting on the bicycle ergometer and standing on the treadmill) and during the two modes of exercise. A significant positive correlation between oxygen consumption and body weight was obtained under all four conditions of measurement. At rest the two regression lines did not differ in slope or elevation. During exercise the slope and the elevation of the line obtain from treadmill walking were significantly greater than from bicycle ergometer exercise. The 'metabolic cost' of bicycle ergometer exercise, (Vo2 during exercise--V02 at rest), showed no significant correlation with body weight. In contrast, there was a significant positive correlation during walking. It is suggested that these differences have arisen due to a different proportion of the total body weight supported by the subject in the two forms of exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:258830", "title": "Lactation in the rabbit: mammary blood flow and cardiac output.", "content": "In anaesthetized rabbits, cardiac output (C.O.) and its distribution to the mammary glands, heart, liver and kidneys have been determined in established lactation (11--13 days), later lactation (26--27 days) and in virgins. During lactation, the volume of circulating blood, C.O., mammary blood flow and mammary weight were significantly greater than in virgins. There were no significant differences in C.O. and % C.O. received by the mammary glands between established and late lactation, and no significant decrease in mammary blood flow in late lactation. The weights of the liver and kidneys were significantly increased in lactation but there were no significant differences in liver, heart (coronary) and kidney blood flow. The rate of growth of the young was positively and significantly correlated with % C.O. received by the mammary glands and mammary weight, but not with C.O. Strong correlation was also observed between the % C.O. received by the mammary glands and mammary weight. There were no significant differences in C.O., mammary % C.O. and mammary blood flow in animals in established lactation 2--3 h and 24 h after suckling (i.e. shortly after and just before suckling). By 48 h after the last suckling mammary blood flow and % C.O., but not C.O., were significantly decreased. Possible factors causing these changes are discussed. The results are discussed in relation to the change in milk composition that occurs in late lactation in this species and to the role and effects of prolactin. It is suggested that events occurring during lactation have different sensitivities to prolactin.", "contents": "Lactation in the rabbit: mammary blood flow and cardiac output. In anaesthetized rabbits, cardiac output (C.O.) and its distribution to the mammary glands, heart, liver and kidneys have been determined in established lactation (11--13 days), later lactation (26--27 days) and in virgins. During lactation, the volume of circulating blood, C.O., mammary blood flow and mammary weight were significantly greater than in virgins. There were no significant differences in C.O. and % C.O. received by the mammary glands between established and late lactation, and no significant decrease in mammary blood flow in late lactation. The weights of the liver and kidneys were significantly increased in lactation but there were no significant differences in liver, heart (coronary) and kidney blood flow. The rate of growth of the young was positively and significantly correlated with % C.O. received by the mammary glands and mammary weight, but not with C.O. Strong correlation was also observed between the % C.O. received by the mammary glands and mammary weight. There were no significant differences in C.O., mammary % C.O. and mammary blood flow in animals in established lactation 2--3 h and 24 h after suckling (i.e. shortly after and just before suckling). By 48 h after the last suckling mammary blood flow and % C.O., but not C.O., were significantly decreased. Possible factors causing these changes are discussed. The results are discussed in relation to the change in milk composition that occurs in late lactation in this species and to the role and effects of prolactin. It is suggested that events occurring during lactation have different sensitivities to prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:259017", "title": "Aminoacyl-transfer RNA populations in mammalian cells chromatographic profiles and patterns of codon recognition.", "content": "The chromatographic profiles of 20 aminoacyl-tRNAs from rabbit liver were compared to those of rabbit reticulocytes by reverse phase chromatography and the chromatographic profiles of 20-aminoacyl-tRNAs from bovine liver were compared to those of bovine brain. The two rabbit tissues showed significant differences in the elution profiles of most aminoacyl-tRNAs, while the elution profiles of the aminoacyl-tRNAs from the bovine tissues showed fewer differences. The patterns of codon recognition of several aminoacyl-tRNAs fractionated from rabbit reticulocytes have also been compared to those fractionated from rabbit liver.", "contents": "Aminoacyl-transfer RNA populations in mammalian cells chromatographic profiles and patterns of codon recognition. The chromatographic profiles of 20 aminoacyl-tRNAs from rabbit liver were compared to those of rabbit reticulocytes by reverse phase chromatography and the chromatographic profiles of 20-aminoacyl-tRNAs from bovine liver were compared to those of bovine brain. The two rabbit tissues showed significant differences in the elution profiles of most aminoacyl-tRNAs, while the elution profiles of the aminoacyl-tRNAs from the bovine tissues showed fewer differences. The patterns of codon recognition of several aminoacyl-tRNAs fractionated from rabbit reticulocytes have also been compared to those fractionated from rabbit liver."}
{"id": "PMID:259036", "title": "Significance of maternal uterine proteins in the establishment of pregnancy.", "content": "Mammalian embryonic development depends on extrinsic support by the maternal organism. During the preimplantation period the growing blastocyst needs favourable environmental conditions, which are provided by endometrial transformations and secretion. The macromolecular composition of uterine secretion at different times before implantation is characterized by a spectrum of protein patterns which change daily. In an attempt to shed light on the significance of the uterine secretion proteins, particularly uteroglobin in the rabbit, in the establishment of early pregnancy, analyses are reported which demonstrate the origin and endocrine control of the synthesis and release of these proteins. In a comparative study of blastocyst development in vivo and in vitro the significance and consequences of asynchrony between the embryonic and maternal reproductive phases are investigated. Particular attention is drawn to uterine influences on the rabbit blastocyst coverings, and how embryonic development can be retarded by abnormal structural transformation of the zona pellucida and the mucin coat. Finally, the covenient experimental systems of pseudopregnancy and of delayed uterine secretion in the rabbit permit an approach the question of whether the uterine macromolecular components constitute a maternal response to the presence of the as yet unimplanted blastocyst.", "contents": "Significance of maternal uterine proteins in the establishment of pregnancy. Mammalian embryonic development depends on extrinsic support by the maternal organism. During the preimplantation period the growing blastocyst needs favourable environmental conditions, which are provided by endometrial transformations and secretion. The macromolecular composition of uterine secretion at different times before implantation is characterized by a spectrum of protein patterns which change daily. In an attempt to shed light on the significance of the uterine secretion proteins, particularly uteroglobin in the rabbit, in the establishment of early pregnancy, analyses are reported which demonstrate the origin and endocrine control of the synthesis and release of these proteins. In a comparative study of blastocyst development in vivo and in vitro the significance and consequences of asynchrony between the embryonic and maternal reproductive phases are investigated. Particular attention is drawn to uterine influences on the rabbit blastocyst coverings, and how embryonic development can be retarded by abnormal structural transformation of the zona pellucida and the mucin coat. Finally, the covenient experimental systems of pseudopregnancy and of delayed uterine secretion in the rabbit permit an approach the question of whether the uterine macromolecular components constitute a maternal response to the presence of the as yet unimplanted blastocyst."}
{"id": "PMID:259037", "title": "Molecular and cellular aspects of facultative delayed implantation in the mouse.", "content": "Various aspects of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis, as well as cellular fine structure, were examined in mouse embryos during the developmental diapause associated with delayed implantation, and during the reactivation of the embryo either by hormonal administration or by culture in vitro. The findings from these studies demonstrate that a cessation of DNA synthesis and mitosis, and a marked decline in the level of protein synthesis, but not of RNA synthesis, accompany diapause. Reactivation of the blastocyst results in the resumption of DNA synthesis and cell division, as well as in quantitative and qualitative changes in protein synthesis. At the fine-structural level diapause is indicated by the accumulation of lipid-like vacuoles, microfilaments, a basal lamina coating trophectodermal cells and the disassembly of polysomes into ribosomes. Significantly, nucleolar morphology remains unaltered during diapause and cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum persist at least for the first five days of delay. Reactivation of diapausing blastocysts is associated with the reassembly of polysomes and the accumulation of large quantities of an amorphous material within the cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Studies of blastocyst growth and development in vitro suggest experimental approaches to the question of the regulation delayed implantation. Finally, the role of ionic balances and concentrations in the control of the onset, maintenance and termination of delayed implantation in the mouse is discussed.", "contents": "Molecular and cellular aspects of facultative delayed implantation in the mouse. Various aspects of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis, as well as cellular fine structure, were examined in mouse embryos during the developmental diapause associated with delayed implantation, and during the reactivation of the embryo either by hormonal administration or by culture in vitro. The findings from these studies demonstrate that a cessation of DNA synthesis and mitosis, and a marked decline in the level of protein synthesis, but not of RNA synthesis, accompany diapause. Reactivation of the blastocyst results in the resumption of DNA synthesis and cell division, as well as in quantitative and qualitative changes in protein synthesis. At the fine-structural level diapause is indicated by the accumulation of lipid-like vacuoles, microfilaments, a basal lamina coating trophectodermal cells and the disassembly of polysomes into ribosomes. Significantly, nucleolar morphology remains unaltered during diapause and cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum persist at least for the first five days of delay. Reactivation of diapausing blastocysts is associated with the reassembly of polysomes and the accumulation of large quantities of an amorphous material within the cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Studies of blastocyst growth and development in vitro suggest experimental approaches to the question of the regulation delayed implantation. Finally, the role of ionic balances and concentrations in the control of the onset, maintenance and termination of delayed implantation in the mouse is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:259038", "title": "Hormonal control of embryonic diapause and reactivation in the tammar wallaby.", "content": "Suckling is the most important and best-known influence that the marsupia offspring exerts on its mother but recent evidence suggests that this is not the only way it proclaims its presence. The pregnant female differs from the non-pregnant in several features, which appear to be due to the presence of the conceptus in the uterus. The converse influence of the female on the embryo is best known in kangaroos and wallabies because the facultative and obligate embryonic diapause they exhibit has provided excellent opportunities for experimental investigation of the environmental and hormonal control of early pregnancy. Results from the tammar wallaby, which exhibits both types of diapause, show that the initiation of diapause occurs on Day 8 p.c. The sequence of events that lead to blastocyst reactivation, after removing the suckling stimulus (facultative diapause), takes seven days and involves a reduction in prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary, reactivation of the corpus luteum, increase in endometrial secretion and reactivation of the blastocyst. The ultimate control of obligate diapause involves alteration of photoperiod but the role of prolactin is still uncertain.", "contents": "Hormonal control of embryonic diapause and reactivation in the tammar wallaby. Suckling is the most important and best-known influence that the marsupia offspring exerts on its mother but recent evidence suggests that this is not the only way it proclaims its presence. The pregnant female differs from the non-pregnant in several features, which appear to be due to the presence of the conceptus in the uterus. The converse influence of the female on the embryo is best known in kangaroos and wallabies because the facultative and obligate embryonic diapause they exhibit has provided excellent opportunities for experimental investigation of the environmental and hormonal control of early pregnancy. Results from the tammar wallaby, which exhibits both types of diapause, show that the initiation of diapause occurs on Day 8 p.c. The sequence of events that lead to blastocyst reactivation, after removing the suckling stimulus (facultative diapause), takes seven days and involves a reduction in prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary, reactivation of the corpus luteum, increase in endometrial secretion and reactivation of the blastocyst. The ultimate control of obligate diapause involves alteration of photoperiod but the role of prolactin is still uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:259039", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal recognition of pregnancy.", "content": "The corpus luteum of the ovulatory cycle is essential for establishing and maintaining the first seven weeks of human pregnancy. Progesterone, given parenterally, appears to be a satisfactory substitute for the corpus luteum, known to be the source of this steroid hormone during this period. Moreover, hCG appears to be essential for sustained secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum, particularly during the first three weeks after fertilization. In primates at least, neutralization of the biological effects of CG during this critical period results in a reduction of blood progesterone levels and the interruption of pregnancy. Although alternative sources of hCG exist, and the physiological relevance of these sources requires further study, hCG appears to be essential component in the maternal recognition of pregnancy.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal recognition of pregnancy. The corpus luteum of the ovulatory cycle is essential for establishing and maintaining the first seven weeks of human pregnancy. Progesterone, given parenterally, appears to be a satisfactory substitute for the corpus luteum, known to be the source of this steroid hormone during this period. Moreover, hCG appears to be essential for sustained secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum, particularly during the first three weeks after fertilization. In primates at least, neutralization of the biological effects of CG during this critical period results in a reduction of blood progesterone levels and the interruption of pregnancy. Although alternative sources of hCG exist, and the physiological relevance of these sources requires further study, hCG appears to be essential component in the maternal recognition of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:259040", "title": "Blastocyst oestrogen synthesis and the maternal recognition of pregnancy.", "content": "The maternal recognition of pregnancy takes a number of forms in different species; among the eutherian mammals the maintenance of luteal function and cessation of oestrous or menstrual cycles is an important event in early pregnancy. In the pig the embryos signal their presence in the uterus between Days 10 and 12 post coitum; this time corresponds to the onset of blastocyst synthesis of oestrogens, which are luteotrophic in this species, and it has been suggested that oestrogens may constitute an embryonic signal responsible for maintained luteal function in pregnancy. Although oestrone sulphate, which is formed from oestrogens of embryonic origin by uterine sulphotransferase, has been found in the maternal circulation in high concentrations after Day 15 p.c., its appearance is late relative to the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Therefore an alternative mechanism has been sought. The recent finding that oestradiol is capable of reducing uterine prostaglandin F2 alpha secretion (i.e. acting as an antiluteolysin), and that it is present in uterine venous blood as early as Day 12 p.c. in pregnant pigs, suggests a mechanism whereby blastocyst oestrogens may be capable of influencing luteal function.", "contents": "Blastocyst oestrogen synthesis and the maternal recognition of pregnancy. The maternal recognition of pregnancy takes a number of forms in different species; among the eutherian mammals the maintenance of luteal function and cessation of oestrous or menstrual cycles is an important event in early pregnancy. In the pig the embryos signal their presence in the uterus between Days 10 and 12 post coitum; this time corresponds to the onset of blastocyst synthesis of oestrogens, which are luteotrophic in this species, and it has been suggested that oestrogens may constitute an embryonic signal responsible for maintained luteal function in pregnancy. Although oestrone sulphate, which is formed from oestrogens of embryonic origin by uterine sulphotransferase, has been found in the maternal circulation in high concentrations after Day 15 p.c., its appearance is late relative to the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Therefore an alternative mechanism has been sought. The recent finding that oestradiol is capable of reducing uterine prostaglandin F2 alpha secretion (i.e. acting as an antiluteolysin), and that it is present in uterine venous blood as early as Day 12 p.c. in pregnant pigs, suggests a mechanism whereby blastocyst oestrogens may be capable of influencing luteal function."}
{"id": "PMID:259041", "title": "Antiluteolytic effect of the embryo.", "content": "In several mammalian species, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) released from the uterus causes corpus luteum regression, and thereby regulates the length of the oestrous cycle or pseudopregnancy. If the animal becomes pregnant, luteal regression must be prevented since ovarian progesterone is necessary for pregnancy maintenance during at least the first one-third of pregnancy. Evidence is presented that the guinea-pig conceptus produces an antiluteolytic factor which suppresses PGF2 alpha output from the uterus by preventing the increase in uterine PGF2 alpha-synthesizing capacity which occurs around the time of luteolysis. Experiments in unilaterally pregnant guinea-pigs, with either an intact or a transected sterile horn, indicate that this factor acts both locally systemically, though separation of the two uterine horns does greatly reduce its effect on the sterile side. Oestradiol administered during early pregnancy induces abortion, which is associated with a high PGF2 alpha-synthesizing capacity of the uterus. However, luteal regression does not take place while the conceptuses are in the uterus. Spontaneously aborting guinea-pigs behave similarly. The conceptus may therefore secrete a luteotrophic hormone as well. Luteal maintenance during early pregnancy in other species is discussed, since experiments on sheep indicate that the sheep embryo may also secrete an antiluteolytic factor.", "contents": "Antiluteolytic effect of the embryo. In several mammalian species, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) released from the uterus causes corpus luteum regression, and thereby regulates the length of the oestrous cycle or pseudopregnancy. If the animal becomes pregnant, luteal regression must be prevented since ovarian progesterone is necessary for pregnancy maintenance during at least the first one-third of pregnancy. Evidence is presented that the guinea-pig conceptus produces an antiluteolytic factor which suppresses PGF2 alpha output from the uterus by preventing the increase in uterine PGF2 alpha-synthesizing capacity which occurs around the time of luteolysis. Experiments in unilaterally pregnant guinea-pigs, with either an intact or a transected sterile horn, indicate that this factor acts both locally systemically, though separation of the two uterine horns does greatly reduce its effect on the sterile side. Oestradiol administered during early pregnancy induces abortion, which is associated with a high PGF2 alpha-synthesizing capacity of the uterus. However, luteal regression does not take place while the conceptuses are in the uterus. Spontaneously aborting guinea-pigs behave similarly. The conceptus may therefore secrete a luteotrophic hormone as well. Luteal maintenance during early pregnancy in other species is discussed, since experiments on sheep indicate that the sheep embryo may also secrete an antiluteolytic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:259042", "title": "Maternal recognition of pregnancy and immunological implications of trophoblast-endometrium interactions in equids.", "content": "Fertilized eggs reach the uterus of the mare by the sixth day after ovulation whereas unfertilized eggs remain lodged in the fallopian tubes for many months. However, embryo removal studies indicate that the fetal message for luteal maintenance in the pregnant mare is not transmitted until Days 14-16. The equine endometrial cups comprise a series of small, ulcer-like endometrial outgrowths which are present in the pregnant horn of the uterus between 40 and 150 days of gestation. Each cup consists of a discrete colony of large, gonadotropin-secreting, trophoblast cells derived from a specialized region of the fetal membranes which invade the maternal endometrium around Day 37 after ovulation. Histological examination of endometrial cups from horses and donkeys, carrying intra- and interspecific conceptuses and after reciprocal transfer of hybrid zygotes, indicates maternal recognition of paternal transplantation antigens on the endometrial cup cells. This leads to a successful cell-mediated immune reaction which destroys the cups. The development of the local immune response is paralled by a rapid rise in the titre of paterno-specific cytotoxic antibodies in maternal serum. The precise function of endometrial cups in the maintenance of equine pregnancy remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Maternal recognition of pregnancy and immunological implications of trophoblast-endometrium interactions in equids. Fertilized eggs reach the uterus of the mare by the sixth day after ovulation whereas unfertilized eggs remain lodged in the fallopian tubes for many months. However, embryo removal studies indicate that the fetal message for luteal maintenance in the pregnant mare is not transmitted until Days 14-16. The equine endometrial cups comprise a series of small, ulcer-like endometrial outgrowths which are present in the pregnant horn of the uterus between 40 and 150 days of gestation. Each cup consists of a discrete colony of large, gonadotropin-secreting, trophoblast cells derived from a specialized region of the fetal membranes which invade the maternal endometrium around Day 37 after ovulation. Histological examination of endometrial cups from horses and donkeys, carrying intra- and interspecific conceptuses and after reciprocal transfer of hybrid zygotes, indicates maternal recognition of paternal transplantation antigens on the endometrial cup cells. This leads to a successful cell-mediated immune reaction which destroys the cups. The development of the local immune response is paralled by a rapid rise in the titre of paterno-specific cytotoxic antibodies in maternal serum. The precise function of endometrial cups in the maintenance of equine pregnancy remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:259043", "title": "Changes in the surface of the mouse blastocyst at implantation.", "content": "Implantation is a critical event, and perhaps the earliest one, in the maternal recognition of pregnancy. Information transfer from conceptus to mother might occur during, and subsequent to, implantation at the level of cell surface interaction. Therefore, attempts have been made both to identify the phases of implantation during which changes in the blastocyst surface occur and to characterized such changes. In vitro, blastocysts have been found to go through a series of discrete steps which are analogous to implantation in utero, and these steps can be retarded or prevented by the use of either suboptimal culture media or an inappropriate substratum. Morphological surface changes are not apparent when the blastocyst becomes adherent to the substratum; however, marked differences in blastocyst surface structure are revealed by scanning electron microscopy at the onset of trophoblast outgrowth. Studies at the molecular level implicate collagen as having a role in blastocyst adhesiveness, but other cell surface components are also likely to be involved.", "contents": "Changes in the surface of the mouse blastocyst at implantation. Implantation is a critical event, and perhaps the earliest one, in the maternal recognition of pregnancy. Information transfer from conceptus to mother might occur during, and subsequent to, implantation at the level of cell surface interaction. Therefore, attempts have been made both to identify the phases of implantation during which changes in the blastocyst surface occur and to characterized such changes. In vitro, blastocysts have been found to go through a series of discrete steps which are analogous to implantation in utero, and these steps can be retarded or prevented by the use of either suboptimal culture media or an inappropriate substratum. Morphological surface changes are not apparent when the blastocyst becomes adherent to the substratum; however, marked differences in blastocyst surface structure are revealed by scanning electron microscopy at the onset of trophoblast outgrowth. Studies at the molecular level implicate collagen as having a role in blastocyst adhesiveness, but other cell surface components are also likely to be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:259044", "title": "When a conception fails to become a pregnancy.", "content": "Other contributors to this symposium have analysed in great detail the many components that go to make up reproductive success, so it is fitting to conclude with some thoughts about the aetiology of reproductive failure. Firstly, there are occasions when reproduction can be too successful, so that a density-dependent mechanism for inducing early embryonic mortality may be a most valuable protective mechanism. This is particularly true for polytocous species, where it may be necessary to achieve some regulation of litter size by differential embryonic mortality. Even in monotocous species some degree of embryonic mortality may also be advantageous as a way of prolonging the interval between successive births, for if one infant follows too hard upon the heels of another, the normal growth and development of both offspring will be permanently impaired. Embryonic mortality is also likely to be an effective insurance mechanism against the production of genetically defective offspring, because the absence of haploid gene expression will protect the spermatozoon from maternal immunological surveillance systems. With these concepts in mind, it is interesting to look at the nature and extent of embryonic loss in man and animals.", "contents": "When a conception fails to become a pregnancy. Other contributors to this symposium have analysed in great detail the many components that go to make up reproductive success, so it is fitting to conclude with some thoughts about the aetiology of reproductive failure. Firstly, there are occasions when reproduction can be too successful, so that a density-dependent mechanism for inducing early embryonic mortality may be a most valuable protective mechanism. This is particularly true for polytocous species, where it may be necessary to achieve some regulation of litter size by differential embryonic mortality. Even in monotocous species some degree of embryonic mortality may also be advantageous as a way of prolonging the interval between successive births, for if one infant follows too hard upon the heels of another, the normal growth and development of both offspring will be permanently impaired. Embryonic mortality is also likely to be an effective insurance mechanism against the production of genetically defective offspring, because the absence of haploid gene expression will protect the spermatozoon from maternal immunological surveillance systems. With these concepts in mind, it is interesting to look at the nature and extent of embryonic loss in man and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:259048", "title": "[Fiber type disproportion, a subtype of so-called nonprogressive myopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course, serological, and electromyographic findings, and also histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic abnormalities of two patients with congenital fiber type disproportion, a subtype of the so-called congenital nonprogressive myopathies, are described in this study. Other important subgroups are discussed regarding both variation and overlapping. As these diseases neither belong to the \"classical\" myopathies nor to the neuropathies, other possible factors such as a distrubed trophic function of the nerve or abnormalities of the reflex arc are under consideration.", "contents": "[Fiber type disproportion, a subtype of so-called nonprogressive myopathies (author's transl)]. The clinical course, serological, and electromyographic findings, and also histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic abnormalities of two patients with congenital fiber type disproportion, a subtype of the so-called congenital nonprogressive myopathies, are described in this study. Other important subgroups are discussed regarding both variation and overlapping. As these diseases neither belong to the \"classical\" myopathies nor to the neuropathies, other possible factors such as a distrubed trophic function of the nerve or abnormalities of the reflex arc are under consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:259057", "title": "Genetics of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Biophysical and genetic analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) synthesis in 16 methicillin-resistant (Mecr) Staphylococcus aureus isolates demonstrated that the toxin gene (entB) can occupy either a plasmid or chromosomal locus. Biophysical analysis of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid content of these strains by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 1.15-megadalton plasmid in six isolates that appears to contain the entB gene. Genetic manipulation of SEB synthesis by transduction and elimination procedures demonstrated that this plasmid is critical for enterotoxigenesis. Nevertheless, the majority of the Mecr SEB+ isolates (62.5%) analyzed in this investigation were found to lack the 1.15-megadalton plasmid. In at least two of these strains (COL and 57-dk), transduction and elimination procedures showed that entB was chromosomal. Genetic studies involving strains harboring either a plasmid or chromosomal entB gene demonstrated that toxin synthesis was coeliminated with mec. However, analysis of the entB and mec loci by transformation or transduction showed that the genes are not closely linked. On the other hand, transduction of entB, regardless of the donor, was observed when both mec and the Tcr plasmid were jointly cotransduced. This finding suggests that, during transduction, a transient association between entB, mec, and the Tcr plasmid may exist.", "contents": "Genetics of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Biophysical and genetic analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) synthesis in 16 methicillin-resistant (Mecr) Staphylococcus aureus isolates demonstrated that the toxin gene (entB) can occupy either a plasmid or chromosomal locus. Biophysical analysis of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid content of these strains by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 1.15-megadalton plasmid in six isolates that appears to contain the entB gene. Genetic manipulation of SEB synthesis by transduction and elimination procedures demonstrated that this plasmid is critical for enterotoxigenesis. Nevertheless, the majority of the Mecr SEB+ isolates (62.5%) analyzed in this investigation were found to lack the 1.15-megadalton plasmid. In at least two of these strains (COL and 57-dk), transduction and elimination procedures showed that entB was chromosomal. Genetic studies involving strains harboring either a plasmid or chromosomal entB gene demonstrated that toxin synthesis was coeliminated with mec. However, analysis of the entB and mec loci by transformation or transduction showed that the genes are not closely linked. On the other hand, transduction of entB, regardless of the donor, was observed when both mec and the Tcr plasmid were jointly cotransduced. This finding suggests that, during transduction, a transient association between entB, mec, and the Tcr plasmid may exist."}
{"id": "PMID:259068", "title": "Bacterial contamination potential of sterile, prefilled humidifiers and nebulizer reservoirs.", "content": "Contaminated respiratory therapy equipment may be responsible for the spread of pathogens to hospital patients. This study focused on the potential for contamination of prefilled, sterile, disposable water and saline systems for humidification and nebulization. Gas and liquid samples from 48 prepacked oxygen humidifier/cannula and 26 prepacked nebulization setups were taken at the initial application of devices and at 8, 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals, totaling 386 cultures. All samples from the humidifier units were found to be pathogen-free for up to 3 days. A total of six or 3.84% of the nebulizer samples showed contamination with Enterobacter cloacae after 8 to 24 hours of operation. It was concluded that the potential for contamination of the humidifiers is low for up to 72 hours, but the nebulizer units should be changed after 24 hours even though their contamination rate is markedly lower than that of conventional nondisposable units.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination potential of sterile, prefilled humidifiers and nebulizer reservoirs. Contaminated respiratory therapy equipment may be responsible for the spread of pathogens to hospital patients. This study focused on the potential for contamination of prefilled, sterile, disposable water and saline systems for humidification and nebulization. Gas and liquid samples from 48 prepacked oxygen humidifier/cannula and 26 prepacked nebulization setups were taken at the initial application of devices and at 8, 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals, totaling 386 cultures. All samples from the humidifier units were found to be pathogen-free for up to 3 days. A total of six or 3.84% of the nebulizer samples showed contamination with Enterobacter cloacae after 8 to 24 hours of operation. It was concluded that the potential for contamination of the humidifiers is low for up to 72 hours, but the nebulizer units should be changed after 24 hours even though their contamination rate is markedly lower than that of conventional nondisposable units."}
{"id": "PMID:259070", "title": "Prolonged repolarization changes following ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "We have described an apparently healthy young man who presented with ventricular tachycardia of 12 hours' duration requiring cardioversion. Serial electrocardiograms showed persistent ST-T wave changes lasting for more than 40 days after cardioversion. These were attributed to the previous tachyarrhythmia in the absence of any evidence of heart disease at cardiac catheterization or clinically over a 5 year follow-up period.", "contents": "Prolonged repolarization changes following ventricular tachycardia. We have described an apparently healthy young man who presented with ventricular tachycardia of 12 hours' duration requiring cardioversion. Serial electrocardiograms showed persistent ST-T wave changes lasting for more than 40 days after cardioversion. These were attributed to the previous tachyarrhythmia in the absence of any evidence of heart disease at cardiac catheterization or clinically over a 5 year follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:259069", "title": "Variant angina: a nursing approach.", "content": "Variant angina presents as an atypical form of angina caused by coronary artery spasm. Due to the sudden disruption of blood and oxygen supply to the myocardium, a number of severe hemodynamic changes may occur, including life-threatening dysrhythmias, and left ventricular dysfunction. Rapid intervention can alleviate the symptoms caused by the arterial spasm and prevent catastrophic results. The critical care nurse plays a vital role in the diagnosis of variant angina and rapid treatment of the patient.", "contents": "Variant angina: a nursing approach. Variant angina presents as an atypical form of angina caused by coronary artery spasm. Due to the sudden disruption of blood and oxygen supply to the myocardium, a number of severe hemodynamic changes may occur, including life-threatening dysrhythmias, and left ventricular dysfunction. Rapid intervention can alleviate the symptoms caused by the arterial spasm and prevent catastrophic results. The critical care nurse plays a vital role in the diagnosis of variant angina and rapid treatment of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:259073", "title": "Acute problems in the coronary care unit that do not require intervention. IV. Acute block in the A-V node.", "content": "Second- and third-degree (complete) A-V block due to an acute inferior wall myocardiac infarction does not require any treatment if the heart rate (from the junctional pacemaker) is in a range that permits an adequate blood pressure with adequate peripheral perfusion. The patient is watched carefully for any symptomatic fall in blood pressure in order to promptly correct a bradycardia-related fall in cardiac output. The clinical state of the patient with the arrhythmia is treated, and not just the arrhythmia.", "contents": "Acute problems in the coronary care unit that do not require intervention. IV. Acute block in the A-V node. Second- and third-degree (complete) A-V block due to an acute inferior wall myocardiac infarction does not require any treatment if the heart rate (from the junctional pacemaker) is in a range that permits an adequate blood pressure with adequate peripheral perfusion. The patient is watched carefully for any symptomatic fall in blood pressure in order to promptly correct a bradycardia-related fall in cardiac output. The clinical state of the patient with the arrhythmia is treated, and not just the arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:259078", "title": "Microwave thermography: principles, methods and clinical applications.", "content": "We review the physical principles, method of operation, measurement limitations, and potential medical applications of microwave thermography. We present detailed results of a study of breast cancer detection at 1.3 and 3.3 GHz, including the dependence of detection rates on microwave frequency, time, tumor depth, and tumor size. At 1.3 GHz, microwave thermography detects breast cancer as well as infrared thermography (true-positive rate = 0.76 when true-negative rate = 0.63). When the two methods are combined, the true-positive rate increases by about 0.1 over that of either method alone.", "contents": "Microwave thermography: principles, methods and clinical applications. We review the physical principles, method of operation, measurement limitations, and potential medical applications of microwave thermography. We present detailed results of a study of breast cancer detection at 1.3 and 3.3 GHz, including the dependence of detection rates on microwave frequency, time, tumor depth, and tumor size. At 1.3 GHz, microwave thermography detects breast cancer as well as infrared thermography (true-positive rate = 0.76 when true-negative rate = 0.63). When the two methods are combined, the true-positive rate increases by about 0.1 over that of either method alone."}
{"id": "PMID:259079", "title": "A new radiation balance microwave thermograph for simultaneous and independent temperature and emissivity measurements.", "content": "In the past, biomedical temperature measurements by microwave radiometry suffered from variable mismatch (emissivity less than 1) between the specimen under test and the receiving antenna. We have developed an improved radiometer, which simultaneously measures temperature and emissivity, independent by of a possible mismatch. Comparative measurements demonstrate the superiority of the new system as compared to conventional ones.", "contents": "A new radiation balance microwave thermograph for simultaneous and independent temperature and emissivity measurements. In the past, biomedical temperature measurements by microwave radiometry suffered from variable mismatch (emissivity less than 1) between the specimen under test and the receiving antenna. We have developed an improved radiometer, which simultaneously measures temperature and emissivity, independent by of a possible mismatch. Comparative measurements demonstrate the superiority of the new system as compared to conventional ones."}
{"id": "PMID:259080", "title": "Millimeter-wave thermography--application to breast cancer.", "content": "Thermographic studies of 14 patients with breast carcinoma were performed using two millimeter wave scanners for 30 and 68 GHz. Small correlation with infrared thermograms was observed indicating the depth sensing capabilities of millimeter waves. Correlation with mammographic and other clinical findings was good for tumors with medium subcutaneous depth. These preliminary results indicate a need for a statistically more significant number of cases, extension towards lower sensing frequencies and experiments on postoperative specimens and phantom models.", "contents": "Millimeter-wave thermography--application to breast cancer. Thermographic studies of 14 patients with breast carcinoma were performed using two millimeter wave scanners for 30 and 68 GHz. Small correlation with infrared thermograms was observed indicating the depth sensing capabilities of millimeter waves. Correlation with mammographic and other clinical findings was good for tumors with medium subcutaneous depth. These preliminary results indicate a need for a statistically more significant number of cases, extension towards lower sensing frequencies and experiments on postoperative specimens and phantom models."}
{"id": "PMID:259082", "title": "Simultaneous microwave local heating and microwave thermography. Possible clinical applications.", "content": "A basic experiment showing the possibility of combining microwave local heating of subcutaneous living tissue, and microwave radiometry by the same system was carried out. The combined process may be used - in hyperthermia therapy, for measurement and control of the local temperature, - in some diagnoses using radiometry to detect diseased tissue.", "contents": "Simultaneous microwave local heating and microwave thermography. Possible clinical applications. A basic experiment showing the possibility of combining microwave local heating of subcutaneous living tissue, and microwave radiometry by the same system was carried out. The combined process may be used - in hyperthermia therapy, for measurement and control of the local temperature, - in some diagnoses using radiometry to detect diseased tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:259083", "title": "Therapeutic potential of conformal applicators for induction of hyperthermia.", "content": "One of the basic requirements for effective use of hyperthermia in treatment of cancer is the delivery of uniform heat to specific volumes of tissues and maintenance of the optimal temperature for an appropriate period of time. Preliminary results of temperature distribution in volumes of tissue placed between two conformal applicators energized at 2.45 GHz are presented. The applicators consist of a jointed-circuit antenna array comprising a multiplicity of dipoles backed by a metal cavity filled with a powder of high dielectric constant, and separated from the treatment area by a \"beanbag\" filled with the same powder. Uniform heating could be achieved in a tissue mass confined between two applicators placed 5 cm apart.", "contents": "Therapeutic potential of conformal applicators for induction of hyperthermia. One of the basic requirements for effective use of hyperthermia in treatment of cancer is the delivery of uniform heat to specific volumes of tissues and maintenance of the optimal temperature for an appropriate period of time. Preliminary results of temperature distribution in volumes of tissue placed between two conformal applicators energized at 2.45 GHz are presented. The applicators consist of a jointed-circuit antenna array comprising a multiplicity of dipoles backed by a metal cavity filled with a powder of high dielectric constant, and separated from the treatment area by a \"beanbag\" filled with the same powder. Uniform heating could be achieved in a tissue mass confined between two applicators placed 5 cm apart."}
{"id": "PMID:259084", "title": "A microwave heating system for improving temperature uniformity in heated tissue.", "content": "A microwave heating system, designed to improve temperature uniformity in heated tissue, is described. The system employs parallel-opposed waveguide applicators, operating in the TE10 mode at 2450 MHz with the tissue to be heated (i.e. mouse intestine) immersed in a liquid which is both biologically compatible with and dielectrically similar to the tissue. The liquid improves the microwave coupling and avoids shape and size dependent absorption characteristics of the irregularly shaped tissue. Also, by maintaining this liquid at a suitable temperature with respect to that required in the tissue, the thermal losses and hence temperature gradients in the tissue are reduced compared with heating in hot liquid alone.", "contents": "A microwave heating system for improving temperature uniformity in heated tissue. A microwave heating system, designed to improve temperature uniformity in heated tissue, is described. The system employs parallel-opposed waveguide applicators, operating in the TE10 mode at 2450 MHz with the tissue to be heated (i.e. mouse intestine) immersed in a liquid which is both biologically compatible with and dielectrically similar to the tissue. The liquid improves the microwave coupling and avoids shape and size dependent absorption characteristics of the irregularly shaped tissue. Also, by maintaining this liquid at a suitable temperature with respect to that required in the tissue, the thermal losses and hence temperature gradients in the tissue are reduced compared with heating in hot liquid alone."}
{"id": "PMID:259085", "title": "The mimimum inactivated cell ratio: a concept for the estimation of biological effectiveness of hyperthermic treatment of tissue.", "content": "The experimental conditions used to investigate the dose-effect relationships for hyperthermic treatment of cells in vitro cannot be realized in vivo. Thus it is not possible to predict the cell inactivation due to a hyperthermic treatment of the tissue in vivo, using the in vitro dose-effect-relationships. However, the in vitro dose-effect curves in combination with the temperature field in vivo make it possible to calculate the lower limit of the biological effect, the minimum inactivated cell ratio (MIR). This magnitude is of clinical relevance. The present paper gives the algorithm for the calculation of the MIR, and discusses the influence of the heat supply time on the local biological effect for a model with spherical symmetry.", "contents": "The mimimum inactivated cell ratio: a concept for the estimation of biological effectiveness of hyperthermic treatment of tissue. The experimental conditions used to investigate the dose-effect relationships for hyperthermic treatment of cells in vitro cannot be realized in vivo. Thus it is not possible to predict the cell inactivation due to a hyperthermic treatment of the tissue in vivo, using the in vitro dose-effect-relationships. However, the in vitro dose-effect curves in combination with the temperature field in vivo make it possible to calculate the lower limit of the biological effect, the minimum inactivated cell ratio (MIR). This magnitude is of clinical relevance. The present paper gives the algorithm for the calculation of the MIR, and discusses the influence of the heat supply time on the local biological effect for a model with spherical symmetry."}
{"id": "PMID:259086", "title": "Numerical calculation of electromagnetic energy and temperature distribution in a microwave irradiated breast carcinoma: preliminary results.", "content": "In this study an attempt was made to calculate temperature distribution in a breast tumor irradiated by microwaves. An ellipsoidal model of absorbing dielectric surrounded by a nonabsorbing medium irradiated by a plane wave was considered. The energy was calculated inside and outside the ellipsoid by an analytical method. Three-dimensional and densitographic patterns were calculated for different frequencies, conductivities and shapes of the model. Assuming experimental (in vivo) thermal properties of breast tissue thermal patterns were calculated.", "contents": "Numerical calculation of electromagnetic energy and temperature distribution in a microwave irradiated breast carcinoma: preliminary results. In this study an attempt was made to calculate temperature distribution in a breast tumor irradiated by microwaves. An ellipsoidal model of absorbing dielectric surrounded by a nonabsorbing medium irradiated by a plane wave was considered. The energy was calculated inside and outside the ellipsoid by an analytical method. Three-dimensional and densitographic patterns were calculated for different frequencies, conductivities and shapes of the model. Assuming experimental (in vivo) thermal properties of breast tissue thermal patterns were calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:259087", "title": "Influence of microwave irradiation on cultured glioma cells I. An enzymatic and scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "Temperature-induced variations in the surface morphology of cultured glioma cells were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, after irradiation by microwave power, plasminogen activator activity was measured in cell cultures. The data suggest that heating of glioma cells to about 51 degrees C causes thermotropic protein transitions of cell surface together with an irreversible loss of plasminogen activator activity.", "contents": "Influence of microwave irradiation on cultured glioma cells I. An enzymatic and scanning electron microscopy study. Temperature-induced variations in the surface morphology of cultured glioma cells were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, after irradiation by microwave power, plasminogen activator activity was measured in cell cultures. The data suggest that heating of glioma cells to about 51 degrees C causes thermotropic protein transitions of cell surface together with an irreversible loss of plasminogen activator activity."}
{"id": "PMID:259089", "title": "Experimental studies on the use of microwaves for the localized heat treatment of the prostate.", "content": "High frequency tumor therapy requests heating of a well defined area, whereas the surroundings should be unaffected. This sort of therapy should be more tolerable than a whole body heating. For this purpose a new developed microwave applicator (433.9 MHz) for local heat application was tested in animals. Using this rectally insertable applicator the prostate of dogs were irradiated. The temperature of the rectum, the urethra and the prostate were measured and recorded using specially developed thermistor probes. The effect of hyperthermia on the prostate and the surrounding tissue was analyzed macroscopically and micromorphologically. It was shown that local heating of the prostate of dogs is possible. The induced damages of the prostate and surrounding tissue is not severe enough to be untolerable.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the use of microwaves for the localized heat treatment of the prostate. High frequency tumor therapy requests heating of a well defined area, whereas the surroundings should be unaffected. This sort of therapy should be more tolerable than a whole body heating. For this purpose a new developed microwave applicator (433.9 MHz) for local heat application was tested in animals. Using this rectally insertable applicator the prostate of dogs were irradiated. The temperature of the rectum, the urethra and the prostate were measured and recorded using specially developed thermistor probes. The effect of hyperthermia on the prostate and the surrounding tissue was analyzed macroscopically and micromorphologically. It was shown that local heating of the prostate of dogs is possible. The induced damages of the prostate and surrounding tissue is not severe enough to be untolerable."}
{"id": "PMID:259090", "title": "Cancer therapy with localized hyperthermia using an invasive microwave system.", "content": "A system has been developed for producing local hyperthermia in small animal tumors by means of an invasive needle microwave antenna. Thermal distributions produced by this system using 1 GHz microwaves have been characterized in mammary adenocarcinomas (MTG-B) implanted in thighs of C3H mice. Therapeutic efficacy by hyperthermia was demonstrated by comparing MTG-B diameters in mice following control, sham or hyperthermia treatment. It is proposed that this system could be employed clinically to provide very local hyperthermia in deep-seated tumors.", "contents": "Cancer therapy with localized hyperthermia using an invasive microwave system. A system has been developed for producing local hyperthermia in small animal tumors by means of an invasive needle microwave antenna. Thermal distributions produced by this system using 1 GHz microwaves have been characterized in mammary adenocarcinomas (MTG-B) implanted in thighs of C3H mice. Therapeutic efficacy by hyperthermia was demonstrated by comparing MTG-B diameters in mice following control, sham or hyperthermia treatment. It is proposed that this system could be employed clinically to provide very local hyperthermia in deep-seated tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:259386", "title": "A system for reporting quantitative antimicrobic susceptibility test results.", "content": "A reporting system for the laboratory to communicate quantitative antimicrobic susceptibility test results to the physician in a manner that will optimize proper utilization of such test results is described. Minimal inhibitory concentrations are reported on a scale of clinically achievable concentrations, thus indicating the degree of susceptibility.", "contents": "A system for reporting quantitative antimicrobic susceptibility test results. A reporting system for the laboratory to communicate quantitative antimicrobic susceptibility test results to the physician in a manner that will optimize proper utilization of such test results is described. Minimal inhibitory concentrations are reported on a scale of clinically achievable concentrations, thus indicating the degree of susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:259421", "title": "Antibiotic activity in vitro against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and therapy of an experimental infection.", "content": "Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major pathogen in early prosthetic valve endocarditis and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Approximately 10 to 15% of hospital isolates are methicillin resistant. Ten clinically significant isolates of the latter were collected for antibiotic studies in vitro and in an experimental infection in animals. Time-kill studies of five strains showed gentamicin to be the single most effective antibiotic; however, dwarf colony variants emerged as survivors with two of these strains when challenged with gentamicin alone. The addition of a second antibiotic to gentamicin did not significantly improve the bactericidal rate but prevented the emergence of variant strains. A blood culture isolate of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis combined with 5% hog gastric mucin was used to establish an experimental intraperitoneal infection in mice. Neither methicillin nor nafcillin treatment reduced mortality below that of untreated animals. Cephalothin treatment delayed early mortality but did not diminish overall mortality. Gentamicin was the most effective single antibiotic, and gentamicin in combination with vancomycin was the most effective regimen overall. The combination of rifampin plus vancomycin was as effective as gentamicin alone. The combinations of cephalothin or nafcillin with gentamicin and cephalothin with vancomycin demonstrated antagonism. The antagonism was not due to multiple injections or drug-drug inactivation.", "contents": "Antibiotic activity in vitro against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and therapy of an experimental infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major pathogen in early prosthetic valve endocarditis and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Approximately 10 to 15% of hospital isolates are methicillin resistant. Ten clinically significant isolates of the latter were collected for antibiotic studies in vitro and in an experimental infection in animals. Time-kill studies of five strains showed gentamicin to be the single most effective antibiotic; however, dwarf colony variants emerged as survivors with two of these strains when challenged with gentamicin alone. The addition of a second antibiotic to gentamicin did not significantly improve the bactericidal rate but prevented the emergence of variant strains. A blood culture isolate of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis combined with 5% hog gastric mucin was used to establish an experimental intraperitoneal infection in mice. Neither methicillin nor nafcillin treatment reduced mortality below that of untreated animals. Cephalothin treatment delayed early mortality but did not diminish overall mortality. Gentamicin was the most effective single antibiotic, and gentamicin in combination with vancomycin was the most effective regimen overall. The combination of rifampin plus vancomycin was as effective as gentamicin alone. The combinations of cephalothin or nafcillin with gentamicin and cephalothin with vancomycin demonstrated antagonism. The antagonism was not due to multiple injections or drug-drug inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:259422", "title": "Theoretical study of hydration of RNA.", "content": "The hydration phenomena of A-RNA double helix and the anticodon loop of transfer RNA have been theoretically investigated using the empirical potential energy functions. The hydration schemes of a model compound of A-RNA and a polynucleotide which has the structure of the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe have been determined, and their stabilization energies produced by the introduction of water in the first hydration shell were calculated by considering the hydrated ones as supermolecules. The results indicate that hydration scheme of A-RNA considerably differs from that of B-DNA and stabilization energy due to hydration of A-RNA is not so great as B-DNA. In the anticodon loop structure, however, stabilizing effect of the bound water molecules upon the structure is significant. From the results, the reason why the structure of RNA remains unchanged with the change of hydration degree while that of DNA is altered was studied.", "contents": "Theoretical study of hydration of RNA. The hydration phenomena of A-RNA double helix and the anticodon loop of transfer RNA have been theoretically investigated using the empirical potential energy functions. The hydration schemes of a model compound of A-RNA and a polynucleotide which has the structure of the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe have been determined, and their stabilization energies produced by the introduction of water in the first hydration shell were calculated by considering the hydrated ones as supermolecules. The results indicate that hydration scheme of A-RNA considerably differs from that of B-DNA and stabilization energy due to hydration of A-RNA is not so great as B-DNA. In the anticodon loop structure, however, stabilizing effect of the bound water molecules upon the structure is significant. From the results, the reason why the structure of RNA remains unchanged with the change of hydration degree while that of DNA is altered was studied."}
{"id": "PMID:259423", "title": "Preferential binding of isoaccepting species of tRNALys and tRNAIle from lupin cotyledons to polyribosomes.", "content": "Polyribosome-bound and -unbound isoaccepting species of tRNALys and tRNAIle, isolated from lupin cotyledons, were compared by RPC-5 chromatography and it was found that polyribosomes preferentially bind some of the isoaccepting species. The preference in binding of given isoacceptors changes with the age of lupin seedling. The results suggest that the tRNALys species recognising the same codons can affect the rate of translation in lupin cotyledons.", "contents": "Preferential binding of isoaccepting species of tRNALys and tRNAIle from lupin cotyledons to polyribosomes. Polyribosome-bound and -unbound isoaccepting species of tRNALys and tRNAIle, isolated from lupin cotyledons, were compared by RPC-5 chromatography and it was found that polyribosomes preferentially bind some of the isoaccepting species. The preference in binding of given isoacceptors changes with the age of lupin seedling. The results suggest that the tRNALys species recognising the same codons can affect the rate of translation in lupin cotyledons."}
{"id": "PMID:259424", "title": "Under-modified Y base in a tRHAPhe isoacceptor observed in tumor cells.", "content": "A fluorescent wye (Ye) was isolated from tRHAPhe specific to Ehrlich ascites cells. The structure was determined to be alpha-amino-beta-hydroxy-4,9,-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1-H-imidazo(1,2-alpha)purine-7-butyric acid: namely the compound lacking methyl carboxyl and methyl groups and thus is an under-modified precursor of hydroxy-Y base present in normal liver tRNAPhe.", "contents": "Under-modified Y base in a tRHAPhe isoacceptor observed in tumor cells. A fluorescent wye (Ye) was isolated from tRHAPhe specific to Ehrlich ascites cells. The structure was determined to be alpha-amino-beta-hydroxy-4,9,-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1-H-imidazo(1,2-alpha)purine-7-butyric acid: namely the compound lacking methyl carboxyl and methyl groups and thus is an under-modified precursor of hydroxy-Y base present in normal liver tRNAPhe."}
{"id": "PMID:259425", "title": "Inhibition of deacylation and improvement in N-hydroxysuccinimide ester modification of phenylalanyl-tRNA by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "We have found that dimethyl sulfoxide significantly inhibits deacylation of Phe-tRNA. This allows a high pH in N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reactions while maintaining a high level of aminoacylated tRNA, improving the overall yield of the Phe-tRNA modification reaction.", "contents": "Inhibition of deacylation and improvement in N-hydroxysuccinimide ester modification of phenylalanyl-tRNA by dimethyl sulfoxide. We have found that dimethyl sulfoxide significantly inhibits deacylation of Phe-tRNA. This allows a high pH in N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reactions while maintaining a high level of aminoacylated tRNA, improving the overall yield of the Phe-tRNA modification reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:259494", "title": "Whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance scanning: n.m.r. studies of tumour cells.", "content": "A technique, field-foxusing nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy (FONAR), is described for doing n.m.r. scans in large samples. The method utilizes a shaped d.c. magnetic field that confines the n.m.r. signal-producing region of the sample to a small volume called the resonance aperture. The aperture contains the required values of the Ho field to fully bracket the band of the r.f. pulse. The magnet system and r.f. pick-up coil that achieved the first human n.m.r. scan are discussed.", "contents": "Whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance scanning: n.m.r. studies of tumour cells. A technique, field-foxusing nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy (FONAR), is described for doing n.m.r. scans in large samples. The method utilizes a shaped d.c. magnetic field that confines the n.m.r. signal-producing region of the sample to a small volume called the resonance aperture. The aperture contains the required values of the Ho field to fully bracket the band of the r.f. pulse. The magnet system and r.f. pick-up coil that achieved the first human n.m.r. scan are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:259495", "title": "Quantum chemical investigations of charge-transfer interactions in relation to the electronic theory of cancer.", "content": "The results of ab initio 'supermolecule' calculations of the charge transfer between formamide and methylglyoxal, dimethylglyoxal and ethylglyoxal are compared for several different relative conformations of the constituent molecules. The extent and sign of the charge transfer is similar for all three molecules; the ketoaldehyde acts as an electron acceptor only for the stacked conformation. Similar calculations on alpha-hydroxytetronic acid as a model for ascorbic acid show that it can act as either an acceptor from formamide or a donor to glyoxal.", "contents": "Quantum chemical investigations of charge-transfer interactions in relation to the electronic theory of cancer. The results of ab initio 'supermolecule' calculations of the charge transfer between formamide and methylglyoxal, dimethylglyoxal and ethylglyoxal are compared for several different relative conformations of the constituent molecules. The extent and sign of the charge transfer is similar for all three molecules; the ketoaldehyde acts as an electron acceptor only for the stacked conformation. Similar calculations on alpha-hydroxytetronic acid as a model for ascorbic acid show that it can act as either an acceptor from formamide or a donor to glyoxal."}
{"id": "PMID:259496", "title": "The search for new cancerostatic agents.", "content": "Following the lead given by Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's bioelectronic theory of cancer, work was continued in two major directions: (i) designing new electrophilic molecules, related to methylglyoxal, and (ii) using L-ascorbic acid as a (non-toxic) carrier for methylglyoxal and its derivatives in the form of its acetals. The vinylogue of methylglyoxal, 4-oxopent-2-enal, was expected to be a most reactive electron acceptor, on the basis of quantum mechanical calculations by J.J. Ladik's group. A new reaction, the formation of the ene-2, 3-diol acetal and hemiacetal-hemiketal, was found to occur with 'conjugated' aldehydes, such as methylglyoxal, glyoxal, phenylglyoxal, malealdehyde and acrylaldehyde; the reaction proceeded very smoothly with 4-oxopent-2-enal. The structural determination of these new types of acetals by 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy and by chemical methods is discussed.", "contents": "The search for new cancerostatic agents. Following the lead given by Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's bioelectronic theory of cancer, work was continued in two major directions: (i) designing new electrophilic molecules, related to methylglyoxal, and (ii) using L-ascorbic acid as a (non-toxic) carrier for methylglyoxal and its derivatives in the form of its acetals. The vinylogue of methylglyoxal, 4-oxopent-2-enal, was expected to be a most reactive electron acceptor, on the basis of quantum mechanical calculations by J.J. Ladik's group. A new reaction, the formation of the ene-2, 3-diol acetal and hemiacetal-hemiketal, was found to occur with 'conjugated' aldehydes, such as methylglyoxal, glyoxal, phenylglyoxal, malealdehyde and acrylaldehyde; the reaction proceeded very smoothly with 4-oxopent-2-enal. The structural determination of these new types of acetals by 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy and by chemical methods is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:259497", "title": "Thermal copoly(amino acids) as inhibitors of glyoxalase I.", "content": "A number of copoly(alpha-amino acids) have been prepared thermally; some have been found to function as inhibitors of glyoxalase I, an enzyme which occupies a central position in Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's theory of tumour genesis. These polymers are also of interest in the search for synthetic peptides having carcinostatic activity, since many natural peptides are active. The way in which the inhibitory activity varies with composition of the synthetic polymers has been investigated. Various properties (hydrophobicity, molecular weight, u.v. absorption, kinetic type) have been examined in a search for correlates of inhibitory activity. The relationship to the origin of enzyme control mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Thermal copoly(amino acids) as inhibitors of glyoxalase I. A number of copoly(alpha-amino acids) have been prepared thermally; some have been found to function as inhibitors of glyoxalase I, an enzyme which occupies a central position in Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's theory of tumour genesis. These polymers are also of interest in the search for synthetic peptides having carcinostatic activity, since many natural peptides are active. The way in which the inhibitory activity varies with composition of the synthetic polymers has been investigated. Various properties (hydrophobicity, molecular weight, u.v. absorption, kinetic type) have been examined in a search for correlates of inhibitory activity. The relationship to the origin of enzyme control mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:259499", "title": "Interactions of methylglyoxal with methylamine.", "content": "Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations are used to study the interactions of the aldehydic group of methylglyoxal with the NH2 groups of protein side-chains, using methylamine as a representative molecule. The hydrogen-bonding interaction, C = O...H - N, results in an electronic charge transfer from methylglyoxal to methylamine in both the ground and first excited triplet states. In this latter state a slight possibility is found for the H atom in the hydrogen bond to tunnel from methylglyoxal to methylamine, leading to the possible formation of two free radical fragments. The approach of methylamine to methylglyoxal in the stacked conformation C...N to form a hemiacetal, associated with electron charge transfer from methylamine to methylglyoxal, is energetically unfavourable in vacuum. The concomitant tunnelling of a proton from a proton-donating solvent molecule to the aldehydic oxygen of methylglyoxal is shown to make this approach favourable. The relative stability of the keto and enol forms of methylglyoxal is also investigated, the keto form being found the more stable in vacuum.", "contents": "Interactions of methylglyoxal with methylamine. Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations are used to study the interactions of the aldehydic group of methylglyoxal with the NH2 groups of protein side-chains, using methylamine as a representative molecule. The hydrogen-bonding interaction, C = O...H - N, results in an electronic charge transfer from methylglyoxal to methylamine in both the ground and first excited triplet states. In this latter state a slight possibility is found for the H atom in the hydrogen bond to tunnel from methylglyoxal to methylamine, leading to the possible formation of two free radical fragments. The approach of methylamine to methylglyoxal in the stacked conformation C...N to form a hemiacetal, associated with electron charge transfer from methylamine to methylglyoxal, is energetically unfavourable in vacuum. The concomitant tunnelling of a proton from a proton-donating solvent molecule to the aldehydic oxygen of methylglyoxal is shown to make this approach favourable. The relative stability of the keto and enol forms of methylglyoxal is also investigated, the keto form being found the more stable in vacuum."}
{"id": "PMID:259500", "title": "Methylglyoxal production in human blood.", "content": "The research of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and others has suggested that the three-carbon ketoaldehyde methylglyoxal has a potential role in the control of cell growth. Its metabolism to D-lactate (not the L-lactate of glycolysis) is catalysed by the mammalian enzymes glyoxalase I (S-lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase, isomerizing; EC 4.4.1.5) and glyoxalase II (S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase; 3.1.2.6), with glutathione as a coenzyme. Direct determination of methylglyoxal in biological tissues is difficult because of the active glyoxalase system. However, the product of the glyoxalase system, D-lactate, should indicate formed or added methylglyoxal. A stereospecific assay was used to measure D-lactate in human plasma; it involved the spectrophotometric analysis of NADH at 340 nm catalysed by D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.28) from Lactobacillus leichmannii. Blood collected by venepuncture was used for the determination of the plasma concentration of D-lactate. The mean concentration for seven normal subjects was 0.023 mM +/- 0.002 S.E.M. When the glycolytic pathway in whole blood was inhibited in vitro with fluoride, a significant increase in D-lactate was found (about 0.15 mM/hour at 37 degrees C). Added methylglyoxal also produced an increase in D-lactate formation. Some specific precursors of L-lactate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, for example) added to whole blood produced an increased concentration of D-lactate, even when glycolysis was not inhibited. This finding indicates that catabolites of glucose lead to methylglyoxal synthesis and suggest a control function for the glyoxalase enzyme system in glycolysis that could be exploited for cancer therapy.", "contents": "Methylglyoxal production in human blood. The research of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and others has suggested that the three-carbon ketoaldehyde methylglyoxal has a potential role in the control of cell growth. Its metabolism to D-lactate (not the L-lactate of glycolysis) is catalysed by the mammalian enzymes glyoxalase I (S-lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase, isomerizing; EC 4.4.1.5) and glyoxalase II (S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase; 3.1.2.6), with glutathione as a coenzyme. Direct determination of methylglyoxal in biological tissues is difficult because of the active glyoxalase system. However, the product of the glyoxalase system, D-lactate, should indicate formed or added methylglyoxal. A stereospecific assay was used to measure D-lactate in human plasma; it involved the spectrophotometric analysis of NADH at 340 nm catalysed by D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.28) from Lactobacillus leichmannii. Blood collected by venepuncture was used for the determination of the plasma concentration of D-lactate. The mean concentration for seven normal subjects was 0.023 mM +/- 0.002 S.E.M. When the glycolytic pathway in whole blood was inhibited in vitro with fluoride, a significant increase in D-lactate was found (about 0.15 mM/hour at 37 degrees C). Added methylglyoxal also produced an increase in D-lactate formation. Some specific precursors of L-lactate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, for example) added to whole blood produced an increased concentration of D-lactate, even when glycolysis was not inhibited. This finding indicates that catabolites of glucose lead to methylglyoxal synthesis and suggest a control function for the glyoxalase enzyme system in glycolysis that could be exploited for cancer therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:259501", "title": "Biological activity of methylglyoxal and related aldehydes.", "content": "The effect of methylglyoxal and other aldehydes on several biochemical variables has been studied. Aldehydes inhibit amino acid incorporation into proteins, both in reconstituted systems and in isolated hepatocytes. They also decrease the secretion of protein and lipoprotein from hepatocytes into the incubation medium. This inhibition is seen even with prelabelled proteins, which indicates damage to the secretory mechanism itself. This conclusion is strenghened by the fact that aldehydes also decrease the binding of colchicine to liver tubulin. Aldehydes decrease the respiratory rate of mitochondria, as well as mitochondrial swelling induced by phosphate, by Ca2+ or by K+ plus valinomycin. They also partially inhibit cytochrome P-450. When injected into normal rats, aldehydes produce a decrease in the mitotic index of bone marrow cells and of the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A decrease in mitotic index and in cellularity is seen after injecting aldehydes into the peritoneal cavity of rats bearing transplanted ascites AH-130 Yoshida hepatoma. Aldehydes also impair the function of liver cell ligandin and potentiate the increase in cell permeability induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The meaning of these results is discussed with special reference to the pathogenesis of cellular lesions in carbon tetrachloride poisoning.", "contents": "Biological activity of methylglyoxal and related aldehydes. The effect of methylglyoxal and other aldehydes on several biochemical variables has been studied. Aldehydes inhibit amino acid incorporation into proteins, both in reconstituted systems and in isolated hepatocytes. They also decrease the secretion of protein and lipoprotein from hepatocytes into the incubation medium. This inhibition is seen even with prelabelled proteins, which indicates damage to the secretory mechanism itself. This conclusion is strenghened by the fact that aldehydes also decrease the binding of colchicine to liver tubulin. Aldehydes decrease the respiratory rate of mitochondria, as well as mitochondrial swelling induced by phosphate, by Ca2+ or by K+ plus valinomycin. They also partially inhibit cytochrome P-450. When injected into normal rats, aldehydes produce a decrease in the mitotic index of bone marrow cells and of the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A decrease in mitotic index and in cellularity is seen after injecting aldehydes into the peritoneal cavity of rats bearing transplanted ascites AH-130 Yoshida hepatoma. Aldehydes also impair the function of liver cell ligandin and potentiate the increase in cell permeability induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The meaning of these results is discussed with special reference to the pathogenesis of cellular lesions in carbon tetrachloride poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:259502", "title": "The living state and cancer.", "content": "The surrounding world can be divided into two parts: alive and inanimate. What makes the difference is the subtle reactivity of living systems. The difference is so great that it is reasonable to suppose that what underlies life is a specific physical state, 'the living state'. Living systems are built mainly of nucleic acids and proteins. The former are the guardians of the basic blueprint while the business of life is carried on by proteins. Proteins thus have to share the subtle reactivity of living systems. A closed-shell protein molecule, however, has no electronic mobility, and has but a low chemical reactivity. Its orbitals are occupied by electron pairs which are held firmly. The situation can be changed by taking single electrons out of the system. This unpairs electrons, leaves half-occupied orbitals with positive electron holes, making the molecules into highly reactive paramagnetic free radicals. The reactivity of the system depends on the degree of its electronic desaturation. Electrons can be taken out of protein molecules by 'electron aceptors' in 'cahrge transfer'. When life began, our globe was covered by dense water vapour. There was no light and no free oxygen. Electron acceptors could be made out of trioses by concentrating their carbon atoms as carbonyls at one end of the molecule. The resulting methylglyoxal is a weak acceptor which made a low level of development possible. When light appeared, free oxygen was generated by the energy of photons. Oxygen is a strong electron acceptor. Its appearance opened the way to the present level of development. The transfer of electrons from protein to oxygen is effected by a complex chemical mechanism which involves ascorbic acid.", "contents": "The living state and cancer. The surrounding world can be divided into two parts: alive and inanimate. What makes the difference is the subtle reactivity of living systems. The difference is so great that it is reasonable to suppose that what underlies life is a specific physical state, 'the living state'. Living systems are built mainly of nucleic acids and proteins. The former are the guardians of the basic blueprint while the business of life is carried on by proteins. Proteins thus have to share the subtle reactivity of living systems. A closed-shell protein molecule, however, has no electronic mobility, and has but a low chemical reactivity. Its orbitals are occupied by electron pairs which are held firmly. The situation can be changed by taking single electrons out of the system. This unpairs electrons, leaves half-occupied orbitals with positive electron holes, making the molecules into highly reactive paramagnetic free radicals. The reactivity of the system depends on the degree of its electronic desaturation. Electrons can be taken out of protein molecules by 'electron aceptors' in 'cahrge transfer'. When life began, our globe was covered by dense water vapour. There was no light and no free oxygen. Electron acceptors could be made out of trioses by concentrating their carbon atoms as carbonyls at one end of the molecule. The resulting methylglyoxal is a weak acceptor which made a low level of development possible. When light appeared, free oxygen was generated by the energy of photons. Oxygen is a strong electron acceptor. Its appearance opened the way to the present level of development. The transfer of electrons from protein to oxygen is effected by a complex chemical mechanism which involves ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:259503", "title": "Energy bands and charge transfer in proteins.", "content": "The effects of salts on protein--the causing of a shift in isoelectric point and the altering of the melting temperature--are proposed to be the result of binding to the protein peptide chain, which is considered as a one-dimensional solid. The interaction of methylglyoxal with protein and polylysine to give charge-transfer complexes and allow electrical conductivity are viewed as further support for the band structure of proteins. Calculations on protein chains resembling real proteins show that conductivity should be much less than expected for homopolypeptides.", "contents": "Energy bands and charge transfer in proteins. The effects of salts on protein--the causing of a shift in isoelectric point and the altering of the melting temperature--are proposed to be the result of binding to the protein peptide chain, which is considered as a one-dimensional solid. The interaction of methylglyoxal with protein and polylysine to give charge-transfer complexes and allow electrical conductivity are viewed as further support for the band structure of proteins. Calculations on protein chains resembling real proteins show that conductivity should be much less than expected for homopolypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:259504", "title": "Electronic structure of proteins and DNA: solid-state aspects.", "content": "The generalization of the Hartree-Fock method to periodic systems (polymers or crystals) using a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) makes it possible to calculate ab initio self-consistent-field LCAO band structures of periodic protein and DNA models. The results obtained for polyglycine, polyalanine, and for the mixed poly(Gly-Ala) periodic chain, as well as for the four homopolynucleotides, are presented. The correction of these band structures for excitonic effects (in the excited state) and for long-range correlation effects is shown also. Furthermore, it is outlined how the short-range correlation in insulator biopolymers and correlation effects in proteins with a partially filled valence band (for instance, due to charge transfer) can be calculated. The Coherent Potential Approximation is outlined and its possible application to aperiodic proteins and DNA is pointed out. Finally the effect of an electron acceptor on proteins or of a chemical carcinogen bound to DNA is discussed as a local perturbation of the band structures of these systems on the basis of the self-consistent resolvent method.", "contents": "Electronic structure of proteins and DNA: solid-state aspects. The generalization of the Hartree-Fock method to periodic systems (polymers or crystals) using a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) makes it possible to calculate ab initio self-consistent-field LCAO band structures of periodic protein and DNA models. The results obtained for polyglycine, polyalanine, and for the mixed poly(Gly-Ala) periodic chain, as well as for the four homopolynucleotides, are presented. The correction of these band structures for excitonic effects (in the excited state) and for long-range correlation effects is shown also. Furthermore, it is outlined how the short-range correlation in insulator biopolymers and correlation effects in proteins with a partially filled valence band (for instance, due to charge transfer) can be calculated. The Coherent Potential Approximation is outlined and its possible application to aperiodic proteins and DNA is pointed out. Finally the effect of an electron acceptor on proteins or of a chemical carcinogen bound to DNA is discussed as a local perturbation of the band structures of these systems on the basis of the self-consistent resolvent method."}
{"id": "PMID:259505", "title": "The mechanisms of conduction in proteins.", "content": "Theoretical calculations have already shown that the electronic properties of biopolymers may be described in terms of conduction and valence energy bands in which electrons are delocalized to a significant degree. Because these bands are separated by a large energy gap, it is concluded that electronic conduction in such systems must be by 'holes' in the valence band. The mechanism of this conduction is discussed with special reference to dry proteins where the charge-transfer role of appropriate acceptor molecules and the modulating influence of amino acid residues will encourage localized and delocalized hole production at the valence band edge. It is suggested that there are close similarities, which have shown up in measurements, in the electrical behaviour of proteins and other non-biological semi-crystalline solids. The significance of such long-range conduction and attendant polarization is considered briefly in the light of evidence for the existence of proteins in cell membranes and in the skeleton of the cytoplasm", "contents": "The mechanisms of conduction in proteins. Theoretical calculations have already shown that the electronic properties of biopolymers may be described in terms of conduction and valence energy bands in which electrons are delocalized to a significant degree. Because these bands are separated by a large energy gap, it is concluded that electronic conduction in such systems must be by 'holes' in the valence band. The mechanism of this conduction is discussed with special reference to dry proteins where the charge-transfer role of appropriate acceptor molecules and the modulating influence of amino acid residues will encourage localized and delocalized hole production at the valence band edge. It is suggested that there are close similarities, which have shown up in measurements, in the electrical behaviour of proteins and other non-biological semi-crystalline solids. The significance of such long-range conduction and attendant polarization is considered briefly in the light of evidence for the existence of proteins in cell membranes and in the skeleton of the cytoplasm"}
{"id": "PMID:259506", "title": "Electronic and dielectric properties of protein--methylglyoxal complexes.", "content": "Steady-state conduction and dielectric measurements over the frequency range 10(-5) to 10(5) Hz are reported for several proteins that have been complexed with methylglyoxal. Compared with the normal (white) proteins the brown protein--methylglyoxal complexes exhibit a marked increase in electronic conductivity and a pronounced low-frequency dielectric dispersion. The intensity of the brown colour and the electronic activity is directly related to the number of free lysine groups available to react with the methylglyoxal. It is proposed that the methylglyoxal molecules form Schiff bases with the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues and that these Schiff bases then form a charge-transfer complex with a neighbouring peptide unit. For collagen, in particular, it is found that the electron 'holes' so formed in the polypeptide backbone are capable of long range motion in what can be interpreted as being the valence band of extended electronic states of the protein structure. The protein--methylglyoxal complexes have electronic and dielectric properties similar to those exhibited by the perylene-chloranil charge-transfer complex.", "contents": "Electronic and dielectric properties of protein--methylglyoxal complexes. Steady-state conduction and dielectric measurements over the frequency range 10(-5) to 10(5) Hz are reported for several proteins that have been complexed with methylglyoxal. Compared with the normal (white) proteins the brown protein--methylglyoxal complexes exhibit a marked increase in electronic conductivity and a pronounced low-frequency dielectric dispersion. The intensity of the brown colour and the electronic activity is directly related to the number of free lysine groups available to react with the methylglyoxal. It is proposed that the methylglyoxal molecules form Schiff bases with the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues and that these Schiff bases then form a charge-transfer complex with a neighbouring peptide unit. For collagen, in particular, it is found that the electron 'holes' so formed in the polypeptide backbone are capable of long range motion in what can be interpreted as being the valence band of extended electronic states of the protein structure. The protein--methylglyoxal complexes have electronic and dielectric properties similar to those exhibited by the perylene-chloranil charge-transfer complex."}
{"id": "PMID:259511", "title": "Lung alterations in newborn rabbits after maternal thrombin-shock. I. Morphological alterations.", "content": "Alterations of the lung structure, especially of the pneumocytes type II, of asphyxied newborn rabbits were investigated. Experiments were carried out on pregnant does shocked by thrombin- and Pamba-applications on the 28th, 29th and 30th day of gestation and on their newborns delivered by caesarian section at these days and killed after one or five hours life-time. Histologically, adult rabbits show characteristic alterations in an early phase of the shock. Lung alterations are the main findings in the newborns. Atelectases and, additionally, disturbances of circulation, permeability and also hyaline thrombi are seen. Lamellar bodies within the pneumocytes type II show a significant decrease of the lamellae and the whole osmiophilic material. The alterations of immature newborns are more severe than those of mature animals and also more severe after the longer life-time. These alterations are considered as a result of decreased synthesis of surface active phospholipids.", "contents": "Lung alterations in newborn rabbits after maternal thrombin-shock. I. Morphological alterations. Alterations of the lung structure, especially of the pneumocytes type II, of asphyxied newborn rabbits were investigated. Experiments were carried out on pregnant does shocked by thrombin- and Pamba-applications on the 28th, 29th and 30th day of gestation and on their newborns delivered by caesarian section at these days and killed after one or five hours life-time. Histologically, adult rabbits show characteristic alterations in an early phase of the shock. Lung alterations are the main findings in the newborns. Atelectases and, additionally, disturbances of circulation, permeability and also hyaline thrombi are seen. Lamellar bodies within the pneumocytes type II show a significant decrease of the lamellae and the whole osmiophilic material. The alterations of immature newborns are more severe than those of mature animals and also more severe after the longer life-time. These alterations are considered as a result of decreased synthesis of surface active phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:259607", "title": "Differentiation of Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes A and T with growth inhibitors.", "content": "Differentiation of type A and type T cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica was accomplished by paper disks containing 0.3 microgram of penicillin G, which produced zones of inhibition larger than 10 mm with type A but not with type T strains. Basic fuchsin (0.2 microgram/ml), brilliant green (0.005 microgram/ml), methylene blue (3.1 micrograms/ml) in brain heart infusion broth permitted the growth of type T but that of type A isolates.", "contents": "Differentiation of Pasteurella haemolytica biotypes A and T with growth inhibitors. Differentiation of type A and type T cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica was accomplished by paper disks containing 0.3 microgram of penicillin G, which produced zones of inhibition larger than 10 mm with type A but not with type T strains. Basic fuchsin (0.2 microgram/ml), brilliant green (0.005 microgram/ml), methylene blue (3.1 micrograms/ml) in brain heart infusion broth permitted the growth of type T but that of type A isolates."}
{"id": "PMID:259633", "title": "Bicultural training: a cost-effective program.", "content": "The effects of a bicultural training program in easing adjustment to the work world were studied on new graduate nurses working in eight medical center hospitals. Data from that study are used to examine program costs per new graduate-head nurse dyad. The cost effectiveness of the bicultural program is illustrated by comparing program costs with savings resulting from decreased turnover among new graduates who receive bicultural training. The mean time and cost estimates for the program may be used by others to determine cost effectiveness of bicultural training in their own institutions.", "contents": "Bicultural training: a cost-effective program. The effects of a bicultural training program in easing adjustment to the work world were studied on new graduate nurses working in eight medical center hospitals. Data from that study are used to examine program costs per new graduate-head nurse dyad. The cost effectiveness of the bicultural program is illustrated by comparing program costs with savings resulting from decreased turnover among new graduates who receive bicultural training. The mean time and cost estimates for the program may be used by others to determine cost effectiveness of bicultural training in their own institutions."}
{"id": "PMID:259634", "title": "The computerized medical record system: meeting the challenge for nursing.", "content": "A system of computerized medical record-keeping in a health maintenance organization is described. Some problems arising in the shift from manual to computerized record-keeping are discussed. Perhaps the most important for nursing is the increase in the nursing staff's responsibility for complete, consistent documentation of patient care concomitant with the shift to a computerized system. Nurses must be comfortable with patient assessment, patient management and documentation in order to utilize the system effectively.", "contents": "The computerized medical record system: meeting the challenge for nursing. A system of computerized medical record-keeping in a health maintenance organization is described. Some problems arising in the shift from manual to computerized record-keeping are discussed. Perhaps the most important for nursing is the increase in the nursing staff's responsibility for complete, consistent documentation of patient care concomitant with the shift to a computerized system. Nurses must be comfortable with patient assessment, patient management and documentation in order to utilize the system effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:259635", "title": "Peer review: a model for professional accountability.", "content": "This article describes the implementation of a peer review process for the classification, promotion, and ongoing evaluation of professional nurses in a large university hospital. From their experience, the authors discuss particular considerations and problems to be managed when implementing peer review.", "contents": "Peer review: a model for professional accountability. This article describes the implementation of a peer review process for the classification, promotion, and ongoing evaluation of professional nurses in a large university hospital. From their experience, the authors discuss particular considerations and problems to be managed when implementing peer review."}
{"id": "PMID:259636", "title": "The nursing administrator's role in health planning.", "content": "The role of the nursing administrator in community and regional health planning and institutional program planning is illustrated. A planning systems perspective is proposed and strategies for involvement at each level are outlined. Nursing administrators who are not already involved in these phases of health care planning may be stimulated to expand their scope of participation.", "contents": "The nursing administrator's role in health planning. The role of the nursing administrator in community and regional health planning and institutional program planning is illustrated. A planning systems perspective is proposed and strategies for involvement at each level are outlined. Nursing administrators who are not already involved in these phases of health care planning may be stimulated to expand their scope of participation."}
{"id": "PMID:259637", "title": "The nursing care plan problem.", "content": "If nursing care plans are related to positive patient outcomes, why don't nurses write them? The authors conducted a study to investigate the effect of variables such as reinforcement, knowledge, values and incentives, and certain demographic characteristics on the writing of nursing care plans. The findings have some important implications for nursing administrators and nursing educators, and emphasize the need for further study and investigation.", "contents": "The nursing care plan problem. If nursing care plans are related to positive patient outcomes, why don't nurses write them? The authors conducted a study to investigate the effect of variables such as reinforcement, knowledge, values and incentives, and certain demographic characteristics on the writing of nursing care plans. The findings have some important implications for nursing administrators and nursing educators, and emphasize the need for further study and investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:259663", "title": "[Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas cepacia (author's transl)].", "content": "The yearly changes of relative frequency of glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli except for P. aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens over the past 5 years were studied. Acinetobacter anitratum was the most commonly encountered strain and P. maltophilia and P. putida were also frequently encountered during 1974 through 1977. In 1978, P. cepacia became a significantly predominant strain, which was 44.6% of all nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli excluding P. aeruginosa isolated in Juntendo Hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 59 similar to 61 clinical isolates of P. cepacia in 1978 were studied by agar dilution method, standardized by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. Miloxacin and minocycline inhibited more than 95% of the strain by the concentration of 6.25 micrograms/ml. Nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole were sensitive to approximately 52% and 75% of the strains respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, apalcillin, piperacillin and pipemidic acid for most strains was more than 1.25 micrograms/ml. More than 90% of the strains were highly resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, ticarcillin, cefazolin, cefotiam, tetracycline, clindamycin and colistin.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas cepacia (author's transl)]. The yearly changes of relative frequency of glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli except for P. aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens over the past 5 years were studied. Acinetobacter anitratum was the most commonly encountered strain and P. maltophilia and P. putida were also frequently encountered during 1974 through 1977. In 1978, P. cepacia became a significantly predominant strain, which was 44.6% of all nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli excluding P. aeruginosa isolated in Juntendo Hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 59 similar to 61 clinical isolates of P. cepacia in 1978 were studied by agar dilution method, standardized by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. Miloxacin and minocycline inhibited more than 95% of the strain by the concentration of 6.25 micrograms/ml. Nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole were sensitive to approximately 52% and 75% of the strains respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, apalcillin, piperacillin and pipemidic acid for most strains was more than 1.25 micrograms/ml. More than 90% of the strains were highly resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, ticarcillin, cefazolin, cefotiam, tetracycline, clindamycin and colistin."}
{"id": "PMID:259911", "title": "[Chronic fetomaternal bloodtransfusion with signs of heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of chronic fetomaternal bloodtransfusion with signs of heart failure is described. More than 200 ml blood were lost into the mother's circulation. Heartfailure did not fully account for the marked enlargement of the liver and the slight splenomegoly, so that reactivation of the extramedullary erythropoesis presumably was an additional causative factor for it.", "contents": "[Chronic fetomaternal bloodtransfusion with signs of heart failure (author's transl)]. A case of chronic fetomaternal bloodtransfusion with signs of heart failure is described. More than 200 ml blood were lost into the mother's circulation. Heartfailure did not fully account for the marked enlargement of the liver and the slight splenomegoly, so that reactivation of the extramedullary erythropoesis presumably was an additional causative factor for it."}
{"id": "PMID:260650", "title": "In vitro response of Enterobacter to ampicillin.", "content": "Three strains of Enterobacter were studied for their response to ampicillin. They exhibited a basic level of resistance that depended on the medium used and high-level mutational resistance at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7). Two classes of mutants were selected, one of which showed markedly enhanced antibiotic inactivation as indicated by a biological assay and the other of which resembled the wild type in this regard. Both mutants showed cross-resistance to other beta-lactam antibiotics. The results explained discrepancies between traditional broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentration tests and early read automated procedures.", "contents": "In vitro response of Enterobacter to ampicillin. Three strains of Enterobacter were studied for their response to ampicillin. They exhibited a basic level of resistance that depended on the medium used and high-level mutational resistance at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7). Two classes of mutants were selected, one of which showed markedly enhanced antibiotic inactivation as indicated by a biological assay and the other of which resembled the wild type in this regard. Both mutants showed cross-resistance to other beta-lactam antibiotics. The results explained discrepancies between traditional broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentration tests and early read automated procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:260696", "title": "Control of protein synthesis in mammalian cells by aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The dependence of protein synthesis on the intracellular content of aminoacylated tRNA has been studied in mouse ascites tumor cells deprived for various amino acids. A remarkable reduction in net protein synthesis has been found only after a drastic decrease in aminoacylation of tRNA. The quantitative correlation of protein synthesis with the degree of aminoacylation suggests that a moderate amino acid starvation primarily influences the rate of elongation at the codon concerned. These results are in contrast to the findings previously reported for HeLa cells. Some crucial steps during the determination of intracellular aminoacyl-tRNA have been investigated. The reliability of the method employed has been discussed on a theoretical basis.", "contents": "Control of protein synthesis in mammalian cells by aminoacylation of transfer ribonucleic acid. The dependence of protein synthesis on the intracellular content of aminoacylated tRNA has been studied in mouse ascites tumor cells deprived for various amino acids. A remarkable reduction in net protein synthesis has been found only after a drastic decrease in aminoacylation of tRNA. The quantitative correlation of protein synthesis with the degree of aminoacylation suggests that a moderate amino acid starvation primarily influences the rate of elongation at the codon concerned. These results are in contrast to the findings previously reported for HeLa cells. Some crucial steps during the determination of intracellular aminoacyl-tRNA have been investigated. The reliability of the method employed has been discussed on a theoretical basis."}
{"id": "PMID:260697", "title": "Transcription of a cloned Bombyx mori tRNA2Ala gene: nucleotide sequence of the tRNA precursor and its processing in vitro.", "content": "We have analyzed the transcription of a cloned silkworm tRNA2Ala gene in germinal vesicle extracts of X. laevis oocytes. The primary transcript was sequenced; it is 98 nucleotides long, beginning with a 5' triphosphate nucleotide and ending in  a 3' oligouridine stretch. After transcription for long periods of time, enzymes in the frog extract also process the tRNA2Ala precursor to remove extra 5' and 3' nucleotides and to add a CCA end. The twenty-two extra nucleotides at the 3' end of this precursor are recovered as an intact fragment, implicating a new site of endoribonuclease cleavage in eucaryotic tRNA processing. This enzyme activity has also been demonstrated by reincubation of isolated pre-tRNA2Ala with a germinal vesicle extract. The products of in vitro cleavage are the same as those seen in the transcription reactions. The tRNA2Ala precursor molecules are made faithfully in the system with as few as 6 bp of Bombyx morti DNA upstream of the transcription initiation site of the tRNA2Ala gene. This result narrows down the minimal amount of DNA adjacent to the 5' end of a eucaryotic tRNA gene needed to support proper initiation by RNA polymerase III.", "contents": "Transcription of a cloned Bombyx mori tRNA2Ala gene: nucleotide sequence of the tRNA precursor and its processing in vitro. We have analyzed the transcription of a cloned silkworm tRNA2Ala gene in germinal vesicle extracts of X. laevis oocytes. The primary transcript was sequenced; it is 98 nucleotides long, beginning with a 5' triphosphate nucleotide and ending in  a 3' oligouridine stretch. After transcription for long periods of time, enzymes in the frog extract also process the tRNA2Ala precursor to remove extra 5' and 3' nucleotides and to add a CCA end. The twenty-two extra nucleotides at the 3' end of this precursor are recovered as an intact fragment, implicating a new site of endoribonuclease cleavage in eucaryotic tRNA processing. This enzyme activity has also been demonstrated by reincubation of isolated pre-tRNA2Ala with a germinal vesicle extract. The products of in vitro cleavage are the same as those seen in the transcription reactions. The tRNA2Ala precursor molecules are made faithfully in the system with as few as 6 bp of Bombyx morti DNA upstream of the transcription initiation site of the tRNA2Ala gene. This result narrows down the minimal amount of DNA adjacent to the 5' end of a eucaryotic tRNA gene needed to support proper initiation by RNA polymerase III."}
{"id": "PMID:260698", "title": "Antibiotic sensitivity and synergism of 'penicillin-tolerant' Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "15 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from 15 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia. Eight of these strains were shown to be tolerant for cloxacillin. Cloxacillin-tolerant strains were also tolerant for most of the cephalosporins tested except for cephapirin. Strains were not tolerant for clindamycin and gentamicin. Penicillin-tolerant staphylococci showed a high degree of synergism between gentamicin and cloxacillin or cephalothin and gentamicin.", "contents": "Antibiotic sensitivity and synergism of 'penicillin-tolerant' Staphylococcus aureus. 15 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from 15 patients with staphylococcal bacteremia. Eight of these strains were shown to be tolerant for cloxacillin. Cloxacillin-tolerant strains were also tolerant for most of the cephalosporins tested except for cephapirin. Strains were not tolerant for clindamycin and gentamicin. Penicillin-tolerant staphylococci showed a high degree of synergism between gentamicin and cloxacillin or cephalothin and gentamicin."}
{"id": "PMID:260709", "title": "[\"Thefts not involving intentional personal gain\"--not a psychopathological syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The term \"thefts not involving intentional personal gain\" is subjected to critical appraisal. Since analogies to the ancient theory of kleptomania are persistently restated, examples are given to illustrate the original meaning of that term, namely, \"thieves\" stealing objects immediately recognisable as not serving any useful purpose, or acting as though prompted by an irresistible impulse, no expert being required to diagnose classification of such acts. Recent cases in point include, on the one hand, \"patients\" in whom intentional personal gain can be neither proved nor disproved, and, on the other hand, persons from \"higher strata\" of society whom one may not believe to be capable of succumbing to a momentary weakness despite their avowals to the contrary. Finally, there are people whose behaviour is generally characterised by acting emotionally accentuated \"parts\" as if they were stage players. Be that as it may, the value of the patients' own statements is mostly overrated compared with the objective findings, and usually no comparison is attempted with the multitude of \"normal\" shoplifters.", "contents": "[\"Thefts not involving intentional personal gain\"--not a psychopathological syndrome (author's transl)]. The term \"thefts not involving intentional personal gain\" is subjected to critical appraisal. Since analogies to the ancient theory of kleptomania are persistently restated, examples are given to illustrate the original meaning of that term, namely, \"thieves\" stealing objects immediately recognisable as not serving any useful purpose, or acting as though prompted by an irresistible impulse, no expert being required to diagnose classification of such acts. Recent cases in point include, on the one hand, \"patients\" in whom intentional personal gain can be neither proved nor disproved, and, on the other hand, persons from \"higher strata\" of society whom one may not believe to be capable of succumbing to a momentary weakness despite their avowals to the contrary. Finally, there are people whose behaviour is generally characterised by acting emotionally accentuated \"parts\" as if they were stage players. Be that as it may, the value of the patients' own statements is mostly overrated compared with the objective findings, and usually no comparison is attempted with the multitude of \"normal\" shoplifters."}
{"id": "PMID:260710", "title": "[On the nosological position of the obsessional-compulsive depressions (author's transl)].", "content": "After the introduction of the term \"Zwangsvorstellungen\" (compulsive ideas) into german psychiatry in 1867, there were intensive psychopathological discussions concerning the role of the affective component of this disturbance. The conviction that an affective causation of compulsion has to be repudiated, that a primary compulsive idea is just followed by a secondary affect, contrasted with the belief that alterations of mood are a prerequisite of compulsive symptoms. The latter hypothesis led to the identification of a typical course of illness in the compulsive depressions. After a short review of Lauter's casuistry, some of our own cases are presented. A differentiation between two types of compulsive depression seems to fulfill the requirements of the clinic. The distinguishing criterion is the pattern of the premorbid personality. To the widespread therapeutic pessimism we oppose various psychotherapeutic techniques for the treatment of non-psychotic compulsive phenomenal; for the manifestations occurring in the course of psychotic illnesses, the appropriate psychotropic drugs will be used in the first place, although they are of limited importance in these types of illness which oppose serious difficulties to all methods of treatment.", "contents": "[On the nosological position of the obsessional-compulsive depressions (author's transl)]. After the introduction of the term \"Zwangsvorstellungen\" (compulsive ideas) into german psychiatry in 1867, there were intensive psychopathological discussions concerning the role of the affective component of this disturbance. The conviction that an affective causation of compulsion has to be repudiated, that a primary compulsive idea is just followed by a secondary affect, contrasted with the belief that alterations of mood are a prerequisite of compulsive symptoms. The latter hypothesis led to the identification of a typical course of illness in the compulsive depressions. After a short review of Lauter's casuistry, some of our own cases are presented. A differentiation between two types of compulsive depression seems to fulfill the requirements of the clinic. The distinguishing criterion is the pattern of the premorbid personality. To the widespread therapeutic pessimism we oppose various psychotherapeutic techniques for the treatment of non-psychotic compulsive phenomenal; for the manifestations occurring in the course of psychotic illnesses, the appropriate psychotropic drugs will be used in the first place, although they are of limited importance in these types of illness which oppose serious difficulties to all methods of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:260711", "title": "[Psychodrama versus patient club activity (leisure group): effects of a 25 hours group psychotherapy with psychiatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of psychodramatherapy versus patient club activity group is compared in a controlled study with psychiatric patients in a period of two month (8 times a three hour session per week). 22 patients (11 patients psychodramatherapy (PD); 11 patients patient club activity (PCA)). Diagnoses: neuroses, subacute psychoses. Patients were matched according to age, sex and syndrome (resp. diagnoses). Applied tests: semistandardized interview with formulation of personal therapeutic goals, personality tests (Giessen, MMPI), mood scales (EWL, Bf-S v. Zerssen, 100 mml line), psychopathology (AMP 3/interview), social adjustment (SAF). Testing periods: before beginning with PD and PCA, attendant to therapy, after therapy, follow up (three month after end oftherapy). it was advantageous to have both psychotic and neurotic patients in the same therapy group. In the course of psychodramatherapy and patient club activity there was an improvement with a regressive trend to baseline after end of therapy. PD in comparison to PCA appeared to be more effective in the improvement of some psychiatric relevant personality dimensions, in the improvement of psychopathology, in reaching the personal therapeutic goals and in a positive opinion of therapy. A psychodramatherapy lasting two month seems revealed to be more attractive and to have more therapeutic efficacy than a patient club activity group. Because of the instability of some effects a more prolonged therapy period is suggested.", "contents": "[Psychodrama versus patient club activity (leisure group): effects of a 25 hours group psychotherapy with psychiatric patients (author's transl)]. The effects of psychodramatherapy versus patient club activity group is compared in a controlled study with psychiatric patients in a period of two month (8 times a three hour session per week). 22 patients (11 patients psychodramatherapy (PD); 11 patients patient club activity (PCA)). Diagnoses: neuroses, subacute psychoses. Patients were matched according to age, sex and syndrome (resp. diagnoses). Applied tests: semistandardized interview with formulation of personal therapeutic goals, personality tests (Giessen, MMPI), mood scales (EWL, Bf-S v. Zerssen, 100 mml line), psychopathology (AMP 3/interview), social adjustment (SAF). Testing periods: before beginning with PD and PCA, attendant to therapy, after therapy, follow up (three month after end oftherapy). it was advantageous to have both psychotic and neurotic patients in the same therapy group. In the course of psychodramatherapy and patient club activity there was an improvement with a regressive trend to baseline after end of therapy. PD in comparison to PCA appeared to be more effective in the improvement of some psychiatric relevant personality dimensions, in the improvement of psychopathology, in reaching the personal therapeutic goals and in a positive opinion of therapy. A psychodramatherapy lasting two month seems revealed to be more attractive and to have more therapeutic efficacy than a patient club activity group. Because of the instability of some effects a more prolonged therapy period is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:260720", "title": "Staff nurse turnover in neonatal intensive care units.", "content": "The turnover rate and patterns in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) were assessed and compared with adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and General Infant Care Units at the same hospitals for the year 1976. Thirty-five hospitals with NICUs participated in the study. The findings of this study disagree with the previous literature in three major ways: 1 The turnover rate of staff nurses was less than half that estimated by The National Commission on Nursing for 1970. 2 The turnover rates in ICUs and NICUs were not significantly higher than that for staff nurses in Non-Intensive Care Units. In addition, the pattern of turnover among leavers is identical for all three major types of unit. The variability pattern for neonatal units, however, is statistically significant; this is not so with the other units studied. 3 There is no evidence for a stabilization of turnover following the usual 'induction crisis period' (the first 3 to 6 months).", "contents": "Staff nurse turnover in neonatal intensive care units. The turnover rate and patterns in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) were assessed and compared with adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and General Infant Care Units at the same hospitals for the year 1976. Thirty-five hospitals with NICUs participated in the study. The findings of this study disagree with the previous literature in three major ways: 1 The turnover rate of staff nurses was less than half that estimated by The National Commission on Nursing for 1970. 2 The turnover rates in ICUs and NICUs were not significantly higher than that for staff nurses in Non-Intensive Care Units. In addition, the pattern of turnover among leavers is identical for all three major types of unit. The variability pattern for neonatal units, however, is statistically significant; this is not so with the other units studied. 3 There is no evidence for a stabilization of turnover following the usual 'induction crisis period' (the first 3 to 6 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:260721", "title": "Nursing and the process of scientific inquiry.", "content": "Nurse education has to confront the problem of developing in students an understanding of the different perspectives put forward in nursing. However, all the perspectives adhere to the scientific method and it is therefore necessary to examine the process of scientific inquiry. As nursing occupies a position at the interface between physical and social sciences, it is also necessary to offer students an examination of the different paradigms which exist within the social sciences.", "contents": "Nursing and the process of scientific inquiry. Nurse education has to confront the problem of developing in students an understanding of the different perspectives put forward in nursing. However, all the perspectives adhere to the scientific method and it is therefore necessary to examine the process of scientific inquiry. As nursing occupies a position at the interface between physical and social sciences, it is also necessary to offer students an examination of the different paradigms which exist within the social sciences."}
{"id": "PMID:260722", "title": "Research in nursing gerontology.", "content": "Nursing gerontology is the scientific study of the nursing care of the elderly as individuals, family members and population groups. The author identifies and discusses the ethical issues which must be considered in relation to research in nursing gerontology: respect for persons, adequate knowledge base for decision-making, quality of life, quality of death and distribution of limited resources. Research priorities are then discussed.", "contents": "Research in nursing gerontology. Nursing gerontology is the scientific study of the nursing care of the elderly as individuals, family members and population groups. The author identifies and discusses the ethical issues which must be considered in relation to research in nursing gerontology: respect for persons, adequate knowledge base for decision-making, quality of life, quality of death and distribution of limited resources. Research priorities are then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:260723", "title": "Reassurance: a nursing skill?", "content": "The proposition of this paper is principally that if the term 'reassurance' is used by nurses its meaning should be clearly stated and the methods by which it may be achieved should be clearly identified. The author begins by attempting to identify a workable definition of the term and by arguing a case for taking the approach that it is a nursing interpersonal skill rather than a nursing psychotherapy. Using this as the basis for the rest of the discussion he then suggests that as an interpersonal skill it is open to analysis and behaviours can be identified which help to achieve a restoration of the patient's confidence. Further to this, learning objectives are stated in the hope that the concept of reassurance can be seen as a skill which can be enhanced by educational processes. Full competence in the use of interpersonal skills is not a stable feature in all human beings; in every individual nurse there is scope for the development and training of interpersonal skills. Finally, the author attempts to achieve the major aim of the paper--stating nursing actions which may be employed in order to achieve this reassurance of the patient.", "contents": "Reassurance: a nursing skill? The proposition of this paper is principally that if the term 'reassurance' is used by nurses its meaning should be clearly stated and the methods by which it may be achieved should be clearly identified. The author begins by attempting to identify a workable definition of the term and by arguing a case for taking the approach that it is a nursing interpersonal skill rather than a nursing psychotherapy. Using this as the basis for the rest of the discussion he then suggests that as an interpersonal skill it is open to analysis and behaviours can be identified which help to achieve a restoration of the patient's confidence. Further to this, learning objectives are stated in the hope that the concept of reassurance can be seen as a skill which can be enhanced by educational processes. Full competence in the use of interpersonal skills is not a stable feature in all human beings; in every individual nurse there is scope for the development and training of interpersonal skills. Finally, the author attempts to achieve the major aim of the paper--stating nursing actions which may be employed in order to achieve this reassurance of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:260724", "title": "The problems of nursing patients with advanced multiple sclerosis at home.", "content": "This study, prepared by the author during her nurse training, examines the main problems encountered by 14 sufferers from multiple sclerosis living in the community, and the difficulties of those involved in their home care.", "contents": "The problems of nursing patients with advanced multiple sclerosis at home. This study, prepared by the author during her nurse training, examines the main problems encountered by 14 sufferers from multiple sclerosis living in the community, and the difficulties of those involved in their home care."}
{"id": "PMID:260725", "title": "An evaluation of a workshop for teachers of nursing on an individualized teaching and learning strategy.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the evaluation of a workshop for teachers of nursing devoted to an individualized teaching and learning strategy. The paper gives a brief account of the history of such workshops and continues by defining individualized teaching. Following this the characteristics of the Keller Plan strategy are outlined. This is followed by details of the course organization; its aims and objectives, and the characteristics of the course members. Finally, the method of evaluation is described and results are discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of a workshop for teachers of nursing on an individualized teaching and learning strategy. This paper is concerned with the evaluation of a workshop for teachers of nursing devoted to an individualized teaching and learning strategy. The paper gives a brief account of the history of such workshops and continues by defining individualized teaching. Following this the characteristics of the Keller Plan strategy are outlined. This is followed by details of the course organization; its aims and objectives, and the characteristics of the course members. Finally, the method of evaluation is described and results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:260726", "title": "The development of a conceptually based nursing curriculum: an international experiment.", "content": "Nursing programmes in the United States of America are based on a conceptual framework. Not only do faculty and students ascribe to the necessity of such programmes but the national accreditation agency also provides its accreditation approval for the institution only after all criteria are met, including the requirement of a well-defined, operationalized and implemented framework. Can a nursing programme be developed in other nations utilizing the esoteric, American-based idea of the necessity for a conceptually based curriculum? The author answers this question. The manuscript presents both the process utilized in selecting a conceptual framwork for a new junior college programme in Kuwait and discusses the selected framework. The idea of a conceptual framework to guide the curriculum was as foreign in Kuwait as it was to nursing curricula in the United States 15 years ago. Though initially rejected by the faculty in Kuwait, the idea of a conceptual framework was reintroduced after much faculty discussion and questions related to nursing knowledge vis-a-vis medical knowledge, and what should be included in and excluded from the programme. By the end of the second year, a definite framework had been operationalized into courses and content. The selection of the framework evolved from faculty participation in the operationalization of the framework. This point is quite significant particularly in an international assignment, as it is the faculty who are left with the monumental task of supporting and continuing the work which has been done. Strategies used to develop and implement a conceptual framework included confrontation of faculty of the existing situation, lectures, seminars, workshops, and the identification of a critical review board.", "contents": "The development of a conceptually based nursing curriculum: an international experiment. Nursing programmes in the United States of America are based on a conceptual framework. Not only do faculty and students ascribe to the necessity of such programmes but the national accreditation agency also provides its accreditation approval for the institution only after all criteria are met, including the requirement of a well-defined, operationalized and implemented framework. Can a nursing programme be developed in other nations utilizing the esoteric, American-based idea of the necessity for a conceptually based curriculum? The author answers this question. The manuscript presents both the process utilized in selecting a conceptual framwork for a new junior college programme in Kuwait and discusses the selected framework. The idea of a conceptual framework to guide the curriculum was as foreign in Kuwait as it was to nursing curricula in the United States 15 years ago. Though initially rejected by the faculty in Kuwait, the idea of a conceptual framework was reintroduced after much faculty discussion and questions related to nursing knowledge vis-a-vis medical knowledge, and what should be included in and excluded from the programme. By the end of the second year, a definite framework had been operationalized into courses and content. The selection of the framework evolved from faculty participation in the operationalization of the framework. This point is quite significant particularly in an international assignment, as it is the faculty who are left with the monumental task of supporting and continuing the work which has been done. Strategies used to develop and implement a conceptual framework included confrontation of faculty of the existing situation, lectures, seminars, workshops, and the identification of a critical review board."}
{"id": "PMID:260727", "title": "Summary report on American nurse career-pattern study: baccalaureate degree nurses ten years after graduation: National League for Nursing, Division of Research, New York, U.S.A., March 1979.", "content": "The Nurse Career-Pattern Study, conducted by NLN's Division of Research, is a longitudinal study of nurses at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years after graduation from the four types of nursing education programmes. Participants in the study are individuals who entered a sample of associate degree, baccalaureate, diploma and practical nursing programmes in the autumn of 1962; and associate degree, baccalaureate and diploma programmes in the autumn of 1965 and 1967. Each group is followed separately, and the data collection for the four concurrent studies is staggered because of the varying lengths of programmes and times of graduations. According to project director Lucille Knopf, the study is designed to describe the career patterns of participants, their contributions to the health labour force, and the factors influencing their nursing careers.", "contents": "Summary report on American nurse career-pattern study: baccalaureate degree nurses ten years after graduation: National League for Nursing, Division of Research, New York, U.S.A., March 1979. The Nurse Career-Pattern Study, conducted by NLN's Division of Research, is a longitudinal study of nurses at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years after graduation from the four types of nursing education programmes. Participants in the study are individuals who entered a sample of associate degree, baccalaureate, diploma and practical nursing programmes in the autumn of 1962; and associate degree, baccalaureate and diploma programmes in the autumn of 1965 and 1967. Each group is followed separately, and the data collection for the four concurrent studies is staggered because of the varying lengths of programmes and times of graduations. According to project director Lucille Knopf, the study is designed to describe the career patterns of participants, their contributions to the health labour force, and the factors influencing their nursing careers."}
{"id": "PMID:260782", "title": "Ethics in professional nursing practice.", "content": "With expanded roles in nursing comes increased responsibility, often without clear authority. Understanding professional ethics and their practical application is essential to professional practice. The authors review the concept of ethics and discuss examples for application of ethical judgment from OGN nursing practice.", "contents": "Ethics in professional nursing practice. With expanded roles in nursing comes increased responsibility, often without clear authority. Understanding professional ethics and their practical application is essential to professional practice. The authors review the concept of ethics and discuss examples for application of ethical judgment from OGN nursing practice."}
{"id": "PMID:260784", "title": "A model for the delivery of health care to pregnant adolescents. Part I: assessment and planning.", "content": "The development and implementation of a health care delivery system for pregnant adolescents is described. The setting was an already functioning urban obstetrical outpatient facility for maternal and infant care. The successes and failures that were experienced are shared with the reader. In Part I the specifics involved in planning and putting into operation an adolescent clinic session are enumerated. In Part II the actual implementation, evaluation, and replanning are discussed. Both parts are based on the nursing process and the manner in which it was utilized in planning and development.", "contents": "A model for the delivery of health care to pregnant adolescents. Part I: assessment and planning. The development and implementation of a health care delivery system for pregnant adolescents is described. The setting was an already functioning urban obstetrical outpatient facility for maternal and infant care. The successes and failures that were experienced are shared with the reader. In Part I the specifics involved in planning and putting into operation an adolescent clinic session are enumerated. In Part II the actual implementation, evaluation, and replanning are discussed. Both parts are based on the nursing process and the manner in which it was utilized in planning and development."}
{"id": "PMID:260790", "title": "Divorce and its effects on children.", "content": "In any given case, the developmental stage of the child, the parental attitude, the financial situation, the custody battle, the visitation policies, the interactions between parents prior to and after divorce and the openness with which the subject is approached will interact to produce some effect, positive or negative, on the child. The question is, as professionals, what can we do to reduce the negative effects for this population at risk? It is comforting to note that the suffering caused by family disruptions, in general, are temporary. But there is no reason why school personnel, armed with appropriate information and understanding, cannot help to make the transition a little easier for the children. \"For the sake of the children\" should not be just a phrase associated with keeping unhappy marriages intact.", "contents": "Divorce and its effects on children. In any given case, the developmental stage of the child, the parental attitude, the financial situation, the custody battle, the visitation policies, the interactions between parents prior to and after divorce and the openness with which the subject is approached will interact to produce some effect, positive or negative, on the child. The question is, as professionals, what can we do to reduce the negative effects for this population at risk? It is comforting to note that the suffering caused by family disruptions, in general, are temporary. But there is no reason why school personnel, armed with appropriate information and understanding, cannot help to make the transition a little easier for the children. \"For the sake of the children\" should not be just a phrase associated with keeping unhappy marriages intact."}
{"id": "PMID:260786", "title": "Interdisciplinary support of the gynecologic cancer patient.", "content": "The gynecologic cancer patient has unique needs and problems that require a specialized approach not available through traditional and established hospital services. Discussed here are the innovations made at one urban hospital to meet this patient's needs. Central to the program is an interdisciplinary committee that routinely reviews and plans health care services for the individual.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary support of the gynecologic cancer patient. The gynecologic cancer patient has unique needs and problems that require a specialized approach not available through traditional and established hospital services. Discussed here are the innovations made at one urban hospital to meet this patient's needs. Central to the program is an interdisciplinary committee that routinely reviews and plans health care services for the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:260787", "title": "One hospital's experience with implementing family-centered maternity care.", "content": "In developing a family-centered maternity care program, staff at one urban hospital developed a set of implementation principles. These principles, plus anecdotal experiences illustrating them, are discussed. Patient and nurse satisfaction with the program are described, and a recommendation for FCMC immplementation is offered.", "contents": "One hospital's experience with implementing family-centered maternity care. In developing a family-centered maternity care program, staff at one urban hospital developed a set of implementation principles. These principles, plus anecdotal experiences illustrating them, are discussed. Patient and nurse satisfaction with the program are described, and a recommendation for FCMC immplementation is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:260793", "title": "\"Angel dust:\" an overview of abuse patterns and prevention strategies.", "content": "Adolescent abuse of phencyclidine, also known as \"ANGEL DUST\" or \"PCP,\" has increased dramatically in the past several years. Phencyclidine can be highly toxic, and efforts should be made to prevent its abuse. The authors advance one model of behavorioral intervention which utilizes peer group counseling to promote learning of practical skills for resisting pressures to use \"hard drugs,\" especially phencyclidine.", "contents": "\"Angel dust:\" an overview of abuse patterns and prevention strategies. Adolescent abuse of phencyclidine, also known as \"ANGEL DUST\" or \"PCP,\" has increased dramatically in the past several years. Phencyclidine can be highly toxic, and efforts should be made to prevent its abuse. The authors advance one model of behavorioral intervention which utilizes peer group counseling to promote learning of practical skills for resisting pressures to use \"hard drugs,\" especially phencyclidine."}
{"id": "PMID:260788", "title": "Music for the childbearing family.", "content": "The therapeutic values of music apply to many experiences in life. The author illustrates how exercise, relaxation, controlled breathing, and sensory stimulation are enhanced by the use of music in childbirth education classes, labor and delivery, nursery, postpartum, and in the home. Charts provide suggestions of musical selections that may be used as well as a guide to tempo and intensity. Adaptations to the clinical setting are also illustrated.", "contents": "Music for the childbearing family. The therapeutic values of music apply to many experiences in life. The author illustrates how exercise, relaxation, controlled breathing, and sensory stimulation are enhanced by the use of music in childbirth education classes, labor and delivery, nursery, postpartum, and in the home. Charts provide suggestions of musical selections that may be used as well as a guide to tempo and intensity. Adaptations to the clinical setting are also illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:260794", "title": "Treating childhood obesity in a public school setting.", "content": "Experience at an elementary school in Petaluma, CA, demonstrates that daily group exercise as part of a nutrition education program can help obese children attain normal weight-for-height. Such an exercise program requires minimal equipment and may be led by a classroom aide or volunteer parent at minimal cost. Dramatic improvement in participants' weight-for-height status may occur provided that student interest and attendance is maintained over a period of several months.", "contents": "Treating childhood obesity in a public school setting. Experience at an elementary school in Petaluma, CA, demonstrates that daily group exercise as part of a nutrition education program can help obese children attain normal weight-for-height. Such an exercise program requires minimal equipment and may be led by a classroom aide or volunteer parent at minimal cost. Dramatic improvement in participants' weight-for-height status may occur provided that student interest and attendance is maintained over a period of several months."}
{"id": "PMID:260843", "title": "Medical records--legal perspectives.", "content": "Good documentation of medical diagnosis and treatment is not only a medical necessity, it is a legal one. Whether the physician is innocent or guilty of malpractice quickly becomes a side issue when it is discovered that he has tampered with the evidence, thereby attempting to perpetrate a fraud upon the court. And discovered it will be--the techniques are sophisticated and the motivation is high. Medical records are also important in workman's compensation cases, insurance claims, personal injury cases, and even in physician disciplinary hearings as well as their collection of bills. In creating and maintaining patient records, physicians and hospitals have several legal duties, including the duty to do so adequately, to safeguard the records' physical existence, and to prevent such use of the records as would violate the patient's right to confidentiality. Courts and legislatures are looking with increasing favor on the patient's interest in the content of his record, a phenomenon which is closely linked to the nationwide trend in favor of the patient's right to know and his right to determine his own physical destiny. For all these reasons, medical records no longer serve exclusively as the physician's private aid; medical records are increasingly becoming legal documents as well.", "contents": "Medical records--legal perspectives. Good documentation of medical diagnosis and treatment is not only a medical necessity, it is a legal one. Whether the physician is innocent or guilty of malpractice quickly becomes a side issue when it is discovered that he has tampered with the evidence, thereby attempting to perpetrate a fraud upon the court. And discovered it will be--the techniques are sophisticated and the motivation is high. Medical records are also important in workman's compensation cases, insurance claims, personal injury cases, and even in physician disciplinary hearings as well as their collection of bills. In creating and maintaining patient records, physicians and hospitals have several legal duties, including the duty to do so adequately, to safeguard the records' physical existence, and to prevent such use of the records as would violate the patient's right to confidentiality. Courts and legislatures are looking with increasing favor on the patient's interest in the content of his record, a phenomenon which is closely linked to the nationwide trend in favor of the patient's right to know and his right to determine his own physical destiny. For all these reasons, medical records no longer serve exclusively as the physician's private aid; medical records are increasingly becoming legal documents as well."}
{"id": "PMID:260844", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the placenta of the ewe after long-term intravascular infusion of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB154) into mother or fetus.", "content": "The fine structural appearance of the placenta of the ewe has been examined following long-term infusion of CB154 into either the fetus or the pregnant ewe. Binucleate cells which usually contain aggregations of spherical membrane-bound electron-dense inclusions, are a characteristic component of the chorionic epithelium of the sheep. Following CB154 infusion into either the fetus or ewe at 111 to 137 days of gestation, binucleate cells were partially or completely depleted of the droplets which are present in binucleate cells of control animals at a similar gestational age. No obvious changes in the maternal epithelial syncytium were observed after CB154 administration. Infusion of CB154 into the fetus alone was also followed by degenerative changes in some binucleate cells which ranged from condensation of nuclei to complete cell fragmentation. Either a direct or an indirect action of CB154 on binucleate cells is suggested by these observations. Hypoprolactinaemia followed CB154 infusion in all treated animals; its possible influence on binucleate cell activity is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the placenta of the ewe after long-term intravascular infusion of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB154) into mother or fetus. The fine structural appearance of the placenta of the ewe has been examined following long-term infusion of CB154 into either the fetus or the pregnant ewe. Binucleate cells which usually contain aggregations of spherical membrane-bound electron-dense inclusions, are a characteristic component of the chorionic epithelium of the sheep. Following CB154 infusion into either the fetus or ewe at 111 to 137 days of gestation, binucleate cells were partially or completely depleted of the droplets which are present in binucleate cells of control animals at a similar gestational age. No obvious changes in the maternal epithelial syncytium were observed after CB154 administration. Infusion of CB154 into the fetus alone was also followed by degenerative changes in some binucleate cells which ranged from condensation of nuclei to complete cell fragmentation. Either a direct or an indirect action of CB154 on binucleate cells is suggested by these observations. Hypoprolactinaemia followed CB154 infusion in all treated animals; its possible influence on binucleate cell activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:260845", "title": "Maintenance of normal serum calcium level in the hyperprolactinaemic rat.", "content": "The effect of experimentally induced chronic hyperprolactinaemia in male rats on the serum levels of calcium has been examined. Chronic elevation of circulating prolactin levels had no significant effect on the serum calcium levels and normal blood calcium homeostasis was still maintained.", "contents": "Maintenance of normal serum calcium level in the hyperprolactinaemic rat. The effect of experimentally induced chronic hyperprolactinaemia in male rats on the serum levels of calcium has been examined. Chronic elevation of circulating prolactin levels had no significant effect on the serum calcium levels and normal blood calcium homeostasis was still maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:260846", "title": "Effect of protamine zinc insulin on feed intake and weight gain in broiler chicks.", "content": "Ten-day old Robro broiler chicks were used to test the effect of daily subcutaneous injections of two insulin levels (5- and 10-IU . kg-1 BW) administered for two different periods (5 and 21 days). Birds which received either 5- or 19-IU insulin significantly increased their feed intake over those of the controls (P less than 0.05). However, the lower insulin dose was found to be more effective in increasing both the feed consumption and weight gain of the birds, especially if administered for a long period. Between the injection periods, the high insulin dose seemed to have a greater carry-over effect. On the other hand, the administration of 5- or 10-IU insulin for either 5 or 21 days had no effect on efficiency.", "contents": "Effect of protamine zinc insulin on feed intake and weight gain in broiler chicks. Ten-day old Robro broiler chicks were used to test the effect of daily subcutaneous injections of two insulin levels (5- and 10-IU . kg-1 BW) administered for two different periods (5 and 21 days). Birds which received either 5- or 19-IU insulin significantly increased their feed intake over those of the controls (P less than 0.05). However, the lower insulin dose was found to be more effective in increasing both the feed consumption and weight gain of the birds, especially if administered for a long period. Between the injection periods, the high insulin dose seemed to have a greater carry-over effect. On the other hand, the administration of 5- or 10-IU insulin for either 5 or 21 days had no effect on efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:260880", "title": "Susceptibility and synergy studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important cause of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 100 strains of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis which were isolated from clinical specimens. Vancomycin inhibited all 100 strains at </=3.12 mug/ml, whereas clindamycin inhibited only 46 strains at </=12.5 mug/ml. Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains were resistant to achievable levels of erythromycin, with 90 strains having a minimum inhibitory concentration of >/=3.12 mug/ml. Of the five cephalosporins and one cephamycin tested, cefamandole was the most active in vitro, inhibiting 97 strains at </=25 mug/ml. Antibiotic synergism was examined by a quantitative bacterial time-kill method. Synergism (>/=10(2) kill by the combination over the most effective single antibiotic at 24 h) was demonstrated with vancomycin (1.56 mug/ml) plus cefamandole (6.25 mug/ml) in 14 of 14 strains, vancomycin plus cephalothin (6.25 mug/ml) in 14 of 14 strains, vancomycin plus rifampin (0.008 to 0.012 mug/ml) in 6 of 12 strains, rifampin plus cefamandole in 9 of 12 strains, and rifampin plus cephalothin in 10 of 12 strains. The emergence of populations of bacteria resistant to 0.2 mug of rifampin per ml developed in three of five methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains tested. The addition of either vancomycin, cephalothin, or cefamandole to the rifampin prevented the emergence of resistance in these three strains. Clinical trials of synergistic antibiotic combination therapy for serious methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis infections are indicated.", "contents": "Susceptibility and synergy studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important cause of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 100 strains of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis which were isolated from clinical specimens. Vancomycin inhibited all 100 strains at </=3.12 mug/ml, whereas clindamycin inhibited only 46 strains at </=12.5 mug/ml. Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains were resistant to achievable levels of erythromycin, with 90 strains having a minimum inhibitory concentration of >/=3.12 mug/ml. Of the five cephalosporins and one cephamycin tested, cefamandole was the most active in vitro, inhibiting 97 strains at </=25 mug/ml. Antibiotic synergism was examined by a quantitative bacterial time-kill method. Synergism (>/=10(2) kill by the combination over the most effective single antibiotic at 24 h) was demonstrated with vancomycin (1.56 mug/ml) plus cefamandole (6.25 mug/ml) in 14 of 14 strains, vancomycin plus cephalothin (6.25 mug/ml) in 14 of 14 strains, vancomycin plus rifampin (0.008 to 0.012 mug/ml) in 6 of 12 strains, rifampin plus cefamandole in 9 of 12 strains, and rifampin plus cephalothin in 10 of 12 strains. The emergence of populations of bacteria resistant to 0.2 mug of rifampin per ml developed in three of five methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains tested. The addition of either vancomycin, cephalothin, or cefamandole to the rifampin prevented the emergence of resistance in these three strains. Clinical trials of synergistic antibiotic combination therapy for serious methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis infections are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:260896", "title": "Mutagenicity obtained experimentally by oral administration of dextroamphetamine sulphate to the rat.", "content": "Research work on the possible mutagenic effects of the amphetamine, sympathomimetic amine, was carried out on the rat. The method used was the dominant lethal assay, in its sub-acute form. Dextroamphetamine sulphate was administered orally. At the dosage and frequency of the test, dextroamphetamine sulphate was found to be a significantly mutogenic agent. The over-all mutagenic index was 13.92% (P less than 0.01) for the test group and 8.90% for the control group.", "contents": "Mutagenicity obtained experimentally by oral administration of dextroamphetamine sulphate to the rat. Research work on the possible mutagenic effects of the amphetamine, sympathomimetic amine, was carried out on the rat. The method used was the dominant lethal assay, in its sub-acute form. Dextroamphetamine sulphate was administered orally. At the dosage and frequency of the test, dextroamphetamine sulphate was found to be a significantly mutogenic agent. The over-all mutagenic index was 13.92% (P less than 0.01) for the test group and 8.90% for the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:260897", "title": "Constituents in Erythroxylum coca I: gas chromatographic analysis of cocaine from three locations in Peru.", "content": "A method for the determination of cocaine content in coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca) has been developed. The procedure involves refluxing the powdered leaves in 95% ethanol for 15 minutes, followed by acid-base partitioning with chloroform and a GLC assay. The recovery of cocaine was quantitative. This procedure was applied to determine cocaine content in three samples of Erythroxylum coca Lam. collected from different geographic locations in Peru. Using androst-4-ene-3,17-dione as the internal standard the calibration curve was linear over a factor of 0.5 to 10 fold cocaine concentration relative to internal standard. The slope (b) was 0.733, the coefficient of determination (r2) was 1.00 and the average precision was 3.9%.", "contents": "Constituents in Erythroxylum coca I: gas chromatographic analysis of cocaine from three locations in Peru. A method for the determination of cocaine content in coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca) has been developed. The procedure involves refluxing the powdered leaves in 95% ethanol for 15 minutes, followed by acid-base partitioning with chloroform and a GLC assay. The recovery of cocaine was quantitative. This procedure was applied to determine cocaine content in three samples of Erythroxylum coca Lam. collected from different geographic locations in Peru. Using androst-4-ene-3,17-dione as the internal standard the calibration curve was linear over a factor of 0.5 to 10 fold cocaine concentration relative to internal standard. The slope (b) was 0.733, the coefficient of determination (r2) was 1.00 and the average precision was 3.9%."}
{"id": "PMID:260927", "title": "Similarity between a kininogenase (kallikrein) from human large intestine and human urinary kallikrein.", "content": "A human colon kininogenase (kallikrein) was isolated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and affinity chromatography on Trasylolbound Sepharose, yielding a material with a specific activity of 1.3 U/mg (substrate: AcPheArgOEt). The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration is approximately 70 000. After reduction with mercaptoethanol two bands were obtained in dodecyl sulfate eletrophoresis with molecular weights of 27 000 and 70 000. The bimolecular velocity constant for the inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate was determined as 4 l x mol-1 x min-1. The preparation was characterized by immunological and enzymatic methods. Using the radioimmumoassay for human urinary kallikrein cross-reactivity and parallel binding curves were obtained. Kinin liberation from human high Mr-kininogen was totally inhibited by antibodies directed against human urinary kallikrein. Trasylol and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, but not by antibodies directed against human trypsin and plasma kallikrein. The effect on dog blood pressure was comparable to that obtained with human urinary kallikrein. The amino acid composition of human large intestine kallikrein is very similar to that of human urinary kallikrein.", "contents": "Similarity between a kininogenase (kallikrein) from human large intestine and human urinary kallikrein. A human colon kininogenase (kallikrein) was isolated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and affinity chromatography on Trasylolbound Sepharose, yielding a material with a specific activity of 1.3 U/mg (substrate: AcPheArgOEt). The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration is approximately 70 000. After reduction with mercaptoethanol two bands were obtained in dodecyl sulfate eletrophoresis with molecular weights of 27 000 and 70 000. The bimolecular velocity constant for the inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate was determined as 4 l x mol-1 x min-1. The preparation was characterized by immunological and enzymatic methods. Using the radioimmumoassay for human urinary kallikrein cross-reactivity and parallel binding curves were obtained. Kinin liberation from human high Mr-kininogen was totally inhibited by antibodies directed against human urinary kallikrein. Trasylol and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, but not by antibodies directed against human trypsin and plasma kallikrein. The effect on dog blood pressure was comparable to that obtained with human urinary kallikrein. The amino acid composition of human large intestine kallikrein is very similar to that of human urinary kallikrein."}
{"id": "PMID:260996", "title": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E like material and kallikrein: effects of furosemide.", "content": "In a controlled study of 11 women, 5 with mild essential hypertension and 6 normal volunteers, furosemide produced a significant natriuresis and diuresis without changes in the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E-like material and kallikrein. Therefore, although some evidence in man or animals suggests involvement of both of these substances in renal responses to furosemide, the present data suggest that the natriuretic and diuretic effect of this drug are not associated with an increased excretion of prostaglandin E like material or kallikrein.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E like material and kallikrein: effects of furosemide. In a controlled study of 11 women, 5 with mild essential hypertension and 6 normal volunteers, furosemide produced a significant natriuresis and diuresis without changes in the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E-like material and kallikrein. Therefore, although some evidence in man or animals suggests involvement of both of these substances in renal responses to furosemide, the present data suggest that the natriuretic and diuretic effect of this drug are not associated with an increased excretion of prostaglandin E like material or kallikrein."}
{"id": "PMID:261332", "title": "[Activity of cefamandole against enterobacteria resistant to cephalosporins (author's transl)].", "content": "Cefamandole is a new cephalosporin active against non beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria, at lower concentrations (mean of MIC: 0.79 mcg/ml) than those of cefalothin taken as a reference amongst current cephalosporins (mean of MIC: 6.84 mcg/ml). This improved activity was also seen against enterobacteria producing extra-chromosomal penicillinase (mean of MIC: 3.59 mcg/ml for cefamandole and 12.76 mcg/ml for cefalothin). These findings would suggest that cefamandole is better able to reach the site of action of beta-lactamines within the bacteria. In contrast to current cephalosporins, cefamandole is active against enterobacteria producing chromosomal cephalosporinase, by virtue of its stability against the hydrolytic activity of this type of enzyme. It thus is the leader of a new generation of cephalosporins.", "contents": "[Activity of cefamandole against enterobacteria resistant to cephalosporins (author's transl)]. Cefamandole is a new cephalosporin active against non beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria, at lower concentrations (mean of MIC: 0.79 mcg/ml) than those of cefalothin taken as a reference amongst current cephalosporins (mean of MIC: 6.84 mcg/ml). This improved activity was also seen against enterobacteria producing extra-chromosomal penicillinase (mean of MIC: 3.59 mcg/ml for cefamandole and 12.76 mcg/ml for cefalothin). These findings would suggest that cefamandole is better able to reach the site of action of beta-lactamines within the bacteria. In contrast to current cephalosporins, cefamandole is active against enterobacteria producing chromosomal cephalosporinase, by virtue of its stability against the hydrolytic activity of this type of enzyme. It thus is the leader of a new generation of cephalosporins."}
{"id": "PMID:261355", "title": "The differential diagnosis of stroke.", "content": "Size, shape, location and etiology must all be considered in the differential diagnosis of stroke. A logical sequence of steps will be helpful in the evaluation of individual patients.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of stroke. Size, shape, location and etiology must all be considered in the differential diagnosis of stroke. A logical sequence of steps will be helpful in the evaluation of individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:261356", "title": "Disease of the carotid system.", "content": "Tremendous progress has been made in the investigation of occlusive disease of the internal carotid artery. With the advent of technologic advances such as CT scanning and more highly skilled personnel for the safe performance of cerebral angiography, diagnostic capabilities have been heightened. Carotid endarterectomy and surgical shunts have expanded the surgical armamentarium. Medical treatments have also proliferated.", "contents": "Disease of the carotid system. Tremendous progress has been made in the investigation of occlusive disease of the internal carotid artery. With the advent of technologic advances such as CT scanning and more highly skilled personnel for the safe performance of cerebral angiography, diagnostic capabilities have been heightened. Carotid endarterectomy and surgical shunts have expanded the surgical armamentarium. Medical treatments have also proliferated."}
{"id": "PMID:261357", "title": "Cardiac embolic cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Cerebral emoli may originate in the heart, the carotid arterial system, or the aortic arch. If the source of the embolus can be located, medical or surgical therapy may be able to prevent the occurrence of further strokes.", "contents": "Cardiac embolic cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral emoli may originate in the heart, the carotid arterial system, or the aortic arch. If the source of the embolus can be located, medical or surgical therapy may be able to prevent the occurrence of further strokes."}
{"id": "PMID:261358", "title": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage is most frequently caused by rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. Early clinical diagnosis is important to avert fatal hemorrhage. Surgical treatment should be carried out in patients in good neurologic condition.", "contents": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage is most frequently caused by rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. Early clinical diagnosis is important to avert fatal hemorrhage. Surgical treatment should be carried out in patients in good neurologic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:261359", "title": "Treatment of intracranial hemorrhage.", "content": "The acute cerebellar hematoma and the subdural hematoma resent urgent surgical problems and treatment early in the clinical course should result in an excellent outcome. The subdural hematoma may be especially difficult to diagnose early, but may be suspected in patients on anticoagulant therapy or with shunze, and surgery, especially in the acute stage, should be avoided if possible. The CT scan supplemented when necessary by angiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice and will clearly demonstrate the lesions.", "contents": "Treatment of intracranial hemorrhage. The acute cerebellar hematoma and the subdural hematoma resent urgent surgical problems and treatment early in the clinical course should result in an excellent outcome. The subdural hematoma may be especially difficult to diagnose early, but may be suspected in patients on anticoagulant therapy or with shunze, and surgery, especially in the acute stage, should be avoided if possible. The CT scan supplemented when necessary by angiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice and will clearly demonstrate the lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:261360", "title": "Language dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease.", "content": "Language disorder is often mistaken for confusion, psychosis, or memory loss, and thorough evaluation may require much time. A simple beside examination can often separate aphasic syndromes, and the anatomic location of the lesion can be inferred. Speech therapy, although not entirely satisfactory, is helpful in most patients.", "contents": "Language dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease. Language disorder is often mistaken for confusion, psychosis, or memory loss, and thorough evaluation may require much time. A simple beside examination can often separate aphasic syndromes, and the anatomic location of the lesion can be inferred. Speech therapy, although not entirely satisfactory, is helpful in most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:261361", "title": "Chronic vascular dementia.", "content": "Vascular disease is responsible for only a minority of cases of chronic dementia. Vascular dementia can be an end stage of a variety of mechansisms. Correct identification of the cause of the vascular disease is the key to successful treatment.", "contents": "Chronic vascular dementia. Vascular disease is responsible for only a minority of cases of chronic dementia. Vascular dementia can be an end stage of a variety of mechansisms. Correct identification of the cause of the vascular disease is the key to successful treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:261514", "title": "Temperature dependent activation of the alternate complement pathway by an IgG cryoglobulin.", "content": "A patient with chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is presented whose serum contains a monoclonal IgG3 cryoglobulin. The presence of persistent hypocomplementemia suggested the possibility that the cryoglobulin, upon cold-induced precipitation, was capable of activating the complement system. Because visible cryoprecipitation commenced in vitro at 30 degrees C, the patient's serum and normal serum had been added the isolated cryoglobulin were repeatedly cooled to 30 degrees C and rewarmed to 37 degrees C. This reproduction of the in vivo counterpart of blood circulating through an extremity exposed to the cold resulted in activation of C3-proactivator (properdin factor B), C3 cleavage, and a 78% reduction in total hemolytic complement. This study demonstrates that IgG is capable of activating complement via the alternate pathway and reveals a mechanism through which this can occur in vivo; namely, by means of temperature dependent polymerization. In addition, we postulate that episodic complement activation initiated by the cryoglobulin contributed to the development of glomerulonephritis in this patient.", "contents": "Temperature dependent activation of the alternate complement pathway by an IgG cryoglobulin. A patient with chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is presented whose serum contains a monoclonal IgG3 cryoglobulin. The presence of persistent hypocomplementemia suggested the possibility that the cryoglobulin, upon cold-induced precipitation, was capable of activating the complement system. Because visible cryoprecipitation commenced in vitro at 30 degrees C, the patient's serum and normal serum had been added the isolated cryoglobulin were repeatedly cooled to 30 degrees C and rewarmed to 37 degrees C. This reproduction of the in vivo counterpart of blood circulating through an extremity exposed to the cold resulted in activation of C3-proactivator (properdin factor B), C3 cleavage, and a 78% reduction in total hemolytic complement. This study demonstrates that IgG is capable of activating complement via the alternate pathway and reveals a mechanism through which this can occur in vivo; namely, by means of temperature dependent polymerization. In addition, we postulate that episodic complement activation initiated by the cryoglobulin contributed to the development of glomerulonephritis in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:261515", "title": "Limited proteolysis of complement components C2 and factor B. Structural analogy and limited sequence homology.", "content": "A method is described for the simultaneous purification of milligram quantities of complement components C2 and Factor B. Both products are homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and N-terminal sequence analysis. Component C2 is cleaved by serine proteinase C1s at an X-Lys bond to give fragment C2a (approx. mol.wt. 74000) and fragment C2b (approx. mol.wt. 34000). The two fragments can be separated by gel filtration without the need for reducing or denaturing agents. Fragment C2b represents the N-terminal end of the molecule. Similar results were seen on cleavage of Factor B by Factor D in the presence of component C3. Again two non-covalently linked fragments are formed. The smaller, fragment Ba (approx. mol.wt. 36,000),) has threonine as the N-terminal residue, as does Factor B; the larger, fragment Bb (approx. mol. wt. 58000), has lysine as the N-terminal residue. A similar cleavage pattern is obtained on limited proteolysis of Factor B by trypsin, suggesting an Arg-Lys-or Lys-Lys bond at the point of cleavage. Although component C2 and Factor B show no apparent N-terminal sequence homology, a limited degree of sequence homology is seen around the sites of proteolytic cleavage.", "contents": "Limited proteolysis of complement components C2 and factor B. Structural analogy and limited sequence homology. A method is described for the simultaneous purification of milligram quantities of complement components C2 and Factor B. Both products are homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and N-terminal sequence analysis. Component C2 is cleaved by serine proteinase C1s at an X-Lys bond to give fragment C2a (approx. mol.wt. 74000) and fragment C2b (approx. mol.wt. 34000). The two fragments can be separated by gel filtration without the need for reducing or denaturing agents. Fragment C2b represents the N-terminal end of the molecule. Similar results were seen on cleavage of Factor B by Factor D in the presence of component C3. Again two non-covalently linked fragments are formed. The smaller, fragment Ba (approx. mol.wt. 36,000),) has threonine as the N-terminal residue, as does Factor B; the larger, fragment Bb (approx. mol. wt. 58000), has lysine as the N-terminal residue. A similar cleavage pattern is obtained on limited proteolysis of Factor B by trypsin, suggesting an Arg-Lys-or Lys-Lys bond at the point of cleavage. Although component C2 and Factor B show no apparent N-terminal sequence homology, a limited degree of sequence homology is seen around the sites of proteolytic cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:261517", "title": "Low urinary kallikrein excretion and elevated blood pressure normalized by orally kallikrein in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Urinary kallikrein was measured in 67 patients with essential hypertension and 25 normotensive subjects variously on unrestricted and low sodium diet. Also, the effect of orally applied hog pancreatic kallikrein on elevated blood pressure and kallikrein excretion was evaluated. 2. Urinary kallikrein was reduced in a large subgroup of patients with sustained essential hypertension. 3. With salt restriction, urinary kallikrein rose markedly in normotensive subjects and patients with borderline hypertension but not in those with sustained hypertension. 4. Oral kallikrein normalized reduced kallikrein excretion and lowered elevated blood pressure. 5. The rise in urinary kallikrein with oral kallikrein was due to an increased formation of endogenous enzyme. 6. A defective kallikrein-kinin system may be involved in both the low urinary kallikrein excretion and the hypertension.", "contents": "Low urinary kallikrein excretion and elevated blood pressure normalized by orally kallikrein in essential hypertension. 1. Urinary kallikrein was measured in 67 patients with essential hypertension and 25 normotensive subjects variously on unrestricted and low sodium diet. Also, the effect of orally applied hog pancreatic kallikrein on elevated blood pressure and kallikrein excretion was evaluated. 2. Urinary kallikrein was reduced in a large subgroup of patients with sustained essential hypertension. 3. With salt restriction, urinary kallikrein rose markedly in normotensive subjects and patients with borderline hypertension but not in those with sustained hypertension. 4. Oral kallikrein normalized reduced kallikrein excretion and lowered elevated blood pressure. 5. The rise in urinary kallikrein with oral kallikrein was due to an increased formation of endogenous enzyme. 6. A defective kallikrein-kinin system may be involved in both the low urinary kallikrein excretion and the hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:261518", "title": "Mode of insertion of the sucrase-isomaltase complex in the intestinal brush border membrane: implications for the biosynthesis of this stalked intrinsic membrane protein.", "content": "Unlike other intrinsic plasma membrane proteins the sucrase-isomaltase complex is associated with the intestinal brush border membrane through a highly hydrophobic segment located not far from the N-terminal of one subunit (isomaltase). This observation calls for additions and/or modifications to the generally accepted scheme of biosynthesis of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins.", "contents": "Mode of insertion of the sucrase-isomaltase complex in the intestinal brush border membrane: implications for the biosynthesis of this stalked intrinsic membrane protein. Unlike other intrinsic plasma membrane proteins the sucrase-isomaltase complex is associated with the intestinal brush border membrane through a highly hydrophobic segment located not far from the N-terminal of one subunit (isomaltase). This observation calls for additions and/or modifications to the generally accepted scheme of biosynthesis of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:261519", "title": "Development of sucrase activity: effect of maternal hormonal status and fetal programming of jejuno-ileal differences.", "content": "The first part of the paper deals with the effect of changes in the mother's hormonal status on the development of the small intestine of her offspring. Administration of cortisone or triiodothyronine (T3) to pregnant rats evokes a precocious appearance of sucrase activity in the fetal small intestine. Administered to lactating rats, T3 evokes a precocious increase in sucrase activity in sucklings and leads to increased T3 levels and decreased TSH levels in the mother's milk and in sera of mothers and sucklings. These experiments show that (a) sucrase activity can be induced in the fetal period; (b) changes in the mother's hormonal balance during the fetal and suckling period can influence the development of the small intestine; and (c) levels of thyroid hormones in milk can be altered experimentally. The second part deals with jejuno-ileal gradients in villus size and sucrase activity. Both gradients appear in fetal jejunal and ileal implants developing in adult hosts. Our experiments indicate that (a) the gradients are already 'programmed' during the fetal period; and (b) direct contact with food, and proximity of the jejunum to the flow of digesta from the stomach, are not decisive for expression of the jejuno-ileal gradients, but may play a 'tuning' role.", "contents": "Development of sucrase activity: effect of maternal hormonal status and fetal programming of jejuno-ileal differences. The first part of the paper deals with the effect of changes in the mother's hormonal status on the development of the small intestine of her offspring. Administration of cortisone or triiodothyronine (T3) to pregnant rats evokes a precocious appearance of sucrase activity in the fetal small intestine. Administered to lactating rats, T3 evokes a precocious increase in sucrase activity in sucklings and leads to increased T3 levels and decreased TSH levels in the mother's milk and in sera of mothers and sucklings. These experiments show that (a) sucrase activity can be induced in the fetal period; (b) changes in the mother's hormonal balance during the fetal and suckling period can influence the development of the small intestine; and (c) levels of thyroid hormones in milk can be altered experimentally. The second part deals with jejuno-ileal gradients in villus size and sucrase activity. Both gradients appear in fetal jejunal and ileal implants developing in adult hosts. Our experiments indicate that (a) the gradients are already 'programmed' during the fetal period; and (b) direct contact with food, and proximity of the jejunum to the flow of digesta from the stomach, are not decisive for expression of the jejuno-ileal gradients, but may play a 'tuning' role."}
{"id": "PMID:261520", "title": "Absorption of di- and tripeptides by the intestine of the guinea-pig.", "content": "This paper describes a method of quantifying the amount of smaller peptides in physiological fluids and reports the preliminary results of studying the mesenteric blood of adult guinea-pigs during absorption of a partial hydrolysate of casein. Because of the different roles suggested for plasma and erythrocytes in the inter-organ transport of amino acids, both plasma and whole blood have been studied. Whole blood and plasma samples were deproteinized with sulphosalicylic acid, and amino acids and small peptides separated from residual small amounts of protein on a Sephadex G-25 column. Ion exchange chromatography was then performed before and after acid hydrolysis. The concentration of small peptides in blood seems to be much lower than was previously believed. The adult guinea-pig did not absorb small peptides across the intestine into mesenteric whole blood or plasma in our experiments. However, casein hydrolysates are not necessarily representative of all protein hydrolysates, and further studies are required using different proteins and varying degrees of hydrolysis. The possibility of peptide transfer during development, and in conditions involving mucosal damage, should also be investigated. The present investigation confirms the assumption that predominantly plasma, and not red blood corpuscles, carries amino acids from the gut to the liver. It is worth noting, however, that taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, citrulline and arginine were found in higher concentrations in whole mesenteric blood than in plasma.", "contents": "Absorption of di- and tripeptides by the intestine of the guinea-pig. This paper describes a method of quantifying the amount of smaller peptides in physiological fluids and reports the preliminary results of studying the mesenteric blood of adult guinea-pigs during absorption of a partial hydrolysate of casein. Because of the different roles suggested for plasma and erythrocytes in the inter-organ transport of amino acids, both plasma and whole blood have been studied. Whole blood and plasma samples were deproteinized with sulphosalicylic acid, and amino acids and small peptides separated from residual small amounts of protein on a Sephadex G-25 column. Ion exchange chromatography was then performed before and after acid hydrolysis. The concentration of small peptides in blood seems to be much lower than was previously believed. The adult guinea-pig did not absorb small peptides across the intestine into mesenteric whole blood or plasma in our experiments. However, casein hydrolysates are not necessarily representative of all protein hydrolysates, and further studies are required using different proteins and varying degrees of hydrolysis. The possibility of peptide transfer during development, and in conditions involving mucosal damage, should also be investigated. The present investigation confirms the assumption that predominantly plasma, and not red blood corpuscles, carries amino acids from the gut to the liver. It is worth noting, however, that taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, citrulline and arginine were found in higher concentrations in whole mesenteric blood than in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:261521", "title": "Gastrointestinal host defence: importance of gut closure in control of macromolecular transport.", "content": "An important adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract to the extrauterine environment is its development of a mucosal barrier against the penetration of harmful substances (bacteria, toxins and antigens) present within the intestinal lumen. At birth, the newborn infant must be prepared to deal with bacterial colonization of the gut, with formation of toxic byproducts of bacteria and viruses (enterotoxins and endotoxins) and with the ingestion of antigens (milk proteins). These potentially noxious substances if allowed to penetrate the mucosal epithelial barrier under pathological conditions can cause inflammatory and allergic reactions which may result in gastrointestinal and systemic disease states. To combat the potential danger of invasion across the mucosal barrier the infant must develop an elaborate system of defence mechanisms within the lumen and on the luminal mucosal surface which act to control and maintain the epithelium as an impermeable barrier to uptake of macromolecular antigens. These defences include a unique immunological system adapted to function in the complicated milieu of the intestine as well as other non-immunological processes such as a gastric barrier, intestinal surface secretions, peristaltic movement and natural antibacterial substances (lysozyme, bile salts) which also help to provide maximum protection for the intestinal surface. Unfortunately, during the immediate postpartum period, particularly for premature and small-for-dates infants, this elaborate local defence system is incompletely developed. As a result of the delay in the maturation of the mucosal barrier newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to pathological penetration by harmful intraluminal substances. The consequences of altered defence are susceptibility to infection and the potential for hypersensitivity reactions and for formation of immune complexes. With these reactions comes the potential for developing life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and hepatitis. Fortunately, 'nature' has provided a means for passively protecting the 'vulnerable' newborn against dangers of a deficient intestinal defence system, namely human milk. It is now increasingly apparent that human milk contains not only antibodies and viable leucocytes but many other substances which can interfere with bacterial colonization and prevent antigen penetration.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal host defence: importance of gut closure in control of macromolecular transport. An important adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract to the extrauterine environment is its development of a mucosal barrier against the penetration of harmful substances (bacteria, toxins and antigens) present within the intestinal lumen. At birth, the newborn infant must be prepared to deal with bacterial colonization of the gut, with formation of toxic byproducts of bacteria and viruses (enterotoxins and endotoxins) and with the ingestion of antigens (milk proteins). These potentially noxious substances if allowed to penetrate the mucosal epithelial barrier under pathological conditions can cause inflammatory and allergic reactions which may result in gastrointestinal and systemic disease states. To combat the potential danger of invasion across the mucosal barrier the infant must develop an elaborate system of defence mechanisms within the lumen and on the luminal mucosal surface which act to control and maintain the epithelium as an impermeable barrier to uptake of macromolecular antigens. These defences include a unique immunological system adapted to function in the complicated milieu of the intestine as well as other non-immunological processes such as a gastric barrier, intestinal surface secretions, peristaltic movement and natural antibacterial substances (lysozyme, bile salts) which also help to provide maximum protection for the intestinal surface. Unfortunately, during the immediate postpartum period, particularly for premature and small-for-dates infants, this elaborate local defence system is incompletely developed. As a result of the delay in the maturation of the mucosal barrier newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to pathological penetration by harmful intraluminal substances. The consequences of altered defence are susceptibility to infection and the potential for hypersensitivity reactions and for formation of immune complexes. With these reactions comes the potential for developing life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and hepatitis. Fortunately, 'nature' has provided a means for passively protecting the 'vulnerable' newborn against dangers of a deficient intestinal defence system, namely human milk. It is now increasingly apparent that human milk contains not only antibodies and viable leucocytes but many other substances which can interfere with bacterial colonization and prevent antigen penetration."}
{"id": "PMID:261523", "title": "The influence of gestational age and size on the absorption of D-xylose and D-glucose from the small intestine of the human neonate.", "content": "D-Xylose absorption (using the one-hour blood levels) and active D-glucose absorption (calculated from changes in transmural electrical potential difference) have been measured after intraduodenal infusion of the appropriate sugar, in groups of neonates who were full-term or preterm, and who were in addition either appropriately sized for gestational age, or growth-retarded in utero. The one-hour D-xylose blood levels were significantly lower in preterm infants, and were even lower in the growth-retarded group. In follow-up studies D-xylose absorption rose in all groups of infants over the first three weeks of postnatal life but there was no sign of 'catch-up' in the results of the growth-retarded infants. In the studies of D-glucose absorption the theoretical kinetic parameters 'apparent P.D.max' (equivalent to Vmax) and 'apparent Km' were calculated. Normal full-term infants had values for both parameters that were approximately two-thirds of published adult values. Malnourished neonates had significantly lower P.D.max and apparent Km, and preterm infants had a lower P.D.max, than the values obtained in those infants who were full-term and appropriately grown.", "contents": "The influence of gestational age and size on the absorption of D-xylose and D-glucose from the small intestine of the human neonate. D-Xylose absorption (using the one-hour blood levels) and active D-glucose absorption (calculated from changes in transmural electrical potential difference) have been measured after intraduodenal infusion of the appropriate sugar, in groups of neonates who were full-term or preterm, and who were in addition either appropriately sized for gestational age, or growth-retarded in utero. The one-hour D-xylose blood levels were significantly lower in preterm infants, and were even lower in the growth-retarded group. In follow-up studies D-xylose absorption rose in all groups of infants over the first three weeks of postnatal life but there was no sign of 'catch-up' in the results of the growth-retarded infants. In the studies of D-glucose absorption the theoretical kinetic parameters 'apparent P.D.max' (equivalent to Vmax) and 'apparent Km' were calculated. Normal full-term infants had values for both parameters that were approximately two-thirds of published adult values. Malnourished neonates had significantly lower P.D.max and apparent Km, and preterm infants had a lower P.D.max, than the values obtained in those infants who were full-term and appropriately grown."}
{"id": "PMID:261522", "title": "Perinatal changes in the absorption of trace elements.", "content": "Fetal demands for many of the essential trace elements change markedly during the terminal stages of development. Susceptibility to deficiency during early postnatal life is influenced by the extent of fetal trace element reserves, by inadequacies in the supply of some elements in maternal milk and by postnatal changes in the efficiency of trace element absorption. The efficiency with which essential and some toxic trace elements are absorbed after birth is a function both of age and of diet. Homeostatic mechanisms for the control of iron absorption are poorly developed in the newborn. There are indications that pinocytotic absorption of iron, copper, lead and cadmium may occur at this stage and account for the high efficiency with which these elements are absorbed from a liquid diet. Evidence of developmental changes in the enterohepatic recirculation of such metals is considered and an account is given of our very inadequate understanding of the processes of trace metal absorption in the weaned animal.", "contents": "Perinatal changes in the absorption of trace elements. Fetal demands for many of the essential trace elements change markedly during the terminal stages of development. Susceptibility to deficiency during early postnatal life is influenced by the extent of fetal trace element reserves, by inadequacies in the supply of some elements in maternal milk and by postnatal changes in the efficiency of trace element absorption. The efficiency with which essential and some toxic trace elements are absorbed after birth is a function both of age and of diet. Homeostatic mechanisms for the control of iron absorption are poorly developed in the newborn. There are indications that pinocytotic absorption of iron, copper, lead and cadmium may occur at this stage and account for the high efficiency with which these elements are absorbed from a liquid diet. Evidence of developmental changes in the enterohepatic recirculation of such metals is considered and an account is given of our very inadequate understanding of the processes of trace metal absorption in the weaned animal."}
{"id": "PMID:261524", "title": "Absorption of biological amines of bacterial origin in normal and sick infants.", "content": "This investigation aims at monitoring the formation of diamines in the gastrointestinal tract of human infants, and thereby also the bacterial colonization of the intestine, by studying the urinary excretion of the heterocyclic amine piperidine during development and in different malabsorptive states. A gas chromatographic assay of the dinitrophenyl derivative of piperidine and a mass spectrometric method of identification were worked out and applied. The piperidine excretion was expressed in units of urinary creatinine concentration. Adult women show a greater variation than men, both inter- and intra-individually. The piperidine excretion is very low and mostly undetectable in the first week of life. There is an increase in weaning, with a significant difference between breast-fed and formula-fed infants at 4--6 months. There is a significant difference between infants suffering from untreated coeliac disease and infants without malabsorption. The findings indicate that piperidine excretion is a sensitive biochemical index of changes in the gastrointestinal flora. The high excretion in coeliac disease suggests that piperidine, which is known to have nicotine-like synaptic activity in the CNS, is one of the hitherto unidentified 'auto-intoxicating' substances arising from the bacterial decomposition of protein suggested by Metchnikoff in 1903.", "contents": "Absorption of biological amines of bacterial origin in normal and sick infants. This investigation aims at monitoring the formation of diamines in the gastrointestinal tract of human infants, and thereby also the bacterial colonization of the intestine, by studying the urinary excretion of the heterocyclic amine piperidine during development and in different malabsorptive states. A gas chromatographic assay of the dinitrophenyl derivative of piperidine and a mass spectrometric method of identification were worked out and applied. The piperidine excretion was expressed in units of urinary creatinine concentration. Adult women show a greater variation than men, both inter- and intra-individually. The piperidine excretion is very low and mostly undetectable in the first week of life. There is an increase in weaning, with a significant difference between breast-fed and formula-fed infants at 4--6 months. There is a significant difference between infants suffering from untreated coeliac disease and infants without malabsorption. The findings indicate that piperidine excretion is a sensitive biochemical index of changes in the gastrointestinal flora. The high excretion in coeliac disease suggests that piperidine, which is known to have nicotine-like synaptic activity in the CNS, is one of the hitherto unidentified 'auto-intoxicating' substances arising from the bacterial decomposition of protein suggested by Metchnikoff in 1903."}
{"id": "PMID:261529", "title": "Studies on recently isolated cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Of 19 recently isolated cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 18 showed inducible low-level resistance to minocycline, 15 showed high-level resistance to streptomycin, and 4 showed resistance to low levels of streptomycin. Two cultures produced yellow pigment and may have been derived in vivo by loss of a gene(s) determining orange pigment. Treatment of three cultures with serial exposures to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resulted in a widening of phage typing pattern that included all reactions in group I, the great majority in group III, but none in group II. The widening in phage lysis was possibly due to the elimination of defective prophages. Transfer of tetracycline resistance occurred from 12 out of the 19 cultures to a recipient in mixed culture; this transfer required either Ca2+ or Mg2+, was abolished by citrate, and enhanced by high cell density. It was probably mediated by defective bacteriophages. No evidence was obtained for the occurrence of recombination within the methicillin-resistant clone in nature. Eleven methicillin-resistant cultures stored for at least 5 years on agar slopes at 20 degrees C had all lost this resistance at high frequency.", "contents": "Studies on recently isolated cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Of 19 recently isolated cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 18 showed inducible low-level resistance to minocycline, 15 showed high-level resistance to streptomycin, and 4 showed resistance to low levels of streptomycin. Two cultures produced yellow pigment and may have been derived in vivo by loss of a gene(s) determining orange pigment. Treatment of three cultures with serial exposures to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resulted in a widening of phage typing pattern that included all reactions in group I, the great majority in group III, but none in group II. The widening in phage lysis was possibly due to the elimination of defective prophages. Transfer of tetracycline resistance occurred from 12 out of the 19 cultures to a recipient in mixed culture; this transfer required either Ca2+ or Mg2+, was abolished by citrate, and enhanced by high cell density. It was probably mediated by defective bacteriophages. No evidence was obtained for the occurrence of recombination within the methicillin-resistant clone in nature. Eleven methicillin-resistant cultures stored for at least 5 years on agar slopes at 20 degrees C had all lost this resistance at high frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:261525", "title": "Morphogenesis of the small intestine during fetal development.", "content": "During the last five days ('last trimester') of the 22-day gestation period of the rat the mucosa of the small intestine changes from undifferentiated stratified epithelium without villi to a mucosa with villi covered with simple columnar epithelium. During this process many secondary lumina form in the primitive stratified epithelium; these lumina enlarge and eventually fuse with the main intestinal lumen as degenerating superficial epithelial cells are exfoliated and as upward growth of mesenchyme towards the main lumen takes place. Proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells occurs along the entire length of the newly formed villi until one or two days before birth, when proliferating epithelial cells become confined to incompletely formed crypts at the base of the villi. In contrast, differentiation of the small intestinal mucosa in human fetuses begins much earlier in gestation. Villi form at 9 to 10 weeks and crypts are well developed by 12 weeks (first trimester). By 17 weeks, all epithelial cells types seen in intestinal crypts of adults are present. Absorptive cells on villi have a prominent apical tubular system, large meconium-filled lysosomes and abundant glycogen between 10 and 22 weeks' gestation. Whereas there is uptake of the macromolecular marker, ferritin, into the apical tubular system after eight or more minutes of in vitro exposure, there is no evidence of transport of ferritin across the absorptive cells after up to 40 minutes of exposure between 11 and 12 weeks' gestation.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the small intestine during fetal development. During the last five days ('last trimester') of the 22-day gestation period of the rat the mucosa of the small intestine changes from undifferentiated stratified epithelium without villi to a mucosa with villi covered with simple columnar epithelium. During this process many secondary lumina form in the primitive stratified epithelium; these lumina enlarge and eventually fuse with the main intestinal lumen as degenerating superficial epithelial cells are exfoliated and as upward growth of mesenchyme towards the main lumen takes place. Proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells occurs along the entire length of the newly formed villi until one or two days before birth, when proliferating epithelial cells become confined to incompletely formed crypts at the base of the villi. In contrast, differentiation of the small intestinal mucosa in human fetuses begins much earlier in gestation. Villi form at 9 to 10 weeks and crypts are well developed by 12 weeks (first trimester). By 17 weeks, all epithelial cells types seen in intestinal crypts of adults are present. Absorptive cells on villi have a prominent apical tubular system, large meconium-filled lysosomes and abundant glycogen between 10 and 22 weeks' gestation. Whereas there is uptake of the macromolecular marker, ferritin, into the apical tubular system after eight or more minutes of in vitro exposure, there is no evidence of transport of ferritin across the absorptive cells after up to 40 minutes of exposure between 11 and 12 weeks' gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:261527", "title": "Cell surface components of intestinal epithelial cells and their relationship to cellular differentiation.", "content": "The surfaces of the epithelial cells of the rat small intestine were studied by fluorescence microscopy using various fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins. Throughout most of the adult intestine changes were detected in the luminal surfaces as the cells differentiate and move from the crypts to the villi. These changes in cell surface material depend upon the region of intestine in which the villi are located. By the end of the second week of postnatal development the cell surface components detected by the lectins used in this study have appeared at all levels of the small intestine. The maturational and regional differences begin to appear during the third week of postnatal development, and the adult pattern of distribution of surface components is established by 30 days after birth. By eight weeks after proximal jejunal-ileal resectioning or transposition of ileal segments to the jejunum, the epithelial cell surfaces of the relocated ileum had acquired the surface properties characteristic of the jejunal cells. However, jejunal segments transposed to the ileum maintained their original cell surface characteristics and influenced the properties of ileal cell surfaces distally adjacent to the transposed segment. The cell surface material detected by the Ricinus communis (RCAI) lectin was extracted from crypt cells of adult rat jejunum and isolated by affinity chromatography. The isolated material was found to contain at least two components, and its distribution in the jejunum was examined by fluorescence microscopy using antibodies prepared against the isolated material.", "contents": "Cell surface components of intestinal epithelial cells and their relationship to cellular differentiation. The surfaces of the epithelial cells of the rat small intestine were studied by fluorescence microscopy using various fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins. Throughout most of the adult intestine changes were detected in the luminal surfaces as the cells differentiate and move from the crypts to the villi. These changes in cell surface material depend upon the region of intestine in which the villi are located. By the end of the second week of postnatal development the cell surface components detected by the lectins used in this study have appeared at all levels of the small intestine. The maturational and regional differences begin to appear during the third week of postnatal development, and the adult pattern of distribution of surface components is established by 30 days after birth. By eight weeks after proximal jejunal-ileal resectioning or transposition of ileal segments to the jejunum, the epithelial cell surfaces of the relocated ileum had acquired the surface properties characteristic of the jejunal cells. However, jejunal segments transposed to the ileum maintained their original cell surface characteristics and influenced the properties of ileal cell surfaces distally adjacent to the transposed segment. The cell surface material detected by the Ricinus communis (RCAI) lectin was extracted from crypt cells of adult rat jejunum and isolated by affinity chromatography. The isolated material was found to contain at least two components, and its distribution in the jejunum was examined by fluorescence microscopy using antibodies prepared against the isolated material."}
{"id": "PMID:261563", "title": "Relationship between kallikrein release and factor XII in normal persons and carriers of the Hageman trait.", "content": "In four healthy subjects with Factor XII levels equal to or below 50% (selected at random from 100 persons) the release of Kallikrein was studied in order to establish the relationship between the above data and those found in four Hageman trait carriers showing levels of Factor XII above the lowest normal limits. It was found that for similar amounts of Hageman activity three of the carriers showed significantly less release of Kallikrein than the control subjects in whom it was normal. The conclusion was reached that the additional determination of the amount of Kallikrein released may be of value in the detection of carriers of the Hageman trait.", "contents": "Relationship between kallikrein release and factor XII in normal persons and carriers of the Hageman trait. In four healthy subjects with Factor XII levels equal to or below 50% (selected at random from 100 persons) the release of Kallikrein was studied in order to establish the relationship between the above data and those found in four Hageman trait carriers showing levels of Factor XII above the lowest normal limits. It was found that for similar amounts of Hageman activity three of the carriers showed significantly less release of Kallikrein than the control subjects in whom it was normal. The conclusion was reached that the additional determination of the amount of Kallikrein released may be of value in the detection of carriers of the Hageman trait."}
{"id": "PMID:261572", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy of infections in patients under surgical intensive care, in particular with mezlocillin (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-two patients from our surgical intensive care ward were, after unsuccessful treatment outside, treated with a combination of antibiotics including 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) as a beta-lactam antibiotic. The infection was cured in 16 and improved in 2 patients. Three cases of infection with Serratia did not respond to treatment and antibacterial efficacy was unassessable in another case. Four patients died of shock lung (2), pulmonary embolism (1) or Candida-induced septicaemia (1) after cure of the infection. The daily dose of mezlocillin was 3 x 5 g, given as an i.v. short-term infusion. Diarrhoea (1) and petechiae (1) were observed as side effects probably attributable to mezlocillin. In none of the patients was a discontinuation of treatment necessary. Owing to its broad spectrum of action (covering both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms and anaerobes) and its consistently strong molar action, mezlocillin is well suited as a beta-lactam combination component for intensive care patients. At the end of this study in vitro resistant strains appeared. Therefore mezlocillin with its very valuable properties should be given only to critically selected cases.", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy of infections in patients under surgical intensive care, in particular with mezlocillin (author's transl)]. Twenty-two patients from our surgical intensive care ward were, after unsuccessful treatment outside, treated with a combination of antibiotics including 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido]-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen) as a beta-lactam antibiotic. The infection was cured in 16 and improved in 2 patients. Three cases of infection with Serratia did not respond to treatment and antibacterial efficacy was unassessable in another case. Four patients died of shock lung (2), pulmonary embolism (1) or Candida-induced septicaemia (1) after cure of the infection. The daily dose of mezlocillin was 3 x 5 g, given as an i.v. short-term infusion. Diarrhoea (1) and petechiae (1) were observed as side effects probably attributable to mezlocillin. In none of the patients was a discontinuation of treatment necessary. Owing to its broad spectrum of action (covering both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms and anaerobes) and its consistently strong molar action, mezlocillin is well suited as a beta-lactam combination component for intensive care patients. At the end of this study in vitro resistant strains appeared. Therefore mezlocillin with its very valuable properties should be given only to critically selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:261573", "title": "The kallikrein-kininogens-kinins system in the Brown-Norway rat.", "content": "The Brown-Norway rat is deficient in plasma kallikrein and kininogens, making it particularly useful in studies on the role of the kinins system in some physiological and physiopathological processes.", "contents": "The kallikrein-kininogens-kinins system in the Brown-Norway rat. The Brown-Norway rat is deficient in plasma kallikrein and kininogens, making it particularly useful in studies on the role of the kinins system in some physiological and physiopathological processes."}
{"id": "PMID:261574", "title": "UN/Thai programme for drug abuse control in Thailand-A report on phase I:February 1972-June 1979.", "content": "The paper describes the principal achievements of the UN/Thai programme for drug abuse control which was carried out during the years 1972-1979. The programme was of a pilot nature and covered five selected key villages and 25 satellite villages in the north of Thailand. The major components of the programme were crop replacement and community development, treatment and rehabilitation, and drug information and education. The Royal Thai Government has accepted the achievements of this project as models for greatly expanded programmes for the eradication of the opium poppy cultivation. Two key villages-Ban Mae Tho and Hui Tund Jaw which were included in a pilot programme have provided to be opium free.", "contents": "UN/Thai programme for drug abuse control in Thailand-A report on phase I:February 1972-June 1979. The paper describes the principal achievements of the UN/Thai programme for drug abuse control which was carried out during the years 1972-1979. The programme was of a pilot nature and covered five selected key villages and 25 satellite villages in the north of Thailand. The major components of the programme were crop replacement and community development, treatment and rehabilitation, and drug information and education. The Royal Thai Government has accepted the achievements of this project as models for greatly expanded programmes for the eradication of the opium poppy cultivation. Two key villages-Ban Mae Tho and Hui Tund Jaw which were included in a pilot programme have provided to be opium free."}
{"id": "PMID:261575", "title": "Patterns and prevalence of opium use in rural Punjab (India).", "content": "A household survey of opium use was carried out in three district of Punjab. Of the 1,400 randomly selected households, 1,276 were covered by the study. All members above the age of 15 years were individually interviewed. The survey included 2,064 men and 1,536 women. The percentage prevalence rate of opium use was 5.76, much higher among men than women. Because of the small number of women involved in opium use (0.5 per cent), the data on socio-demographic variables were analysed only for men. The male opium users were classified as past, experimental, regular and seasonal users, with 3.4, 0.8, 3.6 and 1.8 percentage prevalence rates respectively. The relationships between opium use and variables such as age, occupation, religion, education, marital status and per capita income are discussed as well as their implication on drug abuse control policy.", "contents": "Patterns and prevalence of opium use in rural Punjab (India). A household survey of opium use was carried out in three district of Punjab. Of the 1,400 randomly selected households, 1,276 were covered by the study. All members above the age of 15 years were individually interviewed. The survey included 2,064 men and 1,536 women. The percentage prevalence rate of opium use was 5.76, much higher among men than women. Because of the small number of women involved in opium use (0.5 per cent), the data on socio-demographic variables were analysed only for men. The male opium users were classified as past, experimental, regular and seasonal users, with 3.4, 0.8, 3.6 and 1.8 percentage prevalence rates respectively. The relationships between opium use and variables such as age, occupation, religion, education, marital status and per capita income are discussed as well as their implication on drug abuse control policy."}
{"id": "PMID:261576", "title": "The identification of drugs of abuse in the Republic of Ireland during the years 1968-1978.", "content": "A survey of the composition of 4,933 exhibits submitted for laboratory analysis by the Drug Squad of the Irish police during the years 1968-1978 indicated an increase in the level of non-medical drug consumption in the Republic of Ireland. Cannabis was the most widely encountered drug. Barbiturates constituted a considerable proportion. Amphetamines were rarely found; this was attributed to the unique legislation controlling the storage and sale of amphetamines. Various substances were sold as drugs of abuse. For example, Datura was sold as cannabis which caused a considerable concern because of its toxicity. The recognition of a drug-related problem of some significance in Ireland during 1968 led to the formation of a drug squad in the Irish police. Since that time a total of 4,933 exhibits arising from arrests and drug seizures have been submitted for laboratory analyses. These exhibits ranged from \"normal\" pharmaceutical formulations (tablets, ampoules, etc.) to unknown powders and a large number of more unusual items (table 1). The drugs were identified using an appropriate combination of microscopic, chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (1, 2).", "contents": "The identification of drugs of abuse in the Republic of Ireland during the years 1968-1978. A survey of the composition of 4,933 exhibits submitted for laboratory analysis by the Drug Squad of the Irish police during the years 1968-1978 indicated an increase in the level of non-medical drug consumption in the Republic of Ireland. Cannabis was the most widely encountered drug. Barbiturates constituted a considerable proportion. Amphetamines were rarely found; this was attributed to the unique legislation controlling the storage and sale of amphetamines. Various substances were sold as drugs of abuse. For example, Datura was sold as cannabis which caused a considerable concern because of its toxicity. The recognition of a drug-related problem of some significance in Ireland during 1968 led to the formation of a drug squad in the Irish police. Since that time a total of 4,933 exhibits arising from arrests and drug seizures have been submitted for laboratory analyses. These exhibits ranged from \"normal\" pharmaceutical formulations (tablets, ampoules, etc.) to unknown powders and a large number of more unusual items (table 1). The drugs were identified using an appropriate combination of microscopic, chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (1, 2)."}
{"id": "PMID:261577", "title": "Association of socio-economic factors with drug use among college students in an Indian town.", "content": "The paper examines the association of various socio-economic factors with the use of drugs by college students in a town in central India. Data were collected from a large sample, using a self-reporting questionnaire. It was found that analgesics, tobacco and alcohol were the most commonly used drugs amongst some 30 per cent of the students. Factors such as age, urbanity, sex, marital status as well as the family's educational and economic status were seen to be relevant. Inter-parental and inter-generational tensions in the family also had a bearing. Drug use by one or more members of the family was seen as a highly significant factor. The data thus suggest that an inclination towards drug taking might be embedded in the social matrix itself.", "contents": "Association of socio-economic factors with drug use among college students in an Indian town. The paper examines the association of various socio-economic factors with the use of drugs by college students in a town in central India. Data were collected from a large sample, using a self-reporting questionnaire. It was found that analgesics, tobacco and alcohol were the most commonly used drugs amongst some 30 per cent of the students. Factors such as age, urbanity, sex, marital status as well as the family's educational and economic status were seen to be relevant. Inter-parental and inter-generational tensions in the family also had a bearing. Drug use by one or more members of the family was seen as a highly significant factor. The data thus suggest that an inclination towards drug taking might be embedded in the social matrix itself."}
{"id": "PMID:261590", "title": "Behavioral effects of strong 60-Hz electric fields in rats.", "content": "Eight individually housed male Long Evans rats were raised, beginning at age 30 days, for six weeks in an electric field exposure apparatus. During five of the six weeks, the animals were exposed to a 25 kV/m, 60-Hz electric field. A similar population of rats housed in an identical environment, except for the absence of the high voltage field, were used as control animals. Differences between the two groups in body mass, food and water intake, and exploratory activity were studied. Statistical analysis shows the high voltage fields to have no significant effects on the above parameters.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of strong 60-Hz electric fields in rats. Eight individually housed male Long Evans rats were raised, beginning at age 30 days, for six weeks in an electric field exposure apparatus. During five of the six weeks, the animals were exposed to a 25 kV/m, 60-Hz electric field. A similar population of rats housed in an identical environment, except for the absence of the high voltage field, were used as control animals. Differences between the two groups in body mass, food and water intake, and exploratory activity were studied. Statistical analysis shows the high voltage fields to have no significant effects on the above parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:261591", "title": "Effects of low level microwave radiation on the digestive transit of the rat.", "content": "The effects of low level microwave radiation (3-4 mW/cm2--2450 MHz) during 4 and 8 h on the WISTAR Rat digestive transit has been studied. The results showed no effect after 4 h radiation and an acceleration of the digestive transit after 8 h of radiation (p less than .001). The acceleration of the digestive transit was still observed after 24 h (p less than .001). 60-90 s after radiation time the rectal temperature of radiated animals did not differ from the controls.", "contents": "Effects of low level microwave radiation on the digestive transit of the rat. The effects of low level microwave radiation (3-4 mW/cm2--2450 MHz) during 4 and 8 h on the WISTAR Rat digestive transit has been studied. The results showed no effect after 4 h radiation and an acceleration of the digestive transit after 8 h of radiation (p less than .001). The acceleration of the digestive transit was still observed after 24 h (p less than .001). 60-90 s after radiation time the rectal temperature of radiated animals did not differ from the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:261592", "title": "Microwave-evoked brainstem potentials in cats.", "content": "Rectangular pulse-modulated microwave radiation has been shown to produce auditory responses in mammals. It is therefore reasonable to explore the possibility of using microwave pulses to achieve an estimate of sensori-neural involvement in the objective evaluation of human hearing and to assess the presence of tumors or brainstem lesions in patients with neurological disorders. In this paper we shall show that microwave-evoked auditory response of cats closely resembles that evoked by acoustic pulse. We shall also give preliminary results obtained from electrodes fastened to the vertex of the skull after successive coagulative production of lesions in the inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus, and superior olivary nucleus.", "contents": "Microwave-evoked brainstem potentials in cats. Rectangular pulse-modulated microwave radiation has been shown to produce auditory responses in mammals. It is therefore reasonable to explore the possibility of using microwave pulses to achieve an estimate of sensori-neural involvement in the objective evaluation of human hearing and to assess the presence of tumors or brainstem lesions in patients with neurological disorders. In this paper we shall show that microwave-evoked auditory response of cats closely resembles that evoked by acoustic pulse. We shall also give preliminary results obtained from electrodes fastened to the vertex of the skull after successive coagulative production of lesions in the inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus, and superior olivary nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:261594", "title": "Middle-ear structures contribute little to auditory perception of microwaves.", "content": "The contribution of the ossicles (middle-ear bones) to auditory perception of microwaves was evaluated by the brain-stem evoked response (BER). Amplitude and latency of BERs were recorded from guinea pigs that were stimulated at various intensities by acoustic pulses coupled to the auditory canal or via bone conduction, and by microwave pulses. Blocking of the external ear, middle-ear damping, and middle-ear destruction produced little change in the BERs that were elicited by microwave pulses. Results indicate that activity in the central auditory pathway as induced by pulsed microwaves only requires stimulation of the cochlea. Conduction of pressure waves through the bones of the calvarium appears to be the mechanism responsible in perception of pulsed microwaves.", "contents": "Middle-ear structures contribute little to auditory perception of microwaves. The contribution of the ossicles (middle-ear bones) to auditory perception of microwaves was evaluated by the brain-stem evoked response (BER). Amplitude and latency of BERs were recorded from guinea pigs that were stimulated at various intensities by acoustic pulses coupled to the auditory canal or via bone conduction, and by microwave pulses. Blocking of the external ear, middle-ear damping, and middle-ear destruction produced little change in the BERs that were elicited by microwave pulses. Results indicate that activity in the central auditory pathway as induced by pulsed microwaves only requires stimulation of the cochlea. Conduction of pressure waves through the bones of the calvarium appears to be the mechanism responsible in perception of pulsed microwaves."}
{"id": "PMID:261595", "title": "Miniature anechoic chamber for chronic exposure of small animals to plane-wave microwave fields.", "content": "A system of miniature anechoic chambers for chronically exposing a sizeable number of animals to microwave radiation was developed in which each animal can be individually exposed to microwaves or sham-exposed under controlled environmental conditions. Each animal is supplied with food and water by means designed to eliminate undesirable perturbations of the field. Field patterns in each chamber correspond closely to those made in large anechoic chambers; measurements indicate that a power density of 169 microW/cm2 per watt of input power can be provided, which results in peak SAR levels of 0.37 W/kg in cadavers of exposed rats.", "contents": "Miniature anechoic chamber for chronic exposure of small animals to plane-wave microwave fields. A system of miniature anechoic chambers for chronically exposing a sizeable number of animals to microwave radiation was developed in which each animal can be individually exposed to microwaves or sham-exposed under controlled environmental conditions. Each animal is supplied with food and water by means designed to eliminate undesirable perturbations of the field. Field patterns in each chamber correspond closely to those made in large anechoic chambers; measurements indicate that a power density of 169 microW/cm2 per watt of input power can be provided, which results in peak SAR levels of 0.37 W/kg in cadavers of exposed rats."}
{"id": "PMID:261596", "title": "An invasive microwave antenna for locally-induced hyperthermia for cancer therapy.", "content": "A microwave system has been developed and characterized for delivering heat directly into tumors. This system employs a microwave power source (3-10W) operating in the 500 MHz to 1.3 GHz frequency range, coaxial transmission line, and a monopole antenna. Absorbed power was measured in saline, in tissue equivalent phantoms, and in tumors in live and dead mice. Antennas were designed to operate at 500 MHz and 1 GHz, and the critical design parameters have been identified for this system. Analytical and experimental results obtained in our laboratory suggest that this system is capable of providing controlled temperature distributions appropriate for hyperthermia in animal tumors. Theoretical results predict that 3 GHz may be an optimum choice for this system in animal tumors of approximately 1 cm diameter; the microwave antenna system provides a heat distribution superior to that obtained using a resistance heater of similar dimensions. We propose that further development of this approach may overcome some of the problems associated with other systems which use external radiation sources, and implications for clinical application of this system are discussed.", "contents": "An invasive microwave antenna for locally-induced hyperthermia for cancer therapy. A microwave system has been developed and characterized for delivering heat directly into tumors. This system employs a microwave power source (3-10W) operating in the 500 MHz to 1.3 GHz frequency range, coaxial transmission line, and a monopole antenna. Absorbed power was measured in saline, in tissue equivalent phantoms, and in tumors in live and dead mice. Antennas were designed to operate at 500 MHz and 1 GHz, and the critical design parameters have been identified for this system. Analytical and experimental results obtained in our laboratory suggest that this system is capable of providing controlled temperature distributions appropriate for hyperthermia in animal tumors. Theoretical results predict that 3 GHz may be an optimum choice for this system in animal tumors of approximately 1 cm diameter; the microwave antenna system provides a heat distribution superior to that obtained using a resistance heater of similar dimensions. We propose that further development of this approach may overcome some of the problems associated with other systems which use external radiation sources, and implications for clinical application of this system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261597", "title": "Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves.", "content": "Long-Evans male adult rats were exposed for sixteen weeks to 2450-MHz CW microwaves at an average power density of mW/cm2. The resulting dose rate was 1.23 (+/- 0.25SEM) mW/g. The animals were exposed eight hours a day, five days a week, for a total of 640 h in a monopole-above-ground radiation chamber while housed in Plexiglas holding cages. Daily measures of body mass and of food and water intakes indicated no statistically significant effects of microwave irradiation. Biweekly stabilimetric tests immediately after exposure revealed a significant depression of behavioral activity by 15 microwave-exposed rats as compared with 15 sham-exposed animals. Measures of locomotor activity based on revolutions of a running wheel, which were obtained during 12-h periods between each 8-h exposure, showed no significant effect of irradiation. Blood sampled after 2, 6, 10, and 14 weeks of exposure indicated slight alterations of sulfhydryl groups, and of red and white blood-cell counts. Measures of levels of 17-ketosteroids in urine at weeks 1, 5, 9, and 12 of exposure, and mass of adrenals, heart, and liver at the end of the sixteen-week period of exposure, revealed no indications of stress.", "contents": "Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves. Long-Evans male adult rats were exposed for sixteen weeks to 2450-MHz CW microwaves at an average power density of mW/cm2. The resulting dose rate was 1.23 (+/- 0.25SEM) mW/g. The animals were exposed eight hours a day, five days a week, for a total of 640 h in a monopole-above-ground radiation chamber while housed in Plexiglas holding cages. Daily measures of body mass and of food and water intakes indicated no statistically significant effects of microwave irradiation. Biweekly stabilimetric tests immediately after exposure revealed a significant depression of behavioral activity by 15 microwave-exposed rats as compared with 15 sham-exposed animals. Measures of locomotor activity based on revolutions of a running wheel, which were obtained during 12-h periods between each 8-h exposure, showed no significant effect of irradiation. Blood sampled after 2, 6, 10, and 14 weeks of exposure indicated slight alterations of sulfhydryl groups, and of red and white blood-cell counts. Measures of levels of 17-ketosteroids in urine at weeks 1, 5, 9, and 12 of exposure, and mass of adrenals, heart, and liver at the end of the sixteen-week period of exposure, revealed no indications of stress."}
{"id": "PMID:261598", "title": "Preliminary studies: far-field microwave dosimetric measurements of a full-scale model of man.", "content": "Measurements of microwave heating were made in a full-size, upright human model. The 75-Kg model, composed of electrically simulated muscle, was placed in the far-zone of a standard-gain horn inside an absorber-lined chamber. Pulsed energy at 1.29 GHz was obtained from a military radar transmitter (AN/TPS-1G) and produced radiation at 6-14 mW/cm2 average power density at the location of the model. Microwave heating at the front surface was measured at nine locations on the phantom. Measurements at several depths within the phantom were also made at a central location to gain information on the depth-of-penetration of the microwave energy. Results of the frontal surface measurements and of the penetration study permitted a calculation of the approximate whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) when the model's long axis was parallel to the E-field vector. For a normalized power density of 1 mW/cm2 at a frequency of 1.29 GHz, the whole-body average SAR approximated 0.03 W/Kg. This result agrees well with theoretical predictions based on absorption in prolate spheroidal models of man.", "contents": "Preliminary studies: far-field microwave dosimetric measurements of a full-scale model of man. Measurements of microwave heating were made in a full-size, upright human model. The 75-Kg model, composed of electrically simulated muscle, was placed in the far-zone of a standard-gain horn inside an absorber-lined chamber. Pulsed energy at 1.29 GHz was obtained from a military radar transmitter (AN/TPS-1G) and produced radiation at 6-14 mW/cm2 average power density at the location of the model. Microwave heating at the front surface was measured at nine locations on the phantom. Measurements at several depths within the phantom were also made at a central location to gain information on the depth-of-penetration of the microwave energy. Results of the frontal surface measurements and of the penetration study permitted a calculation of the approximate whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) when the model's long axis was parallel to the E-field vector. For a normalized power density of 1 mW/cm2 at a frequency of 1.29 GHz, the whole-body average SAR approximated 0.03 W/Kg. This result agrees well with theoretical predictions based on absorption in prolate spheroidal models of man."}
{"id": "PMID:261599", "title": "Microwave irradiation and ambient temperature interact to alter rat behavior following overnight exposure.", "content": "Each of twelve male hooded rats was trained to insert its head into a food cup for food pellets on a random-interval schedule of reinforcement. After performances stabilized, the rats were assorted into 3 groups of 4 animals. Groups were matched for response rates. Animals were exposed in groups of 4 for 15.5 h to CW 2450-MHz microwaves once every 6 nights. Animals of each group were exposed to microwaves at only one power density, either 5, 10, or 15 mW/cm2; they were exposed three times at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, then three times at 28 degrees C, and then once more at 22 degrees C. The relative humidity was 50% during all exposures. Rats were sham irradiated (at 0 mW/cm2) the night before each microwave exposure. Behavior was tested daily after termination of microwave irradiation or after sham exposures. None of the exposures to microwaves at 22 degrees C altered rates or durations of responding. Exposures at 28 degrees C reduced response rates and increased response durations in direct relation to the power density. The results are interpreted as the transient debilitation of behavior produced by the interaction of a mild elevation of ambient temperature and microwave irradiation.", "contents": "Microwave irradiation and ambient temperature interact to alter rat behavior following overnight exposure. Each of twelve male hooded rats was trained to insert its head into a food cup for food pellets on a random-interval schedule of reinforcement. After performances stabilized, the rats were assorted into 3 groups of 4 animals. Groups were matched for response rates. Animals were exposed in groups of 4 for 15.5 h to CW 2450-MHz microwaves once every 6 nights. Animals of each group were exposed to microwaves at only one power density, either 5, 10, or 15 mW/cm2; they were exposed three times at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C, then three times at 28 degrees C, and then once more at 22 degrees C. The relative humidity was 50% during all exposures. Rats were sham irradiated (at 0 mW/cm2) the night before each microwave exposure. Behavior was tested daily after termination of microwave irradiation or after sham exposures. None of the exposures to microwaves at 22 degrees C altered rates or durations of responding. Exposures at 28 degrees C reduced response rates and increased response durations in direct relation to the power density. The results are interpreted as the transient debilitation of behavior produced by the interaction of a mild elevation of ambient temperature and microwave irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:261600", "title": "Carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes for chronic EEG recordings in microwave research.", "content": "Conventional metal electrodes can cause serious modification and intensification of the rate of energy absorption in tissues during exposure of animals to microwaves. Carbon-loaded Teflon with a conductivity close to that of tissue has been implanted and maintained for four to six months at cortical and subcortical locations in rabbits. The EEG and its spectrum as recorded from the carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes are comparable to those recorded from conventional metal electrodes. Histological examination showed good tissue compatibility. Recordings made during acute exposure of rabbits to microwave radiation (2450-MHz) at 100 mW/cm2 showed no electromagnetic interference. The results indicate that carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes can be implanted chronically to record the EEG in animals during the course of microwave radiation.", "contents": "Carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes for chronic EEG recordings in microwave research. Conventional metal electrodes can cause serious modification and intensification of the rate of energy absorption in tissues during exposure of animals to microwaves. Carbon-loaded Teflon with a conductivity close to that of tissue has been implanted and maintained for four to six months at cortical and subcortical locations in rabbits. The EEG and its spectrum as recorded from the carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes are comparable to those recorded from conventional metal electrodes. Histological examination showed good tissue compatibility. Recordings made during acute exposure of rabbits to microwave radiation (2450-MHz) at 100 mW/cm2 showed no electromagnetic interference. The results indicate that carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes can be implanted chronically to record the EEG in animals during the course of microwave radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:261628", "title": "Opium administration to infants in Peshawar region of Pakistan.", "content": "Use of opium for sedating infants in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan causes a grave public health problem. Among the infants hospitalized for opium overdosage, 22 were studied in detail, and their major clinical picture is presented in this paper. The effect of opium use on the nutritional status of these infants, or the relation of infant opium use to addiction in adult life, have not been assessed. It is, however, pointed out that opium overdosage of infants contributed to infant mortality. Despite emergency treatment, the lethality rate of opium overdosed infants was 40 per cent. It is emphasized that a preventive programme should be undertaken to educate parents who are ignorant of the dangers of opium administration to infants.", "contents": "Opium administration to infants in Peshawar region of Pakistan. Use of opium for sedating infants in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan causes a grave public health problem. Among the infants hospitalized for opium overdosage, 22 were studied in detail, and their major clinical picture is presented in this paper. The effect of opium use on the nutritional status of these infants, or the relation of infant opium use to addiction in adult life, have not been assessed. It is, however, pointed out that opium overdosage of infants contributed to infant mortality. Despite emergency treatment, the lethality rate of opium overdosed infants was 40 per cent. It is emphasized that a preventive programme should be undertaken to educate parents who are ignorant of the dangers of opium administration to infants."}
{"id": "PMID:261629", "title": "Prevalence and patterns of drug use among high-school students: a replicated study.", "content": "A survey of high-school students in Delhi, carried out in 1975, revealed that 34.3 per cent of respondents used psychoactive drugs in the preceding year. The percentage of users of psychoactive substances other than alcohol and tobacco was 15.5 per cent. The percentage prevalence rates by substance ranked as follows: tobacco (35.1), alcohol (26.2), cannabis (12.0), tranquillizers (8.9), amphetamines (5.8), sedatives (4.9) and opium (1.3). The survey was replicated in the same classes of students in 1976. It revealed that the non-response vote was slightly lower, as was also involvement with drugs, though the difference between prevalence rates of drug use in the two years was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Prevalence and patterns of drug use among high-school students: a replicated study. A survey of high-school students in Delhi, carried out in 1975, revealed that 34.3 per cent of respondents used psychoactive drugs in the preceding year. The percentage of users of psychoactive substances other than alcohol and tobacco was 15.5 per cent. The percentage prevalence rates by substance ranked as follows: tobacco (35.1), alcohol (26.2), cannabis (12.0), tranquillizers (8.9), amphetamines (5.8), sedatives (4.9) and opium (1.3). The survey was replicated in the same classes of students in 1976. It revealed that the non-response vote was slightly lower, as was also involvement with drugs, though the difference between prevalence rates of drug use in the two years was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:261630", "title": "Sociocultural differences between former and current users of psychoactive drugs in a sample of college student.", "content": "The paper present the results of a study on the underlying sociocultural factors which distinguish \"former users\" of drugs from \"current users\" among the college youth. Belonging to a similar social milieu, the two sets showed little difference in many respects. There were, however, features on which the two differed. Those who gave up drug use were mostly from the middle or lower strata of society, and had tolerant but drug abstaining family members. They were mostly junior students pursing \"professional courses\", and had fewer drug-using friends. Also they did not view drugs with favour. Giving up drug use had been mainly their personal decision, perhaps prompted by the influence of their family members and peer-group and by their own experience with drugs. Thus the former users have been found to differ noticeably from the current users.", "contents": "Sociocultural differences between former and current users of psychoactive drugs in a sample of college student. The paper present the results of a study on the underlying sociocultural factors which distinguish \"former users\" of drugs from \"current users\" among the college youth. Belonging to a similar social milieu, the two sets showed little difference in many respects. There were, however, features on which the two differed. Those who gave up drug use were mostly from the middle or lower strata of society, and had tolerant but drug abstaining family members. They were mostly junior students pursing \"professional courses\", and had fewer drug-using friends. Also they did not view drugs with favour. Giving up drug use had been mainly their personal decision, perhaps prompted by the influence of their family members and peer-group and by their own experience with drugs. Thus the former users have been found to differ noticeably from the current users."}
{"id": "PMID:261632", "title": "[Tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase: limited proteolysis by elastase and isolation of \"one-site\" enzyme].", "content": "Each subunit of the dimeric tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase from beef pancreas is subjected to limited hydrolysis by elastase in two stages, according to scheme: 60 00 +/- 2000 leads to 51 000 +/- 2000 leads to 40 000 +/- 1500 daltons. In the course of the second step tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase looses its enzymatic activity. In the presence of substrates the pattern of fragments does not change. Formation of tryptophanyladenylate enzyme complex decreases the rate of proteolysis. Using the ability of synthetase to form one mole of stable aminoacyladenylate per mole of synthetase, the \"one-site\" enzyme was obtained by action of elastase on aminoacyladenylate-enzyme complex. This \"one-site\" enzyme consists of two subunits, one of which has a molecular weight of 51 000 daltons and is active and the other has a molecular weight of 40 000 daltons and is inactive. The \"one-site\" enzyme had Km values for all substrates for both aminoacylation and ATP--[32P]PP exchange reactions which are similar to values of Km for the native enzyme.", "contents": "[Tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase: limited proteolysis by elastase and isolation of \"one-site\" enzyme]. Each subunit of the dimeric tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase from beef pancreas is subjected to limited hydrolysis by elastase in two stages, according to scheme: 60 00 +/- 2000 leads to 51 000 +/- 2000 leads to 40 000 +/- 1500 daltons. In the course of the second step tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase looses its enzymatic activity. In the presence of substrates the pattern of fragments does not change. Formation of tryptophanyladenylate enzyme complex decreases the rate of proteolysis. Using the ability of synthetase to form one mole of stable aminoacyladenylate per mole of synthetase, the \"one-site\" enzyme was obtained by action of elastase on aminoacyladenylate-enzyme complex. This \"one-site\" enzyme consists of two subunits, one of which has a molecular weight of 51 000 daltons and is active and the other has a molecular weight of 40 000 daltons and is inactive. The \"one-site\" enzyme had Km values for all substrates for both aminoacylation and ATP--[32P]PP exchange reactions which are similar to values of Km for the native enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:261642", "title": "Kallikrein excretion in parotid saliva in rats with various forms of arterial hypertension.", "content": "A technique for continuous and quantitative collection of parotid saliva--including salivary flow rate determination--for in vivo experiments in rats is described. Excretion of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of rats with various forms of arterial hypertension (genuine, renovascular and DOCTMA-salt hypertension) was studied. Kallikrein excretion was measured by its esterolytic activity. The levels of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of normotensive control rats ranged between 2.5--4.0 mU/min during salivary flow stimulation with pilocarpine. In all forms of experimental hypertension salivary excretion of kallikrein-like activity was increased 2--4 fold. This increase was not related to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Kallikrein excretion in parotid saliva in rats with various forms of arterial hypertension. A technique for continuous and quantitative collection of parotid saliva--including salivary flow rate determination--for in vivo experiments in rats is described. Excretion of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of rats with various forms of arterial hypertension (genuine, renovascular and DOCTMA-salt hypertension) was studied. Kallikrein excretion was measured by its esterolytic activity. The levels of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of normotensive control rats ranged between 2.5--4.0 mU/min during salivary flow stimulation with pilocarpine. In all forms of experimental hypertension salivary excretion of kallikrein-like activity was increased 2--4 fold. This increase was not related to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system."}
{"id": "PMID:261644", "title": "Neuropsychological evidence for multiple memory systems.", "content": "Neuropsychological data provide strong support for the existence of multiple memory systems. The distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory has been discussed in the experimental literature for some years. More recently it has been argued that the concept of long-term memory is misleading in that it fails to differentiate between semantic memory and episodic/event memory. The independent and selective impairment of multiple memory systems, each with its own functional and structural properties, has been recorded in patients with cerebral lesions and the evidence for impairment of such systems is reviewed. It is argued that the cerebral organization of short-term memory, long-term (non-individual) semantic memory and long-term (individual) event memory is highly differentiated.", "contents": "Neuropsychological evidence for multiple memory systems. Neuropsychological data provide strong support for the existence of multiple memory systems. The distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory has been discussed in the experimental literature for some years. More recently it has been argued that the concept of long-term memory is misleading in that it fails to differentiate between semantic memory and episodic/event memory. The independent and selective impairment of multiple memory systems, each with its own functional and structural properties, has been recorded in patients with cerebral lesions and the evidence for impairment of such systems is reviewed. It is argued that the cerebral organization of short-term memory, long-term (non-individual) semantic memory and long-term (individual) event memory is highly differentiated."}
{"id": "PMID:261646", "title": "The tasks of consciousness: how could the brain do them?", "content": "According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, the existence of mental operations proves their usefulness. Darwin called himself a mental materialist. This is one scientific theory of consciousness. Human consciousness has three useful aspects: awareness, intentionality and sharing with others. All have simple equivalents in animals. The latter two are neglected in neurophysiology and experimental psychology. Developmental, neuroanatomical and neuropsychological evidence shows that the human brain has innate structures of awareness, intentionality and interpersonal sharing. Human life depends on interpersonal cooperation. We may have a conscious self, but consciousness of others is essential in us. Studies of commissurotomy patients demonstrate the elaborate interconnected neural organization of consciousness and provide evidence of underlying and necessary levels of motivation, perception and motor integration below consciousness. Additionally, they show that awareness may be split into two different modes. These regulate one another during development and are complementary in culturally sophisticated adult life. One hemisphere, usually the left, has responsibility for expressing ideas and purposes in language. The other responds to the phenomenal context and the subjective situation. Both have human experiences and purposes. Both still collaborate in a unified intentional system after commissurotomy. Infant studies reveal that language develops out of an interpersonal mental process. This seems to control development of thinking. Thus notions of the newborn as an isolated amoral id, and of the infant as an egocentric discoverer of the object concept, must be rejected. Cultivation of moral awareness and a sense of purpose guided by meanings and values depends on innate organization of the human brain for interpersonal consciousness.", "contents": "The tasks of consciousness: how could the brain do them? According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, the existence of mental operations proves their usefulness. Darwin called himself a mental materialist. This is one scientific theory of consciousness. Human consciousness has three useful aspects: awareness, intentionality and sharing with others. All have simple equivalents in animals. The latter two are neglected in neurophysiology and experimental psychology. Developmental, neuroanatomical and neuropsychological evidence shows that the human brain has innate structures of awareness, intentionality and interpersonal sharing. Human life depends on interpersonal cooperation. We may have a conscious self, but consciousness of others is essential in us. Studies of commissurotomy patients demonstrate the elaborate interconnected neural organization of consciousness and provide evidence of underlying and necessary levels of motivation, perception and motor integration below consciousness. Additionally, they show that awareness may be split into two different modes. These regulate one another during development and are complementary in culturally sophisticated adult life. One hemisphere, usually the left, has responsibility for expressing ideas and purposes in language. The other responds to the phenomenal context and the subjective situation. Both have human experiences and purposes. Both still collaborate in a unified intentional system after commissurotomy. Infant studies reveal that language develops out of an interpersonal mental process. This seems to control development of thinking. Thus notions of the newborn as an isolated amoral id, and of the infant as an egocentric discoverer of the object concept, must be rejected. Cultivation of moral awareness and a sense of purpose guided by meanings and values depends on innate organization of the human brain for interpersonal consciousness."}
{"id": "PMID:261647", "title": "Neurophysiological mechanisms and consciousness.", "content": "Consciousness may be understood as a behavioural state and thus levels of consciousness may be distinguished. But consciousness as we understand it is an experience. Any critical reasoning about it will lead to a dualistic formula. A neurophysiological mechanism may exist for this. In the neocortex various aspects of the world and of the physical and social relationships of the individuum to the world are represented through thalamocortical projection systems. There is no unified representation of the world in any single cortical area. All neocortical outputs feed into action systems of the brain. The synthesis of the distributed cortical representations of the world is thus realized through the action elicited by their combination. The action systems of the midbrain-cerebellum and the basal ganglia feed back into neocortical areas (internal loops). The action itself changes the relationship of the individual to the outside world and thus its representation in the brain (external loops). The role of the basal ganglia in the normal functioning of processes in consciousness and in the synthesis of cortical representations is described, which further emphasizes the intricate connections between motor performance and consciousness. The function of the reticular substance and related structures is seen as a gating mechanism for the (thalmic) access gates to the cortex and thus to mechanisms of conscious experience. The basis for the experience of consciousness is the symbolic representation of the world and of the individual to that individual's brain. This self-representation is based on the linguistic competence of the brain in a broad sense and is therefore possible only for brains with such a competence. The symbolic self-representation is called the reflective loop and its conditons are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Neurophysiological mechanisms and consciousness. Consciousness may be understood as a behavioural state and thus levels of consciousness may be distinguished. But consciousness as we understand it is an experience. Any critical reasoning about it will lead to a dualistic formula. A neurophysiological mechanism may exist for this. In the neocortex various aspects of the world and of the physical and social relationships of the individuum to the world are represented through thalamocortical projection systems. There is no unified representation of the world in any single cortical area. All neocortical outputs feed into action systems of the brain. The synthesis of the distributed cortical representations of the world is thus realized through the action elicited by their combination. The action systems of the midbrain-cerebellum and the basal ganglia feed back into neocortical areas (internal loops). The action itself changes the relationship of the individual to the outside world and thus its representation in the brain (external loops). The role of the basal ganglia in the normal functioning of processes in consciousness and in the synthesis of cortical representations is described, which further emphasizes the intricate connections between motor performance and consciousness. The function of the reticular substance and related structures is seen as a gating mechanism for the (thalmic) access gates to the cortex and thus to mechanisms of conscious experience. The basis for the experience of consciousness is the symbolic representation of the world and of the individual to that individual's brain. This self-representation is based on the linguistic competence of the brain in a broad sense and is therefore possible only for brains with such a competence. The symbolic self-representation is called the reflective loop and its conditons are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261648", "title": "Three types of consciousness.", "content": "It is useful to distinguish three senses of the word 'consciousness'. 'Minimal' consciousness is the occurrence of any mental activity, whether or not the subject is aware of this activity. 'Perceptual' consciousness is perceptual activity. Minimal and perceptual consciousness may be present, yet 'introspective' consciousness be lacking. Introspective consciousness is conceived as it was by Locke and Kant: as perception-like awareness of the subject's own current mental states and activities. It includes introspective consciousness of introspective consciousness itself. A useful model for demystifying and naturalizing introspective consciousness is the subject's proprioceptive awareness of bodily states and activities. Introspective consciousness may be further subdivided into 'reflex' introspective consciousness and 'introspection proper'. The distinction is one of degree: the degree of attention involved. We attach a quite special importance to introspective consciousness and are particularly unwilling to identify it with a purely physical process in the brain. It is suggested, however, that this springs from (a) the fact that what is introspected is taken to be a state or activity of a single thing, the self; and (b) the fact that event-memory is generally only possible if the event remembered was the object of introspective consciousness at the time. Without introspective consciousness, therefore, awareness of a self and the past history of that self is lacking.", "contents": "Three types of consciousness. It is useful to distinguish three senses of the word 'consciousness'. 'Minimal' consciousness is the occurrence of any mental activity, whether or not the subject is aware of this activity. 'Perceptual' consciousness is perceptual activity. Minimal and perceptual consciousness may be present, yet 'introspective' consciousness be lacking. Introspective consciousness is conceived as it was by Locke and Kant: as perception-like awareness of the subject's own current mental states and activities. It includes introspective consciousness of introspective consciousness itself. A useful model for demystifying and naturalizing introspective consciousness is the subject's proprioceptive awareness of bodily states and activities. Introspective consciousness may be further subdivided into 'reflex' introspective consciousness and 'introspection proper'. The distinction is one of degree: the degree of attention involved. We attach a quite special importance to introspective consciousness and are particularly unwilling to identify it with a purely physical process in the brain. It is suggested, however, that this springs from (a) the fact that what is introspected is taken to be a state or activity of a single thing, the self; and (b) the fact that event-memory is generally only possible if the event remembered was the object of introspective consciousness at the time. Without introspective consciousness, therefore, awareness of a self and the past history of that self is lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:261649", "title": "Outcome from severe neurological illness; should it influence medical decisions?", "content": "Most persons now accept the concept that when brain is dead, self is dead, and are willing to act accordingly. Much more difficult is to decide what to do when illness irreparably deprives the brain of cognitive functions. To facilitate less impassioned discussion of this question, 500 consecutive patients in coma from non-traumatic causes have been studied in the USA and Europe and the outcome has been compared against carefully selected early neurological signs. Medical coma was itself a dangerous sign, with only 15% of patients recovering independence within the first month. Within the first six hours, when most medical decisions are made about applying intensive care, neurological signs predicted with 95% confidence between the extremes of favourable and unfavourable outcomes in as many as a quarter of the patients. Only 5% of patients who failed to regain cognition by the end of one week regained any independence. Other more detailed guidelines were equally informative. If prognostic signs that confidently separate potentially favourable from unfavourable outcomes can be identified in severe neurological illness, perhaps society can more easily help medicine in reaching difficult ethical decisions.", "contents": "Outcome from severe neurological illness; should it influence medical decisions? Most persons now accept the concept that when brain is dead, self is dead, and are willing to act accordingly. Much more difficult is to decide what to do when illness irreparably deprives the brain of cognitive functions. To facilitate less impassioned discussion of this question, 500 consecutive patients in coma from non-traumatic causes have been studied in the USA and Europe and the outcome has been compared against carefully selected early neurological signs. Medical coma was itself a dangerous sign, with only 15% of patients recovering independence within the first month. Within the first six hours, when most medical decisions are made about applying intensive care, neurological signs predicted with 95% confidence between the extremes of favourable and unfavourable outcomes in as many as a quarter of the patients. Only 5% of patients who failed to regain cognition by the end of one week regained any independence. Other more detailed guidelines were equally informative. If prognostic signs that confidently separate potentially favourable from unfavourable outcomes can be identified in severe neurological illness, perhaps society can more easily help medicine in reaching difficult ethical decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:261651", "title": "Three phases of evil: the relation of injury to pain.", "content": "It is proposed that injury may be followed by three phases of behaviour in human beings and animals. In the immediate phase, pain may not occur and other activities take precedence. Even when the victims are fully aware of their injury, these other activities may include fighting, escaping and obtaining safety and aid. Once relative safety from the source of injury has been achieved, a new form of behaviour related to allowing recovery begins. This is the acute stage. The need for the initiation of this behaviour is signalled by pain. In the transition stage from injury to the beginning of recovery, anxiety is a cardinal feature. The anxiety is directed at assuring safety from the original damage, at assuring the best conditions for the initiation of treatment and recovery, and at the possible future consequences of the damage. This phase merges with the third period, during which quiet inactivity is the optimal tactic to encourage cure and recovery. This third stage associated with pain and depression may appear prolonged far beyond the necessary period for recovery. It is proposed here that pain is associated with the search for treatment and optimal conditions for recovery.", "contents": "Three phases of evil: the relation of injury to pain. It is proposed that injury may be followed by three phases of behaviour in human beings and animals. In the immediate phase, pain may not occur and other activities take precedence. Even when the victims are fully aware of their injury, these other activities may include fighting, escaping and obtaining safety and aid. Once relative safety from the source of injury has been achieved, a new form of behaviour related to allowing recovery begins. This is the acute stage. The need for the initiation of this behaviour is signalled by pain. In the transition stage from injury to the beginning of recovery, anxiety is a cardinal feature. The anxiety is directed at assuring safety from the original damage, at assuring the best conditions for the initiation of treatment and recovery, and at the possible future consequences of the damage. This phase merges with the third period, during which quiet inactivity is the optimal tactic to encourage cure and recovery. This third stage associated with pain and depression may appear prolonged far beyond the necessary period for recovery. It is proposed here that pain is associated with the search for treatment and optimal conditions for recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:261652", "title": "Pain and the senses.", "content": "There has been considerable philosophical debate over whether pain is a form of perception. A point of controversy is what pain is perception of; the best answer is neither pain-causing stimuli nor pain sensation but injury or the threat thereof. This answers the argument that pain cannot be perception because its 'objects' are private and exist only when perceived. A more potent argument is that pain is too poorly correlated with injury to count as perception of it. This issue is to be settled, in part, by determining the function of pain. The standard view of pain's function has here been contested and the resolution of the controversy will affect our inclination to ascribe to pain the status of perceptual faculty.", "contents": "Pain and the senses. There has been considerable philosophical debate over whether pain is a form of perception. A point of controversy is what pain is perception of; the best answer is neither pain-causing stimuli nor pain sensation but injury or the threat thereof. This answers the argument that pain cannot be perception because its 'objects' are private and exist only when perceived. A more potent argument is that pain is too poorly correlated with injury to count as perception of it. This issue is to be settled, in part, by determining the function of pain. The standard view of pain's function has here been contested and the resolution of the controversy will affect our inclination to ascribe to pain the status of perceptual faculty."}
{"id": "PMID:261653", "title": "Communication and abnormal behaviour.", "content": "In this paper the similarities between normal and abnormal behaviour are emphasized and selected aspects of communication, normal and aberrant, between persons are explored. Communication in a social system may be verbal or non-verbal: one person's actions cause a response in another person. This response may be cognitive, behavioural or physiological. Communication may be approached through the individual, the social situation or social interaction. Psychoanalysis approaches the individual in terms of the coded communications of psychoneurotic symptoms or psychotic behaviour; the humanist-existential approach is concerned more with emotional expression. Both approaches emphasize the development of individual identity. The interaction between persons and their social background is stressed. Relevant are sociological concepts such as illness behaviour, stigma, labelling, institutionalization and compliance. Two approaches to social interactions are considered: the gamesplaying metaphor, e.g. back pain as a psychosocial manipulation--the 'pain game'; and the 'spiral of reciprocal perspectives' which emphasizes the interactional complexities of social perceptions. Communicatory aspects of psychological treatments are noted: learning a particular metaphor such as 'resolution' of the problem (psychotherapy), learning more 'rewarding' behaviour (learning theory) or learning authenticity or self-actualization (humanist-existential).", "contents": "Communication and abnormal behaviour. In this paper the similarities between normal and abnormal behaviour are emphasized and selected aspects of communication, normal and aberrant, between persons are explored. Communication in a social system may be verbal or non-verbal: one person's actions cause a response in another person. This response may be cognitive, behavioural or physiological. Communication may be approached through the individual, the social situation or social interaction. Psychoanalysis approaches the individual in terms of the coded communications of psychoneurotic symptoms or psychotic behaviour; the humanist-existential approach is concerned more with emotional expression. Both approaches emphasize the development of individual identity. The interaction between persons and their social background is stressed. Relevant are sociological concepts such as illness behaviour, stigma, labelling, institutionalization and compliance. Two approaches to social interactions are considered: the gamesplaying metaphor, e.g. back pain as a psychosocial manipulation--the 'pain game'; and the 'spiral of reciprocal perspectives' which emphasizes the interactional complexities of social perceptions. Communicatory aspects of psychological treatments are noted: learning a particular metaphor such as 'resolution' of the problem (psychotherapy), learning more 'rewarding' behaviour (learning theory) or learning authenticity or self-actualization (humanist-existential)."}
{"id": "PMID:261656", "title": "Consciousness and the brain: evolutionary aspects.", "content": "Self-reflective consciousness is distinguished from 'simple' awareness and from conscious awareness. Awareness is a fundamental property of living matter as it reacts to environmental stimuli. A hypothesis is advanced to account for the general phenomenon of decussation of nerve fibres in the central nervous system of vertebrates. This feature, the crossing over of nerve fibres to the opposite side of the brain, is interpreted as exemplifying the inherent caution of living forms. The evolution of increasing complexity of structure in spinal cord and brain is a prerequisite for increasing awareness of the environment and for increasing freedom from its constraints. Conscious awareness is manifested in living forms primarily when they are learning to respond either to new stimuli or to internal demands such as breathing and walking. The relegation of learnt activities to the realm of unconscious reflex allows for concentration on new and more complex responses, which leads to further freedom of action. The seeming simplicity of human thinking rests on the increasing complexity of the evolving brain and of appropriate responses learnt during phylogenetic development. The human brain and its thinking functions are basically trustworthy because they are rooted in biological evolution.", "contents": "Consciousness and the brain: evolutionary aspects. Self-reflective consciousness is distinguished from 'simple' awareness and from conscious awareness. Awareness is a fundamental property of living matter as it reacts to environmental stimuli. A hypothesis is advanced to account for the general phenomenon of decussation of nerve fibres in the central nervous system of vertebrates. This feature, the crossing over of nerve fibres to the opposite side of the brain, is interpreted as exemplifying the inherent caution of living forms. The evolution of increasing complexity of structure in spinal cord and brain is a prerequisite for increasing awareness of the environment and for increasing freedom from its constraints. Conscious awareness is manifested in living forms primarily when they are learning to respond either to new stimuli or to internal demands such as breathing and walking. The relegation of learnt activities to the realm of unconscious reflex allows for concentration on new and more complex responses, which leads to further freedom of action. The seeming simplicity of human thinking rests on the increasing complexity of the evolving brain and of appropriate responses learnt during phylogenetic development. The human brain and its thinking functions are basically trustworthy because they are rooted in biological evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:261657", "title": "The mine--body problem in an evolutionary perspective.", "content": "Charles Darwin realized that his theory of evolution, jointly with the psychoneural identity hypothesis, implies the conjecture that behaviour and ideation evolve alongside anatomical and physiological traits. He was therefore the founder of evolutionary psychology. However, this science has not been pursued with vigour: not even its name has attained currency. In fact most psychologists still think in a pre-evolutionary fashion and seldom ask questions about the adaptive value and possible evolution of behavioural and mental traits. One reason for the underdevelopment of evolutionary psychology is that, on the whole, psychology is still separate from biology. In turn, one reason for this estrangement between close relatives is that psychology is still to some extent in the grip of psychoneural dualism, or the prehistoric belief that mind and body are separate entities. This doctrine is bound to block the advance of evolutionary psychology because a dualist must either deny mental evolution or speculate that it proceeds by some mechanism other than genic variation and natural (and social) selection. On the other hand the psychoneural identity hypothesis fits in with biology and, in particular, with evolutionary biology. Moreover, by construing ideation as a brain process, psychoneural monism explains how ideas (via behaviour) can become a motor of evolution as well as an outcome of it. So, it is in the interest of evolutionary psychologists to pay closer attention to the mind-body problem and to adopt the psychoneural identity hypothesis and turn it into a full-fledged scientific theory.", "contents": "The mine--body problem in an evolutionary perspective. Charles Darwin realized that his theory of evolution, jointly with the psychoneural identity hypothesis, implies the conjecture that behaviour and ideation evolve alongside anatomical and physiological traits. He was therefore the founder of evolutionary psychology. However, this science has not been pursued with vigour: not even its name has attained currency. In fact most psychologists still think in a pre-evolutionary fashion and seldom ask questions about the adaptive value and possible evolution of behavioural and mental traits. One reason for the underdevelopment of evolutionary psychology is that, on the whole, psychology is still separate from biology. In turn, one reason for this estrangement between close relatives is that psychology is still to some extent in the grip of psychoneural dualism, or the prehistoric belief that mind and body are separate entities. This doctrine is bound to block the advance of evolutionary psychology because a dualist must either deny mental evolution or speculate that it proceeds by some mechanism other than genic variation and natural (and social) selection. On the other hand the psychoneural identity hypothesis fits in with biology and, in particular, with evolutionary biology. Moreover, by construing ideation as a brain process, psychoneural monism explains how ideas (via behaviour) can become a motor of evolution as well as an outcome of it. So, it is in the interest of evolutionary psychologists to pay closer attention to the mind-body problem and to adopt the psychoneural identity hypothesis and turn it into a full-fledged scientific theory."}
{"id": "PMID:261658", "title": "Language: perspectives from another modality.", "content": "Human languages have been forged in auditory-vocal channels throughout evolution. This paper examines the formal properties of a communication system that has developed in the absence of speech: the sign language of the deaf. The objective is to investigate to what extent the overall form and organization of language is determined by the articulatory and perceptual modality in which it has developed (its transmission system) and to what extent its form and organization represent more fundamental aspects of the human mind (intellect). Experimental and linguistic evidence is brought to bear on the analysis of the sign: studies of coding and processing of signs in memory; of slips of the hand; of historical change in signs over time; the heightened use of language in poetry and wit. American Sign Language differs dramatically from English and other spoken languages in the mechanisms by which its lexical units are modified. For the form of its morphological processes, the mode in which the language develops appears to make a crucial difference. Finally, the issue of cerebral specialization with respect to a visual-manual language is addressed.", "contents": "Language: perspectives from another modality. Human languages have been forged in auditory-vocal channels throughout evolution. This paper examines the formal properties of a communication system that has developed in the absence of speech: the sign language of the deaf. The objective is to investigate to what extent the overall form and organization of language is determined by the articulatory and perceptual modality in which it has developed (its transmission system) and to what extent its form and organization represent more fundamental aspects of the human mind (intellect). Experimental and linguistic evidence is brought to bear on the analysis of the sign: studies of coding and processing of signs in memory; of slips of the hand; of historical change in signs over time; the heightened use of language in poetry and wit. American Sign Language differs dramatically from English and other spoken languages in the mechanisms by which its lexical units are modified. For the form of its morphological processes, the mode in which the language develops appears to make a crucial difference. Finally, the issue of cerebral specialization with respect to a visual-manual language is addressed."}
{"id": "PMID:261659", "title": "The effects of combined action of beta-lactame and aminoglycoside antibiotics on resistant strains of streptococcus group D.", "content": "The aim of the paper was to study the effect of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin in combination with streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin on antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus group D. Most frequently the synergistic effect was observed when cloxacillin was combined with streptomycin (76%), cloxacillin with kanamycin (63%) and benzylpenicillin with streptomycin (53%). In some cases the synergistic effect was so pronounced that MIC of two antibiotics used in combination was equal or lower than levels of these antibiotics in patients sera. It is assumed that these combinations may have therapeutic meaning.", "contents": "The effects of combined action of beta-lactame and aminoglycoside antibiotics on resistant strains of streptococcus group D. The aim of the paper was to study the effect of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin in combination with streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin on antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus group D. Most frequently the synergistic effect was observed when cloxacillin was combined with streptomycin (76%), cloxacillin with kanamycin (63%) and benzylpenicillin with streptomycin (53%). In some cases the synergistic effect was so pronounced that MIC of two antibiotics used in combination was equal or lower than levels of these antibiotics in patients sera. It is assumed that these combinations may have therapeutic meaning."}
{"id": "PMID:261660", "title": "Similarities between cysteinesulphinate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase.", "content": "A method for the purification of two cysteinesulphinate transaminases, A and B (EC 2.6.1), is described. These enzymes catalyse the conversion of cysteinesulphinic acid to beta-sulphinyl pyruvate. The final preparations are homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing. The molecular weight of the subunits is 41 000 for cysteinesulphinate transaminase A and 43 400 for B. Both enzymes are unspecific, as L-asparate, L-glutamate and L-cysteic acid serve as substrates in addition to L-cysteinesulphinic acid. Cysteinesulphinate transaminase A has a Km of 9.8 mM for cysteinesulphinic acid and 0.25 mM for aspartic acid, whereas the B enzyme has a Km of 6.5 mM for cysteinesulphinic acid and 1.4 mM for aspartic acid. The Vmax values of the A and B enzymes are respectively 7.1 and 6.2 mmol h-1 mg-1 protein for aspartic acid and 45 and 9.3 mmol h-1 mg-1 protein for cysteinesulphinic acid. Both enzymes exhibit maximum activity at pH 8.6. A high specific activity is found in optimal conditions for these two transaminases, the pI values being 9.06 and 5.70 for cysteinesulphinate transaminase A and B respectively. These results have been compared with those already obtained for purified aspartate aminotransferase. Similarities in the pathways of taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Similarities between cysteinesulphinate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase. A method for the purification of two cysteinesulphinate transaminases, A and B (EC 2.6.1), is described. These enzymes catalyse the conversion of cysteinesulphinic acid to beta-sulphinyl pyruvate. The final preparations are homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing. The molecular weight of the subunits is 41 000 for cysteinesulphinate transaminase A and 43 400 for B. Both enzymes are unspecific, as L-asparate, L-glutamate and L-cysteic acid serve as substrates in addition to L-cysteinesulphinic acid. Cysteinesulphinate transaminase A has a Km of 9.8 mM for cysteinesulphinic acid and 0.25 mM for aspartic acid, whereas the B enzyme has a Km of 6.5 mM for cysteinesulphinic acid and 1.4 mM for aspartic acid. The Vmax values of the A and B enzymes are respectively 7.1 and 6.2 mmol h-1 mg-1 protein for aspartic acid and 45 and 9.3 mmol h-1 mg-1 protein for cysteinesulphinic acid. Both enzymes exhibit maximum activity at pH 8.6. A high specific activity is found in optimal conditions for these two transaminases, the pI values being 9.06 and 5.70 for cysteinesulphinate transaminase A and B respectively. These results have been compared with those already obtained for purified aspartate aminotransferase. Similarities in the pathways of taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261666", "title": "[Pulmonary damage in the rabbit caused by porcine pancreatic elastase and leukocyte lysate: unusual microscopic aspects].", "content": "Intratracheal injection of rabbit whole leukocyte homogenate induced emphysema-like lesions in rabbits. The lesions were produced only by preparations having elastinolytic activity. The pathological aspects appeared similar to those induced by the administration of porcine pancreatic elastase. The pulmonary changes, resembling several of the anatomic appearances of panacinar human emphysema, may be a suitable experimental model for studying histogenesis of panacinar human emphysema. Numerous abnormal fenestrations were present in air spaces walls and were a constant feature in opposition to that has been reported in elastase-treated hamsters. For the presence of a prominent dilatation of the periarterial lymphatic network, this experimental model might be used also for studying the ultrastructural features of pulmonary lymphatic vessels.", "contents": "[Pulmonary damage in the rabbit caused by porcine pancreatic elastase and leukocyte lysate: unusual microscopic aspects]. Intratracheal injection of rabbit whole leukocyte homogenate induced emphysema-like lesions in rabbits. The lesions were produced only by preparations having elastinolytic activity. The pathological aspects appeared similar to those induced by the administration of porcine pancreatic elastase. The pulmonary changes, resembling several of the anatomic appearances of panacinar human emphysema, may be a suitable experimental model for studying histogenesis of panacinar human emphysema. Numerous abnormal fenestrations were present in air spaces walls and were a constant feature in opposition to that has been reported in elastase-treated hamsters. For the presence of a prominent dilatation of the periarterial lymphatic network, this experimental model might be used also for studying the ultrastructural features of pulmonary lymphatic vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:261667", "title": "Anticomplementary activity of cornea, vitreous and chorioretina in rabbits.", "content": "We wished to determine if inhibitors of the complement system are present in different rabbit ocular tissues. Soluble extracts of cornea, vitreous humor and chorioretina in different dilutions were incubated with normal human serum (as source of complement). The ability of the latter to lyse sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antisheep rabbit hemolysin was assessed. The cornea did not show any inhibition of complement. The vitreous humor exhibited very low inhibitory activity. The extracts of the uveo-retinal tissue contained heat-labile and heat-stable factors capable of cleaving C3 and factor B.", "contents": "Anticomplementary activity of cornea, vitreous and chorioretina in rabbits. We wished to determine if inhibitors of the complement system are present in different rabbit ocular tissues. Soluble extracts of cornea, vitreous humor and chorioretina in different dilutions were incubated with normal human serum (as source of complement). The ability of the latter to lyse sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antisheep rabbit hemolysin was assessed. The cornea did not show any inhibition of complement. The vitreous humor exhibited very low inhibitory activity. The extracts of the uveo-retinal tissue contained heat-labile and heat-stable factors capable of cleaving C3 and factor B."}
{"id": "PMID:261668", "title": "Semipermeable membrane techniques in quantitative enzyme histochemistry.", "content": "Non-structurally bound, partially structurally bound or weakly structurally bound enzymes diffuse out of sections during the histochemical incubation period. Fixation of sections does not help to prevent diffusion since the enzymes may be inactivated by their chemical reaction with the fixative. Moreover watery fixatives cause partial leakage of enzymes into the fixative solution. The inclusion of macromolecular substances in the incubation media only partially prevents the leakage of enzymes. In the technique discussed here a semipermeable membrane is interposed between the incubating solution and the tissue section. Because only molecules with a molecular weight of 20 000 can penetrate the membranes, diffusion of enzymes is prevented, whereas substrate molecules and other components necessary for the staining reaction diffuse through the membrane. This technique is suitable for the histochemical demonstration of activity of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and isomerases. Particular attention is paid to how far semipermeable membrane methods are suitable for quantitative histochemical studies of enzymes.", "contents": "Semipermeable membrane techniques in quantitative enzyme histochemistry. Non-structurally bound, partially structurally bound or weakly structurally bound enzymes diffuse out of sections during the histochemical incubation period. Fixation of sections does not help to prevent diffusion since the enzymes may be inactivated by their chemical reaction with the fixative. Moreover watery fixatives cause partial leakage of enzymes into the fixative solution. The inclusion of macromolecular substances in the incubation media only partially prevents the leakage of enzymes. In the technique discussed here a semipermeable membrane is interposed between the incubating solution and the tissue section. Because only molecules with a molecular weight of 20 000 can penetrate the membranes, diffusion of enzymes is prevented, whereas substrate molecules and other components necessary for the staining reaction diffuse through the membrane. This technique is suitable for the histochemical demonstration of activity of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and isomerases. Particular attention is paid to how far semipermeable membrane methods are suitable for quantitative histochemical studies of enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:261669", "title": "Criteria for the validation of quantitative histochemical enzyme techniques.", "content": "Some practical criteria are suggested for establishing the precision, reproducibility, validity and specificity of quantitative histochemical techniques used for assaying the activities of enzymes in single cells and tissue sections. To be valid, a technique should ideally pass 12 tests. Principally these involve proving that the mean absorbance or fluorescence of the specific final reaction product (FRP) is related to section thickness, incubation time, substrate concentration and the concentration of enzyme in situ. However, the formation of appreciable amounts of non-specific FRP may interfere in the determination of the true enzyme activity. This and other difficulties are illustrated with data obtained from an investigation of Meijer's semipermeable membrane technique for assaying acid phosphatase in unfixed sections of muscle.", "contents": "Criteria for the validation of quantitative histochemical enzyme techniques. Some practical criteria are suggested for establishing the precision, reproducibility, validity and specificity of quantitative histochemical techniques used for assaying the activities of enzymes in single cells and tissue sections. To be valid, a technique should ideally pass 12 tests. Principally these involve proving that the mean absorbance or fluorescence of the specific final reaction product (FRP) is related to section thickness, incubation time, substrate concentration and the concentration of enzyme in situ. However, the formation of appreciable amounts of non-specific FRP may interfere in the determination of the true enzyme activity. This and other difficulties are illustrated with data obtained from an investigation of Meijer's semipermeable membrane technique for assaying acid phosphatase in unfixed sections of muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:261670", "title": "Microphotometric determination of enzyme activities in cryostat sections by the gel film technique.", "content": "Use of the gel film technique in microphotometric determinations of enzyme activity is described. The microscope photometer is computer-controlled. It is programmed to deal with repetitive measurements at up to 12 selected positions within a tissue section and to evaluate recorded reaction rates statistically. Films of polyacrylamide gel with entrapped glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are used as a model to demonstrate the correlation between local enzyme activity and the microphotometrically determined reaction rate. Enzyme activities at different positions in the same tissue section are determined and compared. Activity profiles of five enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent tetrazolium reductase) in the liver are presented and show non-uniform intra-acinar distribution patterns. These results are interpreted in the light of the metabolic zonation of the hepatic acinus. Further applications of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Microphotometric determination of enzyme activities in cryostat sections by the gel film technique. Use of the gel film technique in microphotometric determinations of enzyme activity is described. The microscope photometer is computer-controlled. It is programmed to deal with repetitive measurements at up to 12 selected positions within a tissue section and to evaluate recorded reaction rates statistically. Films of polyacrylamide gel with entrapped glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are used as a model to demonstrate the correlation between local enzyme activity and the microphotometrically determined reaction rate. Enzyme activities at different positions in the same tissue section are determined and compared. Activity profiles of five enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent tetrazolium reductase) in the liver are presented and show non-uniform intra-acinar distribution patterns. These results are interpreted in the light of the metabolic zonation of the hepatic acinus. Further applications of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261664", "title": "The effect of kallikrein on central effects of acetylcholine in rats receiving indomethacin and prostaglandin E1.", "content": "Kallikrein given in combination with acetylcholine (ACh) increased the central inhibitory action of ACh as measured in the Lat's test, duration of thiopental sleep and inhibition of electrogenic convulsions. Indomethacin aboished the potentiating effect of kallikrein on these actions of ACh, PGE1 did not play a significant role in the influence of kallikrein on the central action of ACh. However, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin plays an important role in the interaction of kallilkrein and ACh.", "contents": "The effect of kallikrein on central effects of acetylcholine in rats receiving indomethacin and prostaglandin E1. Kallikrein given in combination with acetylcholine (ACh) increased the central inhibitory action of ACh as measured in the Lat's test, duration of thiopental sleep and inhibition of electrogenic convulsions. Indomethacin aboished the potentiating effect of kallikrein on these actions of ACh, PGE1 did not play a significant role in the influence of kallikrein on the central action of ACh. However, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin plays an important role in the interaction of kallilkrein and ACh."}
{"id": "PMID:261671", "title": "Quantitative cytochemical analysis of (single) cultured cells.", "content": "Human fibroblasts or amniotic fluid cells can be cultivated in special dishes with a bottom of thin transparent plastic foil. After quick freezing and freeze-drying small groups of cultured cells or single cells can be isolated by dissecting small pieces of plastic foil under the stereomicroscope. These can be incubated in (sub)microlitre volumes of substrate and the absorbance, fluorescence or radioactivity can be measured and expressed per cell. When absorbance is measured with a microscope spectrophotometer in 1-10 microliter, microcuvettes, the minimum amount of coloured product that can be determined is of the order of 10(-11) moles. Incubation under paraffin oil in 0.05 microliter of substrate, followed by fluorescence measurements in 1-5 microliter with a microscope fluorometer, allows down to 10(-14) mol of methylumbelliferone, which is the end-product in many analyses of lysosomal enzymes, to be detected. (Re)cycling procedures have an even greater sensitivity (10(-15)-10(-19)mol) but they are more complicated and limited to NAD(P)(H)-dependent reactions. Several radiometric procedures have also been adapted for the analysis of small numbers of cultured cells but most of them still require 10(4)-10(5) human fibroblasts. These microtechniques allow rapid prenatal diagnosis of at least 20 different genetic metabolic diseases to be made within 7-14 days after amniocentesis at the 14th-16th week of pregnancy. Enzyme assays on single cultured cells have also enabled complementation studies to be done on heterokaryons after hybridization of different types of mutant fibroblasts, as well as investigations of the intercellular exchange of lysosomal enzymes between normal and mutant cells.", "contents": "Quantitative cytochemical analysis of (single) cultured cells. Human fibroblasts or amniotic fluid cells can be cultivated in special dishes with a bottom of thin transparent plastic foil. After quick freezing and freeze-drying small groups of cultured cells or single cells can be isolated by dissecting small pieces of plastic foil under the stereomicroscope. These can be incubated in (sub)microlitre volumes of substrate and the absorbance, fluorescence or radioactivity can be measured and expressed per cell. When absorbance is measured with a microscope spectrophotometer in 1-10 microliter, microcuvettes, the minimum amount of coloured product that can be determined is of the order of 10(-11) moles. Incubation under paraffin oil in 0.05 microliter of substrate, followed by fluorescence measurements in 1-5 microliter with a microscope fluorometer, allows down to 10(-14) mol of methylumbelliferone, which is the end-product in many analyses of lysosomal enzymes, to be detected. (Re)cycling procedures have an even greater sensitivity (10(-15)-10(-19)mol) but they are more complicated and limited to NAD(P)(H)-dependent reactions. Several radiometric procedures have also been adapted for the analysis of small numbers of cultured cells but most of them still require 10(4)-10(5) human fibroblasts. These microtechniques allow rapid prenatal diagnosis of at least 20 different genetic metabolic diseases to be made within 7-14 days after amniocentesis at the 14th-16th week of pregnancy. Enzyme assays on single cultured cells have also enabled complementation studies to be done on heterokaryons after hybridization of different types of mutant fibroblasts, as well as investigations of the intercellular exchange of lysosomal enzymes between normal and mutant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:261672", "title": "Microdensitometry.", "content": "Microdensitometry, or microspectrophotometry, is the measurement of the concentration or mass of a chromophore in microscopically defined regions, and is governed by well-established laws of physics. Initially it proved of value in Feulgen cytophotometry of the relative amounts of DNA in individual nuclei of isolated cells. It has now achieved wide applicability to the measurement of cellular biochemical activity by means of stoichiometric chromogenic reactions. The validity of some of these measurements has been confirmed by comparative biochemical and microdensitometric assays. Thus microdensitometry, even of heterogeneously distributed chromophores, can be precise, provided that the technique is operated with due regard to its limitations within the laws of physics. The potential errors include: variation in thickness of tissue sections (path-length); scatter; glare; diffraction; occlusion of light by optically dense particles; and the inhomogeneity error. However, under correct conditions for the cytochemical reactions and for operating the microdensitometer, these potential errors become small or negligible. Thus the highly sensitive cytochemical bioassay of thyrotropin exemplifies the precision that can be achieved by controlled use of microdensitometry.", "contents": "Microdensitometry. Microdensitometry, or microspectrophotometry, is the measurement of the concentration or mass of a chromophore in microscopically defined regions, and is governed by well-established laws of physics. Initially it proved of value in Feulgen cytophotometry of the relative amounts of DNA in individual nuclei of isolated cells. It has now achieved wide applicability to the measurement of cellular biochemical activity by means of stoichiometric chromogenic reactions. The validity of some of these measurements has been confirmed by comparative biochemical and microdensitometric assays. Thus microdensitometry, even of heterogeneously distributed chromophores, can be precise, provided that the technique is operated with due regard to its limitations within the laws of physics. The potential errors include: variation in thickness of tissue sections (path-length); scatter; glare; diffraction; occlusion of light by optically dense particles; and the inhomogeneity error. However, under correct conditions for the cytochemical reactions and for operating the microdensitometer, these potential errors become small or negligible. Thus the highly sensitive cytochemical bioassay of thyrotropin exemplifies the precision that can be achieved by controlled use of microdensitometry."}
{"id": "PMID:261673", "title": "The constant proportion enzyme group concept in the selection of reference enzymes in metabolism.", "content": "Comparative analyses of enzyme activity patterns reveal groups of enzymes with constant proportions and enzymes with variable proportions of their maximum activities. Constant proportion groups comprise enzymes of unbranched metabolic sequences or functionally related pathways. Ratios of constant proportion groups reflect metabolic correlations, which may be used as discriminative magnitudes of  metabolic specialization. Comparison of closely related muscles reveals that differences in the absolute levels of the constant proportion group enzymes of glycolysis parallel differences in maximum glycolytic flux rates. This holds for near-equilibrium as well as for non-equilibrium enzymes. In any case, maximum enzyme activities are significantly higher than maximum metabolic flux rates. Maximum enzyme activities therefore do not permit conclusions on maximum metabolic capacities to be drawn. They may, however, be compared in closely related tissues or different metabolic conditions of a given tissue as relative magnitudes of maximum flux rates. Reference enzymes of constant proportion groups as well as of other enzymes which are representative of distinct metabolic pathways may be used in this sense for the evaluation of enzyme activity patterns. Selection of appropriate enzymes depends on the aim of the intended study, on a thorough knowledge of their individual properties, and on the possibility of measuring their maximum activity under reproducible conditions.", "contents": "The constant proportion enzyme group concept in the selection of reference enzymes in metabolism. Comparative analyses of enzyme activity patterns reveal groups of enzymes with constant proportions and enzymes with variable proportions of their maximum activities. Constant proportion groups comprise enzymes of unbranched metabolic sequences or functionally related pathways. Ratios of constant proportion groups reflect metabolic correlations, which may be used as discriminative magnitudes of  metabolic specialization. Comparison of closely related muscles reveals that differences in the absolute levels of the constant proportion group enzymes of glycolysis parallel differences in maximum glycolytic flux rates. This holds for near-equilibrium as well as for non-equilibrium enzymes. In any case, maximum enzyme activities are significantly higher than maximum metabolic flux rates. Maximum enzyme activities therefore do not permit conclusions on maximum metabolic capacities to be drawn. They may, however, be compared in closely related tissues or different metabolic conditions of a given tissue as relative magnitudes of maximum flux rates. Reference enzymes of constant proportion groups as well as of other enzymes which are representative of distinct metabolic pathways may be used in this sense for the evaluation of enzyme activity patterns. Selection of appropriate enzymes depends on the aim of the intended study, on a thorough knowledge of their individual properties, and on the possibility of measuring their maximum activity under reproducible conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:261674", "title": "Use of enzyme activities as indices of maximum rates of fuel utilization.", "content": "It can be shown theoretically and experimentally that the maximum activities in vitro of enzymes that catalyse near-equilibrium reactions in vivo must be considerably higher than the maximum flux through that pathway. Consequently, the activities of such enzymes cannot provide quantitative information on the maximum possible flux through a pathway. On the other hand, the maximum activity of an enzyme that catalyses a non-equilibrium reaction in vivo may provide quantitative information. Such possibilities must be tested experimentally. Thus the maximum flux through a given metabolic pathway is measured (or calculated) and compared with the maximum in vitro activities of enzymes that catalyse non-equilibrium reactions in that pathway. Catalytic activities similar to the flux suggest that such enzymes may be useful as flux indicators. For example, phosphorylase or phosphofructokinase activities provide a quantitative indication of maximum flux through glycolysis-from-glycogen (i.e. anaerobic glycolysis); hexokinase activities provide a quantitative indication of maximum flux through glycolysis-from-glucose; 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activities provide a quantitative indication of maximum flux through the citric acid cycle. The advamtages of the use of enzyme activities in this manner include simplicity, general applicability to pathways, tissues and animals, and minimum intervention (particularly in larger animals including the human species). One disadvantage is that the properties of the enzyme must be known in detail before an assay that gives maximum activities can be developed, and the properties of enzymes that catalyse non-equilibrium reactions may be complex. These considerations emphasize the dangers of quantitative interpretation of the maximum flux through pathways from 'near-equilibrium' enzymes or from 'non-equilibrium' enzymes whose properties have been inadequately studied.", "contents": "Use of enzyme activities as indices of maximum rates of fuel utilization. It can be shown theoretically and experimentally that the maximum activities in vitro of enzymes that catalyse near-equilibrium reactions in vivo must be considerably higher than the maximum flux through that pathway. Consequently, the activities of such enzymes cannot provide quantitative information on the maximum possible flux through a pathway. On the other hand, the maximum activity of an enzyme that catalyses a non-equilibrium reaction in vivo may provide quantitative information. Such possibilities must be tested experimentally. Thus the maximum flux through a given metabolic pathway is measured (or calculated) and compared with the maximum in vitro activities of enzymes that catalyse non-equilibrium reactions in that pathway. Catalytic activities similar to the flux suggest that such enzymes may be useful as flux indicators. For example, phosphorylase or phosphofructokinase activities provide a quantitative indication of maximum flux through glycolysis-from-glycogen (i.e. anaerobic glycolysis); hexokinase activities provide a quantitative indication of maximum flux through glycolysis-from-glucose; 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activities provide a quantitative indication of maximum flux through the citric acid cycle. The advamtages of the use of enzyme activities in this manner include simplicity, general applicability to pathways, tissues and animals, and minimum intervention (particularly in larger animals including the human species). One disadvantage is that the properties of the enzyme must be known in detail before an assay that gives maximum activities can be developed, and the properties of enzymes that catalyse non-equilibrium reactions may be complex. These considerations emphasize the dangers of quantitative interpretation of the maximum flux through pathways from 'near-equilibrium' enzymes or from 'non-equilibrium' enzymes whose properties have been inadequately studied."}
{"id": "PMID:261675", "title": "The place of histochemical techniques in toxicology, pharmacology and pathology.", "content": "The uses of histochemistry in pathology (experimental and clinical), pharmacology and toxicology are considered and their restrictions are discussed. In time-course studies of drug effects in animals the research worker must choose an appropriate histochemical technique for evaluating the changes seen in the tissues, if any, during the study. Acid phosphatase is shown to be a marker enzyme which may be active in both cell multiplication and tissue necrosis; results obtained with it must therefore be interpreted with caution. The need for histochemical techniques to match experimental conditions is emphasized. The restrictions of fixation and tissue preparation are also emphasized. Histochemical and biochemical techniques should be used together where appropriate, and the results should be analysed carefully. Indiscriminate use of histochemistry and quantitation is deplored.", "contents": "The place of histochemical techniques in toxicology, pharmacology and pathology. The uses of histochemistry in pathology (experimental and clinical), pharmacology and toxicology are considered and their restrictions are discussed. In time-course studies of drug effects in animals the research worker must choose an appropriate histochemical technique for evaluating the changes seen in the tissues, if any, during the study. Acid phosphatase is shown to be a marker enzyme which may be active in both cell multiplication and tissue necrosis; results obtained with it must therefore be interpreted with caution. The need for histochemical techniques to match experimental conditions is emphasized. The restrictions of fixation and tissue preparation are also emphasized. Histochemical and biochemical techniques should be used together where appropriate, and the results should be analysed carefully. Indiscriminate use of histochemistry and quantitation is deplored."}
{"id": "PMID:261677", "title": "Tissue stabilizer methods in histochemistry.", "content": "Quantitative studies in the 1960s established that the tissue disruption and enzyme loss which occurs when unfixed cryostat sections are incubated could be prevented with high concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol without inhibition of enzyme activity. This use of polymeric stabilizers has been largely confined to studies of 'soluble' dehydrogenases in tissue sections. However, optimum conditions for 'soluble' enzymes in cut sections may not be ideal for membrane-bound enzymes or for whole cells, where an over-stabilization of membranes can lead to restricted entry of reagents and thereby low activities. Lower concentrations, or other stabilizers such as Ficoll (a synthetic polysucrose) and collagen polypeptides, have been used in such cases. Suggested criteria for a tissue stabilizer are: (i) The stabilizer should be chemically inert, of defined and constant composition, and generally available; (ii) The tissue must remain structurally intact during the incubation, and the final preparation should look 'clean' and have the proper morphology; (iii) The component being assayed must remain inside the section, and not diffuse into the incubation medium. Ideally, it and any reaction product should remain at their original loci, although it may not always be possible to verify this; (iv) Recorded activities should be comparable to those found in biochemical systems under similar conditions.", "contents": "Tissue stabilizer methods in histochemistry. Quantitative studies in the 1960s established that the tissue disruption and enzyme loss which occurs when unfixed cryostat sections are incubated could be prevented with high concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol without inhibition of enzyme activity. This use of polymeric stabilizers has been largely confined to studies of 'soluble' dehydrogenases in tissue sections. However, optimum conditions for 'soluble' enzymes in cut sections may not be ideal for membrane-bound enzymes or for whole cells, where an over-stabilization of membranes can lead to restricted entry of reagents and thereby low activities. Lower concentrations, or other stabilizers such as Ficoll (a synthetic polysucrose) and collagen polypeptides, have been used in such cases. Suggested criteria for a tissue stabilizer are: (i) The stabilizer should be chemically inert, of defined and constant composition, and generally available; (ii) The tissue must remain structurally intact during the incubation, and the final preparation should look 'clean' and have the proper morphology; (iii) The component being assayed must remain inside the section, and not diffuse into the incubation medium. Ideally, it and any reaction product should remain at their original loci, although it may not always be possible to verify this; (iv) Recorded activities should be comparable to those found in biochemical systems under similar conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:261680", "title": "Clinical significance of monitoring plasma levels of psychotropic drugs.", "content": "The possible clinical significance of plasma level monitoring of psychotropic drugs in psychotic patients is described. In particular, data obtained with children and 'resistant' psychotic patients are presented. The results in children indicate the existence of a good relationship between side-effects and haloperidol plasma levels as well as between adverse effects and chlorimipramine plasma levels. Furthermore, an age effect on haloperidol clearance could be shown. Relationship between haloperidol and chlorimipramine concentration and effects could be observed for tics and enuresis respectively but not for psychotic reactions. Data in adult patients illustrate on the one hand possible causes of variability in plasma levels of haloperidol and, on the other hand, the fact that poor bioavailability is not the cause of lack of response in 'resistant' schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Clinical significance of monitoring plasma levels of psychotropic drugs. The possible clinical significance of plasma level monitoring of psychotropic drugs in psychotic patients is described. In particular, data obtained with children and 'resistant' psychotic patients are presented. The results in children indicate the existence of a good relationship between side-effects and haloperidol plasma levels as well as between adverse effects and chlorimipramine plasma levels. Furthermore, an age effect on haloperidol clearance could be shown. Relationship between haloperidol and chlorimipramine concentration and effects could be observed for tics and enuresis respectively but not for psychotic reactions. Data in adult patients illustrate on the one hand possible causes of variability in plasma levels of haloperidol and, on the other hand, the fact that poor bioavailability is not the cause of lack of response in 'resistant' schizophrenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:261681", "title": "Principles of pharmacokinetics.", "content": "A compartmental representation of the body is often used to explain the principles of pharmacokinetics, where the compartments are purely hypothetical and bear no relationship to real tissues or organs. In recent years a more physiological approach has been emphasized. Differences in derived kinetic parameters, such as elimination half-life, volume of distribution and clearance, as a function of drug, patient and route of drug administration, are more easily understood when related directly to primary physiological variables, such as blood flow, enzyme activity and drug binding. In turn this allows a convenient conceptual framework for describing and predicting both unbound and total drug concentrations in many clinical situations.", "contents": "Principles of pharmacokinetics. A compartmental representation of the body is often used to explain the principles of pharmacokinetics, where the compartments are purely hypothetical and bear no relationship to real tissues or organs. In recent years a more physiological approach has been emphasized. Differences in derived kinetic parameters, such as elimination half-life, volume of distribution and clearance, as a function of drug, patient and route of drug administration, are more easily understood when related directly to primary physiological variables, such as blood flow, enzyme activity and drug binding. In turn this allows a convenient conceptual framework for describing and predicting both unbound and total drug concentrations in many clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:261682", "title": "Adrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in depression and their response to amitriptyline.", "content": "Our investigations into the chemical pathology of the affective disorders have indicated that depressed patients not only have significantly reduced rates of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into their blood platelets but their peripheral alpha-adrenoreceptors are supersensitive. Investigations into the mode of action of amitriptyline have centred on these abnormal adrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in depressed patients. We have not detected any significant relationship between blood platelet 5-HT re-uptake inhibition and therapeutic response to amitriptyline in depressed patients, although there is a significant correlation with plasma levels of the drug. It is interesting to note that nortriptyline, the major metabolite of amitriptyline, blocks the alpha-adrenoreceptor but the degree of blocking of this supersensitive receptor is significantly correlated to poor outcome. Amitriptyline does not appear to correct these abnormal mechanisms in depressed patients. These results are discussed with reference to other pharmacological actions of amitriptyline and other antidepressant drugs.", "contents": "Adrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in depression and their response to amitriptyline. Our investigations into the chemical pathology of the affective disorders have indicated that depressed patients not only have significantly reduced rates of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into their blood platelets but their peripheral alpha-adrenoreceptors are supersensitive. Investigations into the mode of action of amitriptyline have centred on these abnormal adrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in depressed patients. We have not detected any significant relationship between blood platelet 5-HT re-uptake inhibition and therapeutic response to amitriptyline in depressed patients, although there is a significant correlation with plasma levels of the drug. It is interesting to note that nortriptyline, the major metabolite of amitriptyline, blocks the alpha-adrenoreceptor but the degree of blocking of this supersensitive receptor is significantly correlated to poor outcome. Amitriptyline does not appear to correct these abnormal mechanisms in depressed patients. These results are discussed with reference to other pharmacological actions of amitriptyline and other antidepressant drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:261683", "title": "The role of plasma level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant drugs as an aid to treatment.", "content": "Use of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs is the most common pharmacotherapeutic approach to the treatment of depression. It is a common clinical experience to find that a fair proportion of patients fail to show a satisfactory response and that others complain of side-effects. Important factors which influence this situation are the diagnostic criteria used to select patients for drug treatment, the dosage prescribed and individual compliance. Measurement of plasma drug concentrations has been proposed as a more rational way of increasing the efficacy of antidepressant medication and avoiding toxicity. A number of studies have shown a correlation between plasma concentrations of these drugs and clinical effects, but the relationship is far from simple. With amitriptyline and nortriptyline there is good evidence for a 'therapeutic window' within which maximum antidepressant action is obtained. Many patients being treated with these drugs have plasma levels outside recommended therapeutic ranges. Experience in our department has shown that there are a number of clinical situations where routine plasma level monitoring of selected antidepressants is of value: (1) inadequate clinical response; (2) side-effects/toxicity; (3) complicating medical conditions; (4) suspected poor compliance; and (5) long-term therapy. Such measurements are a relatively simple and inexpensive way of maximizing the benefits of drug therapy and a means of tailoring drug dosages to suit individual requirements.", "contents": "The role of plasma level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant drugs as an aid to treatment. Use of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs is the most common pharmacotherapeutic approach to the treatment of depression. It is a common clinical experience to find that a fair proportion of patients fail to show a satisfactory response and that others complain of side-effects. Important factors which influence this situation are the diagnostic criteria used to select patients for drug treatment, the dosage prescribed and individual compliance. Measurement of plasma drug concentrations has been proposed as a more rational way of increasing the efficacy of antidepressant medication and avoiding toxicity. A number of studies have shown a correlation between plasma concentrations of these drugs and clinical effects, but the relationship is far from simple. With amitriptyline and nortriptyline there is good evidence for a 'therapeutic window' within which maximum antidepressant action is obtained. Many patients being treated with these drugs have plasma levels outside recommended therapeutic ranges. Experience in our department has shown that there are a number of clinical situations where routine plasma level monitoring of selected antidepressants is of value: (1) inadequate clinical response; (2) side-effects/toxicity; (3) complicating medical conditions; (4) suspected poor compliance; and (5) long-term therapy. Such measurements are a relatively simple and inexpensive way of maximizing the benefits of drug therapy and a means of tailoring drug dosages to suit individual requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:261684", "title": "Clinical application of the monitoring of anticonvulsant drug levels.", "content": "The drug treatment of epilepsy poses considerable problems, including the high prevalence and early age of onset of seizures, the relatively poor prognosis in many patients, prolonged polypharmacy, chronic toxicity, and uncertainty of the relative efficacy of individual drugs. The application of recent knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of the major anticonvulsants offers a partial solution to several of these problems. Although there is no therapeutic range for any drug applicable to all patients, a more simple rational and effective approach to treatment is possible with the guidance of serum level monitoring. In new referrals, there is considerable potential for monotherapy, and the avoidance of polypharmacy and chronic toxicity. Reduction in polypharmacy in chronic patients is more difficult, but in many can be achieved with reduction in toxicity, and sometimes improved seizure control. Further studies will provide a clearer picture of the limits to modern anticonvulsant therapy, the relative efficacy of individual drugs, and the potential for improved long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Clinical application of the monitoring of anticonvulsant drug levels. The drug treatment of epilepsy poses considerable problems, including the high prevalence and early age of onset of seizures, the relatively poor prognosis in many patients, prolonged polypharmacy, chronic toxicity, and uncertainty of the relative efficacy of individual drugs. The application of recent knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of the major anticonvulsants offers a partial solution to several of these problems. Although there is no therapeutic range for any drug applicable to all patients, a more simple rational and effective approach to treatment is possible with the guidance of serum level monitoring. In new referrals, there is considerable potential for monotherapy, and the avoidance of polypharmacy and chronic toxicity. Reduction in polypharmacy in chronic patients is more difficult, but in many can be achieved with reduction in toxicity, and sometimes improved seizure control. Further studies will provide a clearer picture of the limits to modern anticonvulsant therapy, the relative efficacy of individual drugs, and the potential for improved long-term prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:261685", "title": "The logistics of drug monitoring.", "content": "Although opinions differ to some extent there is increasing belief in the value of monitoring plasma levels for effective therapy with neuropsychiatric drugs, especially with anticonvulsants. Monitoring should not be on a comprehensive and routine basis, but should be selective and discriminating. In these circumstances the expenditure incurred on the laboratory operations involved might work out for Britain at about pounds 5 million per year. This figure should be compared to a total annual expenditure from the prescribing of neuropsychiatric medication amounting to an estimated pounds 40 million per year. The benefits thus achieved in patient care, together with the possible economies in prescribing, could well merit this monitoring exercise. In terms of personnel and administration, the laboratory facilities could be organized on a regional, or on a district general hospital, basis.", "contents": "The logistics of drug monitoring. Although opinions differ to some extent there is increasing belief in the value of monitoring plasma levels for effective therapy with neuropsychiatric drugs, especially with anticonvulsants. Monitoring should not be on a comprehensive and routine basis, but should be selective and discriminating. In these circumstances the expenditure incurred on the laboratory operations involved might work out for Britain at about pounds 5 million per year. This figure should be compared to a total annual expenditure from the prescribing of neuropsychiatric medication amounting to an estimated pounds 40 million per year. The benefits thus achieved in patient care, together with the possible economies in prescribing, could well merit this monitoring exercise. In terms of personnel and administration, the laboratory facilities could be organized on a regional, or on a district general hospital, basis."}
{"id": "PMID:261686", "title": "Drug concentrations in neuropsychiatry: alternative approaches.", "content": "The practical value of measuring plasma concentrations is to optimize treatment in order to attain the best balance in each particular patient between wanted clinical therapeutic effects and unwanted adverse and side-effects. This increase in treatment efficacy can be concurrent--that is, the treatment is monitored and the dosage changed as necessary--or predictive, where the results of a test dose can be used to calculate the appropriate dosage. Wanted effects include: (1) the attainment of adequate drug concentrations for the minimum period of time necessary, as in the use of antibiotics; (2) the suppression of symptoms, as in the use of the benzodiazepines in anxiety states; (3) the use of drugs to improve function, e.g. levodopa in Parkinsonism; (4) drugs are used to prevent episodes of illness; and (5) complex suppression of symptoms, as with the antidepressives and antipsychotics. The biological alternatives to plasma level monitoring depend on establishing an empirical relationship between the putative monitor and the clinical response. Such measures avoid the problem of estimation of drug concentration at the receptor. Examples include monoamine oxidase activity in platelets, the uptake of amines into platelets, neuroendocrine measures such as prolactin concentrations, the electroencephalogram, and peripheral measures such as pulse rate, pupil size and tremor.", "contents": "Drug concentrations in neuropsychiatry: alternative approaches. The practical value of measuring plasma concentrations is to optimize treatment in order to attain the best balance in each particular patient between wanted clinical therapeutic effects and unwanted adverse and side-effects. This increase in treatment efficacy can be concurrent--that is, the treatment is monitored and the dosage changed as necessary--or predictive, where the results of a test dose can be used to calculate the appropriate dosage. Wanted effects include: (1) the attainment of adequate drug concentrations for the minimum period of time necessary, as in the use of antibiotics; (2) the suppression of symptoms, as in the use of the benzodiazepines in anxiety states; (3) the use of drugs to improve function, e.g. levodopa in Parkinsonism; (4) drugs are used to prevent episodes of illness; and (5) complex suppression of symptoms, as with the antidepressives and antipsychotics. The biological alternatives to plasma level monitoring depend on establishing an empirical relationship between the putative monitor and the clinical response. Such measures avoid the problem of estimation of drug concentration at the receptor. Examples include monoamine oxidase activity in platelets, the uptake of amines into platelets, neuroendocrine measures such as prolactin concentrations, the electroencephalogram, and peripheral measures such as pulse rate, pupil size and tremor."}
{"id": "PMID:261687", "title": "Drug concentrations in neuropsychiatry. Methodological pitfalls: the influence of experimental design on results.", "content": "The valid study of relationships between pharmacokinetic measurements and clinical effects of psychotropic drugs depends on: (i) analytical methods for the drugs; (ii) the fluid assessed and pharmacokinetic derivations; (iii) clinical assessments and the nature of psychiatric illness; and (iv) statistical work. Standard problems with analytical methods include lack of specificity, unjustified claims for sensitivity, and failure to recognize metabolites as potential analytical contaminants and compounds for separate study. Problems with pharmacokinetic derivations include inappropriate calculations and incorrect assignment of terms such as 'half-life'. Clinical difficulties mostly relate to variations between patient groups, selection procedures and rating methods, and to timing of samples. Statistical controversies concern the calculation of metabolite ratios, pooling of data from drugs and their metabolites, and abuse of statistical techniques. These methodological problems are illustrated by reference to work with phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Drug concentrations in neuropsychiatry. Methodological pitfalls: the influence of experimental design on results. The valid study of relationships between pharmacokinetic measurements and clinical effects of psychotropic drugs depends on: (i) analytical methods for the drugs; (ii) the fluid assessed and pharmacokinetic derivations; (iii) clinical assessments and the nature of psychiatric illness; and (iv) statistical work. Standard problems with analytical methods include lack of specificity, unjustified claims for sensitivity, and failure to recognize metabolites as potential analytical contaminants and compounds for separate study. Problems with pharmacokinetic derivations include inappropriate calculations and incorrect assignment of terms such as 'half-life'. Clinical difficulties mostly relate to variations between patient groups, selection procedures and rating methods, and to timing of samples. Statistical controversies concern the calculation of metabolite ratios, pooling of data from drugs and their metabolites, and abuse of statistical techniques. These methodological problems are illustrated by reference to work with phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants."}
{"id": "PMID:261688", "title": "Interpretation of drug levels: relevance of plasma protein binding.", "content": "Many centrally acting drugs bind extensively to plasma proteins, particularly albumin. It is generally the free concentration rather than the total concentration which determines the intensity of pharmacological action and the distribution and rate of elimination of a drug. Measurement of the total plasma concentration may therefore give a false idea of the amount of active drug available. Furthermore, variation in the degree of binding from one subject to another, and displacement of drug molecules by a second drug, may complicate the interpretation of serum levels when both bound and free drug are measured together. The strict use of therapeutic ranges of serum levels may therefore be harmful when a larger than normal proportion of the drug is free. In theory, monitoring the free concentration would have advantages, but on a routine basis this is not practical at present for technical reasons. Cerebrospinal fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma but lumbar puncture for routine monitoring purposes cannot be justified. Monitoring salivary concentrations is a practical alternative but for some drugs variation in the degree of ionization of the compound may make salivary levels unreliable.", "contents": "Interpretation of drug levels: relevance of plasma protein binding. Many centrally acting drugs bind extensively to plasma proteins, particularly albumin. It is generally the free concentration rather than the total concentration which determines the intensity of pharmacological action and the distribution and rate of elimination of a drug. Measurement of the total plasma concentration may therefore give a false idea of the amount of active drug available. Furthermore, variation in the degree of binding from one subject to another, and displacement of drug molecules by a second drug, may complicate the interpretation of serum levels when both bound and free drug are measured together. The strict use of therapeutic ranges of serum levels may therefore be harmful when a larger than normal proportion of the drug is free. In theory, monitoring the free concentration would have advantages, but on a routine basis this is not practical at present for technical reasons. Cerebrospinal fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma but lumbar puncture for routine monitoring purposes cannot be justified. Monitoring salivary concentrations is a practical alternative but for some drugs variation in the degree of ionization of the compound may make salivary levels unreliable."}
{"id": "PMID:261689", "title": "Quality control of drug assays.", "content": "Most routine drug assay work is done by clinical chemists who, in general, are well aware of the importance of regular quality control checks. Few, however, have had extensive experience in analytical techniques for drugs, such as gas chromatography, and often underrate the difficulty in obtaining reliable results. Although antiepileptic drugs are among the easiest to measure, a North American study organized by Dr Charles Pippenger and a European study performed by the author demonstrated clearly the poor quality of results coming from many laboratories. From these studies have grown two external quality control schemes which together involve over 800 laboratories on a world-wide basis. Reports have indicated that the reliability of theophylline, tricyclic antidepressant and phenothiazine assays is also poor, and it might be expected that the problems will increase as attempts are made to measure drugs present in lower concentrations. Careful attention to quality control will be essential if physicians are to be provided with reliable results.", "contents": "Quality control of drug assays. Most routine drug assay work is done by clinical chemists who, in general, are well aware of the importance of regular quality control checks. Few, however, have had extensive experience in analytical techniques for drugs, such as gas chromatography, and often underrate the difficulty in obtaining reliable results. Although antiepileptic drugs are among the easiest to measure, a North American study organized by Dr Charles Pippenger and a European study performed by the author demonstrated clearly the poor quality of results coming from many laboratories. From these studies have grown two external quality control schemes which together involve over 800 laboratories on a world-wide basis. Reports have indicated that the reliability of theophylline, tricyclic antidepressant and phenothiazine assays is also poor, and it might be expected that the problems will increase as attempts are made to measure drugs present in lower concentrations. Careful attention to quality control will be essential if physicians are to be provided with reliable results."}
{"id": "PMID:261690", "title": "Lithium concentration and clinical responses.", "content": "The clinical use of measurements of drug concentrations in blood is empirical and largely confined to compliance and toxicity monitoring. As currently used in once or thrice a day dosage, lithium treatment is pulsatile, the blood concentration varying threefold over 24 hours; routine measurements reveal nothing of this and therefore do not aid therapeutic use. In a pilot study it is shown that the plasma lithium concentration can be raised from 0 to 2 mmol/l in a few hours, inducing changes in both kidney function and neuropsychological tests after only short delay. This suggests that mania might be quickly controlled with rapid dosage and opens up a new way of analysing the mechanisms of lithium action, or of using it to reveal changes in cerebral functioning.", "contents": "Lithium concentration and clinical responses. The clinical use of measurements of drug concentrations in blood is empirical and largely confined to compliance and toxicity monitoring. As currently used in once or thrice a day dosage, lithium treatment is pulsatile, the blood concentration varying threefold over 24 hours; routine measurements reveal nothing of this and therefore do not aid therapeutic use. In a pilot study it is shown that the plasma lithium concentration can be raised from 0 to 2 mmol/l in a few hours, inducing changes in both kidney function and neuropsychological tests after only short delay. This suggests that mania might be quickly controlled with rapid dosage and opens up a new way of analysing the mechanisms of lithium action, or of using it to reveal changes in cerebral functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:261691", "title": "Blood levels of flupenthixol in patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Plasma levels of flupenthixol were estimated by three methods in 30 patients with acute schizophrenia and 29 patients with chronic schizophrenia. These levels were related to clinical response, anterior pituitary hormone secretion, platelet monoamine oxidase activity, the effects of the concurrent administration of anticholinergic drugs, and body weight. No clearcut relationships between plasma flupenthixol levels and any of these variables were demonstrated. The practical clinical value of the estimation of plasma flupenthixol is limited at the present time.", "contents": "Blood levels of flupenthixol in patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia. Plasma levels of flupenthixol were estimated by three methods in 30 patients with acute schizophrenia and 29 patients with chronic schizophrenia. These levels were related to clinical response, anterior pituitary hormone secretion, platelet monoamine oxidase activity, the effects of the concurrent administration of anticholinergic drugs, and body weight. No clearcut relationships between plasma flupenthixol levels and any of these variables were demonstrated. The practical clinical value of the estimation of plasma flupenthixol is limited at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:261727", "title": "Studies on aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and transfer RNA in living Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "The microinjection of transfer RNA into amphibian oocytes permits one to study under in vivo conditions the reactions that affect this important macromolecule. A comparative study has been carried out between the in vivo and in vitro specificity of the aminoacylation reacton. The results obtained show that modifications of the tRNA structure affect aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognition in the same fashion in both conditions. The in vivo aminoacylation was not affected by the presence of puromycin (0.5mM) or cycloheximide (0.1 mM) which completely inhibited oocyte protein synthesis. An interesting difference was obtained between the in vivo and in vitro aminoacylation of tRNA with regards to temperature requirements. While the in vivo reaction was optimal at 25 degrees and was totally inhibited at 37 degrees, the in vitro was optimal, at the latter temperature. The inhibition of the in vivo reaction at 37 degrees was not due to inactivation of the enzyme. The transfer of the amino acid moiety to nascent proteins was studied by measuring the transfer of radioactivity from injected (14C) phenylalanyl-tRNA into hot trichloroacetic acid precipitable material. It was found that 30% or more of the amino acid became incorporated into oocyte proteins and that this incorporation was due to direct transfer from the aminoacyl-tRNA and was inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide.", "contents": "Studies on aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and transfer RNA in living Xenopus laevis oocytes. The microinjection of transfer RNA into amphibian oocytes permits one to study under in vivo conditions the reactions that affect this important macromolecule. A comparative study has been carried out between the in vivo and in vitro specificity of the aminoacylation reacton. The results obtained show that modifications of the tRNA structure affect aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognition in the same fashion in both conditions. The in vivo aminoacylation was not affected by the presence of puromycin (0.5mM) or cycloheximide (0.1 mM) which completely inhibited oocyte protein synthesis. An interesting difference was obtained between the in vivo and in vitro aminoacylation of tRNA with regards to temperature requirements. While the in vivo reaction was optimal at 25 degrees and was totally inhibited at 37 degrees, the in vitro was optimal, at the latter temperature. The inhibition of the in vivo reaction at 37 degrees was not due to inactivation of the enzyme. The transfer of the amino acid moiety to nascent proteins was studied by measuring the transfer of radioactivity from injected (14C) phenylalanyl-tRNA into hot trichloroacetic acid precipitable material. It was found that 30% or more of the amino acid became incorporated into oocyte proteins and that this incorporation was due to direct transfer from the aminoacyl-tRNA and was inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide."}
{"id": "PMID:261736", "title": "[Preliminary observations on activation of the alternative complement system by hemodialysis membranes (an in vitro study)].", "content": "In vitro studies showed activation by the alternate pathway of serum complement from normal subjects incubated with haemodialysis membranes. The mechanisms of such activation and its significance are discussed in the present paper.", "contents": "[Preliminary observations on activation of the alternative complement system by hemodialysis membranes (an in vitro study)]. In vitro studies showed activation by the alternate pathway of serum complement from normal subjects incubated with haemodialysis membranes. The mechanisms of such activation and its significance are discussed in the present paper."}
{"id": "PMID:261756", "title": "[Action of complement in normal pregnancy and gestosis].", "content": "Behaviour of the complement system was studied in normal pregnancy, puerperium and in pre-eclampsia. CH50 showed no variations during normal pregnancy, excepting for first trimester, whereas it increased in puerperium. CVFAH50 increased steadily during all trimesters. C1q, C1s and C1-INH progressively decreased, while C3, C5, C9 and C3PA augmented. All values were clearly raised in puerperium. The decreased values of the early classical pathway components could be attributed to \"blocking factors\" (antibodies or immune-complexes) which could interfere with cellular immunity at fetoplacental level. The other components probably increase because there is a hormone-stimulated raised synthesis and a high turnover. The data obtained from pre-eclampsia did not reveal significant variations as compared to normal third trimester pregnancy, excepting for CVFAH50 which was reduced. This, however, does not exclude the possibility that there is an immunological pathogenesis of the pre-eclampsia, since activation of the C system is not always detectable in circulation.", "contents": "[Action of complement in normal pregnancy and gestosis]. Behaviour of the complement system was studied in normal pregnancy, puerperium and in pre-eclampsia. CH50 showed no variations during normal pregnancy, excepting for first trimester, whereas it increased in puerperium. CVFAH50 increased steadily during all trimesters. C1q, C1s and C1-INH progressively decreased, while C3, C5, C9 and C3PA augmented. All values were clearly raised in puerperium. The decreased values of the early classical pathway components could be attributed to \"blocking factors\" (antibodies or immune-complexes) which could interfere with cellular immunity at fetoplacental level. The other components probably increase because there is a hormone-stimulated raised synthesis and a high turnover. The data obtained from pre-eclampsia did not reveal significant variations as compared to normal third trimester pregnancy, excepting for CVFAH50 which was reduced. This, however, does not exclude the possibility that there is an immunological pathogenesis of the pre-eclampsia, since activation of the C system is not always detectable in circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:261758", "title": "Pathology of the placenta and cord in ascending and in haematogenous infection.", "content": "The two main patterns of inflammatory response in the placenta and its adnexae are: (1) amniotic infection, usually bacterial ascending, with acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis; (2) haematogenous villitis, usually viral, with early necrotizing lesions and vasculitis and, later, chronic infiltrates and obliterative vasculitis. In amniotic infection most cells in the exudate are maternal. These leucocytes participate in antibacterial defence of the amniotic cavity in conjunction with substances such as zinc polypeptide and lysozyme and may contribute directly to fetal defence. Immunoglobulins may be produced in the cord of placenta only in protracted lesions such as 'healed' funisitis. Individual variations in the resistance of the membranes to bacterial penetration are possible. In viral infections a massive multifocal production by plasmacytes of immunoglobulins M, G and A is seen in affected villi. The secretion of non-specific antiviral substances in the infected placenta is possible. In all affected villi there is an activation of fixed macrophages (Hofbauer cells) that remain partly 'immature', i.e. are lysozyme-negative. Multifocal lymphoplasmacytic villitis is uncommon and has helped to focus the diagnosis on prenatal infection. In contrast, non-specific lymphocytic villitis is common; since there is no morphological difference between cases known to be associated with an infection, e.g. varicella, and the others, many cases may well be due to silent infection, although a graft-versus-host reactions remains a distinct possibility.", "contents": "Pathology of the placenta and cord in ascending and in haematogenous infection. The two main patterns of inflammatory response in the placenta and its adnexae are: (1) amniotic infection, usually bacterial ascending, with acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis; (2) haematogenous villitis, usually viral, with early necrotizing lesions and vasculitis and, later, chronic infiltrates and obliterative vasculitis. In amniotic infection most cells in the exudate are maternal. These leucocytes participate in antibacterial defence of the amniotic cavity in conjunction with substances such as zinc polypeptide and lysozyme and may contribute directly to fetal defence. Immunoglobulins may be produced in the cord of placenta only in protracted lesions such as 'healed' funisitis. Individual variations in the resistance of the membranes to bacterial penetration are possible. In viral infections a massive multifocal production by plasmacytes of immunoglobulins M, G and A is seen in affected villi. The secretion of non-specific antiviral substances in the infected placenta is possible. In all affected villi there is an activation of fixed macrophages (Hofbauer cells) that remain partly 'immature', i.e. are lysozyme-negative. Multifocal lymphoplasmacytic villitis is uncommon and has helped to focus the diagnosis on prenatal infection. In contrast, non-specific lymphocytic villitis is common; since there is no morphological difference between cases known to be associated with an infection, e.g. varicella, and the others, many cases may well be due to silent infection, although a graft-versus-host reactions remains a distinct possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:261759", "title": "Prevalence of maternal and neonatal infections in a developing country: possible low-cost preventive measures.", "content": "The frequency and duration of infectious illnesses in 408 pregnant rural women and 417 poor urban infants in Guatemala have been investigated, together with morbidity and mortality among the offspring of the rural women. Rural women suffered high rates of infection during the gestation period. Symptomatic illnesses, mainly acute respiratory infection and diarrhoeal disease, usually showed a higher incidence during the last months of pregnancy. Significant bacteriuria was identified in 21% of the women, though symptoms of urinary tract infection were found in about 25%. Vaginal infection was found in 38% of women at the beginning of pregnancy and in 79% at its end. Twelve per cent of women showed evidence of reactivated infections with cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and Toxoplasma gondii. The neonatal mortality rate in the rural population was 37.7 per 1000 liveborn infants. Most deaths were among preterm babies. Significant bacteriuria was related to low birth weight. Morbidity in rural neonates was also high, but the illnesses were not severe and had a short duration. Neonatal morbidity in poor urban infants was also high. Breast-feeding had a protective effect: breast-fed rural and poor urban infants had a lower incidence of illness than urban babies who were not breast-fed. The influence of infection during pregnancy on the conceptus and some low-cost measures for reducing it are discussed. Measures for decreasing neonatal morbidity in rural and poor urban ureas are proposed.", "contents": "Prevalence of maternal and neonatal infections in a developing country: possible low-cost preventive measures. The frequency and duration of infectious illnesses in 408 pregnant rural women and 417 poor urban infants in Guatemala have been investigated, together with morbidity and mortality among the offspring of the rural women. Rural women suffered high rates of infection during the gestation period. Symptomatic illnesses, mainly acute respiratory infection and diarrhoeal disease, usually showed a higher incidence during the last months of pregnancy. Significant bacteriuria was identified in 21% of the women, though symptoms of urinary tract infection were found in about 25%. Vaginal infection was found in 38% of women at the beginning of pregnancy and in 79% at its end. Twelve per cent of women showed evidence of reactivated infections with cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and Toxoplasma gondii. The neonatal mortality rate in the rural population was 37.7 per 1000 liveborn infants. Most deaths were among preterm babies. Significant bacteriuria was related to low birth weight. Morbidity in rural neonates was also high, but the illnesses were not severe and had a short duration. Neonatal morbidity in poor urban infants was also high. Breast-feeding had a protective effect: breast-fed rural and poor urban infants had a lower incidence of illness than urban babies who were not breast-fed. The influence of infection during pregnancy on the conceptus and some low-cost measures for reducing it are discussed. Measures for decreasing neonatal morbidity in rural and poor urban ureas are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:261761", "title": "Perinatal infections: the obstetrician's viewpoint.", "content": "The obstetrician's role is to recognize and treat maternal systemic infections which may spread transplacentally to the fetus, and to ensure that the lower genital tract is kept free from pathogenic organisms, particularly during the last trimester of pregnancy. In some cases the obstetrician can reduce the likelihood of premature rupture of the membranes by inserting a cervical suture. Where this has not been possible conservative management should be used to keep the fetus in utero before the 34th week and more active after this time. In trapartum infections can be reduced to a minimum by keeping the membranes intact during early labour, by the aggressive use of uterine stimulants to avoid prolonged labour, by exerting extreme care to avoid sepsis during pelvic examinations and internal monitoring, and by earlier use of Caesarean section.", "contents": "Perinatal infections: the obstetrician's viewpoint. The obstetrician's role is to recognize and treat maternal systemic infections which may spread transplacentally to the fetus, and to ensure that the lower genital tract is kept free from pathogenic organisms, particularly during the last trimester of pregnancy. In some cases the obstetrician can reduce the likelihood of premature rupture of the membranes by inserting a cervical suture. Where this has not been possible conservative management should be used to keep the fetus in utero before the 34th week and more active after this time. In trapartum infections can be reduced to a minimum by keeping the membranes intact during early labour, by the aggressive use of uterine stimulants to avoid prolonged labour, by exerting extreme care to avoid sepsis during pelvic examinations and internal monitoring, and by earlier use of Caesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:261764", "title": "Factors in the mother/infant dyad that influence the development of infections before and after birth.", "content": "A number of maternal factors strongly influence the development and outcome of fetal infections. Severely undernourished mothers produce neonates with evidence of an immunoincompetence that persists into later childhood. Mothers who fast during pregnancy develop metabolic acidosis much more rapidly than non-pregnant women. The metabolic acidosis leads to high fetal and neonatal death rates from a variety of pre-existing disorders, including infections. Such metabolic acidosis also appears responsible for the excessive fetal and neonatal deaths associated with maternal urinary tract infections. Finally, coitus during pregnancy markedly increases both the frequency of bacterial infections of amniotic fluid and the mortality due to them. The effects are greatest at mid-pregnancy and gradually decrease to term.", "contents": "Factors in the mother/infant dyad that influence the development of infections before and after birth. A number of maternal factors strongly influence the development and outcome of fetal infections. Severely undernourished mothers produce neonates with evidence of an immunoincompetence that persists into later childhood. Mothers who fast during pregnancy develop metabolic acidosis much more rapidly than non-pregnant women. The metabolic acidosis leads to high fetal and neonatal death rates from a variety of pre-existing disorders, including infections. Such metabolic acidosis also appears responsible for the excessive fetal and neonatal deaths associated with maternal urinary tract infections. Finally, coitus during pregnancy markedly increases both the frequency of bacterial infections of amniotic fluid and the mortality due to them. The effects are greatest at mid-pregnancy and gradually decrease to term."}
{"id": "PMID:261765", "title": "The genesis of amniotic fluid infections.", "content": "Amniotic fluid infections manifested by an inflammatory response in the extraplacental membranes and subchorionic plate of the placenta are a common phenomenon thought to be due in most cases to ascending bacterial infections via intact membranes. Fatal spread to the fetus is much less common and more likely to occur in underprivileged communities. The probable reasons are nutritional deprivation in the mother or both, leading to production of a liquor with diminished ability to suppress bacterial growth. Zinc is one component of the antibacterial system but liquor levels of zinc vary widely and inconsistently with antibacterial activity. Dietary supplementation with zinc did not improve antibacterial activity of liquors in a population with diminished liquor antibacterial activity and large number of fatal infections. Other factors in the genesis of amniotic fluid infections may be interference with normal defence mechanisms as a result of coitus in late pregnancy and vaginal infections with Trichomonas vaginalis. Socioeconomic factors may play a role apart from their association with maternal nutrition, through diminished hygiene associated with insufficient use of water and insufficient availability and use of medical facilities.", "contents": "The genesis of amniotic fluid infections. Amniotic fluid infections manifested by an inflammatory response in the extraplacental membranes and subchorionic plate of the placenta are a common phenomenon thought to be due in most cases to ascending bacterial infections via intact membranes. Fatal spread to the fetus is much less common and more likely to occur in underprivileged communities. The probable reasons are nutritional deprivation in the mother or both, leading to production of a liquor with diminished ability to suppress bacterial growth. Zinc is one component of the antibacterial system but liquor levels of zinc vary widely and inconsistently with antibacterial activity. Dietary supplementation with zinc did not improve antibacterial activity of liquors in a population with diminished liquor antibacterial activity and large number of fatal infections. Other factors in the genesis of amniotic fluid infections may be interference with normal defence mechanisms as a result of coitus in late pregnancy and vaginal infections with Trichomonas vaginalis. Socioeconomic factors may play a role apart from their association with maternal nutrition, through diminished hygiene associated with insufficient use of water and insufficient availability and use of medical facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:261766", "title": "Consequences of amniotic fluid infections: early neonatal septicaemia.", "content": "This study describes the results of examination of blood cultures from infants born in a community with a high prevalence of fatal amniotic fluid infection. The incidence of first-week neonatal septicaemia was 5.5 per 1000 births. Septicaemia was detected in 38% within 12 hours and 75.6% within 72 hours of birth. The aetiological pattern of the septicaemia was similar to that of fatal amniotic fluid infections. The increase in mortality from septicaemia occurred in infants born after 34 weeks of gestation. Nearly 80% of the infections apparently occurred through intact membranes. Respiratory distress with or without radiological evidence of pneumonia was the only manifestation of septicaemia in most infants under four days of age. Low Apgar scores and multiple apnoeic episodes were more common in infants with septicaemia than in those without septicaemia. Neonatal jaundice with serum bilirubin in excess of 11 mg/dl was more common in septicaemic infants and indicated poor prognosis. Meningitis associated with septicaemia occurred in 3.8% and in all these infants the diagnosis of septicaemia was delayed beyond 72 hours. The results suggest that early recognition and treatment of antenatal bacterial infections may prevent mortality and morbidity from complications of septicaemia such as neonatal apnoea, meningitis and bilirubin encephalopathy.", "contents": "Consequences of amniotic fluid infections: early neonatal septicaemia. This study describes the results of examination of blood cultures from infants born in a community with a high prevalence of fatal amniotic fluid infection. The incidence of first-week neonatal septicaemia was 5.5 per 1000 births. Septicaemia was detected in 38% within 12 hours and 75.6% within 72 hours of birth. The aetiological pattern of the septicaemia was similar to that of fatal amniotic fluid infections. The increase in mortality from septicaemia occurred in infants born after 34 weeks of gestation. Nearly 80% of the infections apparently occurred through intact membranes. Respiratory distress with or without radiological evidence of pneumonia was the only manifestation of septicaemia in most infants under four days of age. Low Apgar scores and multiple apnoeic episodes were more common in infants with septicaemia than in those without septicaemia. Neonatal jaundice with serum bilirubin in excess of 11 mg/dl was more common in septicaemic infants and indicated poor prognosis. Meningitis associated with septicaemia occurred in 3.8% and in all these infants the diagnosis of septicaemia was delayed beyond 72 hours. The results suggest that early recognition and treatment of antenatal bacterial infections may prevent mortality and morbidity from complications of septicaemia such as neonatal apnoea, meningitis and bilirubin encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:261788", "title": "Bacteroides meningitis successfully treated with metronidazole.", "content": "Bacteriodes meningitis without associated cerebral abscess occurred in an elderly man who had a long history of chronic otitis media. Anaerobic cultures of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed bacteroides organisms. Sensitivity testing showed them to be resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol but sensitive to metronidazole. Appropriate therapy with this agent eradicated the causative organisms and produced rapid clinical improvement.", "contents": "Bacteroides meningitis successfully treated with metronidazole. Bacteriodes meningitis without associated cerebral abscess occurred in an elderly man who had a long history of chronic otitis media. Anaerobic cultures of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed bacteroides organisms. Sensitivity testing showed them to be resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol but sensitive to metronidazole. Appropriate therapy with this agent eradicated the causative organisms and produced rapid clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:261808", "title": "The condition of surgery: an analysis of the American College of Surgeons' and the American Surgical Association's report on the status of surgery.", "content": "The supply of surgical services--a function of both the number of surgeons and the amount of surgery each performs--was extensively studied as a basis for new public policies in medical practice. The Report concludes that there is a surplus of physicians performing surgery and recommends restricting their number through more rigorous board certification and reducing the number of new entrants to specialized training. But the technological criteria advanced to assure \"quality\" are not based on adequate empirical  evidence; and control by surgeons over their own numbers is likely to have uneven--and unfavorable--consequences for the public. The causes of surplus surgical capacity must be explained, and impediments to self-correction through competition in the \"medical market\" addressed in future policy.", "contents": "The condition of surgery: an analysis of the American College of Surgeons' and the American Surgical Association's report on the status of surgery. The supply of surgical services--a function of both the number of surgeons and the amount of surgery each performs--was extensively studied as a basis for new public policies in medical practice. The Report concludes that there is a surplus of physicians performing surgery and recommends restricting their number through more rigorous board certification and reducing the number of new entrants to specialized training. But the technological criteria advanced to assure \"quality\" are not based on adequate empirical  evidence; and control by surgeons over their own numbers is likely to have uneven--and unfavorable--consequences for the public. The causes of surplus surgical capacity must be explained, and impediments to self-correction through competition in the \"medical market\" addressed in future policy."}
{"id": "PMID:261811", "title": "Central nervous effects of a new tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptylinoxide).", "content": "The central action of amitriptylinoxide was investigated in mice and rats using established models. The substance was found to possess antidepressant, drive-promoting properties which correspond to amitriptyline in their intensity or are superior even. In addition the pharmacodynamic spectrum of amitriptylinoxide displays a sedative component that is considered a desirable accompanying effect but is somewhat weaker than with amitriptyline. According to revealed differences in this work between the pharmacological activities of amitripytlinoxide and those of other tricyclic antidepressants, it became reasonable to undertake further studies to investigate its main and side effects.", "contents": "Central nervous effects of a new tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptylinoxide). The central action of amitriptylinoxide was investigated in mice and rats using established models. The substance was found to possess antidepressant, drive-promoting properties which correspond to amitriptyline in their intensity or are superior even. In addition the pharmacodynamic spectrum of amitriptylinoxide displays a sedative component that is considered a desirable accompanying effect but is somewhat weaker than with amitriptyline. According to revealed differences in this work between the pharmacological activities of amitripytlinoxide and those of other tricyclic antidepressants, it became reasonable to undertake further studies to investigate its main and side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:261812", "title": "A consideration of risk factors and development of chronic bronchitis in a five-year follow-up study of an industrial population.", "content": "A five-year follow-up study in an industrial population showed that the prevalence and development of chest symptoms in men was related mainly to their smoking habits and, to a lesser degree, to age. Mean FEV1 values were related to age, and decrease in FEV1 was related to age and smoking habits. The levels of airborne dust and fluorides at the working places were related to the prevalence of chronic bronchitis (CB) symptoms, to the persistence of those symptoms during the five-year period, and to decrease of FEV1 values during that time. The decrease in FEV1 was especially noticeable among current smokers. The five-year incidence study showed that particular occupational factors do indeed have a real effect, but their meaning in the development of the CB syndrome is less marked than was expected from the prevalence rates.", "contents": "A consideration of risk factors and development of chronic bronchitis in a five-year follow-up study of an industrial population. A five-year follow-up study in an industrial population showed that the prevalence and development of chest symptoms in men was related mainly to their smoking habits and, to a lesser degree, to age. Mean FEV1 values were related to age, and decrease in FEV1 was related to age and smoking habits. The levels of airborne dust and fluorides at the working places were related to the prevalence of chronic bronchitis (CB) symptoms, to the persistence of those symptoms during the five-year period, and to decrease of FEV1 values during that time. The decrease in FEV1 was especially noticeable among current smokers. The five-year incidence study showed that particular occupational factors do indeed have a real effect, but their meaning in the development of the CB syndrome is less marked than was expected from the prevalence rates."}
{"id": "PMID:261814", "title": "Studies of factors regulating the ageing of human erythrocytes. II. Metabolic depletion of erythrocytes is not accompanied by a decrease of their sialic acid content during blood bank storage.", "content": "Erythrocytes from human blood stored at 5 degrees C in anticoagulant-preservative solutions are considered, after a period from 21 to 24 days, unsuitable for transfusion. The nonviability of the cells appears due to metabolic impairment accompanied by a change of the biophysical properties of the cell but surprisingly not to a decrease of sialic acid of the membrane. The absence of proteolysis can be attributed to calcium chelation and to the stable levels of plasma protease inhibitors throughout the storage period. In fact, when erythrocytes are incubated for several days at 5 degrees C in protein-free media, release of sialopeptides from the membrane increases slowly and steadily, particularly if the medium is without glucose and adenine but contains divalent cations. Moreover, this phenomenon is strikingly amplified when incubation in protein-free media is carried out at 37 degrees C and once the ATP level has fallen below 5% of its initial value.", "contents": "Studies of factors regulating the ageing of human erythrocytes. II. Metabolic depletion of erythrocytes is not accompanied by a decrease of their sialic acid content during blood bank storage. Erythrocytes from human blood stored at 5 degrees C in anticoagulant-preservative solutions are considered, after a period from 21 to 24 days, unsuitable for transfusion. The nonviability of the cells appears due to metabolic impairment accompanied by a change of the biophysical properties of the cell but surprisingly not to a decrease of sialic acid of the membrane. The absence of proteolysis can be attributed to calcium chelation and to the stable levels of plasma protease inhibitors throughout the storage period. In fact, when erythrocytes are incubated for several days at 5 degrees C in protein-free media, release of sialopeptides from the membrane increases slowly and steadily, particularly if the medium is without glucose and adenine but contains divalent cations. Moreover, this phenomenon is strikingly amplified when incubation in protein-free media is carried out at 37 degrees C and once the ATP level has fallen below 5% of its initial value."}
{"id": "PMID:261815", "title": "[Preliminary scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the rat renal parenchyma after microdissection].", "content": "Rat kidneys weighting between 250 and 300 g. were treated in HCl. A single nephron observed through SEM shows that the above treatment doesn't interfere with the ultrastructural morphology of nephron.", "contents": "[Preliminary scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the rat renal parenchyma after microdissection]. Rat kidneys weighting between 250 and 300 g. were treated in HCl. A single nephron observed through SEM shows that the above treatment doesn't interfere with the ultrastructural morphology of nephron."}
{"id": "PMID:261816", "title": "[Rapid method for identifying Candida of medical importance].", "content": "A rapid identification method of Candida yeasts of medical interest is proposed. It calls for morphological examinations (germ-tube and chlamydospore-test included), and reduced fermentation as well as assimilation tests, performed at defined temperature and inoculum concentration values.", "contents": "[Rapid method for identifying Candida of medical importance]. A rapid identification method of Candida yeasts of medical interest is proposed. It calls for morphological examinations (germ-tube and chlamydospore-test included), and reduced fermentation as well as assimilation tests, performed at defined temperature and inoculum concentration values."}
{"id": "PMID:261817", "title": "[Evaluation of the degree of maturation of the cervico-vaginal epithelium in normal, inflammatory and dysendocrine states].", "content": "The AA. have determined the maximum percentage of the para-basal cells compatible with a phlogistic state resulting from the exam of 2400 cervical and vaginal smears from women of various ages that were not following therapies able to falsify the evaluations of the endocrine situations. At the objective exam the patients had no sure signs of erosions, thyroid illnesses, vitamin deficiency or cervical metaplasia. The aim of the research was to find a criteria of evaluation of the endocrine situations of the patients, that were not easily influenced by the variations of the karyopyknotic index and acidophilix that are met in the course of numerous illnesses.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the degree of maturation of the cervico-vaginal epithelium in normal, inflammatory and dysendocrine states]. The AA. have determined the maximum percentage of the para-basal cells compatible with a phlogistic state resulting from the exam of 2400 cervical and vaginal smears from women of various ages that were not following therapies able to falsify the evaluations of the endocrine situations. At the objective exam the patients had no sure signs of erosions, thyroid illnesses, vitamin deficiency or cervical metaplasia. The aim of the research was to find a criteria of evaluation of the endocrine situations of the patients, that were not easily influenced by the variations of the karyopyknotic index and acidophilix that are met in the course of numerous illnesses."}
{"id": "PMID:261818", "title": "[Role of the prostaglandin system in the monoaminergic control of prolactin release in the rat].", "content": "In ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol benzoate, the pre-treatment with bromocriptine or metergoline on increase of PRL secretion induced by some prostaglandins has been investigated. The PGs used were able to hinder the drop in PRL levels induced by metergoline, a blocker of 5-HT receptors, but not that produced by bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist. Therefore it is possible to suppose that the PGs are involved in the monoaminergic hypothalamic regulation of the PRL secretion.", "contents": "[Role of the prostaglandin system in the monoaminergic control of prolactin release in the rat]. In ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol benzoate, the pre-treatment with bromocriptine or metergoline on increase of PRL secretion induced by some prostaglandins has been investigated. The PGs used were able to hinder the drop in PRL levels induced by metergoline, a blocker of 5-HT receptors, but not that produced by bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist. Therefore it is possible to suppose that the PGs are involved in the monoaminergic hypothalamic regulation of the PRL secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:261819", "title": "[Standardization criteria for the study of fetal lung maturity by means of gas-liquid chromatography of the fatty acid content of the amniotic fluid].", "content": "Gas-chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids (P/S ratio) in 10 samples of amniotic fluid and 10 samples of the pellets obtained after centrifugation of amniotic fluid at 3500 X g for 60 minutes were carried out to evaluate the effects of contaminants that might be present in amniotic fluid. The P/S ratio is used as an index of the degree of maturity of the fetal or neonatal lung. We propose a standard procedure of centrifugation for 60 minutes at 3500 X g followed by extraction and gas-chromatography as a rapid, valid way to measure the P/S ratio.", "contents": "[Standardization criteria for the study of fetal lung maturity by means of gas-liquid chromatography of the fatty acid content of the amniotic fluid]. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids (P/S ratio) in 10 samples of amniotic fluid and 10 samples of the pellets obtained after centrifugation of amniotic fluid at 3500 X g for 60 minutes were carried out to evaluate the effects of contaminants that might be present in amniotic fluid. The P/S ratio is used as an index of the degree of maturity of the fetal or neonatal lung. We propose a standard procedure of centrifugation for 60 minutes at 3500 X g followed by extraction and gas-chromatography as a rapid, valid way to measure the P/S ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:261820", "title": "[Parenteral penicillin in rats: an experimental model of periodic EEG activity].", "content": "Parenteral G Penicillin has been administered to 10 rats and EEG pattern has been recorded. High voltage spikes appeared on one hemisphere, 12 to 25 minutes after injections. Gradually spike frequency and voltage increased till periodical EEG was observed  on both hemispheres. Such activity was synchronous, symmetrical, stereotyped and often accompanied by myoclonias. This pattern lasted from 45 to 100 minutes. The authors underline the analogies with the Ouabain model of epilepsy and with periodical EEG patterns in man.", "contents": "[Parenteral penicillin in rats: an experimental model of periodic EEG activity]. Parenteral G Penicillin has been administered to 10 rats and EEG pattern has been recorded. High voltage spikes appeared on one hemisphere, 12 to 25 minutes after injections. Gradually spike frequency and voltage increased till periodical EEG was observed  on both hemispheres. Such activity was synchronous, symmetrical, stereotyped and often accompanied by myoclonias. This pattern lasted from 45 to 100 minutes. The authors underline the analogies with the Ouabain model of epilepsy and with periodical EEG patterns in man."}
{"id": "PMID:261821", "title": "[Effect of mescaline on cerebral cholinesterases and on exploratory behavior in rats].", "content": "In this study the Authors had the purpose to evaluate the action of a psychotomimetic substance (mescaline) on behavior (exploring behaviour and spontaneous motility) and on cerebral biochemistry (cholinesterase activity) of rat. The mescaline has shown to be active both on behaviour (increasing the spontaneous motility) and on biochemistry (decreasing the total cholinesterase activity). From the examination of the results of this work it could be cautiously assumed the hypothesis that the behavioural effects of mescaline are related (at least partially) to modifications of the cholinergic system at the cerebral level.", "contents": "[Effect of mescaline on cerebral cholinesterases and on exploratory behavior in rats]. In this study the Authors had the purpose to evaluate the action of a psychotomimetic substance (mescaline) on behavior (exploring behaviour and spontaneous motility) and on cerebral biochemistry (cholinesterase activity) of rat. The mescaline has shown to be active both on behaviour (increasing the spontaneous motility) and on biochemistry (decreasing the total cholinesterase activity). From the examination of the results of this work it could be cautiously assumed the hypothesis that the behavioural effects of mescaline are related (at least partially) to modifications of the cholinergic system at the cerebral level."}
{"id": "PMID:261822", "title": "[Effect of LSD-25 on cholinesterases of the rat brain].", "content": "The indications for investigation on the LSD-25 \"in vivo\" activity on brain cholinesterases of the rat, have been considered. Indications of materials and method used have been supplied too. From the results obtained it emerged no clear evidence of a statistically significant inhibition of cholinesterases due to LSD-25. The results have been discussed and it has been evidenced that the lack of action of the psychotomimetic substance on cholinesterases could be only apparent or that the discrepancy between the LSD-25 anticholinesterase \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" action should be ascribed to the too scarce tissue levels which can be reached with the does utilized. Apart from the hypothesis, tending to explain the results obtained, it has been considered that the LSD-25 behavioural action, is not probably carried out thanks to a cholinesterase activity.", "contents": "[Effect of LSD-25 on cholinesterases of the rat brain]. The indications for investigation on the LSD-25 \"in vivo\" activity on brain cholinesterases of the rat, have been considered. Indications of materials and method used have been supplied too. From the results obtained it emerged no clear evidence of a statistically significant inhibition of cholinesterases due to LSD-25. The results have been discussed and it has been evidenced that the lack of action of the psychotomimetic substance on cholinesterases could be only apparent or that the discrepancy between the LSD-25 anticholinesterase \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" action should be ascribed to the too scarce tissue levels which can be reached with the does utilized. Apart from the hypothesis, tending to explain the results obtained, it has been considered that the LSD-25 behavioural action, is not probably carried out thanks to a cholinesterase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:261823", "title": "[Effect of scopolamine on the memory of exploratory behavior in the mouse].", "content": "In the present work it has been evaluated the action of scopolamine on the extent of exploration in mice, whose exploring behaviour had been already earlier examined. Such behaviour has been evaluated using a hole-board. The goal has been to detect the influence of the substance on the short-term memory of mice. The method used has shown to be effective. By the exam of the results of this work it can be concluded that the scopolamine at a dose of 1 mg/kg has an evidence effect of short-time memory in mice by causing a hypomnesia.", "contents": "[Effect of scopolamine on the memory of exploratory behavior in the mouse]. In the present work it has been evaluated the action of scopolamine on the extent of exploration in mice, whose exploring behaviour had been already earlier examined. Such behaviour has been evaluated using a hole-board. The goal has been to detect the influence of the substance on the short-term memory of mice. The method used has shown to be effective. By the exam of the results of this work it can be concluded that the scopolamine at a dose of 1 mg/kg has an evidence effect of short-time memory in mice by causing a hypomnesia."}
{"id": "PMID:261824", "title": "[Kinetics of 14C-cholic acid in the baboon under normal conditions and in cholestasis. Description and validity of a multicompartmental model].", "content": "A multicompartmental model was applied to the study of the plasmatic and biliary kinetics of the 14C-Cholic acid intravenously injected into a baboon in normal and cholestatic condition. For the evaluation of transfer rates FORTAN IV procedures were used, utilizing Powell method. The degree of fitting was: in normal condition in serum 7% for free and 35% for conjugated Cholic acid, while in bile 5% and 4% respectively; in serum in cholestatic condition 7% for free and 12% for conjugates. The high degree of fitting and reliable estimation of transfer rates suggest that the multicompartmental model applied represents most likely the physio-pathological conditions studied.", "contents": "[Kinetics of 14C-cholic acid in the baboon under normal conditions and in cholestasis. Description and validity of a multicompartmental model]. A multicompartmental model was applied to the study of the plasmatic and biliary kinetics of the 14C-Cholic acid intravenously injected into a baboon in normal and cholestatic condition. For the evaluation of transfer rates FORTAN IV procedures were used, utilizing Powell method. The degree of fitting was: in normal condition in serum 7% for free and 35% for conjugated Cholic acid, while in bile 5% and 4% respectively; in serum in cholestatic condition 7% for free and 12% for conjugates. The high degree of fitting and reliable estimation of transfer rates suggest that the multicompartmental model applied represents most likely the physio-pathological conditions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:261931", "title": "[Epidemiologic study of the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mokolo (North Cameroon)].", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis are studied in the North of Cameroon. All of them are living in an area located not further than 30 miles away from Mokolo. Both sexes are equally concerned. Young adults are representing the age group the most frequently infected. The greatest number of cases is observed in August and September during the rainy season. Uncovered parts of the body, the face and the limbs, are mostly concerned. They are only one, or more often many different lesions, which are separated one from the next, and which are evoluting naturally towards cicatrization, leaving usually a cicatricial mark. Diagnosis is achieved by discovering the Leishman-bodies in the smears or in the skin sections.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic study of the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mokolo (North Cameroon)]. Fifty-eight patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis are studied in the North of Cameroon. All of them are living in an area located not further than 30 miles away from Mokolo. Both sexes are equally concerned. Young adults are representing the age group the most frequently infected. The greatest number of cases is observed in August and September during the rainy season. Uncovered parts of the body, the face and the limbs, are mostly concerned. They are only one, or more often many different lesions, which are separated one from the next, and which are evoluting naturally towards cicatrization, leaving usually a cicatricial mark. Diagnosis is achieved by discovering the Leishman-bodies in the smears or in the skin sections."}
{"id": "PMID:261932", "title": "[Ecology of the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region of Thies (Senegal, West Africa). 3. Evaluation of the endemicity in the human population].", "content": "During the epidemiological survey of the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of Keur-Moussa, the authors try to evaluate the disease frequency by using various epidemiological indices. The incidence showed variations from year to year (from 3.31 p. 1,000 in 1976 to 0.26 p. 1,000 in 1978). A 12.4% prevalence rate was established from a systemic investigation in January 1978. During the same survey, 57.8% of the population had a positive leishmanin skin test. The value and significance of these different rates are then discussed.", "contents": "[Ecology of the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region of Thies (Senegal, West Africa). 3. Evaluation of the endemicity in the human population]. During the epidemiological survey of the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of Keur-Moussa, the authors try to evaluate the disease frequency by using various epidemiological indices. The incidence showed variations from year to year (from 3.31 p. 1,000 in 1976 to 0.26 p. 1,000 in 1978). A 12.4% prevalence rate was established from a systemic investigation in January 1978. During the same survey, 57.8% of the population had a positive leishmanin skin test. The value and significance of these different rates are then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261934", "title": "[Initial therapeutic trials of an antibilharzial agent, 35 972 R.P. in man].", "content": "35,972 R. P. is a new schistosomicidal drug deriving from a thione dithiole pyrazinyl basic structure. It has been assessed with 125 patients suffering from an urinary tract schistosomiasis (69 cases) or from an intestinal schistosomiasis (56 cases). Five regimens have been followed. The last one was 1.50 g/day over 3 days and it included 75 patients. The clinical tolerance was satisfactory although vomiting was reported in 16 % cases and headaches were noted in 21 % cases. The efficiency was remarkable as 97 % patients were cured. New studies are been performed on a one day treatment basis.", "contents": "[Initial therapeutic trials of an antibilharzial agent, 35 972 R.P. in man]. 35,972 R. P. is a new schistosomicidal drug deriving from a thione dithiole pyrazinyl basic structure. It has been assessed with 125 patients suffering from an urinary tract schistosomiasis (69 cases) or from an intestinal schistosomiasis (56 cases). Five regimens have been followed. The last one was 1.50 g/day over 3 days and it included 75 patients. The clinical tolerance was satisfactory although vomiting was reported in 16 % cases and headaches were noted in 21 % cases. The efficiency was remarkable as 97 % patients were cured. New studies are been performed on a one day treatment basis."}
{"id": "PMID:261947", "title": "[Contribution of Hoffmann's reflex, evoked on the soleus muscle, to the study of nerve conduction velocity from birth to age 5].", "content": "We tried to appreciate the maturation of the peripheric nervous system, in children from two days to five years old, by electrophysiological technics. Hoffmann's monosynaptic reflex is recorded on the soleus muscle and conduction velocity is calculated on the motor tibial nerve. So, we can follow the conduction velocities on the proximal and distal part of this nerve, from birth to five years of life. The conduction velocities develop in a parallel and approximately exponential way. The proximal conduction velocity remains always faster than the distal one but their difference decreases during the first 18 months of life and then remains constant. The evolution of the proximal conduction velocity explains that the conduction time slightly but significantly decreases during the first year of life in contrast to the increase of the nerve length. So, during the first year of life, nervous system maturation gets on very quickly and anticipates the skeletal growth.", "contents": "[Contribution of Hoffmann's reflex, evoked on the soleus muscle, to the study of nerve conduction velocity from birth to age 5]. We tried to appreciate the maturation of the peripheric nervous system, in children from two days to five years old, by electrophysiological technics. Hoffmann's monosynaptic reflex is recorded on the soleus muscle and conduction velocity is calculated on the motor tibial nerve. So, we can follow the conduction velocities on the proximal and distal part of this nerve, from birth to five years of life. The conduction velocities develop in a parallel and approximately exponential way. The proximal conduction velocity remains always faster than the distal one but their difference decreases during the first 18 months of life and then remains constant. The evolution of the proximal conduction velocity explains that the conduction time slightly but significantly decreases during the first year of life in contrast to the increase of the nerve length. So, during the first year of life, nervous system maturation gets on very quickly and anticipates the skeletal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:261948", "title": "[The recruitment of motor units during elbow flexions in man].", "content": "The density of spikes of spike output (SO) recorded by means of three bifilar semimicroelectrodes simultaneously implanted in the biceps brachii has been studied during elbow flexions performed against inertia and with a variable velocity (anisometric, anisotonic contractions). The total number of motor unit (MU) potentials as well as the force were sequentially measured during intervals of 30 msec. SO obtained during movements of very similar mechanical characteristics was different from one movement to another. However, when a small number of identical movements was summed an averaged SO was obtained that was representative of the instantaneous global activity of the biceps. Taking into account the respective values of the bin duration and of the interval between two successive discharges of a single MU, the averaged SO represents the number of active MU during the acceleration phase of the movement. Since in this type of movement the frequency discharge of each MU decreases during the acceleration phase, it appears that the increase of averaged SO represents the recruitment of MU during the movement. From the relation established between the instantaneous values of So and force it can be concluded that the shape of force increase in anisometric, anisotonic conditions is entirely related to that of MU recruitment, although the absolute value of force depends on both the firing frequency and the number of active MUs.", "contents": "[The recruitment of motor units during elbow flexions in man]. The density of spikes of spike output (SO) recorded by means of three bifilar semimicroelectrodes simultaneously implanted in the biceps brachii has been studied during elbow flexions performed against inertia and with a variable velocity (anisometric, anisotonic contractions). The total number of motor unit (MU) potentials as well as the force were sequentially measured during intervals of 30 msec. SO obtained during movements of very similar mechanical characteristics was different from one movement to another. However, when a small number of identical movements was summed an averaged SO was obtained that was representative of the instantaneous global activity of the biceps. Taking into account the respective values of the bin duration and of the interval between two successive discharges of a single MU, the averaged SO represents the number of active MU during the acceleration phase of the movement. Since in this type of movement the frequency discharge of each MU decreases during the acceleration phase, it appears that the increase of averaged SO represents the recruitment of MU during the movement. From the relation established between the instantaneous values of So and force it can be concluded that the shape of force increase in anisometric, anisotonic conditions is entirely related to that of MU recruitment, although the absolute value of force depends on both the firing frequency and the number of active MUs."}
{"id": "PMID:261951", "title": "[Significance of electromyography of the diaphragm in respiratory physiopathology].", "content": "Adequate electromyographic method are available in order to record the electrical activity of the vertebral (oesophageal surface electrodes) and the right or left costal (concentric needle electrodes) parts of the diaphragm and in order to stabilize the EMG's base line (rejection of the electrical movement's artefacts by means of RC filters). The electromyographic patterns of the agonistic and antagonistic activity of the diaphragm in normal subjects have been clearly defined in different circumstances such as quiet ventilation and hyperventilation. Disturbances of the ventilatory diaphragmatic activity have been demonstrated by electromyography in different diseases: broncho-pneumopathies; supraspinal disorders, myopathies. In normal subjects, global motor responses of the diaphragm to the electrical stimulation of each phrenic nerve can be easily recorded with surface electrodes located in the oesophageal hiatus or placed over the lower intercostal spaces. The phrenic nerve conduction times was measured in 30 normal adults. The average value of this parameter was 7,5 +/- 0,53 msec for excitation on the right side and 8,2 +/- 0,71 on the left. The measurement of the phrenic nerve conduction time seems to provide a sensitive index of involvement of the nerve in diaphragmatic dyskinesias. Prolongation of conduction time was demonstrated in phrenic lesions of various aetiologies such as: peripheral polyneuropathies, traumatic sequelae, mediastinal tumors, phrenic neuritis or idiopathic diaphragmatic paresis. Electrical phrenic stimulation and prostigmin have permitted to establish the diagnosis of myasthenic bloc of the phrenodiaphragmatic transmission.", "contents": "[Significance of electromyography of the diaphragm in respiratory physiopathology]. Adequate electromyographic method are available in order to record the electrical activity of the vertebral (oesophageal surface electrodes) and the right or left costal (concentric needle electrodes) parts of the diaphragm and in order to stabilize the EMG's base line (rejection of the electrical movement's artefacts by means of RC filters). The electromyographic patterns of the agonistic and antagonistic activity of the diaphragm in normal subjects have been clearly defined in different circumstances such as quiet ventilation and hyperventilation. Disturbances of the ventilatory diaphragmatic activity have been demonstrated by electromyography in different diseases: broncho-pneumopathies; supraspinal disorders, myopathies. In normal subjects, global motor responses of the diaphragm to the electrical stimulation of each phrenic nerve can be easily recorded with surface electrodes located in the oesophageal hiatus or placed over the lower intercostal spaces. The phrenic nerve conduction times was measured in 30 normal adults. The average value of this parameter was 7,5 +/- 0,53 msec for excitation on the right side and 8,2 +/- 0,71 on the left. The measurement of the phrenic nerve conduction time seems to provide a sensitive index of involvement of the nerve in diaphragmatic dyskinesias. Prolongation of conduction time was demonstrated in phrenic lesions of various aetiologies such as: peripheral polyneuropathies, traumatic sequelae, mediastinal tumors, phrenic neuritis or idiopathic diaphragmatic paresis. Electrical phrenic stimulation and prostigmin have permitted to establish the diagnosis of myasthenic bloc of the phrenodiaphragmatic transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:261954", "title": "[The causes of death after acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a brief outline on problems concerning methodology, the cause of death is analysed in 110 patients dying from acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization. Autopsy studied were carried out in 78 cases. Of the various causes, the most frequent were forms of contractile insufficiency (EPA, shock, shock + EPA, biventricular congestive heart failure) which were responsible for 50.90% of cases; followed by cardiac rupture (considered in a single group with electromechanic dissociations of the patients not submitted to autopsy studies since in the experience of the Authors cardiac rupture almost always presents with this pattern) with a frequency of 29%. The frequency of arrhythmias, on the other hand, is very low, particularly in the coronary care unit where it is practically a negligible causa mortis 2.72%): even if sudden death, in patients who were not monitored, is included amongst the arrhythmias, the percentage is still only about 10%. Embolism (usually pulmonary, but systemic in one case) was the cause of death in 5 patients (4.54%). Three patients over 80 years of age died from ischemic cerebral episodes. Age, sex, and site of infarction, do not appear, in the present series, to have a determinant effect in the cause of death; a higher frequency of rupture in the female sex was not, for example, confirmed. On the basis of the observations in the present series, any relationship between cardiac rupture and anticoagulating therapy, steroid treatment, application of endocavitary stimulators, or early ambulation is excluded. It is also excluded that reanimation, as hypothesized by some Authors, may be responsible for rupture.", "contents": "[The causes of death after acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Following a brief outline on problems concerning methodology, the cause of death is analysed in 110 patients dying from acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization. Autopsy studied were carried out in 78 cases. Of the various causes, the most frequent were forms of contractile insufficiency (EPA, shock, shock + EPA, biventricular congestive heart failure) which were responsible for 50.90% of cases; followed by cardiac rupture (considered in a single group with electromechanic dissociations of the patients not submitted to autopsy studies since in the experience of the Authors cardiac rupture almost always presents with this pattern) with a frequency of 29%. The frequency of arrhythmias, on the other hand, is very low, particularly in the coronary care unit where it is practically a negligible causa mortis 2.72%): even if sudden death, in patients who were not monitored, is included amongst the arrhythmias, the percentage is still only about 10%. Embolism (usually pulmonary, but systemic in one case) was the cause of death in 5 patients (4.54%). Three patients over 80 years of age died from ischemic cerebral episodes. Age, sex, and site of infarction, do not appear, in the present series, to have a determinant effect in the cause of death; a higher frequency of rupture in the female sex was not, for example, confirmed. On the basis of the observations in the present series, any relationship between cardiac rupture and anticoagulating therapy, steroid treatment, application of endocavitary stimulators, or early ambulation is excluded. It is also excluded that reanimation, as hypothesized by some Authors, may be responsible for rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:261955", "title": "[The evolution of cardiac impairment in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Electrovector-cardiographic, polycardiographic and echocardiographic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have submitted to an electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, mechanocardiographic and echocardiographic investigation 4 cases with Duchenne's disease, which had already been studied by the Authors several years before. The longitudinal study has demonstrated, above all, the striking capacity of the electrocardiographic aspects of the disease to evolve from a normal to a \"pseudo-necrotic\" pattern. Such evolution, among other things, provides an important argument against the interpretation that attributes the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic changes in the initial stages of the disease to a persistence of a QRS loop of infantile type on a genetic basis. But for rare exceptions, the systolic time intervals and kinetocardiogram, which showed early indicative changes on the first examination, have successively shown easily predictable behavior considering the poor cardiovascular conditions of the patients on the second examination. The echocardiogram has proved useful in demonstrating the morphological and functional changes of the ventricular walls and of the interventricular septum, besides the eventual associated mitral valve prolapse. The echocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular performance in quantitative terms, however, seems somewhat unreliable owing to the difficulty of obtaining technically good images, due to the thoracic deformity. The dystrophic changes recently observed in the myocardium even at ultrastructural level can probably explain not only the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities but also the kinetocardiographic and echocardiographic changes. Among the above mentioned theoretical and practical considerations the possibility should be underlined that some cases of cardiomyopathy labelled as \"primary\" are in fact unrecognized dystrophic cardiomyopathies.", "contents": "[The evolution of cardiac impairment in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Electrovector-cardiographic, polycardiographic and echocardiographic aspects (author's transl)]. The Authors have submitted to an electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, mechanocardiographic and echocardiographic investigation 4 cases with Duchenne's disease, which had already been studied by the Authors several years before. The longitudinal study has demonstrated, above all, the striking capacity of the electrocardiographic aspects of the disease to evolve from a normal to a \"pseudo-necrotic\" pattern. Such evolution, among other things, provides an important argument against the interpretation that attributes the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic changes in the initial stages of the disease to a persistence of a QRS loop of infantile type on a genetic basis. But for rare exceptions, the systolic time intervals and kinetocardiogram, which showed early indicative changes on the first examination, have successively shown easily predictable behavior considering the poor cardiovascular conditions of the patients on the second examination. The echocardiogram has proved useful in demonstrating the morphological and functional changes of the ventricular walls and of the interventricular septum, besides the eventual associated mitral valve prolapse. The echocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular performance in quantitative terms, however, seems somewhat unreliable owing to the difficulty of obtaining technically good images, due to the thoracic deformity. The dystrophic changes recently observed in the myocardium even at ultrastructural level can probably explain not only the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities but also the kinetocardiographic and echocardiographic changes. Among the above mentioned theoretical and practical considerations the possibility should be underlined that some cases of cardiomyopathy labelled as \"primary\" are in fact unrecognized dystrophic cardiomyopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:261956", "title": "[Comparative echocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study of 17 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiac impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well known since many years. Degeneration of myocardial fibers and progressive scarring of the left ventricle, especially in the postero-basal and lateral portions, represent the habitual cardiac pathologic features of post-mortem investigations. Nevertheless many questions about etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of \"DMD cardiomyopathy\" are still debated. Clinical, vectorcardiographic (VCG) and echocardiographic (ECO) data of 17 patients suffering from DMD are here reported. Patients were subdivided in two groups according to age: A) subjects from 4 to 10 yrs. (mean 0.22 +/- 1.82 yrs.), 10 cases; B) subjects from 11 to 20 yrs. (mean 15.2 +/- 2.8 yrs.), 7 cases. Both patients groups were compared with age-matched normal controls (group A1 and B1). Our results show: 1) cardiac clinical symptoms and signs, even if is present in infancy, become more evident in adult age; 2) echocardiogram allows an early diagnosis and accurate follow-up of such cardiac pathology. Group A patients, in comparison with his own control group, exhibited a significant impairment of the left ventricular function indexes (PWE, IVSE, SV, Vcf, EF%, delta S%). Moreover the older group of patients (group B), besides the alteration of the above mentioned indexes, exhibited a significant decrease of the PWT and an impairment of DEVM. This, in agreement with other Authors, gives evidence to the progressive deteriorating of cardiac function in DMD. 3) A significant correlation between ECO and VCG data is lacking. Nevertheless VCG also displays a clear tendency to get worse with age. Vectorcardiographic features well agree with the post-mortem findings of a progressive but scattered myocardial fibrosis with elective localization in postero-basal and lateral (free wall) portions of left ventricle. 4) For the most part, in our patients, cardiological instrumental findings (ECO and VCG) are well in agreement with clinical data and natural history of \"DMD cardiomyopathy\". The afore said methods of investigation appear very useful in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of such patients.", "contents": "[Comparative echocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study of 17 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (author's transl)]. Cardiac impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is well known since many years. Degeneration of myocardial fibers and progressive scarring of the left ventricle, especially in the postero-basal and lateral portions, represent the habitual cardiac pathologic features of post-mortem investigations. Nevertheless many questions about etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of \"DMD cardiomyopathy\" are still debated. Clinical, vectorcardiographic (VCG) and echocardiographic (ECO) data of 17 patients suffering from DMD are here reported. Patients were subdivided in two groups according to age: A) subjects from 4 to 10 yrs. (mean 0.22 +/- 1.82 yrs.), 10 cases; B) subjects from 11 to 20 yrs. (mean 15.2 +/- 2.8 yrs.), 7 cases. Both patients groups were compared with age-matched normal controls (group A1 and B1). Our results show: 1) cardiac clinical symptoms and signs, even if is present in infancy, become more evident in adult age; 2) echocardiogram allows an early diagnosis and accurate follow-up of such cardiac pathology. Group A patients, in comparison with his own control group, exhibited a significant impairment of the left ventricular function indexes (PWE, IVSE, SV, Vcf, EF%, delta S%). Moreover the older group of patients (group B), besides the alteration of the above mentioned indexes, exhibited a significant decrease of the PWT and an impairment of DEVM. This, in agreement with other Authors, gives evidence to the progressive deteriorating of cardiac function in DMD. 3) A significant correlation between ECO and VCG data is lacking. Nevertheless VCG also displays a clear tendency to get worse with age. Vectorcardiographic features well agree with the post-mortem findings of a progressive but scattered myocardial fibrosis with elective localization in postero-basal and lateral (free wall) portions of left ventricle. 4) For the most part, in our patients, cardiological instrumental findings (ECO and VCG) are well in agreement with clinical data and natural history of \"DMD cardiomyopathy\". The afore said methods of investigation appear very useful in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:261957", "title": "[Metoprolol effect on ECG exercise test in patients with stable angina pectoris. Computer analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of metoprolol in ECG experiments induced by a treadmill exercise test, was studied in 30 patients with stable angina pectoris. The study was a simple blind cross-over between metoprolol (150 mg/die) and placebo. The evaluation of ECG recordings (V5 lead) was carried out by a computer program. In order to assess the ST-segment depression, the ST 0.8 (Depression at 80 msec after R-peak) and AST (ST area) values were used. We observed an increased exercise tolerance after administration of metoprolol (P less than 0.001) and a significant reduction of ST segment depression for ST 0.8 (P less than 0.01) and AST (P less than 0.005) at the maximal commun work load attained by every patient in the metoprolol and placebo tests. When the evaluation of ECG measurements were performed at the maximal commun double product no significant modifications were observed.", "contents": "[Metoprolol effect on ECG exercise test in patients with stable angina pectoris. Computer analysis (author's transl)]. The effect of metoprolol in ECG experiments induced by a treadmill exercise test, was studied in 30 patients with stable angina pectoris. The study was a simple blind cross-over between metoprolol (150 mg/die) and placebo. The evaluation of ECG recordings (V5 lead) was carried out by a computer program. In order to assess the ST-segment depression, the ST 0.8 (Depression at 80 msec after R-peak) and AST (ST area) values were used. We observed an increased exercise tolerance after administration of metoprolol (P less than 0.001) and a significant reduction of ST segment depression for ST 0.8 (P less than 0.01) and AST (P less than 0.005) at the maximal commun work load attained by every patient in the metoprolol and placebo tests. When the evaluation of ECG measurements were performed at the maximal commun double product no significant modifications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:261958", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter) and of the electrophysiologic testings in patients with sino-atrial node dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "A twenty-four hours electrocardiographic recording and an electrophysiological study were performed in 48 patients with sinus bradycardia, 21 of them with symptoms suggesting a sino-atrial dysfunction. Both methods, and independently one each other, were not diagnostic in all symptomatic patients; on the contrary, they showed sinus dysfunction in patients without symptoms related to sino-atrial node dysfunction. These results induce to conclude that the two methods are complementary and that their results must be ever critically accepted, especially when a permanent cardiac pacing is indicated. Because of their not high sensitivity, some patients with sinus dysfunction are not recognised; there-after, the diagnosis is only possible, in these cases, on the base of clinical-signs.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter) and of the electrophysiologic testings in patients with sino-atrial node dysfunction (author's transl)]. A twenty-four hours electrocardiographic recording and an electrophysiological study were performed in 48 patients with sinus bradycardia, 21 of them with symptoms suggesting a sino-atrial dysfunction. Both methods, and independently one each other, were not diagnostic in all symptomatic patients; on the contrary, they showed sinus dysfunction in patients without symptoms related to sino-atrial node dysfunction. These results induce to conclude that the two methods are complementary and that their results must be ever critically accepted, especially when a permanent cardiac pacing is indicated. Because of their not high sensitivity, some patients with sinus dysfunction are not recognised; there-after, the diagnosis is only possible, in these cases, on the base of clinical-signs."}
{"id": "PMID:261959", "title": "[On the possibility of determining preoperatively the real diameter of aortic annulus (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of determining the real size of the aortic annulus on the basis of adequate angiocardiographic measurements has been retrospectively verified in a group of 10 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement. A good correlation (r = 0.99) was found between the predicted diameter of the aortic annulus and the size of the valve inserted at operation. The useful implications associated with prediction of the diameter of the aortic annulus are discussed.", "contents": "[On the possibility of determining preoperatively the real diameter of aortic annulus (author's transl)]. The possibility of determining the real size of the aortic annulus on the basis of adequate angiocardiographic measurements has been retrospectively verified in a group of 10 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement. A good correlation (r = 0.99) was found between the predicted diameter of the aortic annulus and the size of the valve inserted at operation. The useful implications associated with prediction of the diameter of the aortic annulus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261960", "title": "[Stenosis of the common trunk of the left coronary artery. Personal experience with 17 patients].", "content": "The Authors have presented the clinical, hemodynamic, coronary arteriographic and left ventriculographic findings, and the results of medical and surgical treatment in 17 patients with main left coronary artery disease (MLCA). Clinically MLCA disease can only be suspected, in the AA's experience, if a patient presents with markedly positive exercise stress test and/or unstable angina. Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography confirmed the high incidence of associated 2-3 vessel coronary artery disease and of severe left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities. Surgical results and clinical follow up have indicated a better prognosis and quality of life in operated, compared with medically treated patients. Our experience confirms that MLCA disease is a dangerous clinical entity, which, when suspected, must be managed with proper indication to coronary arteriography and aorto-coronary bypass surgery, both associated, in our experience, with acceptable morbidity and mortality and good long term results.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the common trunk of the left coronary artery. Personal experience with 17 patients]. The Authors have presented the clinical, hemodynamic, coronary arteriographic and left ventriculographic findings, and the results of medical and surgical treatment in 17 patients with main left coronary artery disease (MLCA). Clinically MLCA disease can only be suspected, in the AA's experience, if a patient presents with markedly positive exercise stress test and/or unstable angina. Coronary arteriography and left ventriculography confirmed the high incidence of associated 2-3 vessel coronary artery disease and of severe left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities. Surgical results and clinical follow up have indicated a better prognosis and quality of life in operated, compared with medically treated patients. Our experience confirms that MLCA disease is a dangerous clinical entity, which, when suspected, must be managed with proper indication to coronary arteriography and aorto-coronary bypass surgery, both associated, in our experience, with acceptable morbidity and mortality and good long term results."}
{"id": "PMID:261961", "title": "[Cardiac rupture: a not infrequent complication of acute myocardial infarction. Report of five cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of cardiac rupture (CR) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (four men and one woman aged between 49 and 86 years, mean 64) are described. The incidence of CR was 4,7% of 106 cases of AMI and 20,8% of causes of death. In all cases, pathologic observations well agreed with electrocardiographic site of infarction. All patients had ECG pattern of transmural AMI: postero-inferior (2 cases), anterior (1 case); none of them had myocardial infarction in the past. Two patients had systolic hypertension on admission, during and immediately before death, and 3 patients were normotensive during the whole course of illness. All patients had severe, prolonged and resistant to opiate therapy chest pain, which reexacerbated immediately before death in two cases. 4 patients died within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Terminal ECG pattern was similar in these four cases: sudden sinus bradycardia and/or idio-ventricular rhythm, with a progressive slowing of heart rate and changes of QRS patterns of \"agonic\" type, preceded electrical activity cessation. In one patient, who died at the seventh day of illness, ventricular fibrillation was observed. The AA. stress the importance of the early recognition of clinical findings suggesting an impeding CR in order to relieve cardiac tamponade with pericardiocentesis and to perform, as soon as possible, surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Cardiac rupture: a not infrequent complication of acute myocardial infarction. Report of five cases (author's transl)]. Five cases of cardiac rupture (CR) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (four men and one woman aged between 49 and 86 years, mean 64) are described. The incidence of CR was 4,7% of 106 cases of AMI and 20,8% of causes of death. In all cases, pathologic observations well agreed with electrocardiographic site of infarction. All patients had ECG pattern of transmural AMI: postero-inferior (2 cases), anterior (1 case); none of them had myocardial infarction in the past. Two patients had systolic hypertension on admission, during and immediately before death, and 3 patients were normotensive during the whole course of illness. All patients had severe, prolonged and resistant to opiate therapy chest pain, which reexacerbated immediately before death in two cases. 4 patients died within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Terminal ECG pattern was similar in these four cases: sudden sinus bradycardia and/or idio-ventricular rhythm, with a progressive slowing of heart rate and changes of QRS patterns of \"agonic\" type, preceded electrical activity cessation. In one patient, who died at the seventh day of illness, ventricular fibrillation was observed. The AA. stress the importance of the early recognition of clinical findings suggesting an impeding CR in order to relieve cardiac tamponade with pericardiocentesis and to perform, as soon as possible, surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:261962", "title": "[Carcinoid heart disease. Report of a case with triple valvular lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of carcinoid syndrome, stemming from a tumor of the large intestine with hepatic metastases, is reported. Clinical features included cardiac disease with triple valvular lesion: tricuspid insufficiency with stenosis, pulmonary artery stenosis and mitral insufficiency. More recent views about the pathogenesis of the cardiac involvement in the carcinoid syndrome are reported, and the cardiac therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Carcinoid heart disease. Report of a case with triple valvular lesion (author's transl)]. A case of carcinoid syndrome, stemming from a tumor of the large intestine with hepatic metastases, is reported. Clinical features included cardiac disease with triple valvular lesion: tricuspid insufficiency with stenosis, pulmonary artery stenosis and mitral insufficiency. More recent views about the pathogenesis of the cardiac involvement in the carcinoid syndrome are reported, and the cardiac therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261963", "title": "[Postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. A method for volume determination and its correlation with hemodynamic and angiographic parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "On the hypothesis that encroachment on left ventricular performance by postinfarction aneurysm (An) is related to its size, a method was investigated for the measurement of aneurysmal dimensions. On radioopaque plastic casts grossly ellipsoidal in shape with addition of masses in different position to simulate aneurysms, satisfactory data for volume calculation were obtained by the association of the ellipsoid formula applied to the contractile portion with the formula of the hemispheroid applied to the aneurysmal section, the difference between real and calculated volumes being not more than +/-5%. In 100 Pts. with previous myocardial infarction, showing at ventriculography akinetic-diskinetic segments of the left ventricular wall, the absolute volume of An and its percentage value of the total left ventricular volume (V An%) were measured. A statistical correlation was studied with other hemodynamic and angiographic parameters of left ventricular function. Cardiac index and angiographic stroke volume decreased with increasing V An%, but with a low correlation, of no statistical significance; only for An with a volume of 60% or more C.I. and SV were constantly reduced. The LVEDP, higher than normal in 80% of the cases, rose with increasing V An%, but with a correlation of low statistical significance. The EDV increased progressively and significatively with increasing V An%, resulting therefore in relation with the extension of noncontracting segment.", "contents": "[Postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. A method for volume determination and its correlation with hemodynamic and angiographic parameters (author's transl)]. On the hypothesis that encroachment on left ventricular performance by postinfarction aneurysm (An) is related to its size, a method was investigated for the measurement of aneurysmal dimensions. On radioopaque plastic casts grossly ellipsoidal in shape with addition of masses in different position to simulate aneurysms, satisfactory data for volume calculation were obtained by the association of the ellipsoid formula applied to the contractile portion with the formula of the hemispheroid applied to the aneurysmal section, the difference between real and calculated volumes being not more than +/-5%. In 100 Pts. with previous myocardial infarction, showing at ventriculography akinetic-diskinetic segments of the left ventricular wall, the absolute volume of An and its percentage value of the total left ventricular volume (V An%) were measured. A statistical correlation was studied with other hemodynamic and angiographic parameters of left ventricular function. Cardiac index and angiographic stroke volume decreased with increasing V An%, but with a low correlation, of no statistical significance; only for An with a volume of 60% or more C.I. and SV were constantly reduced. The LVEDP, higher than normal in 80% of the cases, rose with increasing V An%, but with a correlation of low statistical significance. The EDV increased progressively and significatively with increasing V An%, resulting therefore in relation with the extension of noncontracting segment."}
{"id": "PMID:261964", "title": "[Use of esophageal leads in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct with a postero-inferior site].", "content": "The electrocardiographic diagnosis results from the verification of a anomalous waves in one or more derivations. There are, however, some cases of infarct in which the electrocardiogram appears regular and there are other different situations in which a more less profound \"a\" wave can appear in the D3 and aVF derivations. The Authors have considered four groups of patients, in which only the oesophageal ecgraphic has allowed to obtain the right diagnosis, succeeding in filling the gaps of the diagnostic possibilities of the standard ecgraphic.", "contents": "[Use of esophageal leads in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct with a postero-inferior site]. The electrocardiographic diagnosis results from the verification of a anomalous waves in one or more derivations. There are, however, some cases of infarct in which the electrocardiogram appears regular and there are other different situations in which a more less profound \"a\" wave can appear in the D3 and aVF derivations. The Authors have considered four groups of patients, in which only the oesophageal ecgraphic has allowed to obtain the right diagnosis, succeeding in filling the gaps of the diagnostic possibilities of the standard ecgraphic."}
{"id": "PMID:261971", "title": "[Status of Hansen's disease in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1978].", "content": "The authors describe the situation of endemic Hansen's disease in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1978, presenting the prevalence and incidence rates of the disease in the several Regional Health Divisions of the State. An attempt to evaluate the Hansen's disease control programme carried out since 1976, is also presented, through the participation of the Health Units of the State in the activities of epidemiologic surveillance of the programme.", "contents": "[Status of Hansen's disease in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1978]. The authors describe the situation of endemic Hansen's disease in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1978, presenting the prevalence and incidence rates of the disease in the several Regional Health Divisions of the State. An attempt to evaluate the Hansen's disease control programme carried out since 1976, is also presented, through the participation of the Health Units of the State in the activities of epidemiologic surveillance of the programme."}
{"id": "PMID:261972", "title": "[Disability in Hansen's disease: a study of the reality in our milieu].", "content": "Considering the importance of rehabilitation in the policy for the control and prevention of hanseniasis, results of an investigation of incapacities in a population of affected individuals in S\u00e3o Paulo are presented. Discussion of these data and the identification of the potential resources for solving the problem lead to basic considerations about programmes for rehabilitation of such patients.", "contents": "[Disability in Hansen's disease: a study of the reality in our milieu]. Considering the importance of rehabilitation in the policy for the control and prevention of hanseniasis, results of an investigation of incapacities in a population of affected individuals in S\u00e3o Paulo are presented. Discussion of these data and the identification of the potential resources for solving the problem lead to basic considerations about programmes for rehabilitation of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:261973", "title": "[Hansen's disease: its image, education, integration and physician-patient relationship].", "content": "Although still used in fund raising campaigns, the serious aspects of hanseniasis are less common now, thanks to early diagnosis and treatment. This new image of hanseniasis should be propagated by health education, especially directed to patients and contacts. Integration should refer not only to hanseniasis but also to leprologists, who became also \"segregated\", due to the pejorative \"leprosy\". The good relationship with the patient depends on the psychological capacity of the physician, revealed as soon as the diagnosis of the disease is made.", "contents": "[Hansen's disease: its image, education, integration and physician-patient relationship]. Although still used in fund raising campaigns, the serious aspects of hanseniasis are less common now, thanks to early diagnosis and treatment. This new image of hanseniasis should be propagated by health education, especially directed to patients and contacts. Integration should refer not only to hanseniasis but also to leprologists, who became also \"segregated\", due to the pejorative \"leprosy\". The good relationship with the patient depends on the psychological capacity of the physician, revealed as soon as the diagnosis of the disease is made."}
{"id": "PMID:261974", "title": "Leprostigma in hanseniasis.", "content": "Ignorance, fear and superstition surround the problems of hanseniasis. In almost all cultures the predominant attitude is emotion, disgust and rejection towards persons suffering from this disease. All efforts aimed at the control of hanseniasis are doomed to failure unless the significance of stigma and associated social and economic factors are given adequate consideration. A programme of destigmatization is outlined.", "contents": "Leprostigma in hanseniasis. Ignorance, fear and superstition surround the problems of hanseniasis. In almost all cultures the predominant attitude is emotion, disgust and rejection towards persons suffering from this disease. All efforts aimed at the control of hanseniasis are doomed to failure unless the significance of stigma and associated social and economic factors are given adequate consideration. A programme of destigmatization is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:261975", "title": "Diabetic status in leprosy.", "content": "The diabetic status of the local Jhansi patients (120 cases) was established before and after antileprosy treatment. Control studies were performed in normal healthy subjects (50 persons) without family history of diabetes mellitus. Random normals showed an incidence of diabetes only 2%, while leprosy patients (94 males and 26 females) had incidence of diabetic status of 14.2%. The highest incidence (19.3%) of diabetes was in lepromatous leprosy and lowest incidence (6.4%) in tuberculoid leprosy patients. Repeated studies in leprosy after treatment showed not only clinical improvement for leprosy but also disappearance of the chemical and latent diabetes mellitus and lowering of blood sugar levels in manifest diabetes mellitus. Incidentally it was noted that 'diabetic status' was worse among males (82.3%) and with advancing age. Association and improvement of diabetic status with specific treatment would tentatively suggest that Mycobacterium leprae lesions are not confined to skin alone but somehow also related to carbohydrate metabolism. A careful management of the chemical and latent diabetes may help in clinical management of leprosy too.", "contents": "Diabetic status in leprosy. The diabetic status of the local Jhansi patients (120 cases) was established before and after antileprosy treatment. Control studies were performed in normal healthy subjects (50 persons) without family history of diabetes mellitus. Random normals showed an incidence of diabetes only 2%, while leprosy patients (94 males and 26 females) had incidence of diabetic status of 14.2%. The highest incidence (19.3%) of diabetes was in lepromatous leprosy and lowest incidence (6.4%) in tuberculoid leprosy patients. Repeated studies in leprosy after treatment showed not only clinical improvement for leprosy but also disappearance of the chemical and latent diabetes mellitus and lowering of blood sugar levels in manifest diabetes mellitus. Incidentally it was noted that 'diabetic status' was worse among males (82.3%) and with advancing age. Association and improvement of diabetic status with specific treatment would tentatively suggest that Mycobacterium leprae lesions are not confined to skin alone but somehow also related to carbohydrate metabolism. A careful management of the chemical and latent diabetes may help in clinical management of leprosy too."}
{"id": "PMID:261977", "title": "[Dimorphous Hansen's disease with outbreaks of Hansen reactions and visceral lesions].", "content": "The paper presents the case of a patient with borderline hanseniasis. After a long period of illness, he presented an outbreak with new lesions, that showed reactional tuberculoid aspects; he later presented lesions with clinical and histological aspects of Virchowian hanseniasis. This evolutional type is compatible with the pseudo-exacerbations outbreaks reported by Souza Lima. This patient also presented an Erythema Nodosum outbreak with cutaneous and visceral lesions, the latter occurring with great intensity in the liver parenchyma with clinical manifestations of icterus and hepatomegaly. The pathogenesis of the pseudo-exacerbations outbreaks is discussed, also the special situation of Borderline patients, subject to neurologic injuries during the pseudo-exacerbations outbreaks, and cutaneous, neurological and visceral lesions during the Erythema Nodosum Hansenicum outbreaks.", "contents": "[Dimorphous Hansen's disease with outbreaks of Hansen reactions and visceral lesions]. The paper presents the case of a patient with borderline hanseniasis. After a long period of illness, he presented an outbreak with new lesions, that showed reactional tuberculoid aspects; he later presented lesions with clinical and histological aspects of Virchowian hanseniasis. This evolutional type is compatible with the pseudo-exacerbations outbreaks reported by Souza Lima. This patient also presented an Erythema Nodosum outbreak with cutaneous and visceral lesions, the latter occurring with great intensity in the liver parenchyma with clinical manifestations of icterus and hepatomegaly. The pathogenesis of the pseudo-exacerbations outbreaks is discussed, also the special situation of Borderline patients, subject to neurologic injuries during the pseudo-exacerbations outbreaks, and cutaneous, neurological and visceral lesions during the Erythema Nodosum Hansenicum outbreaks."}
{"id": "PMID:261979", "title": "[Incidence of Hansen's disease in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1978].", "content": "The authors describe and evaluate the distribution of 2.081 new cases of Hanseniasis, recorded in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil) in 1978, according to the following personal characteristics of the patient: sex, age, place of birth, education level and housing. The distribution of the cases according to some characteristics related to the disease and to health care, are also described and discussed: clinical types of the disease, duration of the disease, occasion and manner in which the patient sought for health care (spontaneously or not). The geographic distribution of cases and the secular trend of new cases recorded in the last 10 years, are also presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Incidence of Hansen's disease in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1978]. The authors describe and evaluate the distribution of 2.081 new cases of Hanseniasis, recorded in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil) in 1978, according to the following personal characteristics of the patient: sex, age, place of birth, education level and housing. The distribution of the cases according to some characteristics related to the disease and to health care, are also described and discussed: clinical types of the disease, duration of the disease, occasion and manner in which the patient sought for health care (spontaneously or not). The geographic distribution of cases and the secular trend of new cases recorded in the last 10 years, are also presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:261980", "title": "Changes in somatomedin-like activity and concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in the plasma of castrated growing lambs.", "content": "Somatomedin-like activity was measured in the plasma of growing lambs using the porcine costal cartilage disk assay. Plasma concentrations were found to be high initially at 2 days of age (mean potency 1.02 plus or minus 0.13 (SEM) units/ml, n = 4) declined significantly by 8 days of age (mean potency 0.65 plus or minus 0.04 units/ml, n = 5, P less than 0.01, analysis of variance). Thereafter somatomedin-like activity declined slowly to reach its lowest concentration at 146 days of age (mean potency 0.61 plus or minus 0.04 units/ml, n = 5) then it rose slowly until 288 days of age (mean potency 0.61 +/- 0.04 units/ml, n = 5. These changes in somatomedin-like activity were accompanied by high initial plasma concentrations of growth hormone (24.8 plus or minus 4.8 ng/ml, n = 5) which declined under 188 days of age (2.8 plus or minus 0.04 ng/ml, n- 5) and then rose slightly until 288 days of age (13.8 plus or minus 9 ng/ml, n=5). Plasma prolactin concentrations showed a different pattern being low initially (47.8 plus or minus 8.7 ng/ml, n = 5) rising until 146 days of age (203 plus or minus 16 ng/ml, n = 5) and then declining to low value for the rest of the experiment. The relationships between these factors is not clear but somatomedin-like activity shows a pattern in the lamb which is highest when growth is faster (i.e. in the young lamb).", "contents": "Changes in somatomedin-like activity and concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in the plasma of castrated growing lambs. Somatomedin-like activity was measured in the plasma of growing lambs using the porcine costal cartilage disk assay. Plasma concentrations were found to be high initially at 2 days of age (mean potency 1.02 plus or minus 0.13 (SEM) units/ml, n = 4) declined significantly by 8 days of age (mean potency 0.65 plus or minus 0.04 units/ml, n = 5, P less than 0.01, analysis of variance). Thereafter somatomedin-like activity declined slowly to reach its lowest concentration at 146 days of age (mean potency 0.61 plus or minus 0.04 units/ml, n = 5) then it rose slowly until 288 days of age (mean potency 0.61 +/- 0.04 units/ml, n = 5. These changes in somatomedin-like activity were accompanied by high initial plasma concentrations of growth hormone (24.8 plus or minus 4.8 ng/ml, n = 5) which declined under 188 days of age (2.8 plus or minus 0.04 ng/ml, n- 5) and then rose slightly until 288 days of age (13.8 plus or minus 9 ng/ml, n=5). Plasma prolactin concentrations showed a different pattern being low initially (47.8 plus or minus 8.7 ng/ml, n = 5) rising until 146 days of age (203 plus or minus 16 ng/ml, n = 5) and then declining to low value for the rest of the experiment. The relationships between these factors is not clear but somatomedin-like activity shows a pattern in the lamb which is highest when growth is faster (i.e. in the young lamb)."}
{"id": "PMID:261981", "title": "The influence of early nutrition on growth and the circulating levels of immunoreactive somatomedin A.", "content": "The effect of nutrition during early development on growth and serum immunoreactive somatomedin A was examined in rats by rearing in small or large liters. At weaning, body weight, brain weight, liver weight and DNA content was significantly reduced in rats whose nutrition was restricted by rearing in large litters. Brain DNA content was significantly altered. Serum somatomedin A was significantly reduced in the growth-retarded rats as compared to those whose growth was enhanced by rearing in small litters. Similarly, maternal serum somatomedin A was significantly reduced in rats nursing large litters.", "contents": "The influence of early nutrition on growth and the circulating levels of immunoreactive somatomedin A. The effect of nutrition during early development on growth and serum immunoreactive somatomedin A was examined in rats by rearing in small or large liters. At weaning, body weight, brain weight, liver weight and DNA content was significantly reduced in rats whose nutrition was restricted by rearing in large litters. Brain DNA content was significantly altered. Serum somatomedin A was significantly reduced in the growth-retarded rats as compared to those whose growth was enhanced by rearing in small litters. Similarly, maternal serum somatomedin A was significantly reduced in rats nursing large litters."}
{"id": "PMID:261982", "title": "Placental diffusing capacity and its relation to fetal growth.", "content": "The placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was measured in unanaesthetized monkeys (M. Mulatta). Maternal and fetal blood was sampled from chronically placed catheters while the mother breathed 50 or 100 parts per million of CO. Diffusing was calculated from the amount of CO taken up by the fetus divided by the partial pressure difference across the placenta, it averaged 0.646 plus or minus 0.062 (SEM) ml x min(-1) x torr(-1) x kg(-1) of fetal weight. The significance of this index of respiratory gas exchange in the monkey placenta is discussed with respect to previous measurements in other species and with respect to fetal growth.", "contents": "Placental diffusing capacity and its relation to fetal growth. The placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was measured in unanaesthetized monkeys (M. Mulatta). Maternal and fetal blood was sampled from chronically placed catheters while the mother breathed 50 or 100 parts per million of CO. Diffusing was calculated from the amount of CO taken up by the fetus divided by the partial pressure difference across the placenta, it averaged 0.646 plus or minus 0.062 (SEM) ml x min(-1) x torr(-1) x kg(-1) of fetal weight. The significance of this index of respiratory gas exchange in the monkey placenta is discussed with respect to previous measurements in other species and with respect to fetal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:261983", "title": "Progestagen metabolites in fetal sheep plasma: the effect of fetal nephrectomy.", "content": "Fetal sheep (100-115 days gestation) were surgically implanted with femoral arterial and venous cannulae and then either sham-operated (control) or bilaterally nephrectomized. Following a 5-day recovery period, fetal blood samples (10 ml/48 h) were taken and the steroid sulphate fraction analysed as trimethylsilyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography (g. l.c.). Three progestagen metabolites were repeatedly detected in plasma samples from control and nephrectomized fetuses and identified by g.l.c.-mass-spectrometric techniques as 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol, 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 alpha-diol and 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol. In three control fetuses the plasma concentration of both 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol and -20 alpha-diol showed a steady increase from about 0.5 micrograms/ml at 105 days to about 1.5 and 2-2.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, at 143 days gestation. A study in one fetus indicated that the values then fell precipitously by term (147 days) as plasma cortisol concentrations rose. In contrast, whilst no consistent patterns were seen in their concentration in five nephrectomized fetuses the levels were 2-10 times higher than the control values (0.5-10 micrograms/ml) at all stages. The plasma concentration of 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol was less perturbed by nephrectomy and only showed a slight increase over control values (0.2-0.5 micrograms/ml). Three sham-operated fetuses which aborted following infection also showed increased plasma concentrations of 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol and -20 alpha-diol, similar to the nephrectomized fetuses. It is postulated that high levels of circulating progesterone metabolites may reflect induced increases in adrenal endocrine activity culminating in premature activation of those changes in adrenal function which trigger parturition.", "contents": "Progestagen metabolites in fetal sheep plasma: the effect of fetal nephrectomy. Fetal sheep (100-115 days gestation) were surgically implanted with femoral arterial and venous cannulae and then either sham-operated (control) or bilaterally nephrectomized. Following a 5-day recovery period, fetal blood samples (10 ml/48 h) were taken and the steroid sulphate fraction analysed as trimethylsilyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography (g. l.c.). Three progestagen metabolites were repeatedly detected in plasma samples from control and nephrectomized fetuses and identified by g.l.c.-mass-spectrometric techniques as 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol, 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 alpha-diol and 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol. In three control fetuses the plasma concentration of both 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol and -20 alpha-diol showed a steady increase from about 0.5 micrograms/ml at 105 days to about 1.5 and 2-2.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, at 143 days gestation. A study in one fetus indicated that the values then fell precipitously by term (147 days) as plasma cortisol concentrations rose. In contrast, whilst no consistent patterns were seen in their concentration in five nephrectomized fetuses the levels were 2-10 times higher than the control values (0.5-10 micrograms/ml) at all stages. The plasma concentration of 5 beta-pregnane-3 alpha,20 alpha-diol was less perturbed by nephrectomy and only showed a slight increase over control values (0.2-0.5 micrograms/ml). Three sham-operated fetuses which aborted following infection also showed increased plasma concentrations of 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta,20 beta-diol and -20 alpha-diol, similar to the nephrectomized fetuses. It is postulated that high levels of circulating progesterone metabolites may reflect induced increases in adrenal endocrine activity culminating in premature activation of those changes in adrenal function which trigger parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:261984", "title": "Chemical injury of the spinal cord of the rabbit after intracisternal injection of gentamicin.", "content": "A single intracisternal injection of 0.4 ml of 1.25 and 2.5 percent gentamicin sulfate with preservative to healthy adult rabbits caused acute respiratory paralysis and severe seizure activity initially and paralysis of the limbs subsequently. In the white matter of the upper cervical spinal cord, multiple, minute, disseminated, spongy lesions were observed. They consisted of lysis of axis cylinders, edematous dilatation of myelin sheaths, and loss of astroglia and interfascicular oligodendroglia. Axonal end-bulbs formed at the periphery of the lesions. Clinically and morphologically, 0.025 and 0.25 percent gentamicin sulfate solution did not produce myelopathy. The spinal lesions were distributed differently from those of other chemical myelopathies in that they developed in the deeper white matter with sparing of marginal myelinated fibers. Circumscribed high concentrations and gentamicin, and vulnerability of myelinated axis cylinders and interfascicular oligondendroglia to gentamicin may be the main factors causing these lesions. When gentamicin sulfate without preservative was injected, neutrophil leukocyte infiltration occurred actively in the spongy lesions. In the cervical spinal ganglia some nerve cells underwent cytoplasmic vacuolation. In control animals a single intracisternal injection of saline or preservative did not result in the production of these lesions.", "contents": "Chemical injury of the spinal cord of the rabbit after intracisternal injection of gentamicin. A single intracisternal injection of 0.4 ml of 1.25 and 2.5 percent gentamicin sulfate with preservative to healthy adult rabbits caused acute respiratory paralysis and severe seizure activity initially and paralysis of the limbs subsequently. In the white matter of the upper cervical spinal cord, multiple, minute, disseminated, spongy lesions were observed. They consisted of lysis of axis cylinders, edematous dilatation of myelin sheaths, and loss of astroglia and interfascicular oligodendroglia. Axonal end-bulbs formed at the periphery of the lesions. Clinically and morphologically, 0.025 and 0.25 percent gentamicin sulfate solution did not produce myelopathy. The spinal lesions were distributed differently from those of other chemical myelopathies in that they developed in the deeper white matter with sparing of marginal myelinated fibers. Circumscribed high concentrations and gentamicin, and vulnerability of myelinated axis cylinders and interfascicular oligondendroglia to gentamicin may be the main factors causing these lesions. When gentamicin sulfate without preservative was injected, neutrophil leukocyte infiltration occurred actively in the spongy lesions. In the cervical spinal ganglia some nerve cells underwent cytoplasmic vacuolation. In control animals a single intracisternal injection of saline or preservative did not result in the production of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:261986", "title": "Cytologic observations on axotomized feline Betz cells. 1. Qualitative electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Adult cats survived left lateral funiculotomy 1 to 153 days. The pericruciate cortex was studied electron microscopically in these as well as sham-operated and unoperated animals. Ten days after surgery Betz cells of the right pericruciate cortex displayed disaggregation of cytoplasmic ribosomes; random dispersal and degranulation of the normally compact arrays of cisterns of rough ER; in some cells perinuclear and peripheral disposition of remaining Nissl bodies; retispersion of the Golgi apparatus; and, uncommonly, neurofilamentous hyperplasia. Fourteen days postoperatively cytoplasmic ribosomes were largely regrouped in rosette arrangements and Golgi membranes were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Further reversion of the ER toward a normal appearance occurred 28 days postoperatively but substantial perikaryal atrophy had supervened in many neurons by 49-153 days after surgery. Evidence of nerve cell death was not found. Concentric membranous arrays derived from ER and associated with autophagic bodies and mitochondria were identified in dendrites of normals and cats that had been operated upon, perhaps more frequently contralateral to the spinal operation. Electron-dense and electron-lucent degenerative changes in dendrites also occurred, especially early after operation. Degenerating myelin sheaths were detected in the pericruciate cortex of animals that had been operated upon and sometimes were captured in the process of phagocytosis by oligodendrocytes as well as astrocytes and microglia. The long-term persistence of axotomized Betz cells, albeit in an atrophic state, and the reversibility of some of the cytologic responses to axon injury suggest that these neurons may retain a capacity for axon regeneration that could be mobilized, as by pharmacologic means.", "contents": "Cytologic observations on axotomized feline Betz cells. 1. Qualitative electron microscopic findings. Adult cats survived left lateral funiculotomy 1 to 153 days. The pericruciate cortex was studied electron microscopically in these as well as sham-operated and unoperated animals. Ten days after surgery Betz cells of the right pericruciate cortex displayed disaggregation of cytoplasmic ribosomes; random dispersal and degranulation of the normally compact arrays of cisterns of rough ER; in some cells perinuclear and peripheral disposition of remaining Nissl bodies; retispersion of the Golgi apparatus; and, uncommonly, neurofilamentous hyperplasia. Fourteen days postoperatively cytoplasmic ribosomes were largely regrouped in rosette arrangements and Golgi membranes were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Further reversion of the ER toward a normal appearance occurred 28 days postoperatively but substantial perikaryal atrophy had supervened in many neurons by 49-153 days after surgery. Evidence of nerve cell death was not found. Concentric membranous arrays derived from ER and associated with autophagic bodies and mitochondria were identified in dendrites of normals and cats that had been operated upon, perhaps more frequently contralateral to the spinal operation. Electron-dense and electron-lucent degenerative changes in dendrites also occurred, especially early after operation. Degenerating myelin sheaths were detected in the pericruciate cortex of animals that had been operated upon and sometimes were captured in the process of phagocytosis by oligodendrocytes as well as astrocytes and microglia. The long-term persistence of axotomized Betz cells, albeit in an atrophic state, and the reversibility of some of the cytologic responses to axon injury suggest that these neurons may retain a capacity for axon regeneration that could be mobilized, as by pharmacologic means."}
{"id": "PMID:261987", "title": "A pigmented choroid plexus carcinoma: histochemical and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "A large tumor of the left lateral ventricle in a 3 1/2 year old male was diagnostic of malignant choroid plexus papilloma (choroid plexus carcinoma) as observed histologically. Focal neoplastic epithelial cells contained yellow-brown pigment which was not entirely compatible with melanin by histochemical techniques. Ultrastructurally, the tumor had definite evidence of choroid plexus origin. The neoplastic cells contained electron-dense and lamellar bodies, as well as structures of intermediate type. Premelanosomes were not observed. Thus there was no evidence for neural crest melanin. It is suggested that the pigment is probably lipofuscin and melanin derived from lipofuscin by \"melanization\" through pseudoperoxidation.", "contents": "A pigmented choroid plexus carcinoma: histochemical and ultrastructural studies. A large tumor of the left lateral ventricle in a 3 1/2 year old male was diagnostic of malignant choroid plexus papilloma (choroid plexus carcinoma) as observed histologically. Focal neoplastic epithelial cells contained yellow-brown pigment which was not entirely compatible with melanin by histochemical techniques. Ultrastructurally, the tumor had definite evidence of choroid plexus origin. The neoplastic cells contained electron-dense and lamellar bodies, as well as structures of intermediate type. Premelanosomes were not observed. Thus there was no evidence for neural crest melanin. It is suggested that the pigment is probably lipofuscin and melanin derived from lipofuscin by \"melanization\" through pseudoperoxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:262074", "title": "Program-level evaluation using management information.", "content": "This paper has summarized the development of a drug abuse treatment program MIS, and has shown that one can initially start with a manual system, use it to advantage, and then move into computer programming. In larger programs, it will most likely be necessary to use the computerized system. However, the author has found that implementation costs have not been great, and the system has certainly been worthwhile in light of the dimensions that have been added to the program. The computer MIS that has been developed is completely modularized from the perspective that either one or all modules may be used. Small programs that need only demographic data can use selected aspects of the system without having to pay for or use the rest. Those who only need counseling information can use just that, and those who only wish to have economic activity can also be selective. The strength of this MIS is based upon the fact that it is completely flexible; it is cost effective, and can be used by programs of any size. Finally, use of a sophisticated MIS in drug treatment programs adds a professional facet to service delivery which has long been missing in the drug abuse field.", "contents": "Program-level evaluation using management information. This paper has summarized the development of a drug abuse treatment program MIS, and has shown that one can initially start with a manual system, use it to advantage, and then move into computer programming. In larger programs, it will most likely be necessary to use the computerized system. However, the author has found that implementation costs have not been great, and the system has certainly been worthwhile in light of the dimensions that have been added to the program. The computer MIS that has been developed is completely modularized from the perspective that either one or all modules may be used. Small programs that need only demographic data can use selected aspects of the system without having to pay for or use the rest. Those who only need counseling information can use just that, and those who only wish to have economic activity can also be selective. The strength of this MIS is based upon the fact that it is completely flexible; it is cost effective, and can be used by programs of any size. Finally, use of a sophisticated MIS in drug treatment programs adds a professional facet to service delivery which has long been missing in the drug abuse field."}
{"id": "PMID:262075", "title": "The effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on glucose metabolism during shock.", "content": "Hepatic glycogen content, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, and hepatic mitochondrial energy-linked functions were measured in rats in late hemorrhagic shock. As judged by correlation coefficients, the following significant relationships were noted: (formula: see text). Glycogen depletion, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidemia occurred frequently. However, alone or in combination, these variables did not relate significantly to need for or amount of shed blood uptake prior to sacrifice. Neither hepatic glycogen depletion nor uncoupled hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation alone accounted for hypoglycemia. The genesis of hypoglycemia was determined by the occurrence of both these events in either sequence. When hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation became uncoupled, the blood glucose concentration and hepatic glycogen content were linearly related (r = 0.94). This effect probably results from impaired gluconeogenesis due to mitochondrial dysfunction.", "contents": "The effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on glucose metabolism during shock. Hepatic glycogen content, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, and hepatic mitochondrial energy-linked functions were measured in rats in late hemorrhagic shock. As judged by correlation coefficients, the following significant relationships were noted: (formula: see text). Glycogen depletion, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidemia occurred frequently. However, alone or in combination, these variables did not relate significantly to need for or amount of shed blood uptake prior to sacrifice. Neither hepatic glycogen depletion nor uncoupled hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation alone accounted for hypoglycemia. The genesis of hypoglycemia was determined by the occurrence of both these events in either sequence. When hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation became uncoupled, the blood glucose concentration and hepatic glycogen content were linearly related (r = 0.94). This effect probably results from impaired gluconeogenesis due to mitochondrial dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:262076", "title": "Regional gastric blood flow in cynomolgus monkeys with hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.", "content": "Five anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys were subjected to hemorrhagic shock (42 +/- 3 mm Hg) for four hours and then resuscitated with shed blood and intravenous fluids to restore mean arterial pressure and arterial pH to control levels. Regional gastric blood flow was measured by radioactive microspheres. Responses were similar in all regions, except mucosal blood flow increased significantly (from 20.1 +/- 5.1 to 42.1 +/- 7.6 ml/min 100 gm of tissue) in response to resuscitation in the antrum but not in the fundus or corpus. This difference in response may explain the occurrence of stress ulcers in the proximal stomach with sparing of the antrum.", "contents": "Regional gastric blood flow in cynomolgus monkeys with hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Five anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys were subjected to hemorrhagic shock (42 +/- 3 mm Hg) for four hours and then resuscitated with shed blood and intravenous fluids to restore mean arterial pressure and arterial pH to control levels. Regional gastric blood flow was measured by radioactive microspheres. Responses were similar in all regions, except mucosal blood flow increased significantly (from 20.1 +/- 5.1 to 42.1 +/- 7.6 ml/min 100 gm of tissue) in response to resuscitation in the antrum but not in the fundus or corpus. This difference in response may explain the occurrence of stress ulcers in the proximal stomach with sparing of the antrum."}
{"id": "PMID:262077", "title": "Zymosan-induced resistance to endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Improved surgical techniques and judicial use of available antibiotics have reduced the number of postoperative complications over the past decade. However, septic and hemorrhagic shock occur all too frequently, and each carries with it an appreciable morbidity and mortality. Endotoxins and hemorrhage are both known to suppress the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). On the other hand, zymosan, a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell wall preparation administered intravenously, results in temporary RES hyperplasia and increased phagocytic activity. Dogs were pretreated with zymosan to determine the degree of RES stimulation and protection against endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock attainable. Twenty-five dogs received intravenous zymosan (10 mg/kg) on days 1, 2, and 3. Another 24 dogs served as controls. On day four, one-half the animals in each group received E coli endotoxin (1.5 mg/kg) intravenously. The other animals underwent two hours of hemorrhagic shock at a mean blood pressure of 40 mm Hg. Seventy-two hour survival was as follows: Endotoxin treated, 66.7% (8/12); endotoxin control, 27% (3/11); hemorrhagic treated, 53.3% (8/15); and hemorrhagic control, 28.6% (4/14). Hemodynamic, metabolic, and lysosomal enzyme parameters were evaluated. No zymosan toxicity was observed. These findings suggest that an RES stimulant such as zymosan could be incorporated as preoperative adjunctive therapy to induce resistance to these shock syndromes in the elective surgical patient.", "contents": "Zymosan-induced resistance to endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock. Improved surgical techniques and judicial use of available antibiotics have reduced the number of postoperative complications over the past decade. However, septic and hemorrhagic shock occur all too frequently, and each carries with it an appreciable morbidity and mortality. Endotoxins and hemorrhage are both known to suppress the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). On the other hand, zymosan, a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell wall preparation administered intravenously, results in temporary RES hyperplasia and increased phagocytic activity. Dogs were pretreated with zymosan to determine the degree of RES stimulation and protection against endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock attainable. Twenty-five dogs received intravenous zymosan (10 mg/kg) on days 1, 2, and 3. Another 24 dogs served as controls. On day four, one-half the animals in each group received E coli endotoxin (1.5 mg/kg) intravenously. The other animals underwent two hours of hemorrhagic shock at a mean blood pressure of 40 mm Hg. Seventy-two hour survival was as follows: Endotoxin treated, 66.7% (8/12); endotoxin control, 27% (3/11); hemorrhagic treated, 53.3% (8/15); and hemorrhagic control, 28.6% (4/14). Hemodynamic, metabolic, and lysosomal enzyme parameters were evaluated. No zymosan toxicity was observed. These findings suggest that an RES stimulant such as zymosan could be incorporated as preoperative adjunctive therapy to induce resistance to these shock syndromes in the elective surgical patient."}
{"id": "PMID:262078", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on cardiovascular and lysosomal mechanisms during experimental myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The present study evaluated the effects of indomethacin (INDO) on cardiovascular and lysosomal mechanisms during experimental myocardial ischemia (MI). INDO (5 mg/kg) was infused IV prior to MI, and the results were compared to vehicle-treated and sham-operated dogs. INDO induced a slight hypertension after MI. Additionally, INDO attenuated the decline in coronary blood flow in the non-ischemic myocardium after MI. Myocardial lysosomes (biopsied three hours post-MI) were more labile in ischemic than in nonischemic tissue, and INDO had a stabilizing effect on lysosomes from ischemic tissue. Plasma activity of cathepsin was increased following MI, and INDO attenuated this increase. In the myocardium (biopsies three hours post-MI) prostaglandin A + E levels were suppressed 60% in both ischemic and nonischemic tissue with INDO treatment; prostaglandin F2 alpha levels were lower with INDO treatment but not significantly so. These results suggest that INDO has a stabilizing effect on lysosomes in vivo, possibly involving an endogenous prostaglandin mechanism, and this protective effect may attenuate lysosomal damage to the cardiovascular system during MI.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on cardiovascular and lysosomal mechanisms during experimental myocardial ischemia. The present study evaluated the effects of indomethacin (INDO) on cardiovascular and lysosomal mechanisms during experimental myocardial ischemia (MI). INDO (5 mg/kg) was infused IV prior to MI, and the results were compared to vehicle-treated and sham-operated dogs. INDO induced a slight hypertension after MI. Additionally, INDO attenuated the decline in coronary blood flow in the non-ischemic myocardium after MI. Myocardial lysosomes (biopsied three hours post-MI) were more labile in ischemic than in nonischemic tissue, and INDO had a stabilizing effect on lysosomes from ischemic tissue. Plasma activity of cathepsin was increased following MI, and INDO attenuated this increase. In the myocardium (biopsies three hours post-MI) prostaglandin A + E levels were suppressed 60% in both ischemic and nonischemic tissue with INDO treatment; prostaglandin F2 alpha levels were lower with INDO treatment but not significantly so. These results suggest that INDO has a stabilizing effect on lysosomes in vivo, possibly involving an endogenous prostaglandin mechanism, and this protective effect may attenuate lysosomal damage to the cardiovascular system during MI."}
{"id": "PMID:262079", "title": "Glucagon treatment of hemorrhagic shock: improved survival and metabolic parameters in a murine shock model.", "content": "One hundred-twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were shocked at 60 torr for 60 minutes and at the end of this period shed blood was reinfused. The animals were divided into three groups at random. These groups were either treated by N saline or glucose in N saline or glucagon in N saline. Glucagon treatment resulted in increased liver and muscle glucose-glycogen stores in the late period following shock. This was associated with a decrease in liver pyruvate and lactate and improved survival. It appears that glucagon more favorably affects the response to shock in this model than does treatment with glucose or saline.", "contents": "Glucagon treatment of hemorrhagic shock: improved survival and metabolic parameters in a murine shock model. One hundred-twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were shocked at 60 torr for 60 minutes and at the end of this period shed blood was reinfused. The animals were divided into three groups at random. These groups were either treated by N saline or glucose in N saline or glucagon in N saline. Glucagon treatment resulted in increased liver and muscle glucose-glycogen stores in the late period following shock. This was associated with a decrease in liver pyruvate and lactate and improved survival. It appears that glucagon more favorably affects the response to shock in this model than does treatment with glucose or saline."}
{"id": "PMID:262081", "title": "Alterations in venous compliance in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Nine dogs and one primate were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass and subjected to a simulated hemorrhagic shock procedure. Venous compliance was determined by occluding the venous outflow catheters; venous flow and pressure drop were used to calculate resistance. Individual measurements were made for the superior (SVC) and inferior vena caval (IVC) beds. During hypotension, compliance increased equally in the SVC and IVC; following reinfusion, IVC compliance was consistently lower than SVC compliance. Resistance of the sVC system increased slightly more rapidly during early hypotension than did that of the IVC, but SVC resistance then decreased and remained significantly below that of the IVC system throughout the posthypotension period. These results are interpreted as indicating a different response of the two vascular beds, particularly an increase in IVC arteriolar resistance with a decrease in venous tone. To the extent that the splanchnic bed contributes to the IVC system changes, they are contrary to the concept of a maintained venous tone and decreased arteriolar tone after hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Alterations in venous compliance in hemorrhagic shock. Nine dogs and one primate were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass and subjected to a simulated hemorrhagic shock procedure. Venous compliance was determined by occluding the venous outflow catheters; venous flow and pressure drop were used to calculate resistance. Individual measurements were made for the superior (SVC) and inferior vena caval (IVC) beds. During hypotension, compliance increased equally in the SVC and IVC; following reinfusion, IVC compliance was consistently lower than SVC compliance. Resistance of the sVC system increased slightly more rapidly during early hypotension than did that of the IVC, but SVC resistance then decreased and remained significantly below that of the IVC system throughout the posthypotension period. These results are interpreted as indicating a different response of the two vascular beds, particularly an increase in IVC arteriolar resistance with a decrease in venous tone. To the extent that the splanchnic bed contributes to the IVC system changes, they are contrary to the concept of a maintained venous tone and decreased arteriolar tone after hemorrhagic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:262082", "title": "The effect of arachidonic acid on the response of the isolated liver to hypoxia.", "content": "Arachidonic acid, the precursor molecule of the bisenoic series of prostaglandins, was investigated for its ability to modify the response of isolated perfused livers to hypoxia. Rabbit livers were perfused at a constant rate of flow with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer for two hours following the initiation of severely hypoxic conditions. This procedure resulted in significant increases in the wet weight of the liver, and also resulted in the release of intracellular enzymes into the perfusion medium. These changes were significantly attenuated in hypoxic livers receiving arachidonic acid during the two-hour perfusion period. Results of this study suggest that arachidonic acid may be of value in its ability to maintain cellular integrity during periods of cellular hypoxia.", "contents": "The effect of arachidonic acid on the response of the isolated liver to hypoxia. Arachidonic acid, the precursor molecule of the bisenoic series of prostaglandins, was investigated for its ability to modify the response of isolated perfused livers to hypoxia. Rabbit livers were perfused at a constant rate of flow with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer for two hours following the initiation of severely hypoxic conditions. This procedure resulted in significant increases in the wet weight of the liver, and also resulted in the release of intracellular enzymes into the perfusion medium. These changes were significantly attenuated in hypoxic livers receiving arachidonic acid during the two-hour perfusion period. Results of this study suggest that arachidonic acid may be of value in its ability to maintain cellular integrity during periods of cellular hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:262083", "title": "Studies of the ischemic pancreas in shock.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic tissue from 65 male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by light and electron microscopy to determine if acute lethal and sublethal alterations seen in the human exocrine pancreas following shock could be duplicated in an animal model. Two models were used: one in which 50% of the blood was withdrawn via cardiac puncture with no reinfusion and another in which the animal was subjected to a hypovolemic episode (40 mm Hg) for 60 minutes, with reinfusion of the blood. Animals were killed at various intervals, and pancreatic tissue was sampled for morphological study. No differences were seen between experimental and control animals by light microscopy. The main subcellular alteration seen using these models was the formation of numerous autophagic vacuoles. From these studies it appears that the alterations seen in the human pancreas in shock can be duplicated in the rat and that a shock model that involves removal of more than 50% of the animal's blood volume is necessary to cause irreversible cell damage to the exocrine pancreas.", "contents": "Studies of the ischemic pancreas in shock. Exocrine pancreatic tissue from 65 male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by light and electron microscopy to determine if acute lethal and sublethal alterations seen in the human exocrine pancreas following shock could be duplicated in an animal model. Two models were used: one in which 50% of the blood was withdrawn via cardiac puncture with no reinfusion and another in which the animal was subjected to a hypovolemic episode (40 mm Hg) for 60 minutes, with reinfusion of the blood. Animals were killed at various intervals, and pancreatic tissue was sampled for morphological study. No differences were seen between experimental and control animals by light microscopy. The main subcellular alteration seen using these models was the formation of numerous autophagic vacuoles. From these studies it appears that the alterations seen in the human pancreas in shock can be duplicated in the rat and that a shock model that involves removal of more than 50% of the animal's blood volume is necessary to cause irreversible cell damage to the exocrine pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:262084", "title": "Hypoxia, hyperammonemia, and cerebrospinal fluid metabolites.", "content": "During hemorrhagic shock, increased uptake of NH3 from the gut with inadequate compensation by the liver results in hyperammonemia. The effect on brain metabolism of acute hyperammonemia alone, as compared with normocapnic hypoxia, was investigated in 11 pentobarbital anesthetized (30 mg/kg) dogs. These animals were paralyzed (pancuronium bromide) and artificially ventilated to maintain the end-tidal fraction of FETCO2) CO2 constant. Arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained following control, 30-minute hypoxia, 60-minute NH3 infusion, and 30-minute hypoxia combined with NH3 infusion. These were analyzed for PaO2, PCO2, pH, and NH3. CSF samples were further analyzed for glutamine, urea, lactate, pyruvate, and citrate. There were no significant changes in urea or citrate. Glutamine, lactate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly elevated by hypoxia and by NH3 infusion. (formula: see text). Thus, an acute NH3 load is capable of disrupting aerobic glycolytic metabolism. Hence, hyperammonemia may affect brain function during shock.", "contents": "Hypoxia, hyperammonemia, and cerebrospinal fluid metabolites. During hemorrhagic shock, increased uptake of NH3 from the gut with inadequate compensation by the liver results in hyperammonemia. The effect on brain metabolism of acute hyperammonemia alone, as compared with normocapnic hypoxia, was investigated in 11 pentobarbital anesthetized (30 mg/kg) dogs. These animals were paralyzed (pancuronium bromide) and artificially ventilated to maintain the end-tidal fraction of FETCO2) CO2 constant. Arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained following control, 30-minute hypoxia, 60-minute NH3 infusion, and 30-minute hypoxia combined with NH3 infusion. These were analyzed for PaO2, PCO2, pH, and NH3. CSF samples were further analyzed for glutamine, urea, lactate, pyruvate, and citrate. There were no significant changes in urea or citrate. Glutamine, lactate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly elevated by hypoxia and by NH3 infusion. (formula: see text). Thus, an acute NH3 load is capable of disrupting aerobic glycolytic metabolism. Hence, hyperammonemia may affect brain function during shock."}
{"id": "PMID:262087", "title": "Effect of moderate hemorrhagic hypotension on cerebral metabolism during ventriculocisternal perfusion in the conscious dog.", "content": "Early changes in cerebral metabolism during hemorrhagic hypotension in conscious dogs have been studied with a chronic ventriculocisternal perfusion system. The mean arterial blood pressure was held above the lower limit of the cerebral autoregulatory curve. There was a rise of free fatty acids (FFA) in cerebrospinal fluid at 30 minutes after the onset of hemorrhage. The cerebral arteriovenous difference of oxygen (AVDO2), AVD-glucose, and AVD-pH increased significantly after 60 minutes of hemorrhage, while AVD-TCO2 (tissue culture oxygen) rose only slightly. These changes may reflect some of the metabolic alterations that occur in moderate hypotension.", "contents": "Effect of moderate hemorrhagic hypotension on cerebral metabolism during ventriculocisternal perfusion in the conscious dog. Early changes in cerebral metabolism during hemorrhagic hypotension in conscious dogs have been studied with a chronic ventriculocisternal perfusion system. The mean arterial blood pressure was held above the lower limit of the cerebral autoregulatory curve. There was a rise of free fatty acids (FFA) in cerebrospinal fluid at 30 minutes after the onset of hemorrhage. The cerebral arteriovenous difference of oxygen (AVDO2), AVD-glucose, and AVD-pH increased significantly after 60 minutes of hemorrhage, while AVD-TCO2 (tissue culture oxygen) rose only slightly. These changes may reflect some of the metabolic alterations that occur in moderate hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:262088", "title": "Evidence for pathophysiologic arteriovenous shunting in the pathogenesis of acute gastric mucosal ulceration.", "content": "The triad of gastric mucosal ischemia and lumenal acid and bile is known to be ulcerogenic. However, the explanation for progressive mucosal injury after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is not known, because ischemia does not persist. To test the hypothesis that persistent pathophysiologic arteriovenous shunting is the cause of progressive mucosal injury after shock, we studied in vivo canine gastric mucosal oxygenation and transmembrane potential difference during and after one hour of hemorrhagic shock with and without topical acid (160 mM HCl) and taurocholate (1 mM) in the mucosal bathing solution. Although systemic blood pressure and total gastric blood flow returned to normal after shock in all groups, only the group with topical acid and taurocholate developed mucosal erosions and had persistent hypoxia and inhibition of potential difference in surface epithelial cells. We conclude that pathophysiologic arteriovenous shunting persists in the superficial part of the gastric mucosa after shock. It is tempting to speculate that shunting may replace ischemia in the ulcerogenic triad during the postresuscitation phase of injury.", "contents": "Evidence for pathophysiologic arteriovenous shunting in the pathogenesis of acute gastric mucosal ulceration. The triad of gastric mucosal ischemia and lumenal acid and bile is known to be ulcerogenic. However, the explanation for progressive mucosal injury after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is not known, because ischemia does not persist. To test the hypothesis that persistent pathophysiologic arteriovenous shunting is the cause of progressive mucosal injury after shock, we studied in vivo canine gastric mucosal oxygenation and transmembrane potential difference during and after one hour of hemorrhagic shock with and without topical acid (160 mM HCl) and taurocholate (1 mM) in the mucosal bathing solution. Although systemic blood pressure and total gastric blood flow returned to normal after shock in all groups, only the group with topical acid and taurocholate developed mucosal erosions and had persistent hypoxia and inhibition of potential difference in surface epithelial cells. We conclude that pathophysiologic arteriovenous shunting persists in the superficial part of the gastric mucosa after shock. It is tempting to speculate that shunting may replace ischemia in the ulcerogenic triad during the postresuscitation phase of injury."}
{"id": "PMID:262089", "title": "Influence of hyperglycemia on survival after hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Terms such as \"insulin resistance\" and \"glucose intolerance\" applied to shock-induced hyperglycemia suggest that this state may prejudice survival. However, our data indicate that posthemorrhage hyperglycemia improves short-term survival. Rabbits, either fed until the experiment or fasted for 24 hours, were shocked by rapid removal of 25% of their blood volume (BV) measured by 131IHSA. During the next 60 minutes, blood pressure (BP) was recorded, and the following variables were measured every 10 minutes: plasma volume (PV); arterial and venous plasma osmolality (PO), glucose, lactate, Na, K and hematocrit. Other fasted animals studied similarly received short intravenous pulses of hypertonic xylose after bleeding. The PO of fed animals, who all survived for 60 minutes rose to an extent accounted for by rises in glucose and lactate. A significant PV fluid gain was maintained for 60 minutes. The fasted animals, 42% of whom died before 60 minutes, had a flat glucose curve with a correspondingly small rise in PO. The PV fluid balance, after an initial small gain, became negative. Although a lower blood pressure in fasted rabbits was probably due to lack of PV refill, death resulted from hyperkalemia. Poor tolerance of fasted animals to shock is not attributable only to less glucose for energy metabolism, because when they received xylose, homeostatic features of fed animals were restored. The data suggest that, immediately after hemorrhage, glucose acts as a nonpermeant solute drawing fluid into the circulation. This study also shows that control of the nutritional status of animals used for shock models is important.", "contents": "Influence of hyperglycemia on survival after hemorrhagic shock. Terms such as \"insulin resistance\" and \"glucose intolerance\" applied to shock-induced hyperglycemia suggest that this state may prejudice survival. However, our data indicate that posthemorrhage hyperglycemia improves short-term survival. Rabbits, either fed until the experiment or fasted for 24 hours, were shocked by rapid removal of 25% of their blood volume (BV) measured by 131IHSA. During the next 60 minutes, blood pressure (BP) was recorded, and the following variables were measured every 10 minutes: plasma volume (PV); arterial and venous plasma osmolality (PO), glucose, lactate, Na, K and hematocrit. Other fasted animals studied similarly received short intravenous pulses of hypertonic xylose after bleeding. The PO of fed animals, who all survived for 60 minutes rose to an extent accounted for by rises in glucose and lactate. A significant PV fluid gain was maintained for 60 minutes. The fasted animals, 42% of whom died before 60 minutes, had a flat glucose curve with a correspondingly small rise in PO. The PV fluid balance, after an initial small gain, became negative. Although a lower blood pressure in fasted rabbits was probably due to lack of PV refill, death resulted from hyperkalemia. Poor tolerance of fasted animals to shock is not attributable only to less glucose for energy metabolism, because when they received xylose, homeostatic features of fed animals were restored. The data suggest that, immediately after hemorrhage, glucose acts as a nonpermeant solute drawing fluid into the circulation. This study also shows that control of the nutritional status of animals used for shock models is important."}
{"id": "PMID:262090", "title": "Ultrastructural study on kidney cell injury following various types of shock in 26 immediate autopsy patients.", "content": "In acute renal failure in man following shock and trauma, an amazing discrepancy was found between the complete breakdown of renal function and the very modest histological and ultrastructural changes in \"immediate autopsy\" patients, even in those who sustained septic shock. Although, from this limited number of studies no satisfactory interpretation of the pathogenesis of acute renal failure can be deduced from the structural changes found, the findings do indicate that hypoxia plays a key role in aggravating the structural changes that induce permanent cell damage in man following shock of various etiologies including septic shock.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study on kidney cell injury following various types of shock in 26 immediate autopsy patients. In acute renal failure in man following shock and trauma, an amazing discrepancy was found between the complete breakdown of renal function and the very modest histological and ultrastructural changes in \"immediate autopsy\" patients, even in those who sustained septic shock. Although, from this limited number of studies no satisfactory interpretation of the pathogenesis of acute renal failure can be deduced from the structural changes found, the findings do indicate that hypoxia plays a key role in aggravating the structural changes that induce permanent cell damage in man following shock of various etiologies including septic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:262095", "title": "Effects of hydration and physical therapy on tracheal transport velocity.", "content": "A new tracer method for quantitative measurement of tracheal transport velocity (mm per min) in dogs has been described. Using the same technique, the effects of dehydration, rehydration, postural drainage, and chest percussion on tracheal transport velocity were studied. Mean tracheal transport velocity decreased significantly (14.1 +/- 1.4) after dehydration (P less than 0.05) and reverted to normal (19.0 +/- 1.3) with rehydration in 10 dogs. After postural drainage in 7 dogs, mean tracheal transport velocity increased 39.7 +/- 1.78 (SE) per cent (P less than 0.01). After chest percussion in 6 dogs, mean tracheal transport velocity increased 50.9 +/- 1.22 (SE) per cent. With combined postural drainage and chest percussion, mean tracheal transport velocity increased 50.0 +/- 0.32 (SE) per cent. Although maximal improvement occurred after the combined therapy, the changes were not significantly different from those observed with each therapy alone. These therapeutic measures have been used empirically in the past. The present study gives some objective evidence for their beneficial effects in anesthetized dogs.", "contents": "Effects of hydration and physical therapy on tracheal transport velocity. A new tracer method for quantitative measurement of tracheal transport velocity (mm per min) in dogs has been described. Using the same technique, the effects of dehydration, rehydration, postural drainage, and chest percussion on tracheal transport velocity were studied. Mean tracheal transport velocity decreased significantly (14.1 +/- 1.4) after dehydration (P less than 0.05) and reverted to normal (19.0 +/- 1.3) with rehydration in 10 dogs. After postural drainage in 7 dogs, mean tracheal transport velocity increased 39.7 +/- 1.78 (SE) per cent (P less than 0.01). After chest percussion in 6 dogs, mean tracheal transport velocity increased 50.9 +/- 1.22 (SE) per cent. With combined postural drainage and chest percussion, mean tracheal transport velocity increased 50.0 +/- 0.32 (SE) per cent. Although maximal improvement occurred after the combined therapy, the changes were not significantly different from those observed with each therapy alone. These therapeutic measures have been used empirically in the past. The present study gives some objective evidence for their beneficial effects in anesthetized dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:262096", "title": "Isolation and properties of type II alveolar cells from rat lung.", "content": "Type II alveolar cells can be isolated and partially purified from adult rat lung by a series of steps that includes enzymatic digestion of the lung with trypsin and separation of cells on a discontinuous albumin density gradient. The yield of the isolated type II cells depends on the supplier and the housing of the rats used to prepare the cells. With specific pathogen-free rats housed in a laminar flow hood, the yield was 20.3 x 10(6) cells per rat, of which 50 per cent were type II cells. With rats from 2 other suppliers and no special housing, the yields were 8.8 and 8.3 x 10(6) cells per rat, of which 67 and 65 per cent were type II cells. The ultrastructural appearance of the isolated cells was similar to that of cells from intact lung, except for some dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the perinuclear space. Most cells (92 +/- 5 per cent) excluded the vital dye, trypan blue. The cells consumed O2 at the rate of 76 +/- 12 nmole per 10(6) cells per hour and released only 5.7 +/- 2.0 per cent of their lactate dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, into the medium after 1 hour of incubation. The isolated type II cells contained disaturated phosphatidylcholine, a major component of purified surface-active material. The cells, however, had a low glucose utilization compared to their O2 consumption, which may indicate an abnormality in the metabolism of glucose. This population of cells could be further purified to 89 per cent type II cells by unit gravity velocity sedimentation.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of type II alveolar cells from rat lung. Type II alveolar cells can be isolated and partially purified from adult rat lung by a series of steps that includes enzymatic digestion of the lung with trypsin and separation of cells on a discontinuous albumin density gradient. The yield of the isolated type II cells depends on the supplier and the housing of the rats used to prepare the cells. With specific pathogen-free rats housed in a laminar flow hood, the yield was 20.3 x 10(6) cells per rat, of which 50 per cent were type II cells. With rats from 2 other suppliers and no special housing, the yields were 8.8 and 8.3 x 10(6) cells per rat, of which 67 and 65 per cent were type II cells. The ultrastructural appearance of the isolated cells was similar to that of cells from intact lung, except for some dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the perinuclear space. Most cells (92 +/- 5 per cent) excluded the vital dye, trypan blue. The cells consumed O2 at the rate of 76 +/- 12 nmole per 10(6) cells per hour and released only 5.7 +/- 2.0 per cent of their lactate dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, into the medium after 1 hour of incubation. The isolated type II cells contained disaturated phosphatidylcholine, a major component of purified surface-active material. The cells, however, had a low glucose utilization compared to their O2 consumption, which may indicate an abnormality in the metabolism of glucose. This population of cells could be further purified to 89 per cent type II cells by unit gravity velocity sedimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:262097", "title": "The failure of aerosolized superoxide dismutase to modify pulmonary oxygen toxicity.", "content": "Superoxide (O2-.) is a highly toxic free radical that may be an important component of pulmonary O2 toxicity. The primary defense against this free radical is superoxide dismutase. Rats were exposed to aerosolized superoxide dismutase, and it failed to modify either the time course or the cumulative toxicity of 100 per cent O2. Because the aerosolized enzyme can be expected to be delivered only to the extracellular space of the lung, it is suggested that the primary site of production and of damage due to O2-induced free radicals must be within the intracellular space.", "contents": "The failure of aerosolized superoxide dismutase to modify pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Superoxide (O2-.) is a highly toxic free radical that may be an important component of pulmonary O2 toxicity. The primary defense against this free radical is superoxide dismutase. Rats were exposed to aerosolized superoxide dismutase, and it failed to modify either the time course or the cumulative toxicity of 100 per cent O2. Because the aerosolized enzyme can be expected to be delivered only to the extracellular space of the lung, it is suggested that the primary site of production and of damage due to O2-induced free radicals must be within the intracellular space."}
{"id": "PMID:262098", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: association with retroperitoneal fibrosis and evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a non-neoplastic lymphoreticular disorder that usually presents as primary lung disease. A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis is reported. The retroperitoneal fibrous tissue contained the same variegated lymphoreticular infiltrate that formed the lung tumor, suggesting that the disease may have begun in the retroperitoneum. An extensive immunologic evaluation of the patient revealed impaired cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: association with retroperitoneal fibrosis and evidence of impaired cell-mediated immunity. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a non-neoplastic lymphoreticular disorder that usually presents as primary lung disease. A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis is reported. The retroperitoneal fibrous tissue contained the same variegated lymphoreticular infiltrate that formed the lung tumor, suggesting that the disease may have begun in the retroperitoneum. An extensive immunologic evaluation of the patient revealed impaired cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:262099", "title": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis.", "content": "A 34-year-old alcoholic and drug addict developed cavitary pulmonary sporotrichosis that progressed slowly during 6 years. Pulmonary resection and pre- and postoperative therapy with amphotericin B were associated with prompt clinical improvement with no evidence of relapse during a 2-year follow-up. Histologic examination of lung revealed granulomatous inflammation with organisms consistent with Sporothrix schenckii, and interstitial talc (magnesium silicate) granulomas. The latter finding was consistent with the history of intravenous drug abuse. Although the presence of silicates in lung enhances the pathogenicity of some microorganisms, the relation of these findings to the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis in our patient is unclear.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis. A 34-year-old alcoholic and drug addict developed cavitary pulmonary sporotrichosis that progressed slowly during 6 years. Pulmonary resection and pre- and postoperative therapy with amphotericin B were associated with prompt clinical improvement with no evidence of relapse during a 2-year follow-up. Histologic examination of lung revealed granulomatous inflammation with organisms consistent with Sporothrix schenckii, and interstitial talc (magnesium silicate) granulomas. The latter finding was consistent with the history of intravenous drug abuse. Although the presence of silicates in lung enhances the pathogenicity of some microorganisms, the relation of these findings to the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis in our patient is unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:262100", "title": "Endobronchial foreign body demonstrated by xerotomography.", "content": "A case of pneumonia secondary to aspirated foreign body is presented. Xerotomography was useful in detecting abnormalities of the tracheobronchial tree and in demonstrating endobronchial foreign bodies.", "contents": "Endobronchial foreign body demonstrated by xerotomography. A case of pneumonia secondary to aspirated foreign body is presented. Xerotomography was useful in detecting abnormalities of the tracheobronchial tree and in demonstrating endobronchial foreign bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:262101", "title": "An urban epidemic of North American blastomycosis.", "content": "Five culturally proved cases of blastomycosis occurred in a 9-month period during 1974 and 1975 in a western suburb of Chicago. All patients lived within a 1-mile radius of the center of Westmont, Ill. (population, 12,000). Three of these patients lived in adjacent buildings in the same apartment complex. None of the patients had significant outdoor exposure. Dust from a nearby construction site was postulated as a possible common source, although soil cultures from the area were negative. This is the third chronologic epidemic of the blastomycosis; a fourth one has been reported. It is the only outbreak to occur in a major metropolitan area.", "contents": "An urban epidemic of North American blastomycosis. Five culturally proved cases of blastomycosis occurred in a 9-month period during 1974 and 1975 in a western suburb of Chicago. All patients lived within a 1-mile radius of the center of Westmont, Ill. (population, 12,000). Three of these patients lived in adjacent buildings in the same apartment complex. None of the patients had significant outdoor exposure. Dust from a nearby construction site was postulated as a possible common source, although soil cultures from the area were negative. This is the third chronologic epidemic of the blastomycosis; a fourth one has been reported. It is the only outbreak to occur in a major metropolitan area."}
{"id": "PMID:262102", "title": "Effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on tracheal mucous velocity.", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate (200 micrograms, administered by inhalation to conscious sheep, does not affect tracheal mucous velocity during a 60-min period.", "contents": "Effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on tracheal mucous velocity. Beclomethasone dipropionate (200 micrograms, administered by inhalation to conscious sheep, does not affect tracheal mucous velocity during a 60-min period."}
{"id": "PMID:262104", "title": "Respiratory abnormalities among grain handlers: a clinical, physiologic, and immunologic study.", "content": "A survey of 300 grain elevator workers revealed that 77 per cent complained of eye symptoms; 64 per cent, of nasal symptoms; and 88 per cent, of one or more respiratory symptoms on exposure to airborne grain dust. Symptoms on exposure were independent of age and length of employment. Cough and wheezing on exposure were more common among smokers than nonsmokers (P less than 0.025). Nineteen per cent of the workers had had episodes of grain fever. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 37 per cent (42 per cent of smokers and 30 per cent of nonsmokers). Wheezes on auscultation were found in 23 per cent. Measurements of lung ventilatory function, as well as diffusing capacity, correlated significantly with age and smoking habits, but not with length of employment. Thirty-seven per cent of the workers had an abnormal mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity (47 per cent of smokers and 13 per cent of nonsmokers), and 34 per cent had an abnormal maximal expiratory flow after exhalation of 50 per cent of the forced vital capacity (40 per cent of smokers and 13 per cent of nonsmokers), whereas only 13 per cent had an abnormal ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity. There was no correlation between precipitins to fungi, bacteria, grain, or grain dust antigens and acute or chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function, or grain fever. There was, however, a significant correlation between cutaneous reactivity to grain dust and wheezing on exposure (P less than 0.02). Abnormal flows at low lung volumes were more common among cutaneous reactors to common allergens. We concluded that exposure to airborne grain dust can cause acute inflammatory reaction to the exposed mucosa, and it is highly probable that grain dust contributes and, in some cases, causes chronic airway disease.", "contents": "Respiratory abnormalities among grain handlers: a clinical, physiologic, and immunologic study. A survey of 300 grain elevator workers revealed that 77 per cent complained of eye symptoms; 64 per cent, of nasal symptoms; and 88 per cent, of one or more respiratory symptoms on exposure to airborne grain dust. Symptoms on exposure were independent of age and length of employment. Cough and wheezing on exposure were more common among smokers than nonsmokers (P less than 0.025). Nineteen per cent of the workers had had episodes of grain fever. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was 37 per cent (42 per cent of smokers and 30 per cent of nonsmokers). Wheezes on auscultation were found in 23 per cent. Measurements of lung ventilatory function, as well as diffusing capacity, correlated significantly with age and smoking habits, but not with length of employment. Thirty-seven per cent of the workers had an abnormal mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity (47 per cent of smokers and 13 per cent of nonsmokers), and 34 per cent had an abnormal maximal expiratory flow after exhalation of 50 per cent of the forced vital capacity (40 per cent of smokers and 13 per cent of nonsmokers), whereas only 13 per cent had an abnormal ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity. There was no correlation between precipitins to fungi, bacteria, grain, or grain dust antigens and acute or chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function, or grain fever. There was, however, a significant correlation between cutaneous reactivity to grain dust and wheezing on exposure (P less than 0.02). Abnormal flows at low lung volumes were more common among cutaneous reactors to common allergens. We concluded that exposure to airborne grain dust can cause acute inflammatory reaction to the exposed mucosa, and it is highly probable that grain dust contributes and, in some cases, causes chronic airway disease."}
{"id": "PMID:262105", "title": "Sequential immunologic stimuli to the respiratory tract: a paradox in the degree of potentiation of airway responses depending on the sequence of reverse passive and active immunologic stimulation.", "content": "Immunologic stimuli to the airway of rhesus monkeys were given by aerosol challenge with ascaris antigen or anti-IgE. Both of these stimuli produce immediate-type airway responses. When 2 sequential aerosol challenges were given during the same experiment, the response following the second stimulus was always less than or equal to the first response following any combination of stimuli except the anti-IgE-ascaris sequence. The second response following the latter challenge was always greater than or equal to the first response. The possibility that this exception was the result of anti-IgE priming mediator releasing cells for antigen was not supported by in vitro experiments. It is suggested that the results obtained with the anti-IgE-ascaris sequence may relate to the presence of intralumenal mast cells in the bronchi and the molecular weights of the 2 immunologic stimuli.", "contents": "Sequential immunologic stimuli to the respiratory tract: a paradox in the degree of potentiation of airway responses depending on the sequence of reverse passive and active immunologic stimulation. Immunologic stimuli to the airway of rhesus monkeys were given by aerosol challenge with ascaris antigen or anti-IgE. Both of these stimuli produce immediate-type airway responses. When 2 sequential aerosol challenges were given during the same experiment, the response following the second stimulus was always less than or equal to the first response following any combination of stimuli except the anti-IgE-ascaris sequence. The second response following the latter challenge was always greater than or equal to the first response. The possibility that this exception was the result of anti-IgE priming mediator releasing cells for antigen was not supported by in vitro experiments. It is suggested that the results obtained with the anti-IgE-ascaris sequence may relate to the presence of intralumenal mast cells in the bronchi and the molecular weights of the 2 immunologic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:262106", "title": "Airway response to carbachol in normal and asthmatic subjects: distinction between bronchial sensitivity and reactivity.", "content": "By constructing cumulative dose-response curves to inhaled carbachol in 12 normal and 17 asthmatic subjects with comparable baseline specific airway conductance, we have shown that there were wide variations among subjects in the dose of carbachol needed to cause a 25 per cent decrease in specific airway conductance (bronchial sensitivity) and in the slopes of the curves (bronchial reactivity). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between these 2 characteristics of the bronchial response to carbachol. The mean dose-response curves of the asthmatic and the normal subjects were widely divergent, indicating that the asthmatic subjects differed from normal subjects more in terms of bronchial reactivity than in bronchial sensitivity. This suggests that different mechanisms determine the sensitivity and reactivity of the bronchial tree, and that hyper-reactivity is the main feature of the asthmatic response. Both should be assessed when the bronchial response to bronchoconstrictor agents is measured.", "contents": "Airway response to carbachol in normal and asthmatic subjects: distinction between bronchial sensitivity and reactivity. By constructing cumulative dose-response curves to inhaled carbachol in 12 normal and 17 asthmatic subjects with comparable baseline specific airway conductance, we have shown that there were wide variations among subjects in the dose of carbachol needed to cause a 25 per cent decrease in specific airway conductance (bronchial sensitivity) and in the slopes of the curves (bronchial reactivity). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between these 2 characteristics of the bronchial response to carbachol. The mean dose-response curves of the asthmatic and the normal subjects were widely divergent, indicating that the asthmatic subjects differed from normal subjects more in terms of bronchial reactivity than in bronchial sensitivity. This suggests that different mechanisms determine the sensitivity and reactivity of the bronchial tree, and that hyper-reactivity is the main feature of the asthmatic response. Both should be assessed when the bronchial response to bronchoconstrictor agents is measured."}
{"id": "PMID:262107", "title": "Theophylline bioavailability: a comparison of the oral absorption of a theophylline elixir and two combination theophylline tablets to intravenous aminophylline.", "content": "The bioavailability of theophylline from single doses of an elixir (Elixophyllin) and two different tablet formulations, as compared to intravenous aminophylline, was studied with a crossover design in 12 normal volunteers. Both tablet formulations (Marax and Tedral) contain ephedrine. Marax contains hydroxyzine hydrochloride, and Tedral contains phenobarbital. The absorption of theophylline was most rapid from the elixir, whereas that from Marax was faster than that from Tedral. The peak concentrations of theophylline after administration of the 3 oral dosage forms were in the order, elixir greater than Marax greater than Tedral, however, the time to achieve peak concentration was highly variable and did not differ significantly among the 3 products. On the basis of area under the serum concentration-time curves, the absorption of theophylline from the elixir and from Marax was essentially complete. The area under the serum concentration curve after administration of Tedral was significantly less than that after intravenous aminophylline, elixir, and Marax; however, when the individual areas under the concentration curves were adjusted for intrasubject variation in elimination rate constant, the mean area under the concentration curve after Tedral no longer differed significantly from those of the intravenous and other two oral products. A large degree of intersubject variation in the oral absorption of theophylline was observe din this study. Therefore, in addition to the well-documented, large individual variation in the serum clearance of theophylline, intersubject differences in the absorption of the drug is another factor that complicates proper adjustment of the dose in oral theophylline therapy.", "contents": "Theophylline bioavailability: a comparison of the oral absorption of a theophylline elixir and two combination theophylline tablets to intravenous aminophylline. The bioavailability of theophylline from single doses of an elixir (Elixophyllin) and two different tablet formulations, as compared to intravenous aminophylline, was studied with a crossover design in 12 normal volunteers. Both tablet formulations (Marax and Tedral) contain ephedrine. Marax contains hydroxyzine hydrochloride, and Tedral contains phenobarbital. The absorption of theophylline was most rapid from the elixir, whereas that from Marax was faster than that from Tedral. The peak concentrations of theophylline after administration of the 3 oral dosage forms were in the order, elixir greater than Marax greater than Tedral, however, the time to achieve peak concentration was highly variable and did not differ significantly among the 3 products. On the basis of area under the serum concentration-time curves, the absorption of theophylline from the elixir and from Marax was essentially complete. The area under the serum concentration curve after administration of Tedral was significantly less than that after intravenous aminophylline, elixir, and Marax; however, when the individual areas under the concentration curves were adjusted for intrasubject variation in elimination rate constant, the mean area under the concentration curve after Tedral no longer differed significantly from those of the intravenous and other two oral products. A large degree of intersubject variation in the oral absorption of theophylline was observe din this study. Therefore, in addition to the well-documented, large individual variation in the serum clearance of theophylline, intersubject differences in the absorption of the drug is another factor that complicates proper adjustment of the dose in oral theophylline therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:262108", "title": "An animal model of cigarette smoking in beagle dogs: correlative evaluation of effects on pulmonary function, defense, and morphology.", "content": "Using beagle dogs, we have developed an animal model for the evaluation of the effect of chronic cigarette smoking on pulmonary defense and function and on lung structure. The smoking apparatus developed allows the dog actively to inhale properly diluted (1:4) smoke directly from the cigarette through a mouthpipe. In this model, 6-month and 1-year periods of mild to moderate smoking caused impairment of tracheal mucociliary transport and bacteriosuppressive activity of alveolar macrophages, with little change in pulmonary function. Morphologically, subtle, but significant, lesions were noted in the central airways and bronchiolar walls, consisting of tracheal epithelial basal cell hyperplasia, proliferation of goblet cells in central airways, and peribronchiolar infiltration by inflammatory cells. Morphometry of bronchiolar size distribution, volume proportion of parenchymal structure, and alveolar surface area, however, failed to show significant differences between the groups.", "contents": "An animal model of cigarette smoking in beagle dogs: correlative evaluation of effects on pulmonary function, defense, and morphology. Using beagle dogs, we have developed an animal model for the evaluation of the effect of chronic cigarette smoking on pulmonary defense and function and on lung structure. The smoking apparatus developed allows the dog actively to inhale properly diluted (1:4) smoke directly from the cigarette through a mouthpipe. In this model, 6-month and 1-year periods of mild to moderate smoking caused impairment of tracheal mucociliary transport and bacteriosuppressive activity of alveolar macrophages, with little change in pulmonary function. Morphologically, subtle, but significant, lesions were noted in the central airways and bronchiolar walls, consisting of tracheal epithelial basal cell hyperplasia, proliferation of goblet cells in central airways, and peribronchiolar infiltration by inflammatory cells. Morphometry of bronchiolar size distribution, volume proportion of parenchymal structure, and alveolar surface area, however, failed to show significant differences between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:262109", "title": "A comparative study of the mechanical properties in aging alveolar wall.", "content": "Alveolar wall from the lung of aging humans shows a progressive decrease in maximal extensibility, which should follow an increase in resting tissue length rather than a reduction in maximal length. An increase in resting tissue length is compatible with the change in lung volumes and reduction in elastic recoil that occurs with time. A model of the lung was used to compare the effects of a change in resting tissue length in diminishing elastic recoil with that of a reduction in the volume density of the elastic elements (emphysema). Such differentiation is important in selecting an animal that may model the aging or emphysematous lung. In the rat, rabbit, and horse, alveolar walls show no decrease in maximal extensibility with age. In the male monkey (M. nemestrina and M. mulatta) between birth and 2.4 years there is a decrease in maximal extensibility that lacks significance for the limited age span examined. On the other hand, the energy loss in length-tension cycling (hysteresis) of alveolar wall increases in aging humans, diminishes in rats and rabbits, and shows little change in horses and monkeys. The breaking force of alveolar wall increases with age in rats and rabbits but does not change significantly in the other species. Of these species, the monkey promises a better model of the age-related changes in maximal extensibility of alveolar wall. A measure of maximal extensibility can distinguish the effects of dilatation of air spaces from those of destruction of alveolar wall in causing loss of lung elastic recoil.", "contents": "A comparative study of the mechanical properties in aging alveolar wall. Alveolar wall from the lung of aging humans shows a progressive decrease in maximal extensibility, which should follow an increase in resting tissue length rather than a reduction in maximal length. An increase in resting tissue length is compatible with the change in lung volumes and reduction in elastic recoil that occurs with time. A model of the lung was used to compare the effects of a change in resting tissue length in diminishing elastic recoil with that of a reduction in the volume density of the elastic elements (emphysema). Such differentiation is important in selecting an animal that may model the aging or emphysematous lung. In the rat, rabbit, and horse, alveolar walls show no decrease in maximal extensibility with age. In the male monkey (M. nemestrina and M. mulatta) between birth and 2.4 years there is a decrease in maximal extensibility that lacks significance for the limited age span examined. On the other hand, the energy loss in length-tension cycling (hysteresis) of alveolar wall increases in aging humans, diminishes in rats and rabbits, and shows little change in horses and monkeys. The breaking force of alveolar wall increases with age in rats and rabbits but does not change significantly in the other species. Of these species, the monkey promises a better model of the age-related changes in maximal extensibility of alveolar wall. A measure of maximal extensibility can distinguish the effects of dilatation of air spaces from those of destruction of alveolar wall in causing loss of lung elastic recoil."}
{"id": "PMID:262110", "title": "Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma.", "content": "Twenty patients with pulmonary nodules consisting of concentric hyaline lamellae, usually accompanied by perivascular collections of plasma cells and lymphocytes, were studied. In most instances, the lesions were multiple, bilateral, and mildly symptomatic. Many of these nodules showed all of the staining characteristics of amyloid, but others had an atypical birefringence pattern. No infectious agents were identified, and no consistent pattern of dysproteinemia was observed. Two of the patients had prior histories of tuberculosis. In other cases, the nodules were of unknown origin and pathogenesis. Four cases were complicated by sclerosing mediastinitis, and one, by retroperitoneal fibrosis and amyloidosis. Our current working hypothesis is that these lesions represent an exaggerated and, possibly, continuing immune response, perhaps to one of a number of agents.", "contents": "Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma. Twenty patients with pulmonary nodules consisting of concentric hyaline lamellae, usually accompanied by perivascular collections of plasma cells and lymphocytes, were studied. In most instances, the lesions were multiple, bilateral, and mildly symptomatic. Many of these nodules showed all of the staining characteristics of amyloid, but others had an atypical birefringence pattern. No infectious agents were identified, and no consistent pattern of dysproteinemia was observed. Two of the patients had prior histories of tuberculosis. In other cases, the nodules were of unknown origin and pathogenesis. Four cases were complicated by sclerosing mediastinitis, and one, by retroperitoneal fibrosis and amyloidosis. Our current working hypothesis is that these lesions represent an exaggerated and, possibly, continuing immune response, perhaps to one of a number of agents."}
{"id": "PMID:262116", "title": "[Regulation of the breadth of the field of self recognition].", "content": "On the basis of certain cybernetic considerations, the need is demonstrated of several plasmatic circuits controlling the amplitude of the self recognition field. Regulating every individual circuit in a defense-enhancing direction is demonstrated to trigger a self-destroying, increasing-positive-retroaction mechanism, which is in turn controlled by an increasing-negative-retroactive defense-inhibiting mechanism. The existence is also demonstrated of a correlation between these retroaction processes. When certain stimulation levels are exceeded, such a correlation results in the growth of the negative process being sped up. The possibilities are discussed of stimulating the regulation of the circuit that governs the tumoral defense, keeping the negative retroaction below the limits at which it starts developing exponentially, thereby enhancing anticancer defenses.", "contents": "[Regulation of the breadth of the field of self recognition]. On the basis of certain cybernetic considerations, the need is demonstrated of several plasmatic circuits controlling the amplitude of the self recognition field. Regulating every individual circuit in a defense-enhancing direction is demonstrated to trigger a self-destroying, increasing-positive-retroaction mechanism, which is in turn controlled by an increasing-negative-retroactive defense-inhibiting mechanism. The existence is also demonstrated of a correlation between these retroaction processes. When certain stimulation levels are exceeded, such a correlation results in the growth of the negative process being sped up. The possibilities are discussed of stimulating the regulation of the circuit that governs the tumoral defense, keeping the negative retroaction below the limits at which it starts developing exponentially, thereby enhancing anticancer defenses."}
{"id": "PMID:262163", "title": "Evidence for regression of advanced atherosclerotic plaques.", "content": "The purpose of this presentation is to summarize briefly the evidence, much of it recent and direct, that the most prominent lesion components of the advanced atherosclerotic plaques in experimental animals, namely the necrotic center and the intracellular lipid, can undergo substantial regression. Some of the data will be reviewed indicating that this improvement of lesions in size, consistency and safety is due to a combination of remodeling, regression and healing. The recent evidence will be included indicating that human lesions can also respond favorably to the same rigorous serum cholesterol lowering regimens that lead to improvement of the advanced monkey and swine plaques.", "contents": "Evidence for regression of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. The purpose of this presentation is to summarize briefly the evidence, much of it recent and direct, that the most prominent lesion components of the advanced atherosclerotic plaques in experimental animals, namely the necrotic center and the intracellular lipid, can undergo substantial regression. Some of the data will be reviewed indicating that this improvement of lesions in size, consistency and safety is due to a combination of remodeling, regression and healing. The recent evidence will be included indicating that human lesions can also respond favorably to the same rigorous serum cholesterol lowering regimens that lead to improvement of the advanced monkey and swine plaques."}
{"id": "PMID:262164", "title": "The emerging cellular pathobiology of atherosclerosis.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to present a brief coordinated overview of the recent results of research at the artery cell level which appear to have the greatest impact on the rapidly improving understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans. The majority of these studies have employed in vitro methods and utilized the tools of modern cellular and molecular biology. These include microdissection; cell separation; tissue or cell culture; enzyme, lipid and protein chemistry as well as immunochemistry, ultrastructural visualization, cell organelle and membrane fractionation and the use of genetic markers. With these tools it is possible to study the interaction of the major space-occupying cells of the atherosclerotic plaque (especially the arterial smooth muscle cells) with many of the blood components, especially the lipoproteins and the other serum factors that appear to influence cell division. This direction of study appears to usher in a new era of atherosclerosis research.", "contents": "The emerging cellular pathobiology of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief coordinated overview of the recent results of research at the artery cell level which appear to have the greatest impact on the rapidly improving understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans. The majority of these studies have employed in vitro methods and utilized the tools of modern cellular and molecular biology. These include microdissection; cell separation; tissue or cell culture; enzyme, lipid and protein chemistry as well as immunochemistry, ultrastructural visualization, cell organelle and membrane fractionation and the use of genetic markers. With these tools it is possible to study the interaction of the major space-occupying cells of the atherosclerotic plaque (especially the arterial smooth muscle cells) with many of the blood components, especially the lipoproteins and the other serum factors that appear to influence cell division. This direction of study appears to usher in a new era of atherosclerosis research."}
{"id": "PMID:262165", "title": "[Evaluation of certain hemostasis parameters in premature infants].", "content": "In order to evaluate the specificity of hemostatic mechanism in premature Infants, the following examinations of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters have been done: platelet number, concentrations of fibrinogen prothrombin, factors V, VII X, X, VIII, IX and XIII, antithrombin III, plasminogen, euglobulin lysis time, fibrin degradation products, alpha-1 antiplasmin and alpha-2 macroglobulin. The examinations have been done in the whole of 18 premature infants of both sexes. The obtained results show that lowered level of coagulant activity was not exclusively the consequence of low activity of vitamin-K dependent factors, but the result of more complex disorders partly connected with the transient reduction of factors VIII, XIII and fibrinogen. The total fibrinolytic activity, in the meantime, was of the normal intensivity. The established disorder of coagulation-fibrinolytic balance probably represents the certain contributing factor in more frequent occurrence of haemorrhagic syndrome in premature infants.", "contents": "[Evaluation of certain hemostasis parameters in premature infants]. In order to evaluate the specificity of hemostatic mechanism in premature Infants, the following examinations of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters have been done: platelet number, concentrations of fibrinogen prothrombin, factors V, VII X, X, VIII, IX and XIII, antithrombin III, plasminogen, euglobulin lysis time, fibrin degradation products, alpha-1 antiplasmin and alpha-2 macroglobulin. The examinations have been done in the whole of 18 premature infants of both sexes. The obtained results show that lowered level of coagulant activity was not exclusively the consequence of low activity of vitamin-K dependent factors, but the result of more complex disorders partly connected with the transient reduction of factors VIII, XIII and fibrinogen. The total fibrinolytic activity, in the meantime, was of the normal intensivity. The established disorder of coagulation-fibrinolytic balance probably represents the certain contributing factor in more frequent occurrence of haemorrhagic syndrome in premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:262166", "title": "[Isoelectric spectrum of IgD in myeloma].", "content": "Isolated and highly purified myeloma IgD DEK, STA and SAR were subjected to isoelectric focusing in thin layer of polyacrylamide gel using equipment and PAG plate 3, 5-10 from LKB. Although homogeneous in electrophoresis on cellulose acetate folien, immunoelectrophoresis and DISC PAA gel electrophoresis analysed IgD showed high isoelectric heterogeneity. They formed isoelectric spectra with 24-27 pl zonnes ower the pH range 5,4-9,3. Based on densitometric analysis of gel stripps zonnes with a small protein content were excluded from calculation of the real isoelectrical range. According to that manipulation isoelectrical range was determined as pH 6-8. Heterogeneity of isolated myeloma IgD may be due to the post-synthetic transformation of molecules in vivo as well to degradation and/or aggregation of IgD in vitro during the preparation of samples for isoelectrofocusing. However, myeloma IgD are in fact more heterogeneous in isoelectrofocusing than myeloma immunoglobulins of other classes.", "contents": "[Isoelectric spectrum of IgD in myeloma]. Isolated and highly purified myeloma IgD DEK, STA and SAR were subjected to isoelectric focusing in thin layer of polyacrylamide gel using equipment and PAG plate 3, 5-10 from LKB. Although homogeneous in electrophoresis on cellulose acetate folien, immunoelectrophoresis and DISC PAA gel electrophoresis analysed IgD showed high isoelectric heterogeneity. They formed isoelectric spectra with 24-27 pl zonnes ower the pH range 5,4-9,3. Based on densitometric analysis of gel stripps zonnes with a small protein content were excluded from calculation of the real isoelectrical range. According to that manipulation isoelectrical range was determined as pH 6-8. Heterogeneity of isolated myeloma IgD may be due to the post-synthetic transformation of molecules in vivo as well to degradation and/or aggregation of IgD in vitro during the preparation of samples for isoelectrofocusing. However, myeloma IgD are in fact more heterogeneous in isoelectrofocusing than myeloma immunoglobulins of other classes."}
{"id": "PMID:262167", "title": "[Case report of congenital deficiency of factor V and factor VIII].", "content": "A case of a rare congenital combined deficiency of factor V (14%) and factor VIII (30%) is described for the first time in our literature. Nine years old girl was admitted to hospital because of nightly bleedings from hyperplastic and inflamed gums. Clinical picture was mild what is in accordance with the results of coagulation studies. Under substitution therapy tooth extraction passed without complications.", "contents": "[Case report of congenital deficiency of factor V and factor VIII]. A case of a rare congenital combined deficiency of factor V (14%) and factor VIII (30%) is described for the first time in our literature. Nine years old girl was admitted to hospital because of nightly bleedings from hyperplastic and inflamed gums. Clinical picture was mild what is in accordance with the results of coagulation studies. Under substitution therapy tooth extraction passed without complications."}
{"id": "PMID:262168", "title": "[Albumin and its therapeutic use - part I].", "content": "Albumin is most abundant and most studied protein of the circulation. Its biosynthesis is closely dependent on the nutrition, amino acid supply, hormonal millieu, environment, osmotic equilibrium, diseases and some other factors. Albumin is synthetized in the liver on a polyscmes and delivered into the blood streem. Degradation of albumin is practically still unknown and is one of many biological puzzles. Albumin prepared for therapeutic use almost contains dimers, oligomers and polymers which are very important, because they are one of the parameters for evaluation of albumin products quality.", "contents": "[Albumin and its therapeutic use - part I]. Albumin is most abundant and most studied protein of the circulation. Its biosynthesis is closely dependent on the nutrition, amino acid supply, hormonal millieu, environment, osmotic equilibrium, diseases and some other factors. Albumin is synthetized in the liver on a polyscmes and delivered into the blood streem. Degradation of albumin is practically still unknown and is one of many biological puzzles. Albumin prepared for therapeutic use almost contains dimers, oligomers and polymers which are very important, because they are one of the parameters for evaluation of albumin products quality."}
{"id": "PMID:262169", "title": "[Albumin and its therapeutic use - Part II].", "content": "Albumin is the most effective oncotic agent and has wide clinical application. In the resuscitation of injured patients with hypovolemic shock (during war and peace) the use of supplemental albumin is purported to be more effective in restoring plasma volume, increasing cardiac output, preventing pulmonary oedema and maintaining organ perfusion than resuscitation without supplemental albumin. Most important in a study of albumin are criterias for appropriate use because it was sometimes unjustified. Therapeutic use of albumin should not be dictated by arbitrary or pragmatic restriction but rather by rational prescribing from physicians well educated in its use.", "contents": "[Albumin and its therapeutic use - Part II]. Albumin is the most effective oncotic agent and has wide clinical application. In the resuscitation of injured patients with hypovolemic shock (during war and peace) the use of supplemental albumin is purported to be more effective in restoring plasma volume, increasing cardiac output, preventing pulmonary oedema and maintaining organ perfusion than resuscitation without supplemental albumin. Most important in a study of albumin are criterias for appropriate use because it was sometimes unjustified. Therapeutic use of albumin should not be dictated by arbitrary or pragmatic restriction but rather by rational prescribing from physicians well educated in its use."}
{"id": "PMID:262170", "title": "[Haptoglobin levels in premature infants].", "content": "A group of 30 preterm babies with no evidence of infections was investigated. They were separated in 3 groups according to the gestational age. In the first group, which included babies 28 to 32 weeks of gestational age, haptoglobin was detected in 5, but in 3, levels were under 25 mg/dl. In the second group, which consisted of babies of 33 to 36 weeks of gestational age, haptoglobin was detected in 6 infants, with levels less than 25 mg/dl in 3. Finally, in the group of babies of 37 to 40 weeks, haptoglobin was presented in 7. Haptoglobin was detected in 18 infants, which means in 60% of patients. Levels of haptoglobin were lower in babies of lower gestational age. Values obtained for haptoglobin levels in this study will be used in diagnostic purposes, for comparation with levels obtained in various pathological conditions.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin levels in premature infants]. A group of 30 preterm babies with no evidence of infections was investigated. They were separated in 3 groups according to the gestational age. In the first group, which included babies 28 to 32 weeks of gestational age, haptoglobin was detected in 5, but in 3, levels were under 25 mg/dl. In the second group, which consisted of babies of 33 to 36 weeks of gestational age, haptoglobin was detected in 6 infants, with levels less than 25 mg/dl in 3. Finally, in the group of babies of 37 to 40 weeks, haptoglobin was presented in 7. Haptoglobin was detected in 18 infants, which means in 60% of patients. Levels of haptoglobin were lower in babies of lower gestational age. Values obtained for haptoglobin levels in this study will be used in diagnostic purposes, for comparation with levels obtained in various pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:262175", "title": "Activities of enzymes in plasma should be measured at 37 degrees C.", "content": "There are considerable differences of opinion as to the most desirable temperature at which activities of enzymes in plasma should be measured. Debate centers around 25 degrees C because of its widespread use in physico-chemical measurements, 30 degrees C because of its supposed technical convenience, and 37 degrees because of its physiological significance. There is, however, widespread agreement that the activities of intracellular enzymes, and of enzymes having a natural function in plasma, be measured at 37 degrees C. Perhaps because estimations of the activities of those enzymes in plasma that have leaked from damaged tissues have been subject to almost continuous modifications, temperature has simply become just another variable to take into account. In this article I describe the relevance of a temperature near 37 degrees C to the activities of all enzymes in man, intracellular and extracellular. I conclude that 37 degrees C is to be favored as the temperature for assaying all parameters in human biochemistry affected by temperature. These include not only enzyme activities but also pH, blood-gas equilibria, binding data, and, in fact, all kinetic activities in the body.", "contents": "Activities of enzymes in plasma should be measured at 37 degrees C. There are considerable differences of opinion as to the most desirable temperature at which activities of enzymes in plasma should be measured. Debate centers around 25 degrees C because of its widespread use in physico-chemical measurements, 30 degrees C because of its supposed technical convenience, and 37 degrees because of its physiological significance. There is, however, widespread agreement that the activities of intracellular enzymes, and of enzymes having a natural function in plasma, be measured at 37 degrees C. Perhaps because estimations of the activities of those enzymes in plasma that have leaked from damaged tissues have been subject to almost continuous modifications, temperature has simply become just another variable to take into account. In this article I describe the relevance of a temperature near 37 degrees C to the activities of all enzymes in man, intracellular and extracellular. I conclude that 37 degrees C is to be favored as the temperature for assaying all parameters in human biochemistry affected by temperature. These include not only enzyme activities but also pH, blood-gas equilibria, binding data, and, in fact, all kinetic activities in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:262176", "title": "Secondary hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with primary asymptomatic gout.", "content": "We carefully selected 30 men with primary gout, rendered asymptomatic by therapy, to examine the frequency and type of hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia, with the objective of determining whether serum uric acid, alcohol intake, liver function, kidney function, and (or) drugs were participating in the secondary lipid disorder. Sixty-one age- and sex-matched men were used as controls. About 73% of the gout patients had hypertriglyceridemia, 1.6-fold the frequency found in the control group. Types IV and IIb lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were most prevalent in the gout group. Neither alcohol intake nor hyperuricemia, per se, seems to be the cause of the lipid and lipoprotein disorder and cannot be related to liver or kidney dysfunctions. Obesity was the major underlying factor associated with the lipidemia. The study suggests that diet and, possibly, defective clearance of triglycerides may be etiologic factors associated with the abnormal serum triacylglycerol (triglyceride) and lipoprotein concentrations in these individuals.", "contents": "Secondary hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with primary asymptomatic gout. We carefully selected 30 men with primary gout, rendered asymptomatic by therapy, to examine the frequency and type of hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia, with the objective of determining whether serum uric acid, alcohol intake, liver function, kidney function, and (or) drugs were participating in the secondary lipid disorder. Sixty-one age- and sex-matched men were used as controls. About 73% of the gout patients had hypertriglyceridemia, 1.6-fold the frequency found in the control group. Types IV and IIb lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were most prevalent in the gout group. Neither alcohol intake nor hyperuricemia, per se, seems to be the cause of the lipid and lipoprotein disorder and cannot be related to liver or kidney dysfunctions. Obesity was the major underlying factor associated with the lipidemia. The study suggests that diet and, possibly, defective clearance of triglycerides may be etiologic factors associated with the abnormal serum triacylglycerol (triglyceride) and lipoprotein concentrations in these individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:262177", "title": "Comparison of interlaboratory results for blood lead with results from a definitive method.", "content": "Results reported by 113 participants in the Blood Lead Proficiency Testing Program conducted by the Center for Disease Control were compared with those obtained by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) with a definitive methods (mass spectroscopy-isotopic dilution) for blood lead analyses. Data were compiled from the results obtained for 12 whole-blood samples containing 1.5 g of disodium EDTA per liter. Twelve separate blood samples were obtained from cattle which had been given lead nitrate orally. Lead concentrations in the samples ranged from 0.628 to 4.93 mumol/L (130-1020 micrograms/L) as determined by NBS. The methods used by laboratories were classified according to six basic groups: anodic stripping voltametry; and atomic absorption spectroscopy in which either extraction, carbon rod, graphite furnace, tantalum strip, or Delves cup was used. For results obtained in each group a linear regression analyses of laboratory values was made on the basis of NBS values. In comparison to the definitive method, most field methods for blood lead tended to overestimate the lead concentration when the actual lead concentration was less than 1.96 mumol/L (400 micrograms/L) and to underestimate the lead concentration when the actual lead concentration was greater than 2.45 mumol/L (500 micrograms/L).", "contents": "Comparison of interlaboratory results for blood lead with results from a definitive method. Results reported by 113 participants in the Blood Lead Proficiency Testing Program conducted by the Center for Disease Control were compared with those obtained by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) with a definitive methods (mass spectroscopy-isotopic dilution) for blood lead analyses. Data were compiled from the results obtained for 12 whole-blood samples containing 1.5 g of disodium EDTA per liter. Twelve separate blood samples were obtained from cattle which had been given lead nitrate orally. Lead concentrations in the samples ranged from 0.628 to 4.93 mumol/L (130-1020 micrograms/L) as determined by NBS. The methods used by laboratories were classified according to six basic groups: anodic stripping voltametry; and atomic absorption spectroscopy in which either extraction, carbon rod, graphite furnace, tantalum strip, or Delves cup was used. For results obtained in each group a linear regression analyses of laboratory values was made on the basis of NBS values. In comparison to the definitive method, most field methods for blood lead tended to overestimate the lead concentration when the actual lead concentration was less than 1.96 mumol/L (400 micrograms/L) and to underestimate the lead concentration when the actual lead concentration was greater than 2.45 mumol/L (500 micrograms/L)."}
{"id": "PMID:262178", "title": "Influence of a between-run component of variation, choice of control limits, and shape of error distribution on the performance characteristics of rules for internal quality control.", "content": "A computer-stimulation study has been performed to determine how the performance characteristics of quality-control rules are affected by the presence of a between-run component of variation, the choice of control limits (calculated from within-run vs. total standard deviations), and the shape of the error distribution. When a between-run standard deviation (Sb) exists and control limits are calculated from the total standard deviation (St, which includes Sb as well as the within-run standard deviation, Sw), there is generally a loss in ability to detect analytical disturbances or errors. With control limits calculated from Sw, there is generally an increase in the level of false rejections. The presence of non-gaussian error distribution appears to have considerably less effect. It can be recommended that random error be controlled by use of a chi-square or range-control rule, with control limits calculated from Sw. Optimal control of systematic errors is difficult when Sb exists. An effort should be made to reduce Sb, and this will lead to increased ability to detect analytical errors. When Sb is tolerated or accepted as part of the baseline state of operation for the analytical method, then further increases in the number of control observations will be necessary to achieve a given probability for error detection.", "contents": "Influence of a between-run component of variation, choice of control limits, and shape of error distribution on the performance characteristics of rules for internal quality control. A computer-stimulation study has been performed to determine how the performance characteristics of quality-control rules are affected by the presence of a between-run component of variation, the choice of control limits (calculated from within-run vs. total standard deviations), and the shape of the error distribution. When a between-run standard deviation (Sb) exists and control limits are calculated from the total standard deviation (St, which includes Sb as well as the within-run standard deviation, Sw), there is generally a loss in ability to detect analytical disturbances or errors. With control limits calculated from Sw, there is generally an increase in the level of false rejections. The presence of non-gaussian error distribution appears to have considerably less effect. It can be recommended that random error be controlled by use of a chi-square or range-control rule, with control limits calculated from Sw. Optimal control of systematic errors is difficult when Sb exists. An effort should be made to reduce Sb, and this will lead to increased ability to detect analytical errors. When Sb is tolerated or accepted as part of the baseline state of operation for the analytical method, then further increases in the number of control observations will be necessary to achieve a given probability for error detection."}
{"id": "PMID:262179", "title": "Liquid-chromatographic analysis for methylphenidate (Ritalin) in serum.", "content": "We describe a \"high performance\" liquid chromatographic method for quantitating methylphenidate in serum. The internal standard, 4,5-diphenylimidazole, and  serum or plasma sample are extracted in chloroform, evaporated, and redissolved in 20 mmol/L potassium phosphate (pH 3.5)/high-purity acetonitrile, 80/20 by vol. A centrifuged aliquot is chromatographed on mu-Bondapak C-18 with the phosphate/acetonitrile solvent as mobile phase, a flow rate of 1.6 mL/min, and a column temperature of 40 degrees C. Absorbances are read at 192 nm. This method reliably measures concentrations greater than 20 micrograms/L and has analytical recoveries of 74%.", "contents": "Liquid-chromatographic analysis for methylphenidate (Ritalin) in serum. We describe a \"high performance\" liquid chromatographic method for quantitating methylphenidate in serum. The internal standard, 4,5-diphenylimidazole, and  serum or plasma sample are extracted in chloroform, evaporated, and redissolved in 20 mmol/L potassium phosphate (pH 3.5)/high-purity acetonitrile, 80/20 by vol. A centrifuged aliquot is chromatographed on mu-Bondapak C-18 with the phosphate/acetonitrile solvent as mobile phase, a flow rate of 1.6 mL/min, and a column temperature of 40 degrees C. Absorbances are read at 192 nm. This method reliably measures concentrations greater than 20 micrograms/L and has analytical recoveries of 74%."}
{"id": "PMID:262180", "title": "Liquid chromatographic analysis of disopyramide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite.", "content": "We describe a rapid, sensitive, and specific \"high performance\" liquid chromatographic analysis for disopyramide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite in serum, urine, and saliva. We used a mu-Bondapak CN column and an acetate buffer mobile phase containing methanol. Retention times for the two compounds and the internal standard, p-chlorodisopyramide, were 3.4, 4.1, and 6.3 min, respectively. The lower limits of sensitivity for drug and metabolite were 50 and 80 micrograms/L, respectively, with maximum coefficients of variation of 4.6 and 12%, respectively. Currently used antiarrhythmic drugs did not interfere with the analysis of disopyramide, and the pharmacokinetics of the drug, obtained from studies of one subject, agree well with reported values.", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic analysis of disopyramide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite. We describe a rapid, sensitive, and specific \"high performance\" liquid chromatographic analysis for disopyramide and its mono-N-dealkylated metabolite in serum, urine, and saliva. We used a mu-Bondapak CN column and an acetate buffer mobile phase containing methanol. Retention times for the two compounds and the internal standard, p-chlorodisopyramide, were 3.4, 4.1, and 6.3 min, respectively. The lower limits of sensitivity for drug and metabolite were 50 and 80 micrograms/L, respectively, with maximum coefficients of variation of 4.6 and 12%, respectively. Currently used antiarrhythmic drugs did not interfere with the analysis of disopyramide, and the pharmacokinetics of the drug, obtained from studies of one subject, agree well with reported values."}
{"id": "PMID:262181", "title": "Liquid-chromatographic determination of acetaminophen in serum.", "content": "We describe a sensitive and precise \"high-pressure\" liquid-chromatographic method for determining acetaminophen in serum. The 2-acetaminophenol and 3-acetaminophenol structural isomers of acetaminophen are used as internal standards. The method, which involves solvent extraction and adsorption chromatography on silica, provides excellent sensitivity, accuracy, and selectivity. The standard curve is linear over the range of acetaminophen concentrations of 0.5 to 300 mg/L, which makes the method useful for both pharmacokinetic studies and overdose monitoring. Analytical recovery is 97% for acetaminophen concentrations ranging from 5 to 300 mg/L. Many commonly used drugs were tested and found not to interfere. The procedure has been successfully adapted as a microscale method requiring only 50 microL of sample. The microscale method is particularly useful for pediatric and neonatal patients for whom sample size is a major concern.", "contents": "Liquid-chromatographic determination of acetaminophen in serum. We describe a sensitive and precise \"high-pressure\" liquid-chromatographic method for determining acetaminophen in serum. The 2-acetaminophenol and 3-acetaminophenol structural isomers of acetaminophen are used as internal standards. The method, which involves solvent extraction and adsorption chromatography on silica, provides excellent sensitivity, accuracy, and selectivity. The standard curve is linear over the range of acetaminophen concentrations of 0.5 to 300 mg/L, which makes the method useful for both pharmacokinetic studies and overdose monitoring. Analytical recovery is 97% for acetaminophen concentrations ranging from 5 to 300 mg/L. Many commonly used drugs were tested and found not to interfere. The procedure has been successfully adapted as a microscale method requiring only 50 microL of sample. The microscale method is particularly useful for pediatric and neonatal patients for whom sample size is a major concern."}
{"id": "PMID:262182", "title": "An evaluation of ethylene glycol-based liquid specimens for use in quality control.", "content": "We investigated the analytical acceptability of ethylene glycol-based control sera by preparing sets of aqueous and ethylene glycol-based specimens that had added uric acid, calcium, creatinine, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium. Ethylene glycol caused a significant systematic proportional bias in procedures involving dialysis, but had no discernible effect on methods not involving dialysis. The extent of bias was proportional to the concentration of ethylene glycol, was independent of protein concentration, and differed according to the type of dialysis system used. We conclude that ethylene glycol-based control materials can have useful applications in clinical chemistry, but caution must be exercised in their use with analytical systems that employ dialysis.", "contents": "An evaluation of ethylene glycol-based liquid specimens for use in quality control. We investigated the analytical acceptability of ethylene glycol-based control sera by preparing sets of aqueous and ethylene glycol-based specimens that had added uric acid, calcium, creatinine, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium. Ethylene glycol caused a significant systematic proportional bias in procedures involving dialysis, but had no discernible effect on methods not involving dialysis. The extent of bias was proportional to the concentration of ethylene glycol, was independent of protein concentration, and differed according to the type of dialysis system used. We conclude that ethylene glycol-based control materials can have useful applications in clinical chemistry, but caution must be exercised in their use with analytical systems that employ dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:262183", "title": "Cytosine and orotic acid in urine of immunodeficient children.", "content": "We describe procedures for determining cytosine and orotic acid in urine. We determine cytosine by cation-exchange analysis with either HCl or pH 5.2 buffer as eluent. Orotic acid is first separated by an anion-exchange separative procedure; after lyophilization, the product is subjected to \"high-pressure\" liquid chromatography for further separation and detection. We analyzed urine from normal subjects and from immunodeficient children. Three children with severe combined immunodeficiency had increased levels of cytosine in urine (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine); one child with severe combined immunodeficiency and two children with other immunodeficiencies had normal urinary levels (less than 2 mmol/mol creatinine). Orotic acid excretion in urine was normal (1-5 mmol/mol creatinine) in all of th immunodeficient children. We discuss the possible significance of the increased cytosine excretion in the three children with severe combined immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Cytosine and orotic acid in urine of immunodeficient children. We describe procedures for determining cytosine and orotic acid in urine. We determine cytosine by cation-exchange analysis with either HCl or pH 5.2 buffer as eluent. Orotic acid is first separated by an anion-exchange separative procedure; after lyophilization, the product is subjected to \"high-pressure\" liquid chromatography for further separation and detection. We analyzed urine from normal subjects and from immunodeficient children. Three children with severe combined immunodeficiency had increased levels of cytosine in urine (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine); one child with severe combined immunodeficiency and two children with other immunodeficiencies had normal urinary levels (less than 2 mmol/mol creatinine). Orotic acid excretion in urine was normal (1-5 mmol/mol creatinine) in all of th immunodeficient children. We discuss the possible significance of the increased cytosine excretion in the three children with severe combined immunodeficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:262184", "title": "Measurement of alpha-, beta-, and gamma tocopherol in serum by liquid chromatography.", "content": "A liquid-chromatographic assay for alpha, beta, and gamma-isomeric tocopherols in human serum is reported. The tocopherols and the internal standard (tocol) are absorbed into a silica gel column and are eluted in less than 10 min with n-hexane/isopropanol (99.4/0.6, by vol) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The complete analysis requires no longer than 30 min. Within-day precision (CV) was 1.4% (mean = 13.18 mg/L, n = 24), 7.4% (mean = 0.214 mg/L, n = 14), and 1.3% (mean = 1.01 mg/L, n = 14) for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocopherol, respectively. Day-to-day precision (CV) was 4.4% (mean = 9.85 mg/L, n = 10) for alpha-tocopherol, 9.1% (mean = 0.222 mg/L, n = 20) for beta-tocopherol, and 3.8% (mean = 1.00 mg/L, n = 20) for gamma-tocopherol. Extraction recoveries for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocopherol averaged 92.4 +/- 2.9% (n = 5), 91.4 4/- 7.6% (n = 5), an 92.0 +/- 4.1% (n = 4), respectively. The smallest injected amount detectable is estimated to be 0.03 micrograms for alpha-, and 0.04 micrograms for beta- and gamma-tocopherol.", "contents": "Measurement of alpha-, beta-, and gamma tocopherol in serum by liquid chromatography. A liquid-chromatographic assay for alpha, beta, and gamma-isomeric tocopherols in human serum is reported. The tocopherols and the internal standard (tocol) are absorbed into a silica gel column and are eluted in less than 10 min with n-hexane/isopropanol (99.4/0.6, by vol) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The complete analysis requires no longer than 30 min. Within-day precision (CV) was 1.4% (mean = 13.18 mg/L, n = 24), 7.4% (mean = 0.214 mg/L, n = 14), and 1.3% (mean = 1.01 mg/L, n = 14) for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocopherol, respectively. Day-to-day precision (CV) was 4.4% (mean = 9.85 mg/L, n = 10) for alpha-tocopherol, 9.1% (mean = 0.222 mg/L, n = 20) for beta-tocopherol, and 3.8% (mean = 1.00 mg/L, n = 20) for gamma-tocopherol. Extraction recoveries for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocopherol averaged 92.4 +/- 2.9% (n = 5), 91.4 4/- 7.6% (n = 5), an 92.0 +/- 4.1% (n = 4), respectively. The smallest injected amount detectable is estimated to be 0.03 micrograms for alpha-, and 0.04 micrograms for beta- and gamma-tocopherol."}
{"id": "PMID:262185", "title": "Effects of wavelength error and spectral band width on measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "We re-examined the effects of wavelength error and spectral band width on the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity. The methods we studied is relatively insensitive to these two factors, a conclusion we base on both experimental results and theoretical analysis. These findings are in conflict with a recently published report [Lott et al., Clin. Chem. 24, 938 (1978)], and we suggest a possible explanation for this.", "contents": "Effects of wavelength error and spectral band width on measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity. We re-examined the effects of wavelength error and spectral band width on the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity. The methods we studied is relatively insensitive to these two factors, a conclusion we base on both experimental results and theoretical analysis. These findings are in conflict with a recently published report [Lott et al., Clin. Chem. 24, 938 (1978)], and we suggest a possible explanation for this."}
{"id": "PMID:262186", "title": "Incorrect least-squares regression coefficients in method-comparison analysis.", "content": "The least-squares method is frequently used to calculate the slope and intercept of the best line through a set of data points. However, least-squares regression slopes and intercepts may be incorrect if the underlying assumptions of the least-squares model are not met. Two factors in particular that may result in incorrect least-squares regression coefficients are: (a) imprecision in the measurement of the independent (x-axis) variable and (b) inclusion of outliers in the data analysis. We compared the methods of Deming, Mandel, and Bartlett in estimating the known slope of a regression line when the independent variable is measured with imprecision, and found the method of Deming to be the most useful. Significant error in the least-squares slope estimation occurs when the ratio of the standard deviation of measurement of a single x value to the standard deviation of the x-data set exceeds 0.2. Errors in the least-squares coefficients attributable to outliers can be avoided by eliminating data points whose vertical distance from the regression line exceed four times the standard error the estimate.", "contents": "Incorrect least-squares regression coefficients in method-comparison analysis. The least-squares method is frequently used to calculate the slope and intercept of the best line through a set of data points. However, least-squares regression slopes and intercepts may be incorrect if the underlying assumptions of the least-squares model are not met. Two factors in particular that may result in incorrect least-squares regression coefficients are: (a) imprecision in the measurement of the independent (x-axis) variable and (b) inclusion of outliers in the data analysis. We compared the methods of Deming, Mandel, and Bartlett in estimating the known slope of a regression line when the independent variable is measured with imprecision, and found the method of Deming to be the most useful. Significant error in the least-squares slope estimation occurs when the ratio of the standard deviation of measurement of a single x value to the standard deviation of the x-data set exceeds 0.2. Errors in the least-squares coefficients attributable to outliers can be avoided by eliminating data points whose vertical distance from the regression line exceed four times the standard error the estimate."}
{"id": "PMID:262187", "title": "Automated measurement of total cholesterol and triglycerides, in \"tandem,\" on the discrete sample analyzer, Gilford System 3500.", "content": "We have developed an automated procedure on a discrete sample analyzer, Gilford System 3500, which alternately measures both total serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations as a \"tandem\" procedure. We used Dow Diagnostic's fully enzymatic, colorimetric reagents and aqueous standards to calculate unknowns ratiometrically. Cholesterol and then triglyceride reagent are dispensed into alternate cups; the produced color at 500 nm is measured after an ambient temperature incubation of 20 min. Reagent and sample carryover is less than 1.6%. Correlation coefficients of 0.997 for comparison for both automated tests with the manual methods at 30 degrees C and a typical CV of less than 2.0% show this \"tandem\" procedure to be reliable and accurate.", "contents": "Automated measurement of total cholesterol and triglycerides, in \"tandem,\" on the discrete sample analyzer, Gilford System 3500. We have developed an automated procedure on a discrete sample analyzer, Gilford System 3500, which alternately measures both total serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations as a \"tandem\" procedure. We used Dow Diagnostic's fully enzymatic, colorimetric reagents and aqueous standards to calculate unknowns ratiometrically. Cholesterol and then triglyceride reagent are dispensed into alternate cups; the produced color at 500 nm is measured after an ambient temperature incubation of 20 min. Reagent and sample carryover is less than 1.6%. Correlation coefficients of 0.997 for comparison for both automated tests with the manual methods at 30 degrees C and a typical CV of less than 2.0% show this \"tandem\" procedure to be reliable and accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:262188", "title": "Determination of catecholamines and their 3-O-methylated metabolites in urine by mass fragmentography with use of deuterated internal standards.", "content": "We report the determination of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) and their 3-O-methylated metabolites (3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine, and metanephrine) in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, with use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards. Normal excretion values in terms of creatinine, expressed as a function of age, are given, together with results obtained for patients with neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, parkinsonism treated with L-DOPA plus peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and a patient with cardiogenic shock treated with dopamine. The results obtained for normal adults are discussed in relation to other catecholamine metabolites and mean overall catecholamine turnover.", "contents": "Determination of catecholamines and their 3-O-methylated metabolites in urine by mass fragmentography with use of deuterated internal standards. We report the determination of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) and their 3-O-methylated metabolites (3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine, and metanephrine) in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, with use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards. Normal excretion values in terms of creatinine, expressed as a function of age, are given, together with results obtained for patients with neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, parkinsonism treated with L-DOPA plus peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and a patient with cardiogenic shock treated with dopamine. The results obtained for normal adults are discussed in relation to other catecholamine metabolites and mean overall catecholamine turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:262189", "title": "Macro creatine kinase BB in serum, and some data on its prevalence.", "content": "We report the case of a patient with persistently above-normal activity of creatine kinase (CK) in serum, a major fraction of which on electrophoresis moved as a band between the MM and MB isoenzymes and on anion-exchange column chromatography eluted in the MB fraction. Measurements in the presence of specific M or B subunit-inhibitory antibodies indicated that 93% of the activity consisted of B-isomers. From these experiments we conclude that the abnormal CK is of BB nature. Gel filtration and immunoglobulin precipitation showed that the CK-BB was complexed with IgG. Normal CK-BB, when mixed with the patient's serum, was converted to macro CK-BB. In vitro stability of 37 degrees C of the abnormal enzyme was much greater than that of normal BB and MM isoenzymes. Following this finding, we then assessed 310 sera, received for enzyme assay by the clinical laboratory, for electrophoretically abnormally migrating CK isoenzymes. Of these, five (1.6%) contained such enzymes, all being of BB nature. They were of increased molecular mass, and at least three of them were complexed with IgG.", "contents": "Macro creatine kinase BB in serum, and some data on its prevalence. We report the case of a patient with persistently above-normal activity of creatine kinase (CK) in serum, a major fraction of which on electrophoresis moved as a band between the MM and MB isoenzymes and on anion-exchange column chromatography eluted in the MB fraction. Measurements in the presence of specific M or B subunit-inhibitory antibodies indicated that 93% of the activity consisted of B-isomers. From these experiments we conclude that the abnormal CK is of BB nature. Gel filtration and immunoglobulin precipitation showed that the CK-BB was complexed with IgG. Normal CK-BB, when mixed with the patient's serum, was converted to macro CK-BB. In vitro stability of 37 degrees C of the abnormal enzyme was much greater than that of normal BB and MM isoenzymes. Following this finding, we then assessed 310 sera, received for enzyme assay by the clinical laboratory, for electrophoretically abnormally migrating CK isoenzymes. Of these, five (1.6%) contained such enzymes, all being of BB nature. They were of increased molecular mass, and at least three of them were complexed with IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:262190", "title": "Manual fluorometry of phenylalanine from blood specimens collected on filter paper: a modified procedure.", "content": "In this manual fluorometric method, blood samples are used that have been impregnated on the filter paper, a convenient collection technique that is widely used to screen newborns for phenylketonuria. The modified procedure, based on the method of McCaman and Robins [J. Lab Clin. Med. 59, 885 (1962)], includes elution of phenylalanine from specimens on filter paper, removal of proteins by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid at 0 degrees C, and then reaction with ninhydrin-peptide reagent for color development. The standard curve is linear to at least 200 mg/L and the CV is 6.3% for a phenylalanine concentration of 27 mg/L. The modified procedure is suitable both for early screening for phenylketonuria and for monitoring blood phenylalanine of phenylketonurics during dietary therapy.", "contents": "Manual fluorometry of phenylalanine from blood specimens collected on filter paper: a modified procedure. In this manual fluorometric method, blood samples are used that have been impregnated on the filter paper, a convenient collection technique that is widely used to screen newborns for phenylketonuria. The modified procedure, based on the method of McCaman and Robins [J. Lab Clin. Med. 59, 885 (1962)], includes elution of phenylalanine from specimens on filter paper, removal of proteins by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid at 0 degrees C, and then reaction with ninhydrin-peptide reagent for color development. The standard curve is linear to at least 200 mg/L and the CV is 6.3% for a phenylalanine concentration of 27 mg/L. The modified procedure is suitable both for early screening for phenylketonuria and for monitoring blood phenylalanine of phenylketonurics during dietary therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:262191", "title": "Spectral analysis of urinary reactions: a preliminary study based on a novel concept.", "content": "The concept of spectral analysis of urinary reactions (a range of simple chemical tests combined with pattern analysis) is described. A preliminary study in which we used 10 nonspecific tested on untimed urine specimens from 20 controls and 20 diabetics, matched for age and sex, suggested that a combination of these tests could be used to separate diabetics from healthy subjects. This combination, however, did not prove satisfactory for a further group of 13 diabetics. Closer examination revealed that factors such as therapy and glycosuria affected the results of these tests. This approach, which should extend the usefulness of urinalysis, may prove viable when larger groups, and possibly a different set of tests, are used to establish a more robust combination of tests.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of urinary reactions: a preliminary study based on a novel concept. The concept of spectral analysis of urinary reactions (a range of simple chemical tests combined with pattern analysis) is described. A preliminary study in which we used 10 nonspecific tested on untimed urine specimens from 20 controls and 20 diabetics, matched for age and sex, suggested that a combination of these tests could be used to separate diabetics from healthy subjects. This combination, however, did not prove satisfactory for a further group of 13 diabetics. Closer examination revealed that factors such as therapy and glycosuria affected the results of these tests. This approach, which should extend the usefulness of urinalysis, may prove viable when larger groups, and possibly a different set of tests, are used to establish a more robust combination of tests."}
{"id": "PMID:262192", "title": "Improved lysozyme assay in biological fluids.", "content": "We describe a simple, rapid, sensitive, and highly reproducible assay for lysozyme, with use of concentrated cell suspensions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in Tris-buffered glycerol/water (40/60 by vol), pH 7.5. Stored at -20 degrees C, the cells' susceptibility to lysozyme remains unaltered over long periods. Almost identical concentration curves were obtained with different aliquots of the same preparation during eight months. Lysozyme activity was reflected in the decrease in absorbance of the reaction mixture after incubation for 15 min at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of egg-white lysozyme as low as 0.02 mg/L can be accurately assayed.", "contents": "Improved lysozyme assay in biological fluids. We describe a simple, rapid, sensitive, and highly reproducible assay for lysozyme, with use of concentrated cell suspensions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in Tris-buffered glycerol/water (40/60 by vol), pH 7.5. Stored at -20 degrees C, the cells' susceptibility to lysozyme remains unaltered over long periods. Almost identical concentration curves were obtained with different aliquots of the same preparation during eight months. Lysozyme activity was reflected in the decrease in absorbance of the reaction mixture after incubation for 15 min at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of egg-white lysozyme as low as 0.02 mg/L can be accurately assayed."}
{"id": "PMID:262204", "title": "Clinical evaluation of thyroid CT values in various thyroid conditions.", "content": "CT scans of the thyroid were performed with a Hitachi CT-W2 device. The CT value of the region of interest (ROI) was obtained from CT images of the thyroid. Mean and standard deviation was 112 +/- 10 in 44 normals. Out of 27 cases of hyperthyroidism, the CT value of 13 untreated cases of 58 +/- 4, and that of 13 cases under treatment was 73 +/- 7 in average. The CT value of the single cured case was 100. Twelve cases of chronic thyroiditis and 5 cases of hypothyroidism showed averages of 57 +/- 11 and 36 +/- 13, respectively. The results of the above-mentioned clinical study indicate the estimation of the CT value of the thyroid is useful for diagnosis of various thyroid conditions.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of thyroid CT values in various thyroid conditions. CT scans of the thyroid were performed with a Hitachi CT-W2 device. The CT value of the region of interest (ROI) was obtained from CT images of the thyroid. Mean and standard deviation was 112 +/- 10 in 44 normals. Out of 27 cases of hyperthyroidism, the CT value of 13 untreated cases of 58 +/- 4, and that of 13 cases under treatment was 73 +/- 7 in average. The CT value of the single cured case was 100. Twelve cases of chronic thyroiditis and 5 cases of hypothyroidism showed averages of 57 +/- 11 and 36 +/- 13, respectively. The results of the above-mentioned clinical study indicate the estimation of the CT value of the thyroid is useful for diagnosis of various thyroid conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:262205", "title": "CT anatomy of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and infratemporal fossa.", "content": "Analysis of anatomical features of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and infratemporal fossa was carried out by retrospective review fo 50 CT scans. Conventional and axial anatomy are discussed, and normal size limits of selected structures are proposed on the basis of a series of measurements. Examples of early and advanced disease are shown.", "contents": "CT anatomy of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and infratemporal fossa. Analysis of anatomical features of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and infratemporal fossa was carried out by retrospective review fo 50 CT scans. Conventional and axial anatomy are discussed, and normal size limits of selected structures are proposed on the basis of a series of measurements. Examples of early and advanced disease are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:262206", "title": "Computed tomography of intracerebral gangliogliomas.", "content": "CT and clinical findings in 6 histologically proven cases of intracerebral gangliogliomas (out of 14,000 cranial CT examinations) are presented. The tumor is most often isodense, with areas of calcification. Even though CT findings are nonspecific, they are suggestive of the benign nature of the tumor. When this is histologically confirmed (by biopsy) the more aggressive forms of treatment may be obviated.", "contents": "Computed tomography of intracerebral gangliogliomas. CT and clinical findings in 6 histologically proven cases of intracerebral gangliogliomas (out of 14,000 cranial CT examinations) are presented. The tumor is most often isodense, with areas of calcification. Even though CT findings are nonspecific, they are suggestive of the benign nature of the tumor. When this is histologically confirmed (by biopsy) the more aggressive forms of treatment may be obviated."}
{"id": "PMID:262210", "title": "Renal arteriovenous malformation presenting as a mass lesion.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations of the kidney are definitively diagnosed by selective arteriography (1). The following case is unique in that it presented as an avascular mass and the lesion itself could not be demonstrated angiographically.", "contents": "Renal arteriovenous malformation presenting as a mass lesion. Arteriovenous malformations of the kidney are definitively diagnosed by selective arteriography (1). The following case is unique in that it presented as an avascular mass and the lesion itself could not be demonstrated angiographically."}
{"id": "PMID:262213", "title": "Evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm by computed tomography.", "content": "The CT findings in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage include visualization of the aneurysm (10% of the cases), subarachnoid, intraventricular, or intracerebral hemorrhage (87% of cases scanned within five days), \"ischemic\" lucency secondary to spasm (10%), and hydrocephalus (54%).", "contents": "Evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm by computed tomography. The CT findings in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage include visualization of the aneurysm (10% of the cases), subarachnoid, intraventricular, or intracerebral hemorrhage (87% of cases scanned within five days), \"ischemic\" lucency secondary to spasm (10%), and hydrocephalus (54%)."}
{"id": "PMID:262214", "title": "Computed tomography of choroid plexus lesions.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) and clinical findings in 14 patients with 17 lesions of the choroid plexus are presented. Primary neoplasms are the most common lesions in this series and include papillomas, meningiomas, carcinoma, astrocytoma, and teratocarcinoma. There are five vascular lesions, consisting of cavernous angiomas, hemangiomas, and an arteriovenous malformation. One patient had bilateral xanthogranulomas. There was association between cavernous angiomas and Sturge-Weber, and between meningiomas and neurofibromatosis. Useful distinguishing clinical and CT features between the different types of lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of choroid plexus lesions. Computed tomographic (CT) and clinical findings in 14 patients with 17 lesions of the choroid plexus are presented. Primary neoplasms are the most common lesions in this series and include papillomas, meningiomas, carcinoma, astrocytoma, and teratocarcinoma. There are five vascular lesions, consisting of cavernous angiomas, hemangiomas, and an arteriovenous malformation. One patient had bilateral xanthogranulomas. There was association between cavernous angiomas and Sturge-Weber, and between meningiomas and neurofibromatosis. Useful distinguishing clinical and CT features between the different types of lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262215", "title": "Mass lesions of the retroperitoneum (excluding specific organs).", "content": "The value of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal masses is discussed. Neoplastic, inflammatory, and hemorrhagic conditions are shown. In addition to facilitating the detection of these mass lesions, CT is especially valuable in allowing accurate biopsies and aspiration to be performed and in the follow-up of the patient.", "contents": "Mass lesions of the retroperitoneum (excluding specific organs). The value of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal masses is discussed. Neoplastic, inflammatory, and hemorrhagic conditions are shown. In addition to facilitating the detection of these mass lesions, CT is especially valuable in allowing accurate biopsies and aspiration to be performed and in the follow-up of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:262216", "title": "Normal anatomy and limitations in CT interpretation of lymph node disease.", "content": "The CT appearance of normal retroperitoneal lymph nodes has been described. In many instances the structures are too small to be identified. other retroperitoneal structures, such as collapsed bowel loops, vessels, and other perirenal structures, may simulate the presence of nodes. CT is of great benefit in disease with bulky tumors, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular tumors, etc. Its usefulness is much more limited in disease that may have extensive nodal involvement but no significant enlargement of the nodes. The accuracy of CT scanning in Hodgkin's disease and in many instances of genitourinary tumors is questioned, and we submit that further studies are needed to establish the reliability of this mode of examination.", "contents": "Normal anatomy and limitations in CT interpretation of lymph node disease. The CT appearance of normal retroperitoneal lymph nodes has been described. In many instances the structures are too small to be identified. other retroperitoneal structures, such as collapsed bowel loops, vessels, and other perirenal structures, may simulate the presence of nodes. CT is of great benefit in disease with bulky tumors, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular tumors, etc. Its usefulness is much more limited in disease that may have extensive nodal involvement but no significant enlargement of the nodes. The accuracy of CT scanning in Hodgkin's disease and in many instances of genitourinary tumors is questioned, and we submit that further studies are needed to establish the reliability of this mode of examination."}
{"id": "PMID:262217", "title": "Subdural hygroma: diagnosis with computed tomography.", "content": "Nine cases are reported that fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of subdural hygroma. With the availability of serial computed tomographic (CT) scans, it is possible to document non-invasively the appearance of CSF-density subdural fluid where no prior blood accumulation has been present.", "contents": "Subdural hygroma: diagnosis with computed tomography. Nine cases are reported that fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of subdural hygroma. With the availability of serial computed tomographic (CT) scans, it is possible to document non-invasively the appearance of CSF-density subdural fluid where no prior blood accumulation has been present."}
{"id": "PMID:262220", "title": "Portal vein ectasia simulating a vascular lesion in the pancreatic head in an enhanced CT scan.", "content": "An ectatic portal vein in a patient with portal hypertension and chronic active hepatitis simulated a vascular lesion in the head of the pancreas in a contrast-enhanced CT scan.", "contents": "Portal vein ectasia simulating a vascular lesion in the pancreatic head in an enhanced CT scan. An ectatic portal vein in a patient with portal hypertension and chronic active hepatitis simulated a vascular lesion in the head of the pancreas in a contrast-enhanced CT scan."}
{"id": "PMID:262222", "title": "The role of radionuclide brain imaging and computerized tomography in the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "We have reviewed the medical records and radiographic examinations of 12 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis to assess the role of RN and CT in the early diagnosis of this disease. The initial RN study was positive in 83% (10/12) of cases while the initial CT study was positive in 75% (9/12) of cases. The earliest positive RN was seen on the second day after the onset of neurologic signs or symptoms while the earliest positive CT was seen on the third day. We describe various abnormal patterns encountered in HSE and discuss their diagnostic reliability. We make recommendations for the diagnosis of HSE based on our findings and on the information available in the literature", "contents": "The role of radionuclide brain imaging and computerized tomography in the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. We have reviewed the medical records and radiographic examinations of 12 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis to assess the role of RN and CT in the early diagnosis of this disease. The initial RN study was positive in 83% (10/12) of cases while the initial CT study was positive in 75% (9/12) of cases. The earliest positive RN was seen on the second day after the onset of neurologic signs or symptoms while the earliest positive CT was seen on the third day. We describe various abnormal patterns encountered in HSE and discuss their diagnostic reliability. We make recommendations for the diagnosis of HSE based on our findings and on the information available in the literature"}
{"id": "PMID:262238", "title": "Tonsillectomy in Manitoba: who are the patients? the surgeons? the hospitals?", "content": "Although tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy rates are declining across North America, this paper suggests they are not falling fast enough. More than half the cases coming to surgery fail to meet accepted standards regardless of who performs the surgery, or where it takes place. Family surgery is still fairly common and is almost never indicated. While younger physicians have higher standards of selection, they are not doing any less T and A surgery than their older colleagues; in fact younger general surgeons are doing more. This study concludes that non-indicated T and A surgery is still a prevalent problem, deserving of widespread attention.", "contents": "Tonsillectomy in Manitoba: who are the patients? the surgeons? the hospitals? Although tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy rates are declining across North America, this paper suggests they are not falling fast enough. More than half the cases coming to surgery fail to meet accepted standards regardless of who performs the surgery, or where it takes place. Family surgery is still fairly common and is almost never indicated. While younger physicians have higher standards of selection, they are not doing any less T and A surgery than their older colleagues; in fact younger general surgeons are doing more. This study concludes that non-indicated T and A surgery is still a prevalent problem, deserving of widespread attention."}
{"id": "PMID:262239", "title": "Where do cancer patients die? A review of cancer deaths in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1957--1974.", "content": "The great concern over the status and care of the dying cancer patient requires the understanding of current trends in care. An 18-year review of 55,288 death certificates of patients with cancer in Cuyahoga County, Ohio (1957--1974) revealed that 35,381 patients (65%) died in acute and chronic care hospitals, 8,251 patients (15%) died in nursing homes, and 11,242 patients (20%) died at home. Trends over the 18-year period demonstrated a shift from patients dying at home to patients dying in nursing homes. The hospital care of dying cancer patients remained unchanged during the study period. An analysis of 33 consecutive patients dying of cancer over a six-month period in an acute care hospital in Cuyahoga County showed an average length of stay of 20.1 +/- 15.7 days, during which only palliative care was provided. The cost benefit of home care/hospice programs is related to the final hospital stay of the dying cancer patient.", "contents": "Where do cancer patients die? A review of cancer deaths in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1957--1974. The great concern over the status and care of the dying cancer patient requires the understanding of current trends in care. An 18-year review of 55,288 death certificates of patients with cancer in Cuyahoga County, Ohio (1957--1974) revealed that 35,381 patients (65%) died in acute and chronic care hospitals, 8,251 patients (15%) died in nursing homes, and 11,242 patients (20%) died at home. Trends over the 18-year period demonstrated a shift from patients dying at home to patients dying in nursing homes. The hospital care of dying cancer patients remained unchanged during the study period. An analysis of 33 consecutive patients dying of cancer over a six-month period in an acute care hospital in Cuyahoga County showed an average length of stay of 20.1 +/- 15.7 days, during which only palliative care was provided. The cost benefit of home care/hospice programs is related to the final hospital stay of the dying cancer patient."}
{"id": "PMID:262240", "title": "Longitudinal study of career choices of a SUNY-Upstate cohort of medical students.", "content": "A SUNY-Upstate cohort was observed during the four-year matriculation (1974--1978) of the students for changes in their career choices. Medical school exposure seemed to increase students' interest in all major specialties, with the exception of family practice for which there was an overall 3% decrease. Internship and residency appointments accepted indicated that 75% entered primary care specialties, 8% more than the national average for 1978.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of career choices of a SUNY-Upstate cohort of medical students. A SUNY-Upstate cohort was observed during the four-year matriculation (1974--1978) of the students for changes in their career choices. Medical school exposure seemed to increase students' interest in all major specialties, with the exception of family practice for which there was an overall 3% decrease. Internship and residency appointments accepted indicated that 75% entered primary care specialties, 8% more than the national average for 1978."}
{"id": "PMID:262241", "title": "Recent status of detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in the community.", "content": "The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), a national collaborative study, screened approximately 159,000 people for high blood pressure in 14 communities between 1973 and 1974. Results show that detection, treatment, and control of high blood pressure has improved considerably since the 1960s. Whereas in the past about half of all hypertensives knew they had high blood pressure, half of those detected were under treatment, and half of those under treatment had their high blood pressure under control, the corresponding percentages in the 14 HDFP communities a decade later indicate that 75% of hypertensives were detected, 72% of those were under treatment, and 70% of those under treatment had a diastolic blood pressure under 95 mm Hg. While the differences in prevalence of hypertension are between races rather than sexes (with black individuals in some age groups being about twice as likely as white individuals to have hypertension), the differences in detection and treatment rate are largely between sexes and not between races. Women are considerable more likely to be aware of their hypertension, to be under treatment for it, and to have their high blood pressure under control. Rates of control vary considerably among age-sex-race subgroups, from only 8% of white male hypertensives aged 30-39 to 67% of white female hypertensives aged 60--69. It appears that although efforts to combat this disease over the past decade have probably made considerable progress in improving the recognition and treatment of high blood pressure, there remain a large number of undetected, untreated, and uncontrolled hypertensives.", "contents": "Recent status of detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in the community. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), a national collaborative study, screened approximately 159,000 people for high blood pressure in 14 communities between 1973 and 1974. Results show that detection, treatment, and control of high blood pressure has improved considerably since the 1960s. Whereas in the past about half of all hypertensives knew they had high blood pressure, half of those detected were under treatment, and half of those under treatment had their high blood pressure under control, the corresponding percentages in the 14 HDFP communities a decade later indicate that 75% of hypertensives were detected, 72% of those were under treatment, and 70% of those under treatment had a diastolic blood pressure under 95 mm Hg. While the differences in prevalence of hypertension are between races rather than sexes (with black individuals in some age groups being about twice as likely as white individuals to have hypertension), the differences in detection and treatment rate are largely between sexes and not between races. Women are considerable more likely to be aware of their hypertension, to be under treatment for it, and to have their high blood pressure under control. Rates of control vary considerably among age-sex-race subgroups, from only 8% of white male hypertensives aged 30-39 to 67% of white female hypertensives aged 60--69. It appears that although efforts to combat this disease over the past decade have probably made considerable progress in improving the recognition and treatment of high blood pressure, there remain a large number of undetected, untreated, and uncontrolled hypertensives."}
{"id": "PMID:262242", "title": "Determinants of dropout rate among hypertensive patients in an urban clinic.", "content": "Noncompliance with follow-up is a serious problem in the management of hypertension. A retrospective cohort study examined dropout rates and their determinants among 249 randomly selected outpatients with essential hypertension from the medical clinic of an urban teaching hospital. Data were abstracted from hospital records and a subset of dropouts was interviewed. A lifetable analysis revealed that patients who were initiating therapy or who had been under therapy for less than six months had a 50% chance of remaining in care two years later, while 70% of patients who had been under therapy for more than six months at entry were still in care after this period. Patients who were less severely ill by several indicators were the most likely to drop out. It is hypothesized that the low perceived severity of illness, coupled with the costs and inconvenience of care and the lack of physician enthusiasm for the treatment of mild hypertension leads to non-compliance with follow-up.", "contents": "Determinants of dropout rate among hypertensive patients in an urban clinic. Noncompliance with follow-up is a serious problem in the management of hypertension. A retrospective cohort study examined dropout rates and their determinants among 249 randomly selected outpatients with essential hypertension from the medical clinic of an urban teaching hospital. Data were abstracted from hospital records and a subset of dropouts was interviewed. A lifetable analysis revealed that patients who were initiating therapy or who had been under therapy for less than six months had a 50% chance of remaining in care two years later, while 70% of patients who had been under therapy for more than six months at entry were still in care after this period. Patients who were less severely ill by several indicators were the most likely to drop out. It is hypothesized that the low perceived severity of illness, coupled with the costs and inconvenience of care and the lack of physician enthusiasm for the treatment of mild hypertension leads to non-compliance with follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:262304", "title": "[Complete testicular feminization syndrome and poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of testicular feminization syndrome associated with lymphoma is reported. This association has not been previously described. We mentioned an hypothesis about this association.", "contents": "[Complete testicular feminization syndrome and poorly-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Report of a case]. A case of testicular feminization syndrome associated with lymphoma is reported. This association has not been previously described. We mentioned an hypothesis about this association."}
{"id": "PMID:262322", "title": "The special state of the fibril end: site of growth, point of cell surface attachment and possible site for platelet interaction.", "content": "The end of the collagen fibril is an important and unique morphological site. Growth of fibrils in vitro and in vivo appears to occur by addition of ordered subassemblies of collagen aggregates at the fibril end. In tissues the fibril end appears closely related to the cell surface in both mesenchymal cells and epithelia. In the latter cell type there is an apparent relationship between the basement membrane and fibril end. Platelets do not aggregate upon exposure to basement membranes or collagens derived therefrom. We suggest that the end of the fibril which is embedded in the outer face of the basement membrane may be involved in interaction with the platelet.", "contents": "The special state of the fibril end: site of growth, point of cell surface attachment and possible site for platelet interaction. The end of the collagen fibril is an important and unique morphological site. Growth of fibrils in vitro and in vivo appears to occur by addition of ordered subassemblies of collagen aggregates at the fibril end. In tissues the fibril end appears closely related to the cell surface in both mesenchymal cells and epithelia. In the latter cell type there is an apparent relationship between the basement membrane and fibril end. Platelets do not aggregate upon exposure to basement membranes or collagens derived therefrom. We suggest that the end of the fibril which is embedded in the outer face of the basement membrane may be involved in interaction with the platelet."}
{"id": "PMID:262326", "title": "The specificity of the reaction of collagen with platelets.", "content": "1. Human platelets will react with a number of different collagens from guinea-pig to ostrich. 2. Human skin collagen when treated with pepsin does not react with human platelets. 3. Calf platelets display a different pattern of reactivity than that of human platelets.", "contents": "The specificity of the reaction of collagen with platelets. 1. Human platelets will react with a number of different collagens from guinea-pig to ostrich. 2. Human skin collagen when treated with pepsin does not react with human platelets. 3. Calf platelets display a different pattern of reactivity than that of human platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:262335", "title": "Factor XIII, fibrin and collagen.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that activated factor XIII may catalyze the formation of covalent cross-links between fibrin and collagen. This is shown by the disappearance of the gamma-gamma dimer band in PAA-SDS gel electrophoresis when fibrinogen is clotted in presence of collagen, factor XIII and Ca ions, and by the binding of labeled fibrinogen. This reaction may explain the outstanding physiological importance of factor XIII.", "contents": "Factor XIII, fibrin and collagen. It has been demonstrated that activated factor XIII may catalyze the formation of covalent cross-links between fibrin and collagen. This is shown by the disappearance of the gamma-gamma dimer band in PAA-SDS gel electrophoresis when fibrinogen is clotted in presence of collagen, factor XIII and Ca ions, and by the binding of labeled fibrinogen. This reaction may explain the outstanding physiological importance of factor XIII."}
{"id": "PMID:262351", "title": "[Brain aging. Ultrastructural study of changes in man and laboratory animals].", "content": "The authors present a study on ultrastructural changes observed in aged human and animal brain. These changes are analyzed and compared with those described in classic optic microscopy and with those observed in experimental models of the same lesions.", "contents": "[Brain aging. Ultrastructural study of changes in man and laboratory animals]. The authors present a study on ultrastructural changes observed in aged human and animal brain. These changes are analyzed and compared with those described in classic optic microscopy and with those observed in experimental models of the same lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:262352", "title": "[Brain abscesses. Clinical experience in 27 cases studied by computed tomography].", "content": "The prognosis of patients with cerebral abscess depends on an early and accurate diagnosis and its delay carries a high mortality. The CT is at present the diagnostic method of choice for cerebral abscess, because it identifies and localizes precisely the lesion and it allows, based on its morphological characteristic, to select the appropriate time for surgery, and a correct follow up can be easily done. Our experience with 27 cases of cerebral abscess studied by CT is analized and discussed. The mortality rate in our experience was 15%. This is still too high, but we hope and believe it can be reduced with the regular use of CT, appropriate bacteriological studies, and accurate therapeutical management.", "contents": "[Brain abscesses. Clinical experience in 27 cases studied by computed tomography]. The prognosis of patients with cerebral abscess depends on an early and accurate diagnosis and its delay carries a high mortality. The CT is at present the diagnostic method of choice for cerebral abscess, because it identifies and localizes precisely the lesion and it allows, based on its morphological characteristic, to select the appropriate time for surgery, and a correct follow up can be easily done. Our experience with 27 cases of cerebral abscess studied by CT is analized and discussed. The mortality rate in our experience was 15%. This is still too high, but we hope and believe it can be reduced with the regular use of CT, appropriate bacteriological studies, and accurate therapeutical management."}
{"id": "PMID:262353", "title": "[Intracranial pressure. Direct measurement in the cisterna magna].", "content": "The intracranial cisternal or supraoccipital punction in the sitting position, was undertaken in 523 cases, of which 329 presented increased intracranial pressure. The procedure must be done by experts, and was well tolerated. There were no cases of death, arterial hemorrhages or medullary lesions. In 451 cases CSF pressure was measured and CSF was extracted for laboratory examination. Pneumoencephalograms were undertaken with this method in 335 patients. The intracranial cisternal pressure in the sitting position is greater than the suboccipital or cervical cisternal pressure by 1.5 to 3cm H2O. Its value is practically equal to the pressure in the posterior fossa, and when the medial ventricular system is patent, is similar to the pressure in the supratentorial fossas. The intracranial cisternal punction has less risks than the suboccipital punction and can be undertaken in patients with rised intracranial pressure In 62 cases the tap was negative; this led to the diagnosis of amygdaline herniation and the procedure was interrupted without mishap. The authors consider that, in the future, the connection of the cisternal catheter with a transducer, will permit the continuous monitoring of the intracranial cisternal pressure.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure. Direct measurement in the cisterna magna]. The intracranial cisternal or supraoccipital punction in the sitting position, was undertaken in 523 cases, of which 329 presented increased intracranial pressure. The procedure must be done by experts, and was well tolerated. There were no cases of death, arterial hemorrhages or medullary lesions. In 451 cases CSF pressure was measured and CSF was extracted for laboratory examination. Pneumoencephalograms were undertaken with this method in 335 patients. The intracranial cisternal pressure in the sitting position is greater than the suboccipital or cervical cisternal pressure by 1.5 to 3cm H2O. Its value is practically equal to the pressure in the posterior fossa, and when the medial ventricular system is patent, is similar to the pressure in the supratentorial fossas. The intracranial cisternal punction has less risks than the suboccipital punction and can be undertaken in patients with rised intracranial pressure In 62 cases the tap was negative; this led to the diagnosis of amygdaline herniation and the procedure was interrupted without mishap. The authors consider that, in the future, the connection of the cisternal catheter with a transducer, will permit the continuous monitoring of the intracranial cisternal pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:262354", "title": "Dextro-phenylalanine as inhibitor of the noradrenaline release from the isolated rat hypothalamus.", "content": "In slices of isolated rat hypothalamus, the dextrophenylalanine (d-Phe) 3x10(-3)M produced an inhibition of a 47% in the fractional release of 3H-NA to the preparations of Holtzman rats, and of 39% to the Wistar rats, when the concentration of d-Phe (in this last) was of 1x10(-2)M, pointing that the effectiveness of the d-Phe is variable with the employed rat root. The mentioned effect is calcium dependent, for it was antagonized when the Ca++ was incremented in the medium of 1,68mM (normal) to 2,6mM. Neither atropine, nor phenoxybenzamine interfer the effect to the d-Phe, showing that it will not be due to mechanisms of alpha-adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic negative feedback. For the moment it cannot be interpretated that the d-Phe effect is performed through specific negative feed-back receivers, for the possible operability of other kind of receptors such as PGs angiotensin, morphinic, etc., has not been discarded yet.", "contents": "Dextro-phenylalanine as inhibitor of the noradrenaline release from the isolated rat hypothalamus. In slices of isolated rat hypothalamus, the dextrophenylalanine (d-Phe) 3x10(-3)M produced an inhibition of a 47% in the fractional release of 3H-NA to the preparations of Holtzman rats, and of 39% to the Wistar rats, when the concentration of d-Phe (in this last) was of 1x10(-2)M, pointing that the effectiveness of the d-Phe is variable with the employed rat root. The mentioned effect is calcium dependent, for it was antagonized when the Ca++ was incremented in the medium of 1,68mM (normal) to 2,6mM. Neither atropine, nor phenoxybenzamine interfer the effect to the d-Phe, showing that it will not be due to mechanisms of alpha-adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic negative feedback. For the moment it cannot be interpretated that the d-Phe effect is performed through specific negative feed-back receivers, for the possible operability of other kind of receptors such as PGs angiotensin, morphinic, etc., has not been discarded yet."}
{"id": "PMID:262355", "title": "[Immunologic studies in polymyositis syndromes].", "content": "Sixteen cases of polymyositis were submitted to study. Out of these sixteen, nine showed no clinical or paraclinical evidences of cancer, and seven presented an associated cancer. In the first group, a normal immune response was observed, whereas in the second group this response was frankly depressed. Emphasis is laid on the significance of the immune response, not only in the diagnosis but as a fundamental factor in prognosis and treatment as well. An early treatment of polymyositis without cancer proved to be satisfactory. On the other hand, when a neoplasm was present, the course of the disease was satisfactorily modified only after the extirpation of the neoplasm.", "contents": "[Immunologic studies in polymyositis syndromes]. Sixteen cases of polymyositis were submitted to study. Out of these sixteen, nine showed no clinical or paraclinical evidences of cancer, and seven presented an associated cancer. In the first group, a normal immune response was observed, whereas in the second group this response was frankly depressed. Emphasis is laid on the significance of the immune response, not only in the diagnosis but as a fundamental factor in prognosis and treatment as well. An early treatment of polymyositis without cancer proved to be satisfactory. On the other hand, when a neoplasm was present, the course of the disease was satisfactorily modified only after the extirpation of the neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:262356", "title": "[Perception and memory of the tactile area in temporal epilepsy].", "content": "Tactile perception and memory in epileptics with temporal EEG focus is studied. Out of a total of 24 patients: 12 had right and 12 had left EEG focus. All patients are severe epileptics, not controlled by medical therapy. The Milner and Taylor Model used in a study carried out in commissurotomized patients was followed. We arrived to the following conclusions: There exist disturbances of tactile memory in patients with temporal EEG focus. There is a learning capacity indicating at least a relative conservation of the intellectual capacity. Differences between patients with right and left EEG temporal focus have not been found in this group. Milner and Taylor suggest the normal participation of both hemispheres in this type of task, and that the left hemisphere would add some identifiable and memorable verbal element.", "contents": "[Perception and memory of the tactile area in temporal epilepsy]. Tactile perception and memory in epileptics with temporal EEG focus is studied. Out of a total of 24 patients: 12 had right and 12 had left EEG focus. All patients are severe epileptics, not controlled by medical therapy. The Milner and Taylor Model used in a study carried out in commissurotomized patients was followed. We arrived to the following conclusions: There exist disturbances of tactile memory in patients with temporal EEG focus. There is a learning capacity indicating at least a relative conservation of the intellectual capacity. Differences between patients with right and left EEG temporal focus have not been found in this group. Milner and Taylor suggest the normal participation of both hemispheres in this type of task, and that the left hemisphere would add some identifiable and memorable verbal element."}
{"id": "PMID:262357", "title": "[Clinicopathological analysis of fatal cerebellar hematomas].", "content": "An analysis is made of the clinical observations and pathological findings in 16 fatal cerebellar hematomas admitted at the Instituto de Neurolog\u00eda in Montevideo, over a period of 23 years. The absence of definitive lesions of the brainstem in the majority of cases, in spite of the rich symptomatology of brainstem disfunction (horizontal gaze palsies, vegetative syndrome decerebrate movements) is stressed, as well as the rapid evolution of those cases with intraventricular haemorrhage. Missed clinical diagnosis was also frequent in severely ill patients. Discussion is carried out around the importance of early diagnosis in the correct surgical management. Ventriculostomy alone, not followed by immediate craniectomy, may be highly dangerous. Mere evacuation of the cerebellar, and even of the ventricular clots can result insufficient if not followed by ventricular shunting in cases with ventricular inundation.", "contents": "[Clinicopathological analysis of fatal cerebellar hematomas]. An analysis is made of the clinical observations and pathological findings in 16 fatal cerebellar hematomas admitted at the Instituto de Neurolog\u00eda in Montevideo, over a period of 23 years. The absence of definitive lesions of the brainstem in the majority of cases, in spite of the rich symptomatology of brainstem disfunction (horizontal gaze palsies, vegetative syndrome decerebrate movements) is stressed, as well as the rapid evolution of those cases with intraventricular haemorrhage. Missed clinical diagnosis was also frequent in severely ill patients. Discussion is carried out around the importance of early diagnosis in the correct surgical management. Ventriculostomy alone, not followed by immediate craniectomy, may be highly dangerous. Mere evacuation of the cerebellar, and even of the ventricular clots can result insufficient if not followed by ventricular shunting in cases with ventricular inundation."}
{"id": "PMID:262374", "title": "Photochemistry of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin investigated on a picosecond time scale.", "content": "Bovine rhodopsin and isorhodopsin were excited with a single 530-nm, 7-ps light pulse emitted by a mode-locked Nd 3+ glass laser at room temperature. Within 3 ps of excitation, absorbance changes due to formation of bathorhodopsin were observed. The difference spectra generated during and 100 ps after pulse excitation are presented. The data show that bathorhodopsin formation is completed within 3 ps for both the primary pigments and suggest that a single common bathorhodopsin is photochemically formed from both primary pigments. Our findings provide additional support for the cis-trans isomerization model of the primary event in vision. Additional absorption transients that were observed near 670 and 460 nm are discussed.", "contents": "Photochemistry of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin investigated on a picosecond time scale. Bovine rhodopsin and isorhodopsin were excited with a single 530-nm, 7-ps light pulse emitted by a mode-locked Nd 3+ glass laser at room temperature. Within 3 ps of excitation, absorbance changes due to formation of bathorhodopsin were observed. The difference spectra generated during and 100 ps after pulse excitation are presented. The data show that bathorhodopsin formation is completed within 3 ps for both the primary pigments and suggest that a single common bathorhodopsin is photochemically formed from both primary pigments. Our findings provide additional support for the cis-trans isomerization model of the primary event in vision. Additional absorption transients that were observed near 670 and 460 nm are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262375", "title": "Light scattering vs. microscopy for measuring average cell size and shape.", "content": "Light-scattering photometry is compared with electron and light microscopy as a source of information about the average size and shape of cells in population. Examined are the effects of limited instrument resolution, necessary experimental procedures, and cell heterogeneity. Information theory is used to survey the relative amounts of information provided by photometric and microscopic measurements. Then in model exploratory experiments, cell size and shape and changes therein are determined both by microscopy and by photometry for spherical and spheroidal cells. Scattering theory is used to calculate photometrically observed light from cell parameters. It is found that if certain other appropriate information about the morphological property of interest is available, then visible light photometry is the preferred method for obtaining quantitative information. It has good absolute sensitivity (0.01-0.10 micrometers resolution), its results are relatively unaffected by sample heterogeneity, it is nondestructive and compatible with many other techniques, it requires no sample preparation, and it provides its information in real time.", "contents": "Light scattering vs. microscopy for measuring average cell size and shape. Light-scattering photometry is compared with electron and light microscopy as a source of information about the average size and shape of cells in population. Examined are the effects of limited instrument resolution, necessary experimental procedures, and cell heterogeneity. Information theory is used to survey the relative amounts of information provided by photometric and microscopic measurements. Then in model exploratory experiments, cell size and shape and changes therein are determined both by microscopy and by photometry for spherical and spheroidal cells. Scattering theory is used to calculate photometrically observed light from cell parameters. It is found that if certain other appropriate information about the morphological property of interest is available, then visible light photometry is the preferred method for obtaining quantitative information. It has good absolute sensitivity (0.01-0.10 micrometers resolution), its results are relatively unaffected by sample heterogeneity, it is nondestructive and compatible with many other techniques, it requires no sample preparation, and it provides its information in real time."}
{"id": "PMID:262376", "title": "Numerical reconstruction of the quantal event at nicotinic synapses.", "content": "To test our present quantitative knowledge of nicotinic transmission, we reconstruct the postsynaptic conductance change that results after a presynaptic nerve terminal liberates a quantum of acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft. The theory assumes that ACh appears suddenly in the cleft and that is subsequent fate is determined by radial diffusion, by enzymatic hydrolysis, and by binding to receptors. Each receptor has one channel and two ACh binding sites; the channel opens when both sites are occupied and the rate-limiting step id the binding and dissociation of the second ACh molecule. The calculations reproduce the experimentally measured growth phase (200 microseconds), peak number of open channels (2,000), and exponential decay phase. The time constant of the decay phase exceeds the channel duration by approximately equal to 20%. The normal event is highly localized: at the peak, two-thirds of the open channels are within an area of 0.15 micrometer 2. This represents 75% of the available channels within this area. The model also simulates voltage and temperature dependence and effects of inactivating esterase and receptors. The calculations show that in the absence of esterase, transmitter is buffered by binding to receptors and the postsynaptic response can be potentiated.", "contents": "Numerical reconstruction of the quantal event at nicotinic synapses. To test our present quantitative knowledge of nicotinic transmission, we reconstruct the postsynaptic conductance change that results after a presynaptic nerve terminal liberates a quantum of acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft. The theory assumes that ACh appears suddenly in the cleft and that is subsequent fate is determined by radial diffusion, by enzymatic hydrolysis, and by binding to receptors. Each receptor has one channel and two ACh binding sites; the channel opens when both sites are occupied and the rate-limiting step id the binding and dissociation of the second ACh molecule. The calculations reproduce the experimentally measured growth phase (200 microseconds), peak number of open channels (2,000), and exponential decay phase. The time constant of the decay phase exceeds the channel duration by approximately equal to 20%. The normal event is highly localized: at the peak, two-thirds of the open channels are within an area of 0.15 micrometer 2. This represents 75% of the available channels within this area. The model also simulates voltage and temperature dependence and effects of inactivating esterase and receptors. The calculations show that in the absence of esterase, transmitter is buffered by binding to receptors and the postsynaptic response can be potentiated."}
{"id": "PMID:262377", "title": "Computer simulation of flow-dependent absorption in microperfused short Henle's loop of rats.", "content": "With computer simulation we examined the extent to which current theories and experimental data explain function of single microperfused superficial Henle's loops in rats. In the model standard phenomenological equations describe transport; two sets of transport parameters labeled rat and rabbit were taken from published experiments; Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the ascending thick limb were adjusted arbitrarily; tubular radius is either constant or depends on luminal pressure with compliance based on experimental observations; the interstitium is an infinite sink with salt and urea concentrations constant in the cortex and exponentially increasing in the outer medulla; concentrations resemble those found in hydropenic or saline diuretic rats. The following predictions were obtained. The model with rabbit parameters does not recirculate urea and will not operate with high medullary urea concentrations; with rat parameters too much urea recirculates an the results of perfusion with equilibrium solution are not reproduced. Using a compromise between rat and rabbit parameters, the model reproduces water absorption, salt reabsorption, and urea recirculation as observed in vivo in rat loops perfused at 5-40 nl/min. It also simulates perfusion with saline, equilibrium solution, saline plus furosemide, and 300 mM mannitol. When the model includes a short early distal segment, effluent salt concentration reaches a minimum at a 15 nl/min perfusion rate as observed in vivo; however, concentration at the macula densa is a monotonically increasing function of flow. When permeation rate is a function of wall surface area and thickness a better fit to experimental results is produced. However, the effect is small: water absorption alters by 4% or less and effluent salt concentration is reduced by up to 10% at low perfusion rates. Comparison of rigid and compliant loops shows no relationship between transit time per se and reabsorption.", "contents": "Computer simulation of flow-dependent absorption in microperfused short Henle's loop of rats. With computer simulation we examined the extent to which current theories and experimental data explain function of single microperfused superficial Henle's loops in rats. In the model standard phenomenological equations describe transport; two sets of transport parameters labeled rat and rabbit were taken from published experiments; Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the ascending thick limb were adjusted arbitrarily; tubular radius is either constant or depends on luminal pressure with compliance based on experimental observations; the interstitium is an infinite sink with salt and urea concentrations constant in the cortex and exponentially increasing in the outer medulla; concentrations resemble those found in hydropenic or saline diuretic rats. The following predictions were obtained. The model with rabbit parameters does not recirculate urea and will not operate with high medullary urea concentrations; with rat parameters too much urea recirculates an the results of perfusion with equilibrium solution are not reproduced. Using a compromise between rat and rabbit parameters, the model reproduces water absorption, salt reabsorption, and urea recirculation as observed in vivo in rat loops perfused at 5-40 nl/min. It also simulates perfusion with saline, equilibrium solution, saline plus furosemide, and 300 mM mannitol. When the model includes a short early distal segment, effluent salt concentration reaches a minimum at a 15 nl/min perfusion rate as observed in vivo; however, concentration at the macula densa is a monotonically increasing function of flow. When permeation rate is a function of wall surface area and thickness a better fit to experimental results is produced. However, the effect is small: water absorption alters by 4% or less and effluent salt concentration is reduced by up to 10% at low perfusion rates. Comparison of rigid and compliant loops shows no relationship between transit time per se and reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:262378", "title": "Changes in repair competency after 5-bromodeoxyuridine pulse labeling and near-ultraviolet light.", "content": "Synchronized V79 Chinese hamster cells, pulse-labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), show marked changes in the sensitivity to near-ultraviolet light during the cell cycle. Cells are least sensitive during the remainder of the S-phase after the BrdUrd pulse. They become maximally sensitive in the next cell cycle when the BrdUrd-labeled DNA presumably serves as the template for replication. This is followed by a return to relative insensitivity during the remainder of the S-phase, the increase in survival does not occur until DNA synthesis progresses beyond the time when the DNA made during the second pulse serves as a template. Furthermore, cells in the resistant phases of the cell cycle are sensitized by 1-2 mM caffeine. Survival curves are shown for the various cell ages of interest and are discussed in relation to the observed changes in functional repair capacity. The data support the hypothesis that lesions in the BrdUrd-containing DNA are effectively repaired after semiconservative replication. The data indicate that saturation of repair capacity and not target multiplicity is responsible for the appearance of a shoulder on the survival curves.", "contents": "Changes in repair competency after 5-bromodeoxyuridine pulse labeling and near-ultraviolet light. Synchronized V79 Chinese hamster cells, pulse-labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), show marked changes in the sensitivity to near-ultraviolet light during the cell cycle. Cells are least sensitive during the remainder of the S-phase after the BrdUrd pulse. They become maximally sensitive in the next cell cycle when the BrdUrd-labeled DNA presumably serves as the template for replication. This is followed by a return to relative insensitivity during the remainder of the S-phase, the increase in survival does not occur until DNA synthesis progresses beyond the time when the DNA made during the second pulse serves as a template. Furthermore, cells in the resistant phases of the cell cycle are sensitized by 1-2 mM caffeine. Survival curves are shown for the various cell ages of interest and are discussed in relation to the observed changes in functional repair capacity. The data support the hypothesis that lesions in the BrdUrd-containing DNA are effectively repaired after semiconservative replication. The data indicate that saturation of repair capacity and not target multiplicity is responsible for the appearance of a shoulder on the survival curves."}
{"id": "PMID:262379", "title": "Null space in the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations. A critical test.", "content": "Voltage perturbation methods based upon topological concepts are used to elicit responses from the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) nonlinear differential equations. These responses present a critical check upon the validity of the HH model for electrical activity across squid axon membrane. It is shown that when a constant current is applied such that a stable equilibrium and rhythmic firing are present, the following predictions are inherent in the HH system of equations: (a) Small instantaneous voltage perturbations to the axon given at points along its firing spike result in phase resetting curves (when new phase versus old phase is plotted) with an average slope of 1. (b) A larger voltage perturbation (from certain points along the firing spike) results in the permanent cessation of periodic firing, with membrane voltage rapidly approaching the equilibrium value. (c) A still larger perturbation yields phase resetting curves with an average slope equal to 0. These predictions, coupled with Tasaki's experimental demonstration that squid axons in excellent condition do give repetitive firing under constant current, provide a critical test of the validity of the HH model.", "contents": "Null space in the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations. A critical test. Voltage perturbation methods based upon topological concepts are used to elicit responses from the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) nonlinear differential equations. These responses present a critical check upon the validity of the HH model for electrical activity across squid axon membrane. It is shown that when a constant current is applied such that a stable equilibrium and rhythmic firing are present, the following predictions are inherent in the HH system of equations: (a) Small instantaneous voltage perturbations to the axon given at points along its firing spike result in phase resetting curves (when new phase versus old phase is plotted) with an average slope of 1. (b) A larger voltage perturbation (from certain points along the firing spike) results in the permanent cessation of periodic firing, with membrane voltage rapidly approaching the equilibrium value. (c) A still larger perturbation yields phase resetting curves with an average slope equal to 0. These predictions, coupled with Tasaki's experimental demonstration that squid axons in excellent condition do give repetitive firing under constant current, provide a critical test of the validity of the HH model."}
{"id": "PMID:262380", "title": "Theoretical shapes of bilipid vesicles under conditions of increasing membrane area.", "content": "Certain standard properties, including spontaneous curvature, are assumed for the membrane of a bilipid vesicle. Then, if there is a mechanism that causes the membrane area to increase, vesicle cleavage is found to occur.", "contents": "Theoretical shapes of bilipid vesicles under conditions of increasing membrane area. Certain standard properties, including spontaneous curvature, are assumed for the membrane of a bilipid vesicle. Then, if there is a mechanism that causes the membrane area to increase, vesicle cleavage is found to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:262381", "title": "Flagellar hydrodynamics. A comparison between resistive-force theory and slender-body theory.", "content": "This paper investigates the accuracy of the resistive-force theory (Gray and Hancock method) which is commonly used for hydrodynamic analysis of swimming flagella. We made a comparison between the forces, bending moments, and shear moments calculated by resistive-force theory and by the more accurate slender-body theory for large-amplitude, planar wave forms computed for a flagellar model. By making an upward empirical adjustment, by about 35%, of the classical drag coefficient values used in the resistive-force theory calculations, we obtained good agreement between the distributions of the forces and moments along the length of the flagellum predicted by the two methods when the flagellum has no cell body attached. After this adjustment, we found the rate of energy expenditure calculated by the two methods for the few typical test cases to be almost identical. The resistive-force theory is thus completely satisfactory for use in analysis of mechanisms for the control of flagellar bending, at the current level of sophistication of this analysis. We also examined the effects of the presence of a cell body attached to one end of the flagellum, which modifies the flow field experienced by the flagellum. This interaction, which is not considered in resistive-force theory, is probably insignificant for small cell bodies, such as the heads of simple spermatozoa, but for larger cell bodies, or cell bodies that have large-amplitude motions transverse to the swimming direction, use of slender-body theory is required for accurate analysis.", "contents": "Flagellar hydrodynamics. A comparison between resistive-force theory and slender-body theory. This paper investigates the accuracy of the resistive-force theory (Gray and Hancock method) which is commonly used for hydrodynamic analysis of swimming flagella. We made a comparison between the forces, bending moments, and shear moments calculated by resistive-force theory and by the more accurate slender-body theory for large-amplitude, planar wave forms computed for a flagellar model. By making an upward empirical adjustment, by about 35%, of the classical drag coefficient values used in the resistive-force theory calculations, we obtained good agreement between the distributions of the forces and moments along the length of the flagellum predicted by the two methods when the flagellum has no cell body attached. After this adjustment, we found the rate of energy expenditure calculated by the two methods for the few typical test cases to be almost identical. The resistive-force theory is thus completely satisfactory for use in analysis of mechanisms for the control of flagellar bending, at the current level of sophistication of this analysis. We also examined the effects of the presence of a cell body attached to one end of the flagellum, which modifies the flow field experienced by the flagellum. This interaction, which is not considered in resistive-force theory, is probably insignificant for small cell bodies, such as the heads of simple spermatozoa, but for larger cell bodies, or cell bodies that have large-amplitude motions transverse to the swimming direction, use of slender-body theory is required for accurate analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:262382", "title": "DNA damage in synchronized HeLa cells irradiated with ultraviolet.", "content": "The lethal effect of UV radiation of HeLa cells is least in mitosis and greatest in late G1-early S. Photochemical damage to HeLa DNA, as measured by thymine-containing dimer formation and by alkaline sucrose sedimentation, also increases from mitosis towards early S phase. Computer simulations of UV absorption by an idealized HeLa cell at different stages of the cell cycle indicate that changes in damage could be due solely to changes in chromatin geometry. But survival is not exclusively a function of damage.", "contents": "DNA damage in synchronized HeLa cells irradiated with ultraviolet. The lethal effect of UV radiation of HeLa cells is least in mitosis and greatest in late G1-early S. Photochemical damage to HeLa DNA, as measured by thymine-containing dimer formation and by alkaline sucrose sedimentation, also increases from mitosis towards early S phase. Computer simulations of UV absorption by an idealized HeLa cell at different stages of the cell cycle indicate that changes in damage could be due solely to changes in chromatin geometry. But survival is not exclusively a function of damage."}
{"id": "PMID:262383", "title": "Electrical properties of spherical syncytia.", "content": "Syncytial tissues consist of many cells whose intracellular spaces are electrically coupled one to another. Such tissues typically include narrow, tortuous extracellular space and often have specialized membranes at their outer surface. We derive differential equations to describe the potentials induced when a sinusoidal or steady current is applied to the intracellular space with a microelectrode. We derive solutions for spherical preparations with isotropic properties or with a particular anisotropy in effective extracellular and intracellular resistivities. Solutions are presented in an approximate form with a simple physical interpretation. The leading term in the intracellular potential describes an \"isopotential\" cell in which there is no spatial variation of intracellular potential. The leading term in the extracellular potential, and thus the potential across the inner membranes, varies with radial position, even at zero frequency. The next term of the potentials describes the direct effects of the point source of current and, for the parameters given here, acts as a series resistance producing a large local potential drop essentially independent of frequency. A lumped equivalent circuit describes the \"low frequency\" behavior of the syncytium, and a distributed circuit gives a reasonably accurate general description. Graphs of the spatial variation and frequency dependence of intracellular, extracellular, and transmembrane potential are given, the response to sinusoidal currents is used to calculate numerically the response to a step function of current.", "contents": "Electrical properties of spherical syncytia. Syncytial tissues consist of many cells whose intracellular spaces are electrically coupled one to another. Such tissues typically include narrow, tortuous extracellular space and often have specialized membranes at their outer surface. We derive differential equations to describe the potentials induced when a sinusoidal or steady current is applied to the intracellular space with a microelectrode. We derive solutions for spherical preparations with isotropic properties or with a particular anisotropy in effective extracellular and intracellular resistivities. Solutions are presented in an approximate form with a simple physical interpretation. The leading term in the intracellular potential describes an \"isopotential\" cell in which there is no spatial variation of intracellular potential. The leading term in the extracellular potential, and thus the potential across the inner membranes, varies with radial position, even at zero frequency. The next term of the potentials describes the direct effects of the point source of current and, for the parameters given here, acts as a series resistance producing a large local potential drop essentially independent of frequency. A lumped equivalent circuit describes the \"low frequency\" behavior of the syncytium, and a distributed circuit gives a reasonably accurate general description. Graphs of the spatial variation and frequency dependence of intracellular, extracellular, and transmembrane potential are given, the response to sinusoidal currents is used to calculate numerically the response to a step function of current."}
{"id": "PMID:262384", "title": "Electrical properties of structural components of the crystalline lens.", "content": "The electrical properties of the crystalline lens of the frog eye are measured with stochastic currents applied with a microelectrode near the center of the preparation and potential recorded just under the surface. The stochastic signals are decomposed by Fourier analysis into sinusoidal components, and the impedance is determined from the ratio of mean cross power to input power. The data are fit by an electrical model that includes two paths for current flow: one through the cytoplasm, gap junctions, and outer membrane; the other through inner membranes and the extracellular space between lens fibers. The electrical properties of the structures of the lens which appear as circuit components in the model are determined by the fit to the data. The resistivity of the extracellular space within the lens is comparable to the resistivity of Ringer. The outer membrane has a normal resistance of 5 kohm . cm(2) but large capacitance of 10 muF/cm(2), probably because it represents the properties of several layers of fibers. The inner membranes have properties reminiscent of artificial lipid bilayers: they have high membrane resistance, 2.2 megohm . cm(2), and low specific capacitance, 0.8 muF/cm(2). There is so much membrane within the lens, however, that the sum of the current flow across all the inner membranes is comparable to that across the outer surface.", "contents": "Electrical properties of structural components of the crystalline lens. The electrical properties of the crystalline lens of the frog eye are measured with stochastic currents applied with a microelectrode near the center of the preparation and potential recorded just under the surface. The stochastic signals are decomposed by Fourier analysis into sinusoidal components, and the impedance is determined from the ratio of mean cross power to input power. The data are fit by an electrical model that includes two paths for current flow: one through the cytoplasm, gap junctions, and outer membrane; the other through inner membranes and the extracellular space between lens fibers. The electrical properties of the structures of the lens which appear as circuit components in the model are determined by the fit to the data. The resistivity of the extracellular space within the lens is comparable to the resistivity of Ringer. The outer membrane has a normal resistance of 5 kohm . cm(2) but large capacitance of 10 muF/cm(2), probably because it represents the properties of several layers of fibers. The inner membranes have properties reminiscent of artificial lipid bilayers: they have high membrane resistance, 2.2 megohm . cm(2), and low specific capacitance, 0.8 muF/cm(2). There is so much membrane within the lens, however, that the sum of the current flow across all the inner membranes is comparable to that across the outer surface."}
{"id": "PMID:262385", "title": "Reference phase analysis of free and bound intracellular solutes. I. Sodium and potassium in amphibian oocytes.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative determination of free and bound solute concentrations in the cytoplasm of intact cells. The method includes (a) introduction of a gelatin gel reference phase (RP) into the cytoplasm; (b) diffusion of dissolved substances between cytoplasm and RP, (c) cell quenching to - 196 degrees C to prevent subsequent solute redistributions, (d) ultra-low temperature microdissection to isolate RP and cytoplasm samples, and (e) analysis of isolates for solute and water content. In normal oocytes of the salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus, free or RP Na+ and K+ are 21.0 +/- 1.1 and 128.8 +/- 2.4 mu eq/ml, respectively, and vary stoichiometrically in altered oocytes. Overall cytoplasmic concentrations are 75.2 +/- 2.7 mu eq Na+/ml and 88.6 +/- 1.5 mu eq K+/ml. Cytoplasmic chemical activities are 16.2 mu eq Na+/ml and 99.2 mu eq K+/ml, corresponding to activity coefficients of 0.22 and 1.12, respectively. The results demonstrate unambiguously that (a) oocytes actively transport Na+ and K+, and (b) cytoplasm has important binding properties which differentiate it from an ordinary aqueous solution. These cytoplasmic properties are investigated in the following paper.", "contents": "Reference phase analysis of free and bound intracellular solutes. I. Sodium and potassium in amphibian oocytes. A method is described for the quantitative determination of free and bound solute concentrations in the cytoplasm of intact cells. The method includes (a) introduction of a gelatin gel reference phase (RP) into the cytoplasm; (b) diffusion of dissolved substances between cytoplasm and RP, (c) cell quenching to - 196 degrees C to prevent subsequent solute redistributions, (d) ultra-low temperature microdissection to isolate RP and cytoplasm samples, and (e) analysis of isolates for solute and water content. In normal oocytes of the salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus, free or RP Na+ and K+ are 21.0 +/- 1.1 and 128.8 +/- 2.4 mu eq/ml, respectively, and vary stoichiometrically in altered oocytes. Overall cytoplasmic concentrations are 75.2 +/- 2.7 mu eq Na+/ml and 88.6 +/- 1.5 mu eq K+/ml. Cytoplasmic chemical activities are 16.2 mu eq Na+/ml and 99.2 mu eq K+/ml, corresponding to activity coefficients of 0.22 and 1.12, respectively. The results demonstrate unambiguously that (a) oocytes actively transport Na+ and K+, and (b) cytoplasm has important binding properties which differentiate it from an ordinary aqueous solution. These cytoplasmic properties are investigated in the following paper."}
{"id": "PMID:262386", "title": "Reference phase analysis of free and bound intracellular solutes. II. Isothermal and isotopic studies of cytoplasmic sodium, potassium, and water.", "content": "The intracellular reference phase (RP) method and ultra-low temperature micro-dissection were used for isothermal and isotopic phase distribution studies of Na(+), K(+), and water in amphibian oocyte cytoplasm. One-third of the cytoplasmic water is available as solvent for [(3)H]sucrose. This fraction, designated c1, quantitatively coincides with the water volume in which Na(+) and K(+) are freely diffusible. Two-thirds of the cytoplasmic water is inaccessible to sucrose and is designated c2. The Na(+) and K(+) associated with c2 are extremely slowly exchanging (bound) and at different concentrations than in c1. The cations in c1 are in mass-action equilibria with those in c2, each described by an equation of the formC(c) (i) = C(c) (1) (i) + C(c) (2) (i) = q(i).C(RP) (i) + (max)C(c) (2) (i).f(C(RP) (i)in which C(c) (i) is the cytoplasmic Na(+) or K(+) concentration, C(c) (1) (i) is the free, and C(c) (2) (i) the bound cation concentration averaged over the cytoplasmic water. q(i) is the fractional free solute space, C(RP) (i) the RP concentration, (max)C(c) (2) (i) the concentration of binding sites, and the function f is satisfied by the Langmuir isotherm. Numerical values for the variables of the isotherm are determined. Activity coefficients are calculated from RP data and provide a basis for generalizing the oocyte results to other cells. The conclusion is drawn that both c1 and c2 are widely distributed in cells, and that cellular ionic activities involve two distinct systems: the cell-membrane system and an adsorbed water ion-exchange-like buffering system. Alternative explanations for the two-component cytoplasm are considered. A model is proposed in which c1 is a normal intracellular aqueous phase controlled by the plasma membrane, whereas c2 consists of water and ions adsorbed in hydrate crystalline structures. In oocytes these structures are identified with yolk platelets.", "contents": "Reference phase analysis of free and bound intracellular solutes. II. Isothermal and isotopic studies of cytoplasmic sodium, potassium, and water. The intracellular reference phase (RP) method and ultra-low temperature micro-dissection were used for isothermal and isotopic phase distribution studies of Na(+), K(+), and water in amphibian oocyte cytoplasm. One-third of the cytoplasmic water is available as solvent for [(3)H]sucrose. This fraction, designated c1, quantitatively coincides with the water volume in which Na(+) and K(+) are freely diffusible. Two-thirds of the cytoplasmic water is inaccessible to sucrose and is designated c2. The Na(+) and K(+) associated with c2 are extremely slowly exchanging (bound) and at different concentrations than in c1. The cations in c1 are in mass-action equilibria with those in c2, each described by an equation of the formC(c) (i) = C(c) (1) (i) + C(c) (2) (i) = q(i).C(RP) (i) + (max)C(c) (2) (i).f(C(RP) (i)in which C(c) (i) is the cytoplasmic Na(+) or K(+) concentration, C(c) (1) (i) is the free, and C(c) (2) (i) the bound cation concentration averaged over the cytoplasmic water. q(i) is the fractional free solute space, C(RP) (i) the RP concentration, (max)C(c) (2) (i) the concentration of binding sites, and the function f is satisfied by the Langmuir isotherm. Numerical values for the variables of the isotherm are determined. Activity coefficients are calculated from RP data and provide a basis for generalizing the oocyte results to other cells. The conclusion is drawn that both c1 and c2 are widely distributed in cells, and that cellular ionic activities involve two distinct systems: the cell-membrane system and an adsorbed water ion-exchange-like buffering system. Alternative explanations for the two-component cytoplasm are considered. A model is proposed in which c1 is a normal intracellular aqueous phase controlled by the plasma membrane, whereas c2 consists of water and ions adsorbed in hydrate crystalline structures. In oocytes these structures are identified with yolk platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:262387", "title": "Network thermodynamic approach compartmental analysis. Na+ transients in frog skin.", "content": "We introduce a general network thermodynamic method for compartmental analysis which uses a compartmental model of sodium flows through frog skin as an illustrative example (Huf and Howell, 1974a). We use network thermodynamics (Mikulecky et al., 1977b) to formulate the problem, and a circuit simulation program (ASTEC 2, SPICE2, or PCAP) for computation. In this way, the compartment concentrations and net fluxes between compartments are readily obtained for a set of experimental conditions involving a square-wave pulse of labeled sodium at the outer surface of the skin. Qualitative features of the influx at the outer surface correlate very well with those observed for the short circuit current under another similar set of conditions by Morel and LeBlanc (1975). In related work, the compartmental model is used as a basis for simulation of the short circuit current and sodium flows simultaneously using a two-port network (Mikulecky et al., 1977a, and Mikulecky et al., A network thermodynamic model for short circuit current transients in frog skin. Manuscript in preparation; Gary-Bobo et al., 1978). The network approach lends itself to computation of classic compartmental problems in a simple manner using circuit simulation programs (Chua and Lin, 1975), and it further extends the compartmental models to more complicated situations involving coupled flows and non-linearities such as concentration dependencies, chemical reaction kinetics, etc.", "contents": "Network thermodynamic approach compartmental analysis. Na+ transients in frog skin. We introduce a general network thermodynamic method for compartmental analysis which uses a compartmental model of sodium flows through frog skin as an illustrative example (Huf and Howell, 1974a). We use network thermodynamics (Mikulecky et al., 1977b) to formulate the problem, and a circuit simulation program (ASTEC 2, SPICE2, or PCAP) for computation. In this way, the compartment concentrations and net fluxes between compartments are readily obtained for a set of experimental conditions involving a square-wave pulse of labeled sodium at the outer surface of the skin. Qualitative features of the influx at the outer surface correlate very well with those observed for the short circuit current under another similar set of conditions by Morel and LeBlanc (1975). In related work, the compartmental model is used as a basis for simulation of the short circuit current and sodium flows simultaneously using a two-port network (Mikulecky et al., 1977a, and Mikulecky et al., A network thermodynamic model for short circuit current transients in frog skin. Manuscript in preparation; Gary-Bobo et al., 1978). The network approach lends itself to computation of classic compartmental problems in a simple manner using circuit simulation programs (Chua and Lin, 1975), and it further extends the compartmental models to more complicated situations involving coupled flows and non-linearities such as concentration dependencies, chemical reaction kinetics, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:262388", "title": "The influence of intercellular clefts on the electrical properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "A model of a 100 micrometers diameter Purkinje fiber with intercellular clefts was studied under voltage clamp conditions to examine the consequences of radial nonuniformity. Sodium and potassium conductances were distributed so that the surface and cleft membranes had similar channel density. Assuming that the model is appropriate, sodium current (and conductance) measured in the voltage clamp is grossly underestimated because of loss of voltage control of the cleft membrane. Under these conditions a value for g Na of about 15-20 mmho/cm2 of actual membrane is consistent with the experimental measurements of Dudel and R\u00fcdel (1970. Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 315:136-158.). Intermediate and slow currents (slow inward current and potassium current) appear to be accurately measured under the model conditions, despite some voltage nonuniformity within the cleft. This result depended on the presence of a residual sodium current, and experimental removal of sodium may alter this result. All effects of nonuniformity would be accentuated in fibers of larger diameter.", "contents": "The influence of intercellular clefts on the electrical properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. A model of a 100 micrometers diameter Purkinje fiber with intercellular clefts was studied under voltage clamp conditions to examine the consequences of radial nonuniformity. Sodium and potassium conductances were distributed so that the surface and cleft membranes had similar channel density. Assuming that the model is appropriate, sodium current (and conductance) measured in the voltage clamp is grossly underestimated because of loss of voltage control of the cleft membrane. Under these conditions a value for g Na of about 15-20 mmho/cm2 of actual membrane is consistent with the experimental measurements of Dudel and R\u00fcdel (1970. Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 315:136-158.). Intermediate and slow currents (slow inward current and potassium current) appear to be accurately measured under the model conditions, despite some voltage nonuniformity within the cleft. This result depended on the presence of a residual sodium current, and experimental removal of sodium may alter this result. All effects of nonuniformity would be accentuated in fibers of larger diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:262389", "title": "On the ionic displacement current in lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "It is shown that the constant field approximation must be amended to make it apply to time-dependent signals. The necessary additional term corresponds to the ionic displacement current. In the absence of adsorption, this ionic displacement current is found to have a characteristic time of the order of a fraction of a microsecond. We confirm its mathematical form as given by Cole (1965). When the membrane-soluble ions are strongly adsorbed, an additional, purely exponential transient of much larger time constant is calculated, with a time dependence identical to that of the translocation of adsorbed ions. Our results support the pseudostationary approximation used by Andersen and Fuchs (1975) in the description of such exponential transients. Explicit expressions are given for the current after a voltage step as for the admittance, both in the absence and presence of adsorption, for a membrane with a rectangular potential energy profile.", "contents": "On the ionic displacement current in lipid bilayer membranes. It is shown that the constant field approximation must be amended to make it apply to time-dependent signals. The necessary additional term corresponds to the ionic displacement current. In the absence of adsorption, this ionic displacement current is found to have a characteristic time of the order of a fraction of a microsecond. We confirm its mathematical form as given by Cole (1965). When the membrane-soluble ions are strongly adsorbed, an additional, purely exponential transient of much larger time constant is calculated, with a time dependence identical to that of the translocation of adsorbed ions. Our results support the pseudostationary approximation used by Andersen and Fuchs (1975) in the description of such exponential transients. Explicit expressions are given for the current after a voltage step as for the admittance, both in the absence and presence of adsorption, for a membrane with a rectangular potential energy profile."}
{"id": "PMID:262390", "title": "On the adsorption of phloretin onto a black lipid membrane.", "content": "The effect of uncharged, dipolar phloretin on anion and cation conductance through a black lipid membrane can be used to study its adsorption behavior. The adsorption of phloretin can be described by a Langmuir isotherm with weak dipole-dipole interaction.", "contents": "On the adsorption of phloretin onto a black lipid membrane. The effect of uncharged, dipolar phloretin on anion and cation conductance through a black lipid membrane can be used to study its adsorption behavior. The adsorption of phloretin can be described by a Langmuir isotherm with weak dipole-dipole interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:262391", "title": "A network thermodynamic two-port element to represent the coupled flow of salt and current. Improved alternative for the equivalent circuit.", "content": "A two-port for coupled salt and current flow is created by using the network thermodynamic approach in the same manner as that for coupled solute and volume flow (Mikulecky et al., 1977b; Mikulecky, 1977). This electrochemical two-port has distinct advantages over the equivalent circuit representation and overcomes difficulties pointed out by Finkelstein and Mauro (1963). The electrochemical two-port is used to produce a schematic diagram of the coupled flows through a tissue. The network is superimposable on the tissue morphology and preserves the physical qualities of the flows and forces in each part of an organized structure (e.g., an epithelium). The topological properties are manipulated independently from the constitutive (flow-force) relations. The constitutive relations are chosen from a number of alternatives depending on the detail and rigor desired. With the topology and constitutive parameters specified, the steady-state behavior is simulated with a network simulation program. By using capacitance to represent the filling and depletion of compartments, as well as the traditional electrical capacitances, time-dependent behavior is also simulated. Nonlinear effects arising from the integration of equations describing local behavior (e.g., the Nernst-Planck equations) are dealt with explicitly. The network thermodynamic approach provides a simple, straightforward method for representing a system diagrammatically and then simulating the system's behavior from the diagram with a minimum of mathematical manipulation.", "contents": "A network thermodynamic two-port element to represent the coupled flow of salt and current. Improved alternative for the equivalent circuit. A two-port for coupled salt and current flow is created by using the network thermodynamic approach in the same manner as that for coupled solute and volume flow (Mikulecky et al., 1977b; Mikulecky, 1977). This electrochemical two-port has distinct advantages over the equivalent circuit representation and overcomes difficulties pointed out by Finkelstein and Mauro (1963). The electrochemical two-port is used to produce a schematic diagram of the coupled flows through a tissue. The network is superimposable on the tissue morphology and preserves the physical qualities of the flows and forces in each part of an organized structure (e.g., an epithelium). The topological properties are manipulated independently from the constitutive (flow-force) relations. The constitutive relations are chosen from a number of alternatives depending on the detail and rigor desired. With the topology and constitutive parameters specified, the steady-state behavior is simulated with a network simulation program. By using capacitance to represent the filling and depletion of compartments, as well as the traditional electrical capacitances, time-dependent behavior is also simulated. Nonlinear effects arising from the integration of equations describing local behavior (e.g., the Nernst-Planck equations) are dealt with explicitly. The network thermodynamic approach provides a simple, straightforward method for representing a system diagrammatically and then simulating the system's behavior from the diagram with a minimum of mathematical manipulation."}
{"id": "PMID:262392", "title": "Enthalpy changes during the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "We have used a capacitor microphone calorimeter to measure rapid enthalpy changes that occur when bacteriorhodopsin-containing membrane fragments are excited with short flashes of light. We resolved the enthalpy changes into three phases. At about 100 microsecond after the flash, the bacteriorhodopsins converted into metastable states have an enthalpy about 15-20 kcal mol-1 greater than the enthalpy before excitation. Some of this energy (approximately 10 kcal) is then released to the surroundings as the membrane fragments release protons to the solution. After proton release and before proton rebinding, a large amount of heat is released to the surroundings, equivalent to about 40-45 kcal/mol of bacteriorhodopsin reacting. At this point the energy of the system is about 35 kcal/mol less than it was before the flash; i.e., the system has released all of the energy of the photon (49 kcal/E) plus an additional 35 kcal/mol. Nevertheless, the free energy of the system must still be greater than it was originally, because relaxation to the original state occurs spontaneously. An entropy decrease of at least 125 cal/mol per deg is required to compensate for the heat release. An entropy decrease of this magnitude implies a major increase in molecular order in the purple membrane.", "contents": "Enthalpy changes during the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin. We have used a capacitor microphone calorimeter to measure rapid enthalpy changes that occur when bacteriorhodopsin-containing membrane fragments are excited with short flashes of light. We resolved the enthalpy changes into three phases. At about 100 microsecond after the flash, the bacteriorhodopsins converted into metastable states have an enthalpy about 15-20 kcal mol-1 greater than the enthalpy before excitation. Some of this energy (approximately 10 kcal) is then released to the surroundings as the membrane fragments release protons to the solution. After proton release and before proton rebinding, a large amount of heat is released to the surroundings, equivalent to about 40-45 kcal/mol of bacteriorhodopsin reacting. At this point the energy of the system is about 35 kcal/mol less than it was before the flash; i.e., the system has released all of the energy of the photon (49 kcal/E) plus an additional 35 kcal/mol. Nevertheless, the free energy of the system must still be greater than it was originally, because relaxation to the original state occurs spontaneously. An entropy decrease of at least 125 cal/mol per deg is required to compensate for the heat release. An entropy decrease of this magnitude implies a major increase in molecular order in the purple membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:262393", "title": "Trajectories of human granulocytes.", "content": "The spatial trajectories of human granulocytes moving on glass in two dimensions under an isotropic medium may be characterized as realizations of a correlated walk. The present model is similar to an earlier one for slime-mold amebae. The correlation from step to step is essentially via the relative angle theta, represented for granulocytes as a random variable with a symmetric bimodal density. As the cells age, they appear to turn less and the degree of correlation increases. Even under chemotaxis the angle theta and the step length r appear to be statistically independent.", "contents": "Trajectories of human granulocytes. The spatial trajectories of human granulocytes moving on glass in two dimensions under an isotropic medium may be characterized as realizations of a correlated walk. The present model is similar to an earlier one for slime-mold amebae. The correlation from step to step is essentially via the relative angle theta, represented for granulocytes as a random variable with a symmetric bimodal density. As the cells age, they appear to turn less and the degree of correlation increases. Even under chemotaxis the angle theta and the step length r appear to be statistically independent."}
{"id": "PMID:262394", "title": "A simple tension-displacement model for hemoglobin cooperativity.", "content": "Based on the Perutz view of hemoglobin cooperativity and the methodology of statistical physics, a molecular model for heme-heme interactions is proposed. The motion of the iron atom with respect to the heme plane is assumed to be the important feature of the oxygenation step, and results in an expression for hemoglobin saturation as an explicit function of the internal tension of the hemoglobin molecule. Closure of the equation is obtained with the assumption of linearity between the internal tension and the displacement of the iron atom above the heme plane. All model parameters are physically realizable and are characteristic of the hemoglobin molecule. Finally, the model is capable of discriminating between positive and negative cooperativity.", "contents": "A simple tension-displacement model for hemoglobin cooperativity. Based on the Perutz view of hemoglobin cooperativity and the methodology of statistical physics, a molecular model for heme-heme interactions is proposed. The motion of the iron atom with respect to the heme plane is assumed to be the important feature of the oxygenation step, and results in an expression for hemoglobin saturation as an explicit function of the internal tension of the hemoglobin molecule. Closure of the equation is obtained with the assumption of linearity between the internal tension and the displacement of the iron atom above the heme plane. All model parameters are physically realizable and are characteristic of the hemoglobin molecule. Finally, the model is capable of discriminating between positive and negative cooperativity."}
{"id": "PMID:262396", "title": "Pulse nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of water exchange across the erythrocyte membrane employing a low Mn concentration.", "content": "A simple, precise, and rapid pulse nuclear magnetic resonance technique for measuring the rate of water exchange across the erythrocyte membrane is presented. The technique is based upon the nonlinear fit of Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) transverse relaxation time data of blood doped with 1.7 mM MnCl2 to the general two-compartment exchange condition. Previous approaches using CPMG data required high MnCl2 concentrations (25-53 nM), shown in this work to induce systematic errors ranging from 35 to 45%. At 23 degrees C the average residence time of a water molecule inside the erythrocyte (tau a) is 21.0 +/- 0.6 ms (SE). The Arrhenius plot for water exchange is linear over the range of 3 degrees - 37 degrees C and th Arrhenius activation energy is 4.79 +/- 0.03 kcal (SE). This value does not differ significantly from the energy required for bulk water flow. Results are compared with previous determinations, and sources of systematic error in tau a and the activation energy are evaluated.", "contents": "Pulse nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of water exchange across the erythrocyte membrane employing a low Mn concentration. A simple, precise, and rapid pulse nuclear magnetic resonance technique for measuring the rate of water exchange across the erythrocyte membrane is presented. The technique is based upon the nonlinear fit of Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) transverse relaxation time data of blood doped with 1.7 mM MnCl2 to the general two-compartment exchange condition. Previous approaches using CPMG data required high MnCl2 concentrations (25-53 nM), shown in this work to induce systematic errors ranging from 35 to 45%. At 23 degrees C the average residence time of a water molecule inside the erythrocyte (tau a) is 21.0 +/- 0.6 ms (SE). The Arrhenius plot for water exchange is linear over the range of 3 degrees - 37 degrees C and th Arrhenius activation energy is 4.79 +/- 0.03 kcal (SE). This value does not differ significantly from the energy required for bulk water flow. Results are compared with previous determinations, and sources of systematic error in tau a and the activation energy are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:262397", "title": "The relation of Vmax to INa, GNa, and h infinity in a model of the cardiac Purkinje fiber.", "content": "The inward sodium current in cardiac muscle is difficult to study by voltage clamp methods, so various indirect experimental measures have been used to obtain insight into its characteristics. These methods depend on the relationship between maximal upstroke velocity of the action potential (Vmax) and the sodium current (INa), usually defined in terms of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. These relationships were explored using an adaptation of this model to cardiac Purkinje fibers. In general Vmax corresponded to INa, and it could be used to determine the relationship of membrane potential to GNa, and h infinity. The results, however, depended on the method of stimulation of the action potential, and an optimal stimulation method was determined. A commonly used experimental technique called \"membrane responsiveness\" was shown to distort seriously the properties of steady-state gating inactivation that is supposed to measure. Estimation of the changes in maximal sodium conductance, such as those produced by tetrodotoxin (TTX), would be accurately measured. Some experimental results have indicated a voltage-dependent effect of TTX. Characteristics of the measures of TTX effect under those conditions were illustrated. In summary, calculations with a model of the cardiac Purkinje fiber action potential provide insight into the accuracy of certain experimental methods using maximal upstroke velocity as a measure of INa, and cast doubt on other experimental methods, such as membrane responsiveness.", "contents": "The relation of Vmax to INa, GNa, and h infinity in a model of the cardiac Purkinje fiber. The inward sodium current in cardiac muscle is difficult to study by voltage clamp methods, so various indirect experimental measures have been used to obtain insight into its characteristics. These methods depend on the relationship between maximal upstroke velocity of the action potential (Vmax) and the sodium current (INa), usually defined in terms of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. These relationships were explored using an adaptation of this model to cardiac Purkinje fibers. In general Vmax corresponded to INa, and it could be used to determine the relationship of membrane potential to GNa, and h infinity. The results, however, depended on the method of stimulation of the action potential, and an optimal stimulation method was determined. A commonly used experimental technique called \"membrane responsiveness\" was shown to distort seriously the properties of steady-state gating inactivation that is supposed to measure. Estimation of the changes in maximal sodium conductance, such as those produced by tetrodotoxin (TTX), would be accurately measured. Some experimental results have indicated a voltage-dependent effect of TTX. Characteristics of the measures of TTX effect under those conditions were illustrated. In summary, calculations with a model of the cardiac Purkinje fiber action potential provide insight into the accuracy of certain experimental methods using maximal upstroke velocity as a measure of INa, and cast doubt on other experimental methods, such as membrane responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:262398", "title": "Resonance enhanced Raman spectrum of all-trans anhydrovitamin A.", "content": "The Raman spectrum of all-trans anhydrovitamin A in hexane at 77 degrees K is presented. The similarity of the Raman spectra of anhydrovitamin A and the protonated Schiff base of retinal is striking. The implications of this for visual pigment studies and bacteriorhodopsin are discussed. Tentative assignments of geometry for four cis-trans isomers of anhydrovitamin A are made on the basis of the observed room-temperature absorption spectra.", "contents": "Resonance enhanced Raman spectrum of all-trans anhydrovitamin A. The Raman spectrum of all-trans anhydrovitamin A in hexane at 77 degrees K is presented. The similarity of the Raman spectra of anhydrovitamin A and the protonated Schiff base of retinal is striking. The implications of this for visual pigment studies and bacteriorhodopsin are discussed. Tentative assignments of geometry for four cis-trans isomers of anhydrovitamin A are made on the basis of the observed room-temperature absorption spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:262399", "title": "Kinetics of carboxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin studied by picosecond spectroscopy.", "content": "Picosecond studies of carboxymyoglobin (MbCO) and oxymyoglobin (MbO2) reveal that excitation at 530 nm induces photodissociation at less than 8 ps. The kinetic and structural changes were monitored by following absorbance changes at selected wave-lengths in the Soret (B) band and in the Q band. Within the 10 ps-0.45 ns period of time over which our experiments were conducted, the absorbance changes in the Soret and Q bands for MbCO and MbO2 correspond to the conventional long-term, steady-state deoxymyoglobin difference spectra (Mb-MbCO and Mb-MbO2), as determined by comparison of isosbestic, maximum, and minimum points. In addition, MbCO exhibits a decay to a steady state in the Soret band (monitored at 440 nm). The onset of the decay immediately follows photodissociation and has a rate of (8 +/- 3) X 10(9) s-1 (tau = 125 +/- 50 ps). During the 10 ps-0.45 ns observation window, relaxation is not seen for MbO2 in the Soret band, nor is relaxation observed in the Q band for either MbCO or MbO2. We conclude from these results that the steady state that we observed for MbCO and MbO2 is most likely the stable form of deoxymyoglobin, and the relaxational differences between MbCO and MbO2 observed in the Soret band indicate that the electronic destabilization after ligand detachment is very different for these molecules. We believe that these relaxational differences may be related to differences in tertiary structural changes, or due to the fact that the MbCO (S = 0) molecule passes through an intermediate spin Mb (S = 1) state before relaxing the the Mb (S = 2) state.", "contents": "Kinetics of carboxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin studied by picosecond spectroscopy. Picosecond studies of carboxymyoglobin (MbCO) and oxymyoglobin (MbO2) reveal that excitation at 530 nm induces photodissociation at less than 8 ps. The kinetic and structural changes were monitored by following absorbance changes at selected wave-lengths in the Soret (B) band and in the Q band. Within the 10 ps-0.45 ns period of time over which our experiments were conducted, the absorbance changes in the Soret and Q bands for MbCO and MbO2 correspond to the conventional long-term, steady-state deoxymyoglobin difference spectra (Mb-MbCO and Mb-MbO2), as determined by comparison of isosbestic, maximum, and minimum points. In addition, MbCO exhibits a decay to a steady state in the Soret band (monitored at 440 nm). The onset of the decay immediately follows photodissociation and has a rate of (8 +/- 3) X 10(9) s-1 (tau = 125 +/- 50 ps). During the 10 ps-0.45 ns observation window, relaxation is not seen for MbO2 in the Soret band, nor is relaxation observed in the Q band for either MbCO or MbO2. We conclude from these results that the steady state that we observed for MbCO and MbO2 is most likely the stable form of deoxymyoglobin, and the relaxational differences between MbCO and MbO2 observed in the Soret band indicate that the electronic destabilization after ligand detachment is very different for these molecules. We believe that these relaxational differences may be related to differences in tertiary structural changes, or due to the fact that the MbCO (S = 0) molecule passes through an intermediate spin Mb (S = 1) state before relaxing the the Mb (S = 2) state."}
{"id": "PMID:262400", "title": "Polarized infrared spectroscopy of oriented purple membrane.", "content": "Polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium. Membranes were oriented by drying a suspension of membrane fragments onto Irtran-4 slides. Dichroism measurements of the amide I, II and A peaks were used to find the average spatial orientation of the bacteriorhodopsin alpha-helices. By deriving a function that relates the observed dichroism to the orientational order parameters for the peptide groups, helical axis distribution, and mosaic spread of the membranes, the average orientation of the alpha-helices was found to lie in a range of less than 26 degrees away from the membrane normal, agreeing with electron microscopic measurements. The frequency of the amide I and A peaks is at least 10 cm-1 higher than values found for most alpha-helical polypeptides and proteins. This may indicate that bacteriorhodopsin contains distorted alpha-helical conformations.", "contents": "Polarized infrared spectroscopy of oriented purple membrane. Polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium. Membranes were oriented by drying a suspension of membrane fragments onto Irtran-4 slides. Dichroism measurements of the amide I, II and A peaks were used to find the average spatial orientation of the bacteriorhodopsin alpha-helices. By deriving a function that relates the observed dichroism to the orientational order parameters for the peptide groups, helical axis distribution, and mosaic spread of the membranes, the average orientation of the alpha-helices was found to lie in a range of less than 26 degrees away from the membrane normal, agreeing with electron microscopic measurements. The frequency of the amide I and A peaks is at least 10 cm-1 higher than values found for most alpha-helical polypeptides and proteins. This may indicate that bacteriorhodopsin contains distorted alpha-helical conformations."}
{"id": "PMID:262401", "title": "Light-scattering effects in the measurement of membrane microviscosity with diphenylhexatriene.", "content": "Data from several membrane systems are presented to confirm an empirical means of correcting diphenylhexatriene fluorescence for depolarization caused by sample turbidity. The depolarization proportionally constants obtained are not equal, but are shown to vary with (a) the physical state of the membrane, (b) the cholesterol content of the membrane, (c) the protein content of the membrane, and (d) the method of membrane preparation or isolation. It is concluded that depolarization corrections must always be considered when diphenylhexatriene fluorescence anisotropy is used to compare the fluidities within different membrane bilayers.", "contents": "Light-scattering effects in the measurement of membrane microviscosity with diphenylhexatriene. Data from several membrane systems are presented to confirm an empirical means of correcting diphenylhexatriene fluorescence for depolarization caused by sample turbidity. The depolarization proportionally constants obtained are not equal, but are shown to vary with (a) the physical state of the membrane, (b) the cholesterol content of the membrane, (c) the protein content of the membrane, and (d) the method of membrane preparation or isolation. It is concluded that depolarization corrections must always be considered when diphenylhexatriene fluorescence anisotropy is used to compare the fluidities within different membrane bilayers."}
{"id": "PMID:262402", "title": "Analysis of picosecond laser induced fluorescence phenomena in photosynthetic membranes utilizing a master equation approach.", "content": "A Pauli master equation is formulated and solved to describe the fluorescence quantum yield, phi, and the fluorescence temporal decay curves. F(t), obtained in picosecond laser excitation experiments of photosynthetic systems. It is assumed that the lowering of phi with increasing pulse intensity is due to bimolecular singlet exciton annihilation processes which compete with the monomolecular exciton decay processes; Poisson statistics are taken into account. Calculated curves of phi as a function of the number of photon hits per domain are compared with experimental data, and it is concluded that these domains contain at least two to four connected photosynthetic units (depending on the temperature), where each photosynthetic unit is assumed to contain approximately 300 pigment molecules. It is shown that under conditions of high excitation intensities, the fluorescence decays approximately according to the (time)1/2 law.", "contents": "Analysis of picosecond laser induced fluorescence phenomena in photosynthetic membranes utilizing a master equation approach. A Pauli master equation is formulated and solved to describe the fluorescence quantum yield, phi, and the fluorescence temporal decay curves. F(t), obtained in picosecond laser excitation experiments of photosynthetic systems. It is assumed that the lowering of phi with increasing pulse intensity is due to bimolecular singlet exciton annihilation processes which compete with the monomolecular exciton decay processes; Poisson statistics are taken into account. Calculated curves of phi as a function of the number of photon hits per domain are compared with experimental data, and it is concluded that these domains contain at least two to four connected photosynthetic units (depending on the temperature), where each photosynthetic unit is assumed to contain approximately 300 pigment molecules. It is shown that under conditions of high excitation intensities, the fluorescence decays approximately according to the (time)1/2 law."}
{"id": "PMID:262403", "title": "Arsenazo III forms 2:1 complexes with Ca and 1:1 complexes with Mg under physiological conditions. Estimates of the apparent dissociation constants.", "content": "Experiments to determine the apparent dissociation constants of the Ca and Mg complexes of arsenazo III clearly indicated that the predominant Ca complex contains one Ca ion and two dye molecules, although previous reports have either claimed or assumed 1:1 complexing. The evidence is based on the effects of varying [dye] as well as [Ca] and [Mg], and clear evidence for the formation of 1:1 complexes with Ca was obtained only at submicromolar [dye], whereas Mg formed 1:1 complexes exclusively. The implications of these findings with regard to the use of arsenazo III as an indicator of intracellular free [Ca] are discussed, with particular reference to its selectivity for Ca and the interference effects of other ions.", "contents": "Arsenazo III forms 2:1 complexes with Ca and 1:1 complexes with Mg under physiological conditions. Estimates of the apparent dissociation constants. Experiments to determine the apparent dissociation constants of the Ca and Mg complexes of arsenazo III clearly indicated that the predominant Ca complex contains one Ca ion and two dye molecules, although previous reports have either claimed or assumed 1:1 complexing. The evidence is based on the effects of varying [dye] as well as [Ca] and [Mg], and clear evidence for the formation of 1:1 complexes with Ca was obtained only at submicromolar [dye], whereas Mg formed 1:1 complexes exclusively. The implications of these findings with regard to the use of arsenazo III as an indicator of intracellular free [Ca] are discussed, with particular reference to its selectivity for Ca and the interference effects of other ions."}
{"id": "PMID:262404", "title": "Pancuronium inactivates alamethicin-induced conductance in artificial membranes.", "content": "The effect of pancuronium on alamethicin-induced currents was studied in negatively charged lipid bilayer membranes. Pancuronium induces inactivation of the alamethicin-induced current. Inactivation is only observed if this compound is added to the compartment containing alamethicin. Moreover, the process of inactivation is reduced or abolished if pancuronium is added to the alamethicin-free side of the membrane. The time needed to recover from inactivation is greatly reduced if the aqueous solution in the alamethicin-free compartment is stirred. These data suggest that pancuronium permeates through the membrane when the alamethicin-induced conductance is \"turned on,\" binds to the other membrane surface, and changes the surface potential.", "contents": "Pancuronium inactivates alamethicin-induced conductance in artificial membranes. The effect of pancuronium on alamethicin-induced currents was studied in negatively charged lipid bilayer membranes. Pancuronium induces inactivation of the alamethicin-induced current. Inactivation is only observed if this compound is added to the compartment containing alamethicin. Moreover, the process of inactivation is reduced or abolished if pancuronium is added to the alamethicin-free side of the membrane. The time needed to recover from inactivation is greatly reduced if the aqueous solution in the alamethicin-free compartment is stirred. These data suggest that pancuronium permeates through the membrane when the alamethicin-induced conductance is \"turned on,\" binds to the other membrane surface, and changes the surface potential."}
{"id": "PMID:262405", "title": "The effects of methanol on the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction at 0 degrees C.", "content": "The effects of 0-30% methanol (vol/vol) on the Km an Vm values for both the forward and reverse directions of the L-glutamate dehydrogenase reaction were determined at 0 degrees C. The decrease in temperature alone had very little effect on these parameters. However, in the forward reaction, 30% methanol resulted in a 14-fold decrease in the Km value for glutamate, a slight decrease in the Km value for NADP, and a thirty-fold decrease in Vm. Substrate inhibition by glutamate was observed at concentrations greater than 4 mM. In the reverse reaction, 30% methanol caused a decrease in the Km values for alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia and a 10-fold decrease in Vm. Substrate inhibition by both alpha-ketoglutarate and NADPH was observed at concentrations of either substrate above 0.03 mM. The dependence of Km for glutamate and Vm values for the forward reaction on methanol concentration suggests that they are similarly affected by methanol, in direct contrast to results obtained for NADP. Methanol appeared to cause a general tightening of complexes, which may arise from an effect on the \"activities\" of species in solution. The use of methanol not only allows for the study of reaction intermediates by slowing the reaction with the cryogenic method, but may also serve as a mechanistic probe by affecting several polarity as well as Km, Vm, and K1 values.", "contents": "The effects of methanol on the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction at 0 degrees C. The effects of 0-30% methanol (vol/vol) on the Km an Vm values for both the forward and reverse directions of the L-glutamate dehydrogenase reaction were determined at 0 degrees C. The decrease in temperature alone had very little effect on these parameters. However, in the forward reaction, 30% methanol resulted in a 14-fold decrease in the Km value for glutamate, a slight decrease in the Km value for NADP, and a thirty-fold decrease in Vm. Substrate inhibition by glutamate was observed at concentrations greater than 4 mM. In the reverse reaction, 30% methanol caused a decrease in the Km values for alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia and a 10-fold decrease in Vm. Substrate inhibition by both alpha-ketoglutarate and NADPH was observed at concentrations of either substrate above 0.03 mM. The dependence of Km for glutamate and Vm values for the forward reaction on methanol concentration suggests that they are similarly affected by methanol, in direct contrast to results obtained for NADP. Methanol appeared to cause a general tightening of complexes, which may arise from an effect on the \"activities\" of species in solution. The use of methanol not only allows for the study of reaction intermediates by slowing the reaction with the cryogenic method, but may also serve as a mechanistic probe by affecting several polarity as well as Km, Vm, and K1 values."}
{"id": "PMID:262406", "title": "Electrophoresis and diffusion in the plane of the cell membrane.", "content": "Electrophoretic and diffusional movements of concanavalin A (Con A) receptors and acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in the plane of the plasma membrane of mononucleate, spherical Xenopus myoblasts were studied by microfluorimetry and iontophoresis. We found that (a) a uniform electric field of 10 V/cm applied along the cell surface produces a partial accumulation of both types of receptors toward the cathodal pole of the cell within 30 min: (b) post-field relaxation of the culture results in the complete recovery of the uniform distribution of the Con A receptors within 10 min; and (c) in contrast to the Con A receptor in general, accumulation of ACh receptors by the electric field results in the formation of stable, localized receptor aggregates. Theoretical analyses were carried out for the distribution of charged membrane receptors at equilibrium between electrophoresis and diffusion, and for the rate of back diffusion after the removal of the field. These analyses indicated that, at 22 degrees C, the average electrophoretic mobility of the electrophoretically mobile population of the Con A receptors is about 1.9 X 10(-3) micron/s per V/cm, while their average diffusion coefficient is 5.1 X 10(-9) cm2/s.", "contents": "Electrophoresis and diffusion in the plane of the cell membrane. Electrophoretic and diffusional movements of concanavalin A (Con A) receptors and acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in the plane of the plasma membrane of mononucleate, spherical Xenopus myoblasts were studied by microfluorimetry and iontophoresis. We found that (a) a uniform electric field of 10 V/cm applied along the cell surface produces a partial accumulation of both types of receptors toward the cathodal pole of the cell within 30 min: (b) post-field relaxation of the culture results in the complete recovery of the uniform distribution of the Con A receptors within 10 min; and (c) in contrast to the Con A receptor in general, accumulation of ACh receptors by the electric field results in the formation of stable, localized receptor aggregates. Theoretical analyses were carried out for the distribution of charged membrane receptors at equilibrium between electrophoresis and diffusion, and for the rate of back diffusion after the removal of the field. These analyses indicated that, at 22 degrees C, the average electrophoretic mobility of the electrophoretically mobile population of the Con A receptors is about 1.9 X 10(-3) micron/s per V/cm, while their average diffusion coefficient is 5.1 X 10(-9) cm2/s."}
{"id": "PMID:262407", "title": "Red cell extensional recovery and the determination of membrane viscosity.", "content": "A theory of membrane viscoelasticity developed by Evans and Hochmuth in 1976 is used to analyze the time-dependent recovery of an elongated cell. Before release, the elongated cell is the static equilibrium where external forces are balanced by membrane elastic force resultants. Upon release, the cell recovers its initial shape with a time-dependent exponential behavior characteristic of the viscoelastic solid model. It is shown that the model describes the time-dependent recovery process very well for a time constant in the range of 0.1-0.13 s. The time constant is the ratio membrane surface viscosity eta:membrane surface elasticity mu. Measurements for the shear modulus mu of 0.006 dyne/cm give a value for the surface viscosity of red cell membrane as a viscoelastic solid material of eta = mu tc = (6-8) X 10(-4) poise . cm.", "contents": "Red cell extensional recovery and the determination of membrane viscosity. A theory of membrane viscoelasticity developed by Evans and Hochmuth in 1976 is used to analyze the time-dependent recovery of an elongated cell. Before release, the elongated cell is the static equilibrium where external forces are balanced by membrane elastic force resultants. Upon release, the cell recovers its initial shape with a time-dependent exponential behavior characteristic of the viscoelastic solid model. It is shown that the model describes the time-dependent recovery process very well for a time constant in the range of 0.1-0.13 s. The time constant is the ratio membrane surface viscosity eta:membrane surface elasticity mu. Measurements for the shear modulus mu of 0.006 dyne/cm give a value for the surface viscosity of red cell membrane as a viscoelastic solid material of eta = mu tc = (6-8) X 10(-4) poise . cm."}
{"id": "PMID:262408", "title": "Thermoelasticity of red blood cell membrane.", "content": "The elastic properties of the human red blood cell membrane have been measured as functions of temperature. The area compressibility modulus and the elastic shear modulus, which together characterize the surface elastic behavior of the membrane, have been measured over the temperature range of 2-50 degrees C with micropipette aspiration of flaccid and osmotically swollen red cells. In addition, the fractional increase in membrane surface area from 2-50 degrees C has been measured to give a value for the thermal area expansivity. The value of the elastic shear modulus at 25 degrees C was measured to be 6.6 X 10(-3) dyne/cm. The change in the elastic shear modulus with temperature was -6 X 10(-5) dyne/cm degrees C. Fractional forces were shown to be only on the order of 10-15%. The area compressibility modulus at 25 degrees C was measured to be 450 dyne/cm. The change in the area compressibility modulus with temperature was -6 dyne/cm degrees C. The thermal area expansivity for red cell membrane was measured to be 1.2 X 10(-3)/degrees C. With this data and thermoelastic relations the heat of expansion is determined to be 110-200 ergs/cm2; the heat of extension is 2 X 10(-2) ergs/cm2 for unit extension of the red cell membrane. The heat of expansion is of the order anticipated for a lipid bilayer idealized as twice the behavior of a monolayer at an oil-water interface. The observation that the heat of extension is positive demonstrates that the entropy of the material increases with extension, and that the dominant mechanism of elastic energy storage is energetic. Assuming that the red cell membrane shear rigidity is associated with \"spectrin,\" unit extension of the membrane increases the configurational entropy of spectrin by 500 cal/mol.", "contents": "Thermoelasticity of red blood cell membrane. The elastic properties of the human red blood cell membrane have been measured as functions of temperature. The area compressibility modulus and the elastic shear modulus, which together characterize the surface elastic behavior of the membrane, have been measured over the temperature range of 2-50 degrees C with micropipette aspiration of flaccid and osmotically swollen red cells. In addition, the fractional increase in membrane surface area from 2-50 degrees C has been measured to give a value for the thermal area expansivity. The value of the elastic shear modulus at 25 degrees C was measured to be 6.6 X 10(-3) dyne/cm. The change in the elastic shear modulus with temperature was -6 X 10(-5) dyne/cm degrees C. Fractional forces were shown to be only on the order of 10-15%. The area compressibility modulus at 25 degrees C was measured to be 450 dyne/cm. The change in the area compressibility modulus with temperature was -6 dyne/cm degrees C. The thermal area expansivity for red cell membrane was measured to be 1.2 X 10(-3)/degrees C. With this data and thermoelastic relations the heat of expansion is determined to be 110-200 ergs/cm2; the heat of extension is 2 X 10(-2) ergs/cm2 for unit extension of the red cell membrane. The heat of expansion is of the order anticipated for a lipid bilayer idealized as twice the behavior of a monolayer at an oil-water interface. The observation that the heat of extension is positive demonstrates that the entropy of the material increases with extension, and that the dominant mechanism of elastic energy storage is energetic. Assuming that the red cell membrane shear rigidity is associated with \"spectrin,\" unit extension of the membrane increases the configurational entropy of spectrin by 500 cal/mol."}
{"id": "PMID:262409", "title": "Admittance change of squid axon during action potentials. Change in capacitive component due to sodium currents.", "content": "Since the discovery of Cole and Curtis (1938. Nature (Lond.). 142:209 and 1939. J. Gen. Physiol. 22:649) that the imaginary components, i.e., capacitive and inductive components, of the admittance of squid axon membrane remained unchanged during the action potential, there have been numerous studies on impedance and admittance characteristics of nerves. First of all, it is now known that the dielectric capacitance of the membrane is frequency dependent. Second, the recent observation of gating currents indicates that dipolar molecules may be involved in the onset of ionic currents. Under these circumstances, the author felt it necessary to reinvestigate the membrane admittance characteristics of nerve axons. The measurements by Cole and Curtis were performed mainly at 20 kHz, indicating that their observation was limited only to the passive membrane capacitance. To detect the change in the capacitive component during the action potential, we performed transient admittance measurements at lower frequencies. However, the frequency range of the measurements was restricted because of the short duration of the normal action potential. In addition, a change in the inductive component obscured the low frequency behavior of the capacitance. To use wider frequency range and simplify the system by eliminating the inductive component, the potassium current was blocked by tetraethyl ammonium, and the increase in the capacitive component was reinvestigated during the long action potential. The admittance change under this condition was found to be mostly capacitive, and conductance change was very small. The increase in the capacitive component was from 1.0 to 1.23 muF/cm2.", "contents": "Admittance change of squid axon during action potentials. Change in capacitive component due to sodium currents. Since the discovery of Cole and Curtis (1938. Nature (Lond.). 142:209 and 1939. J. Gen. Physiol. 22:649) that the imaginary components, i.e., capacitive and inductive components, of the admittance of squid axon membrane remained unchanged during the action potential, there have been numerous studies on impedance and admittance characteristics of nerves. First of all, it is now known that the dielectric capacitance of the membrane is frequency dependent. Second, the recent observation of gating currents indicates that dipolar molecules may be involved in the onset of ionic currents. Under these circumstances, the author felt it necessary to reinvestigate the membrane admittance characteristics of nerve axons. The measurements by Cole and Curtis were performed mainly at 20 kHz, indicating that their observation was limited only to the passive membrane capacitance. To detect the change in the capacitive component during the action potential, we performed transient admittance measurements at lower frequencies. However, the frequency range of the measurements was restricted because of the short duration of the normal action potential. In addition, a change in the inductive component obscured the low frequency behavior of the capacitance. To use wider frequency range and simplify the system by eliminating the inductive component, the potassium current was blocked by tetraethyl ammonium, and the increase in the capacitive component was reinvestigated during the long action potential. The admittance change under this condition was found to be mostly capacitive, and conductance change was very small. The increase in the capacitive component was from 1.0 to 1.23 muF/cm2."}
{"id": "PMID:262410", "title": "On phasing the small-angle x-ray diffraction pattern from nerve myelin.", "content": "Using a method they developed, Stamatoff and Krimm (1976) have phased swelling data from nerve myelin. Although most phases agree with those I determined previously, there are a few differences. In this letter the two different phasings, theirs and my own, are used to compute the corresponding electron-density profiles, which are then closely compared. For both phasings, small differences are seen in the membrane profile at different degrees of swelling. The explanation that these differences are due simply to errors in measuring intensity is shown to be quite improbable; thus the differences indicate a real change in the profile. It follows that the assumption of a constant membrane profile appears to be invalid in the case of myelin swelling. The differences therefore are assumed to indicate a real change in the profile. It is shown that this change can be attributed consistently to interdigitation of protein molecules at the surfaces of neighboring membranes, while the membrane structure itself remains unchanged. In this case, valid phases still can be determined by swelling, but the phases determined by Stamatoff and Krimm are not valid.", "contents": "On phasing the small-angle x-ray diffraction pattern from nerve myelin. Using a method they developed, Stamatoff and Krimm (1976) have phased swelling data from nerve myelin. Although most phases agree with those I determined previously, there are a few differences. In this letter the two different phasings, theirs and my own, are used to compute the corresponding electron-density profiles, which are then closely compared. For both phasings, small differences are seen in the membrane profile at different degrees of swelling. The explanation that these differences are due simply to errors in measuring intensity is shown to be quite improbable; thus the differences indicate a real change in the profile. It follows that the assumption of a constant membrane profile appears to be invalid in the case of myelin swelling. The differences therefore are assumed to indicate a real change in the profile. It is shown that this change can be attributed consistently to interdigitation of protein molecules at the surfaces of neighboring membranes, while the membrane structure itself remains unchanged. In this case, valid phases still can be determined by swelling, but the phases determined by Stamatoff and Krimm are not valid."}
{"id": "PMID:262411", "title": "Time dependence of triplet-singlet excitation transfer from compact poly rA to bound dye at 77 K.", "content": "The nonexponential phosphorescence decay of a highly folded form of poly-riboadenylic acid (poly rA) with noncovalently bound dye is explained by a novel application of a well-known theory of electronic excitation transfer based on the F\u00f6rster mechanism. This theory, originally used to describe singlet-singlet energy transfer from donor molecules to an acceptor in a solution, is here applied to the transfer of triplet excitation from the adenine (in poly rA) to the singlet manifold of either of the bound dyes, ethidium bromide or proflavine. New experimental data are presented that allow straight-forward theoretical interpretation. These data fit the form predicted by the theory, U(t) exp(-Bt1/2), where U(t) is the decay of the poly rA phosphorescence in the absence of dye, for a range of relative concentrations of either dye. The self-consistency of these theoretical fits is demonstrated by the proportionality of B to the square root of the F\u00f6rster triplet-singlet overlap integrals for transfer from poly rA to each of the dyes, as demanded by the theory. From these self-consistent values of B, the theory enables one to deduce the mean packing density of nucleotides in this folded poly rA, which we estimate to be approximately 1 nm-3. We conclude that some variations of the method described here may be useful for deducing packing densities of nucleotides in other compact nucleic acid structures.", "contents": "Time dependence of triplet-singlet excitation transfer from compact poly rA to bound dye at 77 K. The nonexponential phosphorescence decay of a highly folded form of poly-riboadenylic acid (poly rA) with noncovalently bound dye is explained by a novel application of a well-known theory of electronic excitation transfer based on the F\u00f6rster mechanism. This theory, originally used to describe singlet-singlet energy transfer from donor molecules to an acceptor in a solution, is here applied to the transfer of triplet excitation from the adenine (in poly rA) to the singlet manifold of either of the bound dyes, ethidium bromide or proflavine. New experimental data are presented that allow straight-forward theoretical interpretation. These data fit the form predicted by the theory, U(t) exp(-Bt1/2), where U(t) is the decay of the poly rA phosphorescence in the absence of dye, for a range of relative concentrations of either dye. The self-consistency of these theoretical fits is demonstrated by the proportionality of B to the square root of the F\u00f6rster triplet-singlet overlap integrals for transfer from poly rA to each of the dyes, as demanded by the theory. From these self-consistent values of B, the theory enables one to deduce the mean packing density of nucleotides in this folded poly rA, which we estimate to be approximately 1 nm-3. We conclude that some variations of the method described here may be useful for deducing packing densities of nucleotides in other compact nucleic acid structures."}
{"id": "PMID:262412", "title": "A systems-theory approach to the analysis of multiexponential fluorescence decay.", "content": "A mathematical model of the fluorescence decay experiment based on linear systems theory is presented. The model suggests an experimental technique that increases the probability of correctly determining the decay constants of a multicomponent system. The use of moment methods for data analysis improves accuracy by combining information obtained from several discrete experiments. Examples are presented to show that the analysis of a three component system composed of known standards is improved as the number of experimental determinations is increased from one to four. The discrete measurements are made by changing the excitation and emission wavelengths.", "contents": "A systems-theory approach to the analysis of multiexponential fluorescence decay. A mathematical model of the fluorescence decay experiment based on linear systems theory is presented. The model suggests an experimental technique that increases the probability of correctly determining the decay constants of a multicomponent system. The use of moment methods for data analysis improves accuracy by combining information obtained from several discrete experiments. Examples are presented to show that the analysis of a three component system composed of known standards is improved as the number of experimental determinations is increased from one to four. The discrete measurements are made by changing the excitation and emission wavelengths."}
{"id": "PMID:262413", "title": "Light scattering of normal human lens I. Application of random density and orientation fluctuation theory.", "content": "Light-scattering intensities in the I parallel and I+ mode were obtained on thin sections of three human lenses. Random density and orientation fluctuation theory, without cross correlation, was employed to evaluate light-scattering parameters. Both the density correlation distances, as well as the orientation correlation distances, were related to structural elements in the lens fiber cell that have been observed by other investigators with different techniques. The magnitude of these fluctuations were evaluated, and it was demonstrated that the density fluctuations are the main contributors to light scattering in normal human lenses. Changes in the light-scattering parameters were evaluated as a function of position within the lens. The changes observed agree with the biochemical data in the literature that reflects that an aging process occurs when one proceeds from the periphery of the lens toward the center.", "contents": "Light scattering of normal human lens I. Application of random density and orientation fluctuation theory. Light-scattering intensities in the I parallel and I+ mode were obtained on thin sections of three human lenses. Random density and orientation fluctuation theory, without cross correlation, was employed to evaluate light-scattering parameters. Both the density correlation distances, as well as the orientation correlation distances, were related to structural elements in the lens fiber cell that have been observed by other investigators with different techniques. The magnitude of these fluctuations were evaluated, and it was demonstrated that the density fluctuations are the main contributors to light scattering in normal human lenses. Changes in the light-scattering parameters were evaluated as a function of position within the lens. The changes observed agree with the biochemical data in the literature that reflects that an aging process occurs when one proceeds from the periphery of the lens toward the center."}
{"id": "PMID:262414", "title": "The orientational freedom of molecular probes. The orientation factor in intramolecular energy transfer.", "content": "The measurement of the efficiency of F\u00f6rster long-range resonance energy transfer between donor (D) and acceptor (A) luminophores attached to the same macromolecular substrate can be used to estimate the D-A separation, R. If the D and A transition dipoles sample all orientations with respect to the substrate (the isotropic condition) in a time short compared with the transfer time (the dynamic averaging condition), the average orientation factor less than K2 greater than is 2/3. If the isotropic condition is not satisfied but the dynamic averaging condition is, upper and lower bounds for less than K2 greater than, and thus R, may be obtained from observed D and A depolarizations, and these limits may be further narrowed if the transfer depolarization is also known. This paper offers experimental protocols for obtaining this reorientational information and presents contour plots of less than K2 greater than min and less than K2 greater than max as functions of generally observable depolarizations. This permits an uncertainty to be assigned to the determined value of R. The details of the D and A reoreintational process need not be known, but the orientational distributions are assumed to have at least approximate axial symmetry with respect to a stationary substrate. Average depolarization factors are derived for various orientational distribution functions that demonstrate the effects of various mechanisms for reorientation of the luminophores. It is shown that in general the static averaging regime does not lend itself to determinations of R.", "contents": "The orientational freedom of molecular probes. The orientation factor in intramolecular energy transfer. The measurement of the efficiency of F\u00f6rster long-range resonance energy transfer between donor (D) and acceptor (A) luminophores attached to the same macromolecular substrate can be used to estimate the D-A separation, R. If the D and A transition dipoles sample all orientations with respect to the substrate (the isotropic condition) in a time short compared with the transfer time (the dynamic averaging condition), the average orientation factor less than K2 greater than is 2/3. If the isotropic condition is not satisfied but the dynamic averaging condition is, upper and lower bounds for less than K2 greater than, and thus R, may be obtained from observed D and A depolarizations, and these limits may be further narrowed if the transfer depolarization is also known. This paper offers experimental protocols for obtaining this reorientational information and presents contour plots of less than K2 greater than min and less than K2 greater than max as functions of generally observable depolarizations. This permits an uncertainty to be assigned to the determined value of R. The details of the D and A reoreintational process need not be known, but the orientational distributions are assumed to have at least approximate axial symmetry with respect to a stationary substrate. Average depolarization factors are derived for various orientational distribution functions that demonstrate the effects of various mechanisms for reorientation of the luminophores. It is shown that in general the static averaging regime does not lend itself to determinations of R."}
{"id": "PMID:262415", "title": "Energy transfer in lipid bilayers.", "content": "The quenching of fluorescence due to energy transfer between a dilute, random array of donor and acceptor chromophores in lipid bilayer was measured and compared to theoretical expressions developed to predict the decrease in emission intensity under these circumstances. The observed intensity was found to be the same function of quencher concentration in both planar, multilamellar dispersions and small, spherical vesicles. The degree of quenching was accurately predicted by a simple relation derived in this paper, as well as a more complex equation previously developed by Tweet, et al. The results suggest that significant quenching may be observed even when the average donor-acceptor separation exceeds the F\u00f6rster critical distance by severalfold. Application of these results to problems of current interest in membrane research are discussed.", "contents": "Energy transfer in lipid bilayers. The quenching of fluorescence due to energy transfer between a dilute, random array of donor and acceptor chromophores in lipid bilayer was measured and compared to theoretical expressions developed to predict the decrease in emission intensity under these circumstances. The observed intensity was found to be the same function of quencher concentration in both planar, multilamellar dispersions and small, spherical vesicles. The degree of quenching was accurately predicted by a simple relation derived in this paper, as well as a more complex equation previously developed by Tweet, et al. The results suggest that significant quenching may be observed even when the average donor-acceptor separation exceeds the F\u00f6rster critical distance by severalfold. Application of these results to problems of current interest in membrane research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262416", "title": "Experimental confirmation of calculated phases and electron density profile for wet native collagen.", "content": "An experimental procedure is developed to phase the reflections obtained in x-ray diffraction investigations of collagen in native wet tendons. Phosphotungstic acid was used for isomorphous addition in phase determination and was located by electron microscopy. Structure factors (with phases) were obtained from the electron microscopy data for the heavy metal. Structure-factor magnitudes for collagen with and without the heavy metal were obtained from the x-ray diffraction data. The first 10 orders were investigated. Standard Argand diagrams provided two solutions for each of these, except the weak sixth order. In each case, one of the two possible solutions agrees well with the phases proposed on theoretical grounds by Hulmes et al. The present results suggest that their other proposed phases are probably correct. An electron density profile along the unit cell of the fibril is presented that shows a distinct step, as expected on the basis of the hole-overlap model. The overlap region is 48% of the length of the unit cell.", "contents": "Experimental confirmation of calculated phases and electron density profile for wet native collagen. An experimental procedure is developed to phase the reflections obtained in x-ray diffraction investigations of collagen in native wet tendons. Phosphotungstic acid was used for isomorphous addition in phase determination and was located by electron microscopy. Structure factors (with phases) were obtained from the electron microscopy data for the heavy metal. Structure-factor magnitudes for collagen with and without the heavy metal were obtained from the x-ray diffraction data. The first 10 orders were investigated. Standard Argand diagrams provided two solutions for each of these, except the weak sixth order. In each case, one of the two possible solutions agrees well with the phases proposed on theoretical grounds by Hulmes et al. The present results suggest that their other proposed phases are probably correct. An electron density profile along the unit cell of the fibril is presented that shows a distinct step, as expected on the basis of the hole-overlap model. The overlap region is 48% of the length of the unit cell."}
{"id": "PMID:262417", "title": "Cytochrome f function in photosynthetic electron transport.", "content": "The questions of whether the stoichiometry of the turnover of cytochrome f, and the time-course of its reduction subsequent to a light flash, are consistent with efficient function in noncyclic electron transport have been investigated. Measurements were made of the absorbance change at the 553-nm alpha-band maximum relative to a reference wavelength. In the dark cytochrome f is initially fully reduced, oxidized by a 0.3-s flash, and reduced again in the dark period after the flash. In the presence of gramicidin at 18 degrees C, the dark reduction was characterized by a half-time of 25-30 ms, stoichiometries of cytochrome f:chlorophyll and P700:chlorophyll of 1:670 and 1:640, respectively, and a short time delay. The time delay in the dark reduction of cytochrome f, which is expected for a component in an intermediate position in the chain, becomes more apparent in the presence of valinomycin and K+. Under these conditions the half-time for cytochrome f dark reduction is 130-150 ms, and the delay is approximately equal to 20 ms. The measured value for the activation energy of the dark reduction of cytochrome f (11 +/- 1 kcal/mol) is the same as that for noncyclic electron transport in steady-state light. A sigmoidal time-course for the reduction of cytochrome f has been calculated for a simple linear electron transport chain. The kinetics for reduction of cytochrome f predicted by the calculation, in the presence of valinomycin and K+, are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. There is an appreciable amount of data in the literature to document complex properties of cytochrome f after illumination with short flashes, and evidence for complexity in a light-minus-dark transition. The data presented here, obtained after a long flash that should establish steady-state conditions, either fulfill or are consistent with the basic criteria for efficient function of cytochrome f in noncyclic electron transport.", "contents": "Cytochrome f function in photosynthetic electron transport. The questions of whether the stoichiometry of the turnover of cytochrome f, and the time-course of its reduction subsequent to a light flash, are consistent with efficient function in noncyclic electron transport have been investigated. Measurements were made of the absorbance change at the 553-nm alpha-band maximum relative to a reference wavelength. In the dark cytochrome f is initially fully reduced, oxidized by a 0.3-s flash, and reduced again in the dark period after the flash. In the presence of gramicidin at 18 degrees C, the dark reduction was characterized by a half-time of 25-30 ms, stoichiometries of cytochrome f:chlorophyll and P700:chlorophyll of 1:670 and 1:640, respectively, and a short time delay. The time delay in the dark reduction of cytochrome f, which is expected for a component in an intermediate position in the chain, becomes more apparent in the presence of valinomycin and K+. Under these conditions the half-time for cytochrome f dark reduction is 130-150 ms, and the delay is approximately equal to 20 ms. The measured value for the activation energy of the dark reduction of cytochrome f (11 +/- 1 kcal/mol) is the same as that for noncyclic electron transport in steady-state light. A sigmoidal time-course for the reduction of cytochrome f has been calculated for a simple linear electron transport chain. The kinetics for reduction of cytochrome f predicted by the calculation, in the presence of valinomycin and K+, are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. There is an appreciable amount of data in the literature to document complex properties of cytochrome f after illumination with short flashes, and evidence for complexity in a light-minus-dark transition. The data presented here, obtained after a long flash that should establish steady-state conditions, either fulfill or are consistent with the basic criteria for efficient function of cytochrome f in noncyclic electron transport."}
{"id": "PMID:262418", "title": "Quantitative simulation of endplate currents at neuromuscular junctions based on the reaction of acetylcholine with acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "Two kinetic models are introduced which predict amplitudes and time-courses of endplate currents and miniature endplate currents at neuromuscular junctions, at both normal and acetylcholinesterase-inhibited endplates. Appropriate differential rate equations reflecting interactions of acetylcholine with acetylcholine receptor and with esterase, diffusion of acetylcholine both within and from the synaptic cleft, and cooperativity between receptor site occupancy and ion channel opening are solved. Acetylcholine release into the cleft is assumed to be instantaneous. The simpler homogeneous reaction space model accurately predicts decay phase time constants are inaccurate. The two-reaction space model predicts amplitudes and time constants within a factor of two of those observed experimentally. The simulations indicate that the amplitudes and time-courses are primarily determined by the chemical reaction rates that characterize acetylcholine interactions with receptor and esterase and that these interactions occur under nonequilibrium conditions. Approximately 50% of the total ion channels in the initial reaction space are predicted to be opened at the peak endplate current. The cooperative opening of ion channels by acetylcholine requires that acetylcholine be introduced into the cleft in discrete, concentrated elements. Virtually all the open channels are confined to the initial reaction space, although acetylcholine-bound receptor sites can be much more widely distributed.", "contents": "Quantitative simulation of endplate currents at neuromuscular junctions based on the reaction of acetylcholine with acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase. Two kinetic models are introduced which predict amplitudes and time-courses of endplate currents and miniature endplate currents at neuromuscular junctions, at both normal and acetylcholinesterase-inhibited endplates. Appropriate differential rate equations reflecting interactions of acetylcholine with acetylcholine receptor and with esterase, diffusion of acetylcholine both within and from the synaptic cleft, and cooperativity between receptor site occupancy and ion channel opening are solved. Acetylcholine release into the cleft is assumed to be instantaneous. The simpler homogeneous reaction space model accurately predicts decay phase time constants are inaccurate. The two-reaction space model predicts amplitudes and time constants within a factor of two of those observed experimentally. The simulations indicate that the amplitudes and time-courses are primarily determined by the chemical reaction rates that characterize acetylcholine interactions with receptor and esterase and that these interactions occur under nonequilibrium conditions. Approximately 50% of the total ion channels in the initial reaction space are predicted to be opened at the peak endplate current. The cooperative opening of ion channels by acetylcholine requires that acetylcholine be introduced into the cleft in discrete, concentrated elements. Virtually all the open channels are confined to the initial reaction space, although acetylcholine-bound receptor sites can be much more widely distributed."}
{"id": "PMID:262419", "title": "Impedance analysis of a tight epithelium using a distributed resistance model.", "content": "This paper develops techniques for equivalent circuit analysis of tight epithelia by alternating-current impedance measurements, and tests these techniques on rabbit urinary bladder. Our approach consists of measuring transepithelial impedance, also measuring the DC voltage-divider ratio with a microelectrode, and extracting values of circuit parameters by computer fit of the data to an equivalent circuit model. We show that the commonly used equivalent circuit models of epithelia give significant misfits to the impedance data, because these models (so-called \"lumped models\") improperly represent the distributed resistors associated with long and narrow spaces such as lateral intercellular spaces (LIS). We develop a new \"distributed model\" of an epithelium to take account of these structures and thereby obtain much better fits to the data. The extracted parameters include the resistance and capacitance of the apical and basolateral cell membranes, the series resistance, and the ratio of the cross-sectional area to the length of the LIS. The capacitance values yield estimates of real area of the apical and basolateral membranes. Thus, impedance analysis can yield morphological information (configuration of the LIS, and real membrane areas) about a living tissue, independently of electron microscopy. The effects of transport-modifying agents such as amiloride and nystatin can be related to their effects on particular circuit elements by extracting parameter values from impedance runs before and during application of the agent. Calculated parameter values have been validated by independent electrophysiological and morphological measurements.", "contents": "Impedance analysis of a tight epithelium using a distributed resistance model. This paper develops techniques for equivalent circuit analysis of tight epithelia by alternating-current impedance measurements, and tests these techniques on rabbit urinary bladder. Our approach consists of measuring transepithelial impedance, also measuring the DC voltage-divider ratio with a microelectrode, and extracting values of circuit parameters by computer fit of the data to an equivalent circuit model. We show that the commonly used equivalent circuit models of epithelia give significant misfits to the impedance data, because these models (so-called \"lumped models\") improperly represent the distributed resistors associated with long and narrow spaces such as lateral intercellular spaces (LIS). We develop a new \"distributed model\" of an epithelium to take account of these structures and thereby obtain much better fits to the data. The extracted parameters include the resistance and capacitance of the apical and basolateral cell membranes, the series resistance, and the ratio of the cross-sectional area to the length of the LIS. The capacitance values yield estimates of real area of the apical and basolateral membranes. Thus, impedance analysis can yield morphological information (configuration of the LIS, and real membrane areas) about a living tissue, independently of electron microscopy. The effects of transport-modifying agents such as amiloride and nystatin can be related to their effects on particular circuit elements by extracting parameter values from impedance runs before and during application of the agent. Calculated parameter values have been validated by independent electrophysiological and morphological measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:262420", "title": "An approach for time-resolved x-ray scattering.", "content": "Recent biological optical spectroscopic studies have correlated discrete spectroscopic states with biological function in several systems. One of the challenges of molecular biophysics is to correlate structural changes with these spectroscopic states. From small-angle x-ray scattering one can obtain a key structural parameter, the radius of gyration of solubilized proteins. The method described in this paper would permit determination small changes in the radius using polychromatic synchrotron radiation. The high flux of the storage ring combined with an enhancement factor of approximately 10(4), obtained by removing the requirement for monochromatic radiation, will permit determining the radius on a millisecond time scale. Unlike energy-dispersive methods, this method would use all available energies over a wide range of angles.", "contents": "An approach for time-resolved x-ray scattering. Recent biological optical spectroscopic studies have correlated discrete spectroscopic states with biological function in several systems. One of the challenges of molecular biophysics is to correlate structural changes with these spectroscopic states. From small-angle x-ray scattering one can obtain a key structural parameter, the radius of gyration of solubilized proteins. The method described in this paper would permit determination small changes in the radius using polychromatic synchrotron radiation. The high flux of the storage ring combined with an enhancement factor of approximately 10(4), obtained by removing the requirement for monochromatic radiation, will permit determining the radius on a millisecond time scale. Unlike energy-dispersive methods, this method would use all available energies over a wide range of angles."}
{"id": "PMID:262422", "title": "Amide hydrogen exchange rates of peptides in H2O solution by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance transfer of solvent saturation method. Conformations of oxytocin and lysine vasopressin in aqueous solution.", "content": "The NH exchange rates in aqueous media of oxytocin and 8-lysine vasopressin (LVP) have been measured by using transfer of solvent saturation method. The data are consistent with a \"highly motile\" dynamic equilibrium between folded and highly solvated conformations. The highly-motility limit applies to the exchange of NH hydrogens of oxytocin and LVP. Folded structures are more prevalent in oxytocin than in LVP. Partial shielding is indicated for peptide hydrogens of Asn5 and perhaps also Cys6 of oxytocin and for Cys6 of LVP. It is tentatively proposed that the folded conformation of oxytocin in aqueous media may contain a parallel beta-structure in the tocinamide ring consisting of two hydrogen bonds: one between the Tyr2 C = O and Asn5 peptide NH as originally proposed for the preferred conformation of oxytocin in dimethyl sulfoxide (D. W. Urry and R. Walter), and the second between he Cys1 C = O and the Cys6 NH. In LVP the hydrogen bond between the Tyr2 C = O and Asn5 peptide NH appears to be absent. The acylic tripeptide sequences (-Pro-X-Gly-NH2) of both hormones appear to be predominantly solvated. The second-order rate constants for acid catalyzed exchange of the primary amide hydrogens of Gln4, Asn5, and Gly9 of oxytocin are consistently greater for the trans NH than for the corresponding cis NH. This observation can be rationalized in terms of mechanisms involving protonation of either the amide oxygen, or the amide nitrogen, but with limited rotation about the C - N bond.", "contents": "Amide hydrogen exchange rates of peptides in H2O solution by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance transfer of solvent saturation method. Conformations of oxytocin and lysine vasopressin in aqueous solution. The NH exchange rates in aqueous media of oxytocin and 8-lysine vasopressin (LVP) have been measured by using transfer of solvent saturation method. The data are consistent with a \"highly motile\" dynamic equilibrium between folded and highly solvated conformations. The highly-motility limit applies to the exchange of NH hydrogens of oxytocin and LVP. Folded structures are more prevalent in oxytocin than in LVP. Partial shielding is indicated for peptide hydrogens of Asn5 and perhaps also Cys6 of oxytocin and for Cys6 of LVP. It is tentatively proposed that the folded conformation of oxytocin in aqueous media may contain a parallel beta-structure in the tocinamide ring consisting of two hydrogen bonds: one between the Tyr2 C = O and Asn5 peptide NH as originally proposed for the preferred conformation of oxytocin in dimethyl sulfoxide (D. W. Urry and R. Walter), and the second between he Cys1 C = O and the Cys6 NH. In LVP the hydrogen bond between the Tyr2 C = O and Asn5 peptide NH appears to be absent. The acylic tripeptide sequences (-Pro-X-Gly-NH2) of both hormones appear to be predominantly solvated. The second-order rate constants for acid catalyzed exchange of the primary amide hydrogens of Gln4, Asn5, and Gly9 of oxytocin are consistently greater for the trans NH than for the corresponding cis NH. This observation can be rationalized in terms of mechanisms involving protonation of either the amide oxygen, or the amide nitrogen, but with limited rotation about the C - N bond."}
{"id": "PMID:262423", "title": "Prediction of beta-turns.", "content": "An automated computer prediction of the chain reversal regions of globular proteins is described herein using bend frequencies and beta-turn conformational parameters (Pt) determined from 408 beta-turns in 29 proteins calculated from x-ray atomic coordinates. The probability of bend occurrence at residue i is pt = fi X fi+1 X fi+2 X fi+3 with the average bend probability less than Pt greater than = 0.55 X 10(-4). Tetrapeptides with pt greater than 0.75 X 10(-4) ( approximately to 1.5 X less than pt greater than) as well as less than Pt greater than 1.00 and less than Pa greater than less than less than Pt greater than greater than less than P beta greater than are selected by the computer as probable bends. Adjacent probable bends (i.e., 11-14, 12-15, 13-16) are compared pairwise by the computer, and the tetrapeptide with the higher pt value is predicted as a beta-turn. The percentage of bend and nonbend residues predicted correctly for 29 proteins by this computer algorithm is %t+nt = 70%, whereas 78% of the beta-turns were localized correctly within +/- 2 residues. The average beta-turn content in the 29 proteins is 32%, with helical proteins having fewer bends (17%) than beta-sheet proteins (41%). Three proteins having iron-sulfur clusters were found with the highest percentages of beta-turns: Chromatium high potential iron protein (65%), ferredoxin (57%), and rubredoxin (65%). Finally, the bend frequencies at all 12 positions from 457 beta-turns in 29 proteins (Chou and Fasman, 1977) were used to test the effectiveness of predicting bends using 2, 4, 8, and 12 residues as well as different cut-off pt values. The computer analysis showed that 1.25 less than pt greater than to be the best cut-off yielding 70% accuracy in %t+nt for 4 residues and %t+nt = 73% for 12 residues in predicting the bend and nonbend regions of proteins.", "contents": "Prediction of beta-turns. An automated computer prediction of the chain reversal regions of globular proteins is described herein using bend frequencies and beta-turn conformational parameters (Pt) determined from 408 beta-turns in 29 proteins calculated from x-ray atomic coordinates. The probability of bend occurrence at residue i is pt = fi X fi+1 X fi+2 X fi+3 with the average bend probability less than Pt greater than = 0.55 X 10(-4). Tetrapeptides with pt greater than 0.75 X 10(-4) ( approximately to 1.5 X less than pt greater than) as well as less than Pt greater than 1.00 and less than Pa greater than less than less than Pt greater than greater than less than P beta greater than are selected by the computer as probable bends. Adjacent probable bends (i.e., 11-14, 12-15, 13-16) are compared pairwise by the computer, and the tetrapeptide with the higher pt value is predicted as a beta-turn. The percentage of bend and nonbend residues predicted correctly for 29 proteins by this computer algorithm is %t+nt = 70%, whereas 78% of the beta-turns were localized correctly within +/- 2 residues. The average beta-turn content in the 29 proteins is 32%, with helical proteins having fewer bends (17%) than beta-sheet proteins (41%). Three proteins having iron-sulfur clusters were found with the highest percentages of beta-turns: Chromatium high potential iron protein (65%), ferredoxin (57%), and rubredoxin (65%). Finally, the bend frequencies at all 12 positions from 457 beta-turns in 29 proteins (Chou and Fasman, 1977) were used to test the effectiveness of predicting bends using 2, 4, 8, and 12 residues as well as different cut-off pt values. The computer analysis showed that 1.25 less than pt greater than to be the best cut-off yielding 70% accuracy in %t+nt for 4 residues and %t+nt = 73% for 12 residues in predicting the bend and nonbend regions of proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:262424", "title": "Conservation of chain reversal regions in proteins.", "content": "Using the bend frequencies based on 29 proteins in the previous paper (Chou and Fasman, 1979), beta-turn probability profiles were calculated for the C-peptides of 10 mammalian proinsulins, for 7 proteinase inhibitors, and for 12 species of pancreatic ribonucleases. Beta-turn correlation coefficient matrix tables were also computed to obtain the statistical mean between 45 pairs of proinsulin C-peptides, less than Ct greater than = 0.57 +/- 0.31; 21 pairs of proteinase inhibitors, less than Ct greater than = 0.73 +/- 0.13; and 66 pairs of ribonucleases, less than Ct greater than = 0.83 +/- 0.08. Despite relatively low sequence conservation in these three sets of proteins, beta-turns were predicted to be highly conserved: 33% sequence vs. 78% bend for the proinsulins, 20% sequence vs. 85% bend for the proteinase inhibitors, and 65% sequence vs. 92% bend for the ribonucleases. These results suggest that chain reversal regions play an essential role in keeping the active structural domains in hormones and enzymes intact for their specific biological function.", "contents": "Conservation of chain reversal regions in proteins. Using the bend frequencies based on 29 proteins in the previous paper (Chou and Fasman, 1979), beta-turn probability profiles were calculated for the C-peptides of 10 mammalian proinsulins, for 7 proteinase inhibitors, and for 12 species of pancreatic ribonucleases. Beta-turn correlation coefficient matrix tables were also computed to obtain the statistical mean between 45 pairs of proinsulin C-peptides, less than Ct greater than = 0.57 +/- 0.31; 21 pairs of proteinase inhibitors, less than Ct greater than = 0.73 +/- 0.13; and 66 pairs of ribonucleases, less than Ct greater than = 0.83 +/- 0.08. Despite relatively low sequence conservation in these three sets of proteins, beta-turns were predicted to be highly conserved: 33% sequence vs. 78% bend for the proinsulins, 20% sequence vs. 85% bend for the proteinase inhibitors, and 65% sequence vs. 92% bend for the ribonucleases. These results suggest that chain reversal regions play an essential role in keeping the active structural domains in hormones and enzymes intact for their specific biological function."}
{"id": "PMID:262425", "title": "The undamped and damped series elastic components of a vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Small arterial resistance vessels (internal diameter about 175 micrometer) have been mounted on a myograph that enabled their wall tension, T, and internal circumference, L, to be measured and controlled with a time resolution of about 4 ms. Maximally activated vessels were subjected to isometric releases (step changes in L) and isotonic releases (step changes in T) of varying extents and at two different temperatures (27 degree C and 37 degree C). The recovery from an isometric release was monotonic and did not include the two phases seen in skeletal muscles. The isotonic release response did, however, contain a velocity transient lasting about 150 ms: the velocity immediately after the release was about six times the steady shortening velocity. The form of both the isometric and isotonic release responses and their dependence on the extent of release can be explained in terms of a modified Hill model in which the \"series elastic component\" (SEC) is replaced by the series combination of an undamped-SED (that is, an undamped elastic element) and a damped-SEC (a Voigt element). Although the initial response to both types of release was independent of temperature, all stages of subsequent responses were temperature dependent, with Q10's in the range 1.5 - 2.0. The results suggest that the responses to isotonic and isometric releases may in part be due to active processes.", "contents": "The undamped and damped series elastic components of a vascular smooth muscle. Small arterial resistance vessels (internal diameter about 175 micrometer) have been mounted on a myograph that enabled their wall tension, T, and internal circumference, L, to be measured and controlled with a time resolution of about 4 ms. Maximally activated vessels were subjected to isometric releases (step changes in L) and isotonic releases (step changes in T) of varying extents and at two different temperatures (27 degree C and 37 degree C). The recovery from an isometric release was monotonic and did not include the two phases seen in skeletal muscles. The isotonic release response did, however, contain a velocity transient lasting about 150 ms: the velocity immediately after the release was about six times the steady shortening velocity. The form of both the isometric and isotonic release responses and their dependence on the extent of release can be explained in terms of a modified Hill model in which the \"series elastic component\" (SEC) is replaced by the series combination of an undamped-SED (that is, an undamped elastic element) and a damped-SEC (a Voigt element). Although the initial response to both types of release was independent of temperature, all stages of subsequent responses were temperature dependent, with Q10's in the range 1.5 - 2.0. The results suggest that the responses to isotonic and isometric releases may in part be due to active processes."}
{"id": "PMID:262426", "title": "The rotational diffusion of cytochrome b5 in lipid bilayer membranes. Influence of the lipid physical state.", "content": "A derivative of the integral membranes protein, cytochrome b5, has been prepared in which the native heme group has been replaced by the structurally similar rhodium(III)-protoporphyrin IX. This metalloporphyrin has a finite triplet yield with a single exponential decay time of 22 microsecond in water. After insertion of the metalloporphyrin into the protein, its triplet-state decay becomes strongly nonexponential with at least three equal amplitude components with time constants varying over a range of 100. The derivatized protein has been incorporated into unilamellar liposomes prepared from dimyristoyllecithin, and the rotational diffusion of the protein in the lipid bilayer has been studied at temperatures above and below the lipid phase transition temperature via triplet absorbance anisotropy decay. The anisotropy decay curves are biphasic both above and below the lipid phase transition. The rotational diffusion constant is found to be 2.4 X 10(5) s-1 at 35 degrees C, and 1.1 X 10(4) s-1 at 10 degrees C, both being calculated from the fast decay component. The ratio of the limiting anisotropy to the initial anisotropy is 0.6 at both temperatures. This implies a cone of restricted motion of 34 degrees for the protein in the bilayer.", "contents": "The rotational diffusion of cytochrome b5 in lipid bilayer membranes. Influence of the lipid physical state. A derivative of the integral membranes protein, cytochrome b5, has been prepared in which the native heme group has been replaced by the structurally similar rhodium(III)-protoporphyrin IX. This metalloporphyrin has a finite triplet yield with a single exponential decay time of 22 microsecond in water. After insertion of the metalloporphyrin into the protein, its triplet-state decay becomes strongly nonexponential with at least three equal amplitude components with time constants varying over a range of 100. The derivatized protein has been incorporated into unilamellar liposomes prepared from dimyristoyllecithin, and the rotational diffusion of the protein in the lipid bilayer has been studied at temperatures above and below the lipid phase transition temperature via triplet absorbance anisotropy decay. The anisotropy decay curves are biphasic both above and below the lipid phase transition. The rotational diffusion constant is found to be 2.4 X 10(5) s-1 at 35 degrees C, and 1.1 X 10(4) s-1 at 10 degrees C, both being calculated from the fast decay component. The ratio of the limiting anisotropy to the initial anisotropy is 0.6 at both temperatures. This implies a cone of restricted motion of 34 degrees for the protein in the bilayer."}
{"id": "PMID:262427", "title": "Interpretation of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of oriented purple membrane films.", "content": "The absorption and circular dichroic (CD) spectra of purple membrane films in which the plane of the membranes is oriented perpendicular to the incident beam are compared with the solution spectra. This enables one to relate structural features of the purple membrane to a coordinate system as defined by a normal to the membrane plane and two mutually perpendicular in-plane axes. The film and solution absorption spectra were similar except for a relative depression in the 200 - 225-nm region of the film spectrum. However, the CD spectra showed significant differences in the visible region, where the biphasic band in the solution spectrum was replaced by a single positive band at 555 nm in the film spectrum and in the far ultraviolet region, where the 208-nm band was deleted from the film spectra of the native and regenerated membranes. Moreover, a small shoulder occurred at 208 nm in the film spectrum of the bleached membrane. The near ultraviolet spectra also showed differences, whereas the 317-nm band remained essentially the same for both spectra. Based on excitonic interpretations of the visible and far ultraviolet spectra the following conclusions were reached: (a) a relatively strong in-plane monomeric interaction occurs between te retinyl chromophore and apoprotein; (b) the helical axes of the native and regenerated membrane proteins are oriented primarily normal to the membrane plane; and (c) the helical axes of the bleached membrane proteins are tilted more in-plane than the axes of the native or regenerated membrane. Additional conclusions were that an interaction occurs between an in-plane magnetic dipole moment of the retinyl chromophore and probably an in-plane electric dipole moment of a nearby aromatic amino acid(s), and that although the membrane is anisotropic with respect to coupling between electric and magnetic moments of the aromatic amino acids, the transition dipole moments of the aromatic amino acids are not preferentially oriented in either direction.", "contents": "Interpretation of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of oriented purple membrane films. The absorption and circular dichroic (CD) spectra of purple membrane films in which the plane of the membranes is oriented perpendicular to the incident beam are compared with the solution spectra. This enables one to relate structural features of the purple membrane to a coordinate system as defined by a normal to the membrane plane and two mutually perpendicular in-plane axes. The film and solution absorption spectra were similar except for a relative depression in the 200 - 225-nm region of the film spectrum. However, the CD spectra showed significant differences in the visible region, where the biphasic band in the solution spectrum was replaced by a single positive band at 555 nm in the film spectrum and in the far ultraviolet region, where the 208-nm band was deleted from the film spectra of the native and regenerated membranes. Moreover, a small shoulder occurred at 208 nm in the film spectrum of the bleached membrane. The near ultraviolet spectra also showed differences, whereas the 317-nm band remained essentially the same for both spectra. Based on excitonic interpretations of the visible and far ultraviolet spectra the following conclusions were reached: (a) a relatively strong in-plane monomeric interaction occurs between te retinyl chromophore and apoprotein; (b) the helical axes of the native and regenerated membrane proteins are oriented primarily normal to the membrane plane; and (c) the helical axes of the bleached membrane proteins are tilted more in-plane than the axes of the native or regenerated membrane. Additional conclusions were that an interaction occurs between an in-plane magnetic dipole moment of the retinyl chromophore and probably an in-plane electric dipole moment of a nearby aromatic amino acid(s), and that although the membrane is anisotropic with respect to coupling between electric and magnetic moments of the aromatic amino acids, the transition dipole moments of the aromatic amino acids are not preferentially oriented in either direction."}
{"id": "PMID:262428", "title": "Modification of ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. II. Suppression of tetraphenylborate conductance and changes of interfacial potentials.", "content": "It has been shown that the blocking of negatively charged tetraphenylborate ion transport in phosphatidylcholine (PC)-cholesterol membranes by the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is dominated by suppression of TPhB- diffusion across the membrane interior, rather than by the decrease of adsorption of TPhB- ions at the membrane surface. The blocking effect can be associated with the decrease of electric potential inside the membrane with respect to that of the aqueous medium, this decreases being proportional to the concentration of 2,4-D in the aqueous solution. It has been estimated that 25 - 30% of the total 2,4-D-induced change of the potential difference is between the plane of absorption of TPhB- and the aqueous solution, and the remaining fraction is between the membrane interior and the absorption plane. The results of this study support the dipolar hypothesis of 2,4-D action in lipid membranes. These conclusions are further supported by measurements changes of electric potential difference across air/water and air/lipid monolayer/water interfaces. It has been found that the electric potential of the nonpolar side of the interface decreases in the presence of neutral molecules of 2,4-D and that this effect becomes more prominent in presence of electrolyte. We have confirmed that PC-cholesterol monolayer cannot be considered as a model for half of the bilayer membrane because of the disagreement between the changes of the interfacial potential difference of PC-cholesterol monolayers and those determined from studied of transport of positive and negative ions across bilayer membranes. In contract, we have found close agreement between the 2,4-D-induced changes of electric potential of the lipid hydrocarbon region in glycerolmonooleate (GMO) membranes and GMO monolayers. We suggest that the action of 2,4-D in lipid membranes is not associated with the changes of orientation of dipoles of lipids constituting the membranes, but rather with a layer of 2,4-D molecules absorbed at the nonpolar/polar membrane boundary.", "contents": "Modification of ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. II. Suppression of tetraphenylborate conductance and changes of interfacial potentials. It has been shown that the blocking of negatively charged tetraphenylborate ion transport in phosphatidylcholine (PC)-cholesterol membranes by the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is dominated by suppression of TPhB- diffusion across the membrane interior, rather than by the decrease of adsorption of TPhB- ions at the membrane surface. The blocking effect can be associated with the decrease of electric potential inside the membrane with respect to that of the aqueous medium, this decreases being proportional to the concentration of 2,4-D in the aqueous solution. It has been estimated that 25 - 30% of the total 2,4-D-induced change of the potential difference is between the plane of absorption of TPhB- and the aqueous solution, and the remaining fraction is between the membrane interior and the absorption plane. The results of this study support the dipolar hypothesis of 2,4-D action in lipid membranes. These conclusions are further supported by measurements changes of electric potential difference across air/water and air/lipid monolayer/water interfaces. It has been found that the electric potential of the nonpolar side of the interface decreases in the presence of neutral molecules of 2,4-D and that this effect becomes more prominent in presence of electrolyte. We have confirmed that PC-cholesterol monolayer cannot be considered as a model for half of the bilayer membrane because of the disagreement between the changes of the interfacial potential difference of PC-cholesterol monolayers and those determined from studied of transport of positive and negative ions across bilayer membranes. In contract, we have found close agreement between the 2,4-D-induced changes of electric potential of the lipid hydrocarbon region in glycerolmonooleate (GMO) membranes and GMO monolayers. We suggest that the action of 2,4-D in lipid membranes is not associated with the changes of orientation of dipoles of lipids constituting the membranes, but rather with a layer of 2,4-D molecules absorbed at the nonpolar/polar membrane boundary."}
{"id": "PMID:262429", "title": "Interference reflection microscopy. A quantitative theory for image interpretation and its application to cell-substratum separation measurement.", "content": "We propose a quantitative theory of microscope interferometry where the specimen is illuminated by a cone of monochromatic light of solid angle 0 - 100 degree, corresponding to an illuminating numerical aperture of 0 to approximately 1.2. Computed results compare favorably with photometric measurements of fringe irradiance for a water wedge 0 - 2,000-nm thick. The interpretation of cell-substratum interference images is discussed in relation to the theory. We conclude that in assessing cell-glass separation, the cytoplasmic thickness does in general contribute significantly to the final image, but this contribution is minimized at high illuminating apertures. In these circumstances, however, normal incidence theory is inapplicable and the theory for finite illuminating aperture is essential. Neglect of this fact can lead to errors of up to 100% in estimated cell-glass separation.", "contents": "Interference reflection microscopy. A quantitative theory for image interpretation and its application to cell-substratum separation measurement. We propose a quantitative theory of microscope interferometry where the specimen is illuminated by a cone of monochromatic light of solid angle 0 - 100 degree, corresponding to an illuminating numerical aperture of 0 to approximately 1.2. Computed results compare favorably with photometric measurements of fringe irradiance for a water wedge 0 - 2,000-nm thick. The interpretation of cell-substratum interference images is discussed in relation to the theory. We conclude that in assessing cell-glass separation, the cytoplasmic thickness does in general contribute significantly to the final image, but this contribution is minimized at high illuminating apertures. In these circumstances, however, normal incidence theory is inapplicable and the theory for finite illuminating aperture is essential. Neglect of this fact can lead to errors of up to 100% in estimated cell-glass separation."}
{"id": "PMID:262430", "title": "Time-resolved resonance Raman characterization of the bL550 intermediate and the two dark-adapted bRDA/560 forms of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "The resonance Raman spectrum of the second intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin cycle, bL550, is obtained by a simple flow technique. The Schiff base linkage in this intermediate appears to be protonated, contrary to previous suggestion. The fingerprint region of the spectrum of bL550 does not closely match those of any presently available model Schiff bases of retinal isomers, though some comparisons can be made. The resonance Raman spectrum of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin is obtained and decomposed by computer subtraction of the spectrum of bR570. The remaining spectrum does not match the spectra of any model compounds presently in the literature. The spectra of bL550 and dark-adapted bRDA/560 from purple membrane in H2O are compared to those in D2O. It is found that changes in the spectrum occur in the 1,600 - 1,650 cm-1 region as well as in the 800 - 1,000 cm-1 region, but apparently not in the fingerprint region (1,100 - 1,400 cm-1). The possibilities of conformational changes of the retinal chromophore in the light adaptation process as well as the photosynthetic cycle are discussed.", "contents": "Time-resolved resonance Raman characterization of the bL550 intermediate and the two dark-adapted bRDA/560 forms of bacteriorhodopsin. The resonance Raman spectrum of the second intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin cycle, bL550, is obtained by a simple flow technique. The Schiff base linkage in this intermediate appears to be protonated, contrary to previous suggestion. The fingerprint region of the spectrum of bL550 does not closely match those of any presently available model Schiff bases of retinal isomers, though some comparisons can be made. The resonance Raman spectrum of dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin is obtained and decomposed by computer subtraction of the spectrum of bR570. The remaining spectrum does not match the spectra of any model compounds presently in the literature. The spectra of bL550 and dark-adapted bRDA/560 from purple membrane in H2O are compared to those in D2O. It is found that changes in the spectrum occur in the 1,600 - 1,650 cm-1 region as well as in the 800 - 1,000 cm-1 region, but apparently not in the fingerprint region (1,100 - 1,400 cm-1). The possibilities of conformational changes of the retinal chromophore in the light adaptation process as well as the photosynthetic cycle are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262431", "title": "Structural interpretation of the birefringence gradient in retinal rod outer segments.", "content": "The birefringence of frog retinal rod outer segments is analyzed in terms of a three-dielectric layer model. The possibility that the birefringence gradient found in such cells is due to changes in the disk membrane-pair spacing is investigated using previously published glycerol imbibition data (Kaplan et al., 1978. Biophys. J. 23: 59-70). The higher net birefringence of the basal end compared to the midpoint of rod outer segments can be accounted for by a smaller negative form birefringence term due to either a smaller or larger intradiskal space, depending upon the assumed relative solids contents of the intradiskal and cytoplasmic spaces.", "contents": "Structural interpretation of the birefringence gradient in retinal rod outer segments. The birefringence of frog retinal rod outer segments is analyzed in terms of a three-dielectric layer model. The possibility that the birefringence gradient found in such cells is due to changes in the disk membrane-pair spacing is investigated using previously published glycerol imbibition data (Kaplan et al., 1978. Biophys. J. 23: 59-70). The higher net birefringence of the basal end compared to the midpoint of rod outer segments can be accounted for by a smaller negative form birefringence term due to either a smaller or larger intradiskal space, depending upon the assumed relative solids contents of the intradiskal and cytoplasmic spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:262432", "title": "Motility evaluation of human spermatozoa by photon correlation spectroscopy.", "content": "The application of photon correlation spectroscopy for the evaluation of motility parameters of undiluted human sperm is investigated. Measurements on semen samples, selected visually as good (i.e., fraction motile spermatozoa larger than 0.6 and a positive appreciation of the motion), gave estimates of the fraction motile spermatozoa, reproducible within 10%, and of the mean velocity of the motile cells, reproducible within 5%.", "contents": "Motility evaluation of human spermatozoa by photon correlation spectroscopy. The application of photon correlation spectroscopy for the evaluation of motility parameters of undiluted human sperm is investigated. Measurements on semen samples, selected visually as good (i.e., fraction motile spermatozoa larger than 0.6 and a positive appreciation of the motion), gave estimates of the fraction motile spermatozoa, reproducible within 10%, and of the mean velocity of the motile cells, reproducible within 5%."}
{"id": "PMID:262433", "title": "Electrochemical properties of Na+- and K+-selective glass microelectrodes.", "content": "Electrochemical properties of Na+-selective glass microelectrodes were studied and compared with those of K+-selective glass microelectrodes. The selectivity of Na+-selective glass microelectrodes depended on the ion concentration of test solutions. With aging, resistance of Na+-selective microelectrodes increased and their selectivity for Na over K decreased. Na+-selective microelectrodes potential measured in NaCl solution remained constant with aging, while the potential measured in KCl solution decreased and became more positive. The changes in resistance and potential of Na+-selective microelectrodes may be due to the effects of the less mobile cation, i.e., H+ or K+ on the Na ion exchange in the Na-sensing region. The results indicate that Na+-selective microelectrodes must be used as soon after filling as possible. The selectivity of Na+-selective microelectrodes increased with increase of the sensitive exposed-tip length, whereas their response time became slow due to a large recessed volume, indicating requirement of an optimum exposed-tip length for intracellular applications. The changes in the properties of Na+-selective glass microelectrodes with aging contrasted with those of K+-selective glass microelectrodes in which resistance decreased and K+-selectivity increased. The K+-selective microelectrodes required aging before use for a high selectivity and low resistance. The K+-selective microelectrodes with low resistance after sufficient aging can be used without insulation to measure K+ and Na+ activities in aqueous solutions. The different properties between Na+- and K+-selective microelectrodes are understandable, because hydration of N+-selective glass is much less extensive than that of K+-selective glass.", "contents": "Electrochemical properties of Na+- and K+-selective glass microelectrodes. Electrochemical properties of Na+-selective glass microelectrodes were studied and compared with those of K+-selective glass microelectrodes. The selectivity of Na+-selective glass microelectrodes depended on the ion concentration of test solutions. With aging, resistance of Na+-selective microelectrodes increased and their selectivity for Na over K decreased. Na+-selective microelectrodes potential measured in NaCl solution remained constant with aging, while the potential measured in KCl solution decreased and became more positive. The changes in resistance and potential of Na+-selective microelectrodes may be due to the effects of the less mobile cation, i.e., H+ or K+ on the Na ion exchange in the Na-sensing region. The results indicate that Na+-selective microelectrodes must be used as soon after filling as possible. The selectivity of Na+-selective microelectrodes increased with increase of the sensitive exposed-tip length, whereas their response time became slow due to a large recessed volume, indicating requirement of an optimum exposed-tip length for intracellular applications. The changes in the properties of Na+-selective glass microelectrodes with aging contrasted with those of K+-selective glass microelectrodes in which resistance decreased and K+-selectivity increased. The K+-selective microelectrodes required aging before use for a high selectivity and low resistance. The K+-selective microelectrodes with low resistance after sufficient aging can be used without insulation to measure K+ and Na+ activities in aqueous solutions. The different properties between Na+- and K+-selective microelectrodes are understandable, because hydration of N+-selective glass is much less extensive than that of K+-selective glass."}
{"id": "PMID:262434", "title": "Photoinitiated mediated transport of H3O+ and/or OH- across glycerol monooleate bilayers doped with magnesium octaethylporphyrin.", "content": "Photogenerated magnesium octaethylporphyrin cation in glycerol monooleate bilayers is shown to mediate the transport of H3O+ and/or OH-. Data from voltage clamp and open-circuit experiments are consistent with the classic Markin or La\u00fcger carrier model. Photoinitiated currents exhibit the expected transient and steady-state behavior.", "contents": "Photoinitiated mediated transport of H3O+ and/or OH- across glycerol monooleate bilayers doped with magnesium octaethylporphyrin. Photogenerated magnesium octaethylporphyrin cation in glycerol monooleate bilayers is shown to mediate the transport of H3O+ and/or OH-. Data from voltage clamp and open-circuit experiments are consistent with the classic Markin or La\u00fcger carrier model. Photoinitiated currents exhibit the expected transient and steady-state behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:262435", "title": "A simple case of the Wilson-Cowan equations.", "content": "The stability of equilibria, for Wilson-Cowan equations with piecewise-constant threshold functions, is investigated. It is shown that the characteristic equation has roots with positive real part, when the physiological parameters have reasonable magnitudes. The significance of this fact is discussed.", "contents": "A simple case of the Wilson-Cowan equations. The stability of equilibria, for Wilson-Cowan equations with piecewise-constant threshold functions, is investigated. It is shown that the characteristic equation has roots with positive real part, when the physiological parameters have reasonable magnitudes. The significance of this fact is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262436", "title": "A mathematical model for the motion of mechanoreceptor hairs in fluid environments.", "content": "A differential equation has been derived for the motion of the mechanosensory hairs of animals when they are stimulated by the motion of their fluid environment. Specific solutions of the equation are obtained for three states of fluid flow including steady-state sinusoidal oscillations. The model is specifically applied to crayfish sensilla in an aqueous medium, but the assumptions of the model are also shown to be valid in air for the sensory hairs of insects. The calculations are consistent with available experimental data.", "contents": "A mathematical model for the motion of mechanoreceptor hairs in fluid environments. A differential equation has been derived for the motion of the mechanosensory hairs of animals when they are stimulated by the motion of their fluid environment. Specific solutions of the equation are obtained for three states of fluid flow including steady-state sinusoidal oscillations. The model is specifically applied to crayfish sensilla in an aqueous medium, but the assumptions of the model are also shown to be valid in air for the sensory hairs of insects. The calculations are consistent with available experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:262437", "title": "Do cardiac aneurysms blow out?", "content": "The possibility is suggested that cardiac aneurysms are formed when an infarcted region of the ventricular wall becomes elastically unstable and \"blows out\". The consequence of such a blowout could be a large saccular aneurysm or even cardiac rupture. We use a nonlinear stress-strain relation capable of describing both the passive and active myocardial wall to examine this possibility in terms of large-deformation membrane theory. Ventricular infarcts made of a material having physical properties like rubber would be expected to blow out, but those made of passive myocardium would not.", "contents": "Do cardiac aneurysms blow out? The possibility is suggested that cardiac aneurysms are formed when an infarcted region of the ventricular wall becomes elastically unstable and \"blows out\". The consequence of such a blowout could be a large saccular aneurysm or even cardiac rupture. We use a nonlinear stress-strain relation capable of describing both the passive and active myocardial wall to examine this possibility in terms of large-deformation membrane theory. Ventricular infarcts made of a material having physical properties like rubber would be expected to blow out, but those made of passive myocardium would not."}
{"id": "PMID:262438", "title": "Voltage transients from photo-isomerizing azo dye in bilayer membranes.", "content": "Voltage transients are induced by brief light flashed on bilayer membranes with absorbed 3,3'-bis(alpha-(trimethylammonium)methyl)azobenzene (Bis-Q). The voltages are positive for trans-to-cis photo-isomerization, and negative for cis-to-trans photo-isomerization. The risetimes in phosphatidylethanolamine-decane bilayer membranes indicate that absorbed trans-Bis-Q is photo-isomerized to cis within 2 microseconds, and that cis is photo-isomerized to trans within 15 microseconds.", "contents": "Voltage transients from photo-isomerizing azo dye in bilayer membranes. Voltage transients are induced by brief light flashed on bilayer membranes with absorbed 3,3'-bis(alpha-(trimethylammonium)methyl)azobenzene (Bis-Q). The voltages are positive for trans-to-cis photo-isomerization, and negative for cis-to-trans photo-isomerization. The risetimes in phosphatidylethanolamine-decane bilayer membranes indicate that absorbed trans-Bis-Q is photo-isomerized to cis within 2 microseconds, and that cis is photo-isomerized to trans within 15 microseconds."}
{"id": "PMID:262439", "title": "Diffusion-controlled reactions on spherical surfaces. Application to bacteriophage tail fiber attachment.", "content": "We have explored the kinetic implications of a model that may account for the acceleration of tail fiber (F) attachment to baseplates (B) by whiskers (W) on bacteriophage T4. The model assumes that a W-F complex is formed initially, and that the tethered fiber then undergoes rotational diffusion until a B-F encounter takes place. In the absence of whiskers, B-F complexes must form unassisted. Formation of a W-F intermediate will accelerate F attachment to B if (a) the bimolecular rate constant for W-F complex formation is larger than that for direct B-F interaction and (b) subsequent rotational diffusion of the tip of F to B is not much slower than the dissociation of W-F. Condition a was investigated by applying a recent theory of orientational effects on translational diffusion-controlled reactions. This theory suggests that substantial rate enhancement is expected if the reaction half-angle theta 0 is larger for W-F than for B-F complex formation. Condition b was investigated by calculating the mean and the variance of the time required for the diffusion of a molecule (the proximal tip of the fiber) on a spherical surface (whose radius is the distance from the tip to the whisker tethering point) into a circular sink (the baseplate site). The mean time is on the order of the inverse rotational diffusion coefficient, DR, of the fiber, but is sensitive to theta 0. Both conditions are satisfied for plausible choices of parameters. The solution to the diffusion equation we have obtained should have application to other physical situations, such as the rate of quenching of a fluorophore as it diffuses on the surface of a spherical membrane into proximity with a quencher.", "contents": "Diffusion-controlled reactions on spherical surfaces. Application to bacteriophage tail fiber attachment. We have explored the kinetic implications of a model that may account for the acceleration of tail fiber (F) attachment to baseplates (B) by whiskers (W) on bacteriophage T4. The model assumes that a W-F complex is formed initially, and that the tethered fiber then undergoes rotational diffusion until a B-F encounter takes place. In the absence of whiskers, B-F complexes must form unassisted. Formation of a W-F intermediate will accelerate F attachment to B if (a) the bimolecular rate constant for W-F complex formation is larger than that for direct B-F interaction and (b) subsequent rotational diffusion of the tip of F to B is not much slower than the dissociation of W-F. Condition a was investigated by applying a recent theory of orientational effects on translational diffusion-controlled reactions. This theory suggests that substantial rate enhancement is expected if the reaction half-angle theta 0 is larger for W-F than for B-F complex formation. Condition b was investigated by calculating the mean and the variance of the time required for the diffusion of a molecule (the proximal tip of the fiber) on a spherical surface (whose radius is the distance from the tip to the whisker tethering point) into a circular sink (the baseplate site). The mean time is on the order of the inverse rotational diffusion coefficient, DR, of the fiber, but is sensitive to theta 0. Both conditions are satisfied for plausible choices of parameters. The solution to the diffusion equation we have obtained should have application to other physical situations, such as the rate of quenching of a fluorophore as it diffuses on the surface of a spherical membrane into proximity with a quencher."}
{"id": "PMID:262440", "title": "Electrochemical healing similarities between animals and plants.", "content": "A brief summary of the major results in enhanced wound healing by electrolysis in animals and humans is presented along with the results of enhanced growth by electrolysis in plants. Hypotheses of normal and enhanced wound healing in animal and plants are reviewed. A comparison of the experimental results indicates strong similarities in the optimum magnitude and polarity of the externally applied galvanic current in animals and plants. There are, however, differences in optimum current densities, There are strong similarities in animal and plant electropotential changes during normal healing.", "contents": "Electrochemical healing similarities between animals and plants. A brief summary of the major results in enhanced wound healing by electrolysis in animals and humans is presented along with the results of enhanced growth by electrolysis in plants. Hypotheses of normal and enhanced wound healing in animal and plants are reviewed. A comparison of the experimental results indicates strong similarities in the optimum magnitude and polarity of the externally applied galvanic current in animals and plants. There are, however, differences in optimum current densities, There are strong similarities in animal and plant electropotential changes during normal healing."}
{"id": "PMID:262441", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance study of acetic acid permeation of large unilamellar vesicle membranes.", "content": "The permeation of acetic acid through large unilamellar phospholipid vesicle membranes has been investigated using the unique capability of nuclear magnetic resonance to characterize flow under pseudo-equilibrium conditions. Two types of experiments have been employed: total line shape analysis and selective population transfer. These techniques are sensitive to permeation on time scales ranging form 0.001 to 10.0 s. The permeation rate dependence on pH and acetic acid concentration indicates that the neutral acetic acid monomer is the dominant permeant species with a permeation coefficient of 5 +/- 2 x 10-4 cm/s. Mechanisms of permeation and the applicability of nuclear magnetic resonance methodology are discussed.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance study of acetic acid permeation of large unilamellar vesicle membranes. The permeation of acetic acid through large unilamellar phospholipid vesicle membranes has been investigated using the unique capability of nuclear magnetic resonance to characterize flow under pseudo-equilibrium conditions. Two types of experiments have been employed: total line shape analysis and selective population transfer. These techniques are sensitive to permeation on time scales ranging form 0.001 to 10.0 s. The permeation rate dependence on pH and acetic acid concentration indicates that the neutral acetic acid monomer is the dominant permeant species with a permeation coefficient of 5 +/- 2 x 10-4 cm/s. Mechanisms of permeation and the applicability of nuclear magnetic resonance methodology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262442", "title": "A theoretical model for lipid mixtures, phase transitions, and phase diagrams.", "content": "We present a new model for the thermodynamic properties of lipid bilayers. The model consists of a system of hard cylinders of varying radii that correspond to the different molecular radii of lipids having different numbers of gauche rotations in their chains. Scaled particle theory is used to provide an accurate estimate of the entropy of packing of the cylinders. To apply the model to bilayers we introduce a semiempirical attractive potential energy. Once the form of this potential is chosen, we adjust one parameter, the interaction strength, so that the model fits the transition temperatures and entropies for various phospholipids. The model then agrees quite well with other published data for these systems. We also directly generalize our model to lipid mixtures, and we obtain phase diagrams that we compare to existing data for these systems. We use the model to describe lipid protein interactions in bilayers as well.", "contents": "A theoretical model for lipid mixtures, phase transitions, and phase diagrams. We present a new model for the thermodynamic properties of lipid bilayers. The model consists of a system of hard cylinders of varying radii that correspond to the different molecular radii of lipids having different numbers of gauche rotations in their chains. Scaled particle theory is used to provide an accurate estimate of the entropy of packing of the cylinders. To apply the model to bilayers we introduce a semiempirical attractive potential energy. Once the form of this potential is chosen, we adjust one parameter, the interaction strength, so that the model fits the transition temperatures and entropies for various phospholipids. The model then agrees quite well with other published data for these systems. We also directly generalize our model to lipid mixtures, and we obtain phase diagrams that we compare to existing data for these systems. We use the model to describe lipid protein interactions in bilayers as well."}
{"id": "PMID:262443", "title": "Diffusion of water in the endosperm tissue of wheat grains as studied by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to measure water self-diffusion coefficients in the endosperm tissue of wheat grains as a function of the tissue water content. A model that confines the water molecules to a randomly oriented array of capillaries with both transverse dimension less than 100 nm has been used to fit the data and give a unique diffusion coefficient at each water content. The diffusion rates vary from 1.8 x 10(-10) m2s-1 at the lowest to 1.2 x 10(-9) m2s-1 at the highest moisture content. This variation can be explained in terms of an increase in water film thickness from approximately 0.5 to approximately 2.5 nm over the moisture range investigated (200-360 mg g-1).", "contents": "Diffusion of water in the endosperm tissue of wheat grains as studied by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance. Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to measure water self-diffusion coefficients in the endosperm tissue of wheat grains as a function of the tissue water content. A model that confines the water molecules to a randomly oriented array of capillaries with both transverse dimension less than 100 nm has been used to fit the data and give a unique diffusion coefficient at each water content. The diffusion rates vary from 1.8 x 10(-10) m2s-1 at the lowest to 1.2 x 10(-9) m2s-1 at the highest moisture content. This variation can be explained in terms of an increase in water film thickness from approximately 0.5 to approximately 2.5 nm over the moisture range investigated (200-360 mg g-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:262444", "title": "Diastolic pressure-volume relations and distribution of pressure and fiber extension across the wall of a model left ventricle.", "content": "A model for left ventricular diastolic mechanics is formulated that takes into account noneligible wall thickness, incompressibility, finite deformation, nonlinear elastic effects, and the known fiber architecture of the ventricular wall. The model consists of a hollow cylindrical mass of muscle bound between two plates of negligible mass. The wall contains fiber elements that follow a helical course and carry only axial tension. The fiber angle (i.e., helical pitch) is constant along the length of each fiber but varies through the wall in accordance with the known distribution of fiber orientations in the canine left ventricle. To simplify the analysis and reduce the number of degrees of freedom, the anatomic distribution of fiber orientations is divided into a clockwise and counterclockwise system. The reference configuration for the model corresponds to a state in which, by hypothesis, the transmural pressure gradient is zero, the tension is zero for all fibers across the wall, and all fibers are assumed to have a sarcomere length of 1.9 micrometer. This choice of reference configuration is based on the empirical evidence that canine ventricles, fixed in a state of zero transmural pressure gradient and dissected, demonstrate sarcomere lengths between 1.9 and 2.0 micrometer in inner, middle, and outer wall layers, while isolated ventricular muscle bundles are observed to have zero resting tension when the sarcomere length ranges from 1.9 to 2.0 micrometer. An equation representing the global condition for equilibrium is derived and solved numerically. It is found that the model's pressure-volume relation is representative of diastolic filling in vivo over a wide range of filling pressures, and the calculated midwall sarcomere lengths in the model compare favorably with published experimental data. Subendocardial fibers are stretched beyond Lmax even at low filling pressures, i.e., 5 mm Hg, while fibers located between 60-80% of wall thickness extend minimally between 5 and 12 mm Hg. The hydrostatic pressure field within the wall is highly nonlinear. The pressure rises steeply in the subendocardial layers so that the net gain in pressure in the inner third of the wall is 85% of the filling pressure. It is demonstrated that these results are independent of heart size for a family of heart models that are scale models of each other. They are, however, critically dependent on the existence of longitudinally oriented fibers in the endocardial and epicardial regions of heart wall.", "contents": "Diastolic pressure-volume relations and distribution of pressure and fiber extension across the wall of a model left ventricle. A model for left ventricular diastolic mechanics is formulated that takes into account noneligible wall thickness, incompressibility, finite deformation, nonlinear elastic effects, and the known fiber architecture of the ventricular wall. The model consists of a hollow cylindrical mass of muscle bound between two plates of negligible mass. The wall contains fiber elements that follow a helical course and carry only axial tension. The fiber angle (i.e., helical pitch) is constant along the length of each fiber but varies through the wall in accordance with the known distribution of fiber orientations in the canine left ventricle. To simplify the analysis and reduce the number of degrees of freedom, the anatomic distribution of fiber orientations is divided into a clockwise and counterclockwise system. The reference configuration for the model corresponds to a state in which, by hypothesis, the transmural pressure gradient is zero, the tension is zero for all fibers across the wall, and all fibers are assumed to have a sarcomere length of 1.9 micrometer. This choice of reference configuration is based on the empirical evidence that canine ventricles, fixed in a state of zero transmural pressure gradient and dissected, demonstrate sarcomere lengths between 1.9 and 2.0 micrometer in inner, middle, and outer wall layers, while isolated ventricular muscle bundles are observed to have zero resting tension when the sarcomere length ranges from 1.9 to 2.0 micrometer. An equation representing the global condition for equilibrium is derived and solved numerically. It is found that the model's pressure-volume relation is representative of diastolic filling in vivo over a wide range of filling pressures, and the calculated midwall sarcomere lengths in the model compare favorably with published experimental data. Subendocardial fibers are stretched beyond Lmax even at low filling pressures, i.e., 5 mm Hg, while fibers located between 60-80% of wall thickness extend minimally between 5 and 12 mm Hg. The hydrostatic pressure field within the wall is highly nonlinear. The pressure rises steeply in the subendocardial layers so that the net gain in pressure in the inner third of the wall is 85% of the filling pressure. It is demonstrated that these results are independent of heart size for a family of heart models that are scale models of each other. They are, however, critically dependent on the existence of longitudinally oriented fibers in the endocardial and epicardial regions of heart wall."}
{"id": "PMID:262445", "title": "Displacements of backbone vibrational modes of A-DNA and B-DNA.", "content": "We display the displacement vectors or eigenvectors of calculations of the A- and B-DNA backbones. These calculations are based on a refinement scheme that simultaneously fit several backbone modes of A-DNA, B-DNA, and A-RNA. We discuss the role of symmetry operations in mode calculations and the relevance of these displacement vectors to the interpretation of linear dichroism measurements performed on the A- and B-DNA helix.", "contents": "Displacements of backbone vibrational modes of A-DNA and B-DNA. We display the displacement vectors or eigenvectors of calculations of the A- and B-DNA backbones. These calculations are based on a refinement scheme that simultaneously fit several backbone modes of A-DNA, B-DNA, and A-RNA. We discuss the role of symmetry operations in mode calculations and the relevance of these displacement vectors to the interpretation of linear dichroism measurements performed on the A- and B-DNA helix."}
{"id": "PMID:262446", "title": "Effect of low dose rate radiation on cell growth kinetics.", "content": "Experimental determinations were made of cell number as a function of time for two strains of L5178Y mammalian cells maintained continuously in various environments of radiation. One strain possessed a shoulder in its dose response curve whereas the other did not. Neither strain showed any significant difference in growth rate for interdivision doses on the order of the median lethal dose or less delivered continuously at a low dose rate or pulsed every 4 h at a high instantaneous dose rate. It was also shown that large numbers of dead cells have little effect on growth rate and that these dead cells last as discrete entities for many days. A simple theory of growth rate in the presence of radiation is presented, and the agreement with the observations implies that there is no effect of any sublethal low dose rate radiation received in one generation on the growth rate or radiation sensitivity of the succeeding generation. Further analysis of the data also showed that for the no-shoulder cells at 37 degrees C, tritiated water had a relative biological effect close to unity for cell sterilization.", "contents": "Effect of low dose rate radiation on cell growth kinetics. Experimental determinations were made of cell number as a function of time for two strains of L5178Y mammalian cells maintained continuously in various environments of radiation. One strain possessed a shoulder in its dose response curve whereas the other did not. Neither strain showed any significant difference in growth rate for interdivision doses on the order of the median lethal dose or less delivered continuously at a low dose rate or pulsed every 4 h at a high instantaneous dose rate. It was also shown that large numbers of dead cells have little effect on growth rate and that these dead cells last as discrete entities for many days. A simple theory of growth rate in the presence of radiation is presented, and the agreement with the observations implies that there is no effect of any sublethal low dose rate radiation received in one generation on the growth rate or radiation sensitivity of the succeeding generation. Further analysis of the data also showed that for the no-shoulder cells at 37 degrees C, tritiated water had a relative biological effect close to unity for cell sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:262448", "title": "Regulation of IgE antibody production by serum molecules. VI: Preliminary biochemical and immunological characterization of serum molecules active in suppressing IgE antibody production.", "content": "Molecules present in the serum and ascites fluids of low IgE responder mice previously inoculated with complete Freund's adjuvant have been analyzed in terms of certain biochemical and immunological characteristics. These studies demonstrate that the active molecules, termed \"suppressive factors of allergy\" (SFA), are (1) nondialyzable, (2) not associated with low-density or high-density lipoproteins, (3) heat stable, (4) precipitable by ammonium sulfate, and (5) approximately 150,000 daltons in molecular size. Studies with immunoadsorbents prepared from various antisera indicate that the suppressive molecules are (1) not immunoglobulin in nature, (2) not reactive with specific anti-H-2 alloantibodies, but (3) reactive with anti-beta 2m antibodies as well as (4) heterologous antisera raised against CFA-immune mouse serum.", "contents": "Regulation of IgE antibody production by serum molecules. VI: Preliminary biochemical and immunological characterization of serum molecules active in suppressing IgE antibody production. Molecules present in the serum and ascites fluids of low IgE responder mice previously inoculated with complete Freund's adjuvant have been analyzed in terms of certain biochemical and immunological characteristics. These studies demonstrate that the active molecules, termed \"suppressive factors of allergy\" (SFA), are (1) nondialyzable, (2) not associated with low-density or high-density lipoproteins, (3) heat stable, (4) precipitable by ammonium sulfate, and (5) approximately 150,000 daltons in molecular size. Studies with immunoadsorbents prepared from various antisera indicate that the suppressive molecules are (1) not immunoglobulin in nature, (2) not reactive with specific anti-H-2 alloantibodies, but (3) reactive with anti-beta 2m antibodies as well as (4) heterologous antisera raised against CFA-immune mouse serum."}
{"id": "PMID:262449", "title": "The role of macrophages in stimulation of immune induction and myelopoiesis. I: Comparison of activity of macrophage-derived factors in granulopoiesis and immunostimulation.", "content": "Hemopoietic growth and immunological inductive factors from human peripheral leukocyte conditioned medium and mouse macrophage culture supernatant fluids were compared. Factors derived from human peripheral leukocyte conditioned medium were found to substitute for those of mouse macrophage derivation in immunological assays, namely, induction of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in macrophage-depleted mouse spleen cultures. Association of macrophage-derived factors with B2-microglobulin (B2m) antigen determinants was observed by inhibition with great antihuman B2m, affinity chromatography, and direct replacement of mouse macrophage-derived factors with human urinary B2m.", "contents": "The role of macrophages in stimulation of immune induction and myelopoiesis. I: Comparison of activity of macrophage-derived factors in granulopoiesis and immunostimulation. Hemopoietic growth and immunological inductive factors from human peripheral leukocyte conditioned medium and mouse macrophage culture supernatant fluids were compared. Factors derived from human peripheral leukocyte conditioned medium were found to substitute for those of mouse macrophage derivation in immunological assays, namely, induction of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in macrophage-depleted mouse spleen cultures. Association of macrophage-derived factors with B2-microglobulin (B2m) antigen determinants was observed by inhibition with great antihuman B2m, affinity chromatography, and direct replacement of mouse macrophage-derived factors with human urinary B2m."}
{"id": "PMID:262450", "title": "The role of macrophages in stimulation of immune induction and myelopoiesis: II: analysis of genetic restriction involved in the stimulation of granulocyte colony precursors or mature lymphocytes using factors prepared from different recombinant inbred strains of mice.", "content": "The genetic restriction involved in the reconstitution of immune responses in macrophage-depleted mouse spleen cultures, or the induction of colony formation in bone marrow cultures, by different molecular-weight species of lymphostimulatory molecules derived from mouse peritoneal cell suspensions is reported. The data suggest little evidence for genetic restriction in the ability of any of the factors to stimulate bone marrow colony formation in vitro. However, when immunological stimulation was investigated, a restriction coded for by genes in the K/D end of the MHC (70-90K factor) or in the I region of the MHC (30-45K factor) was observed. A third species of lymphostimulatory molecule (15K) showed no such restriction. Further evidence is presented to suggest that the active moiety in the 70-90K molecule(s) is a 15K-like species (nonrestricted in its ability to reconstitute cells from different strains of mice.", "contents": "The role of macrophages in stimulation of immune induction and myelopoiesis: II: analysis of genetic restriction involved in the stimulation of granulocyte colony precursors or mature lymphocytes using factors prepared from different recombinant inbred strains of mice. The genetic restriction involved in the reconstitution of immune responses in macrophage-depleted mouse spleen cultures, or the induction of colony formation in bone marrow cultures, by different molecular-weight species of lymphostimulatory molecules derived from mouse peritoneal cell suspensions is reported. The data suggest little evidence for genetic restriction in the ability of any of the factors to stimulate bone marrow colony formation in vitro. However, when immunological stimulation was investigated, a restriction coded for by genes in the K/D end of the MHC (70-90K factor) or in the I region of the MHC (30-45K factor) was observed. A third species of lymphostimulatory molecule (15K) showed no such restriction. Further evidence is presented to suggest that the active moiety in the 70-90K molecule(s) is a 15K-like species (nonrestricted in its ability to reconstitute cells from different strains of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:262451", "title": "The effect of immunopharmacological agents on mouse natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and on its augmentation by poly I:C.", "content": "Treatment of young mice with lethal X-irradiation (900 R), cyclophosphamide, or hydrocortisone significantly depressed their spontaneous NK activity. The same treatments, however, did not inhibit the augmentation of NK function by poly I:C, suggesting the existence of a treatment resistant pre-NK cell. Both the spontaneous activity and its augmentation were readily inhibited by macrophage-toxic agents such as silica and carrageenan in vivo. Since the NK cells themselves were not macrophages, as shown by the inability of silica or carrageenan to block in vitro cytolysis of target cells, we postulated that macrophages were required to maintain NK activity in vivo and that they were essential accessory cells in the augmentation. The induction of interferon by poly I:C was also inhibited by silica and carrageenan. The augmentation of NK activity induced by poly I:C was consistently accompanied by the rise in serum IF levels of the treated mice, and its inhibition by the macrophage-toxic agents was followed by decreased production of interferon. These observations support our hypothesis that macrophages, in response to poly I:C, produced interferon which in turn activated NK cells to become cytolytic.", "contents": "The effect of immunopharmacological agents on mouse natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and on its augmentation by poly I:C. Treatment of young mice with lethal X-irradiation (900 R), cyclophosphamide, or hydrocortisone significantly depressed their spontaneous NK activity. The same treatments, however, did not inhibit the augmentation of NK function by poly I:C, suggesting the existence of a treatment resistant pre-NK cell. Both the spontaneous activity and its augmentation were readily inhibited by macrophage-toxic agents such as silica and carrageenan in vivo. Since the NK cells themselves were not macrophages, as shown by the inability of silica or carrageenan to block in vitro cytolysis of target cells, we postulated that macrophages were required to maintain NK activity in vivo and that they were essential accessory cells in the augmentation. The induction of interferon by poly I:C was also inhibited by silica and carrageenan. The augmentation of NK activity induced by poly I:C was consistently accompanied by the rise in serum IF levels of the treated mice, and its inhibition by the macrophage-toxic agents was followed by decreased production of interferon. These observations support our hypothesis that macrophages, in response to poly I:C, produced interferon which in turn activated NK cells to become cytolytic."}
{"id": "PMID:262452", "title": "Stimulation by a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole of enhanced formation of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "A hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole, a low molecular weight compound, was found to have an immunoenhancing effect on both the in vivo and in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells to an optimum immunizing dose of sheep red blood cells. At noncytotoxic concentrations the optimum range of 25 to 50 micrograms per 5 x 19(6) spleen cells was most effective in vitro. Concentrations greater than 100 micrograms per culture were toxic in vitro and reduced cell viability as well as antibody responsiveness. The compound enhanced to an even greater degree the antibody response of spleen cell cultures immunized with suboptimum doses of SRBC. The background PFC response, in the absence of SRBC, also was stimulated by the benzimidazole. These immunoenhancing responses were not related to mitogenic effects, since increased thymidine uptake did not occur when normal mouse spleen cells were incubated with graded doses of the compound. Therefore, the immunostimulatory properties of the compound, both in vivo and in vitro, were not due to mitogenic stimulation of lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Stimulation by a hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole of enhanced formation of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. A hydroxythiazolobenzimidazole, a low molecular weight compound, was found to have an immunoenhancing effect on both the in vivo and in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells to an optimum immunizing dose of sheep red blood cells. At noncytotoxic concentrations the optimum range of 25 to 50 micrograms per 5 x 19(6) spleen cells was most effective in vitro. Concentrations greater than 100 micrograms per culture were toxic in vitro and reduced cell viability as well as antibody responsiveness. The compound enhanced to an even greater degree the antibody response of spleen cell cultures immunized with suboptimum doses of SRBC. The background PFC response, in the absence of SRBC, also was stimulated by the benzimidazole. These immunoenhancing responses were not related to mitogenic effects, since increased thymidine uptake did not occur when normal mouse spleen cells were incubated with graded doses of the compound. Therefore, the immunostimulatory properties of the compound, both in vivo and in vitro, were not due to mitogenic stimulation of lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:262453", "title": "In vitro induction of E-rosette formation in human bone marrow cells by the thymic proteins LSHr and LSHh.", "content": "Two thymic factors, LSHh and LSHr, were found to be active in the induction of E-rosette formation. In vitro incubation of human bone marrow cells, isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, with subnanogram quantities of either of these LSH proteins increased the number of E-rosette-forming cells in the bone marrow cultures by a factor of two. Kidney extract and bovine serum albumin did not show significant activity when tested as controls. Commercial thymopoietin II peptide was found to be active in the assay at comparable concentrations. The data allow a comparison of LHS proteins with other preparations tested in this manner.", "contents": "In vitro induction of E-rosette formation in human bone marrow cells by the thymic proteins LSHr and LSHh. Two thymic factors, LSHh and LSHr, were found to be active in the induction of E-rosette formation. In vitro incubation of human bone marrow cells, isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation, with subnanogram quantities of either of these LSH proteins increased the number of E-rosette-forming cells in the bone marrow cultures by a factor of two. Kidney extract and bovine serum albumin did not show significant activity when tested as controls. Commercial thymopoietin II peptide was found to be active in the assay at comparable concentrations. The data allow a comparison of LHS proteins with other preparations tested in this manner."}
{"id": "PMID:262455", "title": "Parents' subjective evaluation of a self-help education-exercise program for asthmatic children and their parents.", "content": "A self-help education-exercise program for asthmatic children and their parents was evaluated in Denver, Colorado. The objective of the program was to instill better self-care practices in the child which are expected to reduce utilization and cost of medical services and reduce the amount of interference in the child's normal activities. The program was designed to educate the family about the nature of asthma and its treatment, the importance of self-responsibility for the child, and the psychosocial aspects which may affect both the child and the parents in a family with an asthmatic child. The program also included specific lessons pertaining to self-care practices including general health exercises on land and in water, relaxation training, and diaphragmatic breathing. The results of subjective evaluations of the parents indicated that the program was successful in achieving its goals to: Reduce the number of severe attacks, reduce medication usage, improve compliance, reduce days of school missed, increase exercise activity, and control wheezing by the steps taught in the course. While the results are suggestive, a further, controlled evaluation of the program is recommended.", "contents": "Parents' subjective evaluation of a self-help education-exercise program for asthmatic children and their parents. A self-help education-exercise program for asthmatic children and their parents was evaluated in Denver, Colorado. The objective of the program was to instill better self-care practices in the child which are expected to reduce utilization and cost of medical services and reduce the amount of interference in the child's normal activities. The program was designed to educate the family about the nature of asthma and its treatment, the importance of self-responsibility for the child, and the psychosocial aspects which may affect both the child and the parents in a family with an asthmatic child. The program also included specific lessons pertaining to self-care practices including general health exercises on land and in water, relaxation training, and diaphragmatic breathing. The results of subjective evaluations of the parents indicated that the program was successful in achieving its goals to: Reduce the number of severe attacks, reduce medication usage, improve compliance, reduce days of school missed, increase exercise activity, and control wheezing by the steps taught in the course. While the results are suggestive, a further, controlled evaluation of the program is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:262459", "title": "Development of a distinctive feature discrimination test.", "content": "Construction and standardization is described of a distinctive feature discrimination test (DFDT) incorporating a modified Miller-Nicely system of distinctive features. The test is a rhyme-type where error responses in a closed set were chosen to be one, two, and three distinctive features removed from the stimulus word. Performance-intensity (P.I) functions were established with 6 normal-hearing young women (12 ears) at SPLs or 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 db under each of three filter bandpass conditions: .2-6, .2-1.2, and .2-.6 kc/s. P-I functions were presented for unweighted scores and for scores where error responses were weighted in terms of distinctive feature differences from stimulus items. The 4 DFDT lists generated, and their 3 randomizations each, appear to have a reasonable degree of inter-list reliability and it is felt that the 12 resultant list may be used interchangeably, This preliminary study indicated that the DFDT test may provide more diagnostic information than currently-used discrimination test.", "contents": "Development of a distinctive feature discrimination test. Construction and standardization is described of a distinctive feature discrimination test (DFDT) incorporating a modified Miller-Nicely system of distinctive features. The test is a rhyme-type where error responses in a closed set were chosen to be one, two, and three distinctive features removed from the stimulus word. Performance-intensity (P.I) functions were established with 6 normal-hearing young women (12 ears) at SPLs or 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 db under each of three filter bandpass conditions: .2-6, .2-1.2, and .2-.6 kc/s. P-I functions were presented for unweighted scores and for scores where error responses were weighted in terms of distinctive feature differences from stimulus items. The 4 DFDT lists generated, and their 3 randomizations each, appear to have a reasonable degree of inter-list reliability and it is felt that the 12 resultant list may be used interchangeably, This preliminary study indicated that the DFDT test may provide more diagnostic information than currently-used discrimination test."}
{"id": "PMID:262461", "title": "Time-compressed spondaic words as a measure of speech reception threshold.", "content": "Lists A and B of the C.I.D. W-1 spondees were time-compressed with a Lexicon Varispeech I unit. SRTs were collected from one ear of each of 60 normal-hearing young adults. No list differences were found. The R ears of 30 Ss were superior to the L ears of 30 Ss by 0.8 db. Mean SRTs collapsed across lists and ears were 9.3-10.7-13.2 db for the compressions in the order 0-40-60%. The differences were judged clinically insignificant, nevertheless when considered with earlier data it may be concluded that time-compressed spondees may come to have use as a clinical device.", "contents": "Time-compressed spondaic words as a measure of speech reception threshold. Lists A and B of the C.I.D. W-1 spondees were time-compressed with a Lexicon Varispeech I unit. SRTs were collected from one ear of each of 60 normal-hearing young adults. No list differences were found. The R ears of 30 Ss were superior to the L ears of 30 Ss by 0.8 db. Mean SRTs collapsed across lists and ears were 9.3-10.7-13.2 db for the compressions in the order 0-40-60%. The differences were judged clinically insignificant, nevertheless when considered with earlier data it may be concluded that time-compressed spondees may come to have use as a clinical device."}
{"id": "PMID:262462", "title": "The additive effects of two mutant genes on otolith formation in mice: an animal model to assess otolith function.", "content": "This study examined the additive effects of two mutant genes, pallid (pa) and tilted head (th), on otolith formation in mice. Four strains of mice were bred: (1) a control strain, heterozygous for both pa and th. (2) a pallid strain, homozygous for pa, (3) a tilted head strain, homozygous for th, and (4) a double mutant strain, homozygous for both pa and th. The results were confirmed (1) behaviorally, by the animals' ability to swim, and (2) by histological examination of the inner ear. The findings suggest significant differences in mean otolith scores between all possible pairs of strains. As expected, the controls had normal otoliths and the pa/th strain the most severe otolith defects. Furthermore, there was a significant directional asymmetry in mean otolith scores between the utricle and saccule of the R and L ears for both pa and th strains. The results also showed a highly significant linear relationship between poor swimming ability and reduction of otoconia (r = 0.94, F = 92.14, p less than .001).", "contents": "The additive effects of two mutant genes on otolith formation in mice: an animal model to assess otolith function. This study examined the additive effects of two mutant genes, pallid (pa) and tilted head (th), on otolith formation in mice. Four strains of mice were bred: (1) a control strain, heterozygous for both pa and th. (2) a pallid strain, homozygous for pa, (3) a tilted head strain, homozygous for th, and (4) a double mutant strain, homozygous for both pa and th. The results were confirmed (1) behaviorally, by the animals' ability to swim, and (2) by histological examination of the inner ear. The findings suggest significant differences in mean otolith scores between all possible pairs of strains. As expected, the controls had normal otoliths and the pa/th strain the most severe otolith defects. Furthermore, there was a significant directional asymmetry in mean otolith scores between the utricle and saccule of the R and L ears for both pa and th strains. The results also showed a highly significant linear relationship between poor swimming ability and reduction of otoconia (r = 0.94, F = 92.14, p less than .001)."}
{"id": "PMID:262463", "title": "Level dependence of critical bandwidth: notched-noise masking paradigm.", "content": "The effect of increased stimulus level on critical bandwidth was investigated. Noise-masked, pulsed-tone thresholds were obtained by a Bekesy tracking procedure from 4 practiced normal-hearing adults at .5, 1, 2, and 4 kc/s. Tones were placed symmetrically within a band-reject region. Critical bandwidth was taken as the frequency separation between noise bands at which masked tonal threshold began to change and was found to increase fairly regularly as the spectrum level of the noise increased from 30-60 db SPL. However, the data at 60 db SPL may have been influenced a 2 and 4 kc/s by the detection of aural distortion products. The suggestion was made that when signal frequency is outside the spectral limits of the masker, critical bandwidth widens as masker level is raised; however, when signal frequency is within the spectral limits of the masker (as with a continuous noise wit no notches), critical bandwidth remains unchanged up to 80 bd SPL.", "contents": "Level dependence of critical bandwidth: notched-noise masking paradigm. The effect of increased stimulus level on critical bandwidth was investigated. Noise-masked, pulsed-tone thresholds were obtained by a Bekesy tracking procedure from 4 practiced normal-hearing adults at .5, 1, 2, and 4 kc/s. Tones were placed symmetrically within a band-reject region. Critical bandwidth was taken as the frequency separation between noise bands at which masked tonal threshold began to change and was found to increase fairly regularly as the spectrum level of the noise increased from 30-60 db SPL. However, the data at 60 db SPL may have been influenced a 2 and 4 kc/s by the detection of aural distortion products. The suggestion was made that when signal frequency is outside the spectral limits of the masker, critical bandwidth widens as masker level is raised; however, when signal frequency is within the spectral limits of the masker (as with a continuous noise wit no notches), critical bandwidth remains unchanged up to 80 bd SPL."}
{"id": "PMID:262464", "title": "Dynamic auditory localization: systematic replication of the auditory velocity function.", "content": "Two experiments explored the capability of normal-hearing adults to judge the apparent velocity of an unseen moving sound source. In exper. I, 9 naive and, 1 experienced S judged the velocity of a moving source emitting a .5-kc/s tone at 50 db SPL. S's head was in the center of a circle of 1.88-m radius swept by a small loudspeaker. In exper. II the sound was a low-pass-filtered (0.1-1 kc/s) noise at 50 db sound spectrum level. In both experiments perceived velocity was directly proportional to the actual velocity of the source. These results support out initial observations (Waugh et al, J. Aud. Res., 1979, 19, 103-1 10) that auditory velocity discrimination can be described as a power function with an exponent of 1.0. In exper. II the Ss also varied the sound source velocity by means of a variable resistor to produce a perceived velocity of 100 degrees/sec. Performance on the adaptive velocity production task was successfully predicted from the data of the absolute velocity judgment task. The Weber fraction was .052 for relatively fast-moving sound sources (100 degrees/sec). The ability to discriminate sound source velocity appears to be a well-defined feature of the dynamic binaural spatial system.", "contents": "Dynamic auditory localization: systematic replication of the auditory velocity function. Two experiments explored the capability of normal-hearing adults to judge the apparent velocity of an unseen moving sound source. In exper. I, 9 naive and, 1 experienced S judged the velocity of a moving source emitting a .5-kc/s tone at 50 db SPL. S's head was in the center of a circle of 1.88-m radius swept by a small loudspeaker. In exper. II the sound was a low-pass-filtered (0.1-1 kc/s) noise at 50 db sound spectrum level. In both experiments perceived velocity was directly proportional to the actual velocity of the source. These results support out initial observations (Waugh et al, J. Aud. Res., 1979, 19, 103-1 10) that auditory velocity discrimination can be described as a power function with an exponent of 1.0. In exper. II the Ss also varied the sound source velocity by means of a variable resistor to produce a perceived velocity of 100 degrees/sec. Performance on the adaptive velocity production task was successfully predicted from the data of the absolute velocity judgment task. The Weber fraction was .052 for relatively fast-moving sound sources (100 degrees/sec). The ability to discriminate sound source velocity appears to be a well-defined feature of the dynamic binaural spatial system."}
{"id": "PMID:262465", "title": "Field and laboratory studies of moving and temporally variable noise sources (aircraft); perception of location, movement, and direction.", "content": "The conditions were examined under which more valid and reliable estimates could be made of the effects of aircraft noise on people. In Exper. 1, 12 Ss in 2 different houses directly under the flight path of a major airport (JFK) indicated 1 of 12 possible flight paths (4 directly overhead and 8 to one side) for each of 3 jet aircraft flyovers: 3% of cases in House A and 56% in House B (which had open windows) were correctly identified. Despite judgment inaccuracy, Ss were more than moderately certain of the correctness of their judgments. In Exper. II. Ss either inside or outside of 2 houses in Wallops Station, Virginia, indicated on diagrams the direction of flyovers. Each of 4 aircraft (Boeing 737, C-54, UE-1 helicopter, Queenaire) made 8 flyovers directly over the houses and 8 to one side. Windows were either open or closed. All flyovers and conditions were counterbalanced. All sound sources under all conditions were usually judged to be overhead and moving, but for Ss indoors with windows closed the to-the-side flyovers were judged to be off to the side in 24% of cases. Outdoor Ss reported correct direction in 75% of cases while indoor Ss were correct in only 25% (windows open) or 18% (windows closed). Judgments \"to the side\" were significantly better (p = less than .02) with windows open vs closed, while with windows closed judgments were significantly better (p = less than .05) for flyovers overhead vs to the side. In Exper. III, Ss localized in azimuth and in the vertical plane recorded noises (10 1-oct noise bands of CF = 28.12 c/s - 14.4kc/s, spoken voice, and jet aircraft takeoffs and landings), presented through 1, 2, or 4 floor-level loudspeakers at each corner of a simulated living room (4.2 x 5.4m)built inside an IAC soundproof room. Aircraft noises presented by 4 loudspeakers were localized as \"directly\" overhead 80% of the time and \"generally overhead\" about 90% of the time; other sounds were so localized about 50% and 75% of the time respectively. Through only 2 loudspeakers, aircraft noises were localized 25-36 degrees above horizontal. Implications are that acoustic realism can be achieved in simulated aircraft overflights and that future laboratory noise-effects research should incorporate the required conditions.", "contents": "Field and laboratory studies of moving and temporally variable noise sources (aircraft); perception of location, movement, and direction. The conditions were examined under which more valid and reliable estimates could be made of the effects of aircraft noise on people. In Exper. 1, 12 Ss in 2 different houses directly under the flight path of a major airport (JFK) indicated 1 of 12 possible flight paths (4 directly overhead and 8 to one side) for each of 3 jet aircraft flyovers: 3% of cases in House A and 56% in House B (which had open windows) were correctly identified. Despite judgment inaccuracy, Ss were more than moderately certain of the correctness of their judgments. In Exper. II. Ss either inside or outside of 2 houses in Wallops Station, Virginia, indicated on diagrams the direction of flyovers. Each of 4 aircraft (Boeing 737, C-54, UE-1 helicopter, Queenaire) made 8 flyovers directly over the houses and 8 to one side. Windows were either open or closed. All flyovers and conditions were counterbalanced. All sound sources under all conditions were usually judged to be overhead and moving, but for Ss indoors with windows closed the to-the-side flyovers were judged to be off to the side in 24% of cases. Outdoor Ss reported correct direction in 75% of cases while indoor Ss were correct in only 25% (windows open) or 18% (windows closed). Judgments \"to the side\" were significantly better (p = less than .02) with windows open vs closed, while with windows closed judgments were significantly better (p = less than .05) for flyovers overhead vs to the side. In Exper. III, Ss localized in azimuth and in the vertical plane recorded noises (10 1-oct noise bands of CF = 28.12 c/s - 14.4kc/s, spoken voice, and jet aircraft takeoffs and landings), presented through 1, 2, or 4 floor-level loudspeakers at each corner of a simulated living room (4.2 x 5.4m)built inside an IAC soundproof room. Aircraft noises presented by 4 loudspeakers were localized as \"directly\" overhead 80% of the time and \"generally overhead\" about 90% of the time; other sounds were so localized about 50% and 75% of the time respectively. Through only 2 loudspeakers, aircraft noises were localized 25-36 degrees above horizontal. Implications are that acoustic realism can be achieved in simulated aircraft overflights and that future laboratory noise-effects research should incorporate the required conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:262495", "title": "[Significance of the depressed state in obese people: definition of a risk group].", "content": "This study concerns frequency and meaning of depressive conditions in obese patients. The examination was carried out with two groups of 39 obese subjects, 30 women and 9 men. The patients with depressive symptoms differed highly significantly from those without depressive symptoms in relation to the age of the beginning of their overweight. They became overweight preponderantly as adults, striking frequently in correlation with the situations of emotional stress. This would support the hypothesis of this study, that depressive states as an organism variable in this group of patients has essential influence as well for the onset as for the maintenance of the overweight.", "contents": "[Significance of the depressed state in obese people: definition of a risk group]. This study concerns frequency and meaning of depressive conditions in obese patients. The examination was carried out with two groups of 39 obese subjects, 30 women and 9 men. The patients with depressive symptoms differed highly significantly from those without depressive symptoms in relation to the age of the beginning of their overweight. They became overweight preponderantly as adults, striking frequently in correlation with the situations of emotional stress. This would support the hypothesis of this study, that depressive states as an organism variable in this group of patients has essential influence as well for the onset as for the maintenance of the overweight."}
{"id": "PMID:262496", "title": "[Word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances as differential diagnosis criteria between endogenous and exogenous paranoid-hallucination syndrome].", "content": "Through the 'classical' psychopathological symptoms only, one sometimes cannot clearly differentiate between an endogenous and an exogenous psychosis. But through the identification of word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances, which are characteristic schizophrenic symptoms, one can put the diagnosis of schizophrenia in such cases. This diagnosis can be stated through the course of the illness and its therapy.", "contents": "[Word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances as differential diagnosis criteria between endogenous and exogenous paranoid-hallucination syndrome]. Through the 'classical' psychopathological symptoms only, one sometimes cannot clearly differentiate between an endogenous and an exogenous psychosis. But through the identification of word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances, which are characteristic schizophrenic symptoms, one can put the diagnosis of schizophrenia in such cases. This diagnosis can be stated through the course of the illness and its therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:262497", "title": "[An interpretation deduced from word field disturbances and sentence disturbances in schizophrenia: a psychological study].", "content": "We investigated the occurrence of word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances in the text of schizophrenic patients. Through the connection of these disturbances with relevant biographical data of the patient and through a psychological interpretation we found that the occurrence of these disturbances is not accidental, but has a relevant psychological meaning for the patient.", "contents": "[An interpretation deduced from word field disturbances and sentence disturbances in schizophrenia: a psychological study]. We investigated the occurrence of word field disturbances and sentence field disturbances in the text of schizophrenic patients. Through the connection of these disturbances with relevant biographical data of the patient and through a psychological interpretation we found that the occurrence of these disturbances is not accidental, but has a relevant psychological meaning for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:262498", "title": "Sulpiride and headache syndromes.", "content": "Numerous studies have indicated that sulpiride exerts a positive effect upon several psychosomatic symptoms. This effect is generally believed to depend on the thymoanaleptic activity of the molecule. Since headache can often represent the warning symptom of a masked depression, in the present study sulpiride has been administered to patients suffering from nonorganic headache syndromes. The results obtained confirm the efficacy of sulpiride in relieving headache and other psychosomatic discomforts.", "contents": "Sulpiride and headache syndromes. Numerous studies have indicated that sulpiride exerts a positive effect upon several psychosomatic symptoms. This effect is generally believed to depend on the thymoanaleptic activity of the molecule. Since headache can often represent the warning symptom of a masked depression, in the present study sulpiride has been administered to patients suffering from nonorganic headache syndromes. The results obtained confirm the efficacy of sulpiride in relieving headache and other psychosomatic discomforts."}
{"id": "PMID:262499", "title": "Variations in self-assessment of personality characteristics in depressed patients, with special reference to aspects of aggression.", "content": "30 in-patients, 14 male and 16 female, aged 24-69 years (mean age 47.1 +/- 2.7) suffering from a moderately severe or severe depressive syndrome completed a new personality inventory, the KSP, on two separate occasions. The first-when they were depressed and had just been admitted to the hospital, the second when they were at home and in their customary situation. On the same test occasions the severity of their psychopathology was rated by means of the CPRS. A significant improvement in CPRS rating was ascertained on the second test occasion. In contrast only small changes occurred in the subscales of the KSP. The score referring to 'psychic anxiety' and to 'somatic anxiety' decreased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05). The scores referring to 'social desirability' also showed a significant (p less than 0.01) slight decrease. Of particular note is that no significant differences were found in the 6 KSP subscales concerned with aspects of aggression, or in the factors which can be obtained from these subscales. Our findings amongst this population of non-psychotic depressed patients do not support the assumption that changes in the direction of aggression occur during depression.", "contents": "Variations in self-assessment of personality characteristics in depressed patients, with special reference to aspects of aggression. 30 in-patients, 14 male and 16 female, aged 24-69 years (mean age 47.1 +/- 2.7) suffering from a moderately severe or severe depressive syndrome completed a new personality inventory, the KSP, on two separate occasions. The first-when they were depressed and had just been admitted to the hospital, the second when they were at home and in their customary situation. On the same test occasions the severity of their psychopathology was rated by means of the CPRS. A significant improvement in CPRS rating was ascertained on the second test occasion. In contrast only small changes occurred in the subscales of the KSP. The score referring to 'psychic anxiety' and to 'somatic anxiety' decreased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05). The scores referring to 'social desirability' also showed a significant (p less than 0.01) slight decrease. Of particular note is that no significant differences were found in the 6 KSP subscales concerned with aspects of aggression, or in the factors which can be obtained from these subscales. Our findings amongst this population of non-psychotic depressed patients do not support the assumption that changes in the direction of aggression occur during depression."}
{"id": "PMID:262500", "title": "[Pathological lability of venous fasting blood sugar regulation in psychotic disease].", "content": "The lability of peripheral venous postabsorptive blood sugar regulation was investigated in 98 patients suffering from floridly psychotic diseases (45 somatically based psychoses, 27 endogenous/involutional depressions, and 26 schizophrenic psychoses). In total, 259 times, in 30-sec intervals, 10 fasting blood sugar values each were determined (so-called 'Anderson curves'). The maximal normal range of 36 mg% of spontaneous blood sugar oscillations in normal probands was exceeded in 17% of depressive, in 15% of schizophrenic, and in 12% of somatically based psychoses. The frequency and probability of appearance of pathological Anderson curves proved independently of any clinical-psychiatric diagnosis, and only significantly correlated with the criterion 'psychotically ill'. Discussed are primary central deviations from nominal gluco-sensitive regulatory 'tone' as postulated cause of pathological lability of venous blood sugar homeostasis resulting. Besides additional, pre-known glucose-metabolic derangements accompanying certain neuropsychiatric syndromes, pathological Anderson curves in psychotic illness are looked at as unspecific functional deviations involving bipolar-adrenergic dysbalances.", "contents": "[Pathological lability of venous fasting blood sugar regulation in psychotic disease]. The lability of peripheral venous postabsorptive blood sugar regulation was investigated in 98 patients suffering from floridly psychotic diseases (45 somatically based psychoses, 27 endogenous/involutional depressions, and 26 schizophrenic psychoses). In total, 259 times, in 30-sec intervals, 10 fasting blood sugar values each were determined (so-called 'Anderson curves'). The maximal normal range of 36 mg% of spontaneous blood sugar oscillations in normal probands was exceeded in 17% of depressive, in 15% of schizophrenic, and in 12% of somatically based psychoses. The frequency and probability of appearance of pathological Anderson curves proved independently of any clinical-psychiatric diagnosis, and only significantly correlated with the criterion 'psychotically ill'. Discussed are primary central deviations from nominal gluco-sensitive regulatory 'tone' as postulated cause of pathological lability of venous blood sugar homeostasis resulting. Besides additional, pre-known glucose-metabolic derangements accompanying certain neuropsychiatric syndromes, pathological Anderson curves in psychotic illness are looked at as unspecific functional deviations involving bipolar-adrenergic dysbalances."}
{"id": "PMID:262546", "title": "Recent advances in platelet structural physiology.", "content": "Platelet structural physiology has contributed significantly to our understanding of basic mechanisms of platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis. Current evidence indicates that platelets are a form of muscle cell with specialized capabilities for secretion and adhesion-aggregation. Activation of the discoid cell by any agent appears to involve a perturbation of the membrane resulting in movement of calcium from the cell wall to the interior. The calcium flux stimulates phospholipase A2 to cleave arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids starting the cascade of prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, the movement of calcium to the cytoplasm initiates contraction leading to shape change. Products formed during prostaglandin synthesis, particularly thromboxane A2, act as ionophores to transport additional calcium from the dense tubular system to the cytoplasm amplifying the wave of contraction. Alterations in organelle membranes result in their fusion with channels of the open canalicular system. The contractile wave causes extrusion of secretory products which stimulate other platelets to become involved in formation of irreversible aggregates in vitro and hemostatic plugs in vivo. Mechanisms regulating platelet stimulation-contraction-secretion coupling are currently under investigation.", "contents": "Recent advances in platelet structural physiology. Platelet structural physiology has contributed significantly to our understanding of basic mechanisms of platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis. Current evidence indicates that platelets are a form of muscle cell with specialized capabilities for secretion and adhesion-aggregation. Activation of the discoid cell by any agent appears to involve a perturbation of the membrane resulting in movement of calcium from the cell wall to the interior. The calcium flux stimulates phospholipase A2 to cleave arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids starting the cascade of prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, the movement of calcium to the cytoplasm initiates contraction leading to shape change. Products formed during prostaglandin synthesis, particularly thromboxane A2, act as ionophores to transport additional calcium from the dense tubular system to the cytoplasm amplifying the wave of contraction. Alterations in organelle membranes result in their fusion with channels of the open canalicular system. The contractile wave causes extrusion of secretory products which stimulate other platelets to become involved in formation of irreversible aggregates in vitro and hemostatic plugs in vivo. Mechanisms regulating platelet stimulation-contraction-secretion coupling are currently under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:262547", "title": "Current noise parameters derived from voltage noise and impedance in embryonic heart cell aggregates.", "content": "We have recorded membrane impedance and voltage noise in the pacemaker range of potentials (-70 to -59 mV) from spheroidal aggregates of 7-d embryonic chick ventricle cells made quiescent by exposure to tetrodotoxin in medium containing 4.5 mM K+. The input capacitance is proportional to aggregate volume and therefore to total membrane area. The specific membrane capacitance is 1.24 microF/cm2. The input resistance at constant potential is inversely proportional to aggregate volume and therefore to total membrane area. The specific membrane resistance in 18 k omega . cm2 at -70 mV and increases to 81 k omega . cm2 at -59 mV. The RC time constant is 22 ms at -70 mV and increases to 146 ms at -59 mV. The aggregate transmembrane small-signal impedance can be represented by a parallel RC circuit itself in parallel with an inductive branch consisting of a resistor (rL) and an inductor (L) in series. The time constant of the inductive branch (L/rL) is 340 ms, and is only weakly dependent on potential. Correlation functions of aggregate voltage noise and the impedance data were modeled by a population of channels with simple open-close kinetics. The time constant of a channel (tau s) derived from the noise analysis is 300 ms. The low frequency limit of the pacemaker current noise (SI[0]), derived from the voltage noise and impedance, increases from 10(-20) A2/Hz . cm2 at -67 mV to 10(-19) A2/Hz . cm2 at -61 mV.", "contents": "Current noise parameters derived from voltage noise and impedance in embryonic heart cell aggregates. We have recorded membrane impedance and voltage noise in the pacemaker range of potentials (-70 to -59 mV) from spheroidal aggregates of 7-d embryonic chick ventricle cells made quiescent by exposure to tetrodotoxin in medium containing 4.5 mM K+. The input capacitance is proportional to aggregate volume and therefore to total membrane area. The specific membrane capacitance is 1.24 microF/cm2. The input resistance at constant potential is inversely proportional to aggregate volume and therefore to total membrane area. The specific membrane resistance in 18 k omega . cm2 at -70 mV and increases to 81 k omega . cm2 at -59 mV. The RC time constant is 22 ms at -70 mV and increases to 146 ms at -59 mV. The aggregate transmembrane small-signal impedance can be represented by a parallel RC circuit itself in parallel with an inductive branch consisting of a resistor (rL) and an inductor (L) in series. The time constant of the inductive branch (L/rL) is 340 ms, and is only weakly dependent on potential. Correlation functions of aggregate voltage noise and the impedance data were modeled by a population of channels with simple open-close kinetics. The time constant of a channel (tau s) derived from the noise analysis is 300 ms. The low frequency limit of the pacemaker current noise (SI[0]), derived from the voltage noise and impedance, increases from 10(-20) A2/Hz . cm2 at -67 mV to 10(-19) A2/Hz . cm2 at -61 mV."}
{"id": "PMID:262548", "title": "An analytic solution to the F\u00f6rster energy transfer problem in two dimensions.", "content": "An analytic solution of the F\u00f6rster energy transfer problem in two dimensions is presented for the case in which the orientation factor is independent of the donor-acceptor distance, and both the donors and acceptors are randomly distributed in a plane. A general solution based on the method of F\u00f6rster is possible since all distances are measured in units of R0. The analytic solution is extended to the cases of donors embedded in structures that exclude acceptors, and donors that bind acceptors. The validity of the analytic solutions is demonstrated by comparison with numerical simulation calculations. Numerical approximations to the exact solutions are given for ease of computation. Specific applications to the case of fluorescence quenching of a membrane-bound donor by membrane-bound acceptors are presented.", "contents": "An analytic solution to the F\u00f6rster energy transfer problem in two dimensions. An analytic solution of the F\u00f6rster energy transfer problem in two dimensions is presented for the case in which the orientation factor is independent of the donor-acceptor distance, and both the donors and acceptors are randomly distributed in a plane. A general solution based on the method of F\u00f6rster is possible since all distances are measured in units of R0. The analytic solution is extended to the cases of donors embedded in structures that exclude acceptors, and donors that bind acceptors. The validity of the analytic solutions is demonstrated by comparison with numerical simulation calculations. Numerical approximations to the exact solutions are given for ease of computation. Specific applications to the case of fluorescence quenching of a membrane-bound donor by membrane-bound acceptors are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:262549", "title": "Contraction of glycerinated muscle fibers as a function of the ATP concentration.", "content": "We have measured the force-velocity curves of glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers over a range of ATP concentration from 2.5 microM to 5 mM. As the ATP concentration is increased, the isometric tension increases to a maximum around 50 microM, then decreases to a plateau at 70% of the maximum by 1 mM ATP. At low ATP concentrations the maximum velocity of contraction is low and increases with increasing ATP, reaching a plateau at approximately 2 lengths per second by 1 mM ATP. Our studies suggest that the binding of ATP dissociates the myosin head from actin in the contracting muscle, a reaction similar to that seen in solution. We have constructed models of the actin-myosin-nucleotide interactions based on a kinetic scheme derived from solution studies. The fit of these models to the data shows that the rates of some reactions in the fiber must be considerably different from the rates of the analogous reactions in solution. The data is best fit by models in which head attachment occurs rapidly at the beginning of a power stroke, head detachment occurs rapidly at the end of the power stroke, and the force produced by a myosin head in a power stroke is independent of velocity.", "contents": "Contraction of glycerinated muscle fibers as a function of the ATP concentration. We have measured the force-velocity curves of glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers over a range of ATP concentration from 2.5 microM to 5 mM. As the ATP concentration is increased, the isometric tension increases to a maximum around 50 microM, then decreases to a plateau at 70% of the maximum by 1 mM ATP. At low ATP concentrations the maximum velocity of contraction is low and increases with increasing ATP, reaching a plateau at approximately 2 lengths per second by 1 mM ATP. Our studies suggest that the binding of ATP dissociates the myosin head from actin in the contracting muscle, a reaction similar to that seen in solution. We have constructed models of the actin-myosin-nucleotide interactions based on a kinetic scheme derived from solution studies. The fit of these models to the data shows that the rates of some reactions in the fiber must be considerably different from the rates of the analogous reactions in solution. The data is best fit by models in which head attachment occurs rapidly at the beginning of a power stroke, head detachment occurs rapidly at the end of the power stroke, and the force produced by a myosin head in a power stroke is independent of velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:262550", "title": "Effect of the anesthetics benzyl alcohol and chloroform on bilayers made from monolayers.", "content": "The neutral anesthetics chloroform and benzyl alcohol, at concentrations that block the nerve impulse, greatly modify the transport parameters of positive and negative ions in lipid bilayers made from monolayers. Both chloroform and benzyl alcohol increase the membrane permeability to these ions and increase the translocation rate for tetraphenylborate. It was found that both anesthetics increase the membrane permeability to positive ions more markedly than to negative ions. It was also found that the membrane capacitance increases lineary with the concentration of benzyl alcohol. At 51 mM benzyl alcohol, the increase in capacitance is approximately 6%. Chloroform also increases the membrane capacitance; the increase in capacitance was found to be 6% at 18 mM chloroform. An analysis of the changes in the transport parameters of the lipophilic ions, together with the changes in membrane capacitance, suggests that benzyl alcohol and chloroform modify the dipole potential and dielectric constant of the membrane. Benzyl alcohol may also increase the \"fluidity\" of the lipid bilayer membranes. At 36 mM benzyl alcohol, the membrane permeability to acetamide increases by 38%.", "contents": "Effect of the anesthetics benzyl alcohol and chloroform on bilayers made from monolayers. The neutral anesthetics chloroform and benzyl alcohol, at concentrations that block the nerve impulse, greatly modify the transport parameters of positive and negative ions in lipid bilayers made from monolayers. Both chloroform and benzyl alcohol increase the membrane permeability to these ions and increase the translocation rate for tetraphenylborate. It was found that both anesthetics increase the membrane permeability to positive ions more markedly than to negative ions. It was also found that the membrane capacitance increases lineary with the concentration of benzyl alcohol. At 51 mM benzyl alcohol, the increase in capacitance is approximately 6%. Chloroform also increases the membrane capacitance; the increase in capacitance was found to be 6% at 18 mM chloroform. An analysis of the changes in the transport parameters of the lipophilic ions, together with the changes in membrane capacitance, suggests that benzyl alcohol and chloroform modify the dipole potential and dielectric constant of the membrane. Benzyl alcohol may also increase the \"fluidity\" of the lipid bilayer membranes. At 36 mM benzyl alcohol, the membrane permeability to acetamide increases by 38%."}
{"id": "PMID:262551", "title": "Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching. A new multipoint analysis of membrane translational dynamics.", "content": "A theoretical formulation and experimental methodology are presented for a new multipoint analysis of membrane translational dynamics. The redistribution of fluorescent probe after a localized photobleaching pulse is monitored at several locations by a focused laser beam sequentially scanned through the bleached area. The spatial information so obtained provides a unique sensitivity to possible systematic flow and a direct internal calibration of the characteristic transport distance. These capabilities are demonstrated with experimental data on a reconstituted multibilayer system.", "contents": "Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching. A new multipoint analysis of membrane translational dynamics. A theoretical formulation and experimental methodology are presented for a new multipoint analysis of membrane translational dynamics. The redistribution of fluorescent probe after a localized photobleaching pulse is monitored at several locations by a focused laser beam sequentially scanned through the bleached area. The spatial information so obtained provides a unique sensitivity to possible systematic flow and a direct internal calibration of the characteristic transport distance. These capabilities are demonstrated with experimental data on a reconstituted multibilayer system."}
{"id": "PMID:262552", "title": "Some preliminary studies of the effects of a static magnetic field on the life cycle of the Lebistes reticulatus (guppy).", "content": "Lebistes reticulatus (guppy) was subjected to a continuous treatment of a 500-G homogeneous magnetic field within a specially designed horseshoe magnet encompassing a small aquarium. The experiment was carried through several generations with the following results: in the first generation, the brood size was normal but the gestation period was reduced by 30%; the second generation had an average reduction of spawn rate of 50% and a reduction of the gestation period of 30%; and in the third generation, reproduction was completely inhibited as long as the fish remained within the magnetic field.", "contents": "Some preliminary studies of the effects of a static magnetic field on the life cycle of the Lebistes reticulatus (guppy). Lebistes reticulatus (guppy) was subjected to a continuous treatment of a 500-G homogeneous magnetic field within a specially designed horseshoe magnet encompassing a small aquarium. The experiment was carried through several generations with the following results: in the first generation, the brood size was normal but the gestation period was reduced by 30%; the second generation had an average reduction of spawn rate of 50% and a reduction of the gestation period of 30%; and in the third generation, reproduction was completely inhibited as long as the fish remained within the magnetic field."}
{"id": "PMID:262553", "title": "Correlation among the rates of dimer excision, DNA repair replication, and recovery of human cells from potentially lethal damage induced by ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "The kinetics of excision repair in confluent cultures of diploid human fibroblasts after ultraviolet irradiation at varying doses was measured by three different methods: (a) removal of thymine-containing dimers, (b) DNA excision repair synthesis, and (c) biological recovery of cells from the potentially lethal effects of the irradiation. Each method gave similar results and indicated that the excision rate was dependent upon the number of thymine-containing dimers induced (substrate concentration). For example, at a dose of 40 J/m2 (0.2% dimerization), the repair rate was 1.6 J/m2 per h as determined by a modified method to measure the number of thymine-containing dimers remaining in DNA and 1.65 J/m2 as measured by excision repair synthesis. At a dose of 7.5 J/m2, the repair rate was 0.5 J/m2 per h as measured by biological recovery, and at a dose of 7 J/m2, the repair rate was 0.46 J/m2 per h as measured by excision repair synthesis.", "contents": "Correlation among the rates of dimer excision, DNA repair replication, and recovery of human cells from potentially lethal damage induced by ultraviolet radiation. The kinetics of excision repair in confluent cultures of diploid human fibroblasts after ultraviolet irradiation at varying doses was measured by three different methods: (a) removal of thymine-containing dimers, (b) DNA excision repair synthesis, and (c) biological recovery of cells from the potentially lethal effects of the irradiation. Each method gave similar results and indicated that the excision rate was dependent upon the number of thymine-containing dimers induced (substrate concentration). For example, at a dose of 40 J/m2 (0.2% dimerization), the repair rate was 1.6 J/m2 per h as determined by a modified method to measure the number of thymine-containing dimers remaining in DNA and 1.65 J/m2 as measured by excision repair synthesis. At a dose of 7.5 J/m2, the repair rate was 0.5 J/m2 per h as measured by biological recovery, and at a dose of 7 J/m2, the repair rate was 0.46 J/m2 per h as measured by excision repair synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:262554", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance multiwindow analysis of proton local fields and magnetization distribution in natural and deuterated mouse muscle.", "content": "The proton free-induction decays, spin-spin relaxation times, local fields in the rotating frame, and spin-lattice relaxation times in the laboratory and rotating frames, in natural and fully deuterated mouse muscle, are reported. Measurements were taken above and below freezing temperature and at two time windows on the free-induction decay. A comparative analysis show that the magnetization fractions deduced from the different experiments are in good agreement. The main conclusion is that the resolution of the (heterogeneous) muscle nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) response is improved by the multiwindow analysis.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance multiwindow analysis of proton local fields and magnetization distribution in natural and deuterated mouse muscle. The proton free-induction decays, spin-spin relaxation times, local fields in the rotating frame, and spin-lattice relaxation times in the laboratory and rotating frames, in natural and fully deuterated mouse muscle, are reported. Measurements were taken above and below freezing temperature and at two time windows on the free-induction decay. A comparative analysis show that the magnetization fractions deduced from the different experiments are in good agreement. The main conclusion is that the resolution of the (heterogeneous) muscle nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) response is improved by the multiwindow analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:262555", "title": "Internally perfused Myxicola giant axons showing long-term survival.", "content": "An improved method for internally perfusing the Myxicola giant axon based on removing the axoplasm by dispersing it in KCl-KF salt solutions is described. Proteolytic enzymes are not introduced. With this improved method perfused preparations show long-term stability of their electrical properties and the ability to generate action potentials for many hours. Mean initial values for resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, and peak inward current were -68 mV, 118 mV, and 3.62 mA/cm2, respectively. Mean resting membrane resistance was 75% of that in intact axons. In one series of voltage clamp experiments, perfused preparations remained excitable for a mean period of 5 1/2 h, but this period could exceed 10 h. 4 min are needed for exchange of internal solutions. At least 50 mM KF is required both in the axoplasm liquefying solution and in the standard perfusate to obtain stable preparations.", "contents": "Internally perfused Myxicola giant axons showing long-term survival. An improved method for internally perfusing the Myxicola giant axon based on removing the axoplasm by dispersing it in KCl-KF salt solutions is described. Proteolytic enzymes are not introduced. With this improved method perfused preparations show long-term stability of their electrical properties and the ability to generate action potentials for many hours. Mean initial values for resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, and peak inward current were -68 mV, 118 mV, and 3.62 mA/cm2, respectively. Mean resting membrane resistance was 75% of that in intact axons. In one series of voltage clamp experiments, perfused preparations remained excitable for a mean period of 5 1/2 h, but this period could exceed 10 h. 4 min are needed for exchange of internal solutions. At least 50 mM KF is required both in the axoplasm liquefying solution and in the standard perfusate to obtain stable preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:262557", "title": "Fluctuations in interbeat interval in rhythmic heart-cell clusters. Role of membrane voltage noise.", "content": "Small clusters of ventricular cells prepared from 7-d chick heart maintain spontaneous, stationary, rhythmic beating in culture for many hours. For clusters containing I-125 cells, mean interbeat interval (IBI) is 0.45 +/- 0.08 s and is independent of cell number (N), whereas, the coefficient of variation of IBI (C) is proportional to N-1/2. Because membrane voltage noise in such clusters would also be expected to vary as N-1/2, we propose a model relating fluctuation in IBI (sigma IBI) to voltage noise (sigma v). A simplified model consisting of random voltage fluctuations superimposed upon a linear pacemaker depolarization of slope a is used to analyze the N-dependent shape of the IBI histogram. Values of sigma v derived from the relation sigma IBI = sigma v/a, or calculated from the skewness of the measured IBI histograms, both agree well with those extrapolated from steady-state noise recorded from resting heart-cell aggregates.", "contents": "Fluctuations in interbeat interval in rhythmic heart-cell clusters. Role of membrane voltage noise. Small clusters of ventricular cells prepared from 7-d chick heart maintain spontaneous, stationary, rhythmic beating in culture for many hours. For clusters containing I-125 cells, mean interbeat interval (IBI) is 0.45 +/- 0.08 s and is independent of cell number (N), whereas, the coefficient of variation of IBI (C) is proportional to N-1/2. Because membrane voltage noise in such clusters would also be expected to vary as N-1/2, we propose a model relating fluctuation in IBI (sigma IBI) to voltage noise (sigma v). A simplified model consisting of random voltage fluctuations superimposed upon a linear pacemaker depolarization of slope a is used to analyze the N-dependent shape of the IBI histogram. Values of sigma v derived from the relation sigma IBI = sigma v/a, or calculated from the skewness of the measured IBI histograms, both agree well with those extrapolated from steady-state noise recorded from resting heart-cell aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:262558", "title": "Involvement of mitochondria in changes in fluorescein excitation and emission polarization spectra in living cells.", "content": "The comparison of fluorescein polarization spectra in living cells and in isolated subcellular structures identified the mitochondria as the cytoplasmic domain in which on excitation at 470 nm the sharp fluorescein emission polarization peak at 510 nm is formed. Changes in the emission polarization peak during the cell cycle or those induced by growth stimulators and inhibitors reflect structural changes in the mitochondria on their transition from the resting, orthodox into the active, ATP-generating, condensed conformation and vice versa. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the sharp emission polarization peak are discussed.", "contents": "Involvement of mitochondria in changes in fluorescein excitation and emission polarization spectra in living cells. The comparison of fluorescein polarization spectra in living cells and in isolated subcellular structures identified the mitochondria as the cytoplasmic domain in which on excitation at 470 nm the sharp fluorescein emission polarization peak at 510 nm is formed. Changes in the emission polarization peak during the cell cycle or those induced by growth stimulators and inhibitors reflect structural changes in the mitochondria on their transition from the resting, orthodox into the active, ATP-generating, condensed conformation and vice versa. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the sharp emission polarization peak are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262559", "title": "Effect of boundaries on the response of a neural network.", "content": "The effect an abrupt boundary has upon the dynamical response of a neural network is investigated. The retina of the Limulus eye is used as a model system for studying this effect. A theoretical technique is presented for the quantitative prediction of the manner in which this neural network responds in the vicinity of its boundary. Corresponding experimental measurements of the response to moving stimuli by single optic neurons located near retinal boundaries are presented. Theory and experiment show detailed quantitative agreement.", "contents": "Effect of boundaries on the response of a neural network. The effect an abrupt boundary has upon the dynamical response of a neural network is investigated. The retina of the Limulus eye is used as a model system for studying this effect. A theoretical technique is presented for the quantitative prediction of the manner in which this neural network responds in the vicinity of its boundary. Corresponding experimental measurements of the response to moving stimuli by single optic neurons located near retinal boundaries are presented. Theory and experiment show detailed quantitative agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:262560", "title": "Absorption spectra for the complexes formed from vitamin-A and beta-lactoglobulin.", "content": "The interactions between vitamin-A and beta-lactoglobulin have been investigated. We have found that two different complexes can be formed: one involving vitamin-A, and one involving a derivative of vitamin-A that most probably has a retro-beta-ionylidene structure. Room temperature absorption spectra for these complexes in phosphate buffer at pH 7.50 are reported and discussed.", "contents": "Absorption spectra for the complexes formed from vitamin-A and beta-lactoglobulin. The interactions between vitamin-A and beta-lactoglobulin have been investigated. We have found that two different complexes can be formed: one involving vitamin-A, and one involving a derivative of vitamin-A that most probably has a retro-beta-ionylidene structure. Room temperature absorption spectra for these complexes in phosphate buffer at pH 7.50 are reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:262561", "title": "Quasi-elastic light-scattering spectra of swimming spermatozoa. Rotational and translational effects.", "content": "The electric field autocorrelation functions of light scattered from normal swimming bull spermatozoa are shown to be dependent on the mean head rotation frequency and not on the translational speed of the cells, as previously believed. This result was obtained from numerical generation of functions in which spermatozoa were modeled as Rayleigh-Gans-Debye ellipsoids having semiaxes a = 0.5 micrometer, b = 2.3 micrometer, and c = 9.0 micrometer. The magnitude of c required to achieve agreement with the experimental data is larger than the half-length of the head region of the cell. This implies that the midpiece, which also lies along c, contributes to the scattering power. Details regarding swimming trajectory and head orientation are included in the model. Analyses of the calculated functions and comparisons with experimentally determined ones suggest that at a scattering angle of 15 degrees the electric field autocorrelation function can be fit a simple Lorentzian whose half-width is inversely proportional to the scattering vector and the mean head rotational frequency.", "contents": "Quasi-elastic light-scattering spectra of swimming spermatozoa. Rotational and translational effects. The electric field autocorrelation functions of light scattered from normal swimming bull spermatozoa are shown to be dependent on the mean head rotation frequency and not on the translational speed of the cells, as previously believed. This result was obtained from numerical generation of functions in which spermatozoa were modeled as Rayleigh-Gans-Debye ellipsoids having semiaxes a = 0.5 micrometer, b = 2.3 micrometer, and c = 9.0 micrometer. The magnitude of c required to achieve agreement with the experimental data is larger than the half-length of the head region of the cell. This implies that the midpiece, which also lies along c, contributes to the scattering power. Details regarding swimming trajectory and head orientation are included in the model. Analyses of the calculated functions and comparisons with experimentally determined ones suggest that at a scattering angle of 15 degrees the electric field autocorrelation function can be fit a simple Lorentzian whose half-width is inversely proportional to the scattering vector and the mean head rotational frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:262562", "title": "An analysis by low-angle neutron scattering of the structure of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica in detergent solution.", "content": "The acetylcholine receptor from the electric tissue of Torpedo californica is a large, integral membrane protein containing four different types of polypeptide chains. The structure of the purified receptor in detergent solution has previously been investigated by sedimentation analysis and gel filtration. Sedimentation analysis yielded a molecular weight of 250,000 for the protein moiety of the receptor monomer-detergent complex; hydrodynamic characteristics such as the Stokes radius, however, refer to the receptor-detergent complex. In this paper we report the results of our use of low-angle neutron scattering to investigate the shape of the receptor-detergent (Triton X-100 from Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) complex and separately of its protein and detergent moieties. By adjustment of the neutron-scattering density of the solvent with D2O to match that of one or the other of the moieties, its contribution to the scattering can be nearly, if not completely, eliminated. Neutron scattering from Triton X-100 micelles established that this detergent is contrast matched in approximately 18% D2O. Scattering measurements on the receptor-detergent complex in this solvent yielded a radius of gyration of the acetylcholine receptor monomer of 46 +/- 1A. The radius of gyration and molecular volume (305,000 A3) of the receptor are inconsistent with a compact spherical shape. These parameters are consistent with, for example, a prolate cylinder of dimensions (length x diameter) approximately 150 x approximately 50 A or an oblate cylinder, approximately 25 x approximately 130 A. More complex shapes are possible and in fact seem to be required to reconcile the present results with previous electron microscopic and x-ray analyses of receptor in membrane and with considerations of the function of the receptor in controlling ion permeability. The neutron-scattering data yield, in addition, an independent determination of the molecular weight of the receptor protein (240,000 +/- 40,000), the extent of Triton X-100 binding in the complex (approximately 0.4 g/g protein), and from the extended scattering curve, an approximation to the shape of the receptor-Triton X-100 complex, namely an oblate ellipsoid of axial ratio 1:4.", "contents": "An analysis by low-angle neutron scattering of the structure of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica in detergent solution. The acetylcholine receptor from the electric tissue of Torpedo californica is a large, integral membrane protein containing four different types of polypeptide chains. The structure of the purified receptor in detergent solution has previously been investigated by sedimentation analysis and gel filtration. Sedimentation analysis yielded a molecular weight of 250,000 for the protein moiety of the receptor monomer-detergent complex; hydrodynamic characteristics such as the Stokes radius, however, refer to the receptor-detergent complex. In this paper we report the results of our use of low-angle neutron scattering to investigate the shape of the receptor-detergent (Triton X-100 from Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) complex and separately of its protein and detergent moieties. By adjustment of the neutron-scattering density of the solvent with D2O to match that of one or the other of the moieties, its contribution to the scattering can be nearly, if not completely, eliminated. Neutron scattering from Triton X-100 micelles established that this detergent is contrast matched in approximately 18% D2O. Scattering measurements on the receptor-detergent complex in this solvent yielded a radius of gyration of the acetylcholine receptor monomer of 46 +/- 1A. The radius of gyration and molecular volume (305,000 A3) of the receptor are inconsistent with a compact spherical shape. These parameters are consistent with, for example, a prolate cylinder of dimensions (length x diameter) approximately 150 x approximately 50 A or an oblate cylinder, approximately 25 x approximately 130 A. More complex shapes are possible and in fact seem to be required to reconcile the present results with previous electron microscopic and x-ray analyses of receptor in membrane and with considerations of the function of the receptor in controlling ion permeability. The neutron-scattering data yield, in addition, an independent determination of the molecular weight of the receptor protein (240,000 +/- 40,000), the extent of Triton X-100 binding in the complex (approximately 0.4 g/g protein), and from the extended scattering curve, an approximation to the shape of the receptor-Triton X-100 complex, namely an oblate ellipsoid of axial ratio 1:4."}
{"id": "PMID:262563", "title": "X-ray response of Chinese hamster ovary cells during the latter part of G2.", "content": "The ability of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to repair x-radiation damage during the transit from the late G2 to early M cell cycle stages was investigated by conventional dose-fractionation techniques. Despite their relatively high radiation sensitivity, CHO cells positioned in late G2 exhibit increased survival when a given dose of ionizing radiation is administered as two fractions (separated by 40-50 min) instead of as a single fraction. This increased survival apparently represents repair since neither cell cycle progression nor changes in the number of \"effective targets\" can account for the observed dose-sparing effect.", "contents": "X-ray response of Chinese hamster ovary cells during the latter part of G2. The ability of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to repair x-radiation damage during the transit from the late G2 to early M cell cycle stages was investigated by conventional dose-fractionation techniques. Despite their relatively high radiation sensitivity, CHO cells positioned in late G2 exhibit increased survival when a given dose of ionizing radiation is administered as two fractions (separated by 40-50 min) instead of as a single fraction. This increased survival apparently represents repair since neither cell cycle progression nor changes in the number of \"effective targets\" can account for the observed dose-sparing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:262564", "title": "Autocorrelation analysis of hydrophobic ion current noise in lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "The autocorrelation function of a given process is related to its spectral density by the Wiener-Khintchine theorem, and both expressions contain the same information. We report here a measurement of the current noise produced in a lipid bilayer membrane doped with hydrophobic anions of dipicrylamine. The results are in good agreement both with relaxation measurements on the same membrane and with an analysis of the spectral density of the current noise for this system which has been presented by other workers. Although measurement of the spectral density function is generally more complete for technical reasons, the autocorrelation function provides, for the case studied here, more physical insight into the underlying charge transport mechanism. We find that the measured autocorrelation function is negative at short, but nonzero, times. This is a consequence of the operative conductance mechanism in this case, which cannot carry current continuously in the same direction without compensatory reverse flow.", "contents": "Autocorrelation analysis of hydrophobic ion current noise in lipid bilayer membranes. The autocorrelation function of a given process is related to its spectral density by the Wiener-Khintchine theorem, and both expressions contain the same information. We report here a measurement of the current noise produced in a lipid bilayer membrane doped with hydrophobic anions of dipicrylamine. The results are in good agreement both with relaxation measurements on the same membrane and with an analysis of the spectral density of the current noise for this system which has been presented by other workers. Although measurement of the spectral density function is generally more complete for technical reasons, the autocorrelation function provides, for the case studied here, more physical insight into the underlying charge transport mechanism. We find that the measured autocorrelation function is negative at short, but nonzero, times. This is a consequence of the operative conductance mechanism in this case, which cannot carry current continuously in the same direction without compensatory reverse flow."}
{"id": "PMID:262565", "title": "Clinical spectrum of \"unstable angina\".", "content": "In order to determine the natural evolution of different clinical types of \"unstable angina\", 167 patients were included in a prospective study. After angiography, 11 (6.5%) were excluded because they had no significant coronary lesions. The remaining 156 were sorted into different groups according to their clinical characteristics and were followed up for a period of 24 months at least. After that follow-up period, mortality and incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were as follows: angina of recent onset (Class III--IV NYHA): 8.5% (3/35) and 34.2% (12/35). Progressive angina: 7.4% (2/27) and 7.4% (2/27). Intermediate syndrome: 41.6% (10/24) and 37.5% (9/24). Prinzmetal's angina: 10% (1/10) and 10% (1/10). Post acute myocardial infarction angina: 35% (7/20) and 10% (2/20). Acute persistent ischemia: 2.5% (1/40) and 20% (8/40). Comparison of these figures pointed out significant differences (p less than 0.001 for mortality and p less than 0.03 for AMI incidence respectively). We conclude that it is clinically possible to identify different groups within the so-called unstable angina. Such a division not only allows for the creation of more homogeneous groups, but it contributes to a more rational therapeutic approach and also permits identification of high risk prodromes of greater complications, such as myocardial infarction or sudden death.", "contents": "Clinical spectrum of \"unstable angina\". In order to determine the natural evolution of different clinical types of \"unstable angina\", 167 patients were included in a prospective study. After angiography, 11 (6.5%) were excluded because they had no significant coronary lesions. The remaining 156 were sorted into different groups according to their clinical characteristics and were followed up for a period of 24 months at least. After that follow-up period, mortality and incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were as follows: angina of recent onset (Class III--IV NYHA): 8.5% (3/35) and 34.2% (12/35). Progressive angina: 7.4% (2/27) and 7.4% (2/27). Intermediate syndrome: 41.6% (10/24) and 37.5% (9/24). Prinzmetal's angina: 10% (1/10) and 10% (1/10). Post acute myocardial infarction angina: 35% (7/20) and 10% (2/20). Acute persistent ischemia: 2.5% (1/40) and 20% (8/40). Comparison of these figures pointed out significant differences (p less than 0.001 for mortality and p less than 0.03 for AMI incidence respectively). We conclude that it is clinically possible to identify different groups within the so-called unstable angina. Such a division not only allows for the creation of more homogeneous groups, but it contributes to a more rational therapeutic approach and also permits identification of high risk prodromes of greater complications, such as myocardial infarction or sudden death."}
{"id": "PMID:262566", "title": "Exercise 201thallium myocardial scans in patients with disease limited to the secondary branches of the left coronary system.", "content": "Coronary disease (greater than or equal to 50% narrowing) confined to only the diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery or to the marginal branch of the left circumflex artery, or both, is uncommon. Only 19 patients with disease as defined above were identified in a group of 1000 consecutive patients with an angiographic diagnosis of coronary heart disease. All 19 patients were studied because of angina pectoris and all underwent stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with 201Tl (201thallium) during maximal treadmill exercise testing (exercise electrocardiogram: E/ECG). Ten patients (52%) had positive E/ECG's; seven patients (36%) had positive 201Tl and 13 patients (68%) had one or both tests positive. In 12 patients, the diseased branch was small, i.e. it supplied a comparatively small portion of myocardium, and in seven patients it was determined to be large. The 201Tl test results were positive in four out of seven patients (57%) with large diseased branches, as compared with three out of 12 (25%) with small diseased branches (p: NS). Also, three out of seven patients (42%) with large diseased branches had positive E/ECG's as compared with seven out of 12 patients (58%) with small diseased branches (p: NS). Patients with branch disease may present with typical angina pectoris, however, they are rare and thus not likely to account for the majority of false-negative 201Tl test results among symptomatic patients with CHD. Approximately one-third of the patients with branch disease have positive 201Tl test results, one-half have positive E/ECG's, and in two-thirds, one or both tests are positive.", "contents": "Exercise 201thallium myocardial scans in patients with disease limited to the secondary branches of the left coronary system. Coronary disease (greater than or equal to 50% narrowing) confined to only the diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery or to the marginal branch of the left circumflex artery, or both, is uncommon. Only 19 patients with disease as defined above were identified in a group of 1000 consecutive patients with an angiographic diagnosis of coronary heart disease. All 19 patients were studied because of angina pectoris and all underwent stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with 201Tl (201thallium) during maximal treadmill exercise testing (exercise electrocardiogram: E/ECG). Ten patients (52%) had positive E/ECG's; seven patients (36%) had positive 201Tl and 13 patients (68%) had one or both tests positive. In 12 patients, the diseased branch was small, i.e. it supplied a comparatively small portion of myocardium, and in seven patients it was determined to be large. The 201Tl test results were positive in four out of seven patients (57%) with large diseased branches, as compared with three out of 12 (25%) with small diseased branches (p: NS). Also, three out of seven patients (42%) with large diseased branches had positive E/ECG's as compared with seven out of 12 patients (58%) with small diseased branches (p: NS). Patients with branch disease may present with typical angina pectoris, however, they are rare and thus not likely to account for the majority of false-negative 201Tl test results among symptomatic patients with CHD. Approximately one-third of the patients with branch disease have positive 201Tl test results, one-half have positive E/ECG's, and in two-thirds, one or both tests are positive."}
{"id": "PMID:262567", "title": "Dimeditiapramine (Ro 11-1781), a new calcium antagonist, in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "18 patients with acute myocardial infarction and sustained arrhythmias were treated with a new Ca2+ antagonist, Ro 11-1781, at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. The drug was effective in reducing heart rate to less than 90 beats/min in 9/10 patients with atrial fibrillation, in 3/4 patients with atrial flutter and in 3/4 patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The peak effect was observed within 2--5 min after the intravenous administration of Ro 11-1781. In cases with recurring tachyarrhythmias, the drug was also effective in repetitive administration. Systolic blood pressure was reduced, but severe hypotension (less than 90 mm Hg) was not observed. The atrioventricular conduction in these patients remained unimpaired and asystole did not occur. The drug appears to be an effective and a well tolerated antiarrhythmic agent.", "contents": "Dimeditiapramine (Ro 11-1781), a new calcium antagonist, in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction. 18 patients with acute myocardial infarction and sustained arrhythmias were treated with a new Ca2+ antagonist, Ro 11-1781, at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. The drug was effective in reducing heart rate to less than 90 beats/min in 9/10 patients with atrial fibrillation, in 3/4 patients with atrial flutter and in 3/4 patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The peak effect was observed within 2--5 min after the intravenous administration of Ro 11-1781. In cases with recurring tachyarrhythmias, the drug was also effective in repetitive administration. Systolic blood pressure was reduced, but severe hypotension (less than 90 mm Hg) was not observed. The atrioventricular conduction in these patients remained unimpaired and asystole did not occur. The drug appears to be an effective and a well tolerated antiarrhythmic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:262568", "title": "Beneficial effects of prolonged low dose dopamine in hospitalized patients with severe refractory heart failure.", "content": "In 10 hospitalized patients with severe congestive heart failure refractory to standard medical therapy for three days, low dose intravenous dopamine (2-4 micrograms/kg/min) was infused for 48 h. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were unchanged throughout the study. Mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased significantly during the dopamine infusion from 27 +/- 6 (SD) to 18 +/- 6 mmHg (p less than 0.01) and cardiac output increased from 3.2 +/- 1.1 to 4.6 +/- 0.8 l/min (p less than 0.001). A diuresis was initiated in all patients and there was a significant weight loss during the study which averaged 5 lbs (p less than 0.01). All patients improved symptomatically from class IV (NYHA) to class III and were more responsive to conventional therapy after the study. No adverse reactions were noted in this dose range. We conclude that low dose intravenous dopamine is efficacious in improving hemodynamics and initiating a diuresis in patients with severe refractory congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of prolonged low dose dopamine in hospitalized patients with severe refractory heart failure. In 10 hospitalized patients with severe congestive heart failure refractory to standard medical therapy for three days, low dose intravenous dopamine (2-4 micrograms/kg/min) was infused for 48 h. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were unchanged throughout the study. Mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased significantly during the dopamine infusion from 27 +/- 6 (SD) to 18 +/- 6 mmHg (p less than 0.01) and cardiac output increased from 3.2 +/- 1.1 to 4.6 +/- 0.8 l/min (p less than 0.001). A diuresis was initiated in all patients and there was a significant weight loss during the study which averaged 5 lbs (p less than 0.01). All patients improved symptomatically from class IV (NYHA) to class III and were more responsive to conventional therapy after the study. No adverse reactions were noted in this dose range. We conclude that low dose intravenous dopamine is efficacious in improving hemodynamics and initiating a diuresis in patients with severe refractory congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:262569", "title": "The superiority of mitral E point-ventricular septum separation to other echocardiographic indicators of left ventricular performance.", "content": "M-mode echocardiography, angiocardiography, and coronary arteriography were done in 40 patients with coronary heart disease, 12 with congestive cardiomyopathy, and 14 with no detectable cardiac or coronary abnormality. We measured mitral E point-ventricular septum separation (EPSS) at the moment of the E peak; the previously described method measures EPSS as the vertical distance between the nadir of systolic septal motion and the subsequent mitral E peak. Angiocardiographic ejection fractions correlated better with EPSS (r = 0.83) than with left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic internal diameter (r = 0.62), LV internal diameter systolic shortening fraction (r = 0.64), LV echocardiographic ejection fraction (r = 0.70), and LV posterior wall systolic thickening (r = 0.58). Patients with angiocardiographic ejection fractions below 55% usually had EPSS values over 10 mm by our method. Six false negatives and one false positive occurred. Our observations in patients with impaired LV performance suggest that LV dilatation, and especially dilatation of the LV outflow tract, is relatively more important than reduction in the amplitude of diastolic anterior mitral excursion in the production of high EPSS values. Although the usual method for measuring EPSS and ours are equally satisfactory, ours has certain theoretical advantages.", "contents": "The superiority of mitral E point-ventricular septum separation to other echocardiographic indicators of left ventricular performance. M-mode echocardiography, angiocardiography, and coronary arteriography were done in 40 patients with coronary heart disease, 12 with congestive cardiomyopathy, and 14 with no detectable cardiac or coronary abnormality. We measured mitral E point-ventricular septum separation (EPSS) at the moment of the E peak; the previously described method measures EPSS as the vertical distance between the nadir of systolic septal motion and the subsequent mitral E peak. Angiocardiographic ejection fractions correlated better with EPSS (r = 0.83) than with left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic internal diameter (r = 0.62), LV internal diameter systolic shortening fraction (r = 0.64), LV echocardiographic ejection fraction (r = 0.70), and LV posterior wall systolic thickening (r = 0.58). Patients with angiocardiographic ejection fractions below 55% usually had EPSS values over 10 mm by our method. Six false negatives and one false positive occurred. Our observations in patients with impaired LV performance suggest that LV dilatation, and especially dilatation of the LV outflow tract, is relatively more important than reduction in the amplitude of diastolic anterior mitral excursion in the production of high EPSS values. Although the usual method for measuring EPSS and ours are equally satisfactory, ours has certain theoretical advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:262571", "title": "Prenylamine. Autoradiographic and neuropathological studies on myocardial mechanisms of action.", "content": "Myocardial localization of prenylamine (PNL), a well known antianginal drug, was studied by means of an autoradiographic technique to detect microscopical distribution of tritiated PNL (3H-PLN). Forty Wistar rats received 35 muCi/kg b. w. 3H-PNL i. p., the animals being killed 30 min after injection. Heart slices, 1 mm thick, were processed for both autoradiographic and conventional histological techniques.  3H-PNL was observed, mainly, as striae along sarcolemma; sarcolemmal/intramyocardial 3H-PNL distribution ratio was 6 : 1. Preferential membrane deposition of 3H-PNL is probably related to the calcium transport inhibiting action of the drug, previously described.", "contents": "Prenylamine. Autoradiographic and neuropathological studies on myocardial mechanisms of action. Myocardial localization of prenylamine (PNL), a well known antianginal drug, was studied by means of an autoradiographic technique to detect microscopical distribution of tritiated PNL (3H-PLN). Forty Wistar rats received 35 muCi/kg b. w. 3H-PNL i. p., the animals being killed 30 min after injection. Heart slices, 1 mm thick, were processed for both autoradiographic and conventional histological techniques.  3H-PNL was observed, mainly, as striae along sarcolemma; sarcolemmal/intramyocardial 3H-PNL distribution ratio was 6 : 1. Preferential membrane deposition of 3H-PNL is probably related to the calcium transport inhibiting action of the drug, previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:262572", "title": "An unusual form of mitral insufficiency accompanying atrial septal defect.", "content": "An unusual case of atrial septal defect secundum type, associated with intermittent severe mitral insufficiency due to billowing anterior mitral leaflet, in a 56-year old female is described. The degree of mitral insufficiency ranged from severe to none. This phenomenon manifested itself by an intermittent systolic apical thrill and intermittent mitral regurgitation on angiocardiography. Pulling the anterior mitral leaflet at operation through the atrial septal defect demonstrated that this leaflet could be caught in the left atrium, thus causing intermittent mitral insufficiency. Closure of the atrial septal defect and replacement of the mitral valve was performed.", "contents": "An unusual form of mitral insufficiency accompanying atrial septal defect. An unusual case of atrial septal defect secundum type, associated with intermittent severe mitral insufficiency due to billowing anterior mitral leaflet, in a 56-year old female is described. The degree of mitral insufficiency ranged from severe to none. This phenomenon manifested itself by an intermittent systolic apical thrill and intermittent mitral regurgitation on angiocardiography. Pulling the anterior mitral leaflet at operation through the atrial septal defect demonstrated that this leaflet could be caught in the left atrium, thus causing intermittent mitral insufficiency. Closure of the atrial septal defect and replacement of the mitral valve was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:262573", "title": "Fetal cardiovascular system as influenced by maternal smoking.", "content": "Primary prevention of atherosclerosis should be initiated early in life, preferably in childhood. Nevertheless, it tends to be forgotten that a child has existed for nine months before birth, and that the newborn child might already have been exposed to agents capable of causing vessel damage. Studies of the umbilical artery, umbilical vein, and vessels of the placental villi (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) revealed that, in this portion of the fetal cardiovascular system, severe damage to the vessel wall is associated with maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy. These alterations within the fetal cardiovascular system were never found in the children of non-smoking mothers. If similar changes occur in the other vessels of the newborn child, which it seems reasonable to expect, they might give rise to sequelae later in life. It should therefore strongly be advocated that pregnant women abandon tobacco smoking.", "contents": "Fetal cardiovascular system as influenced by maternal smoking. Primary prevention of atherosclerosis should be initiated early in life, preferably in childhood. Nevertheless, it tends to be forgotten that a child has existed for nine months before birth, and that the newborn child might already have been exposed to agents capable of causing vessel damage. Studies of the umbilical artery, umbilical vein, and vessels of the placental villi (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) revealed that, in this portion of the fetal cardiovascular system, severe damage to the vessel wall is associated with maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy. These alterations within the fetal cardiovascular system were never found in the children of non-smoking mothers. If similar changes occur in the other vessels of the newborn child, which it seems reasonable to expect, they might give rise to sequelae later in life. It should therefore strongly be advocated that pregnant women abandon tobacco smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:262574", "title": "Approaches to determination of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by real-time two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were derived from real time two-dimensional echocardiographic images (2 DE) and single plane (RAO) left ventricular cineangiograms in a series of 50 patients. Prospective application of a series of 6 alternate algorithms showed that a modified Simpson's rule approach using mitral and papillary muscle cross sections and an apical four chamber view provided the best 2 DE - angiographic correlations: for end-diastolic volume r = 0.82, SEE = 39 ml; for end-systolic volume r = 0.90, SEE = 29 ml and for ejection fraction r = 0.80, SEE = 0.09. The large SEE for volume determination indicates that further refinements are necessary to predict left ventricular volumes adequately; however, ejection fraction can be derived with an accuracy which allows practical clinical decisions in patients with satisfactory 2 DE images.", "contents": "Approaches to determination of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by real-time two-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were derived from real time two-dimensional echocardiographic images (2 DE) and single plane (RAO) left ventricular cineangiograms in a series of 50 patients. Prospective application of a series of 6 alternate algorithms showed that a modified Simpson's rule approach using mitral and papillary muscle cross sections and an apical four chamber view provided the best 2 DE - angiographic correlations: for end-diastolic volume r = 0.82, SEE = 39 ml; for end-systolic volume r = 0.90, SEE = 29 ml and for ejection fraction r = 0.80, SEE = 0.09. The large SEE for volume determination indicates that further refinements are necessary to predict left ventricular volumes adequately; however, ejection fraction can be derived with an accuracy which allows practical clinical decisions in patients with satisfactory 2 DE images."}
{"id": "PMID:262575", "title": "Radionuclide assessment of cardiac performance and myocardial perfusion in congestive cardiomyopathies.", "content": "To determine the reliability of radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM), the function of the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) was evaluated in 32 patients with COCM and 21 normal subjects using radionuclide angiography (first pass and gated blood pool scan) combined with quantitative 201 thallium (Tl) myocardial perfusion imaging. In COCM parameters of RV and LV performance were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01); regional wall motion analysis revealed a reduced radial shortening ability (p less than 0.05). 201 Tl distribution within the myocardium was not different between COCM and N; however, segmental 201Tl-uptake was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01). RV free wall was visualized on 201Tl scan in 80% of patients with COCM. There was no correlation between RV free wall visualization and RV hemodynamics. Thus these scintigraphic aspects provide an atraumatic and sensitive technique for the evaluation of patients with COCM.", "contents": "Radionuclide assessment of cardiac performance and myocardial perfusion in congestive cardiomyopathies. To determine the reliability of radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM), the function of the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) was evaluated in 32 patients with COCM and 21 normal subjects using radionuclide angiography (first pass and gated blood pool scan) combined with quantitative 201 thallium (Tl) myocardial perfusion imaging. In COCM parameters of RV and LV performance were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01); regional wall motion analysis revealed a reduced radial shortening ability (p less than 0.05). 201 Tl distribution within the myocardium was not different between COCM and N; however, segmental 201Tl-uptake was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01). RV free wall was visualized on 201Tl scan in 80% of patients with COCM. There was no correlation between RV free wall visualization and RV hemodynamics. Thus these scintigraphic aspects provide an atraumatic and sensitive technique for the evaluation of patients with COCM."}
{"id": "PMID:262576", "title": "Comprehensive analysis of exertional ECG changes before and after oral propranolol.", "content": "In 12 patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease and three normal persons, comprehensive analyses of the electrocardiographic changes associated with symptom-limited upright exercise are made by computer analysis of the electrocardiogram recorded using a Frank XYZ lead system. This analysis provided a display of the 12 lead ECG, vectorcardiogram, polarcardiogram, and spatial cardiogram and measurements of spatial magnitudes of heart vectors. The effect of 40 mg of oral propranolol was assessed by repeating the exercise protocol 60--90 min later. There is evidence that propranolol reduces the electrocardiographic features of myocardial ischemia. This reduction in myocardial ischemia correlates with reductions in pressure rate product and heart rate. The presence of infarct criteria with exercise is variable and not apparently influenced by propranolol.", "contents": "Comprehensive analysis of exertional ECG changes before and after oral propranolol. In 12 patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease and three normal persons, comprehensive analyses of the electrocardiographic changes associated with symptom-limited upright exercise are made by computer analysis of the electrocardiogram recorded using a Frank XYZ lead system. This analysis provided a display of the 12 lead ECG, vectorcardiogram, polarcardiogram, and spatial cardiogram and measurements of spatial magnitudes of heart vectors. The effect of 40 mg of oral propranolol was assessed by repeating the exercise protocol 60--90 min later. There is evidence that propranolol reduces the electrocardiographic features of myocardial ischemia. This reduction in myocardial ischemia correlates with reductions in pressure rate product and heart rate. The presence of infarct criteria with exercise is variable and not apparently influenced by propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:262577", "title": "Patient profile and follow-up in medically and surgically treated young adults with myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty-four young patients with myocardial infarction (average age 32.1 years) undergoing coronary arteriography after infarction were followed for an average of 33 months after catheterization. Prior inferior infarction was a predictor of two and three vessel coronary occlusive disease. Prior anterior infarction patients had a 64% incidence of single vessel coronary occlusive disease. Improvement in anginal symptoms over the follow-up period from the time of catheterization for the entire group was 69%. Employment at follow-up was excellent in both medically and surgically treated patients (80%). Cardiac mortality from the time of catheterization was extremely low (4%).", "contents": "Patient profile and follow-up in medically and surgically treated young adults with myocardial infarction. Twenty-four young patients with myocardial infarction (average age 32.1 years) undergoing coronary arteriography after infarction were followed for an average of 33 months after catheterization. Prior inferior infarction was a predictor of two and three vessel coronary occlusive disease. Prior anterior infarction patients had a 64% incidence of single vessel coronary occlusive disease. Improvement in anginal symptoms over the follow-up period from the time of catheterization for the entire group was 69%. Employment at follow-up was excellent in both medically and surgically treated patients (80%). Cardiac mortality from the time of catheterization was extremely low (4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:262578", "title": "The magnitude of exercise-induced ST segment depression and the predictive value of exercise testing.", "content": "The assess whether the magnitude of exercise induced ST segment depression improves the predictive values of symptom limited exercise tests, and helps in the recognition of patients with more severe coronary heart disease, 90 consecutive patients with positive treadmill tests who also underwent selective coronary arteriography were reviewed. The predictive value improved progressively with the increasing ST depression and was most reliable in a select group of patients with normal electrocardiographic baseline who were not receiving digitalis (73% with ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm to 100% with ST depression greater than or equal to 4 mm). The incidence of 2 and 3 vessel disease increased from 61% with ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm in the overall population to 100% with ST depression greater than or equal to 4 mm in the select group, and the incidence of left main trunk lesions increased, respectively from 6 to 30%. The prediction of 2 and 3 vessels disease was found to be significantly greater when patients were dichotomized into those with ST depression greater than or equal to 4 mm compared to less than 4 mm. It is concluded that the magnitude of ST segment depression definitely improves the predictive values of exercise tests as well as the ability to recognize the patients with more severe disease. However, the markedly positive exercise tests cannot be utilized to accurately predict the presence of 2 or 3 vessel disease in individual cases unless ST depression attains 4 mm or more in patients with normal electrocardiographic baseline who are not taking digitalis. In this group, the ability to predict left main trunk lesion is approximately 30%.", "contents": "The magnitude of exercise-induced ST segment depression and the predictive value of exercise testing. The assess whether the magnitude of exercise induced ST segment depression improves the predictive values of symptom limited exercise tests, and helps in the recognition of patients with more severe coronary heart disease, 90 consecutive patients with positive treadmill tests who also underwent selective coronary arteriography were reviewed. The predictive value improved progressively with the increasing ST depression and was most reliable in a select group of patients with normal electrocardiographic baseline who were not receiving digitalis (73% with ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm to 100% with ST depression greater than or equal to 4 mm). The incidence of 2 and 3 vessel disease increased from 61% with ST depression greater than or equal to 1 mm in the overall population to 100% with ST depression greater than or equal to 4 mm in the select group, and the incidence of left main trunk lesions increased, respectively from 6 to 30%. The prediction of 2 and 3 vessels disease was found to be significantly greater when patients were dichotomized into those with ST depression greater than or equal to 4 mm compared to less than 4 mm. It is concluded that the magnitude of ST segment depression definitely improves the predictive values of exercise tests as well as the ability to recognize the patients with more severe disease. However, the markedly positive exercise tests cannot be utilized to accurately predict the presence of 2 or 3 vessel disease in individual cases unless ST depression attains 4 mm or more in patients with normal electrocardiographic baseline who are not taking digitalis. In this group, the ability to predict left main trunk lesion is approximately 30%."}
{"id": "PMID:262579", "title": "Concealed accessory pathway and dual AV conduction: drug-dependent reentrant tachycardia.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed in a patient with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and a normal surface ECG at the time of the study. Premature atrial stimulation revealed dual AV conduction and an echo zone during AV conduction over the fast and the slow pathway. The prolongation of the AV conduction time by a calcium antagonist, Ro 11-1781, permitted the induction of tachycardias via both pathways. Premature ventricular stimulation yielded constant VA conduction times with activation of the low right atrium before the high right atrium before the left atrium. During the tachycardia, premature right ventricular beats conducted to the atrium at a time when the AV node and the His bundle would be refractory. The study suggests the simultaneous occurrence of an occult accessory bundle connecting the right ventricle to the right atrium and dual AV conduction.", "contents": "Concealed accessory pathway and dual AV conduction: drug-dependent reentrant tachycardia. Electrophysiological studies were performed in a patient with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and a normal surface ECG at the time of the study. Premature atrial stimulation revealed dual AV conduction and an echo zone during AV conduction over the fast and the slow pathway. The prolongation of the AV conduction time by a calcium antagonist, Ro 11-1781, permitted the induction of tachycardias via both pathways. Premature ventricular stimulation yielded constant VA conduction times with activation of the low right atrium before the high right atrium before the left atrium. During the tachycardia, premature right ventricular beats conducted to the atrium at a time when the AV node and the His bundle would be refractory. The study suggests the simultaneous occurrence of an occult accessory bundle connecting the right ventricle to the right atrium and dual AV conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:262580", "title": "Notation of physical equations no longer a problem.", "content": "Physical quantities and equations are used to define the laws of natural and engineering sciences. Clarity has been brought in equal measure into the the theory of physical quantities and the SI-system of units due to the basic work of Wallot and that of national and international institutions. For practical use in this paper, the most important rules and definitions for the formulation of physical equations are treated in an elementary form and the ease of their use is demonstrated in the following examples: speed of a car, capacitance of a plate capacitor, thermal emission of the cathode of an x-ray tube, oxygen uptake in cardiology, mole concentration and mass concentration of a substance in a solution. In addition, some important quantities and units of cardiology were summarized in a table.", "contents": "Notation of physical equations no longer a problem. Physical quantities and equations are used to define the laws of natural and engineering sciences. Clarity has been brought in equal measure into the the theory of physical quantities and the SI-system of units due to the basic work of Wallot and that of national and international institutions. For practical use in this paper, the most important rules and definitions for the formulation of physical equations are treated in an elementary form and the ease of their use is demonstrated in the following examples: speed of a car, capacitance of a plate capacitor, thermal emission of the cathode of an x-ray tube, oxygen uptake in cardiology, mole concentration and mass concentration of a substance in a solution. In addition, some important quantities and units of cardiology were summarized in a table."}
{"id": "PMID:262581", "title": "The definition and identification of need for health care.", "content": "Some definitions of need for health care as a basis of planning health services are discussed. A model proposed by Donabedian (1974) relating need to resources is used to consider the problems faced by the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976). The paper concludes that need should be defined in relation to the procedures available to meet it and the resources that permit those procedures to be used. The procedures include the whole gamut of prevention and screening, cure and care, research and development. This necessarily raises moral and ethical issues which stretch beyond the limits of medicine and concern patients, their relatives, and the public in general. Neither the medical profession nor the lay public can be expected to help define need for health care unless they understand the underlying issues. This is a challenge to those responsible for professional and public education.", "contents": "The definition and identification of need for health care. Some definitions of need for health care as a basis of planning health services are discussed. A model proposed by Donabedian (1974) relating need to resources is used to consider the problems faced by the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976). The paper concludes that need should be defined in relation to the procedures available to meet it and the resources that permit those procedures to be used. The procedures include the whole gamut of prevention and screening, cure and care, research and development. This necessarily raises moral and ethical issues which stretch beyond the limits of medicine and concern patients, their relatives, and the public in general. Neither the medical profession nor the lay public can be expected to help define need for health care unless they understand the underlying issues. This is a challenge to those responsible for professional and public education."}
{"id": "PMID:262582", "title": "Subregional resource allocations in the National Health Service.", "content": "The Resource Allocation Working Party in its report Sharing Resources for Health in England proposes a formula for the identification of both regional and district financial targets (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976). In this paper it is argued that the national formula is not a valid instrument for the latter purpose. Furthermore, research into medical needs and outcomes will not be adequate to bring about real changes in resource distribution at local levels unless it is recognised that the health authorities can meet needs in different ways and that a change in resource management from institutional to service budgeting is required.", "contents": "Subregional resource allocations in the National Health Service. The Resource Allocation Working Party in its report Sharing Resources for Health in England proposes a formula for the identification of both regional and district financial targets (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976). In this paper it is argued that the national formula is not a valid instrument for the latter purpose. Furthermore, research into medical needs and outcomes will not be adequate to bring about real changes in resource distribution at local levels unless it is recognised that the health authorities can meet needs in different ways and that a change in resource management from institutional to service budgeting is required."}
{"id": "PMID:262583", "title": "Resource allocation. Some problems in applying the national formula to area and district revenue allocations.", "content": "The inadequacy of the current national formula in dealing with flows of patients across administrative boundaries is illustrated. In particular, the problems of dealing with varying admission rates for inpatients and in allocating revenues for outpatient services are discussed. We draw attention to an oversight in the recommendations concerning psychiatric services and criticise the general approach to the allocation of revenue under this heading. It is concluded that the national formula should not be applied for revenue allocation at district level in an unmodified form.", "contents": "Resource allocation. Some problems in applying the national formula to area and district revenue allocations. The inadequacy of the current national formula in dealing with flows of patients across administrative boundaries is illustrated. In particular, the problems of dealing with varying admission rates for inpatients and in allocating revenues for outpatient services are discussed. We draw attention to an oversight in the recommendations concerning psychiatric services and criticise the general approach to the allocation of revenue under this heading. It is concluded that the national formula should not be applied for revenue allocation at district level in an unmodified form."}
{"id": "PMID:262584", "title": "Association of childhood mortality with housing status and unemployment.", "content": "The association between mortality at the ages of 0-4 and 5-14 years in the county boroughs of England and Wales for 1971, using Kendall's correlation technique, and a variety of socioeconomic indicators, was computed. Kendall's partial correlation technique was used to determine whether any association remained when the effect of social class and unemployment was kept constant. At ages 0-4 years there was a significant and positive association between mortality and low socioeconomic position, high density housing, inadequate housing amenities, and the unemployment rate (P less than 0.001). A significant association with the housing variables remained when the effect of socioeconomic status and unemployment was kept constant. Between the ages 5-14 years there was a statistically significant association (P less than 0.001) between mortality and housing density which was eliminated when the effect of social class was held constant. There was no association between unemployment and mortality in this age group.", "contents": "Association of childhood mortality with housing status and unemployment. The association between mortality at the ages of 0-4 and 5-14 years in the county boroughs of England and Wales for 1971, using Kendall's correlation technique, and a variety of socioeconomic indicators, was computed. Kendall's partial correlation technique was used to determine whether any association remained when the effect of social class and unemployment was kept constant. At ages 0-4 years there was a significant and positive association between mortality and low socioeconomic position, high density housing, inadequate housing amenities, and the unemployment rate (P less than 0.001). A significant association with the housing variables remained when the effect of socioeconomic status and unemployment was kept constant. Between the ages 5-14 years there was a statistically significant association (P less than 0.001) between mortality and housing density which was eliminated when the effect of social class was held constant. There was no association between unemployment and mortality in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:262585", "title": "Principles of allocation of health care resources.", "content": "The methods and principles of allocating centrally provided health care resources to regions and areas are reviewed using the report of the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976) and the consultative document (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976a) as a basis. A range of practical problems arising from these papers (especially the report of the RAWP) is described and traced to the terms of reference. It is concluded that the RAWP misinterpreted aspects of social and administrative reality, and it failed to recognise clearly that the several principles on which it had to work conflicted with each other and demanded decisions of priority. The consequential errors led to (a) an injudicious imposition of 'objectivity' at all levels of allocation, (b) an unjustified insistence that the same method be used at each administrative level in an additive and transitive manner, (c) the exclusion of general practitioner services from their considerations, (d) a failure to delineate those decisions which are in fact political decisions, thus to concatenate them, inappropriately, with technical and professional issues. The main requirement in a revised system is for a mechanism which allocates different priorities to different principles at each appropriate administrative and distributive level, and adapts the working methods of each tier to meet separately defined objectives.", "contents": "Principles of allocation of health care resources. The methods and principles of allocating centrally provided health care resources to regions and areas are reviewed using the report of the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976) and the consultative document (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976a) as a basis. A range of practical problems arising from these papers (especially the report of the RAWP) is described and traced to the terms of reference. It is concluded that the RAWP misinterpreted aspects of social and administrative reality, and it failed to recognise clearly that the several principles on which it had to work conflicted with each other and demanded decisions of priority. The consequential errors led to (a) an injudicious imposition of 'objectivity' at all levels of allocation, (b) an unjustified insistence that the same method be used at each administrative level in an additive and transitive manner, (c) the exclusion of general practitioner services from their considerations, (d) a failure to delineate those decisions which are in fact political decisions, thus to concatenate them, inappropriately, with technical and professional issues. The main requirement in a revised system is for a mechanism which allocates different priorities to different principles at each appropriate administrative and distributive level, and adapts the working methods of each tier to meet separately defined objectives."}
{"id": "PMID:262586", "title": "Living conditions in childhood and subsequent development of risk factors for arteriosclerotic heart disease. The cardiovascular survey in Finnmark 1974-75.", "content": "Several studies in Norway have shown large differences in risk factors for arteriosclerotic heart disease among municipalities. Today it is difficult to show specific differences in the standard of living between the various municipalities to explain these findings. However, such differences have previously existed, and were expressed by, for example, the variations in infant mortality from one municipality to another. In this work a significant positive correlation is shown between the cholesterol values among men and women aged 35-49 years and the infant mortality rate previously present in the municipalities for the same cohort. The findings indicate that poverty in childhood and adolescence, followed by later prosperity, results in high cholesterol values. The findings are related to previous work where a significant positive correlation was shown between infant mortality rates and later mortality rates from arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "contents": "Living conditions in childhood and subsequent development of risk factors for arteriosclerotic heart disease. The cardiovascular survey in Finnmark 1974-75. Several studies in Norway have shown large differences in risk factors for arteriosclerotic heart disease among municipalities. Today it is difficult to show specific differences in the standard of living between the various municipalities to explain these findings. However, such differences have previously existed, and were expressed by, for example, the variations in infant mortality from one municipality to another. In this work a significant positive correlation is shown between the cholesterol values among men and women aged 35-49 years and the infant mortality rate previously present in the municipalities for the same cohort. The findings indicate that poverty in childhood and adolescence, followed by later prosperity, results in high cholesterol values. The findings are related to previous work where a significant positive correlation was shown between infant mortality rates and later mortality rates from arteriosclerotic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:262587", "title": "Bed usage and disease specific mortality within ICD chapters.", "content": "Using Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE) data (Department of Health and Social Security and Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, 1974), the relationship between mortality and bed usage was examined for a number of disease categories within 10 chapters of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (World Health Organisation, 1967). There was found to be significant correlation within six chapters for males and within six chapters for females. The use of standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) in the formula of the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976) for certain chapters where no correlation could be demonstrated is questioned. It is suggested that separate SMRs for urinary disease and genital disease should be used and that the SMRs for Chapter XVII (accidents, poisoning, and violence) should either be omitted from the formula or determined separately for subdivisions of the chapter.", "contents": "Bed usage and disease specific mortality within ICD chapters. Using Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE) data (Department of Health and Social Security and Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, 1974), the relationship between mortality and bed usage was examined for a number of disease categories within 10 chapters of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (World Health Organisation, 1967). There was found to be significant correlation within six chapters for males and within six chapters for females. The use of standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) in the formula of the Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) (Department of Health and Social Security, 1976) for certain chapters where no correlation could be demonstrated is questioned. It is suggested that separate SMRs for urinary disease and genital disease should be used and that the SMRs for Chapter XVII (accidents, poisoning, and violence) should either be omitted from the formula or determined separately for subdivisions of the chapter."}
{"id": "PMID:262588", "title": "Relationship of mortality to socioeconomic status and some other factors in Sydney in 1971.", "content": "In Sydney in 1971 low socioeconomic status was found to be associated with high mortality and this became more marked with increasing age; it was not statistically significant in relation to infant mortality. Mortality was higher among those born in Australia than among immigrants. A more varied pattern in the differences in cause specific death rates was noted in those born in Australia compared with those born overseas. Socioeconomic status was characterised by an area-type index applied to the results of 1971 census and calculated for local government areas in the Sydney Statistical Division.", "contents": "Relationship of mortality to socioeconomic status and some other factors in Sydney in 1971. In Sydney in 1971 low socioeconomic status was found to be associated with high mortality and this became more marked with increasing age; it was not statistically significant in relation to infant mortality. Mortality was higher among those born in Australia than among immigrants. A more varied pattern in the differences in cause specific death rates was noted in those born in Australia compared with those born overseas. Socioeconomic status was characterised by an area-type index applied to the results of 1971 census and calculated for local government areas in the Sydney Statistical Division."}
{"id": "PMID:262589", "title": "Seasonal variation in admissions of psychiatric patients and its relation to seasonal variation in their births.", "content": "Inpatient admissions to all psychiatric hospital beds in England and Wales in 1970-73 were studied by month of admission for eight diagnostic groups. The admission rates for schizophrenia showed a pronounced seasonal variation, with a maximum in summer. The seasonal pattern for schizophrenia was very similar to the one shown for mania, although somewhat less marked. The admission rates for neurosis and for the large group of 'all other non-psychotic mental illness' showed little evidence of seasonal variation as there was could largely be explained by social factors. In schizophrenic and manic patients, the pattern of seasonal admissions (peak months July and August) is similar to the pattern reported for their births (peak months February and March). This is consistent with the hypothesis of an abnormal seasonal pattern of parental conception as the cause of the abnormal birth pattern.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in admissions of psychiatric patients and its relation to seasonal variation in their births. Inpatient admissions to all psychiatric hospital beds in England and Wales in 1970-73 were studied by month of admission for eight diagnostic groups. The admission rates for schizophrenia showed a pronounced seasonal variation, with a maximum in summer. The seasonal pattern for schizophrenia was very similar to the one shown for mania, although somewhat less marked. The admission rates for neurosis and for the large group of 'all other non-psychotic mental illness' showed little evidence of seasonal variation as there was could largely be explained by social factors. In schizophrenic and manic patients, the pattern of seasonal admissions (peak months July and August) is similar to the pattern reported for their births (peak months February and March). This is consistent with the hypothesis of an abnormal seasonal pattern of parental conception as the cause of the abnormal birth pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:262590", "title": "Cigarette smoking among secondary schoolchildren in 1975. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, knowledge of health hazards, and attitudes to smoking and health.", "content": "A questionnaire relating to smoking habits, respirator symptoms, and health attitudes was administered to 10 498 secondary schoolchildren in 1975. The results reported in this paper indicate that children who smoke regularly have a higher prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections and a higher incidence of the respiratory symptoms, cough, phlegm production with a cold, and shortness of breath, compared with non-smokers. Children are aware of the risks of lung cancer when smoking, but less aware of the other more immediate health risks, and this is particularly so in the younger age groups. It is suggested that health education should be directed towards younger children and that more use should be made of the fact that smoking clearly makes them less healthy.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking among secondary schoolchildren in 1975. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, knowledge of health hazards, and attitudes to smoking and health. A questionnaire relating to smoking habits, respirator symptoms, and health attitudes was administered to 10 498 secondary schoolchildren in 1975. The results reported in this paper indicate that children who smoke regularly have a higher prevalence of upper respiratory tract infections and a higher incidence of the respiratory symptoms, cough, phlegm production with a cold, and shortness of breath, compared with non-smokers. Children are aware of the risks of lung cancer when smoking, but less aware of the other more immediate health risks, and this is particularly so in the younger age groups. It is suggested that health education should be directed towards younger children and that more use should be made of the fact that smoking clearly makes them less healthy."}
{"id": "PMID:262591", "title": "An epidemiological study of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Lagos.", "content": "In Lagos 12 755 schoolchildren aged between six and 12 years were screened for evidence of rheumatic heart disease and showed a prevalence rate of 0.03%. Group C (27.7%) and group G (47.3%) predominated in the throat and in cases of pharyngitis, while group A predominated on the skin. Two hundred and sixty-six cases of pharyngitis were recorded, 70 (26.4%) were positive for beta-haemolytic streptococci. Half of the cases of streptococci while 28.2% and 21.1% were caused by groups C and G respectively. A diversity of serotypes of group A streptococci, which included types 49 and 55, and C and G streptococci were isolated from impetiginous skin lesions. The main point of interest is the association of group C and G streptococci with sore throat and skin infections. The pathogenicity of C and G in such circumstances merits further investigation. The present study also showed that prophylactic benzathine penicillin (Penadur) given to patients with rheumatic heart disease or rheumatic fever had been effective with no recurrent attack of acute rheumatic fever.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Lagos. In Lagos 12 755 schoolchildren aged between six and 12 years were screened for evidence of rheumatic heart disease and showed a prevalence rate of 0.03%. Group C (27.7%) and group G (47.3%) predominated in the throat and in cases of pharyngitis, while group A predominated on the skin. Two hundred and sixty-six cases of pharyngitis were recorded, 70 (26.4%) were positive for beta-haemolytic streptococci. Half of the cases of streptococci while 28.2% and 21.1% were caused by groups C and G respectively. A diversity of serotypes of group A streptococci, which included types 49 and 55, and C and G streptococci were isolated from impetiginous skin lesions. The main point of interest is the association of group C and G streptococci with sore throat and skin infections. The pathogenicity of C and G in such circumstances merits further investigation. The present study also showed that prophylactic benzathine penicillin (Penadur) given to patients with rheumatic heart disease or rheumatic fever had been effective with no recurrent attack of acute rheumatic fever."}
{"id": "PMID:262592", "title": "Variations in the response of sheep to experimental magnesium deficiency.", "content": "Hypomagnesaemia was induced in adult sheep by changing their diet from chaff given orally to a milk diet, low in Mg, infused via the abomasum. All sheep given the milk diet developed hypomagnesaemia and four out of 19 developed nervous convulsions similar to the natural disease grass tetany. Analysis of the sequential changes in plasma Ca, P and Mg revealed a striking positive correlation between Ca and Mg and hypocalcaemia thus appeared to be a general response to Mg deficiency. Many sheep appeared to adapt to the deficiency since after a period of about 11 days the decline in plasma Mg (and Ca) was either alleviated or reversed. However the four sheep which developed convulsions all showed a rapid and substantial decline in plasma Mg associated with a decline in plasma Ca.", "contents": "Variations in the response of sheep to experimental magnesium deficiency. Hypomagnesaemia was induced in adult sheep by changing their diet from chaff given orally to a milk diet, low in Mg, infused via the abomasum. All sheep given the milk diet developed hypomagnesaemia and four out of 19 developed nervous convulsions similar to the natural disease grass tetany. Analysis of the sequential changes in plasma Ca, P and Mg revealed a striking positive correlation between Ca and Mg and hypocalcaemia thus appeared to be a general response to Mg deficiency. Many sheep appeared to adapt to the deficiency since after a period of about 11 days the decline in plasma Mg (and Ca) was either alleviated or reversed. However the four sheep which developed convulsions all showed a rapid and substantial decline in plasma Mg associated with a decline in plasma Ca."}
{"id": "PMID:262593", "title": "The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep of Haemonchus contortus infection in Kenya.", "content": "The relative resistance of six breeds of sheep to Haemonchus contortus infection was investigated under field conditions on two stations situated in a semi-arid zone in Kenya. As judged by faecal egg counts, monitored throughout a two-year period, it was found that there were consistent differences between the breeds. The breeds studied in order of increasing susceptibility were Red Masai, Blackhead Persian, Merino, Dorper, Corriedale and Hampshire. Post mortem findings confirmed that the differences in faecal egg count were related to the establishment of worms rather than larval inhibition or the suppression of worm egg production. There was also evidence that the Red Masai showed self-cure more frequently than the other breeds.", "contents": "The influence of breed on the susceptibility of sheep of Haemonchus contortus infection in Kenya. The relative resistance of six breeds of sheep to Haemonchus contortus infection was investigated under field conditions on two stations situated in a semi-arid zone in Kenya. As judged by faecal egg counts, monitored throughout a two-year period, it was found that there were consistent differences between the breeds. The breeds studied in order of increasing susceptibility were Red Masai, Blackhead Persian, Merino, Dorper, Corriedale and Hampshire. Post mortem findings confirmed that the differences in faecal egg count were related to the establishment of worms rather than larval inhibition or the suppression of worm egg production. There was also evidence that the Red Masai showed self-cure more frequently than the other breeds."}
{"id": "PMID:262594", "title": "The influence of haemoglobin phenotype on the susceptibility of sheep to Haemonchus contortus infection in Kenya.", "content": "Two flocks of Merino sheep were set-stocked on pastures known to be endemic for Haemonchus contortus. Both flocks included sheep with the three common haemoglobin types (HbAA, HbAB, HbBB). The results of regular monitoring over a two-year period showed a clear relationship between haemoglobin types and susceptibility to haemonchosis. The HbAA sheep experienced fewer deaths, had consistently lower egg counts and exhibited a more frequency and effective self-cure than the HbAB or the HbBB types. Post mortem findings demonstrated that this phenomenon was due to differences in the establishment of adult H contortus and not to suppression of egg laying capacity or an alteration of male to female adult worm ratio.", "contents": "The influence of haemoglobin phenotype on the susceptibility of sheep to Haemonchus contortus infection in Kenya. Two flocks of Merino sheep were set-stocked on pastures known to be endemic for Haemonchus contortus. Both flocks included sheep with the three common haemoglobin types (HbAA, HbAB, HbBB). The results of regular monitoring over a two-year period showed a clear relationship between haemoglobin types and susceptibility to haemonchosis. The HbAA sheep experienced fewer deaths, had consistently lower egg counts and exhibited a more frequency and effective self-cure than the HbAB or the HbBB types. Post mortem findings demonstrated that this phenomenon was due to differences in the establishment of adult H contortus and not to suppression of egg laying capacity or an alteration of male to female adult worm ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:262595", "title": "Genital lesions in experimental chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection in rams.", "content": "Rams inoculated intravenously with Trypanosoma brucei developed scrotal oedema and a nonsuppurative granulomatous periorchitis resulting in testicular degeneration, atrophy, calcification and sclerosis. The tunica vaginalis was the seat of an intense granulomatous inflammation and focal necrosis, which extended to the epididymis and spermatic cord. Lesions in the seminal vesicles were suggestive of diminished testosterone production even though Leydig cells were discernible in the sclerotic testicular intertubular tissue. In areas where there was inflammation or focal necrosis, there was also extravascular localisation of trypanosomes. It is suggested that genital lesions in human sleeping sickness may have a similar pathogenetic mechanism involving tissue localisation of the trypanosomes and associated inflammatory and degenerative changes.", "contents": "Genital lesions in experimental chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection in rams. Rams inoculated intravenously with Trypanosoma brucei developed scrotal oedema and a nonsuppurative granulomatous periorchitis resulting in testicular degeneration, atrophy, calcification and sclerosis. The tunica vaginalis was the seat of an intense granulomatous inflammation and focal necrosis, which extended to the epididymis and spermatic cord. Lesions in the seminal vesicles were suggestive of diminished testosterone production even though Leydig cells were discernible in the sclerotic testicular intertubular tissue. In areas where there was inflammation or focal necrosis, there was also extravascular localisation of trypanosomes. It is suggested that genital lesions in human sleeping sickness may have a similar pathogenetic mechanism involving tissue localisation of the trypanosomes and associated inflammatory and degenerative changes."}
{"id": "PMID:262596", "title": "Clinical, virological and serological response of the West African dwarf sheep to experimental infection with different strains of Rift Valley fever virus.", "content": "West African dwarf sheep were inoculated with three different strains of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Using infective mouse serum as the source of virus classical RVFV disease characterised by sudden onset, a sharp but transient febrile response, viraemia, abortions and the development of specific RVFV antibodies in surviving animals was observed. The severity of clinical response was, however, dependent on the strain of virus used, with animals inoculated with Smithburn's neuroadapted strain showing a milder response than those inoculated with either the Nigerian or Lunyo strain. The inoculation of sheep with RVFV infective mouse brain material of the three different strains resulted in a mild febrile response with low level viraemia. Immune sera from sheep inoculated with both the Nigerian and Smithburn's neurotropic strains did not neutralise the Lunyo virus strain in a mouse intracerebral neutralisation test; the reverse, however, was not the case. The findings indicate that the West African dwarf sheep is highly susceptible to RVFV infection and that previous reports of only a mild clinical response following inoculation with the Nigerian strain were due to infective mouse brain rather than infective mouse serum.", "contents": "Clinical, virological and serological response of the West African dwarf sheep to experimental infection with different strains of Rift Valley fever virus. West African dwarf sheep were inoculated with three different strains of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Using infective mouse serum as the source of virus classical RVFV disease characterised by sudden onset, a sharp but transient febrile response, viraemia, abortions and the development of specific RVFV antibodies in surviving animals was observed. The severity of clinical response was, however, dependent on the strain of virus used, with animals inoculated with Smithburn's neuroadapted strain showing a milder response than those inoculated with either the Nigerian or Lunyo strain. The inoculation of sheep with RVFV infective mouse brain material of the three different strains resulted in a mild febrile response with low level viraemia. Immune sera from sheep inoculated with both the Nigerian and Smithburn's neurotropic strains did not neutralise the Lunyo virus strain in a mouse intracerebral neutralisation test; the reverse, however, was not the case. The findings indicate that the West African dwarf sheep is highly susceptible to RVFV infection and that previous reports of only a mild clinical response following inoculation with the Nigerian strain were due to infective mouse brain rather than infective mouse serum."}
{"id": "PMID:262597", "title": "Immunological reactions of Rift Valley fever virus strains from East and West Africa.", "content": "Three strains of Rift Valley fever virus, namely Nigerian (NIG), Smithburn's neurotropic (SNT), and Lunyo variant (LUN) were compared by complement fixation (CF), neutralisation (N), haemagglutination/haemagglutination-inhibition (HA/HI) and agar gel diffusion (AGD) tests. They showed reciprocal cross-reactivity in CF tests. In N tests, using immune sheep sera, there was reciprocal cross-neutralisation between the NIG and SNT strains, but not with the LUN strain, the antiserum of which neutralised both NIG and SNT antigens whereas the reverse was not the case. When hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid was employed in N tests, there was cross-reactivity between the three strains. Both the NIG and SNT strains yielded haemagglutinins, but not the LUN strain. Furthermore, by the antibody absorption and AGD techniques, the NIG and SNT strains were found to be identical and distinct from the LUN variant strain. The techniques found most useful in distinguishing between the three strains were HA and AGD. Laboratory neuro-adaptation of the classical pantropic virus did not appear to affect its haemagglutination activity.", "contents": "Immunological reactions of Rift Valley fever virus strains from East and West Africa. Three strains of Rift Valley fever virus, namely Nigerian (NIG), Smithburn's neurotropic (SNT), and Lunyo variant (LUN) were compared by complement fixation (CF), neutralisation (N), haemagglutination/haemagglutination-inhibition (HA/HI) and agar gel diffusion (AGD) tests. They showed reciprocal cross-reactivity in CF tests. In N tests, using immune sheep sera, there was reciprocal cross-neutralisation between the NIG and SNT strains, but not with the LUN strain, the antiserum of which neutralised both NIG and SNT antigens whereas the reverse was not the case. When hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid was employed in N tests, there was cross-reactivity between the three strains. Both the NIG and SNT strains yielded haemagglutinins, but not the LUN strain. Furthermore, by the antibody absorption and AGD techniques, the NIG and SNT strains were found to be identical and distinct from the LUN variant strain. The techniques found most useful in distinguishing between the three strains were HA and AGD. Laboratory neuro-adaptation of the classical pantropic virus did not appear to affect its haemagglutination activity."}
{"id": "PMID:262598", "title": "Structure of the epidermis in Ayrshire bullocks.", "content": "The living epidermis and stratum corneum of cattle, when measured on cryostat sections, were both found to be approximately 30 micrometer thick. However, the corneum contained about 30 cell layers, whereas the living epidermis was composed of only four. Histological processing involving fixation, dehydration and paraffin embedding, resulted in the loss of half of the stratum corneum and proved to be unsuitable for study of this layer. Lipid derived mainly from the sebaceous gland was present between the squames in the outer two thirds of the corneum probably in the form of an emulsion with sweat.", "contents": "Structure of the epidermis in Ayrshire bullocks. The living epidermis and stratum corneum of cattle, when measured on cryostat sections, were both found to be approximately 30 micrometer thick. However, the corneum contained about 30 cell layers, whereas the living epidermis was composed of only four. Histological processing involving fixation, dehydration and paraffin embedding, resulted in the loss of half of the stratum corneum and proved to be unsuitable for study of this layer. Lipid derived mainly from the sebaceous gland was present between the squames in the outer two thirds of the corneum probably in the form of an emulsion with sweat."}
{"id": "PMID:262599", "title": "Structure of the sheep epidermis.", "content": "The stratum corneum measured on fresh frozen sections was found to be considerably thicker than previously reported. It was uniformly permeated with sebum, which also formed an intact film over the skin surface and it could readily be divided into two zones. The living epidermis was approximately half as thick as the stratum corneum.", "contents": "Structure of the sheep epidermis. The stratum corneum measured on fresh frozen sections was found to be considerably thicker than previously reported. It was uniformly permeated with sebum, which also formed an intact film over the skin surface and it could readily be divided into two zones. The living epidermis was approximately half as thick as the stratum corneum."}
{"id": "PMID:262600", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations of the myocardium of rats fed rapeseed oils.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were conducted on the myocardium of rats fed corn oil, Tower RSO (0 . 88 per cent EA), 1788 RSO (3 . 6 per cent EA) and Target RSO (38 . 9 per cent EA) supplemented diets for 18 weeks. Cardiac myocytes of Tower RSO-fed rats showed some loosening of myofibrils and a slight increase in the number of mitochondria, few of which had lost their cristae. Large intravascular lipid droplets were observed in the myocardium of rats fed the 1788 RSO diet, as well as some small lipid droplets which were seen in close association with mitochondria. There was an apparent increase in the number of mitochondria of both normal and giant size. Many of the mitochondria exhibited distortion of shape and degeneration of cristae. The matrix of megamitochondria contained vesicles and electron-dense floccular inclusions and at times electron-lucent lipid-like material. The degenerative changes of mitochondria were most pronounced in the Target RSO group, where some megamitochondria showed a complete loss of cristae and a replacement of matrix with lipid-like material. These observations suggest that both intravascular lipid globules and the mitochondrial alterations are possible contributory factors involved in the development of cardiac lesions in RSO-fed rats.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations of the myocardium of rats fed rapeseed oils. Ultrastructural studies were conducted on the myocardium of rats fed corn oil, Tower RSO (0 . 88 per cent EA), 1788 RSO (3 . 6 per cent EA) and Target RSO (38 . 9 per cent EA) supplemented diets for 18 weeks. Cardiac myocytes of Tower RSO-fed rats showed some loosening of myofibrils and a slight increase in the number of mitochondria, few of which had lost their cristae. Large intravascular lipid droplets were observed in the myocardium of rats fed the 1788 RSO diet, as well as some small lipid droplets which were seen in close association with mitochondria. There was an apparent increase in the number of mitochondria of both normal and giant size. Many of the mitochondria exhibited distortion of shape and degeneration of cristae. The matrix of megamitochondria contained vesicles and electron-dense floccular inclusions and at times electron-lucent lipid-like material. The degenerative changes of mitochondria were most pronounced in the Target RSO group, where some megamitochondria showed a complete loss of cristae and a replacement of matrix with lipid-like material. These observations suggest that both intravascular lipid globules and the mitochondrial alterations are possible contributory factors involved in the development of cardiac lesions in RSO-fed rats."}
{"id": "PMID:262601", "title": "Termination of arrested development of the trichostrongyles of sheep in northern Nigeria.", "content": "Monthly worm counts of groups of ewes and lambs that grazed continuously and tracer lambs revealed that under the conditions existing in northern Nigeria, most of the Haemonchus contortus in sheep between November and March were arrested larvae. During the months of April and May, almost equal proportions of adults, developmental stages and arrested larvae were recovered and, by June, only adults and developmental stages were recovered in high numbers. The proportion of arrested larvae had diminished considerably. A similar pattern was recorded for Trichostrongylus spp, except that fewer larvae were involved in arrested development and very large numbers of adults were recovered throughout the duration of the study. Maturation of arrested larvae occurs in April.", "contents": "Termination of arrested development of the trichostrongyles of sheep in northern Nigeria. Monthly worm counts of groups of ewes and lambs that grazed continuously and tracer lambs revealed that under the conditions existing in northern Nigeria, most of the Haemonchus contortus in sheep between November and March were arrested larvae. During the months of April and May, almost equal proportions of adults, developmental stages and arrested larvae were recovered and, by June, only adults and developmental stages were recovered in high numbers. The proportion of arrested larvae had diminished considerably. A similar pattern was recorded for Trichostrongylus spp, except that fewer larvae were involved in arrested development and very large numbers of adults were recovered throughout the duration of the study. Maturation of arrested larvae occurs in April."}
{"id": "PMID:262602", "title": "Resistance of chickens to challenge with the virulent Herts 33 strain of Newcastle disease virus induced by prior infection with serologically distinct avian paramyxoviruses.", "content": "Results indicate that some degree of protection from challenge by Newcastle disease virus (NDV)/Herts 33 was conferred on chickens by prior infection with PMV/turkey/Wisconsin/68, PMV/turkey/Ontario/6661/68, PMV/Netherlands/449/75 and PMV/parakeet/England/39/78 viruses, all of which are serologically related but distinguishable from NDV. Except for one bird which survived challenge three weeks after infection with Robin/Hiddensee/19/75, no protection was seen in chickens infected with other unrelated avian paramyxoviruses. In contrast to infection with NDV-B1, birds protected by infection with avian paramyxoviruses showed large increases in NDV haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres after challenge. In these birds considerable increases in the homologous HI titres were also seen after challenge.", "contents": "Resistance of chickens to challenge with the virulent Herts 33 strain of Newcastle disease virus induced by prior infection with serologically distinct avian paramyxoviruses. Results indicate that some degree of protection from challenge by Newcastle disease virus (NDV)/Herts 33 was conferred on chickens by prior infection with PMV/turkey/Wisconsin/68, PMV/turkey/Ontario/6661/68, PMV/Netherlands/449/75 and PMV/parakeet/England/39/78 viruses, all of which are serologically related but distinguishable from NDV. Except for one bird which survived challenge three weeks after infection with Robin/Hiddensee/19/75, no protection was seen in chickens infected with other unrelated avian paramyxoviruses. In contrast to infection with NDV-B1, birds protected by infection with avian paramyxoviruses showed large increases in NDV haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres after challenge. In these birds considerable increases in the homologous HI titres were also seen after challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:262603", "title": "Field observations on the epidemiology of abomasal parasites in young sheep during winter and spring.", "content": "A flock of spring born lambs was continuously exposed to natural parasite infection from birth until selected for slaughter in groups of two or three, at monthly intervals throughout winter and spring for abomasal worm counts. Meteorological data were recorded and regular estimates of infective pasture larval availability were made. Parasite population changes and inhibition patterns for Ostertagia spp, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei were recorded. Ostertagia spp were found to survive well both on the pasture and within the host, principally as arrested larvae. H contortus overwintered almost entirely in the host in the inhibited form and T axei overwintered mainly in the host, but in the adult stage.", "contents": "Field observations on the epidemiology of abomasal parasites in young sheep during winter and spring. A flock of spring born lambs was continuously exposed to natural parasite infection from birth until selected for slaughter in groups of two or three, at monthly intervals throughout winter and spring for abomasal worm counts. Meteorological data were recorded and regular estimates of infective pasture larval availability were made. Parasite population changes and inhibition patterns for Ostertagia spp, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei were recorded. Ostertagia spp were found to survive well both on the pasture and within the host, principally as arrested larvae. H contortus overwintered almost entirely in the host in the inhibited form and T axei overwintered mainly in the host, but in the adult stage."}
{"id": "PMID:262604", "title": "Evaluation of a live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine by intranasal challenge.", "content": "Weaned pigs were immunised with a live attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine. The protective immunity induced was compared with that of unvaccinated pigs by intranasal challenge with a field strain of S choleraesuis. Of 18 unvaccinated pigs, three died as a result of challenge from S choleraesuis and 10 of the survivors developed chronic lung lesions. None of the vaccinated pigs died as a result of challenge and two only showed macroscopic evidence of salmonellosis on autopsy three weeks after challenge. It was concluded that subcutaneous vaccination of pigs prevented death and clinical illness but did not prevent invasion of tissues following intranasal challenge with S choleraesuis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine by intranasal challenge. Weaned pigs were immunised with a live attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine. The protective immunity induced was compared with that of unvaccinated pigs by intranasal challenge with a field strain of S choleraesuis. Of 18 unvaccinated pigs, three died as a result of challenge from S choleraesuis and 10 of the survivors developed chronic lung lesions. None of the vaccinated pigs died as a result of challenge and two only showed macroscopic evidence of salmonellosis on autopsy three weeks after challenge. It was concluded that subcutaneous vaccination of pigs prevented death and clinical illness but did not prevent invasion of tissues following intranasal challenge with S choleraesuis."}
{"id": "PMID:262605", "title": "Babesia divergens: the immunisation of splenectomised calves during irradiated piroplasms.", "content": "Groups of three splenectomised calves were inoculated with 1 . 2 x 10(10) Babesia divergens-infected erythrocytes irradiated at 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 kilorads. Control calves were inoculated with 1 . 2 x 10(7) or 1 . 2 x 10(4) non-irradiated parasites. While control animals all experienced severe reactions, animals receiving blood irradiated at 24, 28 and 32 kilorads had mild reactions and were solidly immune to an homologous challenge of 1 . 1 x 10(4) Babesia-infected erythrocytes. Animals receiving parasites irradiated at 36 and 40 kilorads had limited ability to resist the challenge.", "contents": "Babesia divergens: the immunisation of splenectomised calves during irradiated piroplasms. Groups of three splenectomised calves were inoculated with 1 . 2 x 10(10) Babesia divergens-infected erythrocytes irradiated at 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 kilorads. Control calves were inoculated with 1 . 2 x 10(7) or 1 . 2 x 10(4) non-irradiated parasites. While control animals all experienced severe reactions, animals receiving blood irradiated at 24, 28 and 32 kilorads had mild reactions and were solidly immune to an homologous challenge of 1 . 1 x 10(4) Babesia-infected erythrocytes. Animals receiving parasites irradiated at 36 and 40 kilorads had limited ability to resist the challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:262606", "title": "Stressor effects of handling on the immature fowl.", "content": "Chicks were handled for 5 min twice daily for five consecutive days per week over a three-week period. The control birds were not handled once they had been allotted to their brooders. The growth rate of the treated birds was significantly decreased. There was no adrenal hypertrophy; the concentration, but not the content, of adrenal cholesterol was significantly increased. Plasma glucose, FFA and cholesterol concentrations were similar in the groups at the end of the experiment. The lipolytic response of the handled birds to a further stimulus of handling was significantly greater than that of unhandled birds experiencing novel handling stimulus. There was also a significant decrease in the concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of the handled birds but not in the unhandled group. There was thus no evidence of habituation.", "contents": "Stressor effects of handling on the immature fowl. Chicks were handled for 5 min twice daily for five consecutive days per week over a three-week period. The control birds were not handled once they had been allotted to their brooders. The growth rate of the treated birds was significantly decreased. There was no adrenal hypertrophy; the concentration, but not the content, of adrenal cholesterol was significantly increased. Plasma glucose, FFA and cholesterol concentrations were similar in the groups at the end of the experiment. The lipolytic response of the handled birds to a further stimulus of handling was significantly greater than that of unhandled birds experiencing novel handling stimulus. There was also a significant decrease in the concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of the handled birds but not in the unhandled group. There was thus no evidence of habituation."}
{"id": "PMID:262607", "title": "Studies on the ultrastructural morphology of Bacteroides nodosus.", "content": "The morphology of Bacteroides nodosus was examined with the electron microscope. B nodosus stained with solium phosphotungstate and uranyl acetate possessed fimbriae and in addition organisms negatively stained with sodium phosphotungstate often possessed rings on their surface. Phage-like particles were also observed in negatively stained preparations. In thin sections, B nodosus had a multilayered cell envelope and the type of cell division characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasmic region contained a diffuse nucleoid area, ribosomes and, sometimes, concentrically arranged membranous lamellae. Fimbriae and capsular material were also seen in sections of B nodosus fixed with glutaraldehyde-osmium. Their visualisation appeared to be enhanced when ruthenium red was incorporated n the glutaraldehyde-osmium fixative but only when sections were stained with heavy metal salts, indicating that the fimbriae and capsule were not predominantly polysaccharide in nature.", "contents": "Studies on the ultrastructural morphology of Bacteroides nodosus. The morphology of Bacteroides nodosus was examined with the electron microscope. B nodosus stained with solium phosphotungstate and uranyl acetate possessed fimbriae and in addition organisms negatively stained with sodium phosphotungstate often possessed rings on their surface. Phage-like particles were also observed in negatively stained preparations. In thin sections, B nodosus had a multilayered cell envelope and the type of cell division characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasmic region contained a diffuse nucleoid area, ribosomes and, sometimes, concentrically arranged membranous lamellae. Fimbriae and capsular material were also seen in sections of B nodosus fixed with glutaraldehyde-osmium. Their visualisation appeared to be enhanced when ruthenium red was incorporated n the glutaraldehyde-osmium fixative but only when sections were stained with heavy metal salts, indicating that the fimbriae and capsule were not predominantly polysaccharide in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:262608", "title": "Serological studies with the virus of peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria.", "content": "It was possible to distinguish separate serological responses when experimental goats were inoculated with either rinderpest virus or peste des petits ruminants virus. Examination of field samples established that peste des petits ruminants occur commonly in Nigerian sheep and goats although some villages have escaped recent infection. There was no evidence of infection with rinderpest in these animals.", "contents": "Serological studies with the virus of peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria. It was possible to distinguish separate serological responses when experimental goats were inoculated with either rinderpest virus or peste des petits ruminants virus. Examination of field samples established that peste des petits ruminants occur commonly in Nigerian sheep and goats although some villages have escaped recent infection. There was no evidence of infection with rinderpest in these animals."}
{"id": "PMID:262609", "title": "The blood volumes and erythrokinetics of Ndama and Zebu cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The responses of susceptible Ndama and Zebu cattle to experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei were compared using haematological, parasitological and radioisotopic methods. Animals of both breeds became anaemic, but this was more severe in the Zebu cattle, one of which died. Although the prepatent period was the same in animals of both breeds, the levels of the first and subsequent peaks of parasitaemia were higher in the Zebu. The anaemia was due to an accelerated rate of red cell break-down which was more marked in the Zebu cattle. Haemodilution was not a feature. There was no evidence of dyshaemopoiesis but iron reutilisation from degraded erythrocytes was impaired. The greater resistance of the Ndama to T brucei infection could not be attributed to the capacity of this breed to mount a more effective erythropoietic response than the Zebu.", "contents": "The blood volumes and erythrokinetics of Ndama and Zebu cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. The responses of susceptible Ndama and Zebu cattle to experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei were compared using haematological, parasitological and radioisotopic methods. Animals of both breeds became anaemic, but this was more severe in the Zebu cattle, one of which died. Although the prepatent period was the same in animals of both breeds, the levels of the first and subsequent peaks of parasitaemia were higher in the Zebu. The anaemia was due to an accelerated rate of red cell break-down which was more marked in the Zebu cattle. Haemodilution was not a feature. There was no evidence of dyshaemopoiesis but iron reutilisation from degraded erythrocytes was impaired. The greater resistance of the Ndama to T brucei infection could not be attributed to the capacity of this breed to mount a more effective erythropoietic response than the Zebu."}
{"id": "PMID:262610", "title": "The effects of some surface sampling procedures on the stratum corneum of bovine skin.", "content": "Clipping and shaving remove cell and lipid layers from the stratum corneum and also modify the effects of subsequent lipid collection and microbiological sampling techniques. The damage to the epidermis caused by solvents indicates that further evaluation of some sebum collection procedures and of the effects of dips and dressings applied to the skin is required.", "contents": "The effects of some surface sampling procedures on the stratum corneum of bovine skin. Clipping and shaving remove cell and lipid layers from the stratum corneum and also modify the effects of subsequent lipid collection and microbiological sampling techniques. The damage to the epidermis caused by solvents indicates that further evaluation of some sebum collection procedures and of the effects of dips and dressings applied to the skin is required."}
{"id": "PMID:262611", "title": "A note on the transmission of Babesia bovis (syn B argentina) by the one-host tick, Boophilus microplus.", "content": "Boophilus microplus infected with Babesia bovis were transferred artificially from one splenectomised calf to another during each moult in the parasitic life cycle of the tick. Eggs from the engorged female ticks recovered at the end of the cycle were incubated and the resulting larvae used to infest more splenectomised calves. Babesia bovis was transmitted only by the original larvae used at the commencement of the experiment and it was concluded that the protozoan parasite did not persist in an infective form in the ticks beyond the larval stage.", "contents": "A note on the transmission of Babesia bovis (syn B argentina) by the one-host tick, Boophilus microplus. Boophilus microplus infected with Babesia bovis were transferred artificially from one splenectomised calf to another during each moult in the parasitic life cycle of the tick. Eggs from the engorged female ticks recovered at the end of the cycle were incubated and the resulting larvae used to infest more splenectomised calves. Babesia bovis was transmitted only by the original larvae used at the commencement of the experiment and it was concluded that the protozoan parasite did not persist in an infective form in the ticks beyond the larval stage."}
{"id": "PMID:262612", "title": "The period between birth and first suckling in dairy calves.", "content": "The period between birth and first suckling was recorded for 82 dairy calves. 11 per cent of heifers' calves and 46 per cent of cows' calves had not suckled by 6 h after birth. All calves, whether suckling spontaneously or put to the teat at 6 hr, had adequate 48 h total serum immunoglobulin levels.", "contents": "The period between birth and first suckling in dairy calves. The period between birth and first suckling was recorded for 82 dairy calves. 11 per cent of heifers' calves and 46 per cent of cows' calves had not suckled by 6 h after birth. All calves, whether suckling spontaneously or put to the teat at 6 hr, had adequate 48 h total serum immunoglobulin levels."}
{"id": "PMID:262613", "title": "The effects of implanting jugular catheters on plasma glucose concentrations in wethers fed two extremes of diet.", "content": "Although de novo glucose synthesis was 47 per cent higher in wethers fed hay plus barley than in wethers fed hay alone, the plasma glucose concentrations were similar. When two chronic jugular vein catheters were implanted, plasma glucose concentrations rose by 17 per cent and 5 per cent after 4 h in those fed hay alone and hay plus barley respectively. Levels subsided after 24 to 30 h post catheterisation.", "contents": "The effects of implanting jugular catheters on plasma glucose concentrations in wethers fed two extremes of diet. Although de novo glucose synthesis was 47 per cent higher in wethers fed hay plus barley than in wethers fed hay alone, the plasma glucose concentrations were similar. When two chronic jugular vein catheters were implanted, plasma glucose concentrations rose by 17 per cent and 5 per cent after 4 h in those fed hay alone and hay plus barley respectively. Levels subsided after 24 to 30 h post catheterisation."}
{"id": "PMID:262614", "title": "Attempts to immunize rats against infection with Fasciola hepatica using in vitro culture antigens from newly excysted metacercariae.", "content": "Attempts were made to immunise rats against Fasciola hepatica using the culture products obtained from the in vitro cultivation of newly excysted metacercariae. Three culture regimes were chosen: (1) medium NCTC 135 for 48 h (2) NCTC 135 + 20 per cent fetal calf serum (FCS) for 48 h (3) NCTC 135 + 20 per cent FCS for 14 days. The used culture medium from each of these regimes was concentrated, mixed with adjuvant and injected subcutaneously into rats. Similarly treated unused culture media was used in control rats. The rats were challenged with an oral dose of 20 F hepatica metacercariae 35 days later and autopsied 96 days after the start of the experiment. The fluke burdens in those rats which had received the culture antigens did not differ significantly from those in the control groups.", "contents": "Attempts to immunize rats against infection with Fasciola hepatica using in vitro culture antigens from newly excysted metacercariae. Attempts were made to immunise rats against Fasciola hepatica using the culture products obtained from the in vitro cultivation of newly excysted metacercariae. Three culture regimes were chosen: (1) medium NCTC 135 for 48 h (2) NCTC 135 + 20 per cent fetal calf serum (FCS) for 48 h (3) NCTC 135 + 20 per cent FCS for 14 days. The used culture medium from each of these regimes was concentrated, mixed with adjuvant and injected subcutaneously into rats. Similarly treated unused culture media was used in control rats. The rats were challenged with an oral dose of 20 F hepatica metacercariae 35 days later and autopsied 96 days after the start of the experiment. The fluke burdens in those rats which had received the culture antigens did not differ significantly from those in the control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:262615", "title": "A test for early pregnancy in sheep.", "content": "The rosette inhibition test has been used to detect an early pregnancy factor (EPF) in the serum of ewes. EPF was shown to be to be present within 72 h of mating and was still detectable after one month of gestation and in some cases after four months' gestation. The detection of EPF could be of value in the diagnosis of pregnancy in the ewe during the first month of gestation.", "contents": "A test for early pregnancy in sheep. The rosette inhibition test has been used to detect an early pregnancy factor (EPF) in the serum of ewes. EPF was shown to be to be present within 72 h of mating and was still detectable after one month of gestation and in some cases after four months' gestation. The detection of EPF could be of value in the diagnosis of pregnancy in the ewe during the first month of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:262616", "title": "Some haematological data for the European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).", "content": "The mean packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration of blood samples taken from a colony of captive European kestrels were found to be 45.9 per cent and 17.3 g per cent respectively. No evidence of protozoal parasites was found in smears from 13 birds examined.", "contents": "Some haematological data for the European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). The mean packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration of blood samples taken from a colony of captive European kestrels were found to be 45.9 per cent and 17.3 g per cent respectively. No evidence of protozoal parasites was found in smears from 13 birds examined."}
{"id": "PMID:262620", "title": "[Radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and therapy of tumors].", "content": "The Author, after some historical accounts, widely deals with physics and chemistry of the atom that are the necessary presupposition to the knowledge of the mechanisms of action of radio-isotopes. He hence exposes the radio-isotopes applications with special consideration to the action of radiations on the organism and the possibility of diagnosis and therapeutics with radioisotopes in oncology. The Author concludes that radio-isotopes must not be considered separately in the therapeutics of tumours, but as main component of the whole anti-tumour armament (surgical, consentional radiological, chemi-therapeutic) in which the immune-therapeutics is proving itself with fascinating possibilities.", "contents": "[Radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and therapy of tumors]. The Author, after some historical accounts, widely deals with physics and chemistry of the atom that are the necessary presupposition to the knowledge of the mechanisms of action of radio-isotopes. He hence exposes the radio-isotopes applications with special consideration to the action of radiations on the organism and the possibility of diagnosis and therapeutics with radioisotopes in oncology. The Author concludes that radio-isotopes must not be considered separately in the therapeutics of tumours, but as main component of the whole anti-tumour armament (surgical, consentional radiological, chemi-therapeutic) in which the immune-therapeutics is proving itself with fascinating possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:262626", "title": "Development of individual differences of cardiovascular regulation in the Bailey recombinant inbred mice.", "content": "Previous research has demonstrated that the cardiovascular system (CVS) is not completely developed in the rat until 20 days of age. Prior to this age the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is dominant during resting conditions and the stress response is vagally mediated, which is the opposite of most adult rats. In the present research, using the Bailey recombinant inbred strains and their progenitor strains (C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy), we determined the developmental period for the CVS in mice. The CVS was controlled by a high SNS tone and the stress response was vagally mediated at 8 days of age. By 12 days of age, the mice had much slower baseline heart rates which were vagally controlled. Significant strain differences were also found with a polygenic model accounting for these differences. The stress response of the 12-day-old mice was not interpretable because of individual differences in the adult coping strategies. These differences were accounted for by a different polygenic model than was found in the baseline condition.", "contents": "Development of individual differences of cardiovascular regulation in the Bailey recombinant inbred mice. Previous research has demonstrated that the cardiovascular system (CVS) is not completely developed in the rat until 20 days of age. Prior to this age the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is dominant during resting conditions and the stress response is vagally mediated, which is the opposite of most adult rats. In the present research, using the Bailey recombinant inbred strains and their progenitor strains (C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy), we determined the developmental period for the CVS in mice. The CVS was controlled by a high SNS tone and the stress response was vagally mediated at 8 days of age. By 12 days of age, the mice had much slower baseline heart rates which were vagally controlled. Significant strain differences were also found with a polygenic model accounting for these differences. The stress response of the 12-day-old mice was not interpretable because of individual differences in the adult coping strategies. These differences were accounted for by a different polygenic model than was found in the baseline condition."}
{"id": "PMID:262627", "title": "Genetic analysis of lines selected for wing vibration in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Selection for the wing vibration component of courtship in the Oregon-R stock of D. melanogaster was practiced for 44 generations. Selection was successful, indicating that there is genetic variation for the trait in the Oregon-R stock. The mean realized heritability of the trait, based on the first 11 generations of selection, was 15%. Biometrical analysis showed that there is some additive genetic variance for the trait with the possibility of some ambidirectional dominance. No maternal effects for the trait were found.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of lines selected for wing vibration in Drosophila melanogaster. Selection for the wing vibration component of courtship in the Oregon-R stock of D. melanogaster was practiced for 44 generations. Selection was successful, indicating that there is genetic variation for the trait in the Oregon-R stock. The mean realized heritability of the trait, based on the first 11 generations of selection, was 15%. Biometrical analysis showed that there is some additive genetic variance for the trait with the possibility of some ambidirectional dominance. No maternal effects for the trait were found."}
{"id": "PMID:262766", "title": "Reduction of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone by human and rat uterine tissues.", "content": "Incubations of adult rat uterine tissue and human endometrial and myometrial homogenates with [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone resulted in the formation of 5 alpha-[3H]dihydrotestosterone. The rat uterine homogenates showed higher activity than the minced tissue. The activity in human tissue was found to be less than rat tissue on a per unit weight basis. The human endometrium has been found to possess significantly higher activity than myometrium. These results support the hypothesis that androgens may exert their effect on uterus via 5 alpha-reduced metabolites.", "contents": "Reduction of testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone by human and rat uterine tissues. Incubations of adult rat uterine tissue and human endometrial and myometrial homogenates with [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone resulted in the formation of 5 alpha-[3H]dihydrotestosterone. The rat uterine homogenates showed higher activity than the minced tissue. The activity in human tissue was found to be less than rat tissue on a per unit weight basis. The human endometrium has been found to possess significantly higher activity than myometrium. These results support the hypothesis that androgens may exert their effect on uterus via 5 alpha-reduced metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:262768", "title": "Thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in patients placed on colestipol hydrochloride.", "content": "Bile acid sequestrant resins can bind T4 in vitro and in the gut. Therefore, the effect of colestipol HCl on thyroid function was studied prospectively in 17 subjects with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Serum T4, T3, T3 resin uptake, and TSH levels were measured before and during therapy. No change in T4 levels and only small transient, but significant, decreases in T3 were noted in a minority of patients; TSH levels did not change. Small increases in T3 resin uptake were noted. We conclude that no major alterations in thyroid function occurred with colestipol therapy.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in patients placed on colestipol hydrochloride. Bile acid sequestrant resins can bind T4 in vitro and in the gut. Therefore, the effect of colestipol HCl on thyroid function was studied prospectively in 17 subjects with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Serum T4, T3, T3 resin uptake, and TSH levels were measured before and during therapy. No change in T4 levels and only small transient, but significant, decreases in T3 were noted in a minority of patients; TSH levels did not change. Small increases in T3 resin uptake were noted. We conclude that no major alterations in thyroid function occurred with colestipol therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:262769", "title": "LATS-protector activity in thyrotoxicosis measured by thyroidal intracellular colloid droplet formation.", "content": "A modified assay method of LATS and LATS protector (LATSP) was devised employing murine thyroidal intracellular colloid droplet formation. This method is 4- to 8-fold more sensitive to stimulators than is the regular McKenzie bioassay. For the assay of LATSP, IgG to be tested was incubated with human thyroid homogenate, then LATS-IgG was added and it was further incubated. The potency of LATS in the mixture was assayed. The adequacy of the present method for the assay of LATSP was supported by the facts that the LATSP activity was roughly related to the dose of IgG tested and that the inactivation of LATSP was observed when the IgG was pretreated with human thyroid particulate fraction and then assayed. With this method, 7 out of 32 patients with thyrotoxicosis showed LATS and 18 showed LATSP. Changes in LATSP were followed up in 7 cases out of the 18. LATSP activity decreased and then disappeared in 6 out of the 7 cases, when they had been euthyroid for a certain period of time. At 12-20 months after the treatment either by thionamide medication or by subtotal thyroidectomy. LATSP and 131I-thyroid uptake were measured in these 6 patients. In all of the 6, LATSP was negative regardless of thyroid suppressibility.", "contents": "LATS-protector activity in thyrotoxicosis measured by thyroidal intracellular colloid droplet formation. A modified assay method of LATS and LATS protector (LATSP) was devised employing murine thyroidal intracellular colloid droplet formation. This method is 4- to 8-fold more sensitive to stimulators than is the regular McKenzie bioassay. For the assay of LATSP, IgG to be tested was incubated with human thyroid homogenate, then LATS-IgG was added and it was further incubated. The potency of LATS in the mixture was assayed. The adequacy of the present method for the assay of LATSP was supported by the facts that the LATSP activity was roughly related to the dose of IgG tested and that the inactivation of LATSP was observed when the IgG was pretreated with human thyroid particulate fraction and then assayed. With this method, 7 out of 32 patients with thyrotoxicosis showed LATS and 18 showed LATSP. Changes in LATSP were followed up in 7 cases out of the 18. LATSP activity decreased and then disappeared in 6 out of the 7 cases, when they had been euthyroid for a certain period of time. At 12-20 months after the treatment either by thionamide medication or by subtotal thyroidectomy. LATSP and 131I-thyroid uptake were measured in these 6 patients. In all of the 6, LATSP was negative regardless of thyroid suppressibility."}
{"id": "PMID:262799", "title": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis in multiple trauma after early heparinizing.", "content": "In 27 multiple trauma patients receiving standard shock management and intensive care, coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated after early heparinization. The general coagulation tests did not imply any impaired clotting function. Platelets and factors I, II, and V decreased without induction of hypocoagulability. There was considerable decrease in plasminogen, whereas FDP ranged within normal; thus, a hyperplasminemia can be excluded. Antithrombin III remained within normal range; even in nonsurvivors there was no depletion, although their antithrombin III activity was significantly lower. In comparison to 50 trauma patients - a comparable group with regard to trauma patterns, shock management, and intensive care - there were no significant differences in volume requirements or mortality rate. Whether early heparinization is effective in preventing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) related organ failure remains to be seen.", "contents": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis in multiple trauma after early heparinizing. In 27 multiple trauma patients receiving standard shock management and intensive care, coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated after early heparinization. The general coagulation tests did not imply any impaired clotting function. Platelets and factors I, II, and V decreased without induction of hypocoagulability. There was considerable decrease in plasminogen, whereas FDP ranged within normal; thus, a hyperplasminemia can be excluded. Antithrombin III remained within normal range; even in nonsurvivors there was no depletion, although their antithrombin III activity was significantly lower. In comparison to 50 trauma patients - a comparable group with regard to trauma patterns, shock management, and intensive care - there were no significant differences in volume requirements or mortality rate. Whether early heparinization is effective in preventing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) related organ failure remains to be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:262800", "title": "Impairment of reticuloendothelial system function with sepsis and its improvement with ATP-MgCl2 plus glucose administration.", "content": "Peritonitis in rats was produced by cecal ligation and puncture. Sixteen hours following cecal ligation and puncture, the gangrenous cecum was removed and the animals received either 4 ml saline (nontreated), 0.75 ATP-MgCl2 (100 mumoles ATP plus 50 mumoles MgCl2), and 2.0 ml of 50% glucose or 2.0 ml of 50% mannitol and 1.25 ml saline. Two hours after the removal of the cecum, RES function was evaluated by measuring the intravascular clearance of a 131 I triolein-labeled gelatinized test lipid emulsion. The intravascular half-time (t1/2) in the nontreated animals was double that of sham-operated animals, suggesting that significant depression in RES function occurred during sepsis. Administration of ATP-MgCl2 plus glucose following sepsis resulted in t1/2 values similar to those of sham-operated animals, indicating that the impairment of pagocytic activity of the RES was reversed with treatment. The beneficial effect of treatment following sepsis does not appear to be due to hypertonicity, since administration of 50% mannitol failed to decrease the t1/2. The precise mechanism of the beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 + glucose on restoration of RES function is not known.", "contents": "Impairment of reticuloendothelial system function with sepsis and its improvement with ATP-MgCl2 plus glucose administration. Peritonitis in rats was produced by cecal ligation and puncture. Sixteen hours following cecal ligation and puncture, the gangrenous cecum was removed and the animals received either 4 ml saline (nontreated), 0.75 ATP-MgCl2 (100 mumoles ATP plus 50 mumoles MgCl2), and 2.0 ml of 50% glucose or 2.0 ml of 50% mannitol and 1.25 ml saline. Two hours after the removal of the cecum, RES function was evaluated by measuring the intravascular clearance of a 131 I triolein-labeled gelatinized test lipid emulsion. The intravascular half-time (t1/2) in the nontreated animals was double that of sham-operated animals, suggesting that significant depression in RES function occurred during sepsis. Administration of ATP-MgCl2 plus glucose following sepsis resulted in t1/2 values similar to those of sham-operated animals, indicating that the impairment of pagocytic activity of the RES was reversed with treatment. The beneficial effect of treatment following sepsis does not appear to be due to hypertonicity, since administration of 50% mannitol failed to decrease the t1/2. The precise mechanism of the beneficial effect of ATP-MgCl2 + glucose on restoration of RES function is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:262801", "title": "Gram-negative sepsis in thermally injured sheep.", "content": "Burn wound sepsis was studied for four days in awake, unanesthetized sheep. Each of the animals was given a 40% third-degree burn, and the wound was infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to their cardiopulmonary response, the animals were divided into three groups: hyperdynamic, normodynamic, and hypodynamic. The hyperdynamic group had an increased cardiac index and a decreased total peripheral resistance index. The hypodynamic group was characterized by the following: decreased cardiac index, increased total peripheral resistance index, increased hematocrit, decreased PaO2, increased pulmonary vascular resistance index, and decreased neutrophils (P less than or equal to 0.05). The hypodynamic group was inoculated with more P aeruginosa, had more positive cultures for P aeruginosa, and had a greater mortality rate than the other two groups. It is suggested that the hypodynamic group was hypovolemic as a result of a fluid shift from the vascular compartment, that this fluid shift may be important in preventing the animals from responding to sepsis with an elevated cardiac index, and that the derivation of the cardiovascular response to sepsis is related to the severity of the initial septic insult.", "contents": "Gram-negative sepsis in thermally injured sheep. Burn wound sepsis was studied for four days in awake, unanesthetized sheep. Each of the animals was given a 40% third-degree burn, and the wound was infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to their cardiopulmonary response, the animals were divided into three groups: hyperdynamic, normodynamic, and hypodynamic. The hyperdynamic group had an increased cardiac index and a decreased total peripheral resistance index. The hypodynamic group was characterized by the following: decreased cardiac index, increased total peripheral resistance index, increased hematocrit, decreased PaO2, increased pulmonary vascular resistance index, and decreased neutrophils (P less than or equal to 0.05). The hypodynamic group was inoculated with more P aeruginosa, had more positive cultures for P aeruginosa, and had a greater mortality rate than the other two groups. It is suggested that the hypodynamic group was hypovolemic as a result of a fluid shift from the vascular compartment, that this fluid shift may be important in preventing the animals from responding to sepsis with an elevated cardiac index, and that the derivation of the cardiovascular response to sepsis is related to the severity of the initial septic insult."}
{"id": "PMID:262802", "title": "Evaluation of glucocorticoids during resuscitation of injured patients.", "content": "This study evaluates the effects of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone (MP) administered to eight trauma patient over a 30-minute period during initial resuscitation. Vascular pressures, cardiac index (CI), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), systemic (SVR) and pulmonary (PVR) vascular resistance, oxygen delivery (OD), oxygen consumption (VO2), physiological shunt (shunt), limb blood flow (LBF), limb-oxygen delivery (LOD), and limb oxygen consumption (VLO2) were calculated at control and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours following MP administration. At 1 hour there was an increase in CI from 2.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.5 +/- 0.3 liters/min/m2 (P less than 0.01), in OD from 961 +/- 172 to 11067 +/- 148 ml/min (P less than 0.05), in VO2 from 178 +/- 16 to 220 +/- 16 ml/min (P less than 0.01), in shunt from 25 +/- 3% to 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05), and a decrease in SVR from 1187 +/- 98 to 1945 +/- 87, and in PVR form 222 +/- 22 to 178 +/- 18 dyne sec/cm5 (P less than 0.05). These values returned to control by 4 hours. In spite of a pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) that did not increase form a control of 5 +/- 2 mm Hg, and a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) that did not decrease from a control of 86 +/- 5 mm Hg, LVSWI increased significantly at 1 hour (P less than 0.01). LBF, LOD, and VLO2 decreased at 1 hour (P less than 0.05). Since increased cardiac output was associated with increased stroke volume and left ventricular stroke work index, but without an increase in preload (PWP) or a decrease in afterload (MABP), methylprednisolone(MP), in pharmacologic dosage appears to have a positive inotropic effect on the myocardium of trauma patients during resuscitation.", "contents": "Evaluation of glucocorticoids during resuscitation of injured patients. This study evaluates the effects of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone (MP) administered to eight trauma patient over a 30-minute period during initial resuscitation. Vascular pressures, cardiac index (CI), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), systemic (SVR) and pulmonary (PVR) vascular resistance, oxygen delivery (OD), oxygen consumption (VO2), physiological shunt (shunt), limb blood flow (LBF), limb-oxygen delivery (LOD), and limb oxygen consumption (VLO2) were calculated at control and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours following MP administration. At 1 hour there was an increase in CI from 2.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.5 +/- 0.3 liters/min/m2 (P less than 0.01), in OD from 961 +/- 172 to 11067 +/- 148 ml/min (P less than 0.05), in VO2 from 178 +/- 16 to 220 +/- 16 ml/min (P less than 0.01), in shunt from 25 +/- 3% to 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05), and a decrease in SVR from 1187 +/- 98 to 1945 +/- 87, and in PVR form 222 +/- 22 to 178 +/- 18 dyne sec/cm5 (P less than 0.05). These values returned to control by 4 hours. In spite of a pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) that did not increase form a control of 5 +/- 2 mm Hg, and a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) that did not decrease from a control of 86 +/- 5 mm Hg, LVSWI increased significantly at 1 hour (P less than 0.01). LBF, LOD, and VLO2 decreased at 1 hour (P less than 0.05). Since increased cardiac output was associated with increased stroke volume and left ventricular stroke work index, but without an increase in preload (PWP) or a decrease in afterload (MABP), methylprednisolone(MP), in pharmacologic dosage appears to have a positive inotropic effect on the myocardium of trauma patients during resuscitation."}
{"id": "PMID:262803", "title": "Early cardiorespiratory prognostic patterns in multiple trauma patients.", "content": "Hemodynamic parameters were monitored for one week ( in greatest detail during the first 24 hours) in 50 severely injured people who had been admitted to the hospital for treatment within one hour after the accident and, as judged by the type of injury, had probably lost more than 1 1/2 liters of blood. The estimations included not only blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and shock index but also the cardiac index (CI), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), and parameters of oxygen transport were determined with the aid of Swan-Ganz catheters, CI, SI, and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) were decreased, PAP, total pulmonary resistance (TPR), and total systemic resistance (TSR), were increased from the very beginning in the nonsurviving group, with a high prediction of vital outcome. The Swan-Ganz catheter is valuable in such cases in obtaining early prognostic evaluation and in controlling therapy - ie, volume replacement, vasodilation, and adrenergic therapy.", "contents": "Early cardiorespiratory prognostic patterns in multiple trauma patients. Hemodynamic parameters were monitored for one week ( in greatest detail during the first 24 hours) in 50 severely injured people who had been admitted to the hospital for treatment within one hour after the accident and, as judged by the type of injury, had probably lost more than 1 1/2 liters of blood. The estimations included not only blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and shock index but also the cardiac index (CI), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), and parameters of oxygen transport were determined with the aid of Swan-Ganz catheters, CI, SI, and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) were decreased, PAP, total pulmonary resistance (TPR), and total systemic resistance (TSR), were increased from the very beginning in the nonsurviving group, with a high prediction of vital outcome. The Swan-Ganz catheter is valuable in such cases in obtaining early prognostic evaluation and in controlling therapy - ie, volume replacement, vasodilation, and adrenergic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:262805", "title": "Effect of reticuloendothelial blockade on the development of hypotension after trauma, sepsis, and intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Numerous studies have demonstrated that reticuloendothelial system (RES) depression induced by colloid blockade increases susceptibility to circulatory shock following trauma and sepsis. Recent data have suggested that this may relate to the failure of the RES to clear potentially embolic material derived from activation of the hemostatic system. The present study thus compared the hypotensive response precipitated by trauma or sepsis with that resulting from induction of intravascular coagulation. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was monitored for 120 minutes after sublethal NCD trauma and after intra-aortic injection of live E coli (approximately 10(10) organisms per rat), E coli endotoxin (0.1 mg/100 gm), or bovine thrombin (10 units/100 gm) in 400-500 gm rats 30 minutes after RE blockade (50 mg/100 gm gelatinized lipid colloid) or saline injection. All rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. No hypotension was observed in blockaded control rats. After trauma, MABP decreased by 20 minutes after injury and recovered to normal levels by 1 hour post-trauma. MABP decreased in blockaded rats after trauma and remained diminished through 2 hours. After live E coli endotoxin or thrombin, both the normal and the blockaded groups underwent an initial hypotension of similar magnitude. A second period of hypotension was much more pronounced in the RE-blockaded animals. Reduced MABP persisted in these animals through 2 hours. These data indicate that RE blockade enhances the hypotensive response to intravascular coagulation and that resulting from trauma or sepsis. This effect was especially apparent during the second phase of hypotension during sepsis and intravascular coagulation. It was suggested that the RES manifests some protective effect against the agents inducing this secondary hypotensive response.", "contents": "Effect of reticuloendothelial blockade on the development of hypotension after trauma, sepsis, and intravascular coagulation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that reticuloendothelial system (RES) depression induced by colloid blockade increases susceptibility to circulatory shock following trauma and sepsis. Recent data have suggested that this may relate to the failure of the RES to clear potentially embolic material derived from activation of the hemostatic system. The present study thus compared the hypotensive response precipitated by trauma or sepsis with that resulting from induction of intravascular coagulation. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was monitored for 120 minutes after sublethal NCD trauma and after intra-aortic injection of live E coli (approximately 10(10) organisms per rat), E coli endotoxin (0.1 mg/100 gm), or bovine thrombin (10 units/100 gm) in 400-500 gm rats 30 minutes after RE blockade (50 mg/100 gm gelatinized lipid colloid) or saline injection. All rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. No hypotension was observed in blockaded control rats. After trauma, MABP decreased by 20 minutes after injury and recovered to normal levels by 1 hour post-trauma. MABP decreased in blockaded rats after trauma and remained diminished through 2 hours. After live E coli endotoxin or thrombin, both the normal and the blockaded groups underwent an initial hypotension of similar magnitude. A second period of hypotension was much more pronounced in the RE-blockaded animals. Reduced MABP persisted in these animals through 2 hours. These data indicate that RE blockade enhances the hypotensive response to intravascular coagulation and that resulting from trauma or sepsis. This effect was especially apparent during the second phase of hypotension during sepsis and intravascular coagulation. It was suggested that the RES manifests some protective effect against the agents inducing this secondary hypotensive response."}
{"id": "PMID:262806", "title": "Immunoreactive serum opsonic alpha 2 sb glycoprotein as a noninvasive index of RES systemic defense after trauma.", "content": "Reticuloendothelial system (RES) depression has been correlated with diminished resistance to trauma, shock, and sepsis in man and animals. Previous studies have related the depression of RES hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic function after trauma to diminished bioassayable opsonic activity. The present study determined if the loss of biological activity and RES alteration correlated with immunoreactive serum opsonic alpha 2 SB glycoprotein levels after trauma. Serum opsonic activity was measured by liver slice bioassay, and immunoreactive opsonic protein was measured by rocket electroimmunoassay. RE function was determined by colloid clearance over a 24-hour post-trauma period. Anesthetized rats (250-300 gm) subjected to sublethal or severe (greater than LD50) whole-body NCD trauma were the shock models investigated. Immunoreactive levels in 63 rats prior to injury were 518 +/- 24 microgram/ml. Neither biological nor immunoreactive levels were altered over 24 hours in anesthetized sham-traumatized controls. Temporal alteration in the initial decrease and recovery pattern of biologically active and immunoreactive opsonic protein levels significantly correlated following both sublethal and severe injury. Moreover, the patterns of immunoreactive levels of the opsonic protein correlated with the functional phagocytic activity of the RES as determined by vascular clearance of a test dose of blood-borne radiolabeled particulates. This glycoprotein falls after trauma, and the magnitude and duration of the decline increases with severity of injury. Immunoreactive opsonic alpha 2 SB glycoprotein appears to be an accurate measurement of circulating opsonic activity and RE Kupffer cell function after trauma, especially with respect to clearance. Thus, immunoreactive opsonic protein warrants clinical consideration as a noninvasive measure of reticuloendothelial systemic defense in patients after trauma and burn.", "contents": "Immunoreactive serum opsonic alpha 2 sb glycoprotein as a noninvasive index of RES systemic defense after trauma. Reticuloendothelial system (RES) depression has been correlated with diminished resistance to trauma, shock, and sepsis in man and animals. Previous studies have related the depression of RES hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic function after trauma to diminished bioassayable opsonic activity. The present study determined if the loss of biological activity and RES alteration correlated with immunoreactive serum opsonic alpha 2 SB glycoprotein levels after trauma. Serum opsonic activity was measured by liver slice bioassay, and immunoreactive opsonic protein was measured by rocket electroimmunoassay. RE function was determined by colloid clearance over a 24-hour post-trauma period. Anesthetized rats (250-300 gm) subjected to sublethal or severe (greater than LD50) whole-body NCD trauma were the shock models investigated. Immunoreactive levels in 63 rats prior to injury were 518 +/- 24 microgram/ml. Neither biological nor immunoreactive levels were altered over 24 hours in anesthetized sham-traumatized controls. Temporal alteration in the initial decrease and recovery pattern of biologically active and immunoreactive opsonic protein levels significantly correlated following both sublethal and severe injury. Moreover, the patterns of immunoreactive levels of the opsonic protein correlated with the functional phagocytic activity of the RES as determined by vascular clearance of a test dose of blood-borne radiolabeled particulates. This glycoprotein falls after trauma, and the magnitude and duration of the decline increases with severity of injury. Immunoreactive opsonic alpha 2 SB glycoprotein appears to be an accurate measurement of circulating opsonic activity and RE Kupffer cell function after trauma, especially with respect to clearance. Thus, immunoreactive opsonic protein warrants clinical consideration as a noninvasive measure of reticuloendothelial systemic defense in patients after trauma and burn."}
{"id": "PMID:262807", "title": "Oxygen consumption in canine skeletal muscle following massive saline infusion.", "content": "To study the effect of interstitial edema on tissue oxygen transport, we infused buffered isotonic saline solution at a rate of 200 ml/kg/hr into mongrel dogs for two hours, measuring oxygen delivery and consumption in a skinned, innervated hindlimb. Hematocrit dropped gradually to 10.8 +/- 3.9%. Muscle water content increased 13% (P less than 0.05). However, oxygen consumption did not change significantly from control of 0.228 +/- 0.029 ml/min/100 gm. Femoral venous oxygen tension fell from control of 62.6 +/- 2.6 mm Hg to 31.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg. Mean arterial flow increased to nearly twice the control level of 12.5 +/- 1.1 ml/min/100 gm and fell gradually, with the sustained 50% drop in vascular resistance largely explained by expected decreases in blood viscosity. We conclude that interstitial edema did not cause a significant defect in canine skeletal muscle oxygen utilization.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption in canine skeletal muscle following massive saline infusion. To study the effect of interstitial edema on tissue oxygen transport, we infused buffered isotonic saline solution at a rate of 200 ml/kg/hr into mongrel dogs for two hours, measuring oxygen delivery and consumption in a skinned, innervated hindlimb. Hematocrit dropped gradually to 10.8 +/- 3.9%. Muscle water content increased 13% (P less than 0.05). However, oxygen consumption did not change significantly from control of 0.228 +/- 0.029 ml/min/100 gm. Femoral venous oxygen tension fell from control of 62.6 +/- 2.6 mm Hg to 31.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg. Mean arterial flow increased to nearly twice the control level of 12.5 +/- 1.1 ml/min/100 gm and fell gradually, with the sustained 50% drop in vascular resistance largely explained by expected decreases in blood viscosity. We conclude that interstitial edema did not cause a significant defect in canine skeletal muscle oxygen utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:262906", "title": "[Vectorcardiographic manifestations of supraventricular ectopic rhythms].", "content": "In the presence of low right atrial rhythms, the eight-shaped PF loop is located in the first quadrant, the PH loop is rotating in a counterclockwise direction and PS can rotate in either course. When the rhythm originates in high left atrial regions, PF and PH loop loops can be found in the third quadrant of both planes and should have a clockwise rotation. When the pacemaker is located in low left atrial regions, the PF loop rotates in a counterclockwise direction, or with its branches superposed, and located in the second quadrant; PH is rotating clockwise in the third quadrant; PS with either a clockwise or a counterclockwise rotation, is situated above and slightly ahead of the E point. In the presence of a nodal rhythm, the P loops show a counterclockwise rotation or an eight-shaped configuration. In the absence of atrial enlargements, the PF loop can be seen in the first quadrant and the PH in the first or the fourth quadrant.", "contents": "[Vectorcardiographic manifestations of supraventricular ectopic rhythms]. In the presence of low right atrial rhythms, the eight-shaped PF loop is located in the first quadrant, the PH loop is rotating in a counterclockwise direction and PS can rotate in either course. When the rhythm originates in high left atrial regions, PF and PH loop loops can be found in the third quadrant of both planes and should have a clockwise rotation. When the pacemaker is located in low left atrial regions, the PF loop rotates in a counterclockwise direction, or with its branches superposed, and located in the second quadrant; PH is rotating clockwise in the third quadrant; PS with either a clockwise or a counterclockwise rotation, is situated above and slightly ahead of the E point. In the presence of a nodal rhythm, the P loops show a counterclockwise rotation or an eight-shaped configuration. In the absence of atrial enlargements, the PF loop can be seen in the first quadrant and the PH in the first or the fourth quadrant."}
{"id": "PMID:262907", "title": "[Vectorcardiographic manifestations of left intraventricular conduction disorders].", "content": "Both, the vectorcardiographic changes produced by the various degrees of left bundle branch block and these observed with the different types of left distal block, are described. When a \"wave jumping\" phenomenon exists, the vectorcardiographic changes are more characteristic in the horizontal plane than in the frontal plane and can be interpreted satisfactorily in basis of the ventricular activation sequence. The normal counterclockwise rotation of the horizontal vectorcardiogram persists in the presence of left bundle branch block of slight and moderate degrees, since the electromotive forces of the free left ventricular wall are still predominant. In the majority of intermediate degree blocks, the middle portion of the RH loop develops with a clockwise rotation and general aspect with a clockwise rotation and the general aspect of the ventricular loop resembles an eight figure. This is due to the electromotive forces originated by the delayed depolarization of the left septal mass that starts to predominate. With advanced degrees of block, the largest portion of the RH loop shows a clockwise rotation, as well as marked notchings and slurrings. The initial anterior portion of the horizontal vectorcardiogram does not disappear, but is situated to the left of the anterior-posterior axis with a counterclockwise rotation (first right septal vector). Otherwise, the direct electrical sign of left distal block emphasized: evidence of delayed activation in a limited zone of the homolateral ventricle. This local delay gives rise to an asynchronism of the activation phenomenon between the upper and lower regions of the ventricle. The diagnosis of left bifascicular block is based essentially on the evidence of unequal delay of the activation sequence in the basal regions and in the inferior ones of the homolateral ventricle and also on the frequent persistence of the first left septal vector.", "contents": "[Vectorcardiographic manifestations of left intraventricular conduction disorders]. Both, the vectorcardiographic changes produced by the various degrees of left bundle branch block and these observed with the different types of left distal block, are described. When a \"wave jumping\" phenomenon exists, the vectorcardiographic changes are more characteristic in the horizontal plane than in the frontal plane and can be interpreted satisfactorily in basis of the ventricular activation sequence. The normal counterclockwise rotation of the horizontal vectorcardiogram persists in the presence of left bundle branch block of slight and moderate degrees, since the electromotive forces of the free left ventricular wall are still predominant. In the majority of intermediate degree blocks, the middle portion of the RH loop develops with a clockwise rotation and general aspect with a clockwise rotation and the general aspect of the ventricular loop resembles an eight figure. This is due to the electromotive forces originated by the delayed depolarization of the left septal mass that starts to predominate. With advanced degrees of block, the largest portion of the RH loop shows a clockwise rotation, as well as marked notchings and slurrings. The initial anterior portion of the horizontal vectorcardiogram does not disappear, but is situated to the left of the anterior-posterior axis with a counterclockwise rotation (first right septal vector). Otherwise, the direct electrical sign of left distal block emphasized: evidence of delayed activation in a limited zone of the homolateral ventricle. This local delay gives rise to an asynchronism of the activation phenomenon between the upper and lower regions of the ventricle. The diagnosis of left bifascicular block is based essentially on the evidence of unequal delay of the activation sequence in the basal regions and in the inferior ones of the homolateral ventricle and also on the frequent persistence of the first left septal vector."}
{"id": "PMID:262956", "title": "[Preliminary studies on the immune response to tetanus antitoxin: use of dried blood on filter paper].", "content": "The tetanus antitoxin titers of blood obtained by venepuncture and those of finger-blood absorbed on filter paper are compared when the titration techniques use fresh or formalinized erythrocytes sensitized by the bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB) method. The results show that the antitoxin titers are closely similar with the two methods of sampling and storage.", "contents": "[Preliminary studies on the immune response to tetanus antitoxin: use of dried blood on filter paper]. The tetanus antitoxin titers of blood obtained by venepuncture and those of finger-blood absorbed on filter paper are compared when the titration techniques use fresh or formalinized erythrocytes sensitized by the bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB) method. The results show that the antitoxin titers are closely similar with the two methods of sampling and storage."}
{"id": "PMID:262957", "title": "[Bovine brucellosis in Algeria. Results of serological detection from 1969 to 1976].", "content": "The results of the 1969-1976 serological detection of bovine brucellosis in Algeria carried out in the \"domaine autog\u00e9r\u00e9s\" show a stabilization of the level of infection around 12% despite prophylactic measures. Other measures are advocated.", "contents": "[Bovine brucellosis in Algeria. Results of serological detection from 1969 to 1976]. The results of the 1969-1976 serological detection of bovine brucellosis in Algeria carried out in the \"domaine autog\u00e9r\u00e9s\" show a stabilization of the level of infection around 12% despite prophylactic measures. Other measures are advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:262958", "title": "[Practical methods for rabies control in Algeria].", "content": "Control measures currently in use in Algeria have not given the results expected. Suggestions are made of the eradication of rabies in rural areas as well as in urban ones by concentrating on the dog and adapting the legislation.", "contents": "[Practical methods for rabies control in Algeria]. Control measures currently in use in Algeria have not given the results expected. Suggestions are made of the eradication of rabies in rural areas as well as in urban ones by concentrating on the dog and adapting the legislation."}
{"id": "PMID:262959", "title": "[Management of a suspect bite].", "content": "Ignorance of the indications or unsuitable treatment are the most common causes of mistakes in the vaccinal or serovaccinal treatment of rabies. The physiological, clinical and epidemiological bases are brought to mind and a simple management scheme is suggested taking into account the W.H.O. recommendations.", "contents": "[Management of a suspect bite]. Ignorance of the indications or unsuitable treatment are the most common causes of mistakes in the vaccinal or serovaccinal treatment of rabies. The physiological, clinical and epidemiological bases are brought to mind and a simple management scheme is suggested taking into account the W.H.O. recommendations."}
{"id": "PMID:262960", "title": "[Stool culture. Evaluation of technics of salmonellosis diagnosis].", "content": "With a view to standardizing diagnostic methods in our country, we have attempted to evaluate the techniques for isolating Salmonella, more particularly S. typhi, by stool culture. The various factors influencing the isolation rate of these organisms are studied, i.e.: the mode of sampling, the components of media for both isolation and enrichment, and subcultures. A scheme for isolation of Salmonella from stools is proposed.", "contents": "[Stool culture. Evaluation of technics of salmonellosis diagnosis]. With a view to standardizing diagnostic methods in our country, we have attempted to evaluate the techniques for isolating Salmonella, more particularly S. typhi, by stool culture. The various factors influencing the isolation rate of these organisms are studied, i.e.: the mode of sampling, the components of media for both isolation and enrichment, and subcultures. A scheme for isolation of Salmonella from stools is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:262961", "title": "[Epidemiology of rabies in Algeria].", "content": "An epidemiological study on rabies in Algeria has been carried out on data provided by the \"Institut national de Sant\u00e9 publique\" and the \"Institut Pasteur d'Alg\u00e9rie\". It showed that no region is unhurt. The animal reservoir is of the domestic type, essentially the dog. In 40% of cases, bites are due to stray dogs.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of rabies in Algeria]. An epidemiological study on rabies in Algeria has been carried out on data provided by the \"Institut national de Sant\u00e9 publique\" and the \"Institut Pasteur d'Alg\u00e9rie\". It showed that no region is unhurt. The animal reservoir is of the domestic type, essentially the dog. In 40% of cases, bites are due to stray dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:262963", "title": "[National survey on pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. Bacteriological results].", "content": "A survey concerning the out come of the pulmonary tuberculosis treatment has been carried out in algeria. 11 districts were concerned. Patients received treatment in sanitary centers from January to March 1977. Smears were done before any treatment and after 12 months cure; Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed at the local laboratory and sputum samples were sent to the central laboratory for fluorescence examination and culture. Positives cultures were tested to antituberculosis drugs. Bacteriological results obtained before and after 12 months treatment are reported.", "contents": "[National survey on pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. Bacteriological results]. A survey concerning the out come of the pulmonary tuberculosis treatment has been carried out in algeria. 11 districts were concerned. Patients received treatment in sanitary centers from January to March 1977. Smears were done before any treatment and after 12 months cure; Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed at the local laboratory and sputum samples were sent to the central laboratory for fluorescence examination and culture. Positives cultures were tested to antituberculosis drugs. Bacteriological results obtained before and after 12 months treatment are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:262964", "title": "[Survey on tuberculosis treatment in the Sahara. Preliminary bacteriological results].", "content": "The preliminary bacteriological results of a survey carried out in the Sahara desert and concerning antituberculosis treatment are reported. Two regimens were compared ; a twelve-months regimen SHE/HE and six months regimen RHEZ/RH. Out of 370 patients admitted in one year, 292 had a positive smear, whereas 40 had not any bacteriological proof. 275 strains were isolated and 205 were tested to antituberculosis drugs; 15% showed a resistance to a least one drug. The 15% rate was in fact very different from one sanitary district to another. The search for INH metabolites in the urines of patients before treatment showed 67 positive cases out of 341. The follow up was carried out at the 5th, 6th, 9th and 12th month after admission, smears and cultures of sputum and detection of INH metabolites in urines were used.", "contents": "[Survey on tuberculosis treatment in the Sahara. Preliminary bacteriological results]. The preliminary bacteriological results of a survey carried out in the Sahara desert and concerning antituberculosis treatment are reported. Two regimens were compared ; a twelve-months regimen SHE/HE and six months regimen RHEZ/RH. Out of 370 patients admitted in one year, 292 had a positive smear, whereas 40 had not any bacteriological proof. 275 strains were isolated and 205 were tested to antituberculosis drugs; 15% showed a resistance to a least one drug. The 15% rate was in fact very different from one sanitary district to another. The search for INH metabolites in the urines of patients before treatment showed 67 positive cases out of 341. The follow up was carried out at the 5th, 6th, 9th and 12th month after admission, smears and cultures of sputum and detection of INH metabolites in urines were used."}
{"id": "PMID:262962", "title": "[Absorption and urinary elimination of pyrazinamid administered alone or in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin].", "content": "The aim of this work to study the PZA absorption in man its urinary excretion. The PZA was administered alone and in association with INH or/and Rifampicin. The PZA dosage in blood and urine and pyrazinoic acid in urine were performed in a sample of 80 patients divided into 4 groups. PZA dosage was also performed in blood from mice in the same experimental conditions. Our results showed that in man, the titres in serum gave higher peaks when PZA was given alone. Titres were significantly lower when PZA was associated with the two other drugs. The comparative study of PZA seral rates in men and women in one side and mice in the other, showed that the seral concentration was proportional to the body weight. Urinary excretion of Pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid showed a relation between the seral concentration and the urinary concentration. However, there was no correlation between the maximum seral concentration and urinary excretion of pyrazinoic acid.", "contents": "[Absorption and urinary elimination of pyrazinamid administered alone or in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin]. The aim of this work to study the PZA absorption in man its urinary excretion. The PZA was administered alone and in association with INH or/and Rifampicin. The PZA dosage in blood and urine and pyrazinoic acid in urine were performed in a sample of 80 patients divided into 4 groups. PZA dosage was also performed in blood from mice in the same experimental conditions. Our results showed that in man, the titres in serum gave higher peaks when PZA was given alone. Titres were significantly lower when PZA was associated with the two other drugs. The comparative study of PZA seral rates in men and women in one side and mice in the other, showed that the seral concentration was proportional to the body weight. Urinary excretion of Pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid showed a relation between the seral concentration and the urinary concentration. However, there was no correlation between the maximum seral concentration and urinary excretion of pyrazinoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:262965", "title": "[Description of 173 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis].", "content": "The authors present 173 cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis observed in the Biskra area. Sidi Okba is the biggest focus of this disease which mainly affects children from 1 to 5 years. Lesions are dry and often multiple (2 or 3). The authors have observed that 73% of girls are affected on the face and point out the aesthetic damage caused by the oriental sore.", "contents": "[Description of 173 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis]. The authors present 173 cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis observed in the Biskra area. Sidi Okba is the biggest focus of this disease which mainly affects children from 1 to 5 years. Lesions are dry and often multiple (2 or 3). The authors have observed that 73% of girls are affected on the face and point out the aesthetic damage caused by the oriental sore."}
{"id": "PMID:262967", "title": "[Phage types of Vibrio cholerae and non agglutinable Vibrio isolated in Algeria from 1975 to 1977].", "content": "1 285 strains of Vibrio cholerae and 556 strains of non agglutinable Vibrio were isolated either from stool specimens or water in Algeria from 1975 to 1977. These strains were phage-typed with Basu and Mukerjee's 5 phages for the Vibrio biotype El Tor and with Mukerjee's phage IV for the Vibrio biotype cholerae. The results obtained are discussed in terms of choleraphages used for the diagnosis and epidemiological study of cholera.", "contents": "[Phage types of Vibrio cholerae and non agglutinable Vibrio isolated in Algeria from 1975 to 1977]. 1 285 strains of Vibrio cholerae and 556 strains of non agglutinable Vibrio were isolated either from stool specimens or water in Algeria from 1975 to 1977. These strains were phage-typed with Basu and Mukerjee's 5 phages for the Vibrio biotype El Tor and with Mukerjee's phage IV for the Vibrio biotype cholerae. The results obtained are discussed in terms of choleraphages used for the diagnosis and epidemiological study of cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:262969", "title": "[Modification of the strain Flury HEP after its adaptation to cell culture. Development of experimental vaccine for veterinary use].", "content": "The rabies strain Flury HEP, adapted in our laboratory to BHK21 cells, shows, after 20 passages on this cell, an important modification of its pathogenic characteristics on adult mice, guinea pigs and hamsters. An experimental vaccine made with this adapted strain gives a good sero-conversion rate when injected by the intramuscular route to a group of dogs.", "contents": "[Modification of the strain Flury HEP after its adaptation to cell culture. Development of experimental vaccine for veterinary use]. The rabies strain Flury HEP, adapted in our laboratory to BHK21 cells, shows, after 20 passages on this cell, an important modification of its pathogenic characteristics on adult mice, guinea pigs and hamsters. An experimental vaccine made with this adapted strain gives a good sero-conversion rate when injected by the intramuscular route to a group of dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:262974", "title": "[Evolution of the repartition of enteropathogenic enterobacteria serotypes isolated in Algeria from 1974 to 1977].", "content": "The authors survey the enteropathogenic enterobacteria studied from 1974 to 1977 and draw the following conclusions : S. typhi is still the predominant serotype. Among Salmonella, other than S. typhi and S. paratyphi, S. wien remains the most frequently reported serotype while progressively decreasing from 1974 to 1976 and is supplanted by S. infantis in 1977. Among the 847 strains of Shigella examined, a high frequency of Shigella flexneri is noted with Shigella sonnei following by a wide margin. As regards the enteropathogenic E. coli the serotypes 0111 : K 68 (B4) and 0125 : K 70 (B15) were isolated, frequently from 1974 to 1976 but the serotype 0119 : K 69 (B14) became the most frequent in 1977.", "contents": "[Evolution of the repartition of enteropathogenic enterobacteria serotypes isolated in Algeria from 1974 to 1977]. The authors survey the enteropathogenic enterobacteria studied from 1974 to 1977 and draw the following conclusions : S. typhi is still the predominant serotype. Among Salmonella, other than S. typhi and S. paratyphi, S. wien remains the most frequently reported serotype while progressively decreasing from 1974 to 1976 and is supplanted by S. infantis in 1977. Among the 847 strains of Shigella examined, a high frequency of Shigella flexneri is noted with Shigella sonnei following by a wide margin. As regards the enteropathogenic E. coli the serotypes 0111 : K 68 (B4) and 0125 : K 70 (B15) were isolated, frequently from 1974 to 1976 but the serotype 0119 : K 69 (B14) became the most frequent in 1977."}
{"id": "PMID:262973", "title": "[Problems of variability of Mueller-Hinton medium for sensitivity testing. Some parameters and an attempt to standardize sensitivity of Salmonella typhi].", "content": "The incidence of some so-called \"Mueller-Hinton Medium\" for sensitivity testing on the growth of bacteria (especially S. typhi) and on the drug activity are evaluated here. The role of the quality and amount of ingredients : peptone, agar and starch are emphasized. An improved medium is proposed : tryptophane is added to compensate the casein hydrolysate deficiency for S. typhi growth.", "contents": "[Problems of variability of Mueller-Hinton medium for sensitivity testing. Some parameters and an attempt to standardize sensitivity of Salmonella typhi]. The incidence of some so-called \"Mueller-Hinton Medium\" for sensitivity testing on the growth of bacteria (especially S. typhi) and on the drug activity are evaluated here. The role of the quality and amount of ingredients : peptone, agar and starch are emphasized. An improved medium is proposed : tryptophane is added to compensate the casein hydrolysate deficiency for S. typhi growth."}
{"id": "PMID:262970", "title": "[42 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis hospitalized at the Ait Idir hospital in Algiers].", "content": "In this report of 42 cases hospitalised at \"Hopital Neurologique\" in Algiers during 1967 though 1975, 0,32 cases per year per 100,000 persons under 20 years old were reported in the province of Algiers where 21 cases resided. However, in the same province, a figure of 0,82 cases per 100,000 persons under 20 years old was found for the year 1973 when an intensive search for cases was carried out. Other findings are indicated.", "contents": "[42 cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis hospitalized at the Ait Idir hospital in Algiers]. In this report of 42 cases hospitalised at \"Hopital Neurologique\" in Algiers during 1967 though 1975, 0,32 cases per year per 100,000 persons under 20 years old were reported in the province of Algiers where 21 cases resided. However, in the same province, a figure of 0,82 cases per 100,000 persons under 20 years old was found for the year 1973 when an intensive search for cases was carried out. Other findings are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:262968", "title": "[Some aspects of the evolution of cholera in Algeria from 1971 to 1975].", "content": "Taking as a basis information collected in their laboratory, the authors study certain aspects of the evolution of cholera in Algeria during the different outbreaks from 1971 to 1975. 6 301 strains of vibrio-cholerae (mainly serotype Ogawa) were isolated either from cholera patients or carriers. All but two of strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Most of the Wilayate (districts) were affected during these outbreaks which took place from June to December; the majority of cases were observed from August to October but principally in September.", "contents": "[Some aspects of the evolution of cholera in Algeria from 1971 to 1975]. Taking as a basis information collected in their laboratory, the authors study certain aspects of the evolution of cholera in Algeria during the different outbreaks from 1971 to 1975. 6 301 strains of vibrio-cholerae (mainly serotype Ogawa) were isolated either from cholera patients or carriers. All but two of strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Most of the Wilayate (districts) were affected during these outbreaks which took place from June to December; the majority of cases were observed from August to October but principally in September."}
{"id": "PMID:262975", "title": "Depressed cell-mediated immunity in chronic dermatophytic infections.", "content": "The immune response was studied in ten patients with benign dermatophytosis, and in five patients with a severe affection. At the humoral level no deficiencies were observed in both groups. However, all patients showed a marked and constant increase in IgE level. Skin test response in various concentrations of antigens as well as studies of activation of lymphocytes by specific and non-specific mitogens in vitro have demonstrated a depressed cell-mediated immunity. This anergy, however, is not an \"all-or-none\" phenomenon; it varies and there seems to be a direct relationship between the state of anergy and the severity of the cases. Furthermore, certain discrepancies were observed between the in vivo and in vitro responses suggesting that defective cellular immune reactions in dermatophytosis may be symptomatic of a lack of some humoral factor and do not necessarily reflect an intrinsic cellular defect. Finally, among these 15 patients, 7 were brothers and sisters from 3 separate and unrelated families, suggesting an autosomal hereditary influence.", "contents": "Depressed cell-mediated immunity in chronic dermatophytic infections. The immune response was studied in ten patients with benign dermatophytosis, and in five patients with a severe affection. At the humoral level no deficiencies were observed in both groups. However, all patients showed a marked and constant increase in IgE level. Skin test response in various concentrations of antigens as well as studies of activation of lymphocytes by specific and non-specific mitogens in vitro have demonstrated a depressed cell-mediated immunity. This anergy, however, is not an \"all-or-none\" phenomenon; it varies and there seems to be a direct relationship between the state of anergy and the severity of the cases. Furthermore, certain discrepancies were observed between the in vivo and in vitro responses suggesting that defective cellular immune reactions in dermatophytosis may be symptomatic of a lack of some humoral factor and do not necessarily reflect an intrinsic cellular defect. Finally, among these 15 patients, 7 were brothers and sisters from 3 separate and unrelated families, suggesting an autosomal hereditary influence."}
{"id": "PMID:263003", "title": "The stages of recovery from severe head injury with special reference to late outcome.", "content": "Ten years research into the physical and psychosocial consequences of severe brain damage in adults has revealed substantial information about the process of recovery. The main features are evidence that the greater part of physical and mental recovery occurs within six months of injury and that in most cases the mental consequences of injury outweigh the physical ones and place the greater burden upon the injured person's relatives. Impairment of memory is the most common cognitive disorder and alterations in personality often occur also and are the most taxing of the mental deficits for all concerned. The process of recovery has three stages, in the first the patient is unconscious, in the second he or she regains full consciousness signified by the end of the period of post traumatic amnesia and continues to show evidence of rapid improvement in basic physical and mental functions. The rate of recovery shows within six months of injury in most cases and this represents the end of the second stage. In the third stage, which may last for many months, both the patient and his or her relatives adapt to the residual disabilities of the former. Methods of managing the three stages should include physical, psychological and social techniques and the way in which they may be linked to the patients' differing physical and psychosocial needs during the three stages of recovery are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The stages of recovery from severe head injury with special reference to late outcome. Ten years research into the physical and psychosocial consequences of severe brain damage in adults has revealed substantial information about the process of recovery. The main features are evidence that the greater part of physical and mental recovery occurs within six months of injury and that in most cases the mental consequences of injury outweigh the physical ones and place the greater burden upon the injured person's relatives. Impairment of memory is the most common cognitive disorder and alterations in personality often occur also and are the most taxing of the mental deficits for all concerned. The process of recovery has three stages, in the first the patient is unconscious, in the second he or she regains full consciousness signified by the end of the period of post traumatic amnesia and continues to show evidence of rapid improvement in basic physical and mental functions. The rate of recovery shows within six months of injury in most cases and this represents the end of the second stage. In the third stage, which may last for many months, both the patient and his or her relatives adapt to the residual disabilities of the former. Methods of managing the three stages should include physical, psychological and social techniques and the way in which they may be linked to the patients' differing physical and psychosocial needs during the three stages of recovery are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263004", "title": "Psychological consequences of blunt head injury.", "content": "89 severely closed head injured cases were tested on measures of verbal learning, and verbal and nonverbal intelligence, and their performance was compared with that of 30 orthopaedic cases. Head injured cases had severe deficits on all the tests. Severity of injury (judged by post-traumatic amnesia duration) was significantly related to poor performance on the learning and nonverbal intelligence tests, but not on the verbal intelligence test. The effect of injury on the family was studied in a further group of 35 head injured cases, showing that family burden within six months of injury was related to the presence of childish behaviour and loss of interest in the patient, together with other behavioural and affective changes. Physical deficits were not significant in this respect.", "contents": "Psychological consequences of blunt head injury. 89 severely closed head injured cases were tested on measures of verbal learning, and verbal and nonverbal intelligence, and their performance was compared with that of 30 orthopaedic cases. Head injured cases had severe deficits on all the tests. Severity of injury (judged by post-traumatic amnesia duration) was significantly related to poor performance on the learning and nonverbal intelligence tests, but not on the verbal intelligence test. The effect of injury on the family was studied in a further group of 35 head injured cases, showing that family burden within six months of injury was related to the presence of childish behaviour and loss of interest in the patient, together with other behavioural and affective changes. Physical deficits were not significant in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:263005", "title": "Cognitive recovery during the first year after severe blunt head injury.", "content": "Cognitive recovery was examined in 24 severe closed head injured patients tested at 3, 6 and 12 months after injury, and 12 patients tested, in addition, at one month. A retested non-head injured control group was used, and where appropriate, alternative test forms were employed to control for practice effects. Tests of intellectual, perceptual/constructional skills, linguistic and memory functions were used, showing that by 12 months the only statistically significant differences between head injured and control patients were on learning and constructional tasks. Individual patients showed widely varying recovery patterns which made prediction of recovery difficult.", "contents": "Cognitive recovery during the first year after severe blunt head injury. Cognitive recovery was examined in 24 severe closed head injured patients tested at 3, 6 and 12 months after injury, and 12 patients tested, in addition, at one month. A retested non-head injured control group was used, and where appropriate, alternative test forms were employed to control for practice effects. Tests of intellectual, perceptual/constructional skills, linguistic and memory functions were used, showing that by 12 months the only statistically significant differences between head injured and control patients were on learning and constructional tasks. Individual patients showed widely varying recovery patterns which made prediction of recovery difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:263007", "title": "Recovery curves in a visual search task.", "content": "A visual search task was administered to eighteen neurosurgical patients and fourteen control subjects on four occasions over a period of six months. Improvement occurred during the first five postoperative weeks but there was evidence of persistent impairment when patient performance was compared to control performance - the comparison makes use of a simple mathematical model.", "contents": "Recovery curves in a visual search task. A visual search task was administered to eighteen neurosurgical patients and fourteen control subjects on four occasions over a period of six months. Improvement occurred during the first five postoperative weeks but there was evidence of persistent impairment when patient performance was compared to control performance - the comparison makes use of a simple mathematical model."}
{"id": "PMID:263011", "title": "An examination procedure for cavo-adducto-varus.", "content": "This examination is used in cava-adducto-varus feet to determine the primary areas producing the secondary forefoot pathology. Table I is a compilation of the data and shows by means of an asterisk those pathologies possible with an additional primary deformity. The fold face test parts, when indicated in the exact order, are diagnostic. Once the primary areas have been elucidated, the remaining components are secondary, and the prognosis of biochemical and specific surgical treatment can be made. The specific treatment procedures and their rational use will be discussed in a future presentation.", "contents": "An examination procedure for cavo-adducto-varus. This examination is used in cava-adducto-varus feet to determine the primary areas producing the secondary forefoot pathology. Table I is a compilation of the data and shows by means of an asterisk those pathologies possible with an additional primary deformity. The fold face test parts, when indicated in the exact order, are diagnostic. Once the primary areas have been elucidated, the remaining components are secondary, and the prognosis of biochemical and specific surgical treatment can be made. The specific treatment procedures and their rational use will be discussed in a future presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:263012", "title": "Compression screw fixation in proximal first metatarsal osteotomies for metatarsus primus varus: initial observations.", "content": "Many methods of fixation have been used after proximal abductory metatarsal osteotomies for the correction of metatarsus primus varus. The methods include external immobilization and the application of devices such as stainless steel wire, Kirschner wires, staples, and compression plates. We have combined external immobilization with compression screw fixation across the osteotomy site. Two different types of screws were used: 1) an AO screw 3.6 mm. wide and 26 to 28 mm. long and 2) a standard Woodruff screw 3.5 mm. wide and 31.8 to 44.4 mm long. Twenty-two procedures were reviewed. When we compared the results, we found the AO screw to be superior in the degree of rigid fixation which it provides, as judged by the extent of postoperative callus formation.", "contents": "Compression screw fixation in proximal first metatarsal osteotomies for metatarsus primus varus: initial observations. Many methods of fixation have been used after proximal abductory metatarsal osteotomies for the correction of metatarsus primus varus. The methods include external immobilization and the application of devices such as stainless steel wire, Kirschner wires, staples, and compression plates. We have combined external immobilization with compression screw fixation across the osteotomy site. Two different types of screws were used: 1) an AO screw 3.6 mm. wide and 26 to 28 mm. long and 2) a standard Woodruff screw 3.5 mm. wide and 31.8 to 44.4 mm long. Twenty-two procedures were reviewed. When we compared the results, we found the AO screw to be superior in the degree of rigid fixation which it provides, as judged by the extent of postoperative callus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:263013", "title": "Congenital metatarsus adductus: clinical evaluation and treatment.", "content": "Congenital metatarsus adductus, a deformity at the tarsometatarsal joints in which the metatarsals are deviated internally in relation to transverse plane, predisposes to \"pigeon-toed\" gait. Treatment is aimed at achieving normally balanced foot by overcorrection at the deformity sites. The most common problem after treatment is pronation deformity, which can be avoided by carefully positioning the heel at the time of casting. The sooner conservative measures are instituted, the more easily and rapidly the deformity will be corrected. If conservative casting does not result in improvement, then soft tissue surgery is indicated.", "contents": "Congenital metatarsus adductus: clinical evaluation and treatment. Congenital metatarsus adductus, a deformity at the tarsometatarsal joints in which the metatarsals are deviated internally in relation to transverse plane, predisposes to \"pigeon-toed\" gait. Treatment is aimed at achieving normally balanced foot by overcorrection at the deformity sites. The most common problem after treatment is pronation deformity, which can be avoided by carefully positioning the heel at the time of casting. The sooner conservative measures are instituted, the more easily and rapidly the deformity will be corrected. If conservative casting does not result in improvement, then soft tissue surgery is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:263015", "title": "Frostbite: its diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The treatment, diagnosis, and outcome of frostbite victims is by no means an exact science. As this presentation shows, most authors agree that the key to control and treatment of cold injury comes from a reversal of the damage to the microvasculature (19). The methods of diagnosis of the extent of damage are all based on determination of vascular status whether it be tissue or bony structures. Treatment varies widely but rapid rewarming of the affected tissues is by far the most successful treatment to minimize tissue loss. As in the case study presented here, when surgical amputation is necessary, one must take mechanical function into account as well as the line of demarcation in order to give a functional limb for rehabilitation and to prevent the possibility of subjecting the patient to unnecessary repetitive surgical procedures.", "contents": "Frostbite: its diagnosis and treatment. The treatment, diagnosis, and outcome of frostbite victims is by no means an exact science. As this presentation shows, most authors agree that the key to control and treatment of cold injury comes from a reversal of the damage to the microvasculature (19). The methods of diagnosis of the extent of damage are all based on determination of vascular status whether it be tissue or bony structures. Treatment varies widely but rapid rewarming of the affected tissues is by far the most successful treatment to minimize tissue loss. As in the case study presented here, when surgical amputation is necessary, one must take mechanical function into account as well as the line of demarcation in order to give a functional limb for rehabilitation and to prevent the possibility of subjecting the patient to unnecessary repetitive surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:263016", "title": "Surgical correction of metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation and arthritic deformity: the partial head and plantar condylectomy.", "content": "The partial head and plantar condylectomy has been presented as a procedure indicated in the correction of dislocated metatarsophalangeal joints. Although there may be a number of causes of dislocation, the surgical correction is the same. A skin plasty is useful in preventing a cocked-up toe, and this is performed at the plantar aspect of the base of the toe. A V-osteotomy, or other metatarsal dorsiflectory procedure, is recommended when the neighboring metatarsal is only slightly plantar flexed or greater. This prevents the occurrence of transfer lesions so commonly associated with this procedure. Two case studies have been presented demonstrating successful results when the procedure is performed on both the second and third metatarsophalangeal joints. We contend that the partial head and plantar condylectomy is a valuable procedure in reconstructive surgery of the foot.", "contents": "Surgical correction of metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation and arthritic deformity: the partial head and plantar condylectomy. The partial head and plantar condylectomy has been presented as a procedure indicated in the correction of dislocated metatarsophalangeal joints. Although there may be a number of causes of dislocation, the surgical correction is the same. A skin plasty is useful in preventing a cocked-up toe, and this is performed at the plantar aspect of the base of the toe. A V-osteotomy, or other metatarsal dorsiflectory procedure, is recommended when the neighboring metatarsal is only slightly plantar flexed or greater. This prevents the occurrence of transfer lesions so commonly associated with this procedure. Two case studies have been presented demonstrating successful results when the procedure is performed on both the second and third metatarsophalangeal joints. We contend that the partial head and plantar condylectomy is a valuable procedure in reconstructive surgery of the foot."}
{"id": "PMID:263019", "title": "Non-joint destructive procedure for long great toe with abductus deformity (a retrospective study).", "content": "Excessive great toe length may be attributed to an unusually long first metatarsal, proximal phalanx, distal phalanx, or a combination of two or all three components. The procedure proposed here is not recommended for deformity existing in conjunction with a long first metatarsal or a pathologic first metatarsophalangeal joint. It has been used in mild to moderate hallux abductus or abductovalgus associated with intact first metatarsophalangeal joint cartilage and a long great toe.", "contents": "Non-joint destructive procedure for long great toe with abductus deformity (a retrospective study). Excessive great toe length may be attributed to an unusually long first metatarsal, proximal phalanx, distal phalanx, or a combination of two or all three components. The procedure proposed here is not recommended for deformity existing in conjunction with a long first metatarsal or a pathologic first metatarsophalangeal joint. It has been used in mild to moderate hallux abductus or abductovalgus associated with intact first metatarsophalangeal joint cartilage and a long great toe."}
{"id": "PMID:263058", "title": "Omental transplantation for chronic occlusive arterial diseases.", "content": "Problems of surgical indication and technique for the treatment of chronic occlusive arterial diseases remain unresolved, especially in the cases which show poor angiogram run-off. To establish the surgical technique of omental transplantation, anatomical findings of the omental vessels were studied. The anatomical findings of the omentum were classified into two types. Type I (single layer) and Type II (double layer), and subdivided into seven subtypes according to the number of omental arterial branches. Omental transplantation was performed in our clinic in 19 cases (20 limbs) and surgical results were satisfactory. The examination of microscopic findings of the implanted omentum and the ischemic muscle of the implanted limb by consecutive serial sections suggested that the vessels of the omentum might invade the ischemic muscular tissue and supply blood to the muscle. Omental transplantation should be considered one of the most useful surgical techniques in cases with poor angiogram run-off.", "contents": "Omental transplantation for chronic occlusive arterial diseases. Problems of surgical indication and technique for the treatment of chronic occlusive arterial diseases remain unresolved, especially in the cases which show poor angiogram run-off. To establish the surgical technique of omental transplantation, anatomical findings of the omental vessels were studied. The anatomical findings of the omentum were classified into two types. Type I (single layer) and Type II (double layer), and subdivided into seven subtypes according to the number of omental arterial branches. Omental transplantation was performed in our clinic in 19 cases (20 limbs) and surgical results were satisfactory. The examination of microscopic findings of the implanted omentum and the ischemic muscle of the implanted limb by consecutive serial sections suggested that the vessels of the omentum might invade the ischemic muscular tissue and supply blood to the muscle. Omental transplantation should be considered one of the most useful surgical techniques in cases with poor angiogram run-off."}
{"id": "PMID:263059", "title": "Psychosexual attitudes in the female following sterilization.", "content": "This study represents a three year follow-up, summarizing the psychosexual attitudes of 120 patients who were sterilized with tubal occlusion by one of three methods: culdoscopy, laparoscopy or postpartum laparotomy. The results indicate that most patients had a favorable impression of the procedure with little significant change in their sexual habits. Eight per cent of patients expressed regret at not being able to have more children. The frequency of coitus remained largely unchanged.", "contents": "Psychosexual attitudes in the female following sterilization. This study represents a three year follow-up, summarizing the psychosexual attitudes of 120 patients who were sterilized with tubal occlusion by one of three methods: culdoscopy, laparoscopy or postpartum laparotomy. The results indicate that most patients had a favorable impression of the procedure with little significant change in their sexual habits. Eight per cent of patients expressed regret at not being able to have more children. The frequency of coitus remained largely unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:263060", "title": "Sequelae of mid-trimester abortions induced by extra-amniotic drip infusion of normal saline.", "content": "The results of a survey conducted in a group of 60 women, three years after they underwent induction of mid-trimester abortion by extra-amniotic infusion of isotonic saline solution, are presented. The aim of this method for induction of abortion can affect the patients' fertility and the outcome of their subsequent pregnancies and deliveries. In the group we recorded 39 pregnancies, of which 9 were undesired. Of the 30 women who wished for another pregnancy, 29 became pregnant without difficulty and one after treatment for intrauterine adhesions. Twenty-four (80%) of the pregnancies ended with spontaneous deliveries, five of which (16.6%) were premature deliveries, 4 (13.3%) by spontaneous abortions and in one case (6.7%) a cesarean section was performed. The results obtained using our procedure are similar to those reported for other methods for induction of abortion, and especially by the intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline. In our series we have recorded no immediate complications. All patients received preventive antibiotic treatment and in all of them a manual exploration of the uterine cavity was performed in order to avoid the formation of intrauterine adhesions.", "contents": "Sequelae of mid-trimester abortions induced by extra-amniotic drip infusion of normal saline. The results of a survey conducted in a group of 60 women, three years after they underwent induction of mid-trimester abortion by extra-amniotic infusion of isotonic saline solution, are presented. The aim of this method for induction of abortion can affect the patients' fertility and the outcome of their subsequent pregnancies and deliveries. In the group we recorded 39 pregnancies, of which 9 were undesired. Of the 30 women who wished for another pregnancy, 29 became pregnant without difficulty and one after treatment for intrauterine adhesions. Twenty-four (80%) of the pregnancies ended with spontaneous deliveries, five of which (16.6%) were premature deliveries, 4 (13.3%) by spontaneous abortions and in one case (6.7%) a cesarean section was performed. The results obtained using our procedure are similar to those reported for other methods for induction of abortion, and especially by the intra-amniotic infusion of hypertonic saline. In our series we have recorded no immediate complications. All patients received preventive antibiotic treatment and in all of them a manual exploration of the uterine cavity was performed in order to avoid the formation of intrauterine adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:263062", "title": "Wertheim hysterectomy: a ten year experience.", "content": "This study covers 230 Wetheim operations. Sixty-seven patients had Stage II carcinoma (29.17%), and 163 patients had Stage I carcinoma (70.80%). Until 1968, x-ray treatment was used after the Vienna Wertheim operation, but since then the approach has changed. Tele- and brachio-cobalt therapy is now included. The operative death-rate was 0.96%. One patient died of peritonitis, another of renal uremia. In the Vienna Wertheim group, ureteric fistulae occurred in 7.23% of patients. With the introduction of mesentery and the ureter roof into the Wertheim procedure, ureteric fistulae have currently disappeared from the material examined (133 cases), although the operation was more radical than the classical Vienna Wertheim technique. Urography examination shows that changes are twice are frequent, and later anatomical changes in the urinary system are more than twice as frequent, with the Vienna Wertheim technique. A considerable number of early hydronephroses were found to have disappeared during the first year. Urography examination has shown that the mesentery of the ureter also has a beneficial effect on the flow of urine. It serves in the prophylaxis of fistulae, and prevents greater displacement of the ureter in the parametrial vacancies.", "contents": "Wertheim hysterectomy: a ten year experience. This study covers 230 Wetheim operations. Sixty-seven patients had Stage II carcinoma (29.17%), and 163 patients had Stage I carcinoma (70.80%). Until 1968, x-ray treatment was used after the Vienna Wertheim operation, but since then the approach has changed. Tele- and brachio-cobalt therapy is now included. The operative death-rate was 0.96%. One patient died of peritonitis, another of renal uremia. In the Vienna Wertheim group, ureteric fistulae occurred in 7.23% of patients. With the introduction of mesentery and the ureter roof into the Wertheim procedure, ureteric fistulae have currently disappeared from the material examined (133 cases), although the operation was more radical than the classical Vienna Wertheim technique. Urography examination shows that changes are twice are frequent, and later anatomical changes in the urinary system are more than twice as frequent, with the Vienna Wertheim technique. A considerable number of early hydronephroses were found to have disappeared during the first year. Urography examination has shown that the mesentery of the ureter also has a beneficial effect on the flow of urine. It serves in the prophylaxis of fistulae, and prevents greater displacement of the ureter in the parametrial vacancies."}
{"id": "PMID:263063", "title": "Post-hysterectomy morbidity after previous punch cervical biopsy plus diagnostic curettage.", "content": "The post-operative morbidity of 70 patients who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy five to thirteen days after punch-biopsy of the cervix uteri and diagnostic curettage was compared of that of a control group of patients, with hysterectomy alone. It was observed that the sequence punch-biopsy hysterectomy presented a significantly higher post-operative morbidity. This increase was mainly due to higher parametritis, excessive vaginal discharge and wound infections rates. The interval between the two operations was also found to influence the post-hysterectomy morbidity, which seems to decrease with longer intervals.", "contents": "Post-hysterectomy morbidity after previous punch cervical biopsy plus diagnostic curettage. The post-operative morbidity of 70 patients who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy five to thirteen days after punch-biopsy of the cervix uteri and diagnostic curettage was compared of that of a control group of patients, with hysterectomy alone. It was observed that the sequence punch-biopsy hysterectomy presented a significantly higher post-operative morbidity. This increase was mainly due to higher parametritis, excessive vaginal discharge and wound infections rates. The interval between the two operations was also found to influence the post-hysterectomy morbidity, which seems to decrease with longer intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:263065", "title": "Multicentricity of breast carcinoma: a case against partial mastectomy.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-three mastectomies for carcinoma of the breast during a two-year period were reviewed for multicentric foci in the pathologic specimen. There was a total of 38 cases of multicentric carcinoma, comprising 22%. Sixty-two percent of all carcinomas presented as clinical Stage A and B, of these, 21% were multicentric. It is our opinion that except for certain extenuating circumstances, the procedure of choice for carcinoma of the breast is either a modified or standard radical mastectomy.", "contents": "Multicentricity of breast carcinoma: a case against partial mastectomy. One hundred and seventy-three mastectomies for carcinoma of the breast during a two-year period were reviewed for multicentric foci in the pathologic specimen. There was a total of 38 cases of multicentric carcinoma, comprising 22%. Sixty-two percent of all carcinomas presented as clinical Stage A and B, of these, 21% were multicentric. It is our opinion that except for certain extenuating circumstances, the procedure of choice for carcinoma of the breast is either a modified or standard radical mastectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:263067", "title": "Pulmonary resections with staplers.", "content": "The use of mechanical stapling devices for closure of the bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins and lung parenchyma in twenty-six consecutive patients undergoing various types of pulmonary resection is presented. There have been no complications.", "contents": "Pulmonary resections with staplers. The use of mechanical stapling devices for closure of the bronchus, pulmonary arteries and veins and lung parenchyma in twenty-six consecutive patients undergoing various types of pulmonary resection is presented. There have been no complications."}
{"id": "PMID:263069", "title": "Traumatic ventricular septal defect: a case of early repair and review of the literature.", "content": "We present a case of traumatic ventricular septal defect following a stab wound of the heart. The patient was operated on within the first 24 hours after being injured, because the hemodynamic situation had deteriorated; he is well 31 months postoperatively. From the literature reviewed, it is apparent that most of such lesions should be corrected early, since these patients are exposed to the continued risk of symptomatic cardiac dysfunction, and repair offers an excellent prognosis with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Traumatic ventricular septal defect: a case of early repair and review of the literature. We present a case of traumatic ventricular septal defect following a stab wound of the heart. The patient was operated on within the first 24 hours after being injured, because the hemodynamic situation had deteriorated; he is well 31 months postoperatively. From the literature reviewed, it is apparent that most of such lesions should be corrected early, since these patients are exposed to the continued risk of symptomatic cardiac dysfunction, and repair offers an excellent prognosis with minimal morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:263071", "title": "Colonic cancer and associated diverticulitis.", "content": "In a total group of 385 cases of colonic cancer, there was evidence of associated diverticulitis in 42 cases. Of these, 92% of the patients were over 60 years of age. In 45% of the cases the coexisting lesions were located in the sigmoid colon. It is suggested that cancer of the colon contributes to the development of diverticulosis and diverticulitis; this is confirmed by the finding of 52.8% of the total group of diverticulosis (98 cases) complicated by diverticulitis. Signs of diverticulitis may mask the presence of cancer, and the diagnosis of associated lesions is sometimes difficult. The patient's history and repeated radiographic studies play an important role in the detection of associated cancer. The final diagnosis is confirmed by pathologic examination.", "contents": "Colonic cancer and associated diverticulitis. In a total group of 385 cases of colonic cancer, there was evidence of associated diverticulitis in 42 cases. Of these, 92% of the patients were over 60 years of age. In 45% of the cases the coexisting lesions were located in the sigmoid colon. It is suggested that cancer of the colon contributes to the development of diverticulosis and diverticulitis; this is confirmed by the finding of 52.8% of the total group of diverticulosis (98 cases) complicated by diverticulitis. Signs of diverticulitis may mask the presence of cancer, and the diagnosis of associated lesions is sometimes difficult. The patient's history and repeated radiographic studies play an important role in the detection of associated cancer. The final diagnosis is confirmed by pathologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:263068", "title": "Surgical treatment of thrombotic occlusion of pelvic veins.", "content": "During a three-year period, 20 patients were operated on for acute thrombosis of the pelvic veins. Seventeen of them underwent a thrombectomy and the remaining three had a femorofemoral bypass after Palma. As regards long-term results in 18 patients, between one and four years postoperatively, phlebography in the thrombectomized group revealed ten open and five occluded vessels. Two patients died. In the group with bypass, two grafts were open. The relatively good results in spite of delayed intervention (in some cases eight or nine days after occlusion) suggest that even if performed after the generally accepted six day deadline, it is worthwhile to attempt an operation. The importance of an early diagnosis is stressed; among the many characteristic symptoms \"heaviness\" of the affected limb is an early complaint which aids diagnosis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of thrombotic occlusion of pelvic veins. During a three-year period, 20 patients were operated on for acute thrombosis of the pelvic veins. Seventeen of them underwent a thrombectomy and the remaining three had a femorofemoral bypass after Palma. As regards long-term results in 18 patients, between one and four years postoperatively, phlebography in the thrombectomized group revealed ten open and five occluded vessels. Two patients died. In the group with bypass, two grafts were open. The relatively good results in spite of delayed intervention (in some cases eight or nine days after occlusion) suggest that even if performed after the generally accepted six day deadline, it is worthwhile to attempt an operation. The importance of an early diagnosis is stressed; among the many characteristic symptoms \"heaviness\" of the affected limb is an early complaint which aids diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:263073", "title": "Adrenalectomy for disseminated breast cancer.", "content": "Forty-three patients (two males and 41 females) were submitted to bilateral adrenalectomy for disseminated mammary carcinoma. Several factors were considered for their prognostic value in predicting the response to endocrine ablation. The age of the patients, the treatment of the primary lesion, the free interval, the location of metastases and the involvement of regional lymph nodes did not affect the response to adrenalectomy. Response to therapeutic castration was directly correlated to the response to adrenalectomy (P less than 0.01); this is a valuable predicting factor that should be taken into consideration before proceeding to bilateral adrenalectomy. A statistically significant variation in survival between the responders and nonresponders was found (P less than 0.05). Finally, the high response rate to the operation (53.4%) can be attributed to the complete removal of the adrenal tissue during the operation.", "contents": "Adrenalectomy for disseminated breast cancer. Forty-three patients (two males and 41 females) were submitted to bilateral adrenalectomy for disseminated mammary carcinoma. Several factors were considered for their prognostic value in predicting the response to endocrine ablation. The age of the patients, the treatment of the primary lesion, the free interval, the location of metastases and the involvement of regional lymph nodes did not affect the response to adrenalectomy. Response to therapeutic castration was directly correlated to the response to adrenalectomy (P less than 0.01); this is a valuable predicting factor that should be taken into consideration before proceeding to bilateral adrenalectomy. A statistically significant variation in survival between the responders and nonresponders was found (P less than 0.05). Finally, the high response rate to the operation (53.4%) can be attributed to the complete removal of the adrenal tissue during the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:263075", "title": "Use of labor graphs in a community hospital.", "content": "The large series reported by Friedman have established the importance of the time factor in relation to cervical dilatation and station of the presenting part during labor. Variations of the rate of dilatation and descent may be evident using a graph with the upper values of normal. This study was conducted in a Community hospital with an average of 200 deliveries a month. The attending physician followed labor as usual, unaware of the graphic recordings. The outcome of the labors with normal and abnormal graphic patterns were compared. There was a correlation between the abnormal labor pattern, arrest of cervical dilatation, with abdominal deliveries and lower apgar scores. The recognition of abnormal labors does not require a profound understanding of labor nor the range of normalcy.", "contents": "Use of labor graphs in a community hospital. The large series reported by Friedman have established the importance of the time factor in relation to cervical dilatation and station of the presenting part during labor. Variations of the rate of dilatation and descent may be evident using a graph with the upper values of normal. This study was conducted in a Community hospital with an average of 200 deliveries a month. The attending physician followed labor as usual, unaware of the graphic recordings. The outcome of the labors with normal and abnormal graphic patterns were compared. There was a correlation between the abnormal labor pattern, arrest of cervical dilatation, with abdominal deliveries and lower apgar scores. The recognition of abnormal labors does not require a profound understanding of labor nor the range of normalcy."}
{"id": "PMID:263082", "title": "Keratoacanthoma: case presentation and discussion.", "content": "Keratoacanthomas are rather common, rapid growing skin tumors, in which may occur as solitary lesions or in the form of multiple lesions. Multiple forms involve the palms of soles, and their source is unclear. On area where hair grows, these lesions originate from the infundibular areas. Many environmental and traumatic influences are implicated as potential etiologic factors. Keratoacanthomas should be differentiated clinically and histologically from squamous cell carcinomas, prurigo nodularis, and chronic paronychia. Treatment varies according to the type of lesions, but solitary lesions should be excised in toto.", "contents": "Keratoacanthoma: case presentation and discussion. Keratoacanthomas are rather common, rapid growing skin tumors, in which may occur as solitary lesions or in the form of multiple lesions. Multiple forms involve the palms of soles, and their source is unclear. On area where hair grows, these lesions originate from the infundibular areas. Many environmental and traumatic influences are implicated as potential etiologic factors. Keratoacanthomas should be differentiated clinically and histologically from squamous cell carcinomas, prurigo nodularis, and chronic paronychia. Treatment varies according to the type of lesions, but solitary lesions should be excised in toto."}
{"id": "PMID:263088", "title": "Surgical correction of severe hammer digit syndrome: a case report.", "content": "Survivors of a stroke are forever in a battle for complete recovery. Signs and symptoms of the initial stroke may remain. Patients who has had a stroke may retain some of their initial manifestations, e.g., hemiparesis. Limbs that were initially paralyzed will usually retain signs of upper motor neuron damage. This patient demonstrated such a situation, and we felt that the proper treatment in this case of severe hammer digit syndrome was modified Lambrinudi fusions.", "contents": "Surgical correction of severe hammer digit syndrome: a case report. Survivors of a stroke are forever in a battle for complete recovery. Signs and symptoms of the initial stroke may remain. Patients who has had a stroke may retain some of their initial manifestations, e.g., hemiparesis. Limbs that were initially paralyzed will usually retain signs of upper motor neuron damage. This patient demonstrated such a situation, and we felt that the proper treatment in this case of severe hammer digit syndrome was modified Lambrinudi fusions."}
{"id": "PMID:263092", "title": "Prevalence of HBs-Ag in schistosomiasis. (A) general aspects.", "content": "Nine hundred and sixteen schistosomal patient together with 97 non-schistosomal controls were examined for the presence of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs in their sera by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The results are reported and statistically analysed. HBs-Ag, anti-HBs and the exposure rate were found significantly higher in schistosomal patients than in controls. The frequency of HBs-Ag was not significantly different in the active and inactive schistosomal groups, while the anti-HBs was significantly higher in the inactive group. S. mansoni-infected cases showed significantly higher frequency of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs than cases with S. haematobium. The prevalence of HBs-Ag was highest between 20-39 years of age in the schistosomal group, while the anti-HBs was maximum at the age of 30-39 years. There were no sex differences in the prevalence of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs in both schistosomal and control groups. However, a significantly higher frequency of anti-HBs was found between male patients and male controls. The same was true for females. Patients with history of parenteral anti-bilharzial treatment and blood transfusions were accompanied with significantly higher percentage of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs. The importance and significance of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBs-Ag in schistosomiasis. (A) general aspects. Nine hundred and sixteen schistosomal patient together with 97 non-schistosomal controls were examined for the presence of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs in their sera by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The results are reported and statistically analysed. HBs-Ag, anti-HBs and the exposure rate were found significantly higher in schistosomal patients than in controls. The frequency of HBs-Ag was not significantly different in the active and inactive schistosomal groups, while the anti-HBs was significantly higher in the inactive group. S. mansoni-infected cases showed significantly higher frequency of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs than cases with S. haematobium. The prevalence of HBs-Ag was highest between 20-39 years of age in the schistosomal group, while the anti-HBs was maximum at the age of 30-39 years. There were no sex differences in the prevalence of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs in both schistosomal and control groups. However, a significantly higher frequency of anti-HBs was found between male patients and male controls. The same was true for females. Patients with history of parenteral anti-bilharzial treatment and blood transfusions were accompanied with significantly higher percentage of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs. The importance and significance of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263093", "title": "Prevalence of HBs-Ag in schistosomiasis: B-frequency in various stages of schistosomiasis.", "content": "The study included 916 schistosomal patients and 97 controls. The prevalence of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs was significantly higher in the bilharzial patients compared to controls. Their frequency was higher in the ascitic than the hepatosplenic group, and the difference between each and the simple group was highly significant. Cases with current jaundice showed highly significant frequency of both HBs-Ag and anti-HBs compared to those with no history or manifest jaundice at the time of study. In addition, cases with raised bilirubin, SGPT and SGOT showed significantly higher frequency of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs compared to cases having normal levels. On the other hand, the frequency was not affected by the level of serum alkaline phosphatases. As regards liver pathology, cases with mixed pathologic picture showed significantly higher frequency of both HBs-Ag an anti-HBs compared with those having pure schistosomal lesions.", "contents": "Prevalence of HBs-Ag in schistosomiasis: B-frequency in various stages of schistosomiasis. The study included 916 schistosomal patients and 97 controls. The prevalence of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs was significantly higher in the bilharzial patients compared to controls. Their frequency was higher in the ascitic than the hepatosplenic group, and the difference between each and the simple group was highly significant. Cases with current jaundice showed highly significant frequency of both HBs-Ag and anti-HBs compared to those with no history or manifest jaundice at the time of study. In addition, cases with raised bilirubin, SGPT and SGOT showed significantly higher frequency of HBs-Ag and anti-HBs compared to cases having normal levels. On the other hand, the frequency was not affected by the level of serum alkaline phosphatases. As regards liver pathology, cases with mixed pathologic picture showed significantly higher frequency of both HBs-Ag an anti-HBs compared with those having pure schistosomal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:263094", "title": "Distal splenorenal shunts (Warren's operation) B-mode and real time ultrasonographic assessment.", "content": "B mode and real time ultrasonography have been used in a trial to demonstrate the patency of distal splenorenal shunt done in Warren's operation. Thirty seven patients with portal hypertension, and bleeding oesophageal varices were the subject of this study. Using B-mode ultrasonography in 70% of cases (26 patients), the splenic, left renal vein and the site of anastomosis were demonstrated. In 8% (3 patients), both splenic and left renal veins were seen patent, but the site of anastomosis was not detected. In the remaining 22% (8 patients), neither the left renal vein nor the site of anastomosis could be demonstrated. Using the Real-time two dimensional ultrasound, 9 of the 37 patients were examined. The patency of both veins and the site of the shunt was demonstrated in 90% (8 patients).", "contents": "Distal splenorenal shunts (Warren's operation) B-mode and real time ultrasonographic assessment. B mode and real time ultrasonography have been used in a trial to demonstrate the patency of distal splenorenal shunt done in Warren's operation. Thirty seven patients with portal hypertension, and bleeding oesophageal varices were the subject of this study. Using B-mode ultrasonography in 70% of cases (26 patients), the splenic, left renal vein and the site of anastomosis were demonstrated. In 8% (3 patients), both splenic and left renal veins were seen patent, but the site of anastomosis was not detected. In the remaining 22% (8 patients), neither the left renal vein nor the site of anastomosis could be demonstrated. Using the Real-time two dimensional ultrasound, 9 of the 37 patients were examined. The patency of both veins and the site of the shunt was demonstrated in 90% (8 patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:263095", "title": "Serum calcium, magnesium and phosphate in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphate and albumin were estimated in 74 bilharzial patients and 14 normal individuals as control. A significant hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia was found in bilharzial patients with liver fibrosis and ascites. The authors suggest that these changes may be due to hypoparathyroidism. Both ascitic and non ascitic patients showed hypomagnesaemia. This hypomagnesaemia was more obvious in the ascitic group. The hypomagnesaemia is probably due to excess aldosterone secretion in these patients, combined with hypoparathyroidism in the cirrhotic patients with ascites.", "contents": "Serum calcium, magnesium and phosphate in bilharzial hepatic fibrosis. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphate and albumin were estimated in 74 bilharzial patients and 14 normal individuals as control. A significant hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia was found in bilharzial patients with liver fibrosis and ascites. The authors suggest that these changes may be due to hypoparathyroidism. Both ascitic and non ascitic patients showed hypomagnesaemia. This hypomagnesaemia was more obvious in the ascitic group. The hypomagnesaemia is probably due to excess aldosterone secretion in these patients, combined with hypoparathyroidism in the cirrhotic patients with ascites."}
{"id": "PMID:263096", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to specific antigen and hetrologous PPD antigen in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni and/or Schistosoma haematobium.", "content": "181 cases with schistosomiasis were skin tested with S. mansoni antigen and tuberculin (PPD) after complete clinical and parasitological examination. Their results were compared to a control group of 89 non bilharzial cases. The positivity of tuberculin reaction was found to be less frequent in schistosomiasis (37.5%) when compared to non schisto. controls (55.0%). This low reactivity was more manifest in the advanced stages of the disease. The delayed skin reaction with S. mansoni antigen was seen in 52.4% of schisto. cases while non of the control showed any positivity. There are more delayed skin test positives with the advance of the disease.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to specific antigen and hetrologous PPD antigen in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni and/or Schistosoma haematobium. 181 cases with schistosomiasis were skin tested with S. mansoni antigen and tuberculin (PPD) after complete clinical and parasitological examination. Their results were compared to a control group of 89 non bilharzial cases. The positivity of tuberculin reaction was found to be less frequent in schistosomiasis (37.5%) when compared to non schisto. controls (55.0%). This low reactivity was more manifest in the advanced stages of the disease. The delayed skin reaction with S. mansoni antigen was seen in 52.4% of schisto. cases while non of the control showed any positivity. There are more delayed skin test positives with the advance of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:263112", "title": "Interstitial-implant radiotherapy in upper-aerodigestive-tract malignancy.", "content": "In the treatment of upper-aerodigestive-tract malignancy, interstitial-implant radiotherapy differs in several physical and biologic respects from conventional external-beam therapy: unlike external-beam therapy, it can deliver a high central dose with a rapid fall-off, which overcomes the central hypoxic resistance effect and yet greatly improves normal tissue tolerance. External-beam and interstitial-implant therapy can also be combined to the patient's benefit; in many cases, this combination offers advantages over external-beam therapy alone, preoperative external-beam therapy, or aggressive surgery. The recent upsurge of interest in this modality has come about because of three developments: more suitable radioactive sources, after-loading, and computerized dosimetry. The early results in upper-aerodigestive-tract malignancy, both as primary and as salvage therapy, are promising; but the precise role of this treatment in our therapeutic armamentarium remains to be established.", "contents": "Interstitial-implant radiotherapy in upper-aerodigestive-tract malignancy. In the treatment of upper-aerodigestive-tract malignancy, interstitial-implant radiotherapy differs in several physical and biologic respects from conventional external-beam therapy: unlike external-beam therapy, it can deliver a high central dose with a rapid fall-off, which overcomes the central hypoxic resistance effect and yet greatly improves normal tissue tolerance. External-beam and interstitial-implant therapy can also be combined to the patient's benefit; in many cases, this combination offers advantages over external-beam therapy alone, preoperative external-beam therapy, or aggressive surgery. The recent upsurge of interest in this modality has come about because of three developments: more suitable radioactive sources, after-loading, and computerized dosimetry. The early results in upper-aerodigestive-tract malignancy, both as primary and as salvage therapy, are promising; but the precise role of this treatment in our therapeutic armamentarium remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:263111", "title": "Laryngeal keratosis and subsequent carcinoma.", "content": "The frequency with which carcinoma develops in laryngeal keratoses is a controversial subject. A study of 92 cases of laryngeal keratosis with a minimum of five years' follow-up resulted in identification of three patients (3.26%) who developed laryngeal carcinoma. A reviews of the literature reveals that, in series of keratoses defined by stringent pathologic criteria, subsequent laryngeal carcinoma develops in 3.33%-4.31%. These findings support a low but predictable frequency of conversion to malignancy in laryngeal keratosis. A grading system for keratosis is presented and discussed with reference to clinicopathologic correlation.", "contents": "Laryngeal keratosis and subsequent carcinoma. The frequency with which carcinoma develops in laryngeal keratoses is a controversial subject. A study of 92 cases of laryngeal keratosis with a minimum of five years' follow-up resulted in identification of three patients (3.26%) who developed laryngeal carcinoma. A reviews of the literature reveals that, in series of keratoses defined by stringent pathologic criteria, subsequent laryngeal carcinoma develops in 3.33%-4.31%. These findings support a low but predictable frequency of conversion to malignancy in laryngeal keratosis. A grading system for keratosis is presented and discussed with reference to clinicopathologic correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:263113", "title": "Thyroid and associated polyglandular neoplasms in patients who received head and neck irradiation during childhood.", "content": "One hundred fifty-one patients with a history of childhood irradiation to the head, neck, and thorax had neck explorations (142 for \"cold\" thyroid nodules and 9 for hypercalcemia). Fifty-nine of the patients had thyroid carcinoma, and associated glandular tumors were found in 20 others. In addition, 6 female patients developed breast carcinoma; 4 of these women also had thyroid carcinoma. In this series, 48.6% of the patients irradiated for acne and 36.4% with tonsil and adenoid irradiation developed thyroid carcinoma, but only 10.5% with thymic irradiation did so. It is suggested that the workup on these patients include not only complete thyroid and parathyroid testing, but also a careful examination of all salivary glands, both major and minor. Women should have thorough breast examinations and should perhaps be followed as if they were in the potentially high-risk breast group. When thyroid surgery is performed, a total thyroidectomy is recommended.", "contents": "Thyroid and associated polyglandular neoplasms in patients who received head and neck irradiation during childhood. One hundred fifty-one patients with a history of childhood irradiation to the head, neck, and thorax had neck explorations (142 for \"cold\" thyroid nodules and 9 for hypercalcemia). Fifty-nine of the patients had thyroid carcinoma, and associated glandular tumors were found in 20 others. In addition, 6 female patients developed breast carcinoma; 4 of these women also had thyroid carcinoma. In this series, 48.6% of the patients irradiated for acne and 36.4% with tonsil and adenoid irradiation developed thyroid carcinoma, but only 10.5% with thymic irradiation did so. It is suggested that the workup on these patients include not only complete thyroid and parathyroid testing, but also a careful examination of all salivary glands, both major and minor. Women should have thorough breast examinations and should perhaps be followed as if they were in the potentially high-risk breast group. When thyroid surgery is performed, a total thyroidectomy is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:263115", "title": "Computed tomography of the normal larynx.", "content": "A computed tomographic analysis of normal laryngeal anatomy was undertaken using cadaver larynxes. This was part of a larger project in which patients with laryngeal carcinoma were routinely evaluated in the computed tomographic (CT) body scanner. The appearance of normal laryngeal anatomy had to be delineated before disease processes of the larynx were evaluated, and this was accomplished using a computed tomographic technique with 5-mm slice thicknesses and a 3-mm overlap. The scan slices were then compared with anatomic sections taken at the same levels. The comparisons demonstrate an ideal level of accuracy that can be approached in the in-vivo larynx only with use of the latest-generation scanners. However, CT scanning is of immediate usefulness in the diagnosis of laryngeal pathology.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the normal larynx. A computed tomographic analysis of normal laryngeal anatomy was undertaken using cadaver larynxes. This was part of a larger project in which patients with laryngeal carcinoma were routinely evaluated in the computed tomographic (CT) body scanner. The appearance of normal laryngeal anatomy had to be delineated before disease processes of the larynx were evaluated, and this was accomplished using a computed tomographic technique with 5-mm slice thicknesses and a 3-mm overlap. The scan slices were then compared with anatomic sections taken at the same levels. The comparisons demonstrate an ideal level of accuracy that can be approached in the in-vivo larynx only with use of the latest-generation scanners. However, CT scanning is of immediate usefulness in the diagnosis of laryngeal pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:263114", "title": "Importance of the columellar-labial junction in rhinoplasty.", "content": "Concentration on tip positioning may draw a surgeon's attention away from modifying positions of the nasofrontal angle and of the columellar-labial junction. All three landmarks are, however, vital to the establishment of desirable profiles. This article emphasizes that changes in the positioning of the columellar-labial junction may (1) eliminate certain hazards involved in changing tip position, (2) make it possible to produce aesthetic effects that cannot be achieved with tip positioning alone, and (3) make rhinoplasty safer and more predictable in certain difficult cases. Also presented are techniques that have been found to work most satisfactorily in changing angle and position. A few patients selected from among several thousand rhinoplastic cases are analyzed to underscore the significance of this area in rhinoplastic planning. Follow-up varied from several months to several years.", "contents": "Importance of the columellar-labial junction in rhinoplasty. Concentration on tip positioning may draw a surgeon's attention away from modifying positions of the nasofrontal angle and of the columellar-labial junction. All three landmarks are, however, vital to the establishment of desirable profiles. This article emphasizes that changes in the positioning of the columellar-labial junction may (1) eliminate certain hazards involved in changing tip position, (2) make it possible to produce aesthetic effects that cannot be achieved with tip positioning alone, and (3) make rhinoplasty safer and more predictable in certain difficult cases. Also presented are techniques that have been found to work most satisfactorily in changing angle and position. A few patients selected from among several thousand rhinoplastic cases are analyzed to underscore the significance of this area in rhinoplastic planning. Follow-up varied from several months to several years."}
{"id": "PMID:263118", "title": "Embolization techniques in vascular tumors of the head and neck.", "content": "Surgical excisions of vascular tumors of the head and neck are frequently associated with difficulties because of the potential of operative blood loss. The technique of selective percutaneous embolization before surgery has emerged as a valuable adjunct-and even alternative-to surgery in the management of such lesions. By reducing the blood flow to a vascular tumor or arteriovenous malformation, embolization techniques can be greatly facilitate surgical excision. The participation of a qualified invasive radiologist is essential. If cases are carefully selected and procedural details strictly adhered to this technique can be quite valuable to surgeons treating vascular lesions of the head and neck.", "contents": "Embolization techniques in vascular tumors of the head and neck. Surgical excisions of vascular tumors of the head and neck are frequently associated with difficulties because of the potential of operative blood loss. The technique of selective percutaneous embolization before surgery has emerged as a valuable adjunct-and even alternative-to surgery in the management of such lesions. By reducing the blood flow to a vascular tumor or arteriovenous malformation, embolization techniques can be greatly facilitate surgical excision. The participation of a qualified invasive radiologist is essential. If cases are carefully selected and procedural details strictly adhered to this technique can be quite valuable to surgeons treating vascular lesions of the head and neck."}
{"id": "PMID:263116", "title": "Trichoepithelioma: report of an unusual case and review of the literature.", "content": "Trichoepitheliomas are benign and uncommon skin tumors presenting in the head and neck region. Although they can be solitary, they occur more frequently as multiple lesions with an autosomal dominant inheritance. To the surgeon, they often present the problem of clinical differentiation from basal-cell carcinoma. An unusual case is described, and experience in the treatment of 19 patients is reviewed.", "contents": "Trichoepithelioma: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. Trichoepitheliomas are benign and uncommon skin tumors presenting in the head and neck region. Although they can be solitary, they occur more frequently as multiple lesions with an autosomal dominant inheritance. To the surgeon, they often present the problem of clinical differentiation from basal-cell carcinoma. An unusual case is described, and experience in the treatment of 19 patients is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:263119", "title": "Diagnosis of infratemporal fossa tumors using percutaneous core needle biopsy.", "content": "Three patients with infratemporal fossa carcinomas presented with severe, unrelenting facial pain, weight loss, and 5th cranial nerve deficit. Erosion of the base of the skull at the foramen ovale was present in two of these patients. Histologic diagnosis of infratemporal fossa malignancy was obtained by needle biopsy of the foramen ovale region; the technique is described. This approach to the infratemporal fossa is preferred to the more complicated external surgical approach with its greater risk of morbidity. Surgical approaches to the infratemporal fossa are also reviewed. Two of the patients were treated with radiotherapy; the third refused further therapy. Supravoltage radiotherapy with curative intent is the recommended treatment because of the difficulty of an en bloc tumor resection in the infratemporal fossa. Radioactive gold seeds may be implanted through an external surgical approach to boost the local dose.", "contents": "Diagnosis of infratemporal fossa tumors using percutaneous core needle biopsy. Three patients with infratemporal fossa carcinomas presented with severe, unrelenting facial pain, weight loss, and 5th cranial nerve deficit. Erosion of the base of the skull at the foramen ovale was present in two of these patients. Histologic diagnosis of infratemporal fossa malignancy was obtained by needle biopsy of the foramen ovale region; the technique is described. This approach to the infratemporal fossa is preferred to the more complicated external surgical approach with its greater risk of morbidity. Surgical approaches to the infratemporal fossa are also reviewed. Two of the patients were treated with radiotherapy; the third refused further therapy. Supravoltage radiotherapy with curative intent is the recommended treatment because of the difficulty of an en bloc tumor resection in the infratemporal fossa. Radioactive gold seeds may be implanted through an external surgical approach to boost the local dose."}
{"id": "PMID:263120", "title": "Embryonic development of the head and neck: part 2, the branchial region.", "content": "The embryology of the branchial (pharyngeal) region is reviewed in terms of the embryonic pharynx, branchial apparatus and derivatives, tongue, larynx, and trachea. Derivatives of the branchial pouches, grooves (clefts), and arches are analyzed in relation to each other and to the first arch syndrome. Other common head and neck defects attributable to abnormal development of the branchial region are also discussed, particularly those defects involving the incomplete degeneration or the abnormal migration of branchial tissues.", "contents": "Embryonic development of the head and neck: part 2, the branchial region. The embryology of the branchial (pharyngeal) region is reviewed in terms of the embryonic pharynx, branchial apparatus and derivatives, tongue, larynx, and trachea. Derivatives of the branchial pouches, grooves (clefts), and arches are analyzed in relation to each other and to the first arch syndrome. Other common head and neck defects attributable to abnormal development of the branchial region are also discussed, particularly those defects involving the incomplete degeneration or the abnormal migration of branchial tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:263121", "title": "Mandible stabilization between ablative and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "The biphase external skeletal-fixation splint (Morris splint) for mandibular stabilization has been used in cases of ablative surgery. It is a practical approach to stabilization for patients whether or not they undergo reconstruction, either immediate or delayed. The Morris splint can be applied without increasing the time required for major resection. It can be left in place for prolonged periods, but it still allows easy surgical access and easy postoperative care and observation. While not a new tool, it has been little used by the head and neck cancer surgeon, probably because it has not been presented for this purpose but rather for treating fractures. A practical approach to the use of the Morris biphase splint is presented, as well as the indications for its use and some results of our experience with this tool.", "contents": "Mandible stabilization between ablative and reconstructive surgery. The biphase external skeletal-fixation splint (Morris splint) for mandibular stabilization has been used in cases of ablative surgery. It is a practical approach to stabilization for patients whether or not they undergo reconstruction, either immediate or delayed. The Morris splint can be applied without increasing the time required for major resection. It can be left in place for prolonged periods, but it still allows easy surgical access and easy postoperative care and observation. While not a new tool, it has been little used by the head and neck cancer surgeon, probably because it has not been presented for this purpose but rather for treating fractures. A practical approach to the use of the Morris biphase splint is presented, as well as the indications for its use and some results of our experience with this tool."}
{"id": "PMID:263129", "title": "The pansigmoidoscope: one year's experience in a gastrointestinal diagnostic unit.", "content": "Since May 1976, the Olympus pansigmoidoscope has been available for routine use at the University of Oregon Health Sciences center. Two hundred sixty-five examinations were performed over the next year. The average distance examined was 49 cm. Time per examination ranged from 3 to 15 minutes, with an average of 8 minutes. Preparation consisted of one or two tap water enemas, except in known inflammatory bowel disease where no preparation was given. No patient received sedation and there were no complications. Small biopsy (2.8 mm), large biopsy (4.0 mm), \"hot biopsy\" and polypectomy were performed when indicated. The procedure was most helpful for the following indications: 1) differential diagnosis and follow-up of inflammatory bowel disease, 2) hematochezia, 3) evaluation of abnormal barium enema, 4) left-sided polypectomy, 5) diarrhea with normal barium enema, and 6) guaiac-positive stools. It was of no value in patients with abdominal pain with normal barium enema. Comparing the frequency of examinations this year with last year we found a 50% decrease in use of the rigid (25 cm) sigmoidoscope (538 to 270 exams) and a 98% decrease in use of the MB2 (100 cm) colonoscope (80 to 2 exams).", "contents": "The pansigmoidoscope: one year's experience in a gastrointestinal diagnostic unit. Since May 1976, the Olympus pansigmoidoscope has been available for routine use at the University of Oregon Health Sciences center. Two hundred sixty-five examinations were performed over the next year. The average distance examined was 49 cm. Time per examination ranged from 3 to 15 minutes, with an average of 8 minutes. Preparation consisted of one or two tap water enemas, except in known inflammatory bowel disease where no preparation was given. No patient received sedation and there were no complications. Small biopsy (2.8 mm), large biopsy (4.0 mm), \"hot biopsy\" and polypectomy were performed when indicated. The procedure was most helpful for the following indications: 1) differential diagnosis and follow-up of inflammatory bowel disease, 2) hematochezia, 3) evaluation of abnormal barium enema, 4) left-sided polypectomy, 5) diarrhea with normal barium enema, and 6) guaiac-positive stools. It was of no value in patients with abdominal pain with normal barium enema. Comparing the frequency of examinations this year with last year we found a 50% decrease in use of the rigid (25 cm) sigmoidoscope (538 to 270 exams) and a 98% decrease in use of the MB2 (100 cm) colonoscope (80 to 2 exams)."}
{"id": "PMID:263130", "title": "Long-term prognosis for patients with ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (ulcerative colitis confirmed to the rectum and sigmoid colon).", "content": "Despite its frequency, ulcerative proctosigmoiditis is poorly recognized and its prognosis is not well understood. This study reviews experience at the Cleveland Clinic from 1960 through 1972, with a 97% follow-up. A total of 359 patients with a diagnosis of ulcerative proctosigmoiditis were followed for a mean of 11 years (range 3.2--17.7 years). There were 219 men and 140 women. Mean age at diagnosis was 40.6 years. All had rectal bleeding, typical proctosigmoidoscopic findings of diffuse granularity, mucosal ulcerations and friability, and normal findings above the rectosigmoid on barium enema. The major complaint in all patients was rectal bleeding, and there were few other symptoms. Perianal disease was absent. On the whole, the patients were older than the usual patients with ulcerative colitis; 37 were older than age 61 at diagnosis. The disease remained localized and the prognosis accordingly was good for 90% of the patients. Extension to the proximal colon developed in 10% (36) of patients, and operation was required in 8% (29), two for toxic megacolon. Operation was carried out a mean of 5.6 years after diagnosis: 2.2% (8) of the patients died during the period of follow-up, six after operation. One patient had carcinoma of the sigmoid colon 12 years after diagnosis. Only one patient was subsequently found to have Crohn's disease. Thirty-nine patients died from causes unrelated to colitis. This study suggests that ulcerative proctosigmoiditis as defined by typical sigmoidoscopic appearance and a normal barium enema is relatively common, that proctosigmoidoscopic findings are identical with those of universal ulcerative colitis, but that the outlook is much better. Ulcerative proctosigmoiditis is rarely confused with Crohn's disease, and carcinoma is rare. Recurrences do occur, however, and proximal extension develops in 10% of patients, usually within 5 years after the diagnosis is first made.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis for patients with ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (ulcerative colitis confirmed to the rectum and sigmoid colon). Despite its frequency, ulcerative proctosigmoiditis is poorly recognized and its prognosis is not well understood. This study reviews experience at the Cleveland Clinic from 1960 through 1972, with a 97% follow-up. A total of 359 patients with a diagnosis of ulcerative proctosigmoiditis were followed for a mean of 11 years (range 3.2--17.7 years). There were 219 men and 140 women. Mean age at diagnosis was 40.6 years. All had rectal bleeding, typical proctosigmoidoscopic findings of diffuse granularity, mucosal ulcerations and friability, and normal findings above the rectosigmoid on barium enema. The major complaint in all patients was rectal bleeding, and there were few other symptoms. Perianal disease was absent. On the whole, the patients were older than the usual patients with ulcerative colitis; 37 were older than age 61 at diagnosis. The disease remained localized and the prognosis accordingly was good for 90% of the patients. Extension to the proximal colon developed in 10% (36) of patients, and operation was required in 8% (29), two for toxic megacolon. Operation was carried out a mean of 5.6 years after diagnosis: 2.2% (8) of the patients died during the period of follow-up, six after operation. One patient had carcinoma of the sigmoid colon 12 years after diagnosis. Only one patient was subsequently found to have Crohn's disease. Thirty-nine patients died from causes unrelated to colitis. This study suggests that ulcerative proctosigmoiditis as defined by typical sigmoidoscopic appearance and a normal barium enema is relatively common, that proctosigmoidoscopic findings are identical with those of universal ulcerative colitis, but that the outlook is much better. Ulcerative proctosigmoiditis is rarely confused with Crohn's disease, and carcinoma is rare. Recurrences do occur, however, and proximal extension develops in 10% of patients, usually within 5 years after the diagnosis is first made."}
{"id": "PMID:263131", "title": "Therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Seven patients treated with oral cholestyramine for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis are reported. Response was variable with only one patient having a totally satisfactory clinical outcome. Five of seven patients had continued systemic signs with fever and leukocytosis throughout the course of cholestyramine. Two observations were relatively consistent. First, six of the seven patient had a decrease in the number of daily stools during therapy. Second, all patients showed persistence of the cytopathic toxin in stools obtained after three to seven days of cholestyramine therapy. Six patients who were subsequently treated with oral vancomycin had a prompt clinical improvement and clearance of the cytopathic toxin in the stool.", "contents": "Therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Seven patients treated with oral cholestyramine for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis are reported. Response was variable with only one patient having a totally satisfactory clinical outcome. Five of seven patients had continued systemic signs with fever and leukocytosis throughout the course of cholestyramine. Two observations were relatively consistent. First, six of the seven patient had a decrease in the number of daily stools during therapy. Second, all patients showed persistence of the cytopathic toxin in stools obtained after three to seven days of cholestyramine therapy. Six patients who were subsequently treated with oral vancomycin had a prompt clinical improvement and clearance of the cytopathic toxin in the stool."}
{"id": "PMID:263132", "title": "A double-blind study of radiologic accuracy in diverticulitis, diverticulosis, and carcinoma of the sigmoid colon.", "content": "A review of the barium enema studies in 73 patients with diverticular disease of the colon and with and without associated neoplasm leads to the conclusion that the correct radiologic recognition of an associated neoplasm in a colon with diverticulitis or diverticulosis can be made only about half the time. The limitations of the radiographic method and radiologic findings in distinguishing diverticulitis from carcinoma should be more clearly recognized by the clinician.", "contents": "A double-blind study of radiologic accuracy in diverticulitis, diverticulosis, and carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. A review of the barium enema studies in 73 patients with diverticular disease of the colon and with and without associated neoplasm leads to the conclusion that the correct radiologic recognition of an associated neoplasm in a colon with diverticulitis or diverticulosis can be made only about half the time. The limitations of the radiographic method and radiologic findings in distinguishing diverticulitis from carcinoma should be more clearly recognized by the clinician."}
{"id": "PMID:263136", "title": "Transition from diffuse esophageal spasm to achalasia.", "content": "A 19-year-old man first presented with clinical, radiological, and manometric features of diffuse spasm. Within a year his motility disorder progressed to \"vigorous\" and, finally, classic achalasia. After pneumatic dilatation and subsequent long myotomy, the features of classic achalasia disappeared and he again exhibited radiological and manometric evidence of \"vigorous\" achalasia. The evolution of this patient's disease provides evidence that diffuse spasm and achalasia are different stages of the same disease and lie at opposite ends of a spectrum of related esophageal motility disorders.", "contents": "Transition from diffuse esophageal spasm to achalasia. A 19-year-old man first presented with clinical, radiological, and manometric features of diffuse spasm. Within a year his motility disorder progressed to \"vigorous\" and, finally, classic achalasia. After pneumatic dilatation and subsequent long myotomy, the features of classic achalasia disappeared and he again exhibited radiological and manometric evidence of \"vigorous\" achalasia. The evolution of this patient's disease provides evidence that diffuse spasm and achalasia are different stages of the same disease and lie at opposite ends of a spectrum of related esophageal motility disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:263137", "title": "Fine-needle cholangiography (FNC) in the nonjaundiced patient.", "content": "Fine-needle cholangiography (FNC) in the jaundiced patient is well established, but its role in the diagnostic work-up of nonjaundiced patients has not been emphasized. We present 44 consecutive nonjaundiced patients with a serum bilirubin level of 2.4 mg% of less who underwent FNC. The indications were recurrent RUQ pain (77%), painless cholestasis (16%), and relapsing pancreatitis (7%). In all but two patients, one or more inconclusive techniques [oral cholecystography, ultrasonography, intravenous cholangiography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)] had been employed prior to FNC. Biliary tract opacification was successful in 35 of 44 (80%). In nine of 35 (26%) choledocholithiasis and/or cholelithiasis was present. In four (11%) a significant extrahepatic biliary stricture was noted. More than five needle insertions were often required for successful entry. No complications occurred. Indications for FNC should be extended to include nonjaundiced patients with RUQ pain or painless cholestasis in whom oral cholecystography, ultrasonography, and intravenous cholangiography have been of no diagnostic help. The relative ease and low cost of FNC make it preferable to ERC in these patients.", "contents": "Fine-needle cholangiography (FNC) in the nonjaundiced patient. Fine-needle cholangiography (FNC) in the jaundiced patient is well established, but its role in the diagnostic work-up of nonjaundiced patients has not been emphasized. We present 44 consecutive nonjaundiced patients with a serum bilirubin level of 2.4 mg% of less who underwent FNC. The indications were recurrent RUQ pain (77%), painless cholestasis (16%), and relapsing pancreatitis (7%). In all but two patients, one or more inconclusive techniques [oral cholecystography, ultrasonography, intravenous cholangiography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)] had been employed prior to FNC. Biliary tract opacification was successful in 35 of 44 (80%). In nine of 35 (26%) choledocholithiasis and/or cholelithiasis was present. In four (11%) a significant extrahepatic biliary stricture was noted. More than five needle insertions were often required for successful entry. No complications occurred. Indications for FNC should be extended to include nonjaundiced patients with RUQ pain or painless cholestasis in whom oral cholecystography, ultrasonography, and intravenous cholangiography have been of no diagnostic help. The relative ease and low cost of FNC make it preferable to ERC in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:263138", "title": "Local duodenal metastasis from colonic carcinoma.", "content": "The clinical and radiologic appearance of an isolated metastasis to the duodenum may mimic a primary pancreatic or duodenal cancer. As lymphatics from the right colon drain to periduodenal lymph nodes, lymphatic spread from right colon cancer can cause enlargement of the duodenal loop, with ulceration or distortion of the mucosa on the medial aspect of the duodenum. We present three patients with ulcerating metastases in the duodenum from colon cancer whose cases exemplify the problems of diagnosis and management.", "contents": "Local duodenal metastasis from colonic carcinoma. The clinical and radiologic appearance of an isolated metastasis to the duodenum may mimic a primary pancreatic or duodenal cancer. As lymphatics from the right colon drain to periduodenal lymph nodes, lymphatic spread from right colon cancer can cause enlargement of the duodenal loop, with ulceration or distortion of the mucosa on the medial aspect of the duodenum. We present three patients with ulcerating metastases in the duodenum from colon cancer whose cases exemplify the problems of diagnosis and management."}
{"id": "PMID:263141", "title": "Keeping up-to-date: some current surgical and radiologic procedures.", "content": "Surgical advances often call for close radiologic scrutiny to assess their success or complications. At the same time, diagnostic radiology is also constantly developing new approaches. It is for this reason that we describe the radiographic analysis of several current surgical and radiological procedures which should be of interest to the practicing clinician. The current surgical procedures considered are gastric bypass for morbid obesity and continent ileostomy. The current new radiologic procedures include techniques for performing small bowel enema, per-oral ileal and colonic examinations with retrograde air insufflation, and improved evaluation of the postantrectomy stomach using double-contrast techniques.", "contents": "Keeping up-to-date: some current surgical and radiologic procedures. Surgical advances often call for close radiologic scrutiny to assess their success or complications. At the same time, diagnostic radiology is also constantly developing new approaches. It is for this reason that we describe the radiographic analysis of several current surgical and radiological procedures which should be of interest to the practicing clinician. The current surgical procedures considered are gastric bypass for morbid obesity and continent ileostomy. The current new radiologic procedures include techniques for performing small bowel enema, per-oral ileal and colonic examinations with retrograde air insufflation, and improved evaluation of the postantrectomy stomach using double-contrast techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:263145", "title": "Long-term prognosis of ulcerative colitis with onset in childhood or adolescence.", "content": "From 1955 through 1974, 336 patients with ulcerative colitis diagnosed before age 21 years were studied. In 93 patients (29%), a blood relative had ulcerative colitis, one case of Crohn's disease being found. The total colon was involved in 63% of patients; the entire colon or all but the rectal stump was removed in 35%. Eighteen patients died, nine of carcinoma of the colon. Sixty-five percent of patients had symptoms for longer than 6 months before the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. If the diagnosis was delayed more than 24 months, there was a statistically significant correlation with increased rate of operations and complications and less good quality of life. When the 20-year study period was divided into two 10-year periods, the operative and complication rates were significantly different. Early diagnosis and treatment appear to improve the long-term prognosis of young patients with ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of ulcerative colitis with onset in childhood or adolescence. From 1955 through 1974, 336 patients with ulcerative colitis diagnosed before age 21 years were studied. In 93 patients (29%), a blood relative had ulcerative colitis, one case of Crohn's disease being found. The total colon was involved in 63% of patients; the entire colon or all but the rectal stump was removed in 35%. Eighteen patients died, nine of carcinoma of the colon. Sixty-five percent of patients had symptoms for longer than 6 months before the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. If the diagnosis was delayed more than 24 months, there was a statistically significant correlation with increased rate of operations and complications and less good quality of life. When the 20-year study period was divided into two 10-year periods, the operative and complication rates were significantly different. Early diagnosis and treatment appear to improve the long-term prognosis of young patients with ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:263146", "title": "Management of toxic megacolon: the significance of early recognition in medical management.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with acute toxic dilatation of the colon (TM) as a complication of inflammatory disease of the colon are reported. To emphasize the importance of early recognition and therapy, we separated the patients into two groups: 19 were receiving care by the authors (series A) before the development of TM, and eight were seen in consultation after its onset (series B), TM subsided with medical therapy in 13 episodes among 19 patients in series A and two of eight B. The others underwent surgical therapy. There were no deaths in either group. The differences in management and mortality from other reports suggest a program of surveillance and therapy for this life-threatening situation.", "contents": "Management of toxic megacolon: the significance of early recognition in medical management. Twenty-seven patients with acute toxic dilatation of the colon (TM) as a complication of inflammatory disease of the colon are reported. To emphasize the importance of early recognition and therapy, we separated the patients into two groups: 19 were receiving care by the authors (series A) before the development of TM, and eight were seen in consultation after its onset (series B), TM subsided with medical therapy in 13 episodes among 19 patients in series A and two of eight B. The others underwent surgical therapy. There were no deaths in either group. The differences in management and mortality from other reports suggest a program of surveillance and therapy for this life-threatening situation."}
{"id": "PMID:263147", "title": "Esophageal roentgenographic \"abnormalities\" in patients without esophageal symptoms.", "content": "Esophageal roentgenographic studies were done on 100 persons with no esophageal symptoms to determine the range of normal anatomy and motor activity. Sixty-three persons had at least one \"abnormality.\" Fifty-eight had an hiatal hernia, 42 had rings of one sort or another, and 21 had motor disorders. The high incidence of rings which can be demonstrated by maximal distention of the lower esophagus is of special interest in view of the recent additions to knowledge of the anatomy of this area. The range of what should be considered normal roentgenographically should be widened, and the physician should interpret with caution reports of esophageal abnormalities in asymptomatic persons.", "contents": "Esophageal roentgenographic \"abnormalities\" in patients without esophageal symptoms. Esophageal roentgenographic studies were done on 100 persons with no esophageal symptoms to determine the range of normal anatomy and motor activity. Sixty-three persons had at least one \"abnormality.\" Fifty-eight had an hiatal hernia, 42 had rings of one sort or another, and 21 had motor disorders. The high incidence of rings which can be demonstrated by maximal distention of the lower esophagus is of special interest in view of the recent additions to knowledge of the anatomy of this area. The range of what should be considered normal roentgenographically should be widened, and the physician should interpret with caution reports of esophageal abnormalities in asymptomatic persons."}
{"id": "PMID:263148", "title": "Pneumatic dilation under general anesthesia after unsuccessful cardiomyotomy for achalasia.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl with achalasia was treated successfully under general anesthesia with pneumatic dilation after she had experienced two unsuccessful surgical procedures. The Mosher dilator was passed into the stomach by threading it over a guide wire. Our experience suggests that pneumatic dilation can be performed in children or adults after surgical failure and that general anesthesia may be employed.", "contents": "Pneumatic dilation under general anesthesia after unsuccessful cardiomyotomy for achalasia. A 12-year-old girl with achalasia was treated successfully under general anesthesia with pneumatic dilation after she had experienced two unsuccessful surgical procedures. The Mosher dilator was passed into the stomach by threading it over a guide wire. Our experience suggests that pneumatic dilation can be performed in children or adults after surgical failure and that general anesthesia may be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:263149", "title": "Mechanical and neurogenic factors in postvagotomoy dysphagia.", "content": "Postvagotomy dysphagia (PVD) has been attributed to either periesophageal obstruction or failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax, presumably from interruption of preganglionic, contraction-inhibiting vagal fibers--a postvagotomy achalasia (PVA). This report describes a patient with periesophageal fibrosis which was successfully treated with dilation, and a second patient with an achalasia-like pattern on esophageal manometry after unilateral high, transthoracic vagotomy. The second patient is the first manometrically documented example of achalasia in a human subject related to proximal vagotomy. Most, if not all, PVD is due to esophageal obstruction and PVA is rare.", "contents": "Mechanical and neurogenic factors in postvagotomoy dysphagia. Postvagotomy dysphagia (PVD) has been attributed to either periesophageal obstruction or failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax, presumably from interruption of preganglionic, contraction-inhibiting vagal fibers--a postvagotomy achalasia (PVA). This report describes a patient with periesophageal fibrosis which was successfully treated with dilation, and a second patient with an achalasia-like pattern on esophageal manometry after unilateral high, transthoracic vagotomy. The second patient is the first manometrically documented example of achalasia in a human subject related to proximal vagotomy. Most, if not all, PVD is due to esophageal obstruction and PVA is rare."}
{"id": "PMID:263150", "title": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction.", "content": "Physicians sometimes forget nongastrointestinal causes of abdominal pain. Yet, abdominal pain was the major complaint of three patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ). Definitive diagnosis can be made either by a \"hydration\" intravenous pyelogram or by an intravenous pyelogram during an attack.", "contents": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Physicians sometimes forget nongastrointestinal causes of abdominal pain. Yet, abdominal pain was the major complaint of three patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ). Definitive diagnosis can be made either by a \"hydration\" intravenous pyelogram or by an intravenous pyelogram during an attack."}
{"id": "PMID:263151", "title": "Pelvic neoplasia in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "content": "A cervical adenocarcinoma, a left ovarian granulosa cell tumor, and a right ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules developed in a woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. This apparent first report of three different pelvic tumors occurring in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers polyposis suggests a possible link between pelvic tumors and the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "contents": "Pelvic neoplasia in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A cervical adenocarcinoma, a left ovarian granulosa cell tumor, and a right ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules developed in a woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. This apparent first report of three different pelvic tumors occurring in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers polyposis suggests a possible link between pelvic tumors and the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:263152", "title": "Effects of halogenated analogues of cortisol and progesterone upon hair growth in castrated mice.", "content": "Several synthetic analogues of cortisol and progesterone were compared to cortisol in their effect of inhibiting the hair growth waves in castrated male C3H/Ep mice. This inhibitory effect was enhanced by fluorination at C-9 alpha and by methylation at C-16 alpha; it decreased by hydroxylation at C-17 alpha and C-21, by removal of hydroxyl group at C-11 and by the addition to bromine to C-12 alpha; it was not modified by oxidation of the hydroxyl group at C-11 or by the delta 1-4 substitution. There was a correlation between the glucocorticoid and hair inhibiting potencies in the cortisol analogues, but some progesterone analogues with very low glucocorticoid activity have marked hair inhibitory effects. No relation was found with the mineralocorticoid effects.", "contents": "Effects of halogenated analogues of cortisol and progesterone upon hair growth in castrated mice. Several synthetic analogues of cortisol and progesterone were compared to cortisol in their effect of inhibiting the hair growth waves in castrated male C3H/Ep mice. This inhibitory effect was enhanced by fluorination at C-9 alpha and by methylation at C-16 alpha; it decreased by hydroxylation at C-17 alpha and C-21, by removal of hydroxyl group at C-11 and by the addition to bromine to C-12 alpha; it was not modified by oxidation of the hydroxyl group at C-11 or by the delta 1-4 substitution. There was a correlation between the glucocorticoid and hair inhibiting potencies in the cortisol analogues, but some progesterone analogues with very low glucocorticoid activity have marked hair inhibitory effects. No relation was found with the mineralocorticoid effects."}
{"id": "PMID:263153", "title": "Digital interface for bioelectrical data acquisition system.", "content": "The action potential digitalized and stored by means of a fast solid state electronic waveform recording system (Digitalizer) can be directly read out on a printer or in a computer for further processing. It has been designed a digital interface allowing the automatization of these bioelectrical data acquisition and printing process.", "contents": "Digital interface for bioelectrical data acquisition system. The action potential digitalized and stored by means of a fast solid state electronic waveform recording system (Digitalizer) can be directly read out on a printer or in a computer for further processing. It has been designed a digital interface allowing the automatization of these bioelectrical data acquisition and printing process."}
{"id": "PMID:263154", "title": "Urate-oxidase in liver of oxonic acid treated mice.", "content": "Following a single intraperitoneal injection of oxonic acid, urate-oxidase inhibitor with optical and chromatographic properties of the injected drug was found in the supernatants of mouse liver homogenates. Maximal inhibitory activity of 40 000 g-20 minutes supernatants against Sigma urate-oxidase was found 30 minutes after injection, and it almost disappeared after six hours. In whole homogenates, urate-oxidase activity was found 50% inhibited at 30 minutes, and it returned to normal levels between 3 and 6 hours following injection. Urate-oxidase activity of resuspended nuclei-free 40 000 g particles from these homogenates showed a significative increase of activity over controls during the first three hours after injection, and it returned to a normal level between 3 and 6 hours after injection. There was, instead, no increase of activity in 40 000 g-20 minutes particles suspensions when these were separated from homogenates prepared from untreated mice and incubated with oxonic acid.", "contents": "Urate-oxidase in liver of oxonic acid treated mice. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of oxonic acid, urate-oxidase inhibitor with optical and chromatographic properties of the injected drug was found in the supernatants of mouse liver homogenates. Maximal inhibitory activity of 40 000 g-20 minutes supernatants against Sigma urate-oxidase was found 30 minutes after injection, and it almost disappeared after six hours. In whole homogenates, urate-oxidase activity was found 50% inhibited at 30 minutes, and it returned to normal levels between 3 and 6 hours following injection. Urate-oxidase activity of resuspended nuclei-free 40 000 g particles from these homogenates showed a significative increase of activity over controls during the first three hours after injection, and it returned to a normal level between 3 and 6 hours after injection. There was, instead, no increase of activity in 40 000 g-20 minutes particles suspensions when these were separated from homogenates prepared from untreated mice and incubated with oxonic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:263155", "title": "Digitalizer system and memory for electric transients.", "content": "It was designed a fast solid state electronic waveform recording system (Digitalizer), which can record, store and display action potentials or any type of event, either single pulse or repetitive, as a function of time. Above all, its capacity to record fast transients and to give the output in analog and digital form, makes this electronic device more convenient that conventional recorders or single trace oscilloscope systems.", "contents": "Digitalizer system and memory for electric transients. It was designed a fast solid state electronic waveform recording system (Digitalizer), which can record, store and display action potentials or any type of event, either single pulse or repetitive, as a function of time. Above all, its capacity to record fast transients and to give the output in analog and digital form, makes this electronic device more convenient that conventional recorders or single trace oscilloscope systems."}
{"id": "PMID:263158", "title": "Functional pharmacological and morphological characteristics of two regions of rat uterine horns.", "content": "A histological, physiological and pharmacological study of two regions of the isolated uterine muscle of the rat., i.e., the myometrial one (a zone close to the mesometrial insertion) and the linea uteri (the antimesometrial zone) was performed. From the histological point of view the linea uteri (LU) is characterized by the presence of small bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers (20 to 50), closely packed and clearly surrounded by a connective tissue, whereas in the myometrial zone (M) the smooth muscle fibers are less closely packed and the connective tissue is surrounding a greater number of them. The spontaneous oxytocin or electrically-induced initial tension developed by the LU or the M, was similar. Also the stability with time did not differ between both regions. Atropine depressed consistently the isometric developed tension of M strips, either spontaneously active or driven by oxytocin or electrical stimulation, but had no action on the mechanical activity of preparations from the LU. A pretreatment with hemicholinium also inhibited the spontaneous as well the oxytocin-induced motility of M strips, without affecting those of LU. Pharmacologic evidences suggest that acetylcholine may play a \"facilitating\" role in M strips for the conduction of coordinate contractions. This does not appear to be the case in the LU, which has the required characteristics to be recognized as a conductive like tissue.", "contents": "Functional pharmacological and morphological characteristics of two regions of rat uterine horns. A histological, physiological and pharmacological study of two regions of the isolated uterine muscle of the rat., i.e., the myometrial one (a zone close to the mesometrial insertion) and the linea uteri (the antimesometrial zone) was performed. From the histological point of view the linea uteri (LU) is characterized by the presence of small bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers (20 to 50), closely packed and clearly surrounded by a connective tissue, whereas in the myometrial zone (M) the smooth muscle fibers are less closely packed and the connective tissue is surrounding a greater number of them. The spontaneous oxytocin or electrically-induced initial tension developed by the LU or the M, was similar. Also the stability with time did not differ between both regions. Atropine depressed consistently the isometric developed tension of M strips, either spontaneously active or driven by oxytocin or electrical stimulation, but had no action on the mechanical activity of preparations from the LU. A pretreatment with hemicholinium also inhibited the spontaneous as well the oxytocin-induced motility of M strips, without affecting those of LU. Pharmacologic evidences suggest that acetylcholine may play a \"facilitating\" role in M strips for the conduction of coordinate contractions. This does not appear to be the case in the LU, which has the required characteristics to be recognized as a conductive like tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:263159", "title": "[Respirometry by bipolar electric transthoracic impendance].", "content": "In a population of ten young normal male subjects (average height of 174.2 cm +/- 3.8, average weight of 70.2 kg +/- 6.16), which was subjectively classified as mainly ectomorph (slightly biased towards the mesomorph type) a good correlation was found between the transthoracic impedance changes due to normal respiratory movements and tidal volume (average r of 0.963 +/- 0.034) and a mean coefficient b1 of 3.64 ohms/liter +/- 1.82. For equal volume, inspiratory and expiratory movements, on the average, produced impedance changes with no significant difference (p less than 0.55). Attempts to quantitatively correlate the coefficient b1 (ohms/liter) with the anthropometric parameters did not produce any consistent result.", "contents": "[Respirometry by bipolar electric transthoracic impendance]. In a population of ten young normal male subjects (average height of 174.2 cm +/- 3.8, average weight of 70.2 kg +/- 6.16), which was subjectively classified as mainly ectomorph (slightly biased towards the mesomorph type) a good correlation was found between the transthoracic impedance changes due to normal respiratory movements and tidal volume (average r of 0.963 +/- 0.034) and a mean coefficient b1 of 3.64 ohms/liter +/- 1.82. For equal volume, inspiratory and expiratory movements, on the average, produced impedance changes with no significant difference (p less than 0.55). Attempts to quantitatively correlate the coefficient b1 (ohms/liter) with the anthropometric parameters did not produce any consistent result."}
{"id": "PMID:263160", "title": "Participation of the anterior hypothalamus in the regulation of arterial blood pressure.", "content": "Bilateral electrolyte lesions of the Anterior Hypothalamus (AH) were placed in rats to determine the extent to which this area participates in the regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP). Experiments were performed in two groups of rats; in one ABP was measured continuously for 44 hr subsequent to the lesion, and in a second group ABP was measured 24 hr after the placement of the lesion. The destruction of this area results in a rapid development of arterial hypertension, hypermotility and hyperexcitability. 24 hr later these effects are attenuated. We conclude that arterial hypertension is probably due to a disinhibition of sympathetic activity through central interruption of baroreceptors reflexes.", "contents": "Participation of the anterior hypothalamus in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Bilateral electrolyte lesions of the Anterior Hypothalamus (AH) were placed in rats to determine the extent to which this area participates in the regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP). Experiments were performed in two groups of rats; in one ABP was measured continuously for 44 hr subsequent to the lesion, and in a second group ABP was measured 24 hr after the placement of the lesion. The destruction of this area results in a rapid development of arterial hypertension, hypermotility and hyperexcitability. 24 hr later these effects are attenuated. We conclude that arterial hypertension is probably due to a disinhibition of sympathetic activity through central interruption of baroreceptors reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:263161", "title": "Temperature effects on the properties of the Hodgkin-Huxley propagated action potential model determined by computed solutions and phase-plane analysis.", "content": "The equation for membrane potential (V) of the squid giant axon or some muscle cells, which is the heart of the Hodgkin-Huxley model for the action potential, can be written in three ways: first, as a partial differential equation in time and space; second, as an ordinary differential equation in time, assuming uniform wave propagation for the action potential, and third, as an even simpler ordinary differential equation for the potential at a point, so-called \"space clamp\" conditions. Solutions were computed for the first two of these equations, at three different temperatures, and the results compared. Temperature dependence of the appropriate parameters was calculated from a simple exponential relationship. Significant changes in the quantitative predictions of the model were found as the temperature was changed from 6.3 C to 18.5 C. Phase-plane (V v V, I v V) analysis has been used to examine the nature of these differences.", "contents": "Temperature effects on the properties of the Hodgkin-Huxley propagated action potential model determined by computed solutions and phase-plane analysis. The equation for membrane potential (V) of the squid giant axon or some muscle cells, which is the heart of the Hodgkin-Huxley model for the action potential, can be written in three ways: first, as a partial differential equation in time and space; second, as an ordinary differential equation in time, assuming uniform wave propagation for the action potential, and third, as an even simpler ordinary differential equation for the potential at a point, so-called \"space clamp\" conditions. Solutions were computed for the first two of these equations, at three different temperatures, and the results compared. Temperature dependence of the appropriate parameters was calculated from a simple exponential relationship. Significant changes in the quantitative predictions of the model were found as the temperature was changed from 6.3 C to 18.5 C. Phase-plane (V v V, I v V) analysis has been used to examine the nature of these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:263162", "title": "The measurement of bile acid-dependent and independent fractions of rat bile.", "content": "Bile flow and bile acid secretory rate in rate in rats with interruption of the enterohepatic circulation had a biphasic decay with the second slower slope less marked for bile flow. A direct relationship between both parameters was observed in these animals. by knowing the choleretic efficiency of bile acids calculated from the regression line, the total bile acid output and the volume of bile collected, the fraction of bile produced by other way than bile water carried by bile acids was estimated. This fraction was found to be about 65 percent of the total bile formed.", "contents": "The measurement of bile acid-dependent and independent fractions of rat bile. Bile flow and bile acid secretory rate in rate in rats with interruption of the enterohepatic circulation had a biphasic decay with the second slower slope less marked for bile flow. A direct relationship between both parameters was observed in these animals. by knowing the choleretic efficiency of bile acids calculated from the regression line, the total bile acid output and the volume of bile collected, the fraction of bile produced by other way than bile water carried by bile acids was estimated. This fraction was found to be about 65 percent of the total bile formed."}
{"id": "PMID:263163", "title": "Glucocorticoid action on rat spleen cells. I. Action of cortisone on antibody forming cells.", "content": "Corticosteroid action on rat spleen tissue was studied in order to determine the action of the hormone on cells involved in the early phase of the immune response. A significant reduction of plaque forming cells (PFC) was observed when the steroid was administered simultaneously with the antigen and even had some effect when injected up to three days immunization. Inasmuch as it can be assumed that at a period of 72 hr or less a great number if not all the cells are challenged by the antigen, results indicate a lympholytic action of the hormone on the already stimulated cells.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid action on rat spleen cells. I. Action of cortisone on antibody forming cells. Corticosteroid action on rat spleen tissue was studied in order to determine the action of the hormone on cells involved in the early phase of the immune response. A significant reduction of plaque forming cells (PFC) was observed when the steroid was administered simultaneously with the antigen and even had some effect when injected up to three days immunization. Inasmuch as it can be assumed that at a period of 72 hr or less a great number if not all the cells are challenged by the antigen, results indicate a lympholytic action of the hormone on the already stimulated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:263164", "title": "Effect of drugs on the force of spontaneous mechanical activity in rat portal vein.", "content": "A study was made on the force of spontaneous mechanical activity in the rat portal vein. Prostaglandin inhibitor, sodium meclofenamate, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, aminophylline and dipyridamole, adenosine and blockade of calcium entry by isoptin all reduced the force of spontaneous activity in a concentration-dependent manner, while imidazole enhanced it. Low concentration of aminophylline (10 microM), dipyridamole (6 microM) and meclofenamate (10 microM) depressed the spontaneous contraction of the vein by about 50% without modifying the response to noradrenaline. At higher concentration of these drugs, spontaneous mechanical contraction was reduced further and the response to noradrenaline antagonized. Low concentration of isoptin also reduced the mechanical activity without affecting maximum response to noradrenaline. A common mechanism of action for the drugs tested, namely the limiting of Ca2+ availability for muscular contraction, is discussed. Adenosine markedly reduced the spontaneous mechanical activity of the rat portal vein. Its relaxation effect could be due to the activation of a specific adenosine receptor.", "contents": "Effect of drugs on the force of spontaneous mechanical activity in rat portal vein. A study was made on the force of spontaneous mechanical activity in the rat portal vein. Prostaglandin inhibitor, sodium meclofenamate, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, aminophylline and dipyridamole, adenosine and blockade of calcium entry by isoptin all reduced the force of spontaneous activity in a concentration-dependent manner, while imidazole enhanced it. Low concentration of aminophylline (10 microM), dipyridamole (6 microM) and meclofenamate (10 microM) depressed the spontaneous contraction of the vein by about 50% without modifying the response to noradrenaline. At higher concentration of these drugs, spontaneous mechanical contraction was reduced further and the response to noradrenaline antagonized. Low concentration of isoptin also reduced the mechanical activity without affecting maximum response to noradrenaline. A common mechanism of action for the drugs tested, namely the limiting of Ca2+ availability for muscular contraction, is discussed. Adenosine markedly reduced the spontaneous mechanical activity of the rat portal vein. Its relaxation effect could be due to the activation of a specific adenosine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:263165", "title": "Studies on the tissue specificity of a circulating renotropic factor.", "content": "In 1970, it was found that sera removed from rats 24 hr after unilateral nephrectomy stimulate the incorporation of 3H-Thymidine into the DNA of incubating rat renal cortex. The same sera did not influence isotope incorporation into the DNA of incubating liver, spleen, and lung tissue. Later, a substance was described in renal tissue that enhanced the action of the renotropic factor in sera. It was proposed that this tissue factor activated the circulating renotropic substance and that lack of this activator in other tissues was responsible for the specificity of the circulating renotropic substance to renal tissue. The present study suggests that this is the case as the addition of the renal tissue factor and sera from uninephrectomized rats can stimulate 3H-Thymidine incorporation into the DNA of rat liver slices.", "contents": "Studies on the tissue specificity of a circulating renotropic factor. In 1970, it was found that sera removed from rats 24 hr after unilateral nephrectomy stimulate the incorporation of 3H-Thymidine into the DNA of incubating rat renal cortex. The same sera did not influence isotope incorporation into the DNA of incubating liver, spleen, and lung tissue. Later, a substance was described in renal tissue that enhanced the action of the renotropic factor in sera. It was proposed that this tissue factor activated the circulating renotropic substance and that lack of this activator in other tissues was responsible for the specificity of the circulating renotropic substance to renal tissue. The present study suggests that this is the case as the addition of the renal tissue factor and sera from uninephrectomized rats can stimulate 3H-Thymidine incorporation into the DNA of rat liver slices."}
{"id": "PMID:263166", "title": "Fluid pressure and fibrinolytic activity in implanted subcutaneous and intramuscular capsules.", "content": "Using the capsule implantation method, the relationship between the intracapsular fluid pressure (IFP) and fibrinolytic activity of the intracapsular fluid was examined in subcutaneous and intramuscular capsules. When IFP was positive, the sterility test was positive (indicating infection), the fibrinolytic activity was enhanced, and the response of IFP to volume change or hypertonic solutions was poor. On the other hand, when IFP was negative, the sterility test was negative, the fibrinolytic activity was weak, and the response of IFP to volume change or hypertonic solutions was good. Also, the more negative the IFP, the weaker was the fibrinolytic activity in the intracapsular fluid (r = 0.60, p less than 0.01). The ratio of the intracapsular fluid fibrinolytic activity to the plasma fibrinolytic activity showed a good correlation to the intracapsular fluid pressure (r = 0.68, p less than 0.01). When the fibrinolytic activity was activated by injection of streptokinase and human plasma, the IFP showed a tendency to increase. These results suggest that the fibrinolytic system plays some role in the maintenance of local fluid balance.", "contents": "Fluid pressure and fibrinolytic activity in implanted subcutaneous and intramuscular capsules. Using the capsule implantation method, the relationship between the intracapsular fluid pressure (IFP) and fibrinolytic activity of the intracapsular fluid was examined in subcutaneous and intramuscular capsules. When IFP was positive, the sterility test was positive (indicating infection), the fibrinolytic activity was enhanced, and the response of IFP to volume change or hypertonic solutions was poor. On the other hand, when IFP was negative, the sterility test was negative, the fibrinolytic activity was weak, and the response of IFP to volume change or hypertonic solutions was good. Also, the more negative the IFP, the weaker was the fibrinolytic activity in the intracapsular fluid (r = 0.60, p less than 0.01). The ratio of the intracapsular fluid fibrinolytic activity to the plasma fibrinolytic activity showed a good correlation to the intracapsular fluid pressure (r = 0.68, p less than 0.01). When the fibrinolytic activity was activated by injection of streptokinase and human plasma, the IFP showed a tendency to increase. These results suggest that the fibrinolytic system plays some role in the maintenance of local fluid balance."}
{"id": "PMID:263167", "title": "Influence of temperature on isometric contractions of rabbit atria during inotropic interventions.", "content": "Inotropic effects on strips of left atria promoted by 1-epinephrine, increase in frequency, post-extrasystolic potentiation, and by increase in extracellular calcium concentration were studied at 28 C and 36 C. The results show that at lower temperature the resulting changes in temporal parameters (activation time, deactivation time and duration above 10% of maximum force) are greater than those at the higher temperature. AT 36 C inotropic interventions have more prominent effects on the tension development and its first derivative, while changes in temporal parameters become less conspicuous. It is concluded that the inotropic interventions regulate the strength of contraction more effectively at 36 C and the temporal aspects of contraction more effectively at 28 C.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on isometric contractions of rabbit atria during inotropic interventions. Inotropic effects on strips of left atria promoted by 1-epinephrine, increase in frequency, post-extrasystolic potentiation, and by increase in extracellular calcium concentration were studied at 28 C and 36 C. The results show that at lower temperature the resulting changes in temporal parameters (activation time, deactivation time and duration above 10% of maximum force) are greater than those at the higher temperature. AT 36 C inotropic interventions have more prominent effects on the tension development and its first derivative, while changes in temporal parameters become less conspicuous. It is concluded that the inotropic interventions regulate the strength of contraction more effectively at 36 C and the temporal aspects of contraction more effectively at 28 C."}
{"id": "PMID:263168", "title": "Phase plane determination of the mechanical properties of the myocardium.", "content": "A phase-plane diagram, obtained by plotting force versus the rate of force during isometric contractions, was used for determination of the mechanical properties of rabbit left atria. Considering the muscle as a two component mechanical analog we found: (a) the initial slope of the phase-plane diagram (m1) is proportional to the product KVmax, where K is the stiffness of the series elastic component, and (b) the final slope of the phase-plane diagram (m3) is equal to the product -Kb, where b is a constant with dimensions of velocity, and may be related to the absolute rate of energy liberation. It is shown that m1 increases with positive inotropic interventions (frequency increase, epinephrine, post-extrasystolic potentiation, elevation of calcium and increase in temperature) but does not change as a function of muscle length. The final slope M3 increases with frequency, temperature and epinephrine; decreases with calcium and stretch, and does not change with post-extrasystolic potentiation. The results also suggest that the change in m3 depends on the particular inotropic intervention. This supports the idea that separate mechanisms are responsible for the process of contraction and relaxation.", "contents": "Phase plane determination of the mechanical properties of the myocardium. A phase-plane diagram, obtained by plotting force versus the rate of force during isometric contractions, was used for determination of the mechanical properties of rabbit left atria. Considering the muscle as a two component mechanical analog we found: (a) the initial slope of the phase-plane diagram (m1) is proportional to the product KVmax, where K is the stiffness of the series elastic component, and (b) the final slope of the phase-plane diagram (m3) is equal to the product -Kb, where b is a constant with dimensions of velocity, and may be related to the absolute rate of energy liberation. It is shown that m1 increases with positive inotropic interventions (frequency increase, epinephrine, post-extrasystolic potentiation, elevation of calcium and increase in temperature) but does not change as a function of muscle length. The final slope M3 increases with frequency, temperature and epinephrine; decreases with calcium and stretch, and does not change with post-extrasystolic potentiation. The results also suggest that the change in m3 depends on the particular inotropic intervention. This supports the idea that separate mechanisms are responsible for the process of contraction and relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:263170", "title": "Sulfobromophthalein metabolism in isolated perfused rat liver. Factors determining the applicability of the model.", "content": "Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was used to test the applicability of the isolated perfused rat liver in the study of drug metabolism. Flow of perfusate through the liver averaged 35 ml per min and the bile flow rate was 0.75 microliters per min per g of liver. BSP was delivered into the system as a single dose of 4.7 to 9.5 mumoles. Samples of perfusate from the pre and posthepatic circuits and bile samples were obtained at different time intervals. The following parameters were elimination half life, mean hepatic clearance, mean intrinsic clearance, time course of hepatic and bile concentrations and percent dose excreted into bile. The results demonstrated that bile flow and BSP biliary excretion depended on hepatic blood flow. Time course of hepatic concentration decay and mean intrinsic clearance were a reflection of the inherent ability of the liver for BSP elimination into bile. The parameters tested and their correlations gave overall information on isolated liver function that may be applied to the study of other exogenous or endogenous compounds.", "contents": "Sulfobromophthalein metabolism in isolated perfused rat liver. Factors determining the applicability of the model. Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was used to test the applicability of the isolated perfused rat liver in the study of drug metabolism. Flow of perfusate through the liver averaged 35 ml per min and the bile flow rate was 0.75 microliters per min per g of liver. BSP was delivered into the system as a single dose of 4.7 to 9.5 mumoles. Samples of perfusate from the pre and posthepatic circuits and bile samples were obtained at different time intervals. The following parameters were elimination half life, mean hepatic clearance, mean intrinsic clearance, time course of hepatic and bile concentrations and percent dose excreted into bile. The results demonstrated that bile flow and BSP biliary excretion depended on hepatic blood flow. Time course of hepatic concentration decay and mean intrinsic clearance were a reflection of the inherent ability of the liver for BSP elimination into bile. The parameters tested and their correlations gave overall information on isolated liver function that may be applied to the study of other exogenous or endogenous compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:263171", "title": "The handling of bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat liver was used for the study of the characteristics of bilirubin transfer from perfusate to bile in comparison to those of sulfobromophthalein (BSP). The parameters estimated included mean extraction ratio, removal half life, hepatic clearance, intrinsic or metabolic clearance rate of biliary excretion, hepatic concentration and biliary concentration for both compounds. The results obtained favoured the conclusion that bilirubin was less efficiently handled than BSP by the isolated rat liver.", "contents": "The handling of bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein by the isolated perfused rat liver. The isolated perfused rat liver was used for the study of the characteristics of bilirubin transfer from perfusate to bile in comparison to those of sulfobromophthalein (BSP). The parameters estimated included mean extraction ratio, removal half life, hepatic clearance, intrinsic or metabolic clearance rate of biliary excretion, hepatic concentration and biliary concentration for both compounds. The results obtained favoured the conclusion that bilirubin was less efficiently handled than BSP by the isolated rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:263172", "title": "The effect of the anticonvulsants phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on intestinal absorption of calcium.", "content": "The effect of anticonvulsant drugs (phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin) on the metabolic balance of calcium and on its intestinal absorption, as measured by an in situ intraluminal perfusion method, was studied in rats. The administration of these drugs produced: (a) an increase of the fecal excretion of calcium,. (b) a decrease of the intestinal absorption of calcium (45Ca). Both effects were more intense in rats treated with phenobarbital. There is evidence to suggest that the anticonvulsant drugs affect the intestinal mechanism of active transport of calcium.", "contents": "The effect of the anticonvulsants phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on intestinal absorption of calcium. The effect of anticonvulsant drugs (phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin) on the metabolic balance of calcium and on its intestinal absorption, as measured by an in situ intraluminal perfusion method, was studied in rats. The administration of these drugs produced: (a) an increase of the fecal excretion of calcium,. (b) a decrease of the intestinal absorption of calcium (45Ca). Both effects were more intense in rats treated with phenobarbital. There is evidence to suggest that the anticonvulsant drugs affect the intestinal mechanism of active transport of calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:263173", "title": "Pitfalls in kinetic studies of multiexponential decay processes with special emphasis on desaturation curves of arterial Na.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to detect and solve apparently trivial methodological flaws in experiments of the decay type which can invalidate any fitting procedure or compartmental analysis. The problems dealt with consisted in maintaining the steady state conditions defining the \"true\" starting time of the efflux and its optimal duration, determining the number of exponential terms and finding how many data points are necessary to identify them. The solutions proposed include avoidance of tissue blotting prior to the efflux, running a separate non effluxed sample, stopping the washout when the log plot of remaining and effluent counts becomes parallel, use of the optimization if the correlation coefficient for curve fitting and adequate the frequency of counting to the decay rate. Errors resulting from the failure to comply with these requirements are illustrated with samples.", "contents": "Pitfalls in kinetic studies of multiexponential decay processes with special emphasis on desaturation curves of arterial Na. The purpose of this study was to detect and solve apparently trivial methodological flaws in experiments of the decay type which can invalidate any fitting procedure or compartmental analysis. The problems dealt with consisted in maintaining the steady state conditions defining the \"true\" starting time of the efflux and its optimal duration, determining the number of exponential terms and finding how many data points are necessary to identify them. The solutions proposed include avoidance of tissue blotting prior to the efflux, running a separate non effluxed sample, stopping the washout when the log plot of remaining and effluent counts becomes parallel, use of the optimization if the correlation coefficient for curve fitting and adequate the frequency of counting to the decay rate. Errors resulting from the failure to comply with these requirements are illustrated with samples."}
{"id": "PMID:263175", "title": "On the psychology of the aging woman. Depression in late mid-life: change or repetition? Another chance for working through.", "content": "A woman of 58 came for psychotherapy for the first time suffering from a depressive reaction precipitated by two mid-life events: the marriage of her daughter and the realization that her own cherished marital dream would never be fulfilled. She had postponed coming to terms with the disappointments of her marriage as long as she had had other objects. When these objects were lost, and the distance she had maintained to handle her feelings was threatened, she sought help. There was suggestive evidence that a collusive marital system had sustained an unsatisfactory relationship for 35 years. Her husband was described as an obsessive-compulsive character. His traits were both needed, feared, and resented by the patient, representing the rejected part of herself and aspects of her hated grandmother. Mrs. A. had character traits and a developmental history which supported a diagnosis of primitive hysterical personality. (This type has been described by Zetzel (1968) as \"the so-called good hysteric.\") The paucity of object relationships in her life, her poor work habits, her inability to tolerate affects were striking. The patient had identified with a pathological mother in a family dominated by rejecting and depreciating attitudes. The patient's use of the defense mechanisms of splitting, projection, and withdrawal as ways of dealing with ambivalence significantly interfered with her self-object differentiation and her capacity for intense emotional or physical intimacy. She could only love men whom she rescued or protected, a pattern consistent with the fact that she could not relate to equals or superiors. Yet she was unable to draw on a good identification with a nuturing mother, so as to really be able to give. There was too much hurt and uncontrolled anger when she was in the superior position with the kind of man who could not meet her dependency needs. Feeling unprotected, she had married a \"strong\" man, who she expected would meet her narcissistic and dependency demands. He was inhibited and controlled and could neither need nor be needed by her during his active work life. This led to immediate disappointment of her conflicting conscious and unconscious expectations. She wanted him to be strong and ideal, yet to need her and never oppose her. Hence, there was a failure to establish a mature or satisfying marital relationship. She turned to her children for comfort, particularly her daughter, becoming depressed when her daughter married. She found gratification by staying busy tutoring and teaching underprivileged children. In the course of treatment her depressive symptoms disappeared. She felt hopeful, capable of being believed in, and able to cope as a result of the therapist's functioning as her uncritical ally. After she resumed living with her husband she began to acknowledge an ambivalence toward her cherished, confidante daughter and in some ways reversed her previous splitting of husband and daughter. The mean husband became a kindly saint and the darling daughter became a critical, spiteful queen...", "contents": "On the psychology of the aging woman. Depression in late mid-life: change or repetition? Another chance for working through. A woman of 58 came for psychotherapy for the first time suffering from a depressive reaction precipitated by two mid-life events: the marriage of her daughter and the realization that her own cherished marital dream would never be fulfilled. She had postponed coming to terms with the disappointments of her marriage as long as she had had other objects. When these objects were lost, and the distance she had maintained to handle her feelings was threatened, she sought help. There was suggestive evidence that a collusive marital system had sustained an unsatisfactory relationship for 35 years. Her husband was described as an obsessive-compulsive character. His traits were both needed, feared, and resented by the patient, representing the rejected part of herself and aspects of her hated grandmother. Mrs. A. had character traits and a developmental history which supported a diagnosis of primitive hysterical personality. (This type has been described by Zetzel (1968) as \"the so-called good hysteric.\") The paucity of object relationships in her life, her poor work habits, her inability to tolerate affects were striking. The patient had identified with a pathological mother in a family dominated by rejecting and depreciating attitudes. The patient's use of the defense mechanisms of splitting, projection, and withdrawal as ways of dealing with ambivalence significantly interfered with her self-object differentiation and her capacity for intense emotional or physical intimacy. She could only love men whom she rescued or protected, a pattern consistent with the fact that she could not relate to equals or superiors. Yet she was unable to draw on a good identification with a nuturing mother, so as to really be able to give. There was too much hurt and uncontrolled anger when she was in the superior position with the kind of man who could not meet her dependency needs. Feeling unprotected, she had married a \"strong\" man, who she expected would meet her narcissistic and dependency demands. He was inhibited and controlled and could neither need nor be needed by her during his active work life. This led to immediate disappointment of her conflicting conscious and unconscious expectations. She wanted him to be strong and ideal, yet to need her and never oppose her. Hence, there was a failure to establish a mature or satisfying marital relationship. She turned to her children for comfort, particularly her daughter, becoming depressed when her daughter married. She found gratification by staying busy tutoring and teaching underprivileged children. In the course of treatment her depressive symptoms disappeared. She felt hopeful, capable of being believed in, and able to cope as a result of the therapist's functioning as her uncritical ally. After she resumed living with her husband she began to acknowledge an ambivalence toward her cherished, confidante daughter and in some ways reversed her previous splitting of husband and daughter. The mean husband became a kindly saint and the darling daughter became a critical, spiteful queen..."}
{"id": "PMID:263177", "title": "Strategies of dynamic psychotherapy with the wide range of older individuals.", "content": "Until recently contributions to geriatric psychotherapy tended to be limited to the consideration of the special problems of the most debilitated of the elderly, neglecting the vigorous majority of aging persons. The reluctance of psychoanalysts to treat individuals past 45 or 50 years of age by classical technique may have impeded the application of psychodynamic principles to the psychotherapy of older people. Gradually, a number of analysts and dynamic therapists reported favorable responses of the middle aged and elderly to such treatment and established some of its technical parameters. In this paper, distinguishing characteristics of the aging and of the debilitated aged are examined in order to clarify the techniques of geriatric psychotherapy. Six case vignettes illustrate the treatment aims of structural change, reinstatement of optimum functioning, and basic support in these two categories and in an intermediate group of those experiencing an emotional crisis. The application of psycho-therapeutic principles (promotion of insight, adaptive intervention, general supportive methods) is described. Psychological management is compared with psychotherapy in the debilitated aged. Treatment of emotional crises in older persons is illustrated. A sample of patients treated by means of psychotherapy--aging, in crisis, or debilitated--is examined with regard to diagnoses, precipitating stresses, the aims of therapy, and the involvement of their families in the treatment.", "contents": "Strategies of dynamic psychotherapy with the wide range of older individuals. Until recently contributions to geriatric psychotherapy tended to be limited to the consideration of the special problems of the most debilitated of the elderly, neglecting the vigorous majority of aging persons. The reluctance of psychoanalysts to treat individuals past 45 or 50 years of age by classical technique may have impeded the application of psychodynamic principles to the psychotherapy of older people. Gradually, a number of analysts and dynamic therapists reported favorable responses of the middle aged and elderly to such treatment and established some of its technical parameters. In this paper, distinguishing characteristics of the aging and of the debilitated aged are examined in order to clarify the techniques of geriatric psychotherapy. Six case vignettes illustrate the treatment aims of structural change, reinstatement of optimum functioning, and basic support in these two categories and in an intermediate group of those experiencing an emotional crisis. The application of psycho-therapeutic principles (promotion of insight, adaptive intervention, general supportive methods) is described. Psychological management is compared with psychotherapy in the debilitated aged. Treatment of emotional crises in older persons is illustrated. A sample of patients treated by means of psychotherapy--aging, in crisis, or debilitated--is examined with regard to diagnoses, precipitating stresses, the aims of therapy, and the involvement of their families in the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:263180", "title": "[Rabies vaccine inactivated with ethylenimine. Duration of the immunity in dogs].", "content": "The duration-of-immunity afforded by the ethylenimine inactivated rabies vaccine produced in BHK cells with the PV strain, was studied in dogs. One hundred per cent of the dogs became serologically positive 7 days after vaccination; the same percentage was still positive 3 years after vaccination with one dose of the vaccine. A good correlation was observed between the antibody profiles as determined by the titers obtained with the mouse neutralization and fluorescent field inhibition techniques. The correlation was not as good when the number of international units per ml was determined by both tests. The best correspondence between serological response and resistance to challenge was observed when the antibodies were determined by the number of international units per ml, using the neutralization test in mice. All the dogs challenged 12 and 25 months after vaccination resisted challenge; 89% (8/9) were protected 36 months after vaccination. Inactivated vaccines can be as effective to control rabies as those prepared with modified live virus; moreover, the inactivated vaccines are more stable and safer than the latter.", "contents": "[Rabies vaccine inactivated with ethylenimine. Duration of the immunity in dogs]. The duration-of-immunity afforded by the ethylenimine inactivated rabies vaccine produced in BHK cells with the PV strain, was studied in dogs. One hundred per cent of the dogs became serologically positive 7 days after vaccination; the same percentage was still positive 3 years after vaccination with one dose of the vaccine. A good correlation was observed between the antibody profiles as determined by the titers obtained with the mouse neutralization and fluorescent field inhibition techniques. The correlation was not as good when the number of international units per ml was determined by both tests. The best correspondence between serological response and resistance to challenge was observed when the antibodies were determined by the number of international units per ml, using the neutralization test in mice. All the dogs challenged 12 and 25 months after vaccination resisted challenge; 89% (8/9) were protected 36 months after vaccination. Inactivated vaccines can be as effective to control rabies as those prepared with modified live virus; moreover, the inactivated vaccines are more stable and safer than the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:263179", "title": "[Brucellosis in goats in San Luis Province].", "content": "A study on goat brucellosis has been done in the province of San Luis, a semidesertic area (annual precipitation ca. 500 ml) located in the center west of Argentina. Flocks were selected by an statistical method. Blood samples were obtained from young and adult females set apart for reproduction. Sera were submitted to a fast plate agglutination test with a standard antigen. Titres were expressed in International Units per ml, accorded to the recommendations of the Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis. Results (Table 1 and 2) of 10367 examined animals showed 13.25% of reacting sera. Out of this total, 8.22% yield a titre of 25 IU per ml, 2.86% 50 UI per ml, 1.13% 100 UI per ml and 1.04% 200 UI per ml.", "contents": "[Brucellosis in goats in San Luis Province]. A study on goat brucellosis has been done in the province of San Luis, a semidesertic area (annual precipitation ca. 500 ml) located in the center west of Argentina. Flocks were selected by an statistical method. Blood samples were obtained from young and adult females set apart for reproduction. Sera were submitted to a fast plate agglutination test with a standard antigen. Titres were expressed in International Units per ml, accorded to the recommendations of the Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis. Results (Table 1 and 2) of 10367 examined animals showed 13.25% of reacting sera. Out of this total, 8.22% yield a titre of 25 IU per ml, 2.86% 50 UI per ml, 1.13% 100 UI per ml and 1.04% 200 UI per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:263219", "title": "Effect of in vivo administration of 5 alpha reductase inhibitors on epididymal function.", "content": "Progesterone, epitestosterone (4-androstene-17 alpha-ol-3-one, EpiT) and 4- androstene-3-one-17 beta-carboxylic acid (COOH), three known in vitro inhibitors of 5 alpha reductase, were injected daily for 30 days to male rats to study their effect on some parameters of epididymal function. Progesterone at the dose of 750 and 2000 micrograms/day decreased fertility by 59% and 50% respectively. EpiT at a dose of 1500 micrograms/day decreased fertility by 74%. These treatments did not change the sperm counts in the cauda epididymis. Treatment with COOH did not decrease fertility. Progesterone at 750 and 2000 micrograms/day and EpiT at 750 micrograms/day decreased the weight of the epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles. None of the compounds tested produced variations in body weight or in the weight of liver and testis. The 5 alpha reductase activity of epididymis, testis and liver was diminished by progesterone treatment, while EpiT decreased only that of testis and liver.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo administration of 5 alpha reductase inhibitors on epididymal function. Progesterone, epitestosterone (4-androstene-17 alpha-ol-3-one, EpiT) and 4- androstene-3-one-17 beta-carboxylic acid (COOH), three known in vitro inhibitors of 5 alpha reductase, were injected daily for 30 days to male rats to study their effect on some parameters of epididymal function. Progesterone at the dose of 750 and 2000 micrograms/day decreased fertility by 59% and 50% respectively. EpiT at a dose of 1500 micrograms/day decreased fertility by 74%. These treatments did not change the sperm counts in the cauda epididymis. Treatment with COOH did not decrease fertility. Progesterone at 750 and 2000 micrograms/day and EpiT at 750 micrograms/day decreased the weight of the epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles. None of the compounds tested produced variations in body weight or in the weight of liver and testis. The 5 alpha reductase activity of epididymis, testis and liver was diminished by progesterone treatment, while EpiT decreased only that of testis and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:263220", "title": "Neonatal androgen effects on conditioned emotional response extinction of adult rats under various hormonal regimens.", "content": "Intact male rats and spayed female rats received 0.5 mg testosterone propionate in the first 24 hours after birth. They were divided into different groups, administered peanut oil, progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and testosterone propionate in adulthood. The animals were conditioned to fear with a shock paired sound. The experimental test consisted of investigating the conditioned emotional response (CER) extinction. It was verified that as to conditioned emotional response extinction, neonatally androgenized males were different from control males; neonatally androgenized females, testosterone propionate treated in adulthood were also different from control females. There was no significant difference between neonatally androgenized females oestradiol benzoate treated in adulthood and their control group. In comparing neonatally androgenized females having different hormonal treatment in adulthood, we verified that testosterone propionate treated females were significantly different from those treated with progesterone. On the other hand, neonatally androgenized females treated with oestradiol benzoate in adulthood were different from those that have had the same hormonal manipulation in neonatal period, but that were injected with progesterone in adulthood. It was concluded that conditioned emotional response extinction is facilitated by neonatal androgenization in non-oestrogenized male and female rats.", "contents": "Neonatal androgen effects on conditioned emotional response extinction of adult rats under various hormonal regimens. Intact male rats and spayed female rats received 0.5 mg testosterone propionate in the first 24 hours after birth. They were divided into different groups, administered peanut oil, progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and testosterone propionate in adulthood. The animals were conditioned to fear with a shock paired sound. The experimental test consisted of investigating the conditioned emotional response (CER) extinction. It was verified that as to conditioned emotional response extinction, neonatally androgenized males were different from control males; neonatally androgenized females, testosterone propionate treated in adulthood were also different from control females. There was no significant difference between neonatally androgenized females oestradiol benzoate treated in adulthood and their control group. In comparing neonatally androgenized females having different hormonal treatment in adulthood, we verified that testosterone propionate treated females were significantly different from those treated with progesterone. On the other hand, neonatally androgenized females treated with oestradiol benzoate in adulthood were different from those that have had the same hormonal manipulation in neonatal period, but that were injected with progesterone in adulthood. It was concluded that conditioned emotional response extinction is facilitated by neonatal androgenization in non-oestrogenized male and female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:263221", "title": "Transcriptional features of fractionated human breast tumor chromatin.", "content": "By means of controlled mechanical shearing it was possible to fractionate human breast tumor chromatin in \"active\" and \"inactive\" species, according to their in vitro template activity, using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The \"active\" molecules can be resolved in three well defined regions in an exponential sucrose gradient, showing approximately 300 times the efficiency for synthesizing ribonucleic acid, relative to the chromatin which migrated fastest. This technique could provide the initial tool to isolate eu-and heterochromatin from native human chromatin.", "contents": "Transcriptional features of fractionated human breast tumor chromatin. By means of controlled mechanical shearing it was possible to fractionate human breast tumor chromatin in \"active\" and \"inactive\" species, according to their in vitro template activity, using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The \"active\" molecules can be resolved in three well defined regions in an exponential sucrose gradient, showing approximately 300 times the efficiency for synthesizing ribonucleic acid, relative to the chromatin which migrated fastest. This technique could provide the initial tool to isolate eu-and heterochromatin from native human chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:263222", "title": "Modification by rumen of vitamin D-like activity of Solanum malacoxylon in rats.", "content": "The biological activity of aqueous extracts of Solanum malacoxylon (SM) and of extracts preincubated with ruminal fluid (SMRF) on calcium and phosphate metabolism in vitamin D depleted rats was compared. The responses in intestinal 32P and 45Ca absorption, measured in an isolated duodenal loop in situ after a single oral dose, were qualitatively similar to that of 1,25-OH2-vit.D3. However, the effects elicited by SMRF were significantly higher than those caused by SM. Both extracts were equally effective in promoting bone resorption when administered orally or subcutaneously. These results provide a basis to explain the greater effectiveness of SMRF to produce calcinosis in rats. The hypothesis is advanced that biologically active steroidal metabolites with predominant action on intestine, are formed during incubation with rumen.", "contents": "Modification by rumen of vitamin D-like activity of Solanum malacoxylon in rats. The biological activity of aqueous extracts of Solanum malacoxylon (SM) and of extracts preincubated with ruminal fluid (SMRF) on calcium and phosphate metabolism in vitamin D depleted rats was compared. The responses in intestinal 32P and 45Ca absorption, measured in an isolated duodenal loop in situ after a single oral dose, were qualitatively similar to that of 1,25-OH2-vit.D3. However, the effects elicited by SMRF were significantly higher than those caused by SM. Both extracts were equally effective in promoting bone resorption when administered orally or subcutaneously. These results provide a basis to explain the greater effectiveness of SMRF to produce calcinosis in rats. The hypothesis is advanced that biologically active steroidal metabolites with predominant action on intestine, are formed during incubation with rumen."}
{"id": "PMID:263223", "title": "Acute effects of three natural corticosteroids on the acid-base and electrolyte composition of urine in adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "In acute experiments, aldosterone (aldo), 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18 OH B) or corticosterone (B) were administered to adrenalectomized rats and parameters related to acid-base balance measured in urine samples collected for 3.5 hours after injection. Aldo reduced sodium excretion but did not affect pH nor the outputs of K, NH4+, CO3H-, phosphates nor titratable acidity. 18 OH B increased the excretion of titratable acidity and reduced drastically that of CO3H-. The lowest effective dose (3 micrograms) promoted Na excretion while the highest dose employed (6 micrograms) reduced pH and Na excretion. B increased the excretions of phosphates and ammonium, the former drastically. Potassium output either increased or did not change, and pH augmented marginally. It is postulated that a) 18 OH B is a naturally occurring steroid eliciting urine-acidification not necessarily accompanied by sodium retention; and b) at least B and 18 OH B in the rat, possess hormonal roles according to which the latter promotes the presence of protons, and the former, that of acute proton-acceptors in the lumen of tubuli.", "contents": "Acute effects of three natural corticosteroids on the acid-base and electrolyte composition of urine in adrenalectomized rats. In acute experiments, aldosterone (aldo), 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18 OH B) or corticosterone (B) were administered to adrenalectomized rats and parameters related to acid-base balance measured in urine samples collected for 3.5 hours after injection. Aldo reduced sodium excretion but did not affect pH nor the outputs of K, NH4+, CO3H-, phosphates nor titratable acidity. 18 OH B increased the excretion of titratable acidity and reduced drastically that of CO3H-. The lowest effective dose (3 micrograms) promoted Na excretion while the highest dose employed (6 micrograms) reduced pH and Na excretion. B increased the excretions of phosphates and ammonium, the former drastically. Potassium output either increased or did not change, and pH augmented marginally. It is postulated that a) 18 OH B is a naturally occurring steroid eliciting urine-acidification not necessarily accompanied by sodium retention; and b) at least B and 18 OH B in the rat, possess hormonal roles according to which the latter promotes the presence of protons, and the former, that of acute proton-acceptors in the lumen of tubuli."}
{"id": "PMID:263224", "title": "Carbohydrate utilization by the avian oviduct during the laying cycle.", "content": "In the present work the carbohydrate utilization by the avian oviduct during the egg formation was studied. The pattern obtained for total hexose, fucose, hexosamines, sialic acid, fructose and sulphate demonstrated that in the domestic fowl's oviduct the isthmus and the shell gland secrete the precursors for the protein carbohydrate substance of the mammillae and shell matrix and may contribute during the shell formation with the substrates necessary for the metabolic energy of the organ. The infundibulum only participates as a donor for the metabolic energy.", "contents": "Carbohydrate utilization by the avian oviduct during the laying cycle. In the present work the carbohydrate utilization by the avian oviduct during the egg formation was studied. The pattern obtained for total hexose, fucose, hexosamines, sialic acid, fructose and sulphate demonstrated that in the domestic fowl's oviduct the isthmus and the shell gland secrete the precursors for the protein carbohydrate substance of the mammillae and shell matrix and may contribute during the shell formation with the substrates necessary for the metabolic energy of the organ. The infundibulum only participates as a donor for the metabolic energy."}
{"id": "PMID:263225", "title": "Influence of the subfornical organ on water intake induced by septal lesion.", "content": "Rats bearing lesions in the septal area (SA), or in the subfornical organ (SFO) or simultaneously in both regions were submitted to various thirst-eliciting procedures. The rats with hyperdipsia induced by lesion of the SA drank more water than either normal rats or SFO-lesioned animals under the same thirst-eliciting or angiotensin-liberating stimuli (polyethyleneglycol, isoproterenol, water deprivation and ligation of the inferior vena cava). The overdrinking elicited by SA lesions was blocked after SFO lesions. Neither hypovolemia, nor hypotension or water deprivation could elicit increased water intake in SFO-lesioned animals even after destruction of the SA. Animals with SFO lesions did not show increase of the water intake after cellular dehydration. The results obtained suggest that the SFO acts as the main structure in the regulation of water intake elicited by angiotensin with two opposite effects: one direct, facilitating water intake and the other indirect inhibiting the SA. The SA has an inhibitory effect on the SFO and on water intake.", "contents": "Influence of the subfornical organ on water intake induced by septal lesion. Rats bearing lesions in the septal area (SA), or in the subfornical organ (SFO) or simultaneously in both regions were submitted to various thirst-eliciting procedures. The rats with hyperdipsia induced by lesion of the SA drank more water than either normal rats or SFO-lesioned animals under the same thirst-eliciting or angiotensin-liberating stimuli (polyethyleneglycol, isoproterenol, water deprivation and ligation of the inferior vena cava). The overdrinking elicited by SA lesions was blocked after SFO lesions. Neither hypovolemia, nor hypotension or water deprivation could elicit increased water intake in SFO-lesioned animals even after destruction of the SA. Animals with SFO lesions did not show increase of the water intake after cellular dehydration. The results obtained suggest that the SFO acts as the main structure in the regulation of water intake elicited by angiotensin with two opposite effects: one direct, facilitating water intake and the other indirect inhibiting the SA. The SA has an inhibitory effect on the SFO and on water intake."}
{"id": "PMID:263236", "title": "Dilution techniques for optimum recovery of cryopreserved bone marrow cells.", "content": "Bone marrow granulocyte progenitor cells (CFU-C) were assayed in methyl-cellulose prior to cryopreservation in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and after thawing and diluting the DMSO. The time of dilution from 10% to 1% DMSO and the temperature of the sample and diluting media were studied. Compared with samples diluted at 0 degrees-4 degrees C, samples which were diluted at 24 degrees C were more viable by Trypan Blue exclusion (p less than .01) and had greater CFU-C growth in vitro (p less than .01). There was no advantage to prolonging dilution time from 10 minutes at a constant rate to 40 minutes using stepwise technique. Recovery of CFU-C at 24 degrees C ranged from 40% to 114% with a mean +/- S.D. of 67% +/- 19.5%. There was evidence that clonogenic cells were selectively preserved under the conditions described.", "contents": "Dilution techniques for optimum recovery of cryopreserved bone marrow cells. Bone marrow granulocyte progenitor cells (CFU-C) were assayed in methyl-cellulose prior to cryopreservation in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and after thawing and diluting the DMSO. The time of dilution from 10% to 1% DMSO and the temperature of the sample and diluting media were studied. Compared with samples diluted at 0 degrees-4 degrees C, samples which were diluted at 24 degrees C were more viable by Trypan Blue exclusion (p less than .01) and had greater CFU-C growth in vitro (p less than .01). There was no advantage to prolonging dilution time from 10 minutes at a constant rate to 40 minutes using stepwise technique. Recovery of CFU-C at 24 degrees C ranged from 40% to 114% with a mean +/- S.D. of 67% +/- 19.5%. There was evidence that clonogenic cells were selectively preserved under the conditions described."}
{"id": "PMID:263238", "title": "Mobilization of murine hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) by Pyran Copolymer.", "content": "Pyran Copolymer, divinyl-ether maleic anhydride increases the concentration of circulating pluripotential stem cells in mice by a factor of 15 to 30. Maximal mobilization occurs five days after Pyran Copolymer injection with synchronous peaks of CFU-S and CFU-C. When Pyran fractions of defined molecular weight from 12,000 to 52,000 are injected into mice, mobilization of CFU-S and CFU-C parallels molecular weight. Hemopoietic stem cells are mobilized from bone marrow into peripheral blood and subsequently trapped in the spleen.", "contents": "Mobilization of murine hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) by Pyran Copolymer. Pyran Copolymer, divinyl-ether maleic anhydride increases the concentration of circulating pluripotential stem cells in mice by a factor of 15 to 30. Maximal mobilization occurs five days after Pyran Copolymer injection with synchronous peaks of CFU-S and CFU-C. When Pyran fractions of defined molecular weight from 12,000 to 52,000 are injected into mice, mobilization of CFU-S and CFU-C parallels molecular weight. Hemopoietic stem cells are mobilized from bone marrow into peripheral blood and subsequently trapped in the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:263239", "title": "In vitro proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells in long-term marrow cultures: principles in mouse applied to man.", "content": "The continuous in vitro marrow culture system for proliferation of mouse pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFUs) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFUc) as initially described by T. M. Dexter, depended upon a 25% concentration of special lots of horse serum and addition of fresh \"recharging\" marrow after 3-4 weeks. This system has been modified to permit longer hemopoiesis in non-recharged cultures over 25-30 weeks. Addition of 10(-7)M hydrocortisone sodium hemi-succinate during weekly feeding and switch from horse to 25% fetal calf serum with corticosteroid at week 4, maintains stability of the adherent marrow stromal cells, decreases lipogenesis (which is deleterious after 10 weeks) and increases proliferation of hemopoietic cells over longer duration. Stem cells removed from 8 week old primary NIH/Swiss marrow cultures reconstituted hemopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice. While 16 week old cultures produced total numbers of CFUc equivalent to 8 week cultures, these cells could not prevent marrow death following similar total body irradiation. Thus, stem cells moved progressively from a pluripotent to a committed CFUc compartment between weeks 8-16. Human femur marrow required thyroxine in addition to hydrocortisone for sustained CFUc maintenance over a shorter 8 week period. Improved technology for mouse long-term marrow cultures should further aid in developing a usable human \"Dexter-system\".", "contents": "In vitro proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells in long-term marrow cultures: principles in mouse applied to man. The continuous in vitro marrow culture system for proliferation of mouse pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFUs) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFUc) as initially described by T. M. Dexter, depended upon a 25% concentration of special lots of horse serum and addition of fresh \"recharging\" marrow after 3-4 weeks. This system has been modified to permit longer hemopoiesis in non-recharged cultures over 25-30 weeks. Addition of 10(-7)M hydrocortisone sodium hemi-succinate during weekly feeding and switch from horse to 25% fetal calf serum with corticosteroid at week 4, maintains stability of the adherent marrow stromal cells, decreases lipogenesis (which is deleterious after 10 weeks) and increases proliferation of hemopoietic cells over longer duration. Stem cells removed from 8 week old primary NIH/Swiss marrow cultures reconstituted hemopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice. While 16 week old cultures produced total numbers of CFUc equivalent to 8 week cultures, these cells could not prevent marrow death following similar total body irradiation. Thus, stem cells moved progressively from a pluripotent to a committed CFUc compartment between weeks 8-16. Human femur marrow required thyroxine in addition to hydrocortisone for sustained CFUc maintenance over a shorter 8 week period. Improved technology for mouse long-term marrow cultures should further aid in developing a usable human \"Dexter-system\"."}
{"id": "PMID:263240", "title": "Lack of genetic damage in mammalian cells after cryopreservation at -196 degrees C.", "content": "Mammalian tissue culture cells when cryopreserved according to standard procedures do not show gross chromosomal changes as evidenced by the formation of micronuclei. Cryoprotective agents used in this study included dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol and polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) in combination with serum and using freezing and thawing rates normally employed in cryopreservation studies. In preliminary experiments, point mutations as evidenced by oubain resistance were not observed. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies indicating genetic stability after freezing and thawing.", "contents": "Lack of genetic damage in mammalian cells after cryopreservation at -196 degrees C. Mammalian tissue culture cells when cryopreserved according to standard procedures do not show gross chromosomal changes as evidenced by the formation of micronuclei. Cryoprotective agents used in this study included dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol and polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) in combination with serum and using freezing and thawing rates normally employed in cryopreservation studies. In preliminary experiments, point mutations as evidenced by oubain resistance were not observed. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies indicating genetic stability after freezing and thawing."}
{"id": "PMID:263241", "title": "The use of stem cell assays to monitor the proliferative potential of bone marrow cells.", "content": "A number of assays exist for hematopoietic stem cells in both humans and mice, but the appropriate stem cell assay for the repopulating potential of human marrow is not clear. Two murine models suggest that these assays may not always predict marrow proliferative potential. In vivo diffusion chamber culture growth of CD1 marrow depleted of pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) by exposure to mouse-brain antisera plus complement was equivalent to or greater than that of normal serum treated control marrow. Furthermore, CF1 mice repeatedly injected with endotoxin had markedly stimulated granulopoiesis with increases in the number of marrow CFU-S and the % in S phase but no changes in the number or proliferative status of marrow CFU-C. However, inbred BDF1 mice chronically injected with endotoxin although also showing striking increases in granulopoiesis had no significant alteration in their marrow CFU-S or CFU-C number or cell cycle status relative to saline injected controls. Both models present examples where conventional stem cell assays do not provide insight into marrow cell production and suggest that in vitro clonal assays of human marrow cells may not always predict for the potential of marrow to repopulate a human transplant recipient.", "contents": "The use of stem cell assays to monitor the proliferative potential of bone marrow cells. A number of assays exist for hematopoietic stem cells in both humans and mice, but the appropriate stem cell assay for the repopulating potential of human marrow is not clear. Two murine models suggest that these assays may not always predict marrow proliferative potential. In vivo diffusion chamber culture growth of CD1 marrow depleted of pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) by exposure to mouse-brain antisera plus complement was equivalent to or greater than that of normal serum treated control marrow. Furthermore, CF1 mice repeatedly injected with endotoxin had markedly stimulated granulopoiesis with increases in the number of marrow CFU-S and the % in S phase but no changes in the number or proliferative status of marrow CFU-C. However, inbred BDF1 mice chronically injected with endotoxin although also showing striking increases in granulopoiesis had no significant alteration in their marrow CFU-S or CFU-C number or cell cycle status relative to saline injected controls. Both models present examples where conventional stem cell assays do not provide insight into marrow cell production and suggest that in vitro clonal assays of human marrow cells may not always predict for the potential of marrow to repopulate a human transplant recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:263242", "title": "Beyond kinetics: the study of DNA damage and repair in bone marrow cells.", "content": "The response of the bone marrow to cytotoxic agents is a prime determinant of differential toxicity in cancer chemotherapy. Previous attempts to characterize drug effects on the bone marrow have largely been concerned with the proliferative status of the marrow cells. The DNA alkaline elution technique has recently proven to be a simple, sensitive technique for the study of drug-induced DNA damage and repair. The potential for applying this technique to mechanisms of bone marrow toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Beyond kinetics: the study of DNA damage and repair in bone marrow cells. The response of the bone marrow to cytotoxic agents is a prime determinant of differential toxicity in cancer chemotherapy. Previous attempts to characterize drug effects on the bone marrow have largely been concerned with the proliferative status of the marrow cells. The DNA alkaline elution technique has recently proven to be a simple, sensitive technique for the study of drug-induced DNA damage and repair. The potential for applying this technique to mechanisms of bone marrow toxicity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263244", "title": "Dose limiting extramedullary toxicity of high dose chemotherapy.", "content": "Autologous marrow support may allow higher doses of myelosuppressive chemotherapy administration with the hope of improving tumor responses. The approach will be limited by the extramedullary toxicities of the drugs employed. This paper reviews some of these toxicities for selected drugs, and gives examples of techniques which could be used to reduce their incidence.", "contents": "Dose limiting extramedullary toxicity of high dose chemotherapy. Autologous marrow support may allow higher doses of myelosuppressive chemotherapy administration with the hope of improving tumor responses. The approach will be limited by the extramedullary toxicities of the drugs employed. This paper reviews some of these toxicities for selected drugs, and gives examples of techniques which could be used to reduce their incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:263245", "title": "Collection and cryopreservation of mononuclear blood leukocytes and of CFU-C in man.", "content": "For bone marrow reconstitution after hemopoietic failure as a consequence of the action of a variety of etiological factors, hemopoietic stem cells are needed. These have been derived in the past mainly from bone marrow. This report describes studies and their results that indicate that granulocytic progenitor cells, measured in cell culture systems as \"colony forming units in culture - CFU-C\", can be collected in large quantities from the peripheral blood of human blood donors by continuous flow leukapheresis. They can be stored at ultra-low temperatures. Their recovery rate after thawing and washing is better than 85%. In a canine model, evidence was obtained that the presence of CFU-C in a suspension of mononuclear blood leukocytes is also indicative for the presence of pluripotent hemopoietic stem-cells. Therefore it is suggested that stem cells can also be collected from human blood as an alternative source for bone marrow reconstitution.", "contents": "Collection and cryopreservation of mononuclear blood leukocytes and of CFU-C in man. For bone marrow reconstitution after hemopoietic failure as a consequence of the action of a variety of etiological factors, hemopoietic stem cells are needed. These have been derived in the past mainly from bone marrow. This report describes studies and their results that indicate that granulocytic progenitor cells, measured in cell culture systems as \"colony forming units in culture - CFU-C\", can be collected in large quantities from the peripheral blood of human blood donors by continuous flow leukapheresis. They can be stored at ultra-low temperatures. Their recovery rate after thawing and washing is better than 85%. In a canine model, evidence was obtained that the presence of CFU-C in a suspension of mononuclear blood leukocytes is also indicative for the presence of pluripotent hemopoietic stem-cells. Therefore it is suggested that stem cells can also be collected from human blood as an alternative source for bone marrow reconstitution."}
{"id": "PMID:263246", "title": "Erythroid progenitor cell numbers in human marrow - implications for regulation.", "content": "Marrow specimens were obtained from 34 different individuals (mainly stage I or II Hodgkins or Lymphomas) and evaluated for their content of erythropoietic and granulopoietic progenitor cells using conventional colony assay procedures and a standardized set of re-agents. Frequency distributions showed that the data for all types of progenitors appeared to be log normally distributed. Estimates of compartment size (i.e. no. of progenitors per 2 X 10(5) buffy coat cells) were 107 CFU-E, 70 BFU-E (37 classified as mature, 12 classified as primitive) and 64 CFU-C. The ratio's of CFU-E: mature BFU-E: primitive BFU-E numbers in vivo correspond well to those predicted by their proliferative capacity in vitro. Interestingly the spread of values obtained for each erythropoietic compartment was not the same but decreased with progressive differentiation, suggesting that stringent regulation of red cell output may not occur until the latter stages of erythroid cell maturation. The ratio of total BFU-E: CFU-C numbers was 1.25 +/- 0.15 suggesting that on average the probability of stem cell commitment to either the erythropoietic or granulopoietic pathway may be roughly equal.", "contents": "Erythroid progenitor cell numbers in human marrow - implications for regulation. Marrow specimens were obtained from 34 different individuals (mainly stage I or II Hodgkins or Lymphomas) and evaluated for their content of erythropoietic and granulopoietic progenitor cells using conventional colony assay procedures and a standardized set of re-agents. Frequency distributions showed that the data for all types of progenitors appeared to be log normally distributed. Estimates of compartment size (i.e. no. of progenitors per 2 X 10(5) buffy coat cells) were 107 CFU-E, 70 BFU-E (37 classified as mature, 12 classified as primitive) and 64 CFU-C. The ratio's of CFU-E: mature BFU-E: primitive BFU-E numbers in vivo correspond well to those predicted by their proliferative capacity in vitro. Interestingly the spread of values obtained for each erythropoietic compartment was not the same but decreased with progressive differentiation, suggesting that stringent regulation of red cell output may not occur until the latter stages of erythroid cell maturation. The ratio of total BFU-E: CFU-C numbers was 1.25 +/- 0.15 suggesting that on average the probability of stem cell commitment to either the erythropoietic or granulopoietic pathway may be roughly equal."}
{"id": "PMID:263262", "title": "Use of videotape feedback with severely disturbed adolescents.", "content": "A year of group therapy using videotape feedback with seriously disturbed adolescents offers evidence that such feedback facilitates the correction of these youngsters' distorted body images, low self-esteem, lack of capacity for self-observation, and poor peer relationships. The conscious use of videotape also played an integral part in the group process. It seemed to serve as a third therapist, with considerable amounts of resistance and transference focused on the equipment as it went through the process of being monster, toy and useful tool. An additional benefit was provided to the cotherapists in terms of supervision, and in teaching other staff the techniques of group therapy.", "contents": "Use of videotape feedback with severely disturbed adolescents. A year of group therapy using videotape feedback with seriously disturbed adolescents offers evidence that such feedback facilitates the correction of these youngsters' distorted body images, low self-esteem, lack of capacity for self-observation, and poor peer relationships. The conscious use of videotape also played an integral part in the group process. It seemed to serve as a third therapist, with considerable amounts of resistance and transference focused on the equipment as it went through the process of being monster, toy and useful tool. An additional benefit was provided to the cotherapists in terms of supervision, and in teaching other staff the techniques of group therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263266", "title": "Leukocyte donor and recipient reactions with filtration leukapheresis: their character, frequency, and management.", "content": "Neutrophil collection by filtration leukapheresis can be recommended chiefly on the basis of simplicity, low cost and efficiency. The disadvantages of the FL technique include a slightly increased incidence of adverse donor reactions, an increased risk of donor bleeding complications due to the large doses of heparin employed and a marked increase in the incidence recipient reactions, chiefly in the form of fever and chills. Because of these disadvantages, alternative methods of neutrophil collection should be considered when possible. The recently described technique of gravity leukapheresis is one such alternative which does not require investment in expensive new equipment and could be undertaken in any center familiar with plasmapheresis procedures (5).", "contents": "Leukocyte donor and recipient reactions with filtration leukapheresis: their character, frequency, and management. Neutrophil collection by filtration leukapheresis can be recommended chiefly on the basis of simplicity, low cost and efficiency. The disadvantages of the FL technique include a slightly increased incidence of adverse donor reactions, an increased risk of donor bleeding complications due to the large doses of heparin employed and a marked increase in the incidence recipient reactions, chiefly in the form of fever and chills. Because of these disadvantages, alternative methods of neutrophil collection should be considered when possible. The recently described technique of gravity leukapheresis is one such alternative which does not require investment in expensive new equipment and could be undertaken in any center familiar with plasmapheresis procedures (5)."}
{"id": "PMID:263268", "title": "Phenobarbital in the acute management of febrile convulsions.", "content": "Blood levels of phenobarbital were determined after a single oral or intramuscular (IM) dose in children in the hospital after febrile convulsions. At a dose of 15 mg/kg, both the oral and IM routes gave therapeutic blood levels within 90 minutes. Absorption from the IM route before 90 minutes was inconsistent and would be unlikely to arrest an established convulsion within a critical time period. For use as a drug to prevent convulsions, oral phenobarbital at 15 mg/kg deserves further study.", "contents": "Phenobarbital in the acute management of febrile convulsions. Blood levels of phenobarbital were determined after a single oral or intramuscular (IM) dose in children in the hospital after febrile convulsions. At a dose of 15 mg/kg, both the oral and IM routes gave therapeutic blood levels within 90 minutes. Absorption from the IM route before 90 minutes was inconsistent and would be unlikely to arrest an established convulsion within a critical time period. For use as a drug to prevent convulsions, oral phenobarbital at 15 mg/kg deserves further study."}
{"id": "PMID:263270", "title": "Ethical issues in pediatric surgery: a national survey of pediatricians and pediatric surgeons.", "content": "The findings reported in this article are based on a nationwide survey of the attitudes and practices of pediatric surgeons and pediatricians with respect to some of the difficult ethical choices confronting them in medical practice. Four hundred fifty-seven physicians completed a questionnaire in the spring of 1975 in which they reacted to a wide range of issues that have been of increasing concern to the public, as well as to the medical profession. The survey attempts to identify some areas of physician consensus as well as some of the factors, personal and professional, influencing physicians' attitudes. The survey and its statistical analysis are intended to provide current sociological data and are not intended by the authors as an endorsement of any particular point of view or course of action.", "contents": "Ethical issues in pediatric surgery: a national survey of pediatricians and pediatric surgeons. The findings reported in this article are based on a nationwide survey of the attitudes and practices of pediatric surgeons and pediatricians with respect to some of the difficult ethical choices confronting them in medical practice. Four hundred fifty-seven physicians completed a questionnaire in the spring of 1975 in which they reacted to a wide range of issues that have been of increasing concern to the public, as well as to the medical profession. The survey attempts to identify some areas of physician consensus as well as some of the factors, personal and professional, influencing physicians' attitudes. The survey and its statistical analysis are intended to provide current sociological data and are not intended by the authors as an endorsement of any particular point of view or course of action."}
{"id": "PMID:263271", "title": "Outpatient pediatric surgery in a developing country.", "content": "A total of 5,522 outpatient surgical procedures were performed at the Children's Hospital in Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies, between 1968 and 1973. This included 2,662 general surgical procedures. There were no deaths or major complications. Parents participated actively in the preoperative and postoperative care. Outpatient surgery can be a safe, inexpensive, and effective means of health care delivery. It is of special value in developing countries with limited facilities for inpatient care.", "contents": "Outpatient pediatric surgery in a developing country. A total of 5,522 outpatient surgical procedures were performed at the Children's Hospital in Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies, between 1968 and 1973. This included 2,662 general surgical procedures. There were no deaths or major complications. Parents participated actively in the preoperative and postoperative care. Outpatient surgery can be a safe, inexpensive, and effective means of health care delivery. It is of special value in developing countries with limited facilities for inpatient care."}
{"id": "PMID:263275", "title": "Child psychiatry and pediatrics: the state of the relationship.", "content": "A great deal of attention has been focused on the notion that child psychiatry and pediatrics should develop strong ties. Yet, a review of the literature suggests that, in spite of exhortations to the contrary, little true collaboration has developed between the two disciplines. This study surveys the major pediatric teaching and training centers throughout the country in an attempt to assess the current state of the relationship between child psychiatry and pediatrics. Of the 82 centers surveyed, 68% responded. Although enthusiasm and desire for closer collaboration were expressed repeatedly, actual successful efforts remain minimal. Psychiatric consultations on pediatric inpatient units continue to be the predominant child psychiatry service provided. A method for achieving closer relationships between the two disciplines is proposed.", "contents": "Child psychiatry and pediatrics: the state of the relationship. A great deal of attention has been focused on the notion that child psychiatry and pediatrics should develop strong ties. Yet, a review of the literature suggests that, in spite of exhortations to the contrary, little true collaboration has developed between the two disciplines. This study surveys the major pediatric teaching and training centers throughout the country in an attempt to assess the current state of the relationship between child psychiatry and pediatrics. Of the 82 centers surveyed, 68% responded. Although enthusiasm and desire for closer collaboration were expressed repeatedly, actual successful efforts remain minimal. Psychiatric consultations on pediatric inpatient units continue to be the predominant child psychiatry service provided. A method for achieving closer relationships between the two disciplines is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:263276", "title": "Temperament as a factor in early school adjustment.", "content": "Infant temperament profiles of \"difficult,\" \"intermediate,\" and \"easy\" in a randomly selected group of 51 children were shown to correlate with impulsivity and school adjustment at ages 5 1/2 to 7 years. However, the nonlinear relationship makes this a finding of uncertain significance. On the other hand, contemporaneous temperament determinations using the Behavioral Style Questionnaire completed by the children's mothers showed a significant correlation between the adaptability subscale and teacher judgments of school adjustment. This latter finding adds support to the view that temperament is a significant factor in school adjustment and that it can be measured by a clinical instrument appropriate for pediatric use.", "contents": "Temperament as a factor in early school adjustment. Infant temperament profiles of \"difficult,\" \"intermediate,\" and \"easy\" in a randomly selected group of 51 children were shown to correlate with impulsivity and school adjustment at ages 5 1/2 to 7 years. However, the nonlinear relationship makes this a finding of uncertain significance. On the other hand, contemporaneous temperament determinations using the Behavioral Style Questionnaire completed by the children's mothers showed a significant correlation between the adaptability subscale and teacher judgments of school adjustment. This latter finding adds support to the view that temperament is a significant factor in school adjustment and that it can be measured by a clinical instrument appropriate for pediatric use."}
{"id": "PMID:263286", "title": "[125I]hGH metabolism in acromegaly: effects of chronic treatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine.", "content": "To assess the effects of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154 Sandoz) on hGH metabolism, six acromegalic women were studied before and after 2 months of treatment with 10 mg bromocriptine/day. GH kinetics were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis of the plasma disappearance curve of immunoprecipitable [125I]human GH after pulse administration of the labeled hormone. MCR was increased in all acromegalics after treatment; the difference between the means [153 +/- 11 vs. 200 +/- 16 ml/min . m2 (mean +/- SE)] was highly significant. Secretion rate (SR), measured as the product of MCR by integrated 12-h concentration, was decreased in four patients after treatment, while it was slightly increased in the other two. No change was found after treatment, either initial distribution volume [2.0 +/-0.1 before (B) vs. 2.1 +/- 0.1 liters/m2 after (A)] or total distribution volume [5.0 +/- 0.3 (B) vs. 5.4 +/- 0.4 liters/m2 (A)]. Diffusion of GH from the intravascular pool, measured as reentry rate, was unchanged with treatment [66 +/- 4 (B) vs. 76 +/- 11 ml/min . m2 (A)]. In conclusion, our study shows that in acromegaly, by increasing the MCR of the hormone, and 2) by reducing the SR. The mechanisms by which bromocriptine increased MCR of the GH are also suggested on the basis of kinetic results; like dopamine, bromocriptine could induce a redistribution of blood flows to different organs, thus resulting in a net increase of blood flow to the liver and kidneys which are the major catabolic sites of GH.", "contents": "[125I]hGH metabolism in acromegaly: effects of chronic treatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine. To assess the effects of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154 Sandoz) on hGH metabolism, six acromegalic women were studied before and after 2 months of treatment with 10 mg bromocriptine/day. GH kinetics were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis of the plasma disappearance curve of immunoprecipitable [125I]human GH after pulse administration of the labeled hormone. MCR was increased in all acromegalics after treatment; the difference between the means [153 +/- 11 vs. 200 +/- 16 ml/min . m2 (mean +/- SE)] was highly significant. Secretion rate (SR), measured as the product of MCR by integrated 12-h concentration, was decreased in four patients after treatment, while it was slightly increased in the other two. No change was found after treatment, either initial distribution volume [2.0 +/-0.1 before (B) vs. 2.1 +/- 0.1 liters/m2 after (A)] or total distribution volume [5.0 +/- 0.3 (B) vs. 5.4 +/- 0.4 liters/m2 (A)]. Diffusion of GH from the intravascular pool, measured as reentry rate, was unchanged with treatment [66 +/- 4 (B) vs. 76 +/- 11 ml/min . m2 (A)]. In conclusion, our study shows that in acromegaly, by increasing the MCR of the hormone, and 2) by reducing the SR. The mechanisms by which bromocriptine increased MCR of the GH are also suggested on the basis of kinetic results; like dopamine, bromocriptine could induce a redistribution of blood flows to different organs, thus resulting in a net increase of blood flow to the liver and kidneys which are the major catabolic sites of GH."}
{"id": "PMID:263287", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human thyroglobulin: effect of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate quantitatively the interference of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the RIA of human thyroglobulin (hTG). Anti-hTG autoantibodies were combined with purified hTG to produce samples with known antibody titers and hTG concentrations. These samples were analyzed in the RIA. By using anti-human globulin serum it was first shown that immune complexes formed between labeled hTG and human anti-hTG. It was then shown that the most important factor in determining the direction of the interference was the specificity of the precipitating (second) antiserum with respect to these immune complexes. When the precipitating antiserum was specific, i.e. did not recognize human antibodies, the immune complexes remained in the supernatant and the measured hTG concentration was falsely elevated. When the precipitating antiserum cross-reacted with human antibodies, the direction of the interference depended on the sample volume. At small volumes there was false depression while at large volumes there was false elevation of apparent hTG levels, depending on the capacity of the precipitating antiserum to combine with human antibodies. Anti-hTG titers far below those detected by the tanned-red cell hemagglutination test had very large effects, to the point where measurements of hTG could not be made, when a cross-reactive precipitating antiserum was used. Therefore, the procedure which investigators have used until now, to exclude samples with anti-hTG hemagglutination titers above an arbitrary limit, is not adequate. It is necessary, until methods are developed which avoid the problem of autoantibody interference, to characterize each assay to determine the limits of anti-hTG that can be tolerated. The factors which influence anti-hTG interference in the hTG RIA are 1) the specificity of the precipitating antiserum, 2) the sample volume, 3) the maximum tracer binding, and 4) the anti-hTG titer.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human thyroglobulin: effect of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. This study was designed to investigate quantitatively the interference of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the RIA of human thyroglobulin (hTG). Anti-hTG autoantibodies were combined with purified hTG to produce samples with known antibody titers and hTG concentrations. These samples were analyzed in the RIA. By using anti-human globulin serum it was first shown that immune complexes formed between labeled hTG and human anti-hTG. It was then shown that the most important factor in determining the direction of the interference was the specificity of the precipitating (second) antiserum with respect to these immune complexes. When the precipitating antiserum was specific, i.e. did not recognize human antibodies, the immune complexes remained in the supernatant and the measured hTG concentration was falsely elevated. When the precipitating antiserum cross-reacted with human antibodies, the direction of the interference depended on the sample volume. At small volumes there was false depression while at large volumes there was false elevation of apparent hTG levels, depending on the capacity of the precipitating antiserum to combine with human antibodies. Anti-hTG titers far below those detected by the tanned-red cell hemagglutination test had very large effects, to the point where measurements of hTG could not be made, when a cross-reactive precipitating antiserum was used. Therefore, the procedure which investigators have used until now, to exclude samples with anti-hTG hemagglutination titers above an arbitrary limit, is not adequate. It is necessary, until methods are developed which avoid the problem of autoantibody interference, to characterize each assay to determine the limits of anti-hTG that can be tolerated. The factors which influence anti-hTG interference in the hTG RIA are 1) the specificity of the precipitating antiserum, 2) the sample volume, 3) the maximum tracer binding, and 4) the anti-hTG titer."}
{"id": "PMID:263288", "title": "SC 25152: A potent mineralocorticoid antagonist with reduced affinity for the 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptor of human and rat prostate.", "content": "It has previously been shown that spironolactone possesses antiandrogenic activity in the rat and interacts with rat prostate 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone cytoplasmic receptors to block the nuclear uptake of this hormone. Current evidence suggests that this androgen receptor interaction may be an important mechanism through which spironolactone causes endocrine side effects in rat and man. We have analyzed the interactions of several spirolactone analogs with the androgen receptor of human and rat prostate and the mineralocorticoid receptor of human and rat kidney. One analog, SC 25152, was found to have considerably reduced affinity for the prostate 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptor [Ka = 24 +/- 1% and 19 +/- 6% (mean +/- SE) in the human and rat, respectively, of the Ka for spironolactone] while maintaining similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptors of human and rat kidney [Ka = 113 +/- 37% and 86 +/- 7% (mean +/- SE), respectively, of the Ka for spironolactone]. These findings would predict this analog to have reduced antiandrogenicity at equivalent therapeutic doses.", "contents": "SC 25152: A potent mineralocorticoid antagonist with reduced affinity for the 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptor of human and rat prostate. It has previously been shown that spironolactone possesses antiandrogenic activity in the rat and interacts with rat prostate 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone cytoplasmic receptors to block the nuclear uptake of this hormone. Current evidence suggests that this androgen receptor interaction may be an important mechanism through which spironolactone causes endocrine side effects in rat and man. We have analyzed the interactions of several spirolactone analogs with the androgen receptor of human and rat prostate and the mineralocorticoid receptor of human and rat kidney. One analog, SC 25152, was found to have considerably reduced affinity for the prostate 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptor [Ka = 24 +/- 1% and 19 +/- 6% (mean +/- SE) in the human and rat, respectively, of the Ka for spironolactone] while maintaining similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptors of human and rat kidney [Ka = 113 +/- 37% and 86 +/- 7% (mean +/- SE), respectively, of the Ka for spironolactone]. These findings would predict this analog to have reduced antiandrogenicity at equivalent therapeutic doses."}
{"id": "PMID:263289", "title": "Calcitonin secretion in normal human subjects.", "content": "A sensitive RIA for human calcitonin has been developed which can detect 1-2 pg hormone. This procedure permits the measurement of the low concentrations of calcitonin in the unextracted plasma of normal human subjects. In 55 normal adults, mean plasma calcitonin was 24 pg/ml with an SD of +/- 18 pg/ml, an SE of +/- 2 pg/ml, and a range of less than 10 - 75 pg/ml. There were no discernible age or sex differences in basal hormone concentration. Infusions of calcium, pentagastrin, and glucagon stimulated plasma calcitonin, whereas food and oral calcium did not. The stimulatory effect of pentagastrin was greater in males than in females. These data demonstrate that the low concentration of calcitonin in humans can be stimulated by several secretagogues and suggest that females may have decreased calcitonin reserve.", "contents": "Calcitonin secretion in normal human subjects. A sensitive RIA for human calcitonin has been developed which can detect 1-2 pg hormone. This procedure permits the measurement of the low concentrations of calcitonin in the unextracted plasma of normal human subjects. In 55 normal adults, mean plasma calcitonin was 24 pg/ml with an SD of +/- 18 pg/ml, an SE of +/- 2 pg/ml, and a range of less than 10 - 75 pg/ml. There were no discernible age or sex differences in basal hormone concentration. Infusions of calcium, pentagastrin, and glucagon stimulated plasma calcitonin, whereas food and oral calcium did not. The stimulatory effect of pentagastrin was greater in males than in females. These data demonstrate that the low concentration of calcitonin in humans can be stimulated by several secretagogues and suggest that females may have decreased calcitonin reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:263290", "title": "Serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotropin in hypothyroid infants with congenital goiter and the response to iodine.", "content": "Iodine deficiency in adults caused preferred synthesis of T3; this observation has not been reported in iodine-deficient hypothyroid newborns. Serum total T4, total T3, and TSH have been determined in nine full term newborns with congenital hypothyroid goiter before and after cutaneous application of iodine. The mothers of these infants had untreated euthyroid goiter and lived during pregnancy in the area of G\u00f6ttingen, West Germany, known as an iodine-deficient region. Mean total T4 in the newborns was 6.3 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SD) micrograms/dl compared to 16.6 +/- 3.4 micrograms/dl in normal newborns at 3-4 days of age. Mean T3 in the goitrous newborns was 2.74 +/- 0.66 ng/ml compared to 1.58 +/-0.41 ng/ml in the control group of the same age. Serum TSH remained elevated during the first week of life, with a concentration of 40.9 +/- 28.7 microU/ml (control group, 4.16 +/- 1.43 microU/ml). The cutaneous application of iodine resulted in rapid disappearance of goiter and normalization of T4 and TSH within 5 days. After 30 days of iodine treatment, T3 decreased slowly but remained elevated (2.0 +/- 0.42 ng/ml vs. 1.67 +/- 0.36 ng/ml in the control group). The present findings confirm preferential T3 secretion in newborns with hypothyroid goiter. The goiter is thought to be caused by intrauterine iodine deficiency, because hypothyroid values of T4 and TSH normalized during iodine treatment. General iodine prophylaxis of the population is recommended.", "contents": "Serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotropin in hypothyroid infants with congenital goiter and the response to iodine. Iodine deficiency in adults caused preferred synthesis of T3; this observation has not been reported in iodine-deficient hypothyroid newborns. Serum total T4, total T3, and TSH have been determined in nine full term newborns with congenital hypothyroid goiter before and after cutaneous application of iodine. The mothers of these infants had untreated euthyroid goiter and lived during pregnancy in the area of G\u00f6ttingen, West Germany, known as an iodine-deficient region. Mean total T4 in the newborns was 6.3 +/- 1.6 (mean +/- SD) micrograms/dl compared to 16.6 +/- 3.4 micrograms/dl in normal newborns at 3-4 days of age. Mean T3 in the goitrous newborns was 2.74 +/- 0.66 ng/ml compared to 1.58 +/-0.41 ng/ml in the control group of the same age. Serum TSH remained elevated during the first week of life, with a concentration of 40.9 +/- 28.7 microU/ml (control group, 4.16 +/- 1.43 microU/ml). The cutaneous application of iodine resulted in rapid disappearance of goiter and normalization of T4 and TSH within 5 days. After 30 days of iodine treatment, T3 decreased slowly but remained elevated (2.0 +/- 0.42 ng/ml vs. 1.67 +/- 0.36 ng/ml in the control group). The present findings confirm preferential T3 secretion in newborns with hypothyroid goiter. The goiter is thought to be caused by intrauterine iodine deficiency, because hypothyroid values of T4 and TSH normalized during iodine treatment. General iodine prophylaxis of the population is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:263291", "title": "Opiates, prolactin, and the dopamine receptor.", "content": "The administration of a dopamine antagonist, chlorpromazine, and two opiates, morphine and methadone, resulted in a significant rise in serum PRL within 90-150 min. Prior administration of dopamine receptor agonists (apomorphine, levodopa, aand bromocriptine) blocked this effect. In contrast, cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist, did not. We suggest that the opiates induce hyperprolactinemia in man via dopamine receptor blockade.", "contents": "Opiates, prolactin, and the dopamine receptor. The administration of a dopamine antagonist, chlorpromazine, and two opiates, morphine and methadone, resulted in a significant rise in serum PRL within 90-150 min. Prior administration of dopamine receptor agonists (apomorphine, levodopa, aand bromocriptine) blocked this effect. In contrast, cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist, did not. We suggest that the opiates induce hyperprolactinemia in man via dopamine receptor blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:263292", "title": "Lack of arginine vasopressin response to central dopamine blockade in normal adults.", "content": "Haloperidol, a central nervous system dopamine blocker, was given im to seven normal volunteers at a dose level (1.0 mg) known to have central nervous system effects. Plasma PRL levels rose sharply in response to haloperidol, but plasma arginine vasopressin levels did not change significantly. These data do not support the hypothesis of a prominent dopamine neurotransmitter regulation of arginine vasopressin secretion.", "contents": "Lack of arginine vasopressin response to central dopamine blockade in normal adults. Haloperidol, a central nervous system dopamine blocker, was given im to seven normal volunteers at a dose level (1.0 mg) known to have central nervous system effects. Plasma PRL levels rose sharply in response to haloperidol, but plasma arginine vasopressin levels did not change significantly. These data do not support the hypothesis of a prominent dopamine neurotransmitter regulation of arginine vasopressin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:263293", "title": "Conjugated glucocorticoids in amniotic fluid and fetal lung maturation.", "content": "While recent studies suggest that cortisol plays a role in lung maturation, conflicting reports have recently appeared relating cortisol in amniotic fluid to indices of lung maturation. the variation in the levels and differences in correlation appear to be due to differences in methodology, principally with respect to cross-reactivity in the radioimmunoassays with the conjugates of cortisol and corticosterone. We have found that the glucocorticoid conjugates correlate better with lung maturation (rs = 0.79) than does cortisol itself (rs = 0.58). This is probably because the conjugates are derived exclusively from the fetal compartment whereas cortisol is also produced by the chorionic membrane. In anencephaly, conjugate levels were very low while cortisol levels were relatively normal. Conjugate levels (mainly sulfates) appear promising as an adjunct to tests of fetal maturation.", "contents": "Conjugated glucocorticoids in amniotic fluid and fetal lung maturation. While recent studies suggest that cortisol plays a role in lung maturation, conflicting reports have recently appeared relating cortisol in amniotic fluid to indices of lung maturation. the variation in the levels and differences in correlation appear to be due to differences in methodology, principally with respect to cross-reactivity in the radioimmunoassays with the conjugates of cortisol and corticosterone. We have found that the glucocorticoid conjugates correlate better with lung maturation (rs = 0.79) than does cortisol itself (rs = 0.58). This is probably because the conjugates are derived exclusively from the fetal compartment whereas cortisol is also produced by the chorionic membrane. In anencephaly, conjugate levels were very low while cortisol levels were relatively normal. Conjugate levels (mainly sulfates) appear promising as an adjunct to tests of fetal maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:263294", "title": "Melatonin concentration in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid: relationship to stress.", "content": "In 35 daytime paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 15 patients, melatonin levels in CSF were undetectable or detectable but not higher than blood levels. During pneumoencephalography in 6 patients, no significant elevation of blood melatonin levels was observed, whereas cortisol concentration increased.", "contents": "Melatonin concentration in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid: relationship to stress. In 35 daytime paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 15 patients, melatonin levels in CSF were undetectable or detectable but not higher than blood levels. During pneumoencephalography in 6 patients, no significant elevation of blood melatonin levels was observed, whereas cortisol concentration increased."}
{"id": "PMID:263295", "title": "Damped oscillations in serum thyroid hormone levels of normal newborn infants.", "content": "Exposure to the extrauterine environment is associated with marked stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system after which, pituitary-thyroid equilibrium must be reestablished. This marked endogenous perturbation offers the opportunity to study the manner in which the pituitary-thyroid axis is reequilibrated. T4, T3 and TSH concentrations have been measured by RIA in sera from 440 healthy newborn infants, whose ages ranged from birth to 236 h. Results were analyzed by nonlinear curve-fitting procedures to assess the changes in mean hormone concentrations with age (t). Equations have been derived by Danziger and Elmergreen to allow assessment of oscillatory behavior during hormone equilibration. Applying these equations to the present data, we observed the presence of an oscillatory cosine term in the equation for each hormone. This indicates significant oscillations in serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations during the first 5 days of life. The period of the oscillations approximates 16 h. The oscillations in T4, lag 1/2 to 3/4 cycle behind TSH; T3 lags behind T4. Thus, disturbances in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid equilibrium seem to be followed by periodic oscillations in hormone concentrations; these oscillations decrease in amplitude as the negative feedback system establishes new equilibrium conditions.", "contents": "Damped oscillations in serum thyroid hormone levels of normal newborn infants. Exposure to the extrauterine environment is associated with marked stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system after which, pituitary-thyroid equilibrium must be reestablished. This marked endogenous perturbation offers the opportunity to study the manner in which the pituitary-thyroid axis is reequilibrated. T4, T3 and TSH concentrations have been measured by RIA in sera from 440 healthy newborn infants, whose ages ranged from birth to 236 h. Results were analyzed by nonlinear curve-fitting procedures to assess the changes in mean hormone concentrations with age (t). Equations have been derived by Danziger and Elmergreen to allow assessment of oscillatory behavior during hormone equilibration. Applying these equations to the present data, we observed the presence of an oscillatory cosine term in the equation for each hormone. This indicates significant oscillations in serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations during the first 5 days of life. The period of the oscillations approximates 16 h. The oscillations in T4, lag 1/2 to 3/4 cycle behind TSH; T3 lags behind T4. Thus, disturbances in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid equilibrium seem to be followed by periodic oscillations in hormone concentrations; these oscillations decrease in amplitude as the negative feedback system establishes new equilibrium conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:263296", "title": "Changes in NSILA-S in response to somatotropin administration and hypophysectomy.", "content": "The effects on the serum levels of NSILA-S of the administration of human GH (hGH) or of hypophysectomy have been studied. hGH given im (5 mg daily for 3 days) raised the NSILA-S levels of three GH-deficient subjects into the normal range. Significant elevations of NSILA-S were also seen in three normal subjects given im GH. In the same groups of three normal and three GH-deficient subjects, 5 mg hGH administered iv induced an elevation of NSILA-S within 15-60 min. Hypophysectomy in three acromegalics and one subject with a chromophobe adenoma was followed by significant falls of serum NSILA-S. These studies provide further evidence of the dependence of NSILA-S levels on GH.", "contents": "Changes in NSILA-S in response to somatotropin administration and hypophysectomy. The effects on the serum levels of NSILA-S of the administration of human GH (hGH) or of hypophysectomy have been studied. hGH given im (5 mg daily for 3 days) raised the NSILA-S levels of three GH-deficient subjects into the normal range. Significant elevations of NSILA-S were also seen in three normal subjects given im GH. In the same groups of three normal and three GH-deficient subjects, 5 mg hGH administered iv induced an elevation of NSILA-S within 15-60 min. Hypophysectomy in three acromegalics and one subject with a chromophobe adenoma was followed by significant falls of serum NSILA-S. These studies provide further evidence of the dependence of NSILA-S levels on GH."}
{"id": "PMID:263297", "title": "Assessment of acute and chronic changes in parathyroid hormone secretion by a radioimmunoassay with predominant specificity for the carboxy-terminal region of the molecule.", "content": "A sensitive RIA for parathyroid hormone (PTH) with specificity for the carboxy-terminal region of the hormone was developed and applied to clinical studies. The assay was useful in identifying patients with chronic hyperparathyroid states, such as primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, the assay could detect acute changes in PTH seen during calcium, pentagastrin, and EDTA infusions and after parathyroidectomy. These studies demonstrated that an immunoassay with predominant specificity for the carboxy-terminal fragment of PTH can be used to evaluate acute as well as chronic changes in hormone secretion.", "contents": "Assessment of acute and chronic changes in parathyroid hormone secretion by a radioimmunoassay with predominant specificity for the carboxy-terminal region of the molecule. A sensitive RIA for parathyroid hormone (PTH) with specificity for the carboxy-terminal region of the hormone was developed and applied to clinical studies. The assay was useful in identifying patients with chronic hyperparathyroid states, such as primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, the assay could detect acute changes in PTH seen during calcium, pentagastrin, and EDTA infusions and after parathyroidectomy. These studies demonstrated that an immunoassay with predominant specificity for the carboxy-terminal fragment of PTH can be used to evaluate acute as well as chronic changes in hormone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:263298", "title": "Hydroxyproline peptides and bone mass in postmenopausal and osteoporotic women.", "content": "Total and nondialyzable hydroxyproline excretion was measured in 59 postmenopausal women and 68 women with spinal osteoporosis. Hydroxyproline excretion was similar in both groups of women and the hypothesis that hydroxyproline excretion is normally distributed could not be rejected for either group. No relationship was found between hydroxyproline excretion (total and percentage of nondialyzable) and body weight, height, body surface area, or total body calcium or bone mineral content of the radius, or these latter values normalized for age, sex, and body size. There was no difference in hydroxyproline excretion in osteoporotic women who took supplemental calcium as compared to those that did not. These data fail to provide any evidence that bone turnover in osteoporotic women differs from that in younger postmenopausal women, or that osteoporosis arises from a subpopulation of women with rapid bone loss.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline peptides and bone mass in postmenopausal and osteoporotic women. Total and nondialyzable hydroxyproline excretion was measured in 59 postmenopausal women and 68 women with spinal osteoporosis. Hydroxyproline excretion was similar in both groups of women and the hypothesis that hydroxyproline excretion is normally distributed could not be rejected for either group. No relationship was found between hydroxyproline excretion (total and percentage of nondialyzable) and body weight, height, body surface area, or total body calcium or bone mineral content of the radius, or these latter values normalized for age, sex, and body size. There was no difference in hydroxyproline excretion in osteoporotic women who took supplemental calcium as compared to those that did not. These data fail to provide any evidence that bone turnover in osteoporotic women differs from that in younger postmenopausal women, or that osteoporosis arises from a subpopulation of women with rapid bone loss."}
{"id": "PMID:263299", "title": "Adenylate cyclase of human parathyroid gland.", "content": "Experiments were performed on a particulate fraction from human parathyroid glands. A high activity of adenylate cyclase was detected which was linear with time and protein concentration. The enzyme had an optimum pH in the range of 7-8 and a Km for ATP of 0.44 X 10(-3) M. Ca++ had a profound inhibitory effect; a concentration of 0.5 mM Ca++ reduced enzyme activity by 60%. Maximal enzyme activity was obtained with 5 mM Mg++; higher concentrations of this cation also inhibited enzyme activity. The effect of Mn++ was similar to that of Mg++. Enzyme activity was stimulated by NaF, catecholamines, glucagon, and calcitonin. The effect of catecholamines seems to be mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase of human parathyroid gland. Experiments were performed on a particulate fraction from human parathyroid glands. A high activity of adenylate cyclase was detected which was linear with time and protein concentration. The enzyme had an optimum pH in the range of 7-8 and a Km for ATP of 0.44 X 10(-3) M. Ca++ had a profound inhibitory effect; a concentration of 0.5 mM Ca++ reduced enzyme activity by 60%. Maximal enzyme activity was obtained with 5 mM Mg++; higher concentrations of this cation also inhibited enzyme activity. The effect of Mn++ was similar to that of Mg++. Enzyme activity was stimulated by NaF, catecholamines, glucagon, and calcitonin. The effect of catecholamines seems to be mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:263300", "title": "Properties of human chorionic gonadotropin produced in vitro by ovarian carcinoma cells.", "content": "The present study was designed to compare the immunological, physical, and biological properties of native hCG with an hCG molecule secreted ectopically in vitro by an ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line maintained in long term tissue culture. The hCG produced by the cell line was concentrated by ultrafiltration of the tissue culture medium. The inhibition curves generated by serial dilutions of the culture medium concentrates were parallel to those obtained with purified urinary hCG in the beta-hCG RIA and the rat Leydig cell radioreceptor assay (RRA). The ectopic hCG also reacted with an antibody generated against the carboxyl-terminal peptide (109-145) of beta-hCG. The immunoreactive material cochromatographed with urinary hCG on a Sephadex G-100 column, as determined by the beta-hCG RIA and RRA. Neither free alpha nor free beta subunits were found in the tissue culture medium. The tissue culture gonadotropin was adsorbed onto a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column and could be eluted with alpha-D-methylglucoside. The biological activity of the ectopic hCG was 9289 IU/mg, as determined by the ventral prostate weight (VPW) method in hypophysectomized immature male rats. The biological to immunological ratios by the ventral prostate weight method and RRA were 1.79 and 2.17, respectively. The in vivo disappearance rate of ectopic hCG after injection into immature female rats was significantly faster than that of placental or urinary hCG, but was considerably slower than the disappearance rate of human LH. These studies demonstrate that the immunoreactive and biologically active portions of the hCG produced by the ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line and native hCG are similar or identical. The faster disappearance rate of the ectopic hCG in the rat model may be due to incomplete sialylation of the oligosaccharide moiety of the hCG molecule.", "contents": "Properties of human chorionic gonadotropin produced in vitro by ovarian carcinoma cells. The present study was designed to compare the immunological, physical, and biological properties of native hCG with an hCG molecule secreted ectopically in vitro by an ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line maintained in long term tissue culture. The hCG produced by the cell line was concentrated by ultrafiltration of the tissue culture medium. The inhibition curves generated by serial dilutions of the culture medium concentrates were parallel to those obtained with purified urinary hCG in the beta-hCG RIA and the rat Leydig cell radioreceptor assay (RRA). The ectopic hCG also reacted with an antibody generated against the carboxyl-terminal peptide (109-145) of beta-hCG. The immunoreactive material cochromatographed with urinary hCG on a Sephadex G-100 column, as determined by the beta-hCG RIA and RRA. Neither free alpha nor free beta subunits were found in the tissue culture medium. The tissue culture gonadotropin was adsorbed onto a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column and could be eluted with alpha-D-methylglucoside. The biological activity of the ectopic hCG was 9289 IU/mg, as determined by the ventral prostate weight (VPW) method in hypophysectomized immature male rats. The biological to immunological ratios by the ventral prostate weight method and RRA were 1.79 and 2.17, respectively. The in vivo disappearance rate of ectopic hCG after injection into immature female rats was significantly faster than that of placental or urinary hCG, but was considerably slower than the disappearance rate of human LH. These studies demonstrate that the immunoreactive and biologically active portions of the hCG produced by the ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line and native hCG are similar or identical. The faster disappearance rate of the ectopic hCG in the rat model may be due to incomplete sialylation of the oligosaccharide moiety of the hCG molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:263302", "title": "Metabolic clearance and production rates of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine in hyperthyroid, euthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects.", "content": "To further elucidate the peripheral metabolism of rT3 and to determine if rT3 production rates vary directly with thyroid function, we measured the disappearance of [125I]rT3 in thyrotoxic and hypothyroid subjects as well as in athyreotic patients maintained eumetabolic on exogenous T4. Kinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis, and serum concentrations of rT3 and T4 were determined by specific RIAs. In six hyperthyroid, seven euthyroid, and six hypothyroid subjects, the MCRs were 190.7 +/- 15.7, 111.7 +/- 13.2, and 71.8 +/- 7.0 liters/day kg, respectively (mean +/- SE). Production rates (PR) for these same groups were 271.3 +/- 40.5, 51.7 +/- 9.1, and 4.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/day/70 kg. The observed differences in MCR and PR among the three study groups were highly significant (P less than 0.002). These data indicate that in comparison to euthyroid subjects, rT3 PR and MCR are increased in thyrotoxic and decreased in hypothyroid individuals.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance and production rates of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine in hyperthyroid, euthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects. To further elucidate the peripheral metabolism of rT3 and to determine if rT3 production rates vary directly with thyroid function, we measured the disappearance of [125I]rT3 in thyrotoxic and hypothyroid subjects as well as in athyreotic patients maintained eumetabolic on exogenous T4. Kinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis, and serum concentrations of rT3 and T4 were determined by specific RIAs. In six hyperthyroid, seven euthyroid, and six hypothyroid subjects, the MCRs were 190.7 +/- 15.7, 111.7 +/- 13.2, and 71.8 +/- 7.0 liters/day kg, respectively (mean +/- SE). Production rates (PR) for these same groups were 271.3 +/- 40.5, 51.7 +/- 9.1, and 4.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/day/70 kg. The observed differences in MCR and PR among the three study groups were highly significant (P less than 0.002). These data indicate that in comparison to euthyroid subjects, rT3 PR and MCR are increased in thyrotoxic and decreased in hypothyroid individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:263303", "title": "Measurement of the corticosteroid-binding globulin, progesterone, and progesterone \"receptor\" content in human endometrium.", "content": "The corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) content has been determined in cytosols prepared from human endometrium taken at different phases of the menstrual cycle, at 8-10 weeks gestation, and during treatment with an oral contraceptive. The data were compared to the progesterone \"receptor\" and the progesterone concentration in the same tissue extracts. The plasma contamination was estimated by the serum albumin content. It was observed that CBG is a constant contaminant of the endometrial cytosols. All of the CBG content can be considered to be of plasma origin. The cytoplasmic progesterone \"receptor\" content is between 21-33% of the CBG concentration during the menstrual cycle and is only 1% during pregnancy. The cytosol progesterone concentration is much higher in endometrium than would be expected from the plasma contamination and the level of the progesterone \"receptor\".", "contents": "Measurement of the corticosteroid-binding globulin, progesterone, and progesterone \"receptor\" content in human endometrium. The corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) content has been determined in cytosols prepared from human endometrium taken at different phases of the menstrual cycle, at 8-10 weeks gestation, and during treatment with an oral contraceptive. The data were compared to the progesterone \"receptor\" and the progesterone concentration in the same tissue extracts. The plasma contamination was estimated by the serum albumin content. It was observed that CBG is a constant contaminant of the endometrial cytosols. All of the CBG content can be considered to be of plasma origin. The cytoplasmic progesterone \"receptor\" content is between 21-33% of the CBG concentration during the menstrual cycle and is only 1% during pregnancy. The cytosol progesterone concentration is much higher in endometrium than would be expected from the plasma contamination and the level of the progesterone \"receptor\"."}
{"id": "PMID:263304", "title": "Fetal hypothyroidism and maternal thyroid status in severe endemic goiter.", "content": "The relationship between maternal thyroid function and newborn thyroid function was studied in a region of very severe endemic goiter (Ubangi, Republic of Za\u00efre). T4, T3, and TSH concentrations were measured in the sera of 56 mothers (at the time of delivery) and 60 newborns (in the cord). The results obtained in these groups (untreated) were compared with those obtained in two control groups, comprising 53 mothers whose iodine deficiency had been corrected by the injection of iodized oil and 68 neonates born to such mothers. The results show that the mean (+/- SEM) T4 serum concentration (micrograms per dl) was 11.5 +/- 0.7 in the untreated mothers compared with 15.7 +/- 0.7 in the treated mothers (P less than 0.001), and 9.4 +/- 0.8 in the untreated newborns compared with 12.4 +/- 0.5 in the newborns of treated mothers (P less than 0.01). The values observed for the mean T3 serum concentrations (nanograms per dl) in the same groups were 171 +/- 10 and 154 +/- 9 (mothers; P greater than 0.05) and 68 +/- 6 and 55 +/- 6 (newborns; P greater than 0.05); the mean TSH serum concentrations (microunits per ml) were 8.7 (7.6 - 9.9) and 5.4 (4.9 - 5.9; mothers; P less than 0.001) and 19.6 (16.6 - 23.2) and 6.4 (5.8 - 7.0; newborns; P less than 0.001). The proportion of untreated newborns, i.e. 40%, with individual TSH values deviating by more than 2 SDS above the mean of the treated newborns is much greater than the corresponding proportion, i.e. 15%, of untreated mothers in relation to the treated ones. In 6 out of 34 untreated newborns, definite biochemical signs of congenital hypothyroidism were observed. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the untreated subjects. A positive correlation coefficient of 0.80 (P less than 0.001) was observed between the serum T4 concentrations of the mothers and those of the newborns, and one of 0.61 (P less than 0.001) was observed between their respective serum TSH values. Significant inverse correlations were observed between maternal serum T4 and cord serum TSH (-0.79; P less than 0.001) and between cord T4 concentrations and maternal TSH concentrations (-0.57; P less than 0.01). No definite trend is observed between the variations of serum T3 on one hand, and those of serum T4 or serum TSH on the other hand. Out of 51 mothers in whom serum T4 was determined, 11 showed values below 8 micrograms /dl; the newborns of those mothers showed very low serum T4 values (5.5 +/- 1.6 micrograms/100 ml) and extremely high serum TSH levels [144 (98-210) microU/ml]. It is concluded that, contrary to the situation observed in physiological conditions, maternal thyroid function in regions of severe endemic goiter is a good indicator of newborn thyroid function. The reasons for this probably lie in the influence of environmental factors acting simultaneously on the mother and the fetus.", "contents": "Fetal hypothyroidism and maternal thyroid status in severe endemic goiter. The relationship between maternal thyroid function and newborn thyroid function was studied in a region of very severe endemic goiter (Ubangi, Republic of Za\u00efre). T4, T3, and TSH concentrations were measured in the sera of 56 mothers (at the time of delivery) and 60 newborns (in the cord). The results obtained in these groups (untreated) were compared with those obtained in two control groups, comprising 53 mothers whose iodine deficiency had been corrected by the injection of iodized oil and 68 neonates born to such mothers. The results show that the mean (+/- SEM) T4 serum concentration (micrograms per dl) was 11.5 +/- 0.7 in the untreated mothers compared with 15.7 +/- 0.7 in the treated mothers (P less than 0.001), and 9.4 +/- 0.8 in the untreated newborns compared with 12.4 +/- 0.5 in the newborns of treated mothers (P less than 0.01). The values observed for the mean T3 serum concentrations (nanograms per dl) in the same groups were 171 +/- 10 and 154 +/- 9 (mothers; P greater than 0.05) and 68 +/- 6 and 55 +/- 6 (newborns; P greater than 0.05); the mean TSH serum concentrations (microunits per ml) were 8.7 (7.6 - 9.9) and 5.4 (4.9 - 5.9; mothers; P less than 0.001) and 19.6 (16.6 - 23.2) and 6.4 (5.8 - 7.0; newborns; P less than 0.001). The proportion of untreated newborns, i.e. 40%, with individual TSH values deviating by more than 2 SDS above the mean of the treated newborns is much greater than the corresponding proportion, i.e. 15%, of untreated mothers in relation to the treated ones. In 6 out of 34 untreated newborns, definite biochemical signs of congenital hypothyroidism were observed. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the untreated subjects. A positive correlation coefficient of 0.80 (P less than 0.001) was observed between the serum T4 concentrations of the mothers and those of the newborns, and one of 0.61 (P less than 0.001) was observed between their respective serum TSH values. Significant inverse correlations were observed between maternal serum T4 and cord serum TSH (-0.79; P less than 0.001) and between cord T4 concentrations and maternal TSH concentrations (-0.57; P less than 0.01). No definite trend is observed between the variations of serum T3 on one hand, and those of serum T4 or serum TSH on the other hand. Out of 51 mothers in whom serum T4 was determined, 11 showed values below 8 micrograms /dl; the newborns of those mothers showed very low serum T4 values (5.5 +/- 1.6 micrograms/100 ml) and extremely high serum TSH levels [144 (98-210) microU/ml]. It is concluded that, contrary to the situation observed in physiological conditions, maternal thyroid function in regions of severe endemic goiter is a good indicator of newborn thyroid function. The reasons for this probably lie in the influence of environmental factors acting simultaneously on the mother and the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:263305", "title": "A direct microassay for aldosterone in plasma extracts.", "content": "We previously described an RIA for aldosterone based on highly specific antibodies elicited with aldosterone-3,20 dioxime bovine gamma-globulin (Poulsen, K. J. Sancho, and E. Haber, Clin Immunol Immunopathol 2: 373, 1974). We now report the development of higher affinity antibodies of similar specificity that allow the direct measurement of normal aldosterone concentrations in extracts of 100 microliters plasma. The detection limit at +/- 2 SD of mean zero value was 0.2-0.3 pg. The assay was validated by 1) zero values in adrenalectomized plasma, 2) parallel displacement plots of aldosterone standards and plasma extracts, 3) 97.7 +/- 2.5% recovery of added tracer, 4) a correlation coefficient of 0.992 and a slope of 1.08 in a plot of added vs. recovered unlabeled aldosterone, 5) 10.2% interassay variation and 5.6% intraassay variation, and 6)failure of high concentrations of a variety of steroids added to plasma to perturb the measured aldosterone concentration. The simplicity of the assay results in a high degree of productivity, in that 195 plasma samples may be processed in duplicate, in addition to standard curves, in a single working day.", "contents": "A direct microassay for aldosterone in plasma extracts. We previously described an RIA for aldosterone based on highly specific antibodies elicited with aldosterone-3,20 dioxime bovine gamma-globulin (Poulsen, K. J. Sancho, and E. Haber, Clin Immunol Immunopathol 2: 373, 1974). We now report the development of higher affinity antibodies of similar specificity that allow the direct measurement of normal aldosterone concentrations in extracts of 100 microliters plasma. The detection limit at +/- 2 SD of mean zero value was 0.2-0.3 pg. The assay was validated by 1) zero values in adrenalectomized plasma, 2) parallel displacement plots of aldosterone standards and plasma extracts, 3) 97.7 +/- 2.5% recovery of added tracer, 4) a correlation coefficient of 0.992 and a slope of 1.08 in a plot of added vs. recovered unlabeled aldosterone, 5) 10.2% interassay variation and 5.6% intraassay variation, and 6)failure of high concentrations of a variety of steroids added to plasma to perturb the measured aldosterone concentration. The simplicity of the assay results in a high degree of productivity, in that 195 plasma samples may be processed in duplicate, in addition to standard curves, in a single working day."}
{"id": "PMID:263306", "title": "Approach to the mechanism of androgen overproduction in a case of Krukenbery tumor responsible for virilization during pregnancy.", "content": "Virilization may occur during pregnancy as the result of an ovarian Krukenberg tumor. mechanism of the androgen overproduction in this exceptional condition is still poorly understood. A new case is reported in which only in the postpartum clinical, endocrine, and endoscopic studies led to the diagnosis of an ovarian Krukenberg tumor secondary to a gastric carcinoma. In the mother, basal hormonal studies were done 1 and 4 weeks after delivery, then after gastric and ovarian surgery. Three months after delivery, ovarian steroid response to hCG (priming dose, 5000 IU; then 1500 IU every other day for 12 days) and a study of progesterone (P) metabolism at a steady state after a constant infusion of [3H]P and cold P (92 micrograms/min leads to blood production rate (BPR) of 152 mg/day designed to reproduce the BPR of P usually seen in pregnancy) were successively performed. Hormones were measured by specific RIAs after chromatographical purification. Basal hormonal levels were normal in the child. In the mother, on the 5th day postpartum, mean hormone levels (in nanograms per dl) were: testosterone (T), 4181; androstenedione (delta 4), 8876; 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 9746; P 1075; estrone (E1), 195; and estradiol (E2), 151. One month later, levels were normal for the follicular phase; T, 40; delta 4, 146; P, 52; E2, 9; and E2, 4.5. At both times, dehydroepiandrosterone was normal (703-750). Hormone levels increased progressively during hCG stimulation but their time course was different between hormones. At the end of the test, T. 144; delta 4, 746;' 17-OHP, 789; P, 723; E1, 37; and E2, 20. The MCR of P was decreased, 1450 liters/day (normal, 2020). Conversion ratios between products and precursor during constant infusion were normal. From these data, obtained in four different conditions (postpartum period, hCG stimulation, progesterone infusion, and after oophorectomy), the following can be concluded: adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone was normal; the ovarian overproduction of androgens likely resulted from the excessive reductive metabolism of both placental and ovarian P along the delta 4 steroid biosynthetic pathway by an hypertrophic stromal compartment; and HCG stimulation seems to be the necessary stimulus for this condition. The enhancement by T on its own peripheral production is also discussed.", "contents": "Approach to the mechanism of androgen overproduction in a case of Krukenbery tumor responsible for virilization during pregnancy. Virilization may occur during pregnancy as the result of an ovarian Krukenberg tumor. mechanism of the androgen overproduction in this exceptional condition is still poorly understood. A new case is reported in which only in the postpartum clinical, endocrine, and endoscopic studies led to the diagnosis of an ovarian Krukenberg tumor secondary to a gastric carcinoma. In the mother, basal hormonal studies were done 1 and 4 weeks after delivery, then after gastric and ovarian surgery. Three months after delivery, ovarian steroid response to hCG (priming dose, 5000 IU; then 1500 IU every other day for 12 days) and a study of progesterone (P) metabolism at a steady state after a constant infusion of [3H]P and cold P (92 micrograms/min leads to blood production rate (BPR) of 152 mg/day designed to reproduce the BPR of P usually seen in pregnancy) were successively performed. Hormones were measured by specific RIAs after chromatographical purification. Basal hormonal levels were normal in the child. In the mother, on the 5th day postpartum, mean hormone levels (in nanograms per dl) were: testosterone (T), 4181; androstenedione (delta 4), 8876; 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 9746; P 1075; estrone (E1), 195; and estradiol (E2), 151. One month later, levels were normal for the follicular phase; T, 40; delta 4, 146; P, 52; E2, 9; and E2, 4.5. At both times, dehydroepiandrosterone was normal (703-750). Hormone levels increased progressively during hCG stimulation but their time course was different between hormones. At the end of the test, T. 144; delta 4, 746;' 17-OHP, 789; P, 723; E1, 37; and E2, 20. The MCR of P was decreased, 1450 liters/day (normal, 2020). Conversion ratios between products and precursor during constant infusion were normal. From these data, obtained in four different conditions (postpartum period, hCG stimulation, progesterone infusion, and after oophorectomy), the following can be concluded: adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone was normal; the ovarian overproduction of androgens likely resulted from the excessive reductive metabolism of both placental and ovarian P along the delta 4 steroid biosynthetic pathway by an hypertrophic stromal compartment; and HCG stimulation seems to be the necessary stimulus for this condition. The enhancement by T on its own peripheral production is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263307", "title": "Prolactin stimulation of alpha-lactalbumin in normal primate mammary gland.", "content": "An in vitro system has been developed to examine the effects of PRL on the normal primate mammary gland. alpha-Lactalbumin a milk protein, was found in breast tissue samples from 17 of 19 primates representing several Macaca and Papio species; concentrations ranged from 10-768 ng/mg protein. That none of the animals was pregnant or lactating and half were nulliparous indicates that milk protein production takes place under normal circumstances, even in breast tissue of nonlactating animals. Studies of the effect of PRL on alpha-lactalbumin production in these tissues in organ culture revealed that PRL maintained existing or stimulated new production of alpha-lactalbumin for periods of up to 9 days. Measurement of alpha-lactalbumin in medium bathing mammary tissue from three animals revealed that mean alpha-lactalbumin production during days 7-9 when PRL was added (100 and 1000 ng/ml) was 11 and 59 times greater, respectively, than control. Simultaneous measurement of tissue concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin revealed that those tissues maintained with PRL (1000 ng/ml) had a mean concentration of alpha-lactalbumin that was 61 times that of controls without PRL. PRL consistently maintained or increased alpha-lactalbumin production in tissues from all 22 primates tested. Even in those premenarchal animals in whose mammary tissue alpha-lactalbumin was undetectable initially, PRL stimulated alpha-lactalbumin production in a dose-related fashion. In contrast, when PRL was absent from medium, alpha-lactalbumin concentrations decreased at 9 days to less than 20% of the initial 3-day value in all cases. These studies provide evidence that mammary tissue from normal nonlactating, nonpregnant primates produces milk proteins and that when tissues are exposed to PRL in culture, production of alpha-lactalbumin is stimulated.", "contents": "Prolactin stimulation of alpha-lactalbumin in normal primate mammary gland. An in vitro system has been developed to examine the effects of PRL on the normal primate mammary gland. alpha-Lactalbumin a milk protein, was found in breast tissue samples from 17 of 19 primates representing several Macaca and Papio species; concentrations ranged from 10-768 ng/mg protein. That none of the animals was pregnant or lactating and half were nulliparous indicates that milk protein production takes place under normal circumstances, even in breast tissue of nonlactating animals. Studies of the effect of PRL on alpha-lactalbumin production in these tissues in organ culture revealed that PRL maintained existing or stimulated new production of alpha-lactalbumin for periods of up to 9 days. Measurement of alpha-lactalbumin in medium bathing mammary tissue from three animals revealed that mean alpha-lactalbumin production during days 7-9 when PRL was added (100 and 1000 ng/ml) was 11 and 59 times greater, respectively, than control. Simultaneous measurement of tissue concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin revealed that those tissues maintained with PRL (1000 ng/ml) had a mean concentration of alpha-lactalbumin that was 61 times that of controls without PRL. PRL consistently maintained or increased alpha-lactalbumin production in tissues from all 22 primates tested. Even in those premenarchal animals in whose mammary tissue alpha-lactalbumin was undetectable initially, PRL stimulated alpha-lactalbumin production in a dose-related fashion. In contrast, when PRL was absent from medium, alpha-lactalbumin concentrations decreased at 9 days to less than 20% of the initial 3-day value in all cases. These studies provide evidence that mammary tissue from normal nonlactating, nonpregnant primates produces milk proteins and that when tissues are exposed to PRL in culture, production of alpha-lactalbumin is stimulated."}
{"id": "PMID:263308", "title": "Growth failure with normal serum RIA-GH and low somatomedin activity: somatomedin restoration and growth acceleration after exogenous GH.", "content": "Two three-year-old boys with dwarfism (height ages 1-4/2 and 1-11/12 years) and delayed bone ages (1-4/12 and 1-9/12 years) had normal growth hormone (GH) responses after stimulation and low levels of somatomedin. Unlike patients with Laron syndrome, the two patients generated normal levels of somatomedin after administration of exogenous hGH. Treatment with hGH (2 IU every other day) brought about a significant increase in the growth rate of both patients. The growth rate of the first patient increased from 2 cm/year before treatment to 12 cm/year on therapy. The growth rate of the second patient was 4.5 cm/year before treatment, and 8.3 cm/year while on treatment. The two cases represent a new syndrome of dwarfism which may be caused by secretion of a biologically inactive but immunoreactive GH.", "contents": "Growth failure with normal serum RIA-GH and low somatomedin activity: somatomedin restoration and growth acceleration after exogenous GH. Two three-year-old boys with dwarfism (height ages 1-4/2 and 1-11/12 years) and delayed bone ages (1-4/12 and 1-9/12 years) had normal growth hormone (GH) responses after stimulation and low levels of somatomedin. Unlike patients with Laron syndrome, the two patients generated normal levels of somatomedin after administration of exogenous hGH. Treatment with hGH (2 IU every other day) brought about a significant increase in the growth rate of both patients. The growth rate of the first patient increased from 2 cm/year before treatment to 12 cm/year on therapy. The growth rate of the second patient was 4.5 cm/year before treatment, and 8.3 cm/year while on treatment. The two cases represent a new syndrome of dwarfism which may be caused by secretion of a biologically inactive but immunoreactive GH."}
{"id": "PMID:263309", "title": "3,3',5'-triiodothyronine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin levels in maternal and cord blood sera from endemic goiter regions of Brazil.", "content": "T4, T3, rT3, and TSH were measured in cord blood of infants born in mild to severe endemic goiter areas and nonendemic urban areas in South and North America. A significantly high rT3 concentration was found in newborns living in the urban area of South America as compared to a Canadian newborn population. There were no differences among the various thyroid parameters in the groups of newborns studied. Blood from goitrous mothers showed significantly higher concentrations of T3 and TSH than nongoitrous mothers. However, these changes did not affect the concentrations of thyroid hormones, rT3, or TSH in the fetal circulation.", "contents": "3,3',5'-triiodothyronine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin levels in maternal and cord blood sera from endemic goiter regions of Brazil. T4, T3, rT3, and TSH were measured in cord blood of infants born in mild to severe endemic goiter areas and nonendemic urban areas in South and North America. A significantly high rT3 concentration was found in newborns living in the urban area of South America as compared to a Canadian newborn population. There were no differences among the various thyroid parameters in the groups of newborns studied. Blood from goitrous mothers showed significantly higher concentrations of T3 and TSH than nongoitrous mothers. However, these changes did not affect the concentrations of thyroid hormones, rT3, or TSH in the fetal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:263310", "title": "Conversion of androgen to estrogen by the human fetal ovary.", "content": "The conversion of radiolabeled androgen to estrone and 17 beta-estradiol was assessed in tissues of human embryos that varied from phenotypically indifferent stages (1-3 cm crownrump length) to midgestation (15. 1-20 cm crownrump length). Significant rates of estrogen synthesis were demonstrated only in ovaries, liver, and brain. Estrogen synthesis was undetectable in gonads from 1-3 cm fetuses, but by the 3.1-5-cm stage it had reached an average rate of 1.9 pmol . h-1 . mg protein -1 in ovaries and remained at this level of activity through the latest stages examined. Estrogen formation was undetectable in testes at all stages examined, but the time of appearance of the capacity to form estrogens in the fetal ovary is similar to the onset of the capacity of the fetal testis to synthesize testosterone. The capacity of the fetal ovary to form estrogen develops before histological differentiation of the tissue.", "contents": "Conversion of androgen to estrogen by the human fetal ovary. The conversion of radiolabeled androgen to estrone and 17 beta-estradiol was assessed in tissues of human embryos that varied from phenotypically indifferent stages (1-3 cm crownrump length) to midgestation (15. 1-20 cm crownrump length). Significant rates of estrogen synthesis were demonstrated only in ovaries, liver, and brain. Estrogen synthesis was undetectable in gonads from 1-3 cm fetuses, but by the 3.1-5-cm stage it had reached an average rate of 1.9 pmol . h-1 . mg protein -1 in ovaries and remained at this level of activity through the latest stages examined. Estrogen formation was undetectable in testes at all stages examined, but the time of appearance of the capacity to form estrogens in the fetal ovary is similar to the onset of the capacity of the fetal testis to synthesize testosterone. The capacity of the fetal ovary to form estrogen develops before histological differentiation of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:263311", "title": "Hemoglobin A1c levels in a diabetes detection program.", "content": "Hemoglobin A1c concentration (HbA1c) was compared to the plasma glucose responses at 1 and 2 h of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 63 subjects preselected because of postprandial hyperglycemia. HbA1c concentrations were correlated with 1- and 2-hour plasma glucose responses during the OGTT (r = 0.776 and 0.8602, respectively). The OGTT responses were diabetic-like in 21, indeterminate in 15, and normal in 27 subjects. HbA1c values were within normal limits in all subjects who had a normal or indeterminate OGTT response and in 10 out of 21 with a diabetic OGTT. The 2-h OGTT response among the 10 diabetic responders with normal HbA1c was 200 +/- 31 mg/100 ml (mean +/- SD), while that of the 11 diabetic responders with elevated HbA1c was 352 +/- 122 mg/100 ml. All subjects with an elevated HbA1c had a 2-h plasma glucose above 228 mg/100 ml, whereas only 7% of subjects with a normal HbA1c had a 2-h glucose above this value. It is concluded that only about half of the patients currently diagnosed as having mild or chemical diabetes by OGTT have elevated HbA1c and that an elevated HbA1c is usually associated with 2-h OGTT levels above 228 mg/100 mg.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A1c levels in a diabetes detection program. Hemoglobin A1c concentration (HbA1c) was compared to the plasma glucose responses at 1 and 2 h of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 63 subjects preselected because of postprandial hyperglycemia. HbA1c concentrations were correlated with 1- and 2-hour plasma glucose responses during the OGTT (r = 0.776 and 0.8602, respectively). The OGTT responses were diabetic-like in 21, indeterminate in 15, and normal in 27 subjects. HbA1c values were within normal limits in all subjects who had a normal or indeterminate OGTT response and in 10 out of 21 with a diabetic OGTT. The 2-h OGTT response among the 10 diabetic responders with normal HbA1c was 200 +/- 31 mg/100 ml (mean +/- SD), while that of the 11 diabetic responders with elevated HbA1c was 352 +/- 122 mg/100 ml. All subjects with an elevated HbA1c had a 2-h plasma glucose above 228 mg/100 ml, whereas only 7% of subjects with a normal HbA1c had a 2-h glucose above this value. It is concluded that only about half of the patients currently diagnosed as having mild or chemical diabetes by OGTT have elevated HbA1c and that an elevated HbA1c is usually associated with 2-h OGTT levels above 228 mg/100 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:263312", "title": "Effect of propranolol on extrathyroidal metabolism of thyroxine and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine evaluated by noncompartmental kinetics.", "content": "Kinetic studies of T4 and T3 using a noncompartmental approach were performed in seven patients with pretreatment severe hypothyroidism maintained on L-T4 replacement. Each subject received a combined tracer dose of labeled T4 and T3 as an iv bolus before and during peroral treatment with propranolol. Serum T4 was unchanged, while a significant decrease of 13% was found in serum T3. The disposal rates (DR) of T4 and T3 decreased significantly, and the ratio between the DR off T3 and the DR of T4, the conversion rate, was significantly reduced during propranolol treatment. The decrease in the DR of T4 suggests a reduction in the bioavailability of L-T4 during propranolol, possibly due to a decrease in intestinal absorption. The decrease in the conversion rate indicates a reduced extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 during propranolol treatment.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on extrathyroidal metabolism of thyroxine and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine evaluated by noncompartmental kinetics. Kinetic studies of T4 and T3 using a noncompartmental approach were performed in seven patients with pretreatment severe hypothyroidism maintained on L-T4 replacement. Each subject received a combined tracer dose of labeled T4 and T3 as an iv bolus before and during peroral treatment with propranolol. Serum T4 was unchanged, while a significant decrease of 13% was found in serum T3. The disposal rates (DR) of T4 and T3 decreased significantly, and the ratio between the DR off T3 and the DR of T4, the conversion rate, was significantly reduced during propranolol treatment. The decrease in the DR of T4 suggests a reduction in the bioavailability of L-T4 during propranolol, possibly due to a decrease in intestinal absorption. The decrease in the conversion rate indicates a reduced extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 during propranolol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:263313", "title": "Steroid production by definitive and fetal zones of the human fetal adrenal gland.", "content": "This study was performed to assess the relative contributions of the fetal and definitive zones of the human fetal adrenal gland to \"corticoid\" (cortisol and perhaps other corticosteroids) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) production, and the possible regulatory role of ACTH and the fetal pituitary in the secretion of of these steroids. Corticoid and radioimmunoassayable DHAS or total aromatizable androgen secretion by the isolated definitive and fetal zones of the human fetal adrenal gland between 10-20 weeks gestation has been studied in a superfusion system. Different functional capacities of the two zones were seen; corticoids were found to be secreted primarily by the definitive zone, while DHAS was found to be the main secretory product of the fetal zone. Addition of ACTH (250 ng/ml) or fetal pituitary homogenate produced a 2- to 5-fold stimulation of corticoid production by the definitive zone at all gestational ages studied. DHAS secretion by the fetal zone was also stimulated by ACTH. These results indicate that the definitive and fetal zones of the human fetal adrenal gland at midgestation have the capacity to respond to ACTH with increased corticoid or DHAS secretion, respectively.", "contents": "Steroid production by definitive and fetal zones of the human fetal adrenal gland. This study was performed to assess the relative contributions of the fetal and definitive zones of the human fetal adrenal gland to \"corticoid\" (cortisol and perhaps other corticosteroids) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) production, and the possible regulatory role of ACTH and the fetal pituitary in the secretion of of these steroids. Corticoid and radioimmunoassayable DHAS or total aromatizable androgen secretion by the isolated definitive and fetal zones of the human fetal adrenal gland between 10-20 weeks gestation has been studied in a superfusion system. Different functional capacities of the two zones were seen; corticoids were found to be secreted primarily by the definitive zone, while DHAS was found to be the main secretory product of the fetal zone. Addition of ACTH (250 ng/ml) or fetal pituitary homogenate produced a 2- to 5-fold stimulation of corticoid production by the definitive zone at all gestational ages studied. DHAS secretion by the fetal zone was also stimulated by ACTH. These results indicate that the definitive and fetal zones of the human fetal adrenal gland at midgestation have the capacity to respond to ACTH with increased corticoid or DHAS secretion, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:263314", "title": "Iodide organification defect in iodine deficiency endemic goiter.", "content": "In 17 goitrous persons in an iodine-deficient area, in 23 nongoitrous inhabitants of the same village, in 10 goitrous persons in Athens, and 8 normal controls the perchlorate discharge test was performed, either in the simple standard form or after pretreatment with either 0.5 or 2.0 mg potassium iodide or 2.5 mg carbimazole. With the simple test or with 0.5 mg potassium iodide, there was no significant discharge in any group studied. With 2.5 mg carbimazole, there was a profound discharge of the trapped iodide in both groups in the iodine-deficient area. With 2.0 mg potassium iodide, however, there was a clear discharge in the two goitrous groups (i.e. the one in the endemic area and the second in Athens), a less pronounced discharge in the controls studied in Athens, and no discharge at all in the nongoitrous inhabitants of the iodine-deficient endemic area. These findings provide evidence for an abnormality present in the patients with endemic goiter, most probably faulty iodine utilization due to impaired organic binding. The nongoitrous persons in the endemic areas, on the other hand, seem to be even more efficient in handling the trapped iodide than the controls studied in Athens. These findings may provide an explanation for previous observations that in endemic areas only part of the population develop a goiter, whereas the others adapt successfully to iodine deficiency without significantly enlarging their glands.", "contents": "Iodide organification defect in iodine deficiency endemic goiter. In 17 goitrous persons in an iodine-deficient area, in 23 nongoitrous inhabitants of the same village, in 10 goitrous persons in Athens, and 8 normal controls the perchlorate discharge test was performed, either in the simple standard form or after pretreatment with either 0.5 or 2.0 mg potassium iodide or 2.5 mg carbimazole. With the simple test or with 0.5 mg potassium iodide, there was no significant discharge in any group studied. With 2.5 mg carbimazole, there was a profound discharge of the trapped iodide in both groups in the iodine-deficient area. With 2.0 mg potassium iodide, however, there was a clear discharge in the two goitrous groups (i.e. the one in the endemic area and the second in Athens), a less pronounced discharge in the controls studied in Athens, and no discharge at all in the nongoitrous inhabitants of the iodine-deficient endemic area. These findings provide evidence for an abnormality present in the patients with endemic goiter, most probably faulty iodine utilization due to impaired organic binding. The nongoitrous persons in the endemic areas, on the other hand, seem to be even more efficient in handling the trapped iodide than the controls studied in Athens. These findings may provide an explanation for previous observations that in endemic areas only part of the population develop a goiter, whereas the others adapt successfully to iodine deficiency without significantly enlarging their glands."}
{"id": "PMID:263315", "title": "Calcium-regulating hormones during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Calcium metabolism during the menstrual cycle was studied in seven women from whom fasting blood samples were drawn daily or every other day throughout ovulatory cycles. Total calcium (Ca), ionic calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were measured. LH levels were used to date each cycle and progesterone levels were used to confirm ovulation. Plasma estradiol was measured in two of the subjects. In six subjects with cycle lengths of 27-31 days, PTH levels rose progressively through the follicular phase to a peak at or slightly before the LH surge, then fell progressively through the luteal phase; peak PTH levels were 30-35% above early follicular and late luteal values. CT levels were also highest at midcycle, but the CT pattern was somewhat more variable than that of PTH. Ca++ tended to fall until 3-4 days before ovulation and then to increase, while Ca, Mg, and P exhibited no particular pattern. One subject experienced a prolonged (44 day) ovulatory cycle characterized by three distinct PTH peaks, each of which coincided with elevations in plasma estradiol level. These results represent the first report of menstrual cyclicity in calcium-regulating hormones. The timing suggest an estrogen effect and it is hypothesized that estrogen inhibits PTH-induced bone resorption, lowering serum Ca++, which in turn provokes a compensatory PTH output. With the decline of the preovulatory estrogen peak, Ca++ levels rise and PTH secretion falls. Alternatively, it is possible that the primary action may be an estrogen-induced rise in CT release, causing hypocalcemia and consequent PTH output. Cyclic changes in PRL release or vitamin D metabolism might also be involved.", "contents": "Calcium-regulating hormones during the menstrual cycle. Calcium metabolism during the menstrual cycle was studied in seven women from whom fasting blood samples were drawn daily or every other day throughout ovulatory cycles. Total calcium (Ca), ionic calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were measured. LH levels were used to date each cycle and progesterone levels were used to confirm ovulation. Plasma estradiol was measured in two of the subjects. In six subjects with cycle lengths of 27-31 days, PTH levels rose progressively through the follicular phase to a peak at or slightly before the LH surge, then fell progressively through the luteal phase; peak PTH levels were 30-35% above early follicular and late luteal values. CT levels were also highest at midcycle, but the CT pattern was somewhat more variable than that of PTH. Ca++ tended to fall until 3-4 days before ovulation and then to increase, while Ca, Mg, and P exhibited no particular pattern. One subject experienced a prolonged (44 day) ovulatory cycle characterized by three distinct PTH peaks, each of which coincided with elevations in plasma estradiol level. These results represent the first report of menstrual cyclicity in calcium-regulating hormones. The timing suggest an estrogen effect and it is hypothesized that estrogen inhibits PTH-induced bone resorption, lowering serum Ca++, which in turn provokes a compensatory PTH output. With the decline of the preovulatory estrogen peak, Ca++ levels rise and PTH secretion falls. Alternatively, it is possible that the primary action may be an estrogen-induced rise in CT release, causing hypocalcemia and consequent PTH output. Cyclic changes in PRL release or vitamin D metabolism might also be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:263316", "title": "Calcium and salmon calcitonin in treatment of osteoporosis.", "content": "Calcitonin has been considered of therapeutic value in osteoporosis because of its effects in tissue culture. In the whole animal, however, the predominant result seems to be hypocalcemia, which might be expected to have the opposite effect of stimulating parathyroid hormone secretion and therefore resorption of bone. Indeed, in a short term study of 3- and 4-month duration in osteoporotic women, this was found to be so. A combination of calcium and calcitonin was therefore considered a more promising therapeutic alternative for this disease. Calcium was given to 26 patients, alone or with vitamin D, for a period of 15 months, and the effects on serum and urine calcium and phosphorus and on bone resorption and formation were evaluated. Calcium and vitamin D decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels, reduced bone resorption, and increased urinary calcium. The addition of calcitonin to the calcium and vitamin D did not seem to change these effects. Neither form of treatment resulted in change of bone mass. Calcium, with or without vitamin D supplements, may prevent the development of osteoporosis, but it seems unlikely that calcitonin has any additional desirable effect in the disease.", "contents": "Calcium and salmon calcitonin in treatment of osteoporosis. Calcitonin has been considered of therapeutic value in osteoporosis because of its effects in tissue culture. In the whole animal, however, the predominant result seems to be hypocalcemia, which might be expected to have the opposite effect of stimulating parathyroid hormone secretion and therefore resorption of bone. Indeed, in a short term study of 3- and 4-month duration in osteoporotic women, this was found to be so. A combination of calcium and calcitonin was therefore considered a more promising therapeutic alternative for this disease. Calcium was given to 26 patients, alone or with vitamin D, for a period of 15 months, and the effects on serum and urine calcium and phosphorus and on bone resorption and formation were evaluated. Calcium and vitamin D decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels, reduced bone resorption, and increased urinary calcium. The addition of calcitonin to the calcium and vitamin D did not seem to change these effects. Neither form of treatment resulted in change of bone mass. Calcium, with or without vitamin D supplements, may prevent the development of osteoporosis, but it seems unlikely that calcitonin has any additional desirable effect in the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:263317", "title": "Carbidopa inhibits the growth hormone- and prolactin-suppressive effect of L-dopa in acromegalic patients.", "content": "The plasma GH, PRL, TSH, and dopamine (DA) responses to an infusion of L-dopa were examined in six acromegalic patients before and after pretreatment with carbidopa, a drug which inhibits the peripheral conversion of L-dopa to DA. Carbidopa neither modified baseline DA nor induced changes in baseline GH, PRL, or TSH levels. The drug instead markedly reduced the L-dopa-induced DA rise, an effect which was concomitant to a striking reduction of the suppressive effect of L-dopa on plasma GH and a partial inhibition of the suppressive effect of L-dopa on plasma PRL. TSH levels did not change either after L-dopa alone or L-dopa plus carbidopa. These data demonstrate that in \"responder\" acromegalics, L-dopa inhibits GH secretion through its peripheral conversion to DA and not via activation of central DA neurotransmission. For the effect of L-dopa on PRL secretion, in addition to a peripheral dopaminergic component, a central component cannot be disregarded.", "contents": "Carbidopa inhibits the growth hormone- and prolactin-suppressive effect of L-dopa in acromegalic patients. The plasma GH, PRL, TSH, and dopamine (DA) responses to an infusion of L-dopa were examined in six acromegalic patients before and after pretreatment with carbidopa, a drug which inhibits the peripheral conversion of L-dopa to DA. Carbidopa neither modified baseline DA nor induced changes in baseline GH, PRL, or TSH levels. The drug instead markedly reduced the L-dopa-induced DA rise, an effect which was concomitant to a striking reduction of the suppressive effect of L-dopa on plasma GH and a partial inhibition of the suppressive effect of L-dopa on plasma PRL. TSH levels did not change either after L-dopa alone or L-dopa plus carbidopa. These data demonstrate that in \"responder\" acromegalics, L-dopa inhibits GH secretion through its peripheral conversion to DA and not via activation of central DA neurotransmission. For the effect of L-dopa on PRL secretion, in addition to a peripheral dopaminergic component, a central component cannot be disregarded."}
{"id": "PMID:263318", "title": "Clinical, endocrinological, and enzymatic characterization of two patients with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: evidence that a single enzyme is responsible for the 5 alpha-reduction of cortisol and testosterone.", "content": "Two siblings with 46,XY male pseudohermapthroditism were demonstrated to have the phenotype characteristic of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, namely normal testes and male Wolffian duct derivatives (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle) terminating in a blind-ending vagina. Clitoromegaly was present at birth and increased further at the time of expected puberty. The diagnosis of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency was confirmed by demonstration of male levels of testosterone and testosterone precursors before and after hCG administration, elevated plasma testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and urinary etiocholanolone to androsterone ratios, and by in vitro studies indicating 5 alpha-reductase enzyme deficiency in the epididymis of one patient. Studies of control and mutant epididymal microsomes indicated that a single enzyme is responsible in the normal person for the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone and cortisol (and probably other delta 4-3-ketosteroids as well) and that 5 alpha-reductase activity is undetectable for all substrates examined in the mutant. This finding explains why the formation of 5 alpha-reduced glucocorticoids is also defective in the disorder.", "contents": "Clinical, endocrinological, and enzymatic characterization of two patients with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency: evidence that a single enzyme is responsible for the 5 alpha-reduction of cortisol and testosterone. Two siblings with 46,XY male pseudohermapthroditism were demonstrated to have the phenotype characteristic of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, namely normal testes and male Wolffian duct derivatives (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle) terminating in a blind-ending vagina. Clitoromegaly was present at birth and increased further at the time of expected puberty. The diagnosis of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency was confirmed by demonstration of male levels of testosterone and testosterone precursors before and after hCG administration, elevated plasma testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and urinary etiocholanolone to androsterone ratios, and by in vitro studies indicating 5 alpha-reductase enzyme deficiency in the epididymis of one patient. Studies of control and mutant epididymal microsomes indicated that a single enzyme is responsible in the normal person for the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone and cortisol (and probably other delta 4-3-ketosteroids as well) and that 5 alpha-reductase activity is undetectable for all substrates examined in the mutant. This finding explains why the formation of 5 alpha-reduced glucocorticoids is also defective in the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:263319", "title": "Extraction of human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT) from term placentas: failure to recover thyrotropic activity.", "content": "We extracted human placentas by three methods to obtain chorionic TSH (hCT). The extracts were assayed by a sensitive homologous RIA for bovine TSH with an antibody which had veen used previously for assay of hCT. Based on the RIA for hCT, the yield of hCT was only 0.68 +/- 0.15 (SE) mU/100 g placenta by the Bates method, 2.01 +/- 0.35 mU/100 g by the Reisfeld method, and 4 mU/100 g by a Concanavalin A-Sepharose technique. Thyrotropic activity was detected by bioassay only in one Reisfeld extract; this biological activity could be attributed to hCG in this fraction. In TSH bioassays of other extracts, the responses were less than the sensitivity of the assay; some extracts were lethal to the bioassay mice. The low yield of hCT, about one-tenth to one-hundredth of that reported previously, casts doubt on the validity of the previous observations.", "contents": "Extraction of human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT) from term placentas: failure to recover thyrotropic activity. We extracted human placentas by three methods to obtain chorionic TSH (hCT). The extracts were assayed by a sensitive homologous RIA for bovine TSH with an antibody which had veen used previously for assay of hCT. Based on the RIA for hCT, the yield of hCT was only 0.68 +/- 0.15 (SE) mU/100 g placenta by the Bates method, 2.01 +/- 0.35 mU/100 g by the Reisfeld method, and 4 mU/100 g by a Concanavalin A-Sepharose technique. Thyrotropic activity was detected by bioassay only in one Reisfeld extract; this biological activity could be attributed to hCG in this fraction. In TSH bioassays of other extracts, the responses were less than the sensitivity of the assay; some extracts were lethal to the bioassay mice. The low yield of hCT, about one-tenth to one-hundredth of that reported previously, casts doubt on the validity of the previous observations."}
{"id": "PMID:263320", "title": "Collaborative study of the effects of human growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. V. Treatment with growth hormone administered once a week.", "content": "Twenty-two GH-deficient patients received 6 IU GH weekly for 6 months. They increased their growth rate from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 2.9 +/- 0.3 (SE) cm/6 months (P less than 0.01). However, their rate of growth was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the rate [4.1 +/- 0.5 (SE) cm/6 months] observed earlier when they had received 2 IU GH three times a week. Seven patients received weekly GH for 18 months and they also grew significantly less (P less than 0.01) than when they had received GH divided over the week. These results suggest that once a week GH does not provide the most effective therapy for GH deficiency.", "contents": "Collaborative study of the effects of human growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. V. Treatment with growth hormone administered once a week. Twenty-two GH-deficient patients received 6 IU GH weekly for 6 months. They increased their growth rate from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 2.9 +/- 0.3 (SE) cm/6 months (P less than 0.01). However, their rate of growth was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the rate [4.1 +/- 0.5 (SE) cm/6 months] observed earlier when they had received 2 IU GH three times a week. Seven patients received weekly GH for 18 months and they also grew significantly less (P less than 0.01) than when they had received GH divided over the week. These results suggest that once a week GH does not provide the most effective therapy for GH deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:263321", "title": "Effect of pyridoxine on pituitary release of growth hormone and prolactin in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "The dopamine agonist, pyridoxine, was administered to 10 children being evaluated for short stature. Serum GH and PRL responses were contrasted to those after insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) and L-dopa administration. Levels of GH did not change after pyridoxine, but PRL fell (P less than 0.05) to 42% of the zero time concentration. Significant increments of GH occurred during ITT and after L-dopa, while PRL was suppressed to a greater extent by L-dopa. We conclude that pyridoxine is not useful in assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "contents": "Effect of pyridoxine on pituitary release of growth hormone and prolactin in childhood and adolescence. The dopamine agonist, pyridoxine, was administered to 10 children being evaluated for short stature. Serum GH and PRL responses were contrasted to those after insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) and L-dopa administration. Levels of GH did not change after pyridoxine, but PRL fell (P less than 0.05) to 42% of the zero time concentration. Significant increments of GH occurred during ITT and after L-dopa, while PRL was suppressed to a greater extent by L-dopa. We conclude that pyridoxine is not useful in assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function."}
{"id": "PMID:263322", "title": "Some properties of the specific androgen-binding activities in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts.", "content": "Specific 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-binding activity in the cytosol (C) and 0.4 M KCl-extractable nuclear fraction (N) of cultured human fibroblast cell strains developed from preputial (n = 12) and labium majus (n = 12) skin were analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography, sucrose gradient sedimentation, and thermostability. Both fractions had activities that were excluded from Sephacryl S-200 columns; another component (mol wt, 20,000) was present in the N fraction. The C was more thermostable than a homologous N activity, and addition to the former of KCl to 0.4 M had no effect. There was large, overlapping variation in thermostability of the C and N activities among strains from either site, sister strains developed from a single skin biopsy, and even among serial subcultures within a strain; likewise, the variable sedimentability of the C (4-7S) and N (3.2-5.9S) activities prevented their consistent discrimination. Each type of variation occurred despite excellent intraexperimental replication. The thermostability of a given N activity varied directly with its sedimentation coefficient. By cluster analysis, the data relating thermostability of a given N activity with the percentage of 0.4 M KCl-resistant nuclear activity segregated into two populations; within each population these two measurements were related inversely. We suggest that these coordinate behaviors of the N activity reflect intrinsic properties of the androgen-receptor system in normal genital skin fibroblasts which may be useful for defining qualitative aberrations of the system in receptor-positive forms of congenital androgen insensitivity.", "contents": "Some properties of the specific androgen-binding activities in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. Specific 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-binding activity in the cytosol (C) and 0.4 M KCl-extractable nuclear fraction (N) of cultured human fibroblast cell strains developed from preputial (n = 12) and labium majus (n = 12) skin were analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography, sucrose gradient sedimentation, and thermostability. Both fractions had activities that were excluded from Sephacryl S-200 columns; another component (mol wt, 20,000) was present in the N fraction. The C was more thermostable than a homologous N activity, and addition to the former of KCl to 0.4 M had no effect. There was large, overlapping variation in thermostability of the C and N activities among strains from either site, sister strains developed from a single skin biopsy, and even among serial subcultures within a strain; likewise, the variable sedimentability of the C (4-7S) and N (3.2-5.9S) activities prevented their consistent discrimination. Each type of variation occurred despite excellent intraexperimental replication. The thermostability of a given N activity varied directly with its sedimentation coefficient. By cluster analysis, the data relating thermostability of a given N activity with the percentage of 0.4 M KCl-resistant nuclear activity segregated into two populations; within each population these two measurements were related inversely. We suggest that these coordinate behaviors of the N activity reflect intrinsic properties of the androgen-receptor system in normal genital skin fibroblasts which may be useful for defining qualitative aberrations of the system in receptor-positive forms of congenital androgen insensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:263323", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of reverse triiodothyronine.", "content": "rT3 RIA standard curves were generated using rT3 standards from various sources. The rT3 antiserum and the method of free and bound hormone separation used were the same in all assays. The slopes of rT3 RIA curves differed considerably; standard curves generated with Henning (Berlin) rT3 standard had the steepest slope. Because of the differences in slopes of standard curves, bound to free estimates, when extrapolated from standard curves generated with various rT3 standards, resulted in 2- to 3-fold differences in rT3 assay values in the same sera. Circulating rT3 concentration in human sera was 20 ng/100 ml when Henning rT3 standard was used in the assay, whereas with Jorgensen's rT3 standard, a value of 42 ng/100 ml was noted. As the rT3 antiserum and assay conditions used were identical in all comparisons (except rT3 standards), the 2- to 3-fold differences in rT3 values noted in the same sera suggested variability in potency of rT3 standards. The differences in rT3 values in the same sera (resulting from extrapolation from standard curves using different rT3 standards) were of the same magnitude as that noted in normal human sera in various studies, suggesting that the reported rT3 variations in sera of euthyroid individuals may also be due to differences in rT3 standards employed in the assay.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of reverse triiodothyronine. rT3 RIA standard curves were generated using rT3 standards from various sources. The rT3 antiserum and the method of free and bound hormone separation used were the same in all assays. The slopes of rT3 RIA curves differed considerably; standard curves generated with Henning (Berlin) rT3 standard had the steepest slope. Because of the differences in slopes of standard curves, bound to free estimates, when extrapolated from standard curves generated with various rT3 standards, resulted in 2- to 3-fold differences in rT3 assay values in the same sera. Circulating rT3 concentration in human sera was 20 ng/100 ml when Henning rT3 standard was used in the assay, whereas with Jorgensen's rT3 standard, a value of 42 ng/100 ml was noted. As the rT3 antiserum and assay conditions used were identical in all comparisons (except rT3 standards), the 2- to 3-fold differences in rT3 values noted in the same sera suggested variability in potency of rT3 standards. The differences in rT3 values in the same sera (resulting from extrapolation from standard curves using different rT3 standards) were of the same magnitude as that noted in normal human sera in various studies, suggesting that the reported rT3 variations in sera of euthyroid individuals may also be due to differences in rT3 standards employed in the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:263324", "title": "Heterogeneous human prolactin from a giant pituitary tumor in a patient with panhypopituitarism.", "content": "A patient with hypopituitarism and an unusually large chromophobe adenoma which secreted an enormous amount of human PRL (hPRL) provided us with a unique opportunity to study the heterogeneity of hPRL. Serum samples obtained before and after surgery as well as pituitary extract were studied. Each sample contained three distinct hPRL peaks on gel filtration designated as big medium, and small. The hPRL moiety of each peak fraction was stable in size, immunoreactivity, and bioreactivity, indicating that the polymorphic hPRL components, once formed, were not interconvertible. As the relative proportion of medium and small hPRL components in all blood samples obtained before surgery and in the pituitary tumor extracts were similar, it seems that these two forms of hPRL originate from the tumor. However, there was a lack of correlation between big, medium, and small hPRL in samples obtained before and 1 yr after surgery. Also, increasing amounts of radioactive substance similar to increasing amounts of radioactive substance similar to big PRL were formed by exposure of 125I-labeled small PRL to progressively larger concentrations of serum. Thus, only small and possibly medium PRL are secretory products.", "contents": "Heterogeneous human prolactin from a giant pituitary tumor in a patient with panhypopituitarism. A patient with hypopituitarism and an unusually large chromophobe adenoma which secreted an enormous amount of human PRL (hPRL) provided us with a unique opportunity to study the heterogeneity of hPRL. Serum samples obtained before and after surgery as well as pituitary extract were studied. Each sample contained three distinct hPRL peaks on gel filtration designated as big medium, and small. The hPRL moiety of each peak fraction was stable in size, immunoreactivity, and bioreactivity, indicating that the polymorphic hPRL components, once formed, were not interconvertible. As the relative proportion of medium and small hPRL components in all blood samples obtained before surgery and in the pituitary tumor extracts were similar, it seems that these two forms of hPRL originate from the tumor. However, there was a lack of correlation between big, medium, and small hPRL in samples obtained before and 1 yr after surgery. Also, increasing amounts of radioactive substance similar to increasing amounts of radioactive substance similar to big PRL were formed by exposure of 125I-labeled small PRL to progressively larger concentrations of serum. Thus, only small and possibly medium PRL are secretory products."}
{"id": "PMID:263325", "title": "Effect of flutamide on cortisol metabolism.", "content": "The effect of flutamide on cortisol metabolism was studied in eight patients with prostate cancer. Flutamide markedly decreased the formation of 3 alpha, 17,21-trihydroxypregnane-11,20-dione (THF), and the 11-oxy-17-ketosteroid metabolites by 72%, 50%, and 46% respectively; however, 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17,21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha- pregnan-20-one was increased by 46%. The 24-h mean plasma cortisol concentration was not altered. The cortisol production rate decreased by an average of 53% (from 32.7 to 15.5 mg/24 h). The effect of the drug on plasma cortisol kinetics was studied in three patients. This showed that flutamide increased the t1/2 (from 80 to 108 min) but decreased the distribution volume (from 17.8 to 13.8 liters) and the MCR (from 222 to 130 liters/24 h). The changes in THE and THF formation and in the t1/2 and MCR of [C]cortisol are similar to the effects observed in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. It is suggested that in the case of flutamide these changes were also due to a cholestasis-producing effect of the drug on the liver. As the clinical response to the drug did not correlate with the cortisol metabolic changes, its therapeutic effect was probably not mediated by its effects on cortisol metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of flutamide on cortisol metabolism. The effect of flutamide on cortisol metabolism was studied in eight patients with prostate cancer. Flutamide markedly decreased the formation of 3 alpha, 17,21-trihydroxypregnane-11,20-dione (THF), and the 11-oxy-17-ketosteroid metabolites by 72%, 50%, and 46% respectively; however, 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17,21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha- pregnan-20-one was increased by 46%. The 24-h mean plasma cortisol concentration was not altered. The cortisol production rate decreased by an average of 53% (from 32.7 to 15.5 mg/24 h). The effect of the drug on plasma cortisol kinetics was studied in three patients. This showed that flutamide increased the t1/2 (from 80 to 108 min) but decreased the distribution volume (from 17.8 to 13.8 liters) and the MCR (from 222 to 130 liters/24 h). The changes in THE and THF formation and in the t1/2 and MCR of [C]cortisol are similar to the effects observed in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. It is suggested that in the case of flutamide these changes were also due to a cholestasis-producing effect of the drug on the liver. As the clinical response to the drug did not correlate with the cortisol metabolic changes, its therapeutic effect was probably not mediated by its effects on cortisol metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:263326", "title": "Parathyroid hormone secretion in magnesium deficiency.", "content": "The effect of an acute elevation of the serum magnesium concentration on the concentrations of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) were studied in hypocalcemic hypomagnesemic patients, hyperparathyroid patients, and normal individuals. Basal serum IPTH concentrations in the hypomagnesemic patients ranged from undetectable to 3 times the upper limit of normal. All hypomagnesemic patients were observed to have an immediate rise in the serum IPTH concentration after magnesium administration regardless of the basal IPTH concentration. In contrast, normal individuals and patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism responded to magnesium administration with either a decrease or little change in the serum IPTH concentration. These date indicate that an acute stimulation of PTH secretion induced by magnesium is characteristic of the magnesium-deficient state. The consistency of this response suggests that impaired PTH secretion is a significant factor contributing to the hypocalcemia of magnesium deficiency.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone secretion in magnesium deficiency. The effect of an acute elevation of the serum magnesium concentration on the concentrations of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) were studied in hypocalcemic hypomagnesemic patients, hyperparathyroid patients, and normal individuals. Basal serum IPTH concentrations in the hypomagnesemic patients ranged from undetectable to 3 times the upper limit of normal. All hypomagnesemic patients were observed to have an immediate rise in the serum IPTH concentration after magnesium administration regardless of the basal IPTH concentration. In contrast, normal individuals and patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism responded to magnesium administration with either a decrease or little change in the serum IPTH concentration. These date indicate that an acute stimulation of PTH secretion induced by magnesium is characteristic of the magnesium-deficient state. The consistency of this response suggests that impaired PTH secretion is a significant factor contributing to the hypocalcemia of magnesium deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:263327", "title": "Metabolism of cortisol-21 glucosiduronate in man.", "content": "The metabolism of cortisol-21-glucosiduronate has been studied in two subjects. Urinary excretion was about 65% in both subjects, with cortisol glucosiduronate as the principal metabolite accompanied by small amounts of 11 beta, 17,21-trihydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (THF) glucosiduronate. The absence of the other normal metabolites of cortisol [17,21-dihydroxypregnane-3,11-20-trione (THE), 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17, 20xi, 21-pentahydroxypregnane, and 3 alpha, 17, 20xi, 21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one] indicates that negligible hydrolysis at C-21 occurred and that an unoccupied C21 position is required for oxidation at C-11 and reduction at C-20. The limited conversion to THF suggests that a pathway through cortisol-21-glucosiduronate does not contribute significantly to the differences in specific activity of urinary THF and THE observed after administration of labeled cortisol.", "contents": "Metabolism of cortisol-21 glucosiduronate in man. The metabolism of cortisol-21-glucosiduronate has been studied in two subjects. Urinary excretion was about 65% in both subjects, with cortisol glucosiduronate as the principal metabolite accompanied by small amounts of 11 beta, 17,21-trihydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (THF) glucosiduronate. The absence of the other normal metabolites of cortisol [17,21-dihydroxypregnane-3,11-20-trione (THE), 3 alpha, 11 beta, 17, 20xi, 21-pentahydroxypregnane, and 3 alpha, 17, 20xi, 21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one] indicates that negligible hydrolysis at C-21 occurred and that an unoccupied C21 position is required for oxidation at C-11 and reduction at C-20. The limited conversion to THF suggests that a pathway through cortisol-21-glucosiduronate does not contribute significantly to the differences in specific activity of urinary THF and THE observed after administration of labeled cortisol."}
{"id": "PMID:263328", "title": "Extraadrenal effects of metyrapone in man.", "content": "[14C]Cortisol was injected iv into three subjects during a control period and while receiving metyrapone. The plasma kinetics of the tracer cortisol and the patterns of its urinary metabolites were measured. Metyrapone caused an increase in the volume of distribution of cortisol (34%) and in the MCR (75%); the half-life was decreased by 25%. There were marked changes in the urinary metabolite pattern: 3 alpha,11 beta,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha,17,21-trihydroxy-pregnane-11,20-dione(THE), pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,17,20 alpha,21-pentol, plus pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,17,20 beta-21-pentol (cortol), and 3 alpha,17,20 alpha,21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one (cortolone) all decreased by an average of 62%, 44%, 38%, 45%, and 25% respectively. In contrast, there was an increase of 296% in 3 alpha,17,20 beta,21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one (beta-cortolone). To account for these effects it is postulated that metyrapone has the following extraadrenal actions: 1) it inhibits the back reduction of cortisone to cortisol and 2) it stimulates the 20-ketosteroid reductase that converts THE to beta-cortolone.", "contents": "Extraadrenal effects of metyrapone in man. [14C]Cortisol was injected iv into three subjects during a control period and while receiving metyrapone. The plasma kinetics of the tracer cortisol and the patterns of its urinary metabolites were measured. Metyrapone caused an increase in the volume of distribution of cortisol (34%) and in the MCR (75%); the half-life was decreased by 25%. There were marked changes in the urinary metabolite pattern: 3 alpha,11 beta,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha,17,21-trihydroxy-pregnane-11,20-dione(THE), pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,17,20 alpha,21-pentol, plus pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,17,20 beta-21-pentol (cortol), and 3 alpha,17,20 alpha,21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one (cortolone) all decreased by an average of 62%, 44%, 38%, 45%, and 25% respectively. In contrast, there was an increase of 296% in 3 alpha,17,20 beta,21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one (beta-cortolone). To account for these effects it is postulated that metyrapone has the following extraadrenal actions: 1) it inhibits the back reduction of cortisone to cortisol and 2) it stimulates the 20-ketosteroid reductase that converts THE to beta-cortolone."}
{"id": "PMID:263329", "title": "Urinary 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol radioimmunoassay: a new clinical evaluation.", "content": "A rapid specific and reliable RIA for urinary 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (Adiol) is described using chromatographical purification and a specific antibody. Values are reported under some physiological and pathological conditions in 179 individuals. In 43 normal adult men, the mean (+/-SD) urinary Adiol excretion was 193 +/- 77 micrograms/24 h, and in 29 normal women it was 44 +/- 23 micrograms/24 h. These values are significantly different (P less than 0.01). In 49 hirsute women, urinary Adiol Excretion was elevated (137 +/- 51 micrograms/24 h) and significantly different from this value in normal women (P less than 0.01). The urinary Adiol excretion in 10 postmenopausal women was very low (less than 5 micrograms/24 h). In normal adult subjects, the theoretical contribution to urinary Adiol of the major secreted androgens was calculated. Whereas dehydroisoandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate yield the same amount of urinary Adiol in both sexes, testosterone is the main precursor of Adiol in men and androstenedione is the main precursor in normal premenopausal and hirsute women. However, the amount of Adiol recovered in the 24-h urine depends not only on the secretion rate of androstenedione and testosterone but is also related to the testosterone 5 alpha-reductase activity present in androgen target cells, especially in sexual skin.", "contents": "Urinary 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol radioimmunoassay: a new clinical evaluation. A rapid specific and reliable RIA for urinary 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (Adiol) is described using chromatographical purification and a specific antibody. Values are reported under some physiological and pathological conditions in 179 individuals. In 43 normal adult men, the mean (+/-SD) urinary Adiol excretion was 193 +/- 77 micrograms/24 h, and in 29 normal women it was 44 +/- 23 micrograms/24 h. These values are significantly different (P less than 0.01). In 49 hirsute women, urinary Adiol Excretion was elevated (137 +/- 51 micrograms/24 h) and significantly different from this value in normal women (P less than 0.01). The urinary Adiol excretion in 10 postmenopausal women was very low (less than 5 micrograms/24 h). In normal adult subjects, the theoretical contribution to urinary Adiol of the major secreted androgens was calculated. Whereas dehydroisoandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate yield the same amount of urinary Adiol in both sexes, testosterone is the main precursor of Adiol in men and androstenedione is the main precursor in normal premenopausal and hirsute women. However, the amount of Adiol recovered in the 24-h urine depends not only on the secretion rate of androstenedione and testosterone but is also related to the testosterone 5 alpha-reductase activity present in androgen target cells, especially in sexual skin."}
{"id": "PMID:263330", "title": "Effect of starvation on the production and peripheral metabolism of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in euthyroid obese subjects.", "content": "The effect of starvation on the peripheral metabolism of rT3 was evaluated in four obese euthyroid patients. During starvation, the serum rT3 concentration increased by 69% while the MCR of rT3 decreased in all four patients from control values of 96 +/- 23 (mean +/- SD) to 68 +/- 17 liters/70 kg . day, resulting in a slight increase in the mean production rate of rT3. These findings are in contrast to the marked decrease in T3 production rate associated with fasting, indicating that inner and outer ring deiodination of T4 can be varied independently.", "contents": "Effect of starvation on the production and peripheral metabolism of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in euthyroid obese subjects. The effect of starvation on the peripheral metabolism of rT3 was evaluated in four obese euthyroid patients. During starvation, the serum rT3 concentration increased by 69% while the MCR of rT3 decreased in all four patients from control values of 96 +/- 23 (mean +/- SD) to 68 +/- 17 liters/70 kg . day, resulting in a slight increase in the mean production rate of rT3. These findings are in contrast to the marked decrease in T3 production rate associated with fasting, indicating that inner and outer ring deiodination of T4 can be varied independently."}
{"id": "PMID:263331", "title": "Prolonged hyperprolactinemia in preterm infants.", "content": "Serum PRL levels were followed serially in full term (FT; 39-41 weeks) and preterm (PT; 30-32 weeks) infants, from birth to 12 and 20 postnatal weeks, respectively. Values were higher in FT infants than in PT infants on day 1 after birth (267 +/- 20 vs. 156 +/- 8 ng/ml) but were similar in both by the age of 2-4 weeks (69 +/- 8 vs. 69 +/- 6 ng/ml). Between the ages of 4-12 weeks, the serum PRL in FT infants fell to near adult levels (24 +/- 2 ng/ml), but this fall was seen much later in PT infants, between 12-20 weeks postnatally (23 +/- 2 ng/ml). When values in FT and PT infants were compared at parallel postmenstrual ages in contradistinction to postnatal ages, a similar course of PRL was discernable in both groups. These data may provide indirect evidence for the establishment and maturation of inhibition of PRL secretion (i.e. PRL-inhibitory factor production) postnatally, between 44-52 weeks postmenstrually.", "contents": "Prolonged hyperprolactinemia in preterm infants. Serum PRL levels were followed serially in full term (FT; 39-41 weeks) and preterm (PT; 30-32 weeks) infants, from birth to 12 and 20 postnatal weeks, respectively. Values were higher in FT infants than in PT infants on day 1 after birth (267 +/- 20 vs. 156 +/- 8 ng/ml) but were similar in both by the age of 2-4 weeks (69 +/- 8 vs. 69 +/- 6 ng/ml). Between the ages of 4-12 weeks, the serum PRL in FT infants fell to near adult levels (24 +/- 2 ng/ml), but this fall was seen much later in PT infants, between 12-20 weeks postnatally (23 +/- 2 ng/ml). When values in FT and PT infants were compared at parallel postmenstrual ages in contradistinction to postnatal ages, a similar course of PRL was discernable in both groups. These data may provide indirect evidence for the establishment and maturation of inhibition of PRL secretion (i.e. PRL-inhibitory factor production) postnatally, between 44-52 weeks postmenstrually."}
{"id": "PMID:263333", "title": "A new method of paired thyrotropin assay as a screening test for neonatal hypothyroidism.", "content": "A simple and reliable method of paired TSH assay was developed and used in screening for neonatal primary hypothyroidism. In this method, a paired assay is first done. Equal parts of the extracts of dried blood spots on filter paper (9 mm diameter) from two infants 4-7 days old are combined and assayed for TSH by double antibody RIA. If the value obtained is over the cut-off point, the extracts are assayed separately for TSH in a second assay to identify the abnormal sample. Two systems, A and B, with different cut-off points were tested. On the basis of reference blood samples (serum levels of TSH, 80 microU/ml in system A and 40 microU/ml in system B), the cut-off point was selected as follows: upper 5 (A) or 4 (B) percentile in the paired assay and values of reference blood samples in the second individual assay. Four cases (2 in A and 2 in B) of neonatal primary hypothyroidism were found among 25 infants (23 in A and 2 in B) who were recalled from a general population 41,400 infants (24,200 in A and 17,200 in B) by 22,700 assays. This paired TSH neonatal hypothyroidism.", "contents": "A new method of paired thyrotropin assay as a screening test for neonatal hypothyroidism. A simple and reliable method of paired TSH assay was developed and used in screening for neonatal primary hypothyroidism. In this method, a paired assay is first done. Equal parts of the extracts of dried blood spots on filter paper (9 mm diameter) from two infants 4-7 days old are combined and assayed for TSH by double antibody RIA. If the value obtained is over the cut-off point, the extracts are assayed separately for TSH in a second assay to identify the abnormal sample. Two systems, A and B, with different cut-off points were tested. On the basis of reference blood samples (serum levels of TSH, 80 microU/ml in system A and 40 microU/ml in system B), the cut-off point was selected as follows: upper 5 (A) or 4 (B) percentile in the paired assay and values of reference blood samples in the second individual assay. Four cases (2 in A and 2 in B) of neonatal primary hypothyroidism were found among 25 infants (23 in A and 2 in B) who were recalled from a general population 41,400 infants (24,200 in A and 17,200 in B) by 22,700 assays. This paired TSH neonatal hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:263334", "title": "Effect of intraamniotic fluid thyroxine injection on fetal serum and amniotic fluid iodothyronine concentrations.", "content": "Seven hundred micrograms of T4 were injected into the amniotic cavity 24 h before delivery of five pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section at term. T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations were measured by RIA in amniotic fluid obtained at the time of the injection and in amniotic fluid and cord serum samples collected at delivery. Iodothyronine concentrations also were determined on cord samples from 24 full term control infants. The geometric mean serum T4 concentration in the experimental infants was 27.2 micrograms/dl, almost 3 times that of the control population (10.3 micrograms/dl); serum rT3 concentrations were markedly elevated to a mean of 657 ng/dl, compared to 254 ng/dl in control infants. The mean serum T3 concentration was slightly but significantly increased to 61.3 ng/dl (control, 48.3 ng/dl; P less than 0.02). Amniotic fluid T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations all increased significantly. T4 injection into the amniotic fluid is an effective method of increasing fetal serum T4 concentrations. The preferential pathway of monodeiodination of the injected T4 in the human fetus is to rT3 rather than T3.", "contents": "Effect of intraamniotic fluid thyroxine injection on fetal serum and amniotic fluid iodothyronine concentrations. Seven hundred micrograms of T4 were injected into the amniotic cavity 24 h before delivery of five pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section at term. T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations were measured by RIA in amniotic fluid obtained at the time of the injection and in amniotic fluid and cord serum samples collected at delivery. Iodothyronine concentrations also were determined on cord samples from 24 full term control infants. The geometric mean serum T4 concentration in the experimental infants was 27.2 micrograms/dl, almost 3 times that of the control population (10.3 micrograms/dl); serum rT3 concentrations were markedly elevated to a mean of 657 ng/dl, compared to 254 ng/dl in control infants. The mean serum T3 concentration was slightly but significantly increased to 61.3 ng/dl (control, 48.3 ng/dl; P less than 0.02). Amniotic fluid T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations all increased significantly. T4 injection into the amniotic fluid is an effective method of increasing fetal serum T4 concentrations. The preferential pathway of monodeiodination of the injected T4 in the human fetus is to rT3 rather than T3."}
{"id": "PMID:263335", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 3',5'-diiodothyronine.", "content": "The present report describes a RIA for 3',5'-diiodothyronine (T2) that can be performed on unextracted serum and which has a lower limit of detectability of 2 ng/dl. Cross-reactivity with other iodothyronines was negligible, except for rT3 which began to demonstrate cross-reactivity when rT3 levels were elevated to 180 ng/dl. Employing this RIA for T2, we have determined that 83 healthy individuals had a mean  (+/-SE) serum T2 concentration of 5.0 +/- 0.3 ng/dl, thyrotoxic subjects (n = 12) had a mean T2 level that was elevated to 10.8 +/- 0.8 ng/dl, and each of 6 hypothyroid subjects had undetectable (less than 2 ng/dl) concentrations. Athyreotic patients (n = 8), receiving 0.4 mg T4 daily, had serum T2 concentrations of 15.0 +/- 3.0 ng/dl. Fasting in obese subjects was associated with an increase in serum T2 to 6.9 +/- 0.6 ng/dl from a basal level of 4.4 +/- 0.4 ng/dl in the fed state (P less than 0.01). Despite the fact that rT3 levels may be elevated in amniotic fluid and that rT3 is expected to represent the major source from which extrathyroidal T2 arises, T2 levels were low in amniotic fluid, being undetectable (less than 2 ng/dl) in 9 of 19 samples; the mean (+/-SE) T2 concentration in the 10 detectable samples was 5.4 +/- 1 ng/dl. These data indicate T2 is a normal component of serum and that the majority of serum T2 is probably derived from peripheral conversion. Furthermore, these observations suggest that situations associated with elevated rT3 levels (e.g. thyrotoxicosis and fasting) may also have increased T2 values.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 3',5'-diiodothyronine. The present report describes a RIA for 3',5'-diiodothyronine (T2) that can be performed on unextracted serum and which has a lower limit of detectability of 2 ng/dl. Cross-reactivity with other iodothyronines was negligible, except for rT3 which began to demonstrate cross-reactivity when rT3 levels were elevated to 180 ng/dl. Employing this RIA for T2, we have determined that 83 healthy individuals had a mean  (+/-SE) serum T2 concentration of 5.0 +/- 0.3 ng/dl, thyrotoxic subjects (n = 12) had a mean T2 level that was elevated to 10.8 +/- 0.8 ng/dl, and each of 6 hypothyroid subjects had undetectable (less than 2 ng/dl) concentrations. Athyreotic patients (n = 8), receiving 0.4 mg T4 daily, had serum T2 concentrations of 15.0 +/- 3.0 ng/dl. Fasting in obese subjects was associated with an increase in serum T2 to 6.9 +/- 0.6 ng/dl from a basal level of 4.4 +/- 0.4 ng/dl in the fed state (P less than 0.01). Despite the fact that rT3 levels may be elevated in amniotic fluid and that rT3 is expected to represent the major source from which extrathyroidal T2 arises, T2 levels were low in amniotic fluid, being undetectable (less than 2 ng/dl) in 9 of 19 samples; the mean (+/-SE) T2 concentration in the 10 detectable samples was 5.4 +/- 1 ng/dl. These data indicate T2 is a normal component of serum and that the majority of serum T2 is probably derived from peripheral conversion. Furthermore, these observations suggest that situations associated with elevated rT3 levels (e.g. thyrotoxicosis and fasting) may also have increased T2 values."}
{"id": "PMID:263336", "title": "Serum Neurophysins in familial central diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Antibovine neurophysin antibodies (anti-bNpI and/or anti-bNpII) are present in certain patients with familial central diabetes insipidus; these are exogenous origin, as they are not present in patients who have not received treatment with crude posterior pituitary extracts over the years preceding the analysis. Immunoreactive neurophysins were detectable in the blood of five patients with familial central diabetes insipidus, and in two of them, the levels increased after a short period of water restriction. There is marked polymorphism of these neurophysins from one serum to another: neurophysin I was consistently absent, while neurophysin II, accessory neurophysins, and other immunoreactive substances not present in normal sera were sometimes present in variable amounts. Immunoreactive AVP was undetectable in the urine of all patients, while immunoreactive OT was found in three of them; the latter substance could, however, be arginine vasotocin. Data are presented suggesting that the association between the biosynthesis of neurophysin I and AVP on the one hand, and neurophysin II and OT on the other hand is maintained in patients with isolated AVP deficiency on the basis of a congenital defect.", "contents": "Serum Neurophysins in familial central diabetes insipidus. Antibovine neurophysin antibodies (anti-bNpI and/or anti-bNpII) are present in certain patients with familial central diabetes insipidus; these are exogenous origin, as they are not present in patients who have not received treatment with crude posterior pituitary extracts over the years preceding the analysis. Immunoreactive neurophysins were detectable in the blood of five patients with familial central diabetes insipidus, and in two of them, the levels increased after a short period of water restriction. There is marked polymorphism of these neurophysins from one serum to another: neurophysin I was consistently absent, while neurophysin II, accessory neurophysins, and other immunoreactive substances not present in normal sera were sometimes present in variable amounts. Immunoreactive AVP was undetectable in the urine of all patients, while immunoreactive OT was found in three of them; the latter substance could, however, be arginine vasotocin. Data are presented suggesting that the association between the biosynthesis of neurophysin I and AVP on the one hand, and neurophysin II and OT on the other hand is maintained in patients with isolated AVP deficiency on the basis of a congenital defect."}
{"id": "PMID:263337", "title": "The use of specific radioimmunoassays to determine the renal clearance rates of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Specific RIAs requiring ether extraction only were established for estrone and 17 beta-estradiol both in plasma and in urine from the nonpregnant female. These assays were used to measure the renal clearance rates of estrone and of 17 beta-estradiol in eight ambulatory women in the follicular and in the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The mean (+/-SE) for the renal clearance rate of estrone was 0.71 +/- 0.058 ml/min in the follicular phase and 1.26 +/- 0.35 ml/min in the luteal phase. The mean (+/-SE) renal clearance rate of 17 beta-estradiol was 0.44 +/- 0.055 ml/min in the follicular phase and 0.29 +/- 0.043 ml/min in the luteal phase. There was no significant difference in the renal clearance rates of either estrone or of 17 beta-estradiol between the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. The renal clearances of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol were highly correlated (r = 0.84; P less than 0.01). The renal clearance rate of estrone was significantly greater than that of 17 beta-estradiol in both phases of the cycle (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "The use of specific radioimmunoassays to determine the renal clearance rates of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol during the menstrual cycle. Specific RIAs requiring ether extraction only were established for estrone and 17 beta-estradiol both in plasma and in urine from the nonpregnant female. These assays were used to measure the renal clearance rates of estrone and of 17 beta-estradiol in eight ambulatory women in the follicular and in the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The mean (+/-SE) for the renal clearance rate of estrone was 0.71 +/- 0.058 ml/min in the follicular phase and 1.26 +/- 0.35 ml/min in the luteal phase. The mean (+/-SE) renal clearance rate of 17 beta-estradiol was 0.44 +/- 0.055 ml/min in the follicular phase and 0.29 +/- 0.043 ml/min in the luteal phase. There was no significant difference in the renal clearance rates of either estrone or of 17 beta-estradiol between the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. The renal clearances of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol were highly correlated (r = 0.84; P less than 0.01). The renal clearance rate of estrone was significantly greater than that of 17 beta-estradiol in both phases of the cycle (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:263338", "title": "A specific radioimmunoassay for estrone sulfate in plasma and urine without hydrolysis.", "content": "Estrone sulfate, quantitatively the most important estrogen in plasma, has previously been determined only after hydrolysis and chromatography. An antiserum raised against estrone glucosiduronate-bovine thyroglobulin was found to be suitable for the specific RIA of estrone sulfate both in plasma and urine. Plasma levels were measured after solvent extraction without hydrolysis or chromatography. The mean (+/-SE) was 972 +/- 79 pg/ml (range, 537-1581) in 15 women in the follicular phase, 1806 +/- 160 pg/ml (range, 814-3358) in 15 women in the luteal phase, and 922 +/- 62 pg/ml (range, 461-1238) in 13 men. The urinary excretion of estrone sulfate, measured after simple chromatographic separation, ranged from 0.8-7.9 micrograms/24 h in men and 5.1-18.7 micrograms/24h in nonpregnant women. This was generally one-seventh to one-half the simultaneous estrone glucosiduronate excretion rate. An approximate mean renal clearance of estrone sulfate calculated from the above values was 2.7 ml/min. The low clearance rate is taken to reflect extensive binding of estrone sulfate by plasma proteins. The splanchnic extraction of estrone sulfate measured in 6 patients undergoing hepatic vein catheterization for diagnostic purposes was 29.8 +/- 11.1%, indicating net uptake of this compound by the splanchnic area.", "contents": "A specific radioimmunoassay for estrone sulfate in plasma and urine without hydrolysis. Estrone sulfate, quantitatively the most important estrogen in plasma, has previously been determined only after hydrolysis and chromatography. An antiserum raised against estrone glucosiduronate-bovine thyroglobulin was found to be suitable for the specific RIA of estrone sulfate both in plasma and urine. Plasma levels were measured after solvent extraction without hydrolysis or chromatography. The mean (+/-SE) was 972 +/- 79 pg/ml (range, 537-1581) in 15 women in the follicular phase, 1806 +/- 160 pg/ml (range, 814-3358) in 15 women in the luteal phase, and 922 +/- 62 pg/ml (range, 461-1238) in 13 men. The urinary excretion of estrone sulfate, measured after simple chromatographic separation, ranged from 0.8-7.9 micrograms/24 h in men and 5.1-18.7 micrograms/24h in nonpregnant women. This was generally one-seventh to one-half the simultaneous estrone glucosiduronate excretion rate. An approximate mean renal clearance of estrone sulfate calculated from the above values was 2.7 ml/min. The low clearance rate is taken to reflect extensive binding of estrone sulfate by plasma proteins. The splanchnic extraction of estrone sulfate measured in 6 patients undergoing hepatic vein catheterization for diagnostic purposes was 29.8 +/- 11.1%, indicating net uptake of this compound by the splanchnic area."}
{"id": "PMID:263339", "title": "Regulation by plasma lipoproteins of progesterone biosynthesis and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells.", "content": "The regulation of both the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase [mevalonate-NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating) EC 1.1.1.34] and the secretion of progesterone by human plasma lipoproteins has been investigated in human choriocarcinoma cells in culture. HMG CoA reductase activity was computed from the rate of formation of [14C]mevalonolactone from [14C]HMG CoA. The activity of HMG CoA reductase was expressed as nanomoles of mevalonolactone formed/min . mg solubilized cell protein. An inverse relationship was found between the presence of lipoprotein in the culture medium and the activity of HMG CoA reductase in these cells. In cells maintained in the presence of lipoprotein-enriched culture medium containing 840 micrograms cholesterol/ml, the average activity of HMG CoA reductase was 0.25 nmol/min . mg protein. After removal of lipoprotein, the activity of HMG CoA reductase increased to 1.3 nmol/min . mg protein. The average activity of HMG CoA reductase in cells maintained in lipoprotein-deficient culture medium was 1.5 nmol/min . mg protein but fell to 0.3 nmol/min . mg protein after addition of lipoprotein to the medium. When cells were maintained in the presence of lipoprotein, the rates of section of progesterone and pregnenolone into the culture medium were 2-8 times greater than the rates of secretion of these steroids by cells maintained in the absence of lipoprotein. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that lipoproteins control the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured choriocarcinoma cells by regulating the activity of HMG CoA reductase, and control the rate of synthesis of progesterone by providing the precursor, cholesterol. We suggest that progesterone synthesis by the trophoblast of the human placenta may also be regulated by the uptake of lipoprotein from maternal blood.", "contents": "Regulation by plasma lipoproteins of progesterone biosynthesis and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells. The regulation of both the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase [mevalonate-NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating) EC 1.1.1.34] and the secretion of progesterone by human plasma lipoproteins has been investigated in human choriocarcinoma cells in culture. HMG CoA reductase activity was computed from the rate of formation of [14C]mevalonolactone from [14C]HMG CoA. The activity of HMG CoA reductase was expressed as nanomoles of mevalonolactone formed/min . mg solubilized cell protein. An inverse relationship was found between the presence of lipoprotein in the culture medium and the activity of HMG CoA reductase in these cells. In cells maintained in the presence of lipoprotein-enriched culture medium containing 840 micrograms cholesterol/ml, the average activity of HMG CoA reductase was 0.25 nmol/min . mg protein. After removal of lipoprotein, the activity of HMG CoA reductase increased to 1.3 nmol/min . mg protein. The average activity of HMG CoA reductase in cells maintained in lipoprotein-deficient culture medium was 1.5 nmol/min . mg protein but fell to 0.3 nmol/min . mg protein after addition of lipoprotein to the medium. When cells were maintained in the presence of lipoprotein, the rates of section of progesterone and pregnenolone into the culture medium were 2-8 times greater than the rates of secretion of these steroids by cells maintained in the absence of lipoprotein. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that lipoproteins control the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured choriocarcinoma cells by regulating the activity of HMG CoA reductase, and control the rate of synthesis of progesterone by providing the precursor, cholesterol. We suggest that progesterone synthesis by the trophoblast of the human placenta may also be regulated by the uptake of lipoprotein from maternal blood."}
{"id": "PMID:263340", "title": "Plasma immunoreactive relaxin levels in pregnant and nonpregnant women.", "content": "Immunoreactive relaxin was measured in plasma samples obtained from human volunteers utilizing the RIA procedure of Sherwood et al., as modified by O'Byrne and Steinetz for heterologous plasma samples. Immunoreactive hormone was not detected in samples obtained from men, and only rarely in plasma of nonpregnant women. Immunoreactive relaxin was present as early as the fourth week of pregnancy and was detectable throughout the course of gestation. Immunoreactive relaxin tended to be higher early in pregnancy, and there was no peak just before parturition as occurs in many other species. Our results are at variance with those of Bryant and coworkers, who reported high levels of immunoreactive relaxin in men and nonpregnant as well as pregnant women. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are presented.", "contents": "Plasma immunoreactive relaxin levels in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Immunoreactive relaxin was measured in plasma samples obtained from human volunteers utilizing the RIA procedure of Sherwood et al., as modified by O'Byrne and Steinetz for heterologous plasma samples. Immunoreactive hormone was not detected in samples obtained from men, and only rarely in plasma of nonpregnant women. Immunoreactive relaxin was present as early as the fourth week of pregnancy and was detectable throughout the course of gestation. Immunoreactive relaxin tended to be higher early in pregnancy, and there was no peak just before parturition as occurs in many other species. Our results are at variance with those of Bryant and coworkers, who reported high levels of immunoreactive relaxin in men and nonpregnant as well as pregnant women. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:263341", "title": "Low serum triiodothyronine and high serum reverse triiodothyronine in old age: an effect of disease not age.", "content": "Serum concentrations of T4, T3, T3, free T4, free T3, and TSH were determined in four groups of adult subjects: group A, 27 healthy young volunteers (aged 18-29 yr); group B, 24 carefully selected healthy elderly subjects (aged 70-90 yr); group C, 41 subjects living at a municipal nursing home for the elderly (aged 70-90 yr); and group D, 35 hospitalized patients (aged 70-90 yr). Identical levels of iodothyronines in serum were found in the young and in the elderly healthy subjects. Moderate and severe disease induced alterations in iodothyronine concentrations in serum comparable to those reported earlier. Serum T3 and free T3 levels were low and serum rT3 levels were high in groups C and D subjects; serum free T4 was elevated in group D, while serum T4 was low. Serum TSH was lower in the healthy elderly subjects than in the young subjects. Serum TSH was higher in the elderly sick subjects (groups C and D) than in the healthy subjects (group B). We conclude that advanced age per se is not accompanied by alterations in free or total serum iodothyronine levels.", "contents": "Low serum triiodothyronine and high serum reverse triiodothyronine in old age: an effect of disease not age. Serum concentrations of T4, T3, T3, free T4, free T3, and TSH were determined in four groups of adult subjects: group A, 27 healthy young volunteers (aged 18-29 yr); group B, 24 carefully selected healthy elderly subjects (aged 70-90 yr); group C, 41 subjects living at a municipal nursing home for the elderly (aged 70-90 yr); and group D, 35 hospitalized patients (aged 70-90 yr). Identical levels of iodothyronines in serum were found in the young and in the elderly healthy subjects. Moderate and severe disease induced alterations in iodothyronine concentrations in serum comparable to those reported earlier. Serum T3 and free T3 levels were low and serum rT3 levels were high in groups C and D subjects; serum free T4 was elevated in group D, while serum T4 was low. Serum TSH was lower in the healthy elderly subjects than in the young subjects. Serum TSH was higher in the elderly sick subjects (groups C and D) than in the healthy subjects (group B). We conclude that advanced age per se is not accompanied by alterations in free or total serum iodothyronine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:263342", "title": "Twenty-four-hour plasma prolactin patterns in prepubertal and adolescent boys.", "content": "The concentration of PRL was measured every 20 min for 24 h in six prepubertal and three adolescent boys. In both groups, PRL secretory episodes occurred throughout the 24-h period. In all subjects, the mean concentration of PRL was significantly higher during sleep than during wakefulness; the mean concentration during the entire 24-h period, during sleep or during wakefulness, was not different between the prepubertal subjects and the adolescents. These data suggest the absence of an ontogenetic change for PRL secretion in boys. During acute sleep-wake reversal, two of three pubertal boys showed significantly higher PRL during daytime sleep than during nocturnal wakefulness. This suggest that PRL release in adolescent boys is linked with sleep, rather than with clock time.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour plasma prolactin patterns in prepubertal and adolescent boys. The concentration of PRL was measured every 20 min for 24 h in six prepubertal and three adolescent boys. In both groups, PRL secretory episodes occurred throughout the 24-h period. In all subjects, the mean concentration of PRL was significantly higher during sleep than during wakefulness; the mean concentration during the entire 24-h period, during sleep or during wakefulness, was not different between the prepubertal subjects and the adolescents. These data suggest the absence of an ontogenetic change for PRL secretion in boys. During acute sleep-wake reversal, two of three pubertal boys showed significantly higher PRL during daytime sleep than during nocturnal wakefulness. This suggest that PRL release in adolescent boys is linked with sleep, rather than with clock time."}
{"id": "PMID:263343", "title": "Brain growth-promoting activity in human serum: relationship to growth hormone and somatomedin.", "content": "Brain growth-promoting activity and somatomedin activity were assessed in serum collected from patients with pituitary disorders of GH secretion. Brain growth-promoting activity correlated with somatomedin activity in serum, and both rose in response to GH administration.", "contents": "Brain growth-promoting activity in human serum: relationship to growth hormone and somatomedin. Brain growth-promoting activity and somatomedin activity were assessed in serum collected from patients with pituitary disorders of GH secretion. Brain growth-promoting activity correlated with somatomedin activity in serum, and both rose in response to GH administration."}
{"id": "PMID:263344", "title": "Basal and human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone levels in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "In nine patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, mean basal plasma levels of testosterone (302 +/- 145 ng/100 ml) and its major precursor, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP; 86 +/- 46 ng/100 ml), were significantly lower (P less than 0.01 to less 0.05) than in eight eugonadal men (605 +/- 180 and 136 +/- 39 ng/100 ml, respectively). The ratio of 17-OHP to testosterone, however, was comparable in both groups (0.29 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.08; P less than 0.10). In the Klinefelter patients, basal plasma testosterone and 17-OHP levels were positively correlated (rs = 0.87). Administration of hCG for 3 days raised plasma testosterone and 17-OHP levels in both groups. In the Klinefelter patients, the plasma 17-OHP rise exceeded the testosterone increment, leading to a statistically significant increase (0.48 +/- 0.19) of the 17-OHP to testosterone ratio, whereas this ratio remained virtually unchanged in the control subjects (0.20 +/- 0.06). Together, these findings indicate that in the basal state testicular steroidogenesis is globally attenuated, whereas short term hCG stimulation shows that the later steps in the biosynthesis of testosterone may be rate limiting in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "contents": "Basal and human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone levels in Klinefelter's syndrome. In nine patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, mean basal plasma levels of testosterone (302 +/- 145 ng/100 ml) and its major precursor, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP; 86 +/- 46 ng/100 ml), were significantly lower (P less than 0.01 to less 0.05) than in eight eugonadal men (605 +/- 180 and 136 +/- 39 ng/100 ml, respectively). The ratio of 17-OHP to testosterone, however, was comparable in both groups (0.29 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.08; P less than 0.10). In the Klinefelter patients, basal plasma testosterone and 17-OHP levels were positively correlated (rs = 0.87). Administration of hCG for 3 days raised plasma testosterone and 17-OHP levels in both groups. In the Klinefelter patients, the plasma 17-OHP rise exceeded the testosterone increment, leading to a statistically significant increase (0.48 +/- 0.19) of the 17-OHP to testosterone ratio, whereas this ratio remained virtually unchanged in the control subjects (0.20 +/- 0.06). Together, these findings indicate that in the basal state testicular steroidogenesis is globally attenuated, whereas short term hCG stimulation shows that the later steps in the biosynthesis of testosterone may be rate limiting in Klinefelter's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:263345", "title": "Studies of the human testis. XI. Leydig cell clusters and levels of intratesticular testosterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone.", "content": "Testosterone concentration in testes of 23 men, ages 51 to 90, was determined as 490 +/- 172 ng/g tissue (M +/- S.D.) and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration as 10.0 +/- 2.3 ng/g tissue (M +/- S.D.) in 18 men of the same patient group. Leydig cells were estimated by the number of Leydig cell clusters per tubule. There was a high correlation (r = 0.88, p less than .001) of the Leydig cell index with intratesticular testosterone. It is proposed that the Leydig cell cluster index provides a direct index of steroid biosynthetic activity in the human testis as reflected in intratesticular testosterone levels. Although there was no significant correlation of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone levels in the testis with either the Leydig cell index or intratesticular testosterone, the high level of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone compared to peripheral levels suggests its production by the testis.", "contents": "Studies of the human testis. XI. Leydig cell clusters and levels of intratesticular testosterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone. Testosterone concentration in testes of 23 men, ages 51 to 90, was determined as 490 +/- 172 ng/g tissue (M +/- S.D.) and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration as 10.0 +/- 2.3 ng/g tissue (M +/- S.D.) in 18 men of the same patient group. Leydig cells were estimated by the number of Leydig cell clusters per tubule. There was a high correlation (r = 0.88, p less than .001) of the Leydig cell index with intratesticular testosterone. It is proposed that the Leydig cell cluster index provides a direct index of steroid biosynthetic activity in the human testis as reflected in intratesticular testosterone levels. Although there was no significant correlation of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone levels in the testis with either the Leydig cell index or intratesticular testosterone, the high level of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone compared to peripheral levels suggests its production by the testis."}
{"id": "PMID:263346", "title": "The evolving clinical course of patients with insulin receptor autoantibodies: spontaneous remission or receptor proliferation with hypoglycemia.", "content": "Three patients with insulin resistance caused by autoantibodies to the insulin receptor were investigated serially over a 3-yr period. Major changes in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin receptor status, and titer of antireceptor antibodies were observed in each case. In one patient, normalization of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and receptor binding were associated with a spontaneous fall in the titer of antireceptor antibody. A second, more severely affected patient had two entirely distinct phase to her illness. The first, or hyperglycemic phase, was characterized by insulin resistance, negligible insulin binding to receptors on circulating monocytes, and high titers of circulating antireceptor antibodies. The second phase was characterized by refractory hypoglycemia, in association with proliferation of membrance insulin receptors; these occurred despite persistence of high titers of antireceptor antibody. An unusual heptic lesion, diffuse adenomatosis, was observed during this phase. A third patient showed features of both of the other patients, with spontaneous fall in antibody titer as well as a later phase of receptor proliferation. These studies demonstrate that patients with antibodies to insulin receptors may have a fluctuating clinical course. There may be spontaneous changes in antibody titers as well as independent changes in receptor concentration. Hypoglycemia and hepatic proliferation are newly recognized clinical sequelae in patients with this syndrome.", "contents": "The evolving clinical course of patients with insulin receptor autoantibodies: spontaneous remission or receptor proliferation with hypoglycemia. Three patients with insulin resistance caused by autoantibodies to the insulin receptor were investigated serially over a 3-yr period. Major changes in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin receptor status, and titer of antireceptor antibodies were observed in each case. In one patient, normalization of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and receptor binding were associated with a spontaneous fall in the titer of antireceptor antibody. A second, more severely affected patient had two entirely distinct phase to her illness. The first, or hyperglycemic phase, was characterized by insulin resistance, negligible insulin binding to receptors on circulating monocytes, and high titers of circulating antireceptor antibodies. The second phase was characterized by refractory hypoglycemia, in association with proliferation of membrance insulin receptors; these occurred despite persistence of high titers of antireceptor antibody. An unusual heptic lesion, diffuse adenomatosis, was observed during this phase. A third patient showed features of both of the other patients, with spontaneous fall in antibody titer as well as a later phase of receptor proliferation. These studies demonstrate that patients with antibodies to insulin receptors may have a fluctuating clinical course. There may be spontaneous changes in antibody titers as well as independent changes in receptor concentration. Hypoglycemia and hepatic proliferation are newly recognized clinical sequelae in patients with this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:263347", "title": "Effects of dexamethasone on fetal and maternal thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin levels.", "content": "The concentrations of T4, T3, rT3, and TSH were measured at term pregnancy in maternal and umbilical plasma and in amniotic fluid of 11 normal patients who received 8-16 mg dexamethasone 3-48 h before elective cesarean section and of 10 control patients who received no dexamethasone. The mean (+/- SE) concentrations of T4 (micrograms per dl) in maternal and umbilical plasma of dexamethasone-treated patients (12.5 +/- 0.9 and 13.0 +/- 0.9) were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of the control patients (13.9 +/- 1.5 and 10.4 +/- 0.6, respectively). The mean (+/- SE) maternal plasma concentrations of T3 and rT3 (nanograms per dl) of dexamethasone-treated patients (204 +/- 6 and 82 +/- 11) were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of the control patients (201 +/- 26 and 72 +/- 6, respectively). However, the mean (+/- SE) concentrations of T3 and rT3 (nanograms per dl) in umbilical plasma of dexamethasone-treated patients (106 +/- 13 and 360 +/- 35) were 3- and 2-fold and significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those of the control group (39 +/- 6 and 195 +/- 19, respectively). No significant differences (P less than 0.05) were observed between the mean concentrations of TSH (microunits per ml) in maternal and umbilical plasma of dexamethasone-treated patients (2.5 +/- 0.5 and 3.0 +/- 1.0) and those of the control group (2.8 +/- 0.5 and 6.9 +/- 2.7, respectively). Under the conditions studied, no differences in the mean concentrations of amniotic fluid T4, T3, rT3, or TSH were observed between the two groups of patients (P less than 0.05). The increase of T3 and rT3 levels in umbilical plasma after dexamethasone administration indicates alteration in fetal thyroid economy.", "contents": "Effects of dexamethasone on fetal and maternal thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin levels. The concentrations of T4, T3, rT3, and TSH were measured at term pregnancy in maternal and umbilical plasma and in amniotic fluid of 11 normal patients who received 8-16 mg dexamethasone 3-48 h before elective cesarean section and of 10 control patients who received no dexamethasone. The mean (+/- SE) concentrations of T4 (micrograms per dl) in maternal and umbilical plasma of dexamethasone-treated patients (12.5 +/- 0.9 and 13.0 +/- 0.9) were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of the control patients (13.9 +/- 1.5 and 10.4 +/- 0.6, respectively). The mean (+/- SE) maternal plasma concentrations of T3 and rT3 (nanograms per dl) of dexamethasone-treated patients (204 +/- 6 and 82 +/- 11) were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from those of the control patients (201 +/- 26 and 72 +/- 6, respectively). However, the mean (+/- SE) concentrations of T3 and rT3 (nanograms per dl) in umbilical plasma of dexamethasone-treated patients (106 +/- 13 and 360 +/- 35) were 3- and 2-fold and significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than those of the control group (39 +/- 6 and 195 +/- 19, respectively). No significant differences (P less than 0.05) were observed between the mean concentrations of TSH (microunits per ml) in maternal and umbilical plasma of dexamethasone-treated patients (2.5 +/- 0.5 and 3.0 +/- 1.0) and those of the control group (2.8 +/- 0.5 and 6.9 +/- 2.7, respectively). Under the conditions studied, no differences in the mean concentrations of amniotic fluid T4, T3, rT3, or TSH were observed between the two groups of patients (P less than 0.05). The increase of T3 and rT3 levels in umbilical plasma after dexamethasone administration indicates alteration in fetal thyroid economy."}
{"id": "PMID:263350", "title": "Direct conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone glucuronide in man.", "content": "Tritiated testosterone and [14C]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were administered by constant iv infusion into five young and five elderly men undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The radioactivity concentrations of free and conjugated DHT in arterial and hepatic vein blood samples were then determined. The analysis of the 3H:14C ratio of free DHT in arterial and hepatic vein blood showed that in both groups, the 3H:14C ratio of free DHT was the same in arterial and hepatic vein blood, indicating that splanchnic tissue is not the source of blood DHT from testosterone. This is in agreement with data that the transfer constant across the liver ([rho]T-DHT SD) was undetectable. In both young and elderly men, a significant increase of the 3H concentration of DHT glucuronide in hepatic vein blood was observed, indicating that the splanchnic compartment could be the site of production of DHT glucuronide. The 3H:14C ratio of DHT glucuronide was much higher than that of free DHT in both groups, suggesting that DHT glucuronide is derived from the blood testosterone pool, and most of the DHT from testosterone seems to be conjugated before mixing with blood DHT. This study indicates that a large fraction of DHT produced in the liver from testosterone is efficiently conjugated or further metabolized, and this results in the lack of splanchnic production of free DHT in men.", "contents": "Direct conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone glucuronide in man. Tritiated testosterone and [14C]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were administered by constant iv infusion into five young and five elderly men undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The radioactivity concentrations of free and conjugated DHT in arterial and hepatic vein blood samples were then determined. The analysis of the 3H:14C ratio of free DHT in arterial and hepatic vein blood showed that in both groups, the 3H:14C ratio of free DHT was the same in arterial and hepatic vein blood, indicating that splanchnic tissue is not the source of blood DHT from testosterone. This is in agreement with data that the transfer constant across the liver ([rho]T-DHT SD) was undetectable. In both young and elderly men, a significant increase of the 3H concentration of DHT glucuronide in hepatic vein blood was observed, indicating that the splanchnic compartment could be the site of production of DHT glucuronide. The 3H:14C ratio of DHT glucuronide was much higher than that of free DHT in both groups, suggesting that DHT glucuronide is derived from the blood testosterone pool, and most of the DHT from testosterone seems to be conjugated before mixing with blood DHT. This study indicates that a large fraction of DHT produced in the liver from testosterone is efficiently conjugated or further metabolized, and this results in the lack of splanchnic production of free DHT in men."}
{"id": "PMID:263353", "title": "Inhibitory effect of human follicular fluid upon the maturation of porcine oocytes in culture.", "content": "Human follicular fluid (hFFl) was harvested from follicles (5-15 mm) of human ovaries obtained at laparotomy. Addition of native hFFl, or a low molecular weight fraction of it, to the culture medium was found to inhibit the spontaneous maturation of cumulus-enclosed porcine oocytes. It was also found that hFFl inhibited progesterone secretion by the cumulus cells. The results extend earlier observations in other mammalian species, indicating that in the human, also, a specific oocyte maturation inhibitor is responsible for keeping the oocyte in meiotic arrest.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of human follicular fluid upon the maturation of porcine oocytes in culture. Human follicular fluid (hFFl) was harvested from follicles (5-15 mm) of human ovaries obtained at laparotomy. Addition of native hFFl, or a low molecular weight fraction of it, to the culture medium was found to inhibit the spontaneous maturation of cumulus-enclosed porcine oocytes. It was also found that hFFl inhibited progesterone secretion by the cumulus cells. The results extend earlier observations in other mammalian species, indicating that in the human, also, a specific oocyte maturation inhibitor is responsible for keeping the oocyte in meiotic arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:263354", "title": "Gamma-amino-beta-hydroxy butyric acid stimulates prolactin and growth hormone release in normal women.", "content": "The influence of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxy butyric acid (GABOB) treatment on pituitary function has been investigated in this study. Different doses (50 x 100 mg) of GABOB were iv injected into three and six normal women, respectively. PRL and GH plasma levels were measured before and after the injection. The treatment with 150 mg GABOB, performed in another two normal women, was interrupted because of side-effects (loss of consciousness etc.) due to the treatment. The treatment with 50 mg GABOB did not induce significant variations of the two hormones; however, significant increases of PRL (P less than 0.05) and GH (P less than 0.01) plasma levels were observed after injection with 100 mg GABOB. The present data suggest that gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) itself of GABAergic drugs might play an important role in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "contents": "Gamma-amino-beta-hydroxy butyric acid stimulates prolactin and growth hormone release in normal women. The influence of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxy butyric acid (GABOB) treatment on pituitary function has been investigated in this study. Different doses (50 x 100 mg) of GABOB were iv injected into three and six normal women, respectively. PRL and GH plasma levels were measured before and after the injection. The treatment with 150 mg GABOB, performed in another two normal women, was interrupted because of side-effects (loss of consciousness etc.) due to the treatment. The treatment with 50 mg GABOB did not induce significant variations of the two hormones; however, significant increases of PRL (P less than 0.05) and GH (P less than 0.01) plasma levels were observed after injection with 100 mg GABOB. The present data suggest that gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) itself of GABAergic drugs might play an important role in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary function."}
{"id": "PMID:263355", "title": "L-dopa absorption and the pituitary-hypothalamic axis.", "content": "Administration of oral L-dopa is often used as a neuropharmacological probe to evaluate the pituitary hypothalamic axis. The effect of gastrointestinal absorption of L-dopa on the changes in plasma GH, PRL, and body temperature which occur after ingestion of this amino acid is unknown. Plasma L-dopa, GH, PRL, and rectal and skin temperatures were measured in 14 male volunteers after oral administration of 1.0 g measured in 24 men after random administration of L-dopa and a placebo. L-Dopa levels rose to 1.85 +/- 1.33 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD), but maximum plasma levels occurred at variable times from 30-230 min after drug administration. Plasma GH levels increased to 23.7 +/- 14.7 ng/ml, while PRL levels fell to 46.7 +/- 12.3% of the mean basal values. Rectal temperature decreased significantly in 3 of the men after L-dopa ingestion. Plasma GH levels after L-dopa correlated with the absorption of the drug (P less than 0.05) and inversely with the basal level of GH before L-dopa administration. There was no correlation between the basal PRL level or basal body temperature and the magnitude of the fall in PRL or body temperature after L-dopa administration. The variability of responses in GH, PRL, and body temperature after oral L-dopa ingestion is not the result of differences in  absorption in the amino acid alone, and indicate either that there is a different sensitivity in the mechanisms that stimulate GH secretion and lower plasma PRL and body temperature, or that L-dopa acts at different sites to bring about each of these changes.", "contents": "L-dopa absorption and the pituitary-hypothalamic axis. Administration of oral L-dopa is often used as a neuropharmacological probe to evaluate the pituitary hypothalamic axis. The effect of gastrointestinal absorption of L-dopa on the changes in plasma GH, PRL, and body temperature which occur after ingestion of this amino acid is unknown. Plasma L-dopa, GH, PRL, and rectal and skin temperatures were measured in 14 male volunteers after oral administration of 1.0 g measured in 24 men after random administration of L-dopa and a placebo. L-Dopa levels rose to 1.85 +/- 1.33 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD), but maximum plasma levels occurred at variable times from 30-230 min after drug administration. Plasma GH levels increased to 23.7 +/- 14.7 ng/ml, while PRL levels fell to 46.7 +/- 12.3% of the mean basal values. Rectal temperature decreased significantly in 3 of the men after L-dopa ingestion. Plasma GH levels after L-dopa correlated with the absorption of the drug (P less than 0.05) and inversely with the basal level of GH before L-dopa administration. There was no correlation between the basal PRL level or basal body temperature and the magnitude of the fall in PRL or body temperature after L-dopa administration. The variability of responses in GH, PRL, and body temperature after oral L-dopa ingestion is not the result of differences in  absorption in the amino acid alone, and indicate either that there is a different sensitivity in the mechanisms that stimulate GH secretion and lower plasma PRL and body temperature, or that L-dopa acts at different sites to bring about each of these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:263356", "title": "Nomifensine: diagnostic test in hyperprolactinemic states.", "content": "Nomifensine, an antidepressant agent which activates dopamine (D) neurotransmission mainly by inhibiting DA reuptake in the central nervous system, was administered either to puerperal lactating women or to subjects with nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia. In 10 postpartum women and in 7 women with no evidence of PRL-secreting tumor, oral administration of nomifensine (100 or 200 mg, respectively) induced in the following 5 h a clear-cut inhibition of plasma PRL levels; in 10 patients with PRL-secreting tumors, the drug did not lower plasma PRL levels. In 2 of these patients nonsupressibility of plasma PRL levels to nomifensine was the only indication of the existence of a pituitary microadenoma. It is proposed that acute nomifensine testing may be a valid neuropharmacological tool for discriminating between individuals with and without pituitary adenoma.", "contents": "Nomifensine: diagnostic test in hyperprolactinemic states. Nomifensine, an antidepressant agent which activates dopamine (D) neurotransmission mainly by inhibiting DA reuptake in the central nervous system, was administered either to puerperal lactating women or to subjects with nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia. In 10 postpartum women and in 7 women with no evidence of PRL-secreting tumor, oral administration of nomifensine (100 or 200 mg, respectively) induced in the following 5 h a clear-cut inhibition of plasma PRL levels; in 10 patients with PRL-secreting tumors, the drug did not lower plasma PRL levels. In 2 of these patients nonsupressibility of plasma PRL levels to nomifensine was the only indication of the existence of a pituitary microadenoma. It is proposed that acute nomifensine testing may be a valid neuropharmacological tool for discriminating between individuals with and without pituitary adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:263357", "title": "Specific 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptors in human gingiva.", "content": "The cytoplasm of normal human male and female gingiva contains a receptor capable of specifically binding 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This binding has a high affinity for DHT (Kd, approximately 2.2 x 10-9 M) and a low capacity (approximately 190 fmol/mg protein). The binding is extremely heat sensitive and exhibits a pattern of competition similar to that obtained with DHT receptors from other target tissues. The demonstration of a specific DHT receptor in human gingiva provides the first direct biochemical evidence that this tissue may function as a target organ for androgens. There was no correlation between the Kd in normal tissue and gingival hyperplasia or between the Kd or number of binding sites and the age or sex of the patient. However, there sites and the age or sex of the patient. However, there was a significant difference (P less than 0.0005) between the amount of DHT-binding sites per mg protein in normal tissue as compared to gingival hyperplasia (drugs or pregnancy).", "contents": "Specific 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone receptors in human gingiva. The cytoplasm of normal human male and female gingiva contains a receptor capable of specifically binding 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This binding has a high affinity for DHT (Kd, approximately 2.2 x 10-9 M) and a low capacity (approximately 190 fmol/mg protein). The binding is extremely heat sensitive and exhibits a pattern of competition similar to that obtained with DHT receptors from other target tissues. The demonstration of a specific DHT receptor in human gingiva provides the first direct biochemical evidence that this tissue may function as a target organ for androgens. There was no correlation between the Kd in normal tissue and gingival hyperplasia or between the Kd or number of binding sites and the age or sex of the patient. However, there sites and the age or sex of the patient. However, there was a significant difference (P less than 0.0005) between the amount of DHT-binding sites per mg protein in normal tissue as compared to gingival hyperplasia (drugs or pregnancy)."}
{"id": "PMID:263358", "title": "LH and melatonin secretion patterns in pubertal boys.", "content": "Four normal pubertal boys had plasma LH and melatonin measured at 20-minute intervals for 24-hours. All four subjects showed a significant augmentation of LH and melatonin during nocturnal sleep. There was also a significant correlation between the LH and melatonin levels (P less than 0.001). These data indicate that the peripheral concentrations of melatonin which occur during sleep are insufficient to prevent spontaneous LH secretion during puberty.", "contents": "LH and melatonin secretion patterns in pubertal boys. Four normal pubertal boys had plasma LH and melatonin measured at 20-minute intervals for 24-hours. All four subjects showed a significant augmentation of LH and melatonin during nocturnal sleep. There was also a significant correlation between the LH and melatonin levels (P less than 0.001). These data indicate that the peripheral concentrations of melatonin which occur during sleep are insufficient to prevent spontaneous LH secretion during puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:263364", "title": "Small bowel rupture due to blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Fourteen men with traumatic rupture of the small gut are analysed. Seven had alcohol intoxication. The diagnosis was made pre-operatively in eight. Ileal ruptures were the commonest, (11 of 14). Two patients died.", "contents": "Small bowel rupture due to blunt abdominal trauma. Fourteen men with traumatic rupture of the small gut are analysed. Seven had alcohol intoxication. The diagnosis was made pre-operatively in eight. Ileal ruptures were the commonest, (11 of 14). Two patients died."}
{"id": "PMID:263363", "title": "Anaemia in pregnancy--a report of two trials.", "content": "In two separate trials, 140 cases of Pregnancy Anaemia were investigated in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. The distribution of anaemia was as follows: Iron deficiency 118 (84.2%); dual deficiency 15 (19.7%); haemolytic five (35%); and megaloblastic 2 (1.4%). Anaemia with megaloblastic change was more common in the second study.", "contents": "Anaemia in pregnancy--a report of two trials. In two separate trials, 140 cases of Pregnancy Anaemia were investigated in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. The distribution of anaemia was as follows: Iron deficiency 118 (84.2%); dual deficiency 15 (19.7%); haemolytic five (35%); and megaloblastic 2 (1.4%). Anaemia with megaloblastic change was more common in the second study."}
{"id": "PMID:263368", "title": "A review of autopsies at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, 1975.", "content": "Findings in all clinical autopsies performed in 1975 are presented. The autopsy rate for all deaths was 17%, it was only 10% in childhood deaths, but rose to nearly 34% if stillbirths and neonatal deaths are excluded. The main causes of death are classified in major fields. In adults neoplasms were the commonest cause of death with acute infections and cardiac diseases following in order of importance. The value of the clinical autopsy is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A review of autopsies at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, 1975. Findings in all clinical autopsies performed in 1975 are presented. The autopsy rate for all deaths was 17%, it was only 10% in childhood deaths, but rose to nearly 34% if stillbirths and neonatal deaths are excluded. The main causes of death are classified in major fields. In adults neoplasms were the commonest cause of death with acute infections and cardiac diseases following in order of importance. The value of the clinical autopsy is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263369", "title": "Blood supply and position of the vermiform appendix in Zambians.", "content": "The arterial blood supply, position, and length of the appendix were studied 103 Zambian cadavers. In 39.8%, more than one appendicular artery was found. In position, 43.6% were pelvic, and 20.3% retro-cecal. The average length of the appendix was 12.0 cm in males, and 11.4 cm in females. The prevalence of the dual blood supply and pelvic position, may partly explain the recorded rarity of appendicitis among Africans.", "contents": "Blood supply and position of the vermiform appendix in Zambians. The arterial blood supply, position, and length of the appendix were studied 103 Zambian cadavers. In 39.8%, more than one appendicular artery was found. In position, 43.6% were pelvic, and 20.3% retro-cecal. The average length of the appendix was 12.0 cm in males, and 11.4 cm in females. The prevalence of the dual blood supply and pelvic position, may partly explain the recorded rarity of appendicitis among Africans."}
{"id": "PMID:263370", "title": "The treatment of sepsis in superficial burns: effect of 1% Silver Sulphadiazine.", "content": "One hundred patients with superficial burns were treated by the exposure method under ordinary ward conditions. Topical 1% Silver Sulphidiazine (\"Flamazine\") was used under controlled conditions. The exposure technique, with judicious local cleaning, resulted in spontaneous healing in 42% of cases. Topical \"Flamazine\" was used in 58% of cases. It was found to be soothing, giving patients instant relief of pain. It arrested crack and fissure formation with bleeding, especially in burnt areas in the neck and about major joints. It expedited healing; an astringent effect was also observed. It was concluded that the exposure technique, with topical \"Flamazine\", was beneficial in the treatment of superficial burns, obviating the routine daily bathing of the burnt.", "contents": "The treatment of sepsis in superficial burns: effect of 1% Silver Sulphadiazine. One hundred patients with superficial burns were treated by the exposure method under ordinary ward conditions. Topical 1% Silver Sulphidiazine (\"Flamazine\") was used under controlled conditions. The exposure technique, with judicious local cleaning, resulted in spontaneous healing in 42% of cases. Topical \"Flamazine\" was used in 58% of cases. It was found to be soothing, giving patients instant relief of pain. It arrested crack and fissure formation with bleeding, especially in burnt areas in the neck and about major joints. It expedited healing; an astringent effect was also observed. It was concluded that the exposure technique, with topical \"Flamazine\", was beneficial in the treatment of superficial burns, obviating the routine daily bathing of the burnt."}
{"id": "PMID:263374", "title": "A clinical study of Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.", "content": "Sixty-nine cases of Osteomyelitis, and 27 of septic arthritis have been presented. 69/96 (71%) were children below 12. The sites frequently involved were tibia, femur and humerus. Septic arthritis commonly involved the knee. The commonest organism was Penicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Though we sought but failed to establish that overt clinical malnutrition was aetiologically important, since 54% were well-fed children, the virulence of the sepsis in which an entire bone shaft may die is disturbing but unexplained. Whereas arthrotomy plus antibiotics gave uniformly good results for septic arthritis, in osteomyelitis, no single treatment regime was outstanding. We would recommend the tetracyclines, (eg. \"Reverin\"), in addition to appropriate surgery, as a routine.", "contents": "A clinical study of Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Sixty-nine cases of Osteomyelitis, and 27 of septic arthritis have been presented. 69/96 (71%) were children below 12. The sites frequently involved were tibia, femur and humerus. Septic arthritis commonly involved the knee. The commonest organism was Penicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Though we sought but failed to establish that overt clinical malnutrition was aetiologically important, since 54% were well-fed children, the virulence of the sepsis in which an entire bone shaft may die is disturbing but unexplained. Whereas arthrotomy plus antibiotics gave uniformly good results for septic arthritis, in osteomyelitis, no single treatment regime was outstanding. We would recommend the tetracyclines, (eg. \"Reverin\"), in addition to appropriate surgery, as a routine."}
{"id": "PMID:263373", "title": "Initial management of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lusaka, 1976.", "content": "The records of 395 patients diagnosed in the Lusaka UTH as having pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 1976 were examined. A total of 4,308 patient days were spent by 319 TB patients on treatment at UTH: average 12 beds a day. Thirty (8%) absconded from the UTH: 80% were later transferred to Kabwe or Kafue Gorge. Initial diagnosis was made by smear only in 71% of cases; the known resistance rate in Zambia is about 25%. Treatment was variable: 86% were started on streptomycin and thiazine, about 50% of sputum-negative cases on triple regimes, and old cases were also sometimes restarted on streptomycin and thiazine. Ways of advancing TB control in Lusaka were suggested.", "contents": "Initial management of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lusaka, 1976. The records of 395 patients diagnosed in the Lusaka UTH as having pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 1976 were examined. A total of 4,308 patient days were spent by 319 TB patients on treatment at UTH: average 12 beds a day. Thirty (8%) absconded from the UTH: 80% were later transferred to Kabwe or Kafue Gorge. Initial diagnosis was made by smear only in 71% of cases; the known resistance rate in Zambia is about 25%. Treatment was variable: 86% were started on streptomycin and thiazine, about 50% of sputum-negative cases on triple regimes, and old cases were also sometimes restarted on streptomycin and thiazine. Ways of advancing TB control in Lusaka were suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:263376", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia: incidence and significance in Zambian blood donors.", "content": "Forty-eight (5.0%) of 966 healthy Zambian blood donors were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) when tested by the turkey erythrocyte passive haemagglutination (TEPHA) method. Twenty-six were investigated in detail, but only one blood donor was found to have liver disease, and this was thought unlikely to be causally related to HBsAg (alcohol-induced fatty infiltration). It is recommended however, that blood donors should be screened for HBsAg. Positive individuals should be rejected but their serum tested for aspartate transaminase (AST), and, if elevated, a liver biopsy performed. This ideal policy is not practicable in all tropical hospitals.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia: incidence and significance in Zambian blood donors. Forty-eight (5.0%) of 966 healthy Zambian blood donors were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) when tested by the turkey erythrocyte passive haemagglutination (TEPHA) method. Twenty-six were investigated in detail, but only one blood donor was found to have liver disease, and this was thought unlikely to be causally related to HBsAg (alcohol-induced fatty infiltration). It is recommended however, that blood donors should be screened for HBsAg. Positive individuals should be rejected but their serum tested for aspartate transaminase (AST), and, if elevated, a liver biopsy performed. This ideal policy is not practicable in all tropical hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:263390", "title": "Adverse reactions to methyldopa with particular reference to hypotension.", "content": "Of 26,294 consecutive patients monitored in a comprehensive drug surveillance program, 1067 (4 per cent) received methyldopa for treatment of hypertension. Adverse reactions attributed to methyldopa were reported in 149 patients (14 per cent), the most frequent being hypotension. Life-threatening adverse effects were reported in nine patients (6 per cent of reactors)--the major problems being hypotension associated in several patients with signs of cardiac or cerebral ischemia. Hypotension attributed to methyldopa was more frequent in younger patients, in those with uremia, in lighter subjects, and in those receiving a high daily dose. Marked interaction between these factors was demonstrated and eightfold differences in the frequency of hypotension were observed in different sub-groups of methyldopa recipients. Adverse effects other than hypotension were reported infrequently and did not correlate well with the previously mentioned factors. The findings suggest that methyldopa therapy should be commenced cautiously in younger patients, in the non-obese, and in those with impairment of renal function as manifest by elevated blood urea nitrogen levels.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to methyldopa with particular reference to hypotension. Of 26,294 consecutive patients monitored in a comprehensive drug surveillance program, 1067 (4 per cent) received methyldopa for treatment of hypertension. Adverse reactions attributed to methyldopa were reported in 149 patients (14 per cent), the most frequent being hypotension. Life-threatening adverse effects were reported in nine patients (6 per cent of reactors)--the major problems being hypotension associated in several patients with signs of cardiac or cerebral ischemia. Hypotension attributed to methyldopa was more frequent in younger patients, in those with uremia, in lighter subjects, and in those receiving a high daily dose. Marked interaction between these factors was demonstrated and eightfold differences in the frequency of hypotension were observed in different sub-groups of methyldopa recipients. Adverse effects other than hypotension were reported infrequently and did not correlate well with the previously mentioned factors. The findings suggest that methyldopa therapy should be commenced cautiously in younger patients, in the non-obese, and in those with impairment of renal function as manifest by elevated blood urea nitrogen levels."}
{"id": "PMID:263392", "title": "An evaluation of the results of left ventricular aneurysmectomy: use of a simplified method for analysis of the left ventriculogram.", "content": "Twenty-three patients underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy without coronary artery bypass or other surgical procedure. Fourteen patients (Group 1) benefitted from surgery, and nine fared poorly (Group 2), including the four postoperative deaths. Among the 19 survivors, 17 had postoperative catheterizations. Pre- and postoperative left ventriculograms in the right anterior oblique projection were analyzed by planimetry of the aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal areas. This method provided data favorably altered by surgery in the improved patients and unchanged in the others. None of the preoperative ventriculographic measurements effectively separated the postoperative patient groups. The poor results in the Group 2 patients were of heterogeneous origin arising from pre-, peri- and postoperative factors. The more important factors were the largest and smallest aneurysms, surgically induced mitral insufficiency, and progressive coronary artery disease. Thus, the improvement in surgical results from better angiographic preoperative case selection is possible, but limited.", "contents": "An evaluation of the results of left ventricular aneurysmectomy: use of a simplified method for analysis of the left ventriculogram. Twenty-three patients underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy without coronary artery bypass or other surgical procedure. Fourteen patients (Group 1) benefitted from surgery, and nine fared poorly (Group 2), including the four postoperative deaths. Among the 19 survivors, 17 had postoperative catheterizations. Pre- and postoperative left ventriculograms in the right anterior oblique projection were analyzed by planimetry of the aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal areas. This method provided data favorably altered by surgery in the improved patients and unchanged in the others. None of the preoperative ventriculographic measurements effectively separated the postoperative patient groups. The poor results in the Group 2 patients were of heterogeneous origin arising from pre-, peri- and postoperative factors. The more important factors were the largest and smallest aneurysms, surgically induced mitral insufficiency, and progressive coronary artery disease. Thus, the improvement in surgical results from better angiographic preoperative case selection is possible, but limited."}
{"id": "PMID:263393", "title": "Coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas.", "content": "Twelve patients with a total of 14 coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas were discovered at the time of diagnostic coronary angiography. Six patients had severe coronary artery disease, five patients had normal coronary arteriography, one patient had insignificant coronary artery disease, and one patient had rheumatic heart disease. Only two patients had characteristic continuous murmurs; one patient had a normal coronary angiogram, and the second patient had severe coronary artery disease. Ten fistulas originated from the left anterior descending artery, three from the right coronary artery, and one from the left circumflex artery. The fistulas were either composed of one large (five fistulas) or one or more small channels (seven fistulas) or poorly defined plexiform channels (two fistulas). Hydrogen studies performed in two patients were negative and dye dilution curves performed in all patients were normal. In only four out of the six patients with severe coronary artery disease, the fistulas originated from a diseased vessel and in each case the origin was proximal to the narrowing. The pathogenesis and functional role of these fistulas is largely unknown.", "contents": "Coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas. Twelve patients with a total of 14 coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas were discovered at the time of diagnostic coronary angiography. Six patients had severe coronary artery disease, five patients had normal coronary arteriography, one patient had insignificant coronary artery disease, and one patient had rheumatic heart disease. Only two patients had characteristic continuous murmurs; one patient had a normal coronary angiogram, and the second patient had severe coronary artery disease. Ten fistulas originated from the left anterior descending artery, three from the right coronary artery, and one from the left circumflex artery. The fistulas were either composed of one large (five fistulas) or one or more small channels (seven fistulas) or poorly defined plexiform channels (two fistulas). Hydrogen studies performed in two patients were negative and dye dilution curves performed in all patients were normal. In only four out of the six patients with severe coronary artery disease, the fistulas originated from a diseased vessel and in each case the origin was proximal to the narrowing. The pathogenesis and functional role of these fistulas is largely unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:263394", "title": "Migraine and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "We believe there is a significant association between migraine and the prolapse mitral valve syndrome. Propranolol is the drug of choice in these patients for the treatment and prevention of migraine. Increased platelet aggregability may be the common pathophysiologic mechanism as relates to emboli from the valve and possibly in strokes related to migraine. Recognition of the association of the two syndromes will result in appropriate subacute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis for patients at risk as well as prevention of improper medication to those patients with migraine who are at risk for stroke.", "contents": "Migraine and the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. We believe there is a significant association between migraine and the prolapse mitral valve syndrome. Propranolol is the drug of choice in these patients for the treatment and prevention of migraine. Increased platelet aggregability may be the common pathophysiologic mechanism as relates to emboli from the valve and possibly in strokes related to migraine. Recognition of the association of the two syndromes will result in appropriate subacute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis for patients at risk as well as prevention of improper medication to those patients with migraine who are at risk for stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:263395", "title": "Leukocyte function after aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Leukocyte function was studied in patients with prosthetic heart valves by oxygen consumption measurements during phagocytosis of polystyrene latex particles. The consumption reflects the phagocytotic capacity of the cells. In 38 patients with Starr-Edwards aortic ball valves the mean oxygen consumption was 3.95 nanoatoms per minute per 10(6) leukocytes, as compared to 4.15 in 50 healthy subjects, the difference not being statistically significant. The number of leukocytes per ml. of blood and the distribution of cell types was quite similar in the two groups, although slightly more younger cells were found in the patients. It is concluded that the capacity for phagocytosis is not significantly reduced after aortic ball valve implantation.", "contents": "Leukocyte function after aortic valve replacement. Leukocyte function was studied in patients with prosthetic heart valves by oxygen consumption measurements during phagocytosis of polystyrene latex particles. The consumption reflects the phagocytotic capacity of the cells. In 38 patients with Starr-Edwards aortic ball valves the mean oxygen consumption was 3.95 nanoatoms per minute per 10(6) leukocytes, as compared to 4.15 in 50 healthy subjects, the difference not being statistically significant. The number of leukocytes per ml. of blood and the distribution of cell types was quite similar in the two groups, although slightly more younger cells were found in the patients. It is concluded that the capacity for phagocytosis is not significantly reduced after aortic ball valve implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:263396", "title": "Quinidine pharmacokinetics in patients with cirrhosis or receiving propranolol.", "content": "Quinidine pharmacokinetics (half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance) as well as protein binding were evaluated following a single 200 mg. oral dose of quinidine sulfate in eight control patients, in eight patients with moderate to severe cirrhosis, and in seven patients receiving 40 to 400 mg./day of propranolol. Patients with cirrhosis had a significantly longer quinidine half-life (9 +/- 1 hr; p less than .01) when compared to control patients (6 +/- 0.5h). This was not related to a reduced quinidine clearance rate but rather to an increase in quinidine volume of distribution (4.1 +/- .4 L./Kg. in cirrhotic patients vs 2.6 +/- 1 L./Kg. in control patients; p less than .01). Abnormal quinidine binding (greater than 25 per cent unbound fraction) was noted in seven of the eight cirrhotic patients. In contrast, patients receiving propranolol had a normal quinidine half-life of 6 +/- 0.5 hr. However, these patients had a significantly reduced quinidine clearance (3.3 +/- .7 ml./min./Kg. vs. 5.3 +/- .5 ml./min./Kg. in controls; p less than .05) and higher peak concentrations (1.25 +/- .20 micrograms/ml. vs. .80 +/- .5 micrograms/ml. in controls; p less than .05). Therefore in patients receiving propranolol, quinidine levels may be higher than expected shortly after dosage, and therefore a potential for transient toxicity exists in these patients. Maintenance quinidine dosage may have to be reduced in patients with moderate to severe hepatic cirrhosis, but not in patients receiving propranolol. Total quinidine concentration measurement underestimate free quinidine concentrations in most cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "Quinidine pharmacokinetics in patients with cirrhosis or receiving propranolol. Quinidine pharmacokinetics (half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance) as well as protein binding were evaluated following a single 200 mg. oral dose of quinidine sulfate in eight control patients, in eight patients with moderate to severe cirrhosis, and in seven patients receiving 40 to 400 mg./day of propranolol. Patients with cirrhosis had a significantly longer quinidine half-life (9 +/- 1 hr; p less than .01) when compared to control patients (6 +/- 0.5h). This was not related to a reduced quinidine clearance rate but rather to an increase in quinidine volume of distribution (4.1 +/- .4 L./Kg. in cirrhotic patients vs 2.6 +/- 1 L./Kg. in control patients; p less than .01). Abnormal quinidine binding (greater than 25 per cent unbound fraction) was noted in seven of the eight cirrhotic patients. In contrast, patients receiving propranolol had a normal quinidine half-life of 6 +/- 0.5 hr. However, these patients had a significantly reduced quinidine clearance (3.3 +/- .7 ml./min./Kg. vs. 5.3 +/- .5 ml./min./Kg. in controls; p less than .05) and higher peak concentrations (1.25 +/- .20 micrograms/ml. vs. .80 +/- .5 micrograms/ml. in controls; p less than .05). Therefore in patients receiving propranolol, quinidine levels may be higher than expected shortly after dosage, and therefore a potential for transient toxicity exists in these patients. Maintenance quinidine dosage may have to be reduced in patients with moderate to severe hepatic cirrhosis, but not in patients receiving propranolol. Total quinidine concentration measurement underestimate free quinidine concentrations in most cirrhotic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:263397", "title": "Hemodynamics of essential hypertension in young subjects.", "content": "Cardiac output was determined in 42 young essential hypertensives (15 to 25 yrs); values ranged from 3.86 to 10.30 L./minute. These differences were not related to magnitude of volemia. Correlation of output to weekly blood pressure average (BPav) was not significant; its relationship to intraarterial pressure (BPia) was not significant in 21 patients aged 20 to 25 and of borderline significance in 13 aged 15 to 19. Blood pressure changes associated with the study (BPia--BPav) were also not consistently related to cardiac output. Six patients had systolic hypertension; only one had elevated stroke volume. These results outline as complex a picture in young essential hypertensives as in older subjects.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of essential hypertension in young subjects. Cardiac output was determined in 42 young essential hypertensives (15 to 25 yrs); values ranged from 3.86 to 10.30 L./minute. These differences were not related to magnitude of volemia. Correlation of output to weekly blood pressure average (BPav) was not significant; its relationship to intraarterial pressure (BPia) was not significant in 21 patients aged 20 to 25 and of borderline significance in 13 aged 15 to 19. Blood pressure changes associated with the study (BPia--BPav) were also not consistently related to cardiac output. Six patients had systolic hypertension; only one had elevated stroke volume. These results outline as complex a picture in young essential hypertensives as in older subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:263398", "title": "Exposure of concealed right bundle branch block in Wolff-Parkinson-White type B by pacing from the vicinity of the A-V node.", "content": "In two infants with Wolff-Parkinson-White type B, right bundle branch block was concealed during sinus rhythm and pacing from close to the atrial entrance of the right-sided accessory pathway. However, pacing from the vicinity of the A-V node, the A-V node itself, and the His bundle exposed the right bundle branch block by producing exclusive ventricular activation through the normal, A-V nodal His-Purkinje pathway. In addition, pacing from close to the A-V node also resulted in fusion beats characterized by absence of delta waves with (pseudo) normal QRS complexes and short H-V intervals. False patterns of tachycardia-dependent and bradycardia-dependent block in the accessory pathway also occurred. These dynamic phenomena were attributed to the (peri-A-V nodal) pacing-related, relatively early arrival of excitation at the ventricles through the normal pathways coexisting with delayed arrival of excitation via the accessory pathway. The latter in turn was due to the longer intra-atrial conduction time from paced (peri-A-V nodal) site to atrial entrance of the accessory pathway.", "contents": "Exposure of concealed right bundle branch block in Wolff-Parkinson-White type B by pacing from the vicinity of the A-V node. In two infants with Wolff-Parkinson-White type B, right bundle branch block was concealed during sinus rhythm and pacing from close to the atrial entrance of the right-sided accessory pathway. However, pacing from the vicinity of the A-V node, the A-V node itself, and the His bundle exposed the right bundle branch block by producing exclusive ventricular activation through the normal, A-V nodal His-Purkinje pathway. In addition, pacing from close to the A-V node also resulted in fusion beats characterized by absence of delta waves with (pseudo) normal QRS complexes and short H-V intervals. False patterns of tachycardia-dependent and bradycardia-dependent block in the accessory pathway also occurred. These dynamic phenomena were attributed to the (peri-A-V nodal) pacing-related, relatively early arrival of excitation at the ventricles through the normal pathways coexisting with delayed arrival of excitation via the accessory pathway. The latter in turn was due to the longer intra-atrial conduction time from paced (peri-A-V nodal) site to atrial entrance of the accessory pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:263431", "title": "The familial component in longevity--a study of offspring of nonagenarians: III. Intrafamilial studies.", "content": "The effect of parental longevity on the length of survival of offspring has been examined according to selected demographic and environmental characteristics. The present study is based on 7,103 progeny, 20 years old or older. They were the sons and daughters of 1,766 men or women, 90 or more years old, who were alive in 1922-1930 at the time of ascertainment. The age at death of the other parent of the offspring is the basis of classification used in this analysis. A positive relationship was found between age at death of the non-proband parent and the age at death of the offspring. This relationship existed regardless of similarities or differences in the characteristics analyzed.", "contents": "The familial component in longevity--a study of offspring of nonagenarians: III. Intrafamilial studies. The effect of parental longevity on the length of survival of offspring has been examined according to selected demographic and environmental characteristics. The present study is based on 7,103 progeny, 20 years old or older. They were the sons and daughters of 1,766 men or women, 90 or more years old, who were alive in 1922-1930 at the time of ascertainment. The age at death of the other parent of the offspring is the basis of classification used in this analysis. A positive relationship was found between age at death of the non-proband parent and the age at death of the offspring. This relationship existed regardless of similarities or differences in the characteristics analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:263432", "title": "Familial correlations of longevity: an isolate-based study.", "content": "Familial correlations for age at time of death have been computed in a French Canadian isolate. We show that parent-offspring correlations as well as sib correlations are of the same order of magnitude as that between spouses for various age groups at death. It is suggested that heritability of survival is nearly zero. Observed variability in survival is interpreted as the effect of environmental differences acting upon age-dependent genes.", "contents": "Familial correlations of longevity: an isolate-based study. Familial correlations for age at time of death have been computed in a French Canadian isolate. We show that parent-offspring correlations as well as sib correlations are of the same order of magnitude as that between spouses for various age groups at death. It is suggested that heritability of survival is nearly zero. Observed variability in survival is interpreted as the effect of environmental differences acting upon age-dependent genes."}
{"id": "PMID:263433", "title": "The G and BBB syndromes: case presentations, genetics, and nosology.", "content": "Hypertelorism and hypospadias are described in four unrelated boys; bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were also present in two of the boys and mild mental retardation in another. These features are compatible with both the G and BBB syndromes. When present, laryngotracheoesophageal anomalies or respiratory and swallowing difficulties are characteristic features of the G syndrome; otherwise facial features may be useful in distinguishing the G and BBB syndromes. Cases 1 and 2 had anteverted nares and a broad and flat nasal bridge, and Case 1 had shortened palpebral fissures, all consistent with the G syndrome. In contrast, Cases 3 and 4 had a high and broad nasal bridge as previously described in the BBB syndrome. The father of Case 1 had mild hypertelorism and first-degree hypospadias, demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance in the G syndrome. The mothers of Cases 2, 3, and 4 all had mild hypertelorism consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance and partial male-sex limitation, as previously proposed for both the G and BBB syndromes.", "contents": "The G and BBB syndromes: case presentations, genetics, and nosology. Hypertelorism and hypospadias are described in four unrelated boys; bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were also present in two of the boys and mild mental retardation in another. These features are compatible with both the G and BBB syndromes. When present, laryngotracheoesophageal anomalies or respiratory and swallowing difficulties are characteristic features of the G syndrome; otherwise facial features may be useful in distinguishing the G and BBB syndromes. Cases 1 and 2 had anteverted nares and a broad and flat nasal bridge, and Case 1 had shortened palpebral fissures, all consistent with the G syndrome. In contrast, Cases 3 and 4 had a high and broad nasal bridge as previously described in the BBB syndrome. The father of Case 1 had mild hypertelorism and first-degree hypospadias, demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance in the G syndrome. The mothers of Cases 2, 3, and 4 all had mild hypertelorism consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance and partial male-sex limitation, as previously proposed for both the G and BBB syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:263434", "title": "Phenotypic overlap of the BBB and G syndromes.", "content": "Three males with similar malformations including hypertelorism, telecanthus, cleft lip and palate, and hypospadias, have been evaluated. One also had a laryngotracheoesophageal cleft and therefore was considered to have the G syndrome. The other two had no stridor, aspiration, or difficulty swallowing, and were considered to have the BBB syndrome. Both disorders are associated with multiple malformations and can be most readily distinguished by the presence of laryngoesophageal abnormalities in the G syndrome and differences in facial features evident later in childhood. The BBB syndrome appears to be inherited as an X-linked disorder with the affected female showing only telecanthus and hypertelorism. The G syndrome exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with males more severely affected, although a few few females have had serious malformations in addition to telecanthus and hypertelorism. In the family with the G syndrome evaluated for this report, the mother of the affected infant had telecanthus, hypertelorism, and anosmia, the latter a feature not previously noted in this disorder.", "contents": "Phenotypic overlap of the BBB and G syndromes. Three males with similar malformations including hypertelorism, telecanthus, cleft lip and palate, and hypospadias, have been evaluated. One also had a laryngotracheoesophageal cleft and therefore was considered to have the G syndrome. The other two had no stridor, aspiration, or difficulty swallowing, and were considered to have the BBB syndrome. Both disorders are associated with multiple malformations and can be most readily distinguished by the presence of laryngoesophageal abnormalities in the G syndrome and differences in facial features evident later in childhood. The BBB syndrome appears to be inherited as an X-linked disorder with the affected female showing only telecanthus and hypertelorism. The G syndrome exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with males more severely affected, although a few few females have had serious malformations in addition to telecanthus and hypertelorism. In the family with the G syndrome evaluated for this report, the mother of the affected infant had telecanthus, hypertelorism, and anosmia, the latter a feature not previously noted in this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:263435", "title": "Alkaptonuria in the Trenc\u00edn District of Czechoslovakia.", "content": "For several years the Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory at Martin, Czechoslovakia, has been studying alkaptonuria (AU) in the northern part of the District of Trenc\u00edn in Slovakia. These affected individuals are part of a group of 103 alkaptonurics originated mostly in the mountainous parts of Slovakia. We report results of pedigree analyses; population and affected-family biochemical urine screening; estimation of inbreeding coefficient, of exogamy rate and of average marital distance and of calculation of the frequency of the AU allele, and of homozygotes and heterozygotes in this portion of the Trenc\u00edn District. Twelve homozygotes were found, but seven originated from a single hamlet in which a founder effect - genetic drift and inbreeding - are thought to account for the high prevalence of AU.", "contents": "Alkaptonuria in the Trenc\u00edn District of Czechoslovakia. For several years the Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory at Martin, Czechoslovakia, has been studying alkaptonuria (AU) in the northern part of the District of Trenc\u00edn in Slovakia. These affected individuals are part of a group of 103 alkaptonurics originated mostly in the mountainous parts of Slovakia. We report results of pedigree analyses; population and affected-family biochemical urine screening; estimation of inbreeding coefficient, of exogamy rate and of average marital distance and of calculation of the frequency of the AU allele, and of homozygotes and heterozygotes in this portion of the Trenc\u00edn District. Twelve homozygotes were found, but seven originated from a single hamlet in which a founder effect - genetic drift and inbreeding - are thought to account for the high prevalence of AU."}
{"id": "PMID:263436", "title": "Cystinuria genotypes predicted from excretion patterns.", "content": "Genotypes of 17 patients with cystinuria were predicted from data based on excretion rates of the families' obligate carriers. The methodology differed from that used by other investigators as it did not employ intestinal biopsy studies or loading dose measurements. The Type I form was more common than either Type II or Type III and frequently occurred in combination to give compound heterozygous genotypes with the Type III form.", "contents": "Cystinuria genotypes predicted from excretion patterns. Genotypes of 17 patients with cystinuria were predicted from data based on excretion rates of the families' obligate carriers. The methodology differed from that used by other investigators as it did not employ intestinal biopsy studies or loading dose measurements. The Type I form was more common than either Type II or Type III and frequently occurred in combination to give compound heterozygous genotypes with the Type III form."}
{"id": "PMID:263437", "title": "Normal intelligence in two children with Carpenter syndrome.", "content": "Previous reports have noted a constant association between the Carpenter syndrome (acrocephalopolysyndactyly, type II) and mental retardation. We report two patients with this condition with normal intelligence. These observations indicate that mental deficiency is not necessarily a component of the Carpenter syndrome and that early surgical correction of the craniosynostoses may improve the chances of normal mentality.", "contents": "Normal intelligence in two children with Carpenter syndrome. Previous reports have noted a constant association between the Carpenter syndrome (acrocephalopolysyndactyly, type II) and mental retardation. We report two patients with this condition with normal intelligence. These observations indicate that mental deficiency is not necessarily a component of the Carpenter syndrome and that early surgical correction of the craniosynostoses may improve the chances of normal mentality."}
{"id": "PMID:263438", "title": "Cerebral gigantism and primary hypothyroidism: pleiotropy or incidental concurrence.", "content": "An 8.5-month-old baby girl had cerebral gigantism and primary hypothyroidism with generalized large muscles (the Kocher-Debr\u00e9-Semelaigne syndrome). The significance of this association remains to be determined.", "contents": "Cerebral gigantism and primary hypothyroidism: pleiotropy or incidental concurrence. An 8.5-month-old baby girl had cerebral gigantism and primary hypothyroidism with generalized large muscles (the Kocher-Debr\u00e9-Semelaigne syndrome). The significance of this association remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:263439", "title": "X-linked mental retardation: transmission of the trait by an apparently unaffected male.", "content": "A pedigree is presented in which an apparently unaffected man transmitted the gene for X-linked mental retardation to at least four of his 12 daughters. None of his 12 sons was mentally retarded. These findings may be explained by a somatic mutation and germinal mosaicism in the father or by a half chromatid mutation in maternal gametes.", "contents": "X-linked mental retardation: transmission of the trait by an apparently unaffected male. A pedigree is presented in which an apparently unaffected man transmitted the gene for X-linked mental retardation to at least four of his 12 daughters. None of his 12 sons was mentally retarded. These findings may be explained by a somatic mutation and germinal mosaicism in the father or by a half chromatid mutation in maternal gametes."}
{"id": "PMID:263440", "title": "Autosomal dominant Fanconi syndrome with early renal failure.", "content": "The \"idiopathic\" Fanconi syndrome occurs mostly sporadically, occasionally as an autosomal recessive trait. However, few instances of autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. We described a father and son with the Fanconi syndrome, ie, with renal glycosuria, generalized aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, metabolic acidosis, and bone disease. No other causes of the Fanconi syndrome were found. Both father and son developed end stage renal disease. Aminoaciduria in excess of that seen in renal insufficiency is shown by comparison with published data for amino acid excretion in uremia. Renal transplantation in the father has improved kidney function with no evidence of Fanconi syndrome. This family is unique in that there are no other reports of autosomal dominant Fanconi syndrome with progression to early renal failure.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant Fanconi syndrome with early renal failure. The \"idiopathic\" Fanconi syndrome occurs mostly sporadically, occasionally as an autosomal recessive trait. However, few instances of autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. We described a father and son with the Fanconi syndrome, ie, with renal glycosuria, generalized aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, metabolic acidosis, and bone disease. No other causes of the Fanconi syndrome were found. Both father and son developed end stage renal disease. Aminoaciduria in excess of that seen in renal insufficiency is shown by comparison with published data for amino acid excretion in uremia. Renal transplantation in the father has improved kidney function with no evidence of Fanconi syndrome. This family is unique in that there are no other reports of autosomal dominant Fanconi syndrome with progression to early renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:263441", "title": "Spreading of inactivation in an (X;14) translocation.", "content": "In the KOP translocation, t(X;14)(q13;q32), virtually the entire long arm of the X has been translocated to the end of the long arm of chromosome 14. Meiotic secondary nondisjunction in a female balanced carrier of the translocation has led to a son with two der(14) or 14-X chromosomes. The normal X chromosome is late replicating in the mother. One of the two 14-X chromosomes is late replicating in the son, with heavy terminal labeling of all but the centromeric end of the chromosome. This suggests that genetic inactivation has spread from the Xq segment of the translocation chromosome to at least two thirds of the segment derived from chromosome 14, and that the remaining proximal segment of chromosome 14 is possibly still genetically active. These findings provide an explanation for the phenotype: Klinefelter syndrome plus a few mild malformations that are sometimes seen in this syndrome but are also seen in duplication of the proximal portion of chromosome 14. Although the proband has a duplication of virtually an entire chromosome 14, 14(pter leads to q32), the phenotypic effect of the autosomal duplication has been mostly nullified by the spread of inactivation.", "contents": "Spreading of inactivation in an (X;14) translocation. In the KOP translocation, t(X;14)(q13;q32), virtually the entire long arm of the X has been translocated to the end of the long arm of chromosome 14. Meiotic secondary nondisjunction in a female balanced carrier of the translocation has led to a son with two der(14) or 14-X chromosomes. The normal X chromosome is late replicating in the mother. One of the two 14-X chromosomes is late replicating in the son, with heavy terminal labeling of all but the centromeric end of the chromosome. This suggests that genetic inactivation has spread from the Xq segment of the translocation chromosome to at least two thirds of the segment derived from chromosome 14, and that the remaining proximal segment of chromosome 14 is possibly still genetically active. These findings provide an explanation for the phenotype: Klinefelter syndrome plus a few mild malformations that are sometimes seen in this syndrome but are also seen in duplication of the proximal portion of chromosome 14. Although the proband has a duplication of virtually an entire chromosome 14, 14(pter leads to q32), the phenotypic effect of the autosomal duplication has been mostly nullified by the spread of inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:263442", "title": "Genetic aspects of the BOR syndrome--branchial fistulas, ear pits, hearing loss, and renal anomalies.", "content": "A pedigree of branchio-oto-renal dysplasia (the BOR syndrome) is reported, including the documentation by serial audiometric studies of the onset and rapid progression of hearing loss in the twin sister of an affected child. The literature on this syndrome is analyzed to derive some figures for use in genetic counseling of such families. Branchio-oto-renal dysplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder in which affected individuals may have preauricular pits, lachrymal duct stenosis, hearing loss, branchial fistulas or cysts, structural defects of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and renal anomalies, which may range from mild hypoplasia to complete absence. Not all features of the syndrome are expressed in all carriers of the gene, but few carriers lack all the features, and the pits, branchial clefts, and hearing loss, are frequently expressed. Those offspring of affected persons who have pits or fistulas are likely (about 80%) to have hearing loss of varying degrees of severity. A minority of heterozygotes (about 7%) may have hearing loss without pits or fistulas. The risk of severe renal malformation is probably fairly low. Whether families that show dominant inheritance of pits, clefts, and deafness without renal anomalies represent variants of the BOR syndrome or a separate entity (the BO syndrome), is still not clear. At present, any individual with preauricular pits and branchial clefts deserves both otologic and renal investigation.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of the BOR syndrome--branchial fistulas, ear pits, hearing loss, and renal anomalies. A pedigree of branchio-oto-renal dysplasia (the BOR syndrome) is reported, including the documentation by serial audiometric studies of the onset and rapid progression of hearing loss in the twin sister of an affected child. The literature on this syndrome is analyzed to derive some figures for use in genetic counseling of such families. Branchio-oto-renal dysplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder in which affected individuals may have preauricular pits, lachrymal duct stenosis, hearing loss, branchial fistulas or cysts, structural defects of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and renal anomalies, which may range from mild hypoplasia to complete absence. Not all features of the syndrome are expressed in all carriers of the gene, but few carriers lack all the features, and the pits, branchial clefts, and hearing loss, are frequently expressed. Those offspring of affected persons who have pits or fistulas are likely (about 80%) to have hearing loss of varying degrees of severity. A minority of heterozygotes (about 7%) may have hearing loss without pits or fistulas. The risk of severe renal malformation is probably fairly low. Whether families that show dominant inheritance of pits, clefts, and deafness without renal anomalies represent variants of the BOR syndrome or a separate entity (the BO syndrome), is still not clear. At present, any individual with preauricular pits and branchial clefts deserves both otologic and renal investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:263443", "title": "Mental retardation and osteosclerosis.", "content": "We report a girl with profound mental retardation who, at 3 years of age, began to show a progressive osteosclerosis on bone roentgenograms. The bony changes were slightly suggestive of osteopetrosis from which they differed by a number of unusual features.", "contents": "Mental retardation and osteosclerosis. We report a girl with profound mental retardation who, at 3 years of age, began to show a progressive osteosclerosis on bone roentgenograms. The bony changes were slightly suggestive of osteopetrosis from which they differed by a number of unusual features."}
{"id": "PMID:263444", "title": "Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man--the 18-trisomy syndrome: II. Anomalies of the upper and lower limbs.", "content": "We report the anatomical variations of the limbs in eight infants with the trisomy-18 syndrome that were dissected and studied in detail. In each case, the upper limbs showed defects which further define the specific influence of this aneuploidy on the development of its preaxial (radial) component, and the tendency towards reduction defects. Abnormalities included muscle variations concentrated along the radial margin of the forearm and hand, the absence of the definitive musculocutaneous nerve in all of the limbs, and reductions of the radial artery in four of the bodies. Pathogenetic mechanisms explaining the observed defects are discussed, and include: 1) a defect in peripheral nerve development; or 2) tissue necrosis. The characteristic flexion deformities of the fingers seem to be due to a displacement of the tendons of extensors digitorum and digiti minimi. The lower limbs did not show a consistent pattern of defects, except for the absence of some muscles (psoas minor, the tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to digit V), and the presence of several supernumerary muscles. These variations are discussed as possible nonspecific effects of 18-trisomy on development. The additional anatomical data from this and the first paper in this series [Bersu and Ramirez-Castro, 1977] provide a more detailed picture of the trisomy-18 phenotype which may be useful in corroborating an unconfirmed clinical diagnosis of the syndrome.", "contents": "Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man--the 18-trisomy syndrome: II. Anomalies of the upper and lower limbs. We report the anatomical variations of the limbs in eight infants with the trisomy-18 syndrome that were dissected and studied in detail. In each case, the upper limbs showed defects which further define the specific influence of this aneuploidy on the development of its preaxial (radial) component, and the tendency towards reduction defects. Abnormalities included muscle variations concentrated along the radial margin of the forearm and hand, the absence of the definitive musculocutaneous nerve in all of the limbs, and reductions of the radial artery in four of the bodies. Pathogenetic mechanisms explaining the observed defects are discussed, and include: 1) a defect in peripheral nerve development; or 2) tissue necrosis. The characteristic flexion deformities of the fingers seem to be due to a displacement of the tendons of extensors digitorum and digiti minimi. The lower limbs did not show a consistent pattern of defects, except for the absence of some muscles (psoas minor, the tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to digit V), and the presence of several supernumerary muscles. These variations are discussed as possible nonspecific effects of 18-trisomy on development. The additional anatomical data from this and the first paper in this series [Bersu and Ramirez-Castro, 1977] provide a more detailed picture of the trisomy-18 phenotype which may be useful in corroborating an unconfirmed clinical diagnosis of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:263445", "title": "The Rieger syndrome.", "content": "Fourteen patients with hypodontia and the ocular features of the Rieger syndrome were examined for the presence of systemic anomalies. A periumbilical defect that consisted of failure of the periumbilical skin to involute was seen in ten of the thirteen evaluated for the defect. Three others had scars over the umbilical area and had a history of surgery for herniation. In addition, four males in one family and one male from another family had hypospadias. None of several other anomalies reported to be components of the Rieger syndrome by other authors was detected in the fourteen patients. The mode of inheritance in the familial cases studied was compatible with autosomal dominance. The results of this study indicate that the Rieger syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome whose cardinal features are hypodontia, goniodysgenesis, and failure of the periumbilical skin to involute properly.", "contents": "The Rieger syndrome. Fourteen patients with hypodontia and the ocular features of the Rieger syndrome were examined for the presence of systemic anomalies. A periumbilical defect that consisted of failure of the periumbilical skin to involute was seen in ten of the thirteen evaluated for the defect. Three others had scars over the umbilical area and had a history of surgery for herniation. In addition, four males in one family and one male from another family had hypospadias. None of several other anomalies reported to be components of the Rieger syndrome by other authors was detected in the fourteen patients. The mode of inheritance in the familial cases studied was compatible with autosomal dominance. The results of this study indicate that the Rieger syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome whose cardinal features are hypodontia, goniodysgenesis, and failure of the periumbilical skin to involute properly."}
{"id": "PMID:263446", "title": "Genetics of acheiropodia (\"The handless and footless families of Brazil\"): X. Roentgenologic study.", "content": "The main radiologic findings from four unrelated cases and two sibs with acheiropodia are presented and discussed. On the basis of such analysis, a clinical and radiologic description of the anomaly is given. The presence of one or more fingers and of a small bone (Bohomoletz bone) in the upper stumps is discussed. These unusual findings in bone structure were assumed to be due to a variability in the expression of the acheiropodia gene. Radiologic studies of some of the acheiropods' normal parents failed to reveal even mild manifestations of the gene in the heterozygous state. No recognizable pattern was found in the dermal ridges on the end of the acheiropods' upper or lower stumps.", "contents": "Genetics of acheiropodia (\"The handless and footless families of Brazil\"): X. Roentgenologic study. The main radiologic findings from four unrelated cases and two sibs with acheiropodia are presented and discussed. On the basis of such analysis, a clinical and radiologic description of the anomaly is given. The presence of one or more fingers and of a small bone (Bohomoletz bone) in the upper stumps is discussed. These unusual findings in bone structure were assumed to be due to a variability in the expression of the acheiropodia gene. Radiologic studies of some of the acheiropods' normal parents failed to reveal even mild manifestations of the gene in the heterozygous state. No recognizable pattern was found in the dermal ridges on the end of the acheiropods' upper or lower stumps."}
{"id": "PMID:263447", "title": "Size and pericentric inversion heteromorphisms of secondary constriction regions (h) of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 as detected by CBG technique in Caucasians: classification, frequencies, and incidence.", "content": "Eighty normal Caucasians were studied by CBG technique for estimation of size and inversion heteromorphisms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. Size heteromorphisms were classified into one of five sizes using 16p as a reference standard: very small, small, intermediate, large, and very large. Inversion heteromorphisms were also classified into 5 categories - eg, no inversion; partial inversion - minor; half inversion; partial inversion - major; and complete inversion. The frequencies of size heteromorphisms for chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 were 11.3%, 47.5%, and 7.5%, respectively. Thirty-four chromosomes were found to have inversions. Of these, 16 were in chromosome 1, and 18 were in chromosome 9. No inversions were found in chromosome 16. An increase in the size of the h region was more frequently associated with inversion, suggesting that there is a possible relationship between size and inversion. For example, there were 118 chromosomes that were classified as \"intermediate\" by size; 23 (19.5%) had inversions. In contrast, there were 225 that were \"small\" in size, and only 10 (4.4%) had inversions. There was no significant difference between males and females for size and position heteromorphisms.", "contents": "Size and pericentric inversion heteromorphisms of secondary constriction regions (h) of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 as detected by CBG technique in Caucasians: classification, frequencies, and incidence. Eighty normal Caucasians were studied by CBG technique for estimation of size and inversion heteromorphisms of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. Size heteromorphisms were classified into one of five sizes using 16p as a reference standard: very small, small, intermediate, large, and very large. Inversion heteromorphisms were also classified into 5 categories - eg, no inversion; partial inversion - minor; half inversion; partial inversion - major; and complete inversion. The frequencies of size heteromorphisms for chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 were 11.3%, 47.5%, and 7.5%, respectively. Thirty-four chromosomes were found to have inversions. Of these, 16 were in chromosome 1, and 18 were in chromosome 9. No inversions were found in chromosome 16. An increase in the size of the h region was more frequently associated with inversion, suggesting that there is a possible relationship between size and inversion. For example, there were 118 chromosomes that were classified as \"intermediate\" by size; 23 (19.5%) had inversions. In contrast, there were 225 that were \"small\" in size, and only 10 (4.4%) had inversions. There was no significant difference between males and females for size and position heteromorphisms."}
{"id": "PMID:263448", "title": "Hypoplastic left heart in a patient with 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX mosaicism.", "content": "Recurrence risks for primary congenital heart lesions are well defined. An infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is observed to have a short neck with a full skin fold on the right side, unilateral single palmar crease, and whorls on all ten fingers. She was found to have the Ullrich-Turner syndrome with mosaicism 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX. We believe the cardiac malformation was secondary to her aneuploidy. This could have important implications for prediction of recurrence risks to the parents. Chromosomal tests may be indicated for infants were severe congenital cardiac lesions, based on subtle clinical findings.", "contents": "Hypoplastic left heart in a patient with 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX mosaicism. Recurrence risks for primary congenital heart lesions are well defined. An infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is observed to have a short neck with a full skin fold on the right side, unilateral single palmar crease, and whorls on all ten fingers. She was found to have the Ullrich-Turner syndrome with mosaicism 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX. We believe the cardiac malformation was secondary to her aneuploidy. This could have important implications for prediction of recurrence risks to the parents. Chromosomal tests may be indicated for infants were severe congenital cardiac lesions, based on subtle clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:263449", "title": "The X-linked syndrome of macroorchidism and mental retardation: further observations.", "content": "We report six males with the syndrome of macroorchidism and mental retardation. The trait is inherited as though X-linked, or possibly autosomal dominant male-limited. We also found no evidence of gonadal dysfunction. Associated abnormalities were abnormal EEG (3/4), seizures (2/6), and one instance each of cervical vertebral fusion, cataract, esophoria, and abnormal cutaneous pigmentation. One woman with a 50% a priori risk of bearing the mutant gene had mental retardation and seizures. Results of Xg blood-group typing were uninformative for the purpose of linkage analysis.", "contents": "The X-linked syndrome of macroorchidism and mental retardation: further observations. We report six males with the syndrome of macroorchidism and mental retardation. The trait is inherited as though X-linked, or possibly autosomal dominant male-limited. We also found no evidence of gonadal dysfunction. Associated abnormalities were abnormal EEG (3/4), seizures (2/6), and one instance each of cervical vertebral fusion, cataract, esophoria, and abnormal cutaneous pigmentation. One woman with a 50% a priori risk of bearing the mutant gene had mental retardation and seizures. Results of Xg blood-group typing were uninformative for the purpose of linkage analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:263468", "title": "Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases.", "content": "Postmortem histological examination of the thyroid gland and measurement of serum antithyroid antibodies were performed in 70 patients without overt thyroid disease. Lymphocytic infiltration, antithyroglobulin hemagglutination antibody (TGHA), and antithyroid microsomal hemagglutination antibody (MCHA) were found in 12, 2, and 9 cases, respectively. The incidence of lymphocytic infiltration in females was three times that in males. Ten of the 12 cases with lymphocytic infiltration had positive antibodies (either TGHA or MCHA), while 10 of 11 patients with positive antibodies showed lymphocytic infiltration. Thus, the correlation between morphological and serological findings was highly significant at P less than 0.001. The incidence of a small thyroid gland of less than 15 g in weight was higher in patients with lymphocytic infiltration and/or positive antibodies than in patients with a normal thyroid gland. These data suggest that positive serum antithyroid antibodies in subjects without overt thyroid disease may indicate the existence of lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid gland, that is presumably subclinical autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases. Postmortem histological examination of the thyroid gland and measurement of serum antithyroid antibodies were performed in 70 patients without overt thyroid disease. Lymphocytic infiltration, antithyroglobulin hemagglutination antibody (TGHA), and antithyroid microsomal hemagglutination antibody (MCHA) were found in 12, 2, and 9 cases, respectively. The incidence of lymphocytic infiltration in females was three times that in males. Ten of the 12 cases with lymphocytic infiltration had positive antibodies (either TGHA or MCHA), while 10 of 11 patients with positive antibodies showed lymphocytic infiltration. Thus, the correlation between morphological and serological findings was highly significant at P less than 0.001. The incidence of a small thyroid gland of less than 15 g in weight was higher in patients with lymphocytic infiltration and/or positive antibodies than in patients with a normal thyroid gland. These data suggest that positive serum antithyroid antibodies in subjects without overt thyroid disease may indicate the existence of lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid gland, that is presumably subclinical autoimmune thyroiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:263469", "title": "Effect of protein binding on transfer and metabolism of cortisol in perfused human placenta.", "content": "The transfer and metabolism of cortisol and cortisone and the effect of protein binding on these processes have been investigated in vitro in the perfused human placenta. The clearance of cortisol in buffer, expressed as a fraction of the antipyrine transfer rate (clearance index), was 0.50 +/- 0.05 SEM in either direction. Extensive conversion to cortisone (85%) occurred during transfer. Addition of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in amounts sufficient to bind 50% of the cortisol reduced the clearance (0.40 +/- .026) insignificantly, whereas human serum albumin (HSA) in amounts sufficient to bind 50% of the cortisol reduced the clearance to 0.28 +/- 0.012 (P less than 0.001) even though the association constant for albumin is approximately 1000-fold less. The percent of conversion to cortisone did not change significantly with protein binding. The clearance index of cortisone from a protein-free perfusate was 0.74. With CBG and albumin in the same concentrations as used in the cortisol experiments, the binding of cortisone to CBG was 23% and its clearance was 0.70; with albumin, the binding was 45% and the clearance index was 0.45. The addition of albumin and CBG to the same perfusate resulted in a cortisol clearance equal to that obtained with perfusate containing only albumin. Binding to albumin may be more significant than binding to CBG in controlling the transfer rate of cortisol to the fetus.", "contents": "Effect of protein binding on transfer and metabolism of cortisol in perfused human placenta. The transfer and metabolism of cortisol and cortisone and the effect of protein binding on these processes have been investigated in vitro in the perfused human placenta. The clearance of cortisol in buffer, expressed as a fraction of the antipyrine transfer rate (clearance index), was 0.50 +/- 0.05 SEM in either direction. Extensive conversion to cortisone (85%) occurred during transfer. Addition of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in amounts sufficient to bind 50% of the cortisol reduced the clearance (0.40 +/- .026) insignificantly, whereas human serum albumin (HSA) in amounts sufficient to bind 50% of the cortisol reduced the clearance to 0.28 +/- 0.012 (P less than 0.001) even though the association constant for albumin is approximately 1000-fold less. The percent of conversion to cortisone did not change significantly with protein binding. The clearance index of cortisone from a protein-free perfusate was 0.74. With CBG and albumin in the same concentrations as used in the cortisol experiments, the binding of cortisone to CBG was 23% and its clearance was 0.70; with albumin, the binding was 45% and the clearance index was 0.45. The addition of albumin and CBG to the same perfusate resulted in a cortisol clearance equal to that obtained with perfusate containing only albumin. Binding to albumin may be more significant than binding to CBG in controlling the transfer rate of cortisol to the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:263470", "title": "Riedel's struma associated with subacute thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Riedel's struma with dense fibrous invasion of surrounding muscle and fat was found in a patient who had clinical subacute thyroiditis superimposed on primary hypothyroidism. Riedel's struma may sometimes be an uncommon stage in the more common subacute form of thyroiditis, although in our patient an unusual coincidence of subacute thyroiditis and Riedel's struma is also possible. Of interest in our patient was the development of spontaneous primary hypoparathyroidism; parathyroid function returned to normal concomitant with the spontaneous resolution of the goiter after partial resection. This patient also represents another instance of hyperthyroidism developing in a previously hypothyroid patient.", "contents": "Riedel's struma associated with subacute thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism. Riedel's struma with dense fibrous invasion of surrounding muscle and fat was found in a patient who had clinical subacute thyroiditis superimposed on primary hypothyroidism. Riedel's struma may sometimes be an uncommon stage in the more common subacute form of thyroiditis, although in our patient an unusual coincidence of subacute thyroiditis and Riedel's struma is also possible. Of interest in our patient was the development of spontaneous primary hypoparathyroidism; parathyroid function returned to normal concomitant with the spontaneous resolution of the goiter after partial resection. This patient also represents another instance of hyperthyroidism developing in a previously hypothyroid patient."}
{"id": "PMID:263471", "title": "Subhourly variability of circulating third trimester maternal steroid concentrations as a source of sampling error.", "content": "Seven plasma samples from five normal third trimester pregnant women, drawn every 5 and 15 min at similar times on 2 days, 2 days apart, were measured in quadruplicate for estradiol (E2), estriol, progesterone, 16 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17P). The mean of the 22 samples obtained from each subject for each steroid was used as a reference mean. Individual determinations were converted to percentages of the reference mean which was normalized to 0%. All pregnancies were uncomplicated, and all mean values were within the normal range for gestational age. Variability about the reference mean for single samples, however, range from a low of -80% to a high of 150%. The single sample, 95% confidence intervals for individual steroids pooled from the five subjects (110 determinations) range from +/- 36% (E2) to +/- 60% (17P). Mean percentage coefficients of variation between 5-min and 15-min sampling sequences were compared by analysis of variance. There is no significant difference between the mean percentage coefficients of variation of a 5-min as opposed to a 15-min sampling sequence for any of the hormones measured. The 95% confidence interval width around the reference mean is a function of the number of samples obtained. Because the 95% confidence interval width from 110 measurements decreases approximately as 1/ square root n with increasing sampling size, the decrement progressively diminishes. For E2, the least variable steroid, a one-sample 95% confidence interval width of +/- 36% decreases to approximately +/- 18% with four samples or approximately +/- 12% with nine samples. For 17P, the most variable steroid, a one-sample 95% confidence interval width of +/- 60% decreases to approximately +/- 30% with four samples or approximately +/- 20% with nine samples. Multiple sampling with plasma pooling is required for the accurate study of steroid concentrations in individual subjects in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Subhourly variability of circulating third trimester maternal steroid concentrations as a source of sampling error. Seven plasma samples from five normal third trimester pregnant women, drawn every 5 and 15 min at similar times on 2 days, 2 days apart, were measured in quadruplicate for estradiol (E2), estriol, progesterone, 16 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17P). The mean of the 22 samples obtained from each subject for each steroid was used as a reference mean. Individual determinations were converted to percentages of the reference mean which was normalized to 0%. All pregnancies were uncomplicated, and all mean values were within the normal range for gestational age. Variability about the reference mean for single samples, however, range from a low of -80% to a high of 150%. The single sample, 95% confidence intervals for individual steroids pooled from the five subjects (110 determinations) range from +/- 36% (E2) to +/- 60% (17P). Mean percentage coefficients of variation between 5-min and 15-min sampling sequences were compared by analysis of variance. There is no significant difference between the mean percentage coefficients of variation of a 5-min as opposed to a 15-min sampling sequence for any of the hormones measured. The 95% confidence interval width around the reference mean is a function of the number of samples obtained. Because the 95% confidence interval width from 110 measurements decreases approximately as 1/ square root n with increasing sampling size, the decrement progressively diminishes. For E2, the least variable steroid, a one-sample 95% confidence interval width of +/- 36% decreases to approximately +/- 18% with four samples or approximately +/- 12% with nine samples. For 17P, the most variable steroid, a one-sample 95% confidence interval width of +/- 60% decreases to approximately +/- 30% with four samples or approximately +/- 20% with nine samples. Multiple sampling with plasma pooling is required for the accurate study of steroid concentrations in individual subjects in late pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:263472", "title": "Evidence that triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine are sequentially deiodinated in man.", "content": "We have demonstrated that in patients given a single iv injection of T3, rT3, or, to a lesser extent, T4, all labeled with 125I in the outer or phenolic ring, chromatography of serum on columns of Sephadex G-25 superfine revealed the presence of a labeled material, separate from the administered hormone and from both iodide and iodoprotein. This peak has been termed pre-T3 because it elutes just before the T3 peak. Identification of the various compounds in pre-T3 was carried out by cation exchange chromatography. Pre-T3 generated from [125I]T3 consistently contained labeled compounds with the chromatographic behavior of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3'-monoiodothyronine, while pre-T3 generated from [125I]rT3 contained labeled products with the chromatographic mobility of 3',5'-diiodothyronine, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3'-monoiodothyronine. In addition, pre-T3 also contained the glucuro- and sulfoconjugates of these several labeled products. These studies demonstrate that T3 and rT3 undergo progressive and probably sequential deiodination in the peripheral tissues, resulting in the formation of a variety of diiodothyronines and monoiodothyronine, as well as their glucuro- and sulfoconjugates.", "contents": "Evidence that triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine are sequentially deiodinated in man. We have demonstrated that in patients given a single iv injection of T3, rT3, or, to a lesser extent, T4, all labeled with 125I in the outer or phenolic ring, chromatography of serum on columns of Sephadex G-25 superfine revealed the presence of a labeled material, separate from the administered hormone and from both iodide and iodoprotein. This peak has been termed pre-T3 because it elutes just before the T3 peak. Identification of the various compounds in pre-T3 was carried out by cation exchange chromatography. Pre-T3 generated from [125I]T3 consistently contained labeled compounds with the chromatographic behavior of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3'-monoiodothyronine, while pre-T3 generated from [125I]rT3 contained labeled products with the chromatographic mobility of 3',5'-diiodothyronine, 3,3'-diiodothyronine, and 3'-monoiodothyronine. In addition, pre-T3 also contained the glucuro- and sulfoconjugates of these several labeled products. These studies demonstrate that T3 and rT3 undergo progressive and probably sequential deiodination in the peripheral tissues, resulting in the formation of a variety of diiodothyronines and monoiodothyronine, as well as their glucuro- and sulfoconjugates."}
{"id": "PMID:263473", "title": "Appearance of labeled metabolites in the serum of man after the administration of labeled thyroxine, triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3).", "content": "Chromatography of serum on columns of Sephadex G-25 superfine after the iv administration of 125I-labeled T4 consistently yielded labeled iodide, iodoprotein, T3, and a labeled peak that eluted from the column before the T3, termed \"pre-T3.\" Much larger quantities of pre-T3 were generated after the iv administration of 125I-labeled T3 and rT3. The ratio of [125I]pre T3:[125I]T3 and [125I]pre T3:[125I]rT3 plateaued at approximately 10 h and 2 h, respectively, after the iv administration of the labeled hormone, and averaged approximately 15% in euthyroid subjects. As pre-T3 behaves like its precursors in the TCA precipitation-ethanol extraction or anion exchange chromatographic procedures used to separate labeled iodide and iodoprotein from administered labeled T3 and rT3, concentrations of labeled hormone measured by these techniques will be in error, because pre-T3 will be included. Thus, the MCR of labeled T3 and rT3 measured by Sephadex chromatography will always be higher than values obtained by the other two separative techniques and the magnitude of change will be similar to the ratio of pre-T3 to precursor T3 or rT3. The Sephadex chromatographic technique is laborious, but appears to be the method of choice where greatest accuracy of measurement is required. As the generation of pre-T3 from labeled T4 is sufficiently slow, the present chromatographic technique is not necessary in studying peripheral T4 turnover.", "contents": "Appearance of labeled metabolites in the serum of man after the administration of labeled thyroxine, triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Chromatography of serum on columns of Sephadex G-25 superfine after the iv administration of 125I-labeled T4 consistently yielded labeled iodide, iodoprotein, T3, and a labeled peak that eluted from the column before the T3, termed \"pre-T3.\" Much larger quantities of pre-T3 were generated after the iv administration of 125I-labeled T3 and rT3. The ratio of [125I]pre T3:[125I]T3 and [125I]pre T3:[125I]rT3 plateaued at approximately 10 h and 2 h, respectively, after the iv administration of the labeled hormone, and averaged approximately 15% in euthyroid subjects. As pre-T3 behaves like its precursors in the TCA precipitation-ethanol extraction or anion exchange chromatographic procedures used to separate labeled iodide and iodoprotein from administered labeled T3 and rT3, concentrations of labeled hormone measured by these techniques will be in error, because pre-T3 will be included. Thus, the MCR of labeled T3 and rT3 measured by Sephadex chromatography will always be higher than values obtained by the other two separative techniques and the magnitude of change will be similar to the ratio of pre-T3 to precursor T3 or rT3. The Sephadex chromatographic technique is laborious, but appears to be the method of choice where greatest accuracy of measurement is required. As the generation of pre-T3 from labeled T4 is sufficiently slow, the present chromatographic technique is not necessary in studying peripheral T4 turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:263474", "title": "Contribution of human somatomedin activity to the serum growth requirement of human skin fibroblasts and chick embryo fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Although purified human somatomedins and related peptides have been shown to stimulate growth-related processes in cultured human skin fibroblasts, it is unknown whether the serum macromolecules required for the routine growth of human fibroblasts in culture include the somatomedins. To evaluate this question we have obtained sera from five GH-deficient patients before and after GH treatment and have compared these pre- and post-GH sera for their ability to stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell multiplication in the patients' own fibroblasts in culture. Subconfluent human fibroblasts demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in thymidine incorporation and cell number when exposed to human sera. Pre- and post-GH sera were equipotent. Partial purification of somatomedin activity by boiling sera at pH 5.5 diminished the level of thymidine incorporation to 10-20% of the level achieved with unboiled sera but did not unmask a difference between pre- and post-GH sera. In contrast to the results in human fibroblasts, boiled post-GH sera were 2- to 5-fold more potent than pre-GH sera in stimulating thymidine incorporation in chick embryo fibroblasts. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate inhibition of thymidine incorporation by boiled pre-GH sera. Boiled post-GH sera also were twice as active as boiled pre-GH sera in stimulating multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts and confirmed that thymidine incorporation reflected DNA synthesis. GH added directly to chick embryo fibroblasts did not stimulate thymidine incorporation. We conclude that despite the presence of specific receptors for somatomedin-like peptides on human skin fibroblasts, somatomedins are not a major component of the serum macromolecules required for the routine growth of human fibroblasts in culture. In contrast, in chick embryo fibroblasts, somatomedins do appear to constitute an important part of the serum macromolecules supporting cell growth.", "contents": "Contribution of human somatomedin activity to the serum growth requirement of human skin fibroblasts and chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. Although purified human somatomedins and related peptides have been shown to stimulate growth-related processes in cultured human skin fibroblasts, it is unknown whether the serum macromolecules required for the routine growth of human fibroblasts in culture include the somatomedins. To evaluate this question we have obtained sera from five GH-deficient patients before and after GH treatment and have compared these pre- and post-GH sera for their ability to stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell multiplication in the patients' own fibroblasts in culture. Subconfluent human fibroblasts demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in thymidine incorporation and cell number when exposed to human sera. Pre- and post-GH sera were equipotent. Partial purification of somatomedin activity by boiling sera at pH 5.5 diminished the level of thymidine incorporation to 10-20% of the level achieved with unboiled sera but did not unmask a difference between pre- and post-GH sera. In contrast to the results in human fibroblasts, boiled post-GH sera were 2- to 5-fold more potent than pre-GH sera in stimulating thymidine incorporation in chick embryo fibroblasts. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate inhibition of thymidine incorporation by boiled pre-GH sera. Boiled post-GH sera also were twice as active as boiled pre-GH sera in stimulating multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts and confirmed that thymidine incorporation reflected DNA synthesis. GH added directly to chick embryo fibroblasts did not stimulate thymidine incorporation. We conclude that despite the presence of specific receptors for somatomedin-like peptides on human skin fibroblasts, somatomedins are not a major component of the serum macromolecules required for the routine growth of human fibroblasts in culture. In contrast, in chick embryo fibroblasts, somatomedins do appear to constitute an important part of the serum macromolecules supporting cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:263475", "title": "Plasma concentrations of prostaglandins during late human pregnancy: influence of normal and preterm labor.", "content": "Highly sensitive and specific RIA procedures have been used to measure prostaglandin concentrations in the peripheral circulation of late pregnant and parturient women. The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF) in plasma samples assayed within 4 weeks of collection were not significantly different among the groups studied, the levels (mean +/- SEM, picograms per ml) were: late pregnancy (n = 13): PGE, 4.8 +/- 1.0; PGF, 6.2 +/- 0.5; early term labor (n = 5): PGE, 6.8 +/- 1.5; PGF, 7.9 +/- 0.7; late term labor (n = 5): PGE, 5.4 +/- 2.2; PGF, 12.4 +/- 3.5; and preterm labor (n = 7): PGE, 4.4 +/- 0.4; PGF, 6.9 +/- 1.4. The concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) in late pregnancy was 59.0 +/- 7.8 pg/ml. During spontaneous term labor, the concentration of PGFM was significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) to 142.8 +/- 32.3 pg/ml in early labor and 282.7 +/- 55.3 pg/ml in late labor. The concentration of PGFM in plasma from patients in preterm labor (62.7 +/- 17.4 pg/ml) was not significantly different from that found during late pregnancy, but was significantly lower than levels found at term during early labor (P less than 0.05). The concentration of PGE increased significantly in frozen plasma samples stored for more than 4 weeks in all groups studied; the concentration of PGF was significantly elevated after storage only in the late pregnancy group (P less than 0.01). The plasma concentration of PGFM in all groups studied was unaffected by storage. It is concluded that measurement of PGFM concentrations is the most reliable method available of monitoring prostaglandins in the peripheral circulation and that great care must be exercised in the assay and interpretation of prostaglandin levels in human plasma.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of prostaglandins during late human pregnancy: influence of normal and preterm labor. Highly sensitive and specific RIA procedures have been used to measure prostaglandin concentrations in the peripheral circulation of late pregnant and parturient women. The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE) and prostaglandin F (PGF) in plasma samples assayed within 4 weeks of collection were not significantly different among the groups studied, the levels (mean +/- SEM, picograms per ml) were: late pregnancy (n = 13): PGE, 4.8 +/- 1.0; PGF, 6.2 +/- 0.5; early term labor (n = 5): PGE, 6.8 +/- 1.5; PGF, 7.9 +/- 0.7; late term labor (n = 5): PGE, 5.4 +/- 2.2; PGF, 12.4 +/- 3.5; and preterm labor (n = 7): PGE, 4.4 +/- 0.4; PGF, 6.9 +/- 1.4. The concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) in late pregnancy was 59.0 +/- 7.8 pg/ml. During spontaneous term labor, the concentration of PGFM was significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) to 142.8 +/- 32.3 pg/ml in early labor and 282.7 +/- 55.3 pg/ml in late labor. The concentration of PGFM in plasma from patients in preterm labor (62.7 +/- 17.4 pg/ml) was not significantly different from that found during late pregnancy, but was significantly lower than levels found at term during early labor (P less than 0.05). The concentration of PGE increased significantly in frozen plasma samples stored for more than 4 weeks in all groups studied; the concentration of PGF was significantly elevated after storage only in the late pregnancy group (P less than 0.01). The plasma concentration of PGFM in all groups studied was unaffected by storage. It is concluded that measurement of PGFM concentrations is the most reliable method available of monitoring prostaglandins in the peripheral circulation and that great care must be exercised in the assay and interpretation of prostaglandin levels in human plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:263476", "title": "Longitudinal studies of plasma aldosterone, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, and cortisone determined simultaneously in mother and child at birth and during the early neonatal period. I. Spontaneous delivery.", "content": "In order to obtain the still lacking reference data of individual plasma steroids in the immediate postnatal period needed for the assessment of adrenocortical function in various neonatal maladaptation syndromes, aldosterone (A), corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), cortisol, and cortisone were simultaneously followed in the same human newborn in a single 250-500 microliters peripheral plasma sample obtained at constant times during the first week of life using a mechanized Sephadex LH-20 multicolumn chromatography and standardized RIAs. Mean concentrations in 12 spontaneously delivered full term newborns of either sex and in paired umbilical (UV) and peripheral maternal (MV) venous plasma are given in the table. Besides significant maternoumbilical gradients in each steroid, DOC, P, 17-OHP, and cortisone, originating predominantly from the fetoplacental unit, disappear rapidly with steadily increasing half-lives. A, corticosterone, and cortisol, however, remain elevated in comparison with later infancy, with the exception of a marked \"glucocorticoid dip\" in cortisol and corticosterone levels between 2 and 12 h after birth.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of plasma aldosterone, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, and cortisone determined simultaneously in mother and child at birth and during the early neonatal period. I. Spontaneous delivery. In order to obtain the still lacking reference data of individual plasma steroids in the immediate postnatal period needed for the assessment of adrenocortical function in various neonatal maladaptation syndromes, aldosterone (A), corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), cortisol, and cortisone were simultaneously followed in the same human newborn in a single 250-500 microliters peripheral plasma sample obtained at constant times during the first week of life using a mechanized Sephadex LH-20 multicolumn chromatography and standardized RIAs. Mean concentrations in 12 spontaneously delivered full term newborns of either sex and in paired umbilical (UV) and peripheral maternal (MV) venous plasma are given in the table. Besides significant maternoumbilical gradients in each steroid, DOC, P, 17-OHP, and cortisone, originating predominantly from the fetoplacental unit, disappear rapidly with steadily increasing half-lives. A, corticosterone, and cortisol, however, remain elevated in comparison with later infancy, with the exception of a marked \"glucocorticoid dip\" in cortisol and corticosterone levels between 2 and 12 h after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:263477", "title": "Content of chorionic gonadotropin in human fetal tissues.", "content": "As part of a study on the physiological role of hCG in the human fetus, the hCG concentrations in homogenates of various fetal tissues were measured using a hCG beta subunit RIA. The mean concentrations (picograms of hCG per mg wet tissue +/- SEM; n greater than 10, unless otherwise indicated) found in human fetuses of 12-20 weeks were: ovary, 46.9 +/- 4.3; testis, 8.2 +/- 1.7; kidney, 20.3 +/- 2.8; thymus, 11.5 +/- 1.2; adrenal, 2.6 +/- 0.4; lung, 3.4 +/- 0.7; liver, 1.8 +/- 0.2; spleen, 1.4 +/- 0.4 (n = 5); muscle, 2.4 +/- 0.8 (n = 6); and meconium, 356 +/- 104. That the immunoreactive material measured behaved like hCG was determined by RIA of the supernatants. Parallelism was demonstrated between dilution curves for the tissue homogenates and the hCG standard for all tissues except meconium. A rat Leydig cell in vitro bioassay was used to demonstrate that there was hCG biological activity in the supernatants in ovarian, thymic, and renal tissues. The mean ratios of biological to immunological activities were 5.3 in kidney (n = 4), 1.6 in thymus (n = 3), and 1.3 in ovary (n = 2). Blood content of the tissues was determined from measurements of hemoglobin levels and it was found that for the ovary, testis, kidney, and thymus, hCG concentrations were higher than could be explained by the presence of circulating hCG in the tissues. These results, together with our previous results of the binding and effects of hCG in the human fetal testis, support the fact that the fetal testis is a target organ for hCG in the stimulation of steroidogenesis. The presence of high levels of hCG in the ovary, thymus, kidney, and meconium poses questions for further study of the possible physiological role of hCG.", "contents": "Content of chorionic gonadotropin in human fetal tissues. As part of a study on the physiological role of hCG in the human fetus, the hCG concentrations in homogenates of various fetal tissues were measured using a hCG beta subunit RIA. The mean concentrations (picograms of hCG per mg wet tissue +/- SEM; n greater than 10, unless otherwise indicated) found in human fetuses of 12-20 weeks were: ovary, 46.9 +/- 4.3; testis, 8.2 +/- 1.7; kidney, 20.3 +/- 2.8; thymus, 11.5 +/- 1.2; adrenal, 2.6 +/- 0.4; lung, 3.4 +/- 0.7; liver, 1.8 +/- 0.2; spleen, 1.4 +/- 0.4 (n = 5); muscle, 2.4 +/- 0.8 (n = 6); and meconium, 356 +/- 104. That the immunoreactive material measured behaved like hCG was determined by RIA of the supernatants. Parallelism was demonstrated between dilution curves for the tissue homogenates and the hCG standard for all tissues except meconium. A rat Leydig cell in vitro bioassay was used to demonstrate that there was hCG biological activity in the supernatants in ovarian, thymic, and renal tissues. The mean ratios of biological to immunological activities were 5.3 in kidney (n = 4), 1.6 in thymus (n = 3), and 1.3 in ovary (n = 2). Blood content of the tissues was determined from measurements of hemoglobin levels and it was found that for the ovary, testis, kidney, and thymus, hCG concentrations were higher than could be explained by the presence of circulating hCG in the tissues. These results, together with our previous results of the binding and effects of hCG in the human fetal testis, support the fact that the fetal testis is a target organ for hCG in the stimulation of steroidogenesis. The presence of high levels of hCG in the ovary, thymus, kidney, and meconium poses questions for further study of the possible physiological role of hCG."}
{"id": "PMID:263487", "title": "Split xenon detector for tomochemistry in computed tomography.", "content": "The design of a split high-pressure xenon detector array for tomochemistry in computed tomography (CT) is described. Each detector produces a signal from the front primarily due to low energy photons and a signal from the back primarily due to high energy photons. Two methods are described whereby these signals are used to determine the photoelectric and Compton coefficients. From these, the electron density and average atomic number can be determined for each pixel in the image. These methods were tested by computer simulations of scans of a simple phantom, and the resulting Compton and photoelectric images are presented and compared with a conventional CT image. It was found that electron density and atomic number can be determined to an accuracy of better than 4%. The sensitivity to noise was studied, and it was found that the standard deviation of the mean of a 5 X 5 pixel region in the conventional image is about a factor of 3 lower than in the same region in the Compton image and about a factor of 40 lower than in the photoelectric image.", "contents": "Split xenon detector for tomochemistry in computed tomography. The design of a split high-pressure xenon detector array for tomochemistry in computed tomography (CT) is described. Each detector produces a signal from the front primarily due to low energy photons and a signal from the back primarily due to high energy photons. Two methods are described whereby these signals are used to determine the photoelectric and Compton coefficients. From these, the electron density and average atomic number can be determined for each pixel in the image. These methods were tested by computer simulations of scans of a simple phantom, and the resulting Compton and photoelectric images are presented and compared with a conventional CT image. It was found that electron density and atomic number can be determined to an accuracy of better than 4%. The sensitivity to noise was studied, and it was found that the standard deviation of the mean of a 5 X 5 pixel region in the conventional image is about a factor of 3 lower than in the same region in the Compton image and about a factor of 40 lower than in the photoelectric image."}
{"id": "PMID:263488", "title": "Computed tomography scanning for the measurement of bone mineral in the human spine.", "content": "An investigation into the feasibility of using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to measure disease induced changes in bone mineral content of the human spine is described. A theoretical study of this type of measurement has been made using a mathematical model of osteomalacia. The measured EMI number changes linearly with the mineral content, and the sensitivity is shown to be 1.2 EMI units (EU: 500 scale)/1% change in mineral content in vertebral bone. The physical sensitivity to an equal mineral change in cortical bone is found to be 8.6 times greater. The mineral selectivity of the CT method is such that only about half the change in the EMI number arising from progressive osteomalacia reflects change in actual mineral content, while half is due merely to changes in bone density that accompany demineralization. In addition, the perturbing effects of beam hardening on measurement accuracy are evaluated and shown to be significant. Finally, an experimental measurement indicates that in practice the reproducibility of such measurements would be about 1 EU, and it is shown that the measured parameter correlates well with the calculated total linear attenuation coefficients.", "contents": "Computed tomography scanning for the measurement of bone mineral in the human spine. An investigation into the feasibility of using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to measure disease induced changes in bone mineral content of the human spine is described. A theoretical study of this type of measurement has been made using a mathematical model of osteomalacia. The measured EMI number changes linearly with the mineral content, and the sensitivity is shown to be 1.2 EMI units (EU: 500 scale)/1% change in mineral content in vertebral bone. The physical sensitivity to an equal mineral change in cortical bone is found to be 8.6 times greater. The mineral selectivity of the CT method is such that only about half the change in the EMI number arising from progressive osteomalacia reflects change in actual mineral content, while half is due merely to changes in bone density that accompany demineralization. In addition, the perturbing effects of beam hardening on measurement accuracy are evaluated and shown to be significant. Finally, an experimental measurement indicates that in practice the reproducibility of such measurements would be about 1 EU, and it is shown that the measured parameter correlates well with the calculated total linear attenuation coefficients."}
{"id": "PMID:263489", "title": "Measurement of lung density by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography scanners can be calibrated to provide reproducible measurements for a quantitative analysis of lung density. Typical histograms for inspiration and expiration are presented. The reproducibility of the method is demonstrated as well as the limitations caused by artifacts and incomplete inspiration. This method is suggested for follow-up studies of patients with diseases affecting the entire lung. Early detection of interstitial lung disorders also seems possible.", "contents": "Measurement of lung density by computed tomography. Computed tomography scanners can be calibrated to provide reproducible measurements for a quantitative analysis of lung density. Typical histograms for inspiration and expiration are presented. The reproducibility of the method is demonstrated as well as the limitations caused by artifacts and incomplete inspiration. This method is suggested for follow-up studies of patients with diseases affecting the entire lung. Early detection of interstitial lung disorders also seems possible."}
{"id": "PMID:263490", "title": "Detection of subcutaneous metastases by computed tomography.", "content": "Subcutaneous fat provides excellent contrast for water density tissue. Five patients with subcutaneous metastases visualized on computed tomography (CT) scans are presented. In some cases, CT proved to be the optimal diagnostic modality for visualizing these lesions and documenting their response to therapy.", "contents": "Detection of subcutaneous metastases by computed tomography. Subcutaneous fat provides excellent contrast for water density tissue. Five patients with subcutaneous metastases visualized on computed tomography (CT) scans are presented. In some cases, CT proved to be the optimal diagnostic modality for visualizing these lesions and documenting their response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263491", "title": "Computed cranial tomographic findings in cerebral sinovenous occlusion.", "content": "Eleven patients with angiographically and/or pathologically verified cerebral sinovenous occlusions not directly caused by trauma were studied by computed cranial tomography (CCT). Static radionuclide brain scans and dynamic radionuclide flow studies were also obtained in four patients; in two, findings diagnostic of lateral sinus thrombosis were noted. These comprised a \"negative on dynamic, hot on static\" image, as well as a \"hot on static with nonfilling on angiography.\" Computed cranial tomography findings included visualization of the thrombosed vein (\"cord sign\") or sinus (\"empty triangle\" or \"delta sign\"), multiple focal bilateral parasagittal hemorrhages, intense tentorial enhancement, gyral enhancement indistinguishable from infarct, solitary intracerebral hematoma, small ventricles, and normal scan. Excluding the patients with underlying meningioma, all three of whom survived, seven of the remaining eight patients expired during the acute phase of their illness, an 88% mortality. This group includes one patient who had normal CCT findings, albeit without contrast enhancement, who was diagnosed as pseudotumor cerebri. The need for full neuroradiological evaluation, including angiography, is thus stressed if this highly fatal yet treatable condition is not to remain undiagnosed.", "contents": "Computed cranial tomographic findings in cerebral sinovenous occlusion. Eleven patients with angiographically and/or pathologically verified cerebral sinovenous occlusions not directly caused by trauma were studied by computed cranial tomography (CCT). Static radionuclide brain scans and dynamic radionuclide flow studies were also obtained in four patients; in two, findings diagnostic of lateral sinus thrombosis were noted. These comprised a \"negative on dynamic, hot on static\" image, as well as a \"hot on static with nonfilling on angiography.\" Computed cranial tomography findings included visualization of the thrombosed vein (\"cord sign\") or sinus (\"empty triangle\" or \"delta sign\"), multiple focal bilateral parasagittal hemorrhages, intense tentorial enhancement, gyral enhancement indistinguishable from infarct, solitary intracerebral hematoma, small ventricles, and normal scan. Excluding the patients with underlying meningioma, all three of whom survived, seven of the remaining eight patients expired during the acute phase of their illness, an 88% mortality. This group includes one patient who had normal CCT findings, albeit without contrast enhancement, who was diagnosed as pseudotumor cerebri. The need for full neuroradiological evaluation, including angiography, is thus stressed if this highly fatal yet treatable condition is not to remain undiagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:263492", "title": "Malformation of the cerebral cortex with heterotopia of the gray matter.", "content": "Developmental malformation of the cerebral cortex with heterotopia of the gray matter is a rare condition. It can present as unilateral megalencephaly, a localized mass, or focal cortical dysplasia. Four histologically confirmed cases are described in this report, and the findings from computed tomography as well as from other radiological diagnostic procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Malformation of the cerebral cortex with heterotopia of the gray matter. Developmental malformation of the cerebral cortex with heterotopia of the gray matter is a rare condition. It can present as unilateral megalencephaly, a localized mass, or focal cortical dysplasia. Four histologically confirmed cases are described in this report, and the findings from computed tomography as well as from other radiological diagnostic procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263493", "title": "The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial lipomata.", "content": "Intracranial lipomata can be found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The tumors, which are rare, can be diagnosed by computed tomography without further investigative procedures.", "contents": "The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial lipomata. Intracranial lipomata can be found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The tumors, which are rare, can be diagnosed by computed tomography without further investigative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:263494", "title": "Quantitative estimation of tumor volume on computer assisted tomography.", "content": "With the use of computer assisted tomography (CAT), the volume of intracranial hemorrhages can be calculated. The present work outlines a method that, based on EMI scan printouts, makes possible a calculation of the volume of hemorrhages, tumors, or other pathological changes detectable on CAT with a high degree of accuracy, even when the pathological changes are irregular in shape. Thus, there have been divergences between the estimations of volume of meningiomas using this method and the measure of the volume of the enucleated meningiomas within the range of 0 to +5%. An example of such a meningioma, and the calculation of its volume, is presented.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of tumor volume on computer assisted tomography. With the use of computer assisted tomography (CAT), the volume of intracranial hemorrhages can be calculated. The present work outlines a method that, based on EMI scan printouts, makes possible a calculation of the volume of hemorrhages, tumors, or other pathological changes detectable on CAT with a high degree of accuracy, even when the pathological changes are irregular in shape. Thus, there have been divergences between the estimations of volume of meningiomas using this method and the measure of the volume of the enucleated meningiomas within the range of 0 to +5%. An example of such a meningioma, and the calculation of its volume, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:263495", "title": "Giant intracranial aneurysms simulating brain neoplasms on computed tomography.", "content": "Giant intracranial aneurysms (GIA) may simulate brain neoplasms on computed tomography (CT) scans. We present three cases in which a GIA was mistakenly diagnosed as a brain neoplasm on the basis of CT findings. The correct diagnosis was made in each case by cerebral angiography. The possibility of GIA must be considered when a nonenhanced CT study shows a well circumscribed mass without edema at the base of the brain and contrast infusion reveals homogeneous or inhomogeneous enhancement.", "contents": "Giant intracranial aneurysms simulating brain neoplasms on computed tomography. Giant intracranial aneurysms (GIA) may simulate brain neoplasms on computed tomography (CT) scans. We present three cases in which a GIA was mistakenly diagnosed as a brain neoplasm on the basis of CT findings. The correct diagnosis was made in each case by cerebral angiography. The possibility of GIA must be considered when a nonenhanced CT study shows a well circumscribed mass without edema at the base of the brain and contrast infusion reveals homogeneous or inhomogeneous enhancement."}
{"id": "PMID:263496", "title": "The use of coronal sections in evaluating lesions of the sellar and parasellar regions.", "content": "Nine cases from a series of 12 are presented to illustrate the value of coronal sections in delineating the borders and origins of extraaxial sellar and parasellar masses. In this projection, the presence or absence of suprasellar extension is demonstrated, and two important signs are discussed. A rim of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid termed the \"cap\" is seen over the superior border of masses extending into the suprasellar region defining their extraaxial location. The broad base of a lesion will define its origin. The limitations of the method are also discussed.", "contents": "The use of coronal sections in evaluating lesions of the sellar and parasellar regions. Nine cases from a series of 12 are presented to illustrate the value of coronal sections in delineating the borders and origins of extraaxial sellar and parasellar masses. In this projection, the presence or absence of suprasellar extension is demonstrated, and two important signs are discussed. A rim of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid termed the \"cap\" is seen over the superior border of masses extending into the suprasellar region defining their extraaxial location. The broad base of a lesion will define its origin. The limitations of the method are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263497", "title": "Contrast enhancement: diagnostic significance from a statistical viewpoint.", "content": "Contrast enhancement attenuation units were calculated from 13 tissues and organs of 20 rats at five different times after bolus 125I-diatrizoate administration. Percent distribution volume of diatrizoate was calculated from these results. The statistical significance of differences in contrast enhancement between each of 72 tissue pairs was determined at each of the five times. A similar treatment of percent distribution volume for 60 tissue pairs was determined. The time elapsed after contrast medium injection appears to be of pivotal importance in contrast enhancement diagnosis. Calculation of percent contrast distribution volume is of potential diagnostic importance, since it reveals contrast medium behavior not evident from a visual perusal of scans. The above methods can be readily adapted to computed tomography scanning.", "contents": "Contrast enhancement: diagnostic significance from a statistical viewpoint. Contrast enhancement attenuation units were calculated from 13 tissues and organs of 20 rats at five different times after bolus 125I-diatrizoate administration. Percent distribution volume of diatrizoate was calculated from these results. The statistical significance of differences in contrast enhancement between each of 72 tissue pairs was determined at each of the five times. A similar treatment of percent distribution volume for 60 tissue pairs was determined. The time elapsed after contrast medium injection appears to be of pivotal importance in contrast enhancement diagnosis. Calculation of percent contrast distribution volume is of potential diagnostic importance, since it reveals contrast medium behavior not evident from a visual perusal of scans. The above methods can be readily adapted to computed tomography scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:263498", "title": "Comparative efficacy of contrast agents in computed tomography scanning of the brain.", "content": "Various contrast agents with either sodium or meglumine cations and iothalamate and diatrizoate anions are compared in a series of patients with malignant gliomas. There is no difference in the ability of these agents to enhance tumors in cranial computed tomography.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of contrast agents in computed tomography scanning of the brain. Various contrast agents with either sodium or meglumine cations and iothalamate and diatrizoate anions are compared in a series of patients with malignant gliomas. There is no difference in the ability of these agents to enhance tumors in cranial computed tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:263499", "title": "Peripheral contrast enhancement in chronic epidural hematomas.", "content": "Three cases of chronic epidural hematomas with contrast enhanced margins on computed tomography (CT) are presented. The CT findings in epidural hematoma are discussed, and two possible mechanisms for the enhancing margin of the chronic epidural hematoma are suggested.", "contents": "Peripheral contrast enhancement in chronic epidural hematomas. Three cases of chronic epidural hematomas with contrast enhanced margins on computed tomography (CT) are presented. The CT findings in epidural hematoma are discussed, and two possible mechanisms for the enhancing margin of the chronic epidural hematoma are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:263500", "title": "Image quality in cranial computed tomography.", "content": "Image quality in cranial computed tomography (CT) was evaluated with phantom and patient studies on both a first (single beam) and a second (multiple beam) generation scanner. When comparable radiation doses were used, there were only minor differences in resolution, low contrast detectability, and noise level. The pattern of noise relative to the size of the area in which it was measured was somewhat different. On patient studies, no differences were found when contrast-material-filled vessel visibility and gray--white matter distinction were analyzed. A lesion was obscured by streak artifacts in one scanner in one of 22 patients scanned on both machines. The major factor in image quality as seen in the two scanners seemed to be in the production of artifacts. This was apparent in artifacts from motion, high contrast discontinuities, beam hardening, and edge enhancement. Multiple factors must be considered in assessing CT image quality. In particular, further studies to quantitatively evaluate noise quality and artifact production are needed.", "contents": "Image quality in cranial computed tomography. Image quality in cranial computed tomography (CT) was evaluated with phantom and patient studies on both a first (single beam) and a second (multiple beam) generation scanner. When comparable radiation doses were used, there were only minor differences in resolution, low contrast detectability, and noise level. The pattern of noise relative to the size of the area in which it was measured was somewhat different. On patient studies, no differences were found when contrast-material-filled vessel visibility and gray--white matter distinction were analyzed. A lesion was obscured by streak artifacts in one scanner in one of 22 patients scanned on both machines. The major factor in image quality as seen in the two scanners seemed to be in the production of artifacts. This was apparent in artifacts from motion, high contrast discontinuities, beam hardening, and edge enhancement. Multiple factors must be considered in assessing CT image quality. In particular, further studies to quantitatively evaluate noise quality and artifact production are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:263501", "title": "Transsphenoidal encephalocele associated with agenesis of corpus callosum: value of metrizamide computed cisternography.", "content": "Transsphenoidal encephaloceles are rare congenital malformations that are classified among the medial dysraphias and that are therefore associated with an agenesis of the corpus callosum. Clinically, the diagnosis is difficult, but hypertelorism and weakening eyesight should be of suggestive value. Diagnosis is basically radiological. In the past, it was founded on roentgenography, tomography of the base of the skull, pneumoencephalography, and angiography when necessary. Today, metrizamide computed cisternography using axial transverse and coronal sections, supplemented by sagittal reconstructions, allows for a complete examination of bony, meningeal, and cerebral abnormalities.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal encephalocele associated with agenesis of corpus callosum: value of metrizamide computed cisternography. Transsphenoidal encephaloceles are rare congenital malformations that are classified among the medial dysraphias and that are therefore associated with an agenesis of the corpus callosum. Clinically, the diagnosis is difficult, but hypertelorism and weakening eyesight should be of suggestive value. Diagnosis is basically radiological. In the past, it was founded on roentgenography, tomography of the base of the skull, pneumoencephalography, and angiography when necessary. Today, metrizamide computed cisternography using axial transverse and coronal sections, supplemented by sagittal reconstructions, allows for a complete examination of bony, meningeal, and cerebral abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:263502", "title": "A device to indicate anatomical level in computed tomography.", "content": "A device was designed that makes possible direct anatomical correlation between the computed tomography scan and radiographic scout films. The acrylic-air groove approach used here eliminates the possibility of producing image degrading artifacts as is common with catheter type markers.", "contents": "A device to indicate anatomical level in computed tomography. A device was designed that makes possible direct anatomical correlation between the computed tomography scan and radiographic scout films. The acrylic-air groove approach used here eliminates the possibility of producing image degrading artifacts as is common with catheter type markers."}
{"id": "PMID:263503", "title": "An inexpensive color display for computed tomography scanners and other imaging systems.", "content": "The use of color pictures and displays for interpreting images obtained from computed tomography scanners, scintillation cameras, and ultrasound equipment is an interesting possibility. As currently supplied, color television monitors may add significantly to the cost of a system. A relatively simple way of converting an entertainment grade color television receiver to color monitor operation is described. The display system is significantly lower in cost than vendor supplied monitors and produces images of similar quality.", "contents": "An inexpensive color display for computed tomography scanners and other imaging systems. The use of color pictures and displays for interpreting images obtained from computed tomography scanners, scintillation cameras, and ultrasound equipment is an interesting possibility. As currently supplied, color television monitors may add significantly to the cost of a system. A relatively simple way of converting an entertainment grade color television receiver to color monitor operation is described. The display system is significantly lower in cost than vendor supplied monitors and produces images of similar quality."}
{"id": "PMID:263504", "title": "Anomalies of the systemic venous return.", "content": "Anomalies in the course and drainage of systemic veins, in particular the inferior vena cava, markedly complicate or even prevent cardiac catheterization and some surgical procedures. Such anomalies have been observed in 32 out of 1,266 children subjected to catheterization and angiocardiography, i.e. 2.5 per cent. Severe anomalies of a superior vena cava were observed in six children, one of them having an associated anomaly of an inferior vena cava. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava were observed in 27 children. The latter included persistent paired development of the inferior vena cava, aplasia of suprarenal portion with azygos or hemiazygos continuation, its persistence at the side of the cardiac apex and combination of these findings. In 19 of the children with an anomaly of the inferior vena cava there was a visceral situs indeterminatus associated, often with severe congenital heart disease and with a large intracardiac shunt (e.g. transposition of the great arteries and stenosis or atresia of the pulmonary artery). Suspicious of such combinations of visceral situs indeterminatus with anomalies of the inferior vena cava and severe congenital heart disease can be suspected on plain chest films, but the diagnosis can be definitely determined only by angiocardiography.", "contents": "Anomalies of the systemic venous return. Anomalies in the course and drainage of systemic veins, in particular the inferior vena cava, markedly complicate or even prevent cardiac catheterization and some surgical procedures. Such anomalies have been observed in 32 out of 1,266 children subjected to catheterization and angiocardiography, i.e. 2.5 per cent. Severe anomalies of a superior vena cava were observed in six children, one of them having an associated anomaly of an inferior vena cava. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava were observed in 27 children. The latter included persistent paired development of the inferior vena cava, aplasia of suprarenal portion with azygos or hemiazygos continuation, its persistence at the side of the cardiac apex and combination of these findings. In 19 of the children with an anomaly of the inferior vena cava there was a visceral situs indeterminatus associated, often with severe congenital heart disease and with a large intracardiac shunt (e.g. transposition of the great arteries and stenosis or atresia of the pulmonary artery). Suspicious of such combinations of visceral situs indeterminatus with anomalies of the inferior vena cava and severe congenital heart disease can be suspected on plain chest films, but the diagnosis can be definitely determined only by angiocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:263505", "title": "The relationship between chest radiographic scores and respiratory function tests in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Chest radiographic scores and respiratory function on 80 sets of results from 50 patients with Cystic Fibrosis were analyzed. Chest radiographic scores were assessed independently using the method of Chrispin and Norman. Respiratory function tests were found to correlate well with the chest radiographic score, the best correlation being with the forced expiratory volume in 0.75 sec. to forced vital capacity ratio F.E.V. 0.75/ F.V.C. (r = -0.674 n = 80 p less than 0.001).", "contents": "The relationship between chest radiographic scores and respiratory function tests in children with cystic fibrosis. Chest radiographic scores and respiratory function on 80 sets of results from 50 patients with Cystic Fibrosis were analyzed. Chest radiographic scores were assessed independently using the method of Chrispin and Norman. Respiratory function tests were found to correlate well with the chest radiographic score, the best correlation being with the forced expiratory volume in 0.75 sec. to forced vital capacity ratio F.E.V. 0.75/ F.V.C. (r = -0.674 n = 80 p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:263506", "title": "Cervical neurogenic tumors presenting as thoracic apical masses in infants and children.", "content": "Seven cases of cervical neurogenic tumor presented in an almost identical manner roentgenographically; a polypoid extrapleural mass at the lung apex. The association of neuroblastoma with Horner syndrome and heterochromia of the irides is mentioned. Characteristic roentgen appearance should be appreciated due to good prognosis of cervical neuroblastoma with prompt therapy.", "contents": "Cervical neurogenic tumors presenting as thoracic apical masses in infants and children. Seven cases of cervical neurogenic tumor presented in an almost identical manner roentgenographically; a polypoid extrapleural mass at the lung apex. The association of neuroblastoma with Horner syndrome and heterochromia of the irides is mentioned. Characteristic roentgen appearance should be appreciated due to good prognosis of cervical neuroblastoma with prompt therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263507", "title": "The telltale triangle: use of the supine cross table lateral radiograph of the abdomen in early detection of pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "The most sensitive method for detecting a small pneumoperitoneum depends upon directing a horizontal x-ray beam tangential to the collection of free air. We have observed in the detection of small amounts of free intraabdominal air that the supine cross table lateral abdominal view is most valuable. Such small amounts of free intraperitoneal air collect between loops of bowel at the highest points in the peritoneal space forming typical small triangular lucencies with their bases at the peritoneal reflection.", "contents": "The telltale triangle: use of the supine cross table lateral radiograph of the abdomen in early detection of pneumoperitoneum. The most sensitive method for detecting a small pneumoperitoneum depends upon directing a horizontal x-ray beam tangential to the collection of free air. We have observed in the detection of small amounts of free intraabdominal air that the supine cross table lateral abdominal view is most valuable. Such small amounts of free intraperitoneal air collect between loops of bowel at the highest points in the peritoneal space forming typical small triangular lucencies with their bases at the peritoneal reflection."}
{"id": "PMID:263508", "title": "The incidence of pelvic phleboliths in pediatric patients.", "content": "During a seven year period in a pediatric x-ray department 15 patients with pelvic phleboliths were encountered in a total of an estimated 12,000 pelvic roentgenograms, an incidence of 1 case per 800. The age range was from 9 to 17 years (average age 13 years), there were 10 girls and 5 boys, and 6 patients had more than 1 phlebolith.", "contents": "The incidence of pelvic phleboliths in pediatric patients. During a seven year period in a pediatric x-ray department 15 patients with pelvic phleboliths were encountered in a total of an estimated 12,000 pelvic roentgenograms, an incidence of 1 case per 800. The age range was from 9 to 17 years (average age 13 years), there were 10 girls and 5 boys, and 6 patients had more than 1 phlebolith."}
{"id": "PMID:263509", "title": "Upper calyx reno-vascular obstruction in children: Fraley's syndrome.", "content": "Intrarenal vascular obstruction of the upper calyceal infundibulum has been distinguished by Fraley as an entity separate from an asymptomatic vascular impression. Clinically, this form of intrarenal vascular obstruction presents as nephralgia or hematuria. This infundibular obstruction is caused by normal renal vessels, usually the upper segmental artery: radiologically, the vessels produce a constant well-defined filling defect in the infundibulum at IVP, and, the upper calyx group is distended and shows delay in emptying. We found this condition in 14 children from 1968-1975. Control studies showed no progression in the radiological findings, even over a long period. In one of our cases angiography was indicated to exclude tumour or cyst; in another case, surgery was necessary. Complications are urinary tract infection or stone formation. Therefore, children with Fraley's syndrome require regular clinical examination.", "contents": "Upper calyx reno-vascular obstruction in children: Fraley's syndrome. Intrarenal vascular obstruction of the upper calyceal infundibulum has been distinguished by Fraley as an entity separate from an asymptomatic vascular impression. Clinically, this form of intrarenal vascular obstruction presents as nephralgia or hematuria. This infundibular obstruction is caused by normal renal vessels, usually the upper segmental artery: radiologically, the vessels produce a constant well-defined filling defect in the infundibulum at IVP, and, the upper calyx group is distended and shows delay in emptying. We found this condition in 14 children from 1968-1975. Control studies showed no progression in the radiological findings, even over a long period. In one of our cases angiography was indicated to exclude tumour or cyst; in another case, surgery was necessary. Complications are urinary tract infection or stone formation. Therefore, children with Fraley's syndrome require regular clinical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:263510", "title": "Pelvis-shoulder dysplasia.", "content": "Pelvis-shoulder dysplasia is rare skeletal dysplasia characterised by symmetrical hypoplasia of the iliac wings and scapulae. It may be associated with unstable hips in infancy, a prominent lumbar lordosis and a waddling gait. Symptoms tend to lessen with increasing age. A child with this condition who has been followed up to the age of five years is described. Her pelvic dysplasia is milder than in previous cases and has caused no disability. Minor skeletal abnormalities are also present in the lumbar spine, femora and rib cage. Radiography of other members of the family was normal.", "contents": "Pelvis-shoulder dysplasia. Pelvis-shoulder dysplasia is rare skeletal dysplasia characterised by symmetrical hypoplasia of the iliac wings and scapulae. It may be associated with unstable hips in infancy, a prominent lumbar lordosis and a waddling gait. Symptoms tend to lessen with increasing age. A child with this condition who has been followed up to the age of five years is described. Her pelvic dysplasia is milder than in previous cases and has caused no disability. Minor skeletal abnormalities are also present in the lumbar spine, femora and rib cage. Radiography of other members of the family was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:263511", "title": "Dosimetric studies in the radiological examination of the hips in young infants with a special fenestration method of gonad protection.", "content": "A special lead shield of 1,5 mm Pb, with a fenestration was used for gonad protection during X-Ray of the hips for detection of dysplasia. The window allows the delineation of all parts of the skeleton required to make a correct diagnosis and check the standardized position of the pelvis, while all other parts, especially the gonads are safely shielded. The scattered radiation for the testes was further reduced by a trough-shaped lead shield behind the scrotum. The effectiveness of this gonad protection was measured by direct dosimetric studies on the infant with LiF and CaF2: Dy dosimeters at different adjustments of the X-ray generator and with medium and ultra high speed screen-film combinations.", "contents": "Dosimetric studies in the radiological examination of the hips in young infants with a special fenestration method of gonad protection. A special lead shield of 1,5 mm Pb, with a fenestration was used for gonad protection during X-Ray of the hips for detection of dysplasia. The window allows the delineation of all parts of the skeleton required to make a correct diagnosis and check the standardized position of the pelvis, while all other parts, especially the gonads are safely shielded. The scattered radiation for the testes was further reduced by a trough-shaped lead shield behind the scrotum. The effectiveness of this gonad protection was measured by direct dosimetric studies on the infant with LiF and CaF2: Dy dosimeters at different adjustments of the X-ray generator and with medium and ultra high speed screen-film combinations."}
{"id": "PMID:263512", "title": "Peroral removal of a sewing needle and attached thread from the esophagus in an infant.", "content": "The authors describe a simple Seldinger Catheter technique by which they removed a metallic sewing needle with attached thread from the esophagus of a 5 month old infant.", "contents": "Peroral removal of a sewing needle and attached thread from the esophagus in an infant. The authors describe a simple Seldinger Catheter technique by which they removed a metallic sewing needle with attached thread from the esophagus of a 5 month old infant."}
{"id": "PMID:263513", "title": "Multimodal approach to diagnosis of hamartoma of the spleen.", "content": "Splenic hamartoma is a benign, primary neoplasm which usually causes a mass in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. If radionuclide studies show a space-occupying lesion in the spleen that appears solid on the ultrasonogram, and selective abdominal arteriography reveals a richly vascular splenic tumor, hamartoma of the spleen should be the preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Multimodal approach to diagnosis of hamartoma of the spleen. Splenic hamartoma is a benign, primary neoplasm which usually causes a mass in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. If radionuclide studies show a space-occupying lesion in the spleen that appears solid on the ultrasonogram, and selective abdominal arteriography reveals a richly vascular splenic tumor, hamartoma of the spleen should be the preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:263514", "title": "Infantile hepatic hemangioendotheliomas associated with hemihypertrophy.", "content": "An infant presented with congenital hemihypertrophy, hepatomegaly, and a low thoracic paraspinal mass. Liver scan showed multiple defects in the uptake of radioisotope. Surgical exploration revealed multiple infantile hemangioendotheliomas of the liver and a paraspinal hemangioendothelioma. In review of 69 reported cases of infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver and viscera, there has been no previous note of hemihypertrophy associated with this abnormality.", "contents": "Infantile hepatic hemangioendotheliomas associated with hemihypertrophy. An infant presented with congenital hemihypertrophy, hepatomegaly, and a low thoracic paraspinal mass. Liver scan showed multiple defects in the uptake of radioisotope. Surgical exploration revealed multiple infantile hemangioendotheliomas of the liver and a paraspinal hemangioendothelioma. In review of 69 reported cases of infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver and viscera, there has been no previous note of hemihypertrophy associated with this abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:263515", "title": "Postinflammatory pseudotumor of lung in a child: diagnosis by angiography.", "content": "A case of postinflammatory pseudotumor of the lung with unusual clinical features is presented. Radiological investigation, with particular emphasis on the angiographic diagnosis, is described.", "contents": "Postinflammatory pseudotumor of lung in a child: diagnosis by angiography. A case of postinflammatory pseudotumor of the lung with unusual clinical features is presented. Radiological investigation, with particular emphasis on the angiographic diagnosis, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:263516", "title": "[Incidence of congenital malformations among newborn infants in Poland in 1972. Preliminary report].", "content": "An analysis of frequency of congenital malformation observed among the neonates in 1972 in Poland has been performed on the basis of individual statistical cards filled in by medical personnel for each hospital delivery. Among 486.404 live- and stillborns, 7647 neonates with congenital malformations have been noted, which corresponds to the index of 15,72 per 1000 total births. The most frequently observed malformations were: congenital anomalies of limbs (755)-4,63/1000 total births, mostly congenital dislocation of hip; congenital malformations of the nervous system--2,11 degrees/00; of heart and circulatory system--1,89 degrees/00. Relatively low index of anencephaly has been noted--0,61/1000 total births. Among newborns of mothers from rural areas anencephaly and congenital hydrocephalus were more frequently noted. In urban areas congenital anomalies of limbs and congenital anomalies of skin, hair and nails were diagnosed more frequently. Frequency of congenital malformations among neonates of very young (less than 20 or less than or equal to 19 y.) and older (greater than equal to 35 y.) mothers was higher than in the intermediate age groups. Influence of mother's age on the frequency of particular malformations was analysed. Among neonates with congenital malformations born alive percentage of sexes was similar to the general population of live borns, whereas among stillbirths and prematures unable to live with congenital malformations--females were more frequent.", "contents": "[Incidence of congenital malformations among newborn infants in Poland in 1972. Preliminary report]. An analysis of frequency of congenital malformation observed among the neonates in 1972 in Poland has been performed on the basis of individual statistical cards filled in by medical personnel for each hospital delivery. Among 486.404 live- and stillborns, 7647 neonates with congenital malformations have been noted, which corresponds to the index of 15,72 per 1000 total births. The most frequently observed malformations were: congenital anomalies of limbs (755)-4,63/1000 total births, mostly congenital dislocation of hip; congenital malformations of the nervous system--2,11 degrees/00; of heart and circulatory system--1,89 degrees/00. Relatively low index of anencephaly has been noted--0,61/1000 total births. Among newborns of mothers from rural areas anencephaly and congenital hydrocephalus were more frequently noted. In urban areas congenital anomalies of limbs and congenital anomalies of skin, hair and nails were diagnosed more frequently. Frequency of congenital malformations among neonates of very young (less than 20 or less than or equal to 19 y.) and older (greater than equal to 35 y.) mothers was higher than in the intermediate age groups. Influence of mother's age on the frequency of particular malformations was analysed. Among neonates with congenital malformations born alive percentage of sexes was similar to the general population of live borns, whereas among stillbirths and prematures unable to live with congenital malformations--females were more frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:263517", "title": "[Immunochemical properties and therapeutic usefulness of the preparation Igalina produced by Biomed].", "content": "In order to obtain higher concentration of IgA-antibodies in commercial gammaglobulin preparations, used for treatment of hipo - and dysimmunoglobulinemia states, there are produced two preparations: \"Gamma-A- Konzentrat \" of Behringwerke and \" Igalina \" of Biomed . The first one was examined and described by us previously (4, 12). Now we present our studies on Igalina . The examinations were performed using electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, double diffusion in agar gell using 15 specific antisera to plasma proteins and immunoelectrophoresis with anti-IgG, IgA and IgM. There were detected traces of albumin, transferin , alfa2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin fibrinogen and presence of IgA, IgG and IgM. We also observed the split of IgG line in immunoelectrophoresis at the cathode and to Fc and Fab fragments. The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were evaluated using Mancini method (IgA--920 IU/ml, IgG--1640 IU/ml IgM 2500 IU/ml). Concentrations of chosen antibodies in Igalina were: ASO--1000 U/ml, anti- Staphylolisins 8 U/ml, agglutinins antistaphilococal 1 : 320, diphtheria antitoxins 42 U/ml, agglutinins antithyphi 1 : 20----1 : 640. They were 4 to 100 times higher than in plasma serum. Isohaemagglutinins were not detected. Igalina was used for preventive treatment of children contacted with viral infections or therapeutically for children who demonstrated first symptoms of viral infections of respiratory tracts. Preparation was given 48 times to 40 children. This group included 19 newborns and 10 children with I and IV type of dysimmunoglobulinemia or hipoimmunoglobulinemia . Doses ranged from 0,5 ml up to 1,0 ml/kg body weight. Estimations of IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum and saliva of children (using Mancini method) were carried out before injection of Igalina and on the third and seventh day after injection. Results of studies were statistically evaluated, and besides the lack of significant differences we found some rise of IgA and IgG concentrations. We would like to underline also that in 6 children with hipo or dysimmunoglobulinemia the levels of IgA and IgG reached normal value on the third day after injection of Igalina . Investigations of secretory piece in saliva in the same period were carried out too. In three patients we could find the presence of secretory piece just after injection of Igalina . We did not found antibodies to IgA in patients' sera after treatment. The clinical results of treatment as well as toleration of the drug were good and very good.", "contents": "[Immunochemical properties and therapeutic usefulness of the preparation Igalina produced by Biomed]. In order to obtain higher concentration of IgA-antibodies in commercial gammaglobulin preparations, used for treatment of hipo - and dysimmunoglobulinemia states, there are produced two preparations: \"Gamma-A- Konzentrat \" of Behringwerke and \" Igalina \" of Biomed . The first one was examined and described by us previously (4, 12). Now we present our studies on Igalina . The examinations were performed using electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, double diffusion in agar gell using 15 specific antisera to plasma proteins and immunoelectrophoresis with anti-IgG, IgA and IgM. There were detected traces of albumin, transferin , alfa2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin fibrinogen and presence of IgA, IgG and IgM. We also observed the split of IgG line in immunoelectrophoresis at the cathode and to Fc and Fab fragments. The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were evaluated using Mancini method (IgA--920 IU/ml, IgG--1640 IU/ml IgM 2500 IU/ml). Concentrations of chosen antibodies in Igalina were: ASO--1000 U/ml, anti- Staphylolisins 8 U/ml, agglutinins antistaphilococal 1 : 320, diphtheria antitoxins 42 U/ml, agglutinins antithyphi 1 : 20----1 : 640. They were 4 to 100 times higher than in plasma serum. Isohaemagglutinins were not detected. Igalina was used for preventive treatment of children contacted with viral infections or therapeutically for children who demonstrated first symptoms of viral infections of respiratory tracts. Preparation was given 48 times to 40 children. This group included 19 newborns and 10 children with I and IV type of dysimmunoglobulinemia or hipoimmunoglobulinemia . Doses ranged from 0,5 ml up to 1,0 ml/kg body weight. Estimations of IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum and saliva of children (using Mancini method) were carried out before injection of Igalina and on the third and seventh day after injection. Results of studies were statistically evaluated, and besides the lack of significant differences we found some rise of IgA and IgG concentrations. We would like to underline also that in 6 children with hipo or dysimmunoglobulinemia the levels of IgA and IgG reached normal value on the third day after injection of Igalina . Investigations of secretory piece in saliva in the same period were carried out too. In three patients we could find the presence of secretory piece just after injection of Igalina . We did not found antibodies to IgA in patients' sera after treatment. The clinical results of treatment as well as toleration of the drug were good and very good."}
{"id": "PMID:263518", "title": "[Metastases of retinoblastomas to the bones of children].", "content": "The authors present their own clinical material of retinoblastoma in children treated in the Clinical Department of Child Oncology of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw, in the years 1962-1976. Analyses of epidemiological and clinical data of 47 cases was done, and a four-stage classification was established. Case report of bone metastases of retinoblastoma from material is presented with some conclusions concerning treatment and prognosis in cases with bone metastases.", "contents": "[Metastases of retinoblastomas to the bones of children]. The authors present their own clinical material of retinoblastoma in children treated in the Clinical Department of Child Oncology of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw, in the years 1962-1976. Analyses of epidemiological and clinical data of 47 cases was done, and a four-stage classification was established. Case report of bone metastases of retinoblastoma from material is presented with some conclusions concerning treatment and prognosis in cases with bone metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:263519", "title": "[Sacrococcygeal teratomas in children treated at the Oncological Clinic of the Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw].", "content": "During the years, 1962 through 1975, 27 children with sacrococcygeal teratomas were seen at the Oncological Department of the National Research Institute for Mother and Child in Warsaw. 13 teratomas were benign and 14 were malignant. Surgical removal through a sacral approach was the basis of the treatment. In the presacral tumors with great diameter two-phase method was performed (the first phase--trans-abdominal excision of the tumor and the second phase--excision of remnant tumor's pedicle with coccygeal bone resection). Monodrug chemotherapy (Cyclophosphamide, Actinomycin D) in malignant tumors was without effect. In the group of benign teratomas are alive 11 children, in the group of malignant teratomas only one child survived. Some profits are expected from the multidrug chemotherapy ( Methotrexate , Cyclophosphamide, Actinomycin D) associated with radiotherapy, this can make operable primarily inoperable tumors.", "contents": "[Sacrococcygeal teratomas in children treated at the Oncological Clinic of the Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw]. During the years, 1962 through 1975, 27 children with sacrococcygeal teratomas were seen at the Oncological Department of the National Research Institute for Mother and Child in Warsaw. 13 teratomas were benign and 14 were malignant. Surgical removal through a sacral approach was the basis of the treatment. In the presacral tumors with great diameter two-phase method was performed (the first phase--trans-abdominal excision of the tumor and the second phase--excision of remnant tumor's pedicle with coccygeal bone resection). Monodrug chemotherapy (Cyclophosphamide, Actinomycin D) in malignant tumors was without effect. In the group of benign teratomas are alive 11 children, in the group of malignant teratomas only one child survived. Some profits are expected from the multidrug chemotherapy ( Methotrexate , Cyclophosphamide, Actinomycin D) associated with radiotherapy, this can make operable primarily inoperable tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:263520", "title": "[Ovarian neoplasms in girls treated at the Oncological Clinic of the Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw 1970-1975].", "content": "Sixteen girls with ovarian tumors treated in the years 1970-1975 in the Oncological Department of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child were studied. 6 tumors were benign ( cystis dermoidalis --5 cases, cystadenoma mucinosum --1 case) and 9 tumors were malignant (dysgerminoma--6 cases, teratoma malignum --3 cases and neoplasma malignum epitheliale --1 case). Middle age of girls with ovarian tumors was 11 years. The commonest signs were abdominal pains, abdominal discomfort and presence of tumor in abdomen. Benign tumors were treated surgically by unilateral adnexectomy in 5 cases and bilateral adnexectomy in 1 case. Surgery and radiotherapy were basic treatment in malignant tumors in 6 cases, 3 cases of malignant tumors were treated by surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, one case of malignant teratoma in stage Ia was treated only surgically. 6 girls with malignant tumors survived without evidence of the disease 33 months and longer. The best results were obtained in dysgerminomas even in stage III of disease. In teratoma malignum group survival were obtained only in the stage Ia of the disease.", "contents": "[Ovarian neoplasms in girls treated at the Oncological Clinic of the Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw 1970-1975]. Sixteen girls with ovarian tumors treated in the years 1970-1975 in the Oncological Department of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child were studied. 6 tumors were benign ( cystis dermoidalis --5 cases, cystadenoma mucinosum --1 case) and 9 tumors were malignant (dysgerminoma--6 cases, teratoma malignum --3 cases and neoplasma malignum epitheliale --1 case). Middle age of girls with ovarian tumors was 11 years. The commonest signs were abdominal pains, abdominal discomfort and presence of tumor in abdomen. Benign tumors were treated surgically by unilateral adnexectomy in 5 cases and bilateral adnexectomy in 1 case. Surgery and radiotherapy were basic treatment in malignant tumors in 6 cases, 3 cases of malignant tumors were treated by surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, one case of malignant teratoma in stage Ia was treated only surgically. 6 girls with malignant tumors survived without evidence of the disease 33 months and longer. The best results were obtained in dysgerminomas even in stage III of disease. In teratoma malignum group survival were obtained only in the stage Ia of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:263521", "title": "[Inhibition of premature uterine contractions].", "content": "Various drugs used to stop premature uterine contractions are discussed in the paper. Particular attention is paid to beta-mimetic drugs. The results of ming Partusisten, one of beta-mimetic drugs, is presented on the material of 104 patients with threatening immature and premature labour. Partusisten was administered in the form of intravenous drip infusion or tablets. During treatment monitoring of the uterine contractility and of foetal heart rate took place. Inhibition of the uterine contraction activity was successful in 100 per cent of cases. In 60,9 per cent in the group of threatening immature labour and in 38,1 per cent in the group threatening premature labour, the delay of delivery was more then 28 days. The delay of delivery by 48 hours was 87 per cent and 84 per cent in both groups respectively. Tachycardia was one of the first side effects observed in 15,2 per cent of cases. There is also presented an example of pregnancy when delivery was delayed by 21 days in spite of premature outflow of amniotic fluid (at a high rupture of membrane). The authors are of the opinion that Partusisten is very effective and gives little side effects, preventing premature uterine contractions. Dosage should be individualized according to the case and labour advancement, and should be based on topographic evaluation of uterine contraction. Negative influence of the drug on foetuses was not observed.", "contents": "[Inhibition of premature uterine contractions]. Various drugs used to stop premature uterine contractions are discussed in the paper. Particular attention is paid to beta-mimetic drugs. The results of ming Partusisten, one of beta-mimetic drugs, is presented on the material of 104 patients with threatening immature and premature labour. Partusisten was administered in the form of intravenous drip infusion or tablets. During treatment monitoring of the uterine contractility and of foetal heart rate took place. Inhibition of the uterine contraction activity was successful in 100 per cent of cases. In 60,9 per cent in the group of threatening immature labour and in 38,1 per cent in the group threatening premature labour, the delay of delivery was more then 28 days. The delay of delivery by 48 hours was 87 per cent and 84 per cent in both groups respectively. Tachycardia was one of the first side effects observed in 15,2 per cent of cases. There is also presented an example of pregnancy when delivery was delayed by 21 days in spite of premature outflow of amniotic fluid (at a high rupture of membrane). The authors are of the opinion that Partusisten is very effective and gives little side effects, preventing premature uterine contractions. Dosage should be individualized according to the case and labour advancement, and should be based on topographic evaluation of uterine contraction. Negative influence of the drug on foetuses was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:263522", "title": "[Prenatal monitoring of fetal heart activity and the course of labor and the state of the newborn infant].", "content": "In the paper practical importance of cardiotocographic interpretation of records carried out during pregnancy is discussed as well as the importance of antepartum monitoring of foetal heart rate. 1944 records of 663 pregnant women were analysed. Observations of basic frequency of foetal heart rate, oscillation and heart rate response to foetal movements and uterine contractions were made. Taking into consideration these criteria the records were classified as: reactive, nonreactive and combined (reactive and nonreactive) patterns. Among 663 cases there were 544 reactive patterns, 73 combined with predominance of reactive ones, 34 combined with predominance of nonreactive ones and 12 nonreactive patterns. Comparison of separate types of records with Apgar test in the 1 st, 3 rd, and 5 th minute shows that low Apgar score (below 7) is mainly related to the group of nonreactive and combined records with predominance of nonreactive patterns. Apgar score is above 7 in the group of reactive and combined patterns with predominance of reactive pattern. Comparison of the types of records to the kinds of delivery termination shows that in predominately nonreactive pattern there was 50-55% of operational deliveries in predominately reactive pattern groups however 24%. Therefore repeating reactive pattern in antepartum monitoring records is the evidence of good foetal state and this state most probably will not be disturbed during labour. Repeating nonreactive pattern with decreasing oscillation is the evidence of increased foetal distress.", "contents": "[Prenatal monitoring of fetal heart activity and the course of labor and the state of the newborn infant]. In the paper practical importance of cardiotocographic interpretation of records carried out during pregnancy is discussed as well as the importance of antepartum monitoring of foetal heart rate. 1944 records of 663 pregnant women were analysed. Observations of basic frequency of foetal heart rate, oscillation and heart rate response to foetal movements and uterine contractions were made. Taking into consideration these criteria the records were classified as: reactive, nonreactive and combined (reactive and nonreactive) patterns. Among 663 cases there were 544 reactive patterns, 73 combined with predominance of reactive ones, 34 combined with predominance of nonreactive ones and 12 nonreactive patterns. Comparison of separate types of records with Apgar test in the 1 st, 3 rd, and 5 th minute shows that low Apgar score (below 7) is mainly related to the group of nonreactive and combined records with predominance of nonreactive patterns. Apgar score is above 7 in the group of reactive and combined patterns with predominance of reactive pattern. Comparison of the types of records to the kinds of delivery termination shows that in predominately nonreactive pattern there was 50-55% of operational deliveries in predominately reactive pattern groups however 24%. Therefore repeating reactive pattern in antepartum monitoring records is the evidence of good foetal state and this state most probably will not be disturbed during labour. Repeating nonreactive pattern with decreasing oscillation is the evidence of increased foetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:263523", "title": "[Fate of subsequent pregnancies in relation to the outcome of previous pregnancies].", "content": "Adverse outcome of the previous pregnancy as a risk factor for the next one has lately been given increased attention. Particular concern has been expressed as to the possible adverse effects of induced abortion on subsequent pregnancy outcome (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The purpose of the present report was to establish on the basis of population studies whether and to what extent, abnormal outcome of pregnancy increases the risk of abnormal outcome of the next or further pregnancies. Particular attempt was made to evaluate the increased risk of abnormal outcome of pregnancy following spontaneous and induced abortion. A sample of the studied population was originally collected in several Departments of Obstetrics for a study on epidemiology of low birth weight, and its selection was conditioned by that study. The sample included women whose present pregnancy resulted in the delivery of a live born child. This pregnancy was not taken into consideration in the present study except as a basis for selection of 2 study groups of women who previously had at at least 2 pregnancies (except the present one): Group A consisted of 1180 women who gave birth in the recent pregnancy to a full term child weighing over 3000 g and Group B of 1170 women who delivered a low birth weight infant in their previous pregnancy. Mothers of infants weighing between 2500 and 3000 g were also included in this group because the foetal growth tables for Polish newborn infants showed that weight limits at the 5th percentile for full term male infant ranged between 2500-2800 g and below 10th percentile between 2600 and 3000 g. The following outcomes of previous pregnancies were considered: Full term newborn infant (FT) Low birth weight infant (less than or equal to 2500 g) (Pr) Spontaneous abortion (SA) Induced abortion (IA) Other outcomes (O) Contingency tables containing information on the frequency of different outcomes of earlier and later pregnancies were prepared and the effects of the mode of termination of the earlier pregnancy on the later ones were demonstrated. Interrupted pregnancies were not included in the whole number of cases for the calculation of the percent value, as the decision to interrupt is usually arbitrary and very seldom related to the outcome of the previous pregnancy. The differences between the distribution of pregnancy outcomes in various categories of termination of earlier pregnancy were tested by standard Chi square test which was useful also for testing the dependence of the mode of outcome of the preceding and the following pregnancy. The relative risk coefficient was also calculated for two different combinations of outcomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Fate of subsequent pregnancies in relation to the outcome of previous pregnancies]. Adverse outcome of the previous pregnancy as a risk factor for the next one has lately been given increased attention. Particular concern has been expressed as to the possible adverse effects of induced abortion on subsequent pregnancy outcome (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The purpose of the present report was to establish on the basis of population studies whether and to what extent, abnormal outcome of pregnancy increases the risk of abnormal outcome of the next or further pregnancies. Particular attempt was made to evaluate the increased risk of abnormal outcome of pregnancy following spontaneous and induced abortion. A sample of the studied population was originally collected in several Departments of Obstetrics for a study on epidemiology of low birth weight, and its selection was conditioned by that study. The sample included women whose present pregnancy resulted in the delivery of a live born child. This pregnancy was not taken into consideration in the present study except as a basis for selection of 2 study groups of women who previously had at at least 2 pregnancies (except the present one): Group A consisted of 1180 women who gave birth in the recent pregnancy to a full term child weighing over 3000 g and Group B of 1170 women who delivered a low birth weight infant in their previous pregnancy. Mothers of infants weighing between 2500 and 3000 g were also included in this group because the foetal growth tables for Polish newborn infants showed that weight limits at the 5th percentile for full term male infant ranged between 2500-2800 g and below 10th percentile between 2600 and 3000 g. The following outcomes of previous pregnancies were considered: Full term newborn infant (FT) Low birth weight infant (less than or equal to 2500 g) (Pr) Spontaneous abortion (SA) Induced abortion (IA) Other outcomes (O) Contingency tables containing information on the frequency of different outcomes of earlier and later pregnancies were prepared and the effects of the mode of termination of the earlier pregnancy on the later ones were demonstrated. Interrupted pregnancies were not included in the whole number of cases for the calculation of the percent value, as the decision to interrupt is usually arbitrary and very seldom related to the outcome of the previous pregnancy. The differences between the distribution of pregnancy outcomes in various categories of termination of earlier pregnancy were tested by standard Chi square test which was useful also for testing the dependence of the mode of outcome of the preceding and the following pregnancy. The relative risk coefficient was also calculated for two different combinations of outcomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263524", "title": "[Use of the control group selected by a method of matched samples in the evaluation of the health status of children from complicated pregnancies].", "content": "A method of matched samples consisting in selection of \"a partner\" for each examined individual according to the established criteria of similarities is one of the methods used owing to its apparent organizational ease in selecting of the control group. The control group selected in this way was used in the evaluation of the effect of bleeding during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy on the health status and physical development of children. The paper points out the advantages of using the control group selected by the method of matched samples. It also presents the difficulties encountered in practice. Typical of this study technical methods and statistical tests used in evaluation of the results were juxtaposed and discussed, then compared to those used when a group was randomly selected. Special attention was paid to 3 basic problems: Time stability is selection of criteria for matched samples. Adjustment of age differences within pairs. Two methods were used for comparison of the anthropometric measurements. The first one consisted in levelling of the differences by the method of regression, the second in the use of various available growth curves. The results obtained by both methods were compared by means of statistical tests. The third problem concerned adequacy of the tests used when the control group was selected by the method of matched samples. Results obtained by application of t-Student test for paired samples were compared to those obtained by t-Student test for independent variables. The merits of the method of matched samples were presented using some examples (table I, II, III). Eleven conclusions were drawn from evaluation of suitability of selecting the control group according to the method of paired samples. These can be put into three main groups: Showing in what kind of studies the control group selected by the method of matched samples is payable . Showing various inconveniences caused by selection of the control group by the method of matched samples, Conclusions concerning methodological or other benefits drawn from this method. It is clearly indicated in this paper that the control group selected by the method of matched samples is recommended only in certain investigations. Before the final decision is taken all pros and cons should be considered.", "contents": "[Use of the control group selected by a method of matched samples in the evaluation of the health status of children from complicated pregnancies]. A method of matched samples consisting in selection of \"a partner\" for each examined individual according to the established criteria of similarities is one of the methods used owing to its apparent organizational ease in selecting of the control group. The control group selected in this way was used in the evaluation of the effect of bleeding during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy on the health status and physical development of children. The paper points out the advantages of using the control group selected by the method of matched samples. It also presents the difficulties encountered in practice. Typical of this study technical methods and statistical tests used in evaluation of the results were juxtaposed and discussed, then compared to those used when a group was randomly selected. Special attention was paid to 3 basic problems: Time stability is selection of criteria for matched samples. Adjustment of age differences within pairs. Two methods were used for comparison of the anthropometric measurements. The first one consisted in levelling of the differences by the method of regression, the second in the use of various available growth curves. The results obtained by both methods were compared by means of statistical tests. The third problem concerned adequacy of the tests used when the control group was selected by the method of matched samples. Results obtained by application of t-Student test for paired samples were compared to those obtained by t-Student test for independent variables. The merits of the method of matched samples were presented using some examples (table I, II, III). Eleven conclusions were drawn from evaluation of suitability of selecting the control group according to the method of paired samples. These can be put into three main groups: Showing in what kind of studies the control group selected by the method of matched samples is payable . Showing various inconveniences caused by selection of the control group by the method of matched samples, Conclusions concerning methodological or other benefits drawn from this method. It is clearly indicated in this paper that the control group selected by the method of matched samples is recommended only in certain investigations. Before the final decision is taken all pros and cons should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:263525", "title": "[Effect of increased motor activity on changes in posture during puberty].", "content": "The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the dynamics of changes of anteroposterior curvatures and scoliosis during puberty in relation to the level of physical activity. The material consisted of 111 children. Their mean age was 11.5 years at the beginning of the study. One group (n = 53) was from a sport's class (athletics, rowing-- 2 hours training, 4-5 times a week), and the other (n = 58) from a control class. The anthropostereometric method, according to Jachowicz was used to determine the posture. Measurements were taken once a year for a period of 3 years. The analysis of the material showed a great individual variations in values and dynamics of changes of anteroposterior curvatures. Differences between trained and untrained children were observed. The results suggest a certain \"stability\" of stature in trained children (especially boys), probably due to increased muscular mass. During 3 years of study a lability of posture and appearance of structural defects (especially scoliosis) were observed. This indicates the need for regular control of posture and in some cases corrective exercises in the training programme. It was found, that the graphic method of evaluation of defects is more useful in practice than the descriptive one.", "contents": "[Effect of increased motor activity on changes in posture during puberty]. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the dynamics of changes of anteroposterior curvatures and scoliosis during puberty in relation to the level of physical activity. The material consisted of 111 children. Their mean age was 11.5 years at the beginning of the study. One group (n = 53) was from a sport's class (athletics, rowing-- 2 hours training, 4-5 times a week), and the other (n = 58) from a control class. The anthropostereometric method, according to Jachowicz was used to determine the posture. Measurements were taken once a year for a period of 3 years. The analysis of the material showed a great individual variations in values and dynamics of changes of anteroposterior curvatures. Differences between trained and untrained children were observed. The results suggest a certain \"stability\" of stature in trained children (especially boys), probably due to increased muscular mass. During 3 years of study a lability of posture and appearance of structural defects (especially scoliosis) were observed. This indicates the need for regular control of posture and in some cases corrective exercises in the training programme. It was found, that the graphic method of evaluation of defects is more useful in practice than the descriptive one."}
{"id": "PMID:263526", "title": "[Characteristics of sleep EEG abnormalities in children with phenylketonuria during the first year of life].", "content": "350 sleep EEG recordings in PKU children in the first year of life were analysed in order to characterize the abnormal features. Recordings were taken from serial studies carried out during the last 8 years on early and late treated children. Only quiet sleep was evaluated due to its longer duration after the second month of life and its important developmental characteristics. The criteria of abnormality were the following: lack of bioelectric features of sleep, abnormal \" trac \u00e9 alternant \", and other criteria of defined range, character and morphology. The number of abnormal records was referred to the three periods of the first year of life: first and second trimester, and the second semester of the first year of life, and also to treatment. EEGs before treatment were considered as records of untreated children. Table 1 compares the number of normal and abnormal records according to age and treatment. Table 2 illustrates the character and the range of abnormalities with reference to age and treatment. Tables 3, 4, 5, give the characteristics of morphological features of abnormal records. Our previous papers describe EEGs of PKU children of different age during waking and sleeping, while the present study is the evaluation of EEGs in children of the same age recorded in sleep only. The choice of these criteria is justified by the greatest variability of EEG records in relation to developmental factors and activating role of sleep. Among all EEGs, 60% were recorded during treatment. The biggest number of EEGs recorded in untreated children was obtained in the first three months of life and became gradually less. About 70% of the records were normal. No difference was noted between the number of normal and abnormal EEG records in different periods of the first year of life. The number of normal records was considerably higher in treated children than the number of abnormal records in untreated ones. This relationship was not noted in the first three months of life. In the first half year of life, generalized abnormalities as well as abnormal \" trac \u00e9 alternant \" predominated and localized abnormalities were exceptional. On the other hand, in the second half year of life nearly half of the abnormalities were as follows: general paroxysmal abnormalities not observed in the first half year of life, considerably higher amount of abnormalities localized only in the temporal region, less generalized non-paroxysmal abnormalities, and lack of bioelectrical features of sleep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Characteristics of sleep EEG abnormalities in children with phenylketonuria during the first year of life]. 350 sleep EEG recordings in PKU children in the first year of life were analysed in order to characterize the abnormal features. Recordings were taken from serial studies carried out during the last 8 years on early and late treated children. Only quiet sleep was evaluated due to its longer duration after the second month of life and its important developmental characteristics. The criteria of abnormality were the following: lack of bioelectric features of sleep, abnormal \" trac \u00e9 alternant \", and other criteria of defined range, character and morphology. The number of abnormal records was referred to the three periods of the first year of life: first and second trimester, and the second semester of the first year of life, and also to treatment. EEGs before treatment were considered as records of untreated children. Table 1 compares the number of normal and abnormal records according to age and treatment. Table 2 illustrates the character and the range of abnormalities with reference to age and treatment. Tables 3, 4, 5, give the characteristics of morphological features of abnormal records. Our previous papers describe EEGs of PKU children of different age during waking and sleeping, while the present study is the evaluation of EEGs in children of the same age recorded in sleep only. The choice of these criteria is justified by the greatest variability of EEG records in relation to developmental factors and activating role of sleep. Among all EEGs, 60% were recorded during treatment. The biggest number of EEGs recorded in untreated children was obtained in the first three months of life and became gradually less. About 70% of the records were normal. No difference was noted between the number of normal and abnormal EEG records in different periods of the first year of life. The number of normal records was considerably higher in treated children than the number of abnormal records in untreated ones. This relationship was not noted in the first three months of life. In the first half year of life, generalized abnormalities as well as abnormal \" trac \u00e9 alternant \" predominated and localized abnormalities were exceptional. On the other hand, in the second half year of life nearly half of the abnormalities were as follows: general paroxysmal abnormalities not observed in the first half year of life, considerably higher amount of abnormalities localized only in the temporal region, less generalized non-paroxysmal abnormalities, and lack of bioelectrical features of sleep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263527", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical diagnosis of galactosemia among our cases].", "content": "Clinical and biochemical diagnostic studies concerned 17 cases of galactosemia coming from 15 not consauguineous families. Galactosemia was diagnosed between 1-st day and 11-th month of life. Tentative diagnosis based on clinical picture was made in 12 infants, others were detected through family history of galactosemia and/or biochemical newborn screening carried out at the National Research Institute of Mother and Child since 1969. Clinical symptoms of galactosemia occurred in most patients in the first week of life. They were the following (tab. II): hepatomegaly (in 94%), jaundice (81%), splenomegaly (79%), vomitus (62%) and diarrhoea in 56% of patients. Cataract was found in 6 infants (38%). Biochemical diagnosis was based on the results of enzymatic estimation of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in blood, galactose-1-phosphate in red blood cells and galactose in blood and urine. No activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase was found in all patients, and the concentration of galactose-1-phosphate was higher than 25 mg/100 ml of red blood cells. High galactose level was observed in blood and urine in all patients with typical clinical course of galactosemia. In 2 patients however without clinical symptoms of the disease only trace amounts of galactose was detected in blood and urine. All these patients were treated with galactose free diet.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical diagnosis of galactosemia among our cases]. Clinical and biochemical diagnostic studies concerned 17 cases of galactosemia coming from 15 not consauguineous families. Galactosemia was diagnosed between 1-st day and 11-th month of life. Tentative diagnosis based on clinical picture was made in 12 infants, others were detected through family history of galactosemia and/or biochemical newborn screening carried out at the National Research Institute of Mother and Child since 1969. Clinical symptoms of galactosemia occurred in most patients in the first week of life. They were the following (tab. II): hepatomegaly (in 94%), jaundice (81%), splenomegaly (79%), vomitus (62%) and diarrhoea in 56% of patients. Cataract was found in 6 infants (38%). Biochemical diagnosis was based on the results of enzymatic estimation of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in blood, galactose-1-phosphate in red blood cells and galactose in blood and urine. No activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase was found in all patients, and the concentration of galactose-1-phosphate was higher than 25 mg/100 ml of red blood cells. High galactose level was observed in blood and urine in all patients with typical clinical course of galactosemia. In 2 patients however without clinical symptoms of the disease only trace amounts of galactose was detected in blood and urine. All these patients were treated with galactose free diet."}
{"id": "PMID:263528", "title": "[Centile charts of cephalometric characteristics of Warsaw's children from 1 month to 7 years of age].", "content": "The present study contains the centile charts and tables of the 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 95 centiles values of the 5 fundamental head dimensions: head length (g-op), head breadth (eu-eu), face height (n-gn), face breadth ( zy - zy ), and cephalic index (formula see text). They are elaborated on the basis of Warsaw children sample in the age from 1 month to 7 years of life. They are a great value for pediatric clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Centile charts of cephalometric characteristics of Warsaw's children from 1 month to 7 years of age]. The present study contains the centile charts and tables of the 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 95 centiles values of the 5 fundamental head dimensions: head length (g-op), head breadth (eu-eu), face height (n-gn), face breadth ( zy - zy ), and cephalic index (formula see text). They are elaborated on the basis of Warsaw children sample in the age from 1 month to 7 years of life. They are a great value for pediatric clinical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:263529", "title": "[Galactosemia].", "content": "This paper is a review of inborn errors in galactose metabolism with special attention being paid to practical aspects of this problem. The authors presented the history of experimental research on galactose metabolism in human body, patomechanisms of biochemical abnormalities and clinical course of the disease as well as the review of genetic papers regarding polymarphism of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, galactosemic variants in human population and the possibilities of early diagnosis and treatment of galactosemia.", "contents": "[Galactosemia]. This paper is a review of inborn errors in galactose metabolism with special attention being paid to practical aspects of this problem. The authors presented the history of experimental research on galactose metabolism in human body, patomechanisms of biochemical abnormalities and clinical course of the disease as well as the review of genetic papers regarding polymarphism of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, galactosemic variants in human population and the possibilities of early diagnosis and treatment of galactosemia."}
{"id": "PMID:263530", "title": "[Neurological status and psychomotor development of children with phenylketonuria treated early].", "content": "Low phenylalanine diet treatment in children with phenylketonuria (PKU) started sufficiently early prevents mental retardation. But the question whether the treatment prevents all c n s damage is still open. This problem was evaluated on the basis of longitudinal neurological and psychological studies of 118 PKU children in whom treatment was started before the 6-th week of life. As a comparative group 90 children with untreated or late treated PKU were investigated. A detailed analysis of the results was carried out investigating each case in relation to the precision of dietary restrictions and the duration of treatment. The incidence and type of abnormal findings were compared with the abnormalities found in children with untreated or late treated PKU and with the incidence in the total child population. In 78 children (66,1%) there were no abnormalities in the neurological status and mental development was normal except for some retardation in the visual-motor maturation. In 35 children (29,7%) signs of hyperkinetic syndrome were present in 5 (4,2%) there was both mental retardation and signs of hyperkinetic syndrome. In the comparative group all 90 children had severe neurological abnormalities and mental retardation. The obtained results confirm that the essential effect of the diet on the development of PKU patients is during the first year of life. In order to obtain optimal results however, it is necessary to continue the diet for a sufficiently long period. But in spite of following the prescribed treatment in PKU children it is not always possible to prevent minimal c n s damage.", "contents": "[Neurological status and psychomotor development of children with phenylketonuria treated early]. Low phenylalanine diet treatment in children with phenylketonuria (PKU) started sufficiently early prevents mental retardation. But the question whether the treatment prevents all c n s damage is still open. This problem was evaluated on the basis of longitudinal neurological and psychological studies of 118 PKU children in whom treatment was started before the 6-th week of life. As a comparative group 90 children with untreated or late treated PKU were investigated. A detailed analysis of the results was carried out investigating each case in relation to the precision of dietary restrictions and the duration of treatment. The incidence and type of abnormal findings were compared with the abnormalities found in children with untreated or late treated PKU and with the incidence in the total child population. In 78 children (66,1%) there were no abnormalities in the neurological status and mental development was normal except for some retardation in the visual-motor maturation. In 35 children (29,7%) signs of hyperkinetic syndrome were present in 5 (4,2%) there was both mental retardation and signs of hyperkinetic syndrome. In the comparative group all 90 children had severe neurological abnormalities and mental retardation. The obtained results confirm that the essential effect of the diet on the development of PKU patients is during the first year of life. In order to obtain optimal results however, it is necessary to continue the diet for a sufficiently long period. But in spite of following the prescribed treatment in PKU children it is not always possible to prevent minimal c n s damage."}
{"id": "PMID:263531", "title": "[Lipoprotein X (LP-X) in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis in children, with special reference to biliary atresia].", "content": "Lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in the serum of infants with persistent jaundice is indicative of cholestasis. In early infancy biliary atresia and biliary agenesis are the most common cause of cholestasis, whereas neonatal hepatitis is a less frequent cause of cholestasis. The authors introduced and described the qualitative and quantitative methods of LP-X determination for diagnostic purposes. LP-X estimations were carried out in 9 children with persistent jaundice. LP-X was found to be present in 4 infants-in 2 with complete absence of extrahepatic biliary tracts, in 1 with extrahepatic biliary atresia and in 1 with hypoplastic extrahepatic biliary tract. LP-X was also found in a 5 year old boy with mechanical occlusion of bile ducts caused by a malignant tumor ( rhabdomyoblastoma ), and in 3 year old girl with inborn enzymatic liver dysfunction. In this case LP-X concentration was estimated before and after 3 week course of cholestyramine, after which there was a 35% decrease in the LP-X concentration. In a 4 month old child LP-X was not found in spite of the absence of extra and intrahepatic biliary tracts. This finding may be explained by the far advanced hepatic cirrhosis. The authors stress the importance of introducing of LP-X estimation in the differential diagnosis of jaundice in early infancy.", "contents": "[Lipoprotein X (LP-X) in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis in children, with special reference to biliary atresia]. Lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in the serum of infants with persistent jaundice is indicative of cholestasis. In early infancy biliary atresia and biliary agenesis are the most common cause of cholestasis, whereas neonatal hepatitis is a less frequent cause of cholestasis. The authors introduced and described the qualitative and quantitative methods of LP-X determination for diagnostic purposes. LP-X estimations were carried out in 9 children with persistent jaundice. LP-X was found to be present in 4 infants-in 2 with complete absence of extrahepatic biliary tracts, in 1 with extrahepatic biliary atresia and in 1 with hypoplastic extrahepatic biliary tract. LP-X was also found in a 5 year old boy with mechanical occlusion of bile ducts caused by a malignant tumor ( rhabdomyoblastoma ), and in 3 year old girl with inborn enzymatic liver dysfunction. In this case LP-X concentration was estimated before and after 3 week course of cholestyramine, after which there was a 35% decrease in the LP-X concentration. In a 4 month old child LP-X was not found in spite of the absence of extra and intrahepatic biliary tracts. This finding may be explained by the far advanced hepatic cirrhosis. The authors stress the importance of introducing of LP-X estimation in the differential diagnosis of jaundice in early infancy."}
{"id": "PMID:263532", "title": "[A new type of sweat test and its use in children].", "content": "Chloride concentration in sweat was determined by the method of Skine Chloride System of Orion's Model 417 in 100 healthy children and 42 CF children. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated in chloride concentration in sweat between the group of healthy children and CF children. The results of our investigations suggest, that this method is useful in the diagnosis of CF in childhood.", "contents": "[A new type of sweat test and its use in children]. Chloride concentration in sweat was determined by the method of Skine Chloride System of Orion's Model 417 in 100 healthy children and 42 CF children. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated in chloride concentration in sweat between the group of healthy children and CF children. The results of our investigations suggest, that this method is useful in the diagnosis of CF in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:263533", "title": "[Indicators of protein metabolism in infants with intrauterine dystrophy red various dietary mixtures].", "content": "In the previous work published in No 7 of \"Development Period Medicine\" ( Problemy Medycyny Wieku Rozwojowego ) the results of nitrogen balance studies in S-f-D infants fed different milk formulas were described. The present study concerns other protein metabolism indices in the same infants. The infants were divided into four groups according to the formula they were fed. The composition of formulas is shown in table I. In the infants besides the balance study, serum urea nitrogen, protein and albumin level, were estimated once a month. Also urea, creatine and creatinine, and hydroxyproline in 24-hours urine collections were examined. Excretion of creatine, creatinine and hydroxyproline was summarized in 5 boys from the group of 38 investigated infants in the first five months of life when meat-free diet was fed. The above mentioned indices permit for better assessment of the effect of the diet on protein metabolism and the requirement of protein for S-f-D infants. The results of protein metabolism indices were compared with the indices obtained in F.S. infants similarly fed. Group S of S-f-D infants was compared with group A of F.S. infants and the other groups of S-f-D infants were compared with each other. In S-f-D infants fed formula S, a lower level of serum urea nitrogen was observed in comparison with F.S. infants of group A in spite of greater protein intake in S-f-D infants. This should prove a greater protein requirement in S-f-D infants. Decreased protein content and cow's milk fat modification also had profitable influence on protein utilization because serum urea nitrogen and nitrogen in urine were low in S-f-D infants fed this formula. Urine urea nitrogen as a part of total urine nitrogen is bigger in group S and C infants, and the lowest in group G infants (formula with lower fat and total protein content). Serum protein and albumin level was generally higher in S-f-D infants than in FS ones. Particularly high level of these parameters was observed in group G infants. The most regular behaviour of age trend versus protein and albumin level was observed in S-f-D infants fed formula H and C, fast increase of values was observed in the first half of life. In the S-f-D infants which were given formulas with decreased content of protein H and C group lower excretion of creatine was noted. As in FS infants, a gradual increase of creatine with age and body weight was stated. In 24-hour urine collection creatine excretion was lower, particularly in the infants daily creatinine excretion was positively correlated with body weight, body length and age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Indicators of protein metabolism in infants with intrauterine dystrophy red various dietary mixtures]. In the previous work published in No 7 of \"Development Period Medicine\" ( Problemy Medycyny Wieku Rozwojowego ) the results of nitrogen balance studies in S-f-D infants fed different milk formulas were described. The present study concerns other protein metabolism indices in the same infants. The infants were divided into four groups according to the formula they were fed. The composition of formulas is shown in table I. In the infants besides the balance study, serum urea nitrogen, protein and albumin level, were estimated once a month. Also urea, creatine and creatinine, and hydroxyproline in 24-hours urine collections were examined. Excretion of creatine, creatinine and hydroxyproline was summarized in 5 boys from the group of 38 investigated infants in the first five months of life when meat-free diet was fed. The above mentioned indices permit for better assessment of the effect of the diet on protein metabolism and the requirement of protein for S-f-D infants. The results of protein metabolism indices were compared with the indices obtained in F.S. infants similarly fed. Group S of S-f-D infants was compared with group A of F.S. infants and the other groups of S-f-D infants were compared with each other. In S-f-D infants fed formula S, a lower level of serum urea nitrogen was observed in comparison with F.S. infants of group A in spite of greater protein intake in S-f-D infants. This should prove a greater protein requirement in S-f-D infants. Decreased protein content and cow's milk fat modification also had profitable influence on protein utilization because serum urea nitrogen and nitrogen in urine were low in S-f-D infants fed this formula. Urine urea nitrogen as a part of total urine nitrogen is bigger in group S and C infants, and the lowest in group G infants (formula with lower fat and total protein content). Serum protein and albumin level was generally higher in S-f-D infants than in FS ones. Particularly high level of these parameters was observed in group G infants. The most regular behaviour of age trend versus protein and albumin level was observed in S-f-D infants fed formula H and C, fast increase of values was observed in the first half of life. In the S-f-D infants which were given formulas with decreased content of protein H and C group lower excretion of creatine was noted. As in FS infants, a gradual increase of creatine with age and body weight was stated. In 24-hour urine collection creatine excretion was lower, particularly in the infants daily creatinine excretion was positively correlated with body weight, body length and age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263534", "title": "[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy. Report I. Indicators of calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy].", "content": "Observations of many investigators point at a lower amount of calcium in body composition of Small-for-Date infants (S-f-D). So far, only few investigations indicated that the calcium metabolism is disturbed in the postnatal life of S-f-D infants as well. Taking into consideration these data, the authors attempt to define calcium-requirement in S-f-D infants. In this report the cross-sectional observations of 30 infants are described . They were born after 37 weeks of gestation. The mean body weight was 2318 and it ranged between 1200-2760 g. Their body weight at birth was below 10 percentile according to Brzozowska . In these infants 3-days balance studies were carried out once a month. The calcium balance indices were compared with the indices of the Full-Size infants (FS) who were observed during the former years. The S-f-D and FS infants were fed similar diets based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. It was noted that the percentage absorption index in S-f-D infants was significantly lower than in the control group in 1-st and 2-nd trimester of life (table III, fig. 2). The S-f-D infants had a good appetite in first semester of life and they ate a big volume of milk formula and calcium in it. It seems that this is the reason that calcium retention in S-f-D infants in spite of lower ability of calcium retention, did not differ statistically from calcium retention in FS infants. The mean values were a little lower however. In the 2-nd half year of life statistically significant difference between any of the balance indices in S-f-D and FS infants was not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy. Report I. Indicators of calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy]. Observations of many investigators point at a lower amount of calcium in body composition of Small-for-Date infants (S-f-D). So far, only few investigations indicated that the calcium metabolism is disturbed in the postnatal life of S-f-D infants as well. Taking into consideration these data, the authors attempt to define calcium-requirement in S-f-D infants. In this report the cross-sectional observations of 30 infants are described . They were born after 37 weeks of gestation. The mean body weight was 2318 and it ranged between 1200-2760 g. Their body weight at birth was below 10 percentile according to Brzozowska . In these infants 3-days balance studies were carried out once a month. The calcium balance indices were compared with the indices of the Full-Size infants (FS) who were observed during the former years. The S-f-D and FS infants were fed similar diets based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. It was noted that the percentage absorption index in S-f-D infants was significantly lower than in the control group in 1-st and 2-nd trimester of life (table III, fig. 2). The S-f-D infants had a good appetite in first semester of life and they ate a big volume of milk formula and calcium in it. It seems that this is the reason that calcium retention in S-f-D infants in spite of lower ability of calcium retention, did not differ statistically from calcium retention in FS infants. The mean values were a little lower however. In the 2-nd half year of life statistically significant difference between any of the balance indices in S-f-D and FS infants was not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263535", "title": "[Longitudinal studies on the physical development of low birth weight children. Growth dynamics and sexual dimorphism during the first year of life].", "content": "Longitudinal studies of physical development in the first year of life were carried out in the group of children born with low body weight. Results were compared with those obtained in the control group. The examined group consisted of 73 children born from single pregnancies in hospitals from families living in Wola district of Warsaw. Out of 73 children, 35 were born t term as small-for-date children (DW). Remaining 38 children were prematurely born (W). The control group (K) consisted of 40 children born in hospital at term, from single pregnancy, with body-weight at birth corresponding to foetal age (25-75 centiles). They came also from families living in Wola district. Analysis of physical development was based on the results of anthropometric measurements carried out at monthly intervals through the first year of life, considering required age tolerance, using standardized measuring methods and instruments. The principles of feeding, nursing, prophylaxis of rickets and iron deficiency as well as preventive vaccinations were the same for all children. Variability with age as well as monthly and yearly gains and the index of sexual dimorphism of the following parameters were analysed: body-weight, body-length, head and chest circumference thorax and head length, shoulders width, hip width. Longitudinal observation of these children through evaluation of growth increments made the analysis of the dynamics of somatic development possible. The analysis showed differences in physical development in the first year of life in children under examination. These differences concerned both the variability of separate traits with age, and the dynamics of development, development of sexual dimorphism index in relation to the control group. The differences ere also observed between the small-to-date and prematurely born children. Developmental differences ere noted among the children born with low body-weight dependent on the achieved foetal age at birth. No tendency in small-for-date infants to decrease the differences as compared to the control group was noted. This tendency was typical of the prematurely born children. The highest developmental rate was observed in prematurely born infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Longitudinal studies on the physical development of low birth weight children. Growth dynamics and sexual dimorphism during the first year of life]. Longitudinal studies of physical development in the first year of life were carried out in the group of children born with low body weight. Results were compared with those obtained in the control group. The examined group consisted of 73 children born from single pregnancies in hospitals from families living in Wola district of Warsaw. Out of 73 children, 35 were born t term as small-for-date children (DW). Remaining 38 children were prematurely born (W). The control group (K) consisted of 40 children born in hospital at term, from single pregnancy, with body-weight at birth corresponding to foetal age (25-75 centiles). They came also from families living in Wola district. Analysis of physical development was based on the results of anthropometric measurements carried out at monthly intervals through the first year of life, considering required age tolerance, using standardized measuring methods and instruments. The principles of feeding, nursing, prophylaxis of rickets and iron deficiency as well as preventive vaccinations were the same for all children. Variability with age as well as monthly and yearly gains and the index of sexual dimorphism of the following parameters were analysed: body-weight, body-length, head and chest circumference thorax and head length, shoulders width, hip width. Longitudinal observation of these children through evaluation of growth increments made the analysis of the dynamics of somatic development possible. The analysis showed differences in physical development in the first year of life in children under examination. These differences concerned both the variability of separate traits with age, and the dynamics of development, development of sexual dimorphism index in relation to the control group. The differences ere also observed between the small-to-date and prematurely born children. Developmental differences ere noted among the children born with low body-weight dependent on the achieved foetal age at birth. No tendency in small-for-date infants to decrease the differences as compared to the control group was noted. This tendency was typical of the prematurely born children. The highest developmental rate was observed in prematurely born infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263536", "title": "[Sacrococcygeal approach in the treatment of defects of the lower segment of the digestive tract].", "content": "The research investigations carried out for years revealed most details on embryology nd pathophysiology of anorectal malformations. They left still unsolved the problem how to obtain better functional results following their surgical treatment. It is well known, that in the group of high- supralevator deformities, the lower rectum, anal canal and internal sphincter are absent, and the terminal pouch lyes above the puborectalis sling. The purpose of the of the pull-through procedure is the reconstruction of proper relationship between bowel, the levator diaphragm and external sphincter, without damage to the muscles and pelvic plexus. The technics advocated by Stephens and Rehbein are apparently important steps forward in surgery of these defects. The sacrococcygeal route of Kraske, adapted by Stephens for operative treatment of anorectal malformations, gives approach from behind to the supralevator space for identification of puborectalis sling. The muscle is separated from urethra or vagina, and gradually the tunnel through the sling and external sphincter is created. The gentle and in proper plane pull of the bowel through an undamaged puborectalis muscle gives the possibility to save its function as rectal sphincter and receptor as well. This paper presents 76 children with anorectal malformations, treated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery during 1966 to 1975 yr. The \"International\" Classification, proposed in Melbourne was used to group the patients according to the level of the terminal bowel: in Supralevator , Intermediate and Translevator defects (tab. I-III). The surgical procedures in particular types of anomalies are presented in the tables IV-VII. The detailed clinical evaluation and roentgenological examination were the base to assess the type of malformation and to choose the method of treatment. To find other coincidental malformations, generally most frequently occurring in the genitourinary tract, the intravenous pyelography was the routine early investigation. Other tests, like cystography and endoscopy were done when indicted. The genitourinary tract abnormalities were found in 9 of 14 children with supralevator deformities, in 9 of 17 children with intermediate type and in 17 of 45 from the translevator group. Oesophageal atresia was present in 6 children, the congenital heart failure in 13 and skeletal malformations in 21 of the total. In neonates with supralevator anomalies the primary reconstructions were not very successful, so transversostomy became a routine preliminary procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Sacrococcygeal approach in the treatment of defects of the lower segment of the digestive tract]. The research investigations carried out for years revealed most details on embryology nd pathophysiology of anorectal malformations. They left still unsolved the problem how to obtain better functional results following their surgical treatment. It is well known, that in the group of high- supralevator deformities, the lower rectum, anal canal and internal sphincter are absent, and the terminal pouch lyes above the puborectalis sling. The purpose of the of the pull-through procedure is the reconstruction of proper relationship between bowel, the levator diaphragm and external sphincter, without damage to the muscles and pelvic plexus. The technics advocated by Stephens and Rehbein are apparently important steps forward in surgery of these defects. The sacrococcygeal route of Kraske, adapted by Stephens for operative treatment of anorectal malformations, gives approach from behind to the supralevator space for identification of puborectalis sling. The muscle is separated from urethra or vagina, and gradually the tunnel through the sling and external sphincter is created. The gentle and in proper plane pull of the bowel through an undamaged puborectalis muscle gives the possibility to save its function as rectal sphincter and receptor as well. This paper presents 76 children with anorectal malformations, treated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery during 1966 to 1975 yr. The \"International\" Classification, proposed in Melbourne was used to group the patients according to the level of the terminal bowel: in Supralevator , Intermediate and Translevator defects (tab. I-III). The surgical procedures in particular types of anomalies are presented in the tables IV-VII. The detailed clinical evaluation and roentgenological examination were the base to assess the type of malformation and to choose the method of treatment. To find other coincidental malformations, generally most frequently occurring in the genitourinary tract, the intravenous pyelography was the routine early investigation. Other tests, like cystography and endoscopy were done when indicted. The genitourinary tract abnormalities were found in 9 of 14 children with supralevator deformities, in 9 of 17 children with intermediate type and in 17 of 45 from the translevator group. Oesophageal atresia was present in 6 children, the congenital heart failure in 13 and skeletal malformations in 21 of the total. In neonates with supralevator anomalies the primary reconstructions were not very successful, so transversostomy became a routine preliminary procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263537", "title": "[Effect of rehabilitation of the feeding function on the development of visual-motor coordination and speech in children with infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "The aim of the study was to determine the effect of rehabilitation of feeding function on eye/hand coordination and speech development in cerebral palsied children. The analysis included 28 children with tetraplegic form of cerebral palsy. Age of these children was from 12 to 48 months (in one case 6 months, the other case 6 years). In the first examination, standard deviations in independent feeding function (according to \"feeding test\") were established as well as the level of eye/hand coordination and speech development (according to Denver Developmental Screening Test). All cerebral palsied children from examined group have had specific helping-exercises according to the method based on normal stages of feeding development. Second examination was performed from 7 to 24 months from the beginning of rehabilitation. The comparative group consisted of 14 children with tetraplegic form of cerebral palsy in this group there were no specific exercises. The parents took them home after short time of stay at the Rehabilitation Department on the basis of the above examinations both group were compared (results presented in the diagrams). It was found, that the method of rehabilitation of feeding function is very useful. Good oral feeding patterns are an essential basis for the skill of muscles and their speech sounds production. Correct position and feeding on self are important for the development of eye/hand coordination. Summing up, rehabilitation of the feeding function should be an integral part of the general problem of rehabilitation of cerebral palsied children.", "contents": "[Effect of rehabilitation of the feeding function on the development of visual-motor coordination and speech in children with infantile cerebral palsy]. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of rehabilitation of feeding function on eye/hand coordination and speech development in cerebral palsied children. The analysis included 28 children with tetraplegic form of cerebral palsy. Age of these children was from 12 to 48 months (in one case 6 months, the other case 6 years). In the first examination, standard deviations in independent feeding function (according to \"feeding test\") were established as well as the level of eye/hand coordination and speech development (according to Denver Developmental Screening Test). All cerebral palsied children from examined group have had specific helping-exercises according to the method based on normal stages of feeding development. Second examination was performed from 7 to 24 months from the beginning of rehabilitation. The comparative group consisted of 14 children with tetraplegic form of cerebral palsy in this group there were no specific exercises. The parents took them home after short time of stay at the Rehabilitation Department on the basis of the above examinations both group were compared (results presented in the diagrams). It was found, that the method of rehabilitation of feeding function is very useful. Good oral feeding patterns are an essential basis for the skill of muscles and their speech sounds production. Correct position and feeding on self are important for the development of eye/hand coordination. Summing up, rehabilitation of the feeding function should be an integral part of the general problem of rehabilitation of cerebral palsied children."}
{"id": "PMID:263538", "title": "[Results of the surgical treatment of children with residual developmental anomalies of the 1st and 2d branchial clefts and thyroglossal duct].", "content": "The purpose of this study was assessment of the results of surgical treatment of children with developmental anomalies derived from the first and second branchial clefts and thyroglossal duct. Normal and abnormal development of branchial arches and clefts, pharyngeal pouches and thyroglossal duct, as well as the anatomy nd topography of the resulting developmental anomalies are discussed. The observed developmental anomalies are classified into: cysts, cysts with sinuses developing as a result of inflammatory processes, puncture, incision, operation, dermal sinuses draining externally, dermal sinuses with external and internal orifices, the latter in the groove of the palatine tonsil or foramen caecum of the tongue, dermal sinus with external orifice and dermal fistula. Methods of diagnostic investigations and surgical treatment are described. The cysts derived from the first and second branchial arches were treated surgically by a transverse incision running across the peak of the bulging cyst. Removal of the cyst was started by dissection of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the wall, and then the posterior wall was dissected free from the deep structures in the neck. In cases of cysts with fistulae or dermal sinuses the operation was preceded by injection of 1% methylene blue into its external orifice. In this way it was possible to stain the walls of the cyst or sinus and to mark its end. The operation was started with elliptical excision of the external orifice of the lesion. In cases of dermal sinuses derived from the first branchial clefts an additional incision was made along the posteroinferior border of attachment of the auricule to the skull. In operations of dermal sinuses derived from the second branchial cleft after dissection of the wall at a distance of several centimeters a second incision was made transversely for easier dissection of the sinus wall lying in deeper parts of the neck. Removal of the cysts and sinuses derived from the thyroglossal duct required always resection of the middle part of the body of the hyoid bone. Upward elevation of the cut hyoid bone body visualized the upper part of the thyroglossal duct up to its end in the lingual foramen caecum, and made possible removal of this part. The cut hyoid bone body was left divided. In the years 1953-1976 56 children were treated surgically for these developmental anomalies. The material comprised 33 girls and 23 boys. Three groups of patients were isolated. Most children were operated upon between the 5th and the 9th year of life at the age of 12 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Results of the surgical treatment of children with residual developmental anomalies of the 1st and 2d branchial clefts and thyroglossal duct]. The purpose of this study was assessment of the results of surgical treatment of children with developmental anomalies derived from the first and second branchial clefts and thyroglossal duct. Normal and abnormal development of branchial arches and clefts, pharyngeal pouches and thyroglossal duct, as well as the anatomy nd topography of the resulting developmental anomalies are discussed. The observed developmental anomalies are classified into: cysts, cysts with sinuses developing as a result of inflammatory processes, puncture, incision, operation, dermal sinuses draining externally, dermal sinuses with external and internal orifices, the latter in the groove of the palatine tonsil or foramen caecum of the tongue, dermal sinus with external orifice and dermal fistula. Methods of diagnostic investigations and surgical treatment are described. The cysts derived from the first and second branchial arches were treated surgically by a transverse incision running across the peak of the bulging cyst. Removal of the cyst was started by dissection of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the wall, and then the posterior wall was dissected free from the deep structures in the neck. In cases of cysts with fistulae or dermal sinuses the operation was preceded by injection of 1% methylene blue into its external orifice. In this way it was possible to stain the walls of the cyst or sinus and to mark its end. The operation was started with elliptical excision of the external orifice of the lesion. In cases of dermal sinuses derived from the first branchial clefts an additional incision was made along the posteroinferior border of attachment of the auricule to the skull. In operations of dermal sinuses derived from the second branchial cleft after dissection of the wall at a distance of several centimeters a second incision was made transversely for easier dissection of the sinus wall lying in deeper parts of the neck. Removal of the cysts and sinuses derived from the thyroglossal duct required always resection of the middle part of the body of the hyoid bone. Upward elevation of the cut hyoid bone body visualized the upper part of the thyroglossal duct up to its end in the lingual foramen caecum, and made possible removal of this part. The cut hyoid bone body was left divided. In the years 1953-1976 56 children were treated surgically for these developmental anomalies. The material comprised 33 girls and 23 boys. Three groups of patients were isolated. Most children were operated upon between the 5th and the 9th year of life at the age of 12 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263539", "title": "[Surgical treatment of congenital defects of the jejunum and ileum in infants].", "content": "The examinations were based in the material of the Clinic of the Children's Surgery of the M.A. in Lublin of 16 newborns and babies operated because of the congenital defects of the jejunum and ileum. Among the patients there were 9 with the intestinal occlusion or with the stenosis, 5 with the diverticulum Meckel's or too long existing umbilical duct and 2 with the foramen of the mesentery. The results of the treatment of these defects dependent on the method of the operation. Good results of the operation were obtained by opening of the abdominal cavity with the medial incision, resection of the dilated intestine, funnel-shaped stenosis of the afferent ansa and anastomosis of one end to end or the end to back.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of congenital defects of the jejunum and ileum in infants]. The examinations were based in the material of the Clinic of the Children's Surgery of the M.A. in Lublin of 16 newborns and babies operated because of the congenital defects of the jejunum and ileum. Among the patients there were 9 with the intestinal occlusion or with the stenosis, 5 with the diverticulum Meckel's or too long existing umbilical duct and 2 with the foramen of the mesentery. The results of the treatment of these defects dependent on the method of the operation. Good results of the operation were obtained by opening of the abdominal cavity with the medial incision, resection of the dilated intestine, funnel-shaped stenosis of the afferent ansa and anastomosis of one end to end or the end to back."}
{"id": "PMID:263540", "title": "[Naloxone as a drug for improving anesthesia results in children].", "content": "In anaesthesiology of today, due to the increased use of strong analgetics, it is necessary to have an effective antagonist for mini- mizing the danger of respiratory depression in postoperative period. Naloxone, ( Narcan , R-Endo Laboratories Inc., Subsidiary of E. J. du Pont de Nemours and Co., (Inc.), USA), a new narcotic antagonist was investigated in this study. It has been applied to 58 patients in cases of respiratory depression at the end of anaesthesia in which fentanyl was given, (these cases constituted 14% of all anaesthesias). Fentanyl was given intravenously in fractional doses, (fig 1), during NLA, and other general anaesthesias, for operation and diagnostic examination ( exeption of cardiosurgery), in children and adolescents from two month-to nineteen years of age, (tab. 1.). Naloxone was given intravenously, in fractional doses from 1 microgram to 5 micrograms/kg body weight. As a criterium of an antidepressive effect of Naloxone--in addition to clinical evaluation, blood gases analyses and continuous capnographic recording has been accepted. In all 58 cases diminition of respiratory depression was observed 2-3 min. after injected each dose of Naloxone. Respiratory rate increased from 15 to 22/min. concentration of CO2 in expired gases decreased from 5-6% to 4,5%, (fig. 2 and 3), and regain of consciousness, and return of intensive reaction to endotracheal tube stimulation was observed. Naloxone produced neither changes in the cardiovascular system, nor side effects. Based on these results Naloxone has been suggested as an effective narcotic antagonist. It increase of the possibility of applying strong analgetics in children--allowing to keep a steady level of anaesthesia with easy elimination respiratory depression in the desired period of time.", "contents": "[Naloxone as a drug for improving anesthesia results in children]. In anaesthesiology of today, due to the increased use of strong analgetics, it is necessary to have an effective antagonist for mini- mizing the danger of respiratory depression in postoperative period. Naloxone, ( Narcan , R-Endo Laboratories Inc., Subsidiary of E. J. du Pont de Nemours and Co., (Inc.), USA), a new narcotic antagonist was investigated in this study. It has been applied to 58 patients in cases of respiratory depression at the end of anaesthesia in which fentanyl was given, (these cases constituted 14% of all anaesthesias). Fentanyl was given intravenously in fractional doses, (fig 1), during NLA, and other general anaesthesias, for operation and diagnostic examination ( exeption of cardiosurgery), in children and adolescents from two month-to nineteen years of age, (tab. 1.). Naloxone was given intravenously, in fractional doses from 1 microgram to 5 micrograms/kg body weight. As a criterium of an antidepressive effect of Naloxone--in addition to clinical evaluation, blood gases analyses and continuous capnographic recording has been accepted. In all 58 cases diminition of respiratory depression was observed 2-3 min. after injected each dose of Naloxone. Respiratory rate increased from 15 to 22/min. concentration of CO2 in expired gases decreased from 5-6% to 4,5%, (fig. 2 and 3), and regain of consciousness, and return of intensive reaction to endotracheal tube stimulation was observed. Naloxone produced neither changes in the cardiovascular system, nor side effects. Based on these results Naloxone has been suggested as an effective narcotic antagonist. It increase of the possibility of applying strong analgetics in children--allowing to keep a steady level of anaesthesia with easy elimination respiratory depression in the desired period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:263541", "title": "[Angiocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital bulboventricular heart defects. Anatomopathological and angiocardiographic correlations].", "content": "Current surgical methods enable radical treatment of the most bulboventricular malformations (syn. conotruncal malformations, transposition complex). The defects, which were until now the field of embryologist and pathologist, require accurate and precise clinical diagnosis of the anomaly. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the ability of angiocardiography for diagnosis of bulboventricular malformations considering the type of essential anomaly, its exact morphology and character of coexisting malformations. The report represents 49 cases with pathological diagnosis of bulboventricular malformations in children, in which during hospitalization angiocardiography has been performed. The cases were selected from 1918 angiocardiographies and also from 987 cases of pathological specimens with congenital heart diseases in the years 1970-1977. There were: 33 cases of TGA, in these 2 with corrected TGA, 3 cases of DORV, 1 case of DOLV , 12 cases of CV. All cases showed the broad spectrum of variants in position of the great arteries and kind of conus apart from type of basic anomaly. Septal defects, pulmonary orifice stenosis or atresia and anomalies of atrio-ventricular orifices particularly in common ventricle were mostly coexisting malformations. To recognize essential anomaly we estimated atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-arterial relation (connection), based on Kirklin classification. The conuses and position of the trunk of the great arteries were treated as pathomorphologic details, that had no influence on essential diagnosis of malformation. Arbitrary accepted definition and nomenclature was based on data from bibliography. Angiocardiography was made using full-size filmchanger AOT with maximal frequency 6 frames/sec. Contrast medium injected mainly into the ventricles. X-rays were performed usually immediately in two projections. Comparison of the angiocardiographic diagnosis with pathology of the hearts showed the correct diagnosis of the essential malformation, by means of angiocardiography, in more than 80% cases. But the diagnosis percentage in particular elements of malformation varied from 2/3 to 1/3 according to the type of malformation. The absence of the correct diagnosis of the essential anomaly, based on type of relations, was the lack of visualization of all heart cavities (in some cases), which was conditioned by the method. On the other hand the correct angiocardiographic diagnosis was sometimes impossible, because of very complicated anatomical situation in malformed hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Angiocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital bulboventricular heart defects. Anatomopathological and angiocardiographic correlations]. Current surgical methods enable radical treatment of the most bulboventricular malformations (syn. conotruncal malformations, transposition complex). The defects, which were until now the field of embryologist and pathologist, require accurate and precise clinical diagnosis of the anomaly. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the ability of angiocardiography for diagnosis of bulboventricular malformations considering the type of essential anomaly, its exact morphology and character of coexisting malformations. The report represents 49 cases with pathological diagnosis of bulboventricular malformations in children, in which during hospitalization angiocardiography has been performed. The cases were selected from 1918 angiocardiographies and also from 987 cases of pathological specimens with congenital heart diseases in the years 1970-1977. There were: 33 cases of TGA, in these 2 with corrected TGA, 3 cases of DORV, 1 case of DOLV , 12 cases of CV. All cases showed the broad spectrum of variants in position of the great arteries and kind of conus apart from type of basic anomaly. Septal defects, pulmonary orifice stenosis or atresia and anomalies of atrio-ventricular orifices particularly in common ventricle were mostly coexisting malformations. To recognize essential anomaly we estimated atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-arterial relation (connection), based on Kirklin classification. The conuses and position of the trunk of the great arteries were treated as pathomorphologic details, that had no influence on essential diagnosis of malformation. Arbitrary accepted definition and nomenclature was based on data from bibliography. Angiocardiography was made using full-size filmchanger AOT with maximal frequency 6 frames/sec. Contrast medium injected mainly into the ventricles. X-rays were performed usually immediately in two projections. Comparison of the angiocardiographic diagnosis with pathology of the hearts showed the correct diagnosis of the essential malformation, by means of angiocardiography, in more than 80% cases. But the diagnosis percentage in particular elements of malformation varied from 2/3 to 1/3 according to the type of malformation. The absence of the correct diagnosis of the essential anomaly, based on type of relations, was the lack of visualization of all heart cavities (in some cases), which was conditioned by the method. On the other hand the correct angiocardiographic diagnosis was sometimes impossible, because of very complicated anatomical situation in malformed hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263542", "title": "[Effect of physical training on the somatic development and work capacity of boys aged 10-13 years].", "content": "Working capacity was assessed for 20 healthy boys aged 13, who had been intensively trained as football players for the last three years. The control group consisted of similar age group boys who, apart from physical training classes at school, did not take part in any organized sport. On the basis of standard work load measured on a bicycle ergometer and by the gradational step tests, a more economical reaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems was observed in the trained boys in comparison with the controls. In the course of submaximal as well as maximal loads, a significantly lower heart rate was noted not only during work but also in the period of recovery. The systolic pressure after tets obtained lower values and returned more speedily to the initial level. At the maximal load and at high heart frequency up to 210 min-1, the systolic pressure, contrary to the adults, did not exceed 170 mm Hg which may be linked with the anatomo-functional character of the circulatory system . During the ergometric tests lower VO2 uptake was observed in the sport group, especially when calculated for the lean body mass. That group also showed higher values for VO2 max. at lower heart frequency. Lactic acid blood concentration at the maximal load did not show significant differences in the sport boys in comparison with the controls, but it reached lower level in comparison with the adults. Moreover, it was also stated that in the trained boys albuminuria was lower after the maximal load than in the controls. Albuminuria was diagnosed in 50 per cent of the sport boys after 90 minutes of football game, which leads to the conclusion that training is a comparatively high physical effort and the child's body needs a supplement of protein for its normal development.", "contents": "[Effect of physical training on the somatic development and work capacity of boys aged 10-13 years]. Working capacity was assessed for 20 healthy boys aged 13, who had been intensively trained as football players for the last three years. The control group consisted of similar age group boys who, apart from physical training classes at school, did not take part in any organized sport. On the basis of standard work load measured on a bicycle ergometer and by the gradational step tests, a more economical reaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems was observed in the trained boys in comparison with the controls. In the course of submaximal as well as maximal loads, a significantly lower heart rate was noted not only during work but also in the period of recovery. The systolic pressure after tets obtained lower values and returned more speedily to the initial level. At the maximal load and at high heart frequency up to 210 min-1, the systolic pressure, contrary to the adults, did not exceed 170 mm Hg which may be linked with the anatomo-functional character of the circulatory system . During the ergometric tests lower VO2 uptake was observed in the sport group, especially when calculated for the lean body mass. That group also showed higher values for VO2 max. at lower heart frequency. Lactic acid blood concentration at the maximal load did not show significant differences in the sport boys in comparison with the controls, but it reached lower level in comparison with the adults. Moreover, it was also stated that in the trained boys albuminuria was lower after the maximal load than in the controls. Albuminuria was diagnosed in 50 per cent of the sport boys after 90 minutes of football game, which leads to the conclusion that training is a comparatively high physical effort and the child's body needs a supplement of protein for its normal development."}
{"id": "PMID:263543", "title": "[IgE concentration in healthy children of various age groups].", "content": "Serum IgE was estimated in 181 healthy children aged 2 months-17 years. The concentration of IgE was measured by radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST). To eliminate serum interference the IgE levels were calculated using the correction factors: 0,96 and 0,91 (for the sera diluted respectively 1:10 and 1:5). Statistical calculations were made after logarithmic transformation of the particular results. On the base of the mean geometric values linear and parabolic regression lines have been made. On the grounds of the received regression equations it has been found that parabolic variant of the changes of the IgE concentration with respect to age, shows more accurately the real state. The index of the parabolic correlation (r = 0,98) shows a close and positive relations between IgE concentration and the age of children. The lowest concentrations of IgE were found in the youngest group of infants and then the level increased during childhood. The parabolic regression line and 95% confidence limits for the geometric mean values ar inserted in the paper.", "contents": "[IgE concentration in healthy children of various age groups]. Serum IgE was estimated in 181 healthy children aged 2 months-17 years. The concentration of IgE was measured by radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST). To eliminate serum interference the IgE levels were calculated using the correction factors: 0,96 and 0,91 (for the sera diluted respectively 1:10 and 1:5). Statistical calculations were made after logarithmic transformation of the particular results. On the base of the mean geometric values linear and parabolic regression lines have been made. On the grounds of the received regression equations it has been found that parabolic variant of the changes of the IgE concentration with respect to age, shows more accurately the real state. The index of the parabolic correlation (r = 0,98) shows a close and positive relations between IgE concentration and the age of children. The lowest concentrations of IgE were found in the youngest group of infants and then the level increased during childhood. The parabolic regression line and 95% confidence limits for the geometric mean values ar inserted in the paper."}
{"id": "PMID:263544", "title": "[Caloric balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy fed formulas containing unmodified fats].", "content": "The small-for-Date (S-f-D) infants are treated as high risk infants with regard to some metabolic disorders. Special attention should be paid to disorders of energy metabolism. The S-f-D infants already at birth showed the symptoms and results of intrauterine undernutrition, analogical to protein-calorie malnutrition in infants with postnatal dystrophy. The most important effect of intrauterine undernutrition influencing energy metabolism of S-f-D infants were discussed. Higher calorie requirement and higher calorie losses than in full-size (FS) infants were underlined. It was noted that proper feeding may, to a great extent, lessen the results of deficits in gestational age, as well as to increase the survival ability and assure the best possible physical and mental development. As the knowledge of energy metabolism in infants, particularly in those born with intrauterine undernutrition, is insufficient the studies of calorie balance were undertaken. The investigations were carried out in 26 infants observed longitudinally and crossectionally . All infants were fed ad libitum unmodified fat and protein cow's milk formulas containing glucose instead of saccharose in the first trimester and from second trimester gluten--free flour instead of wheat flour. Other meals were given according to obligatory scheme of infants' nutrition. The results of calorie balance studies were compared with the roper data of FS infants in I trimester and II semester of life, which were described in our previous paper. The results of fat an nitrogen balances were also taken into consideration. It was found, that the calorie intake in S-f-D infants is higher, particularly in first months of life, than in FS infants. It is closely related to the degree of intrauterine dystrophy. In this respect S-f-D infants behave similarly as the infants with postnatal dystrophy, which are capable to catch-up by increased calorie intake in answer to previous undernutrition. The calorie excretion in feces is significantly higher inthe first months of life in S-f-D infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Caloric balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy fed formulas containing unmodified fats]. The small-for-Date (S-f-D) infants are treated as high risk infants with regard to some metabolic disorders. Special attention should be paid to disorders of energy metabolism. The S-f-D infants already at birth showed the symptoms and results of intrauterine undernutrition, analogical to protein-calorie malnutrition in infants with postnatal dystrophy. The most important effect of intrauterine undernutrition influencing energy metabolism of S-f-D infants were discussed. Higher calorie requirement and higher calorie losses than in full-size (FS) infants were underlined. It was noted that proper feeding may, to a great extent, lessen the results of deficits in gestational age, as well as to increase the survival ability and assure the best possible physical and mental development. As the knowledge of energy metabolism in infants, particularly in those born with intrauterine undernutrition, is insufficient the studies of calorie balance were undertaken. The investigations were carried out in 26 infants observed longitudinally and crossectionally . All infants were fed ad libitum unmodified fat and protein cow's milk formulas containing glucose instead of saccharose in the first trimester and from second trimester gluten--free flour instead of wheat flour. Other meals were given according to obligatory scheme of infants' nutrition. The results of calorie balance studies were compared with the roper data of FS infants in I trimester and II semester of life, which were described in our previous paper. The results of fat an nitrogen balances were also taken into consideration. It was found, that the calorie intake in S-f-D infants is higher, particularly in first months of life, than in FS infants. It is closely related to the degree of intrauterine dystrophy. In this respect S-f-D infants behave similarly as the infants with postnatal dystrophy, which are capable to catch-up by increased calorie intake in answer to previous undernutrition. The calorie excretion in feces is significantly higher inthe first months of life in S-f-D infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263545", "title": "Further studies on BL-3912A: effects on avoidance behavior of rats with low baselines and on reaction thresholds to electric footshock.", "content": "Rats selected for their low performance baselines in an active avoidance shuttle box task were given various doses of R-(-)-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane (BL-3912A), S-amphetamine or piracetam. BL-3912A at 1 mg/kg IP had no significant behavioral effects, while 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly increased the number of avoidance responses without affecting responses during the intertrial interval (ITI). Statistically reliable effects on behavior were not observed following 20 mg/kg of BL-3912A. S-Amphetamine at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg IP also facilitated avoidance responding, but could be differentiated from BL-3912A in that the S-amphetamine significantly increased shuttles during the ITI. S-Amphetamine at 0.1 mg/kg was not effective, while 2 mg/kg increased ITI activity. Piracetam (50 or 200 mg/kg) had no significant effects on avoidance or shuttles during ITI. Using an electric shock titration procedure, BL-3912A at 10 and 20 mg/kg IP had no significant effect on reaction thresholds. Animals receiving 100 mg/kg of p-chlorophenylalanine po for 3 days and tested 2 days later showed hyperalgesia to the electric shock. In summary, BL-3912A facilitated shuttle box avoidance responding of rats with low performance baselines. Behavioral facilitation occurred without concomitant increases in noncontingent activity or apparent changes in reactivity to electric footshock.", "contents": "Further studies on BL-3912A: effects on avoidance behavior of rats with low baselines and on reaction thresholds to electric footshock. Rats selected for their low performance baselines in an active avoidance shuttle box task were given various doses of R-(-)-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane (BL-3912A), S-amphetamine or piracetam. BL-3912A at 1 mg/kg IP had no significant behavioral effects, while 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly increased the number of avoidance responses without affecting responses during the intertrial interval (ITI). Statistically reliable effects on behavior were not observed following 20 mg/kg of BL-3912A. S-Amphetamine at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg IP also facilitated avoidance responding, but could be differentiated from BL-3912A in that the S-amphetamine significantly increased shuttles during the ITI. S-Amphetamine at 0.1 mg/kg was not effective, while 2 mg/kg increased ITI activity. Piracetam (50 or 200 mg/kg) had no significant effects on avoidance or shuttles during ITI. Using an electric shock titration procedure, BL-3912A at 10 and 20 mg/kg IP had no significant effect on reaction thresholds. Animals receiving 100 mg/kg of p-chlorophenylalanine po for 3 days and tested 2 days later showed hyperalgesia to the electric shock. In summary, BL-3912A facilitated shuttle box avoidance responding of rats with low performance baselines. Behavioral facilitation occurred without concomitant increases in noncontingent activity or apparent changes in reactivity to electric footshock."}
{"id": "PMID:263546", "title": "Comparison of the cycloheximide and food satiation effects on a discrimination task.", "content": "The effects of intraventricular cycloheximide (CHX) pretreatment were examined on the ability of rats to recall a light position discrimination task. The CHX pretreatment used inhibited brain protein synthesis at the time of training by 71%. Following treatment with CHX the animals demonstrated no retention of the task 18 hr later. Free feeding for 24 hr prior to treatment with cerebro-spinal-like fluid (CSF) produced similar effects as CHX. It is proposed that the amnesic effect of CHX in this behavioral paradigm may be a nonspecific action resulting from decreased motivation. Both the CHX-treated and satiated animals exhibited low responding levels during training, despite comparable behavioral activity levels for the CHX- and CSF-treated groups.", "contents": "Comparison of the cycloheximide and food satiation effects on a discrimination task. The effects of intraventricular cycloheximide (CHX) pretreatment were examined on the ability of rats to recall a light position discrimination task. The CHX pretreatment used inhibited brain protein synthesis at the time of training by 71%. Following treatment with CHX the animals demonstrated no retention of the task 18 hr later. Free feeding for 24 hr prior to treatment with cerebro-spinal-like fluid (CSF) produced similar effects as CHX. It is proposed that the amnesic effect of CHX in this behavioral paradigm may be a nonspecific action resulting from decreased motivation. Both the CHX-treated and satiated animals exhibited low responding levels during training, despite comparable behavioral activity levels for the CHX- and CSF-treated groups."}
{"id": "PMID:263547", "title": "Specificity of cholecystokinin satiety effect: reduction of food but not water intake.", "content": "The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK) was injected into water-deprived rats to observe the effect on water and milk intake. The doses used were 0, 20, and 40 Ivy dog units/kg. The data indicated that milk intake was suppressed in a dose-related fashion within 2-4 min of injection but water intake was not suppressed. This satiety hormone is thus specific to food intake.", "contents": "Specificity of cholecystokinin satiety effect: reduction of food but not water intake. The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK) was injected into water-deprived rats to observe the effect on water and milk intake. The doses used were 0, 20, and 40 Ivy dog units/kg. The data indicated that milk intake was suppressed in a dose-related fashion within 2-4 min of injection but water intake was not suppressed. This satiety hormone is thus specific to food intake."}
{"id": "PMID:263548", "title": "Discriminable effects of antimuscarinics: dose response and substitution test studies.", "content": "In a shock escape T-maze task, rats were trained to turn right following one drug treatment and left following a second drug treatment. The specific drug and dose conditions were the only discriminative cues available to the animals. The number of training sessions before criterion performance indicated the discriminability of the two training conditions. Drug vs no drug training showed that discriminability was proportional to dosage for low doses, but was constant over a range of higher doses. Such an asymptote of discriminability was observed with scopolamine, atropine, benactyzine and Ditran (JB 329), and was shown not to result from tolerance. High dose vs low dose discriminations involving scopolamine were learned very slowly if both doses were within the asymptotic range; this indicates that similar discriminable effects were produced by high and low doses. To compare various drugs, substitution tests were administered to trained rats. The four antimuscarinic drugs generally substituted for one another but did not mimic and were not mimicked by drugs in other pharmacological classes. Some exceptions to this pattern were noted. The discriminable effects of scopolamine were partially antagonized by physostigmine. The results indicate that the antimuscarinic drugs share discriminable actions probably produced by their anticholinergic actions. The asymptote of action at high doses appears genuine, possibly reflecting receptor saturation.", "contents": "Discriminable effects of antimuscarinics: dose response and substitution test studies. In a shock escape T-maze task, rats were trained to turn right following one drug treatment and left following a second drug treatment. The specific drug and dose conditions were the only discriminative cues available to the animals. The number of training sessions before criterion performance indicated the discriminability of the two training conditions. Drug vs no drug training showed that discriminability was proportional to dosage for low doses, but was constant over a range of higher doses. Such an asymptote of discriminability was observed with scopolamine, atropine, benactyzine and Ditran (JB 329), and was shown not to result from tolerance. High dose vs low dose discriminations involving scopolamine were learned very slowly if both doses were within the asymptotic range; this indicates that similar discriminable effects were produced by high and low doses. To compare various drugs, substitution tests were administered to trained rats. The four antimuscarinic drugs generally substituted for one another but did not mimic and were not mimicked by drugs in other pharmacological classes. Some exceptions to this pattern were noted. The discriminable effects of scopolamine were partially antagonized by physostigmine. The results indicate that the antimuscarinic drugs share discriminable actions probably produced by their anticholinergic actions. The asymptote of action at high doses appears genuine, possibly reflecting receptor saturation."}
{"id": "PMID:263549", "title": "Effect of GABA-transminase inhibition on rectal temperature in mice.", "content": "gamma-Acetylenic GABA (amino-4-hex-5-ynoic acid) and gamma-vinyl GABA (amino-4-hex-5-enoic acid), two catalytic irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, produce marked sustained elevations in brain GABA concentrations. Associated with these biochemical changes is a decrease in the rectal temperature of mice. This hypothermia can be reversed by increasing ambient temperature. The results suggest GABA plays an important role in mammalian central thermoregulation.", "contents": "Effect of GABA-transminase inhibition on rectal temperature in mice. gamma-Acetylenic GABA (amino-4-hex-5-ynoic acid) and gamma-vinyl GABA (amino-4-hex-5-enoic acid), two catalytic irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, produce marked sustained elevations in brain GABA concentrations. Associated with these biochemical changes is a decrease in the rectal temperature of mice. This hypothermia can be reversed by increasing ambient temperature. The results suggest GABA plays an important role in mammalian central thermoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:263550", "title": "Time-action and behavioral effects of amphetamine, ethanol, and acetylmethadol.", "content": "As time increased between drug administration and the start of experimental sessions, effects of drugs on food-maintained responding in rhesus monkeys increased to a maximum and then decreased. d-Amphetamine, ethanol, and alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAAM) generally decreased high response rates in one component of a chain schedule, while very low response rates in another component were increased reliably only by ethanol. The time of peak LAAM and ethanol concentrations in blood or plasma corresponded with or overlapped the time of maximal behavioral effect, while the time of maximal behavioral effect with d-amphetamine occurred somewhat prior to the time of peak plasma-amphetamine concentration. With d-amphetamine and perhaps with ethanol, effects on operant responding were greater after 30-min pretreatment intervals than after six-hr pretreatment intervals despite higher plasma or blood concentrations at six hours than at 30 min.", "contents": "Time-action and behavioral effects of amphetamine, ethanol, and acetylmethadol. As time increased between drug administration and the start of experimental sessions, effects of drugs on food-maintained responding in rhesus monkeys increased to a maximum and then decreased. d-Amphetamine, ethanol, and alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAAM) generally decreased high response rates in one component of a chain schedule, while very low response rates in another component were increased reliably only by ethanol. The time of peak LAAM and ethanol concentrations in blood or plasma corresponded with or overlapped the time of maximal behavioral effect, while the time of maximal behavioral effect with d-amphetamine occurred somewhat prior to the time of peak plasma-amphetamine concentration. With d-amphetamine and perhaps with ethanol, effects on operant responding were greater after 30-min pretreatment intervals than after six-hr pretreatment intervals despite higher plasma or blood concentrations at six hours than at 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:263551", "title": "Characteristics of beta-phenethylamine self-administration by dog.", "content": "Phenethylamine (PEA), a biologically active amine found in the brain, maintained intravenous self-administration behavior by dogs previously trained to respond for amphetamine. Systematic changes in the unit dose of PEA (1.5 to 6.0 mg/kg/infusion) were negatively related to the number of infusions (91.3 to 29.5, respectively) per 4hr session. The mean intake of PEA was 165 mg/kg/session. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine (0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg, IV, 30 min prior to the session) produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of self-administered PEA infusions. However, there were no changes in responding for PEA following pretreatment with either the dopaminergic antagonist pimozide (5 to 40 micrograms/kg, IV, 30 min prior to the session) or the adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine (1 to 8 mg/kg, IV, 30 min prior to the session). These data suggest that the reinforcing properties of PEA are not dependent on either a dopaminergic or adrenergic system.", "contents": "Characteristics of beta-phenethylamine self-administration by dog. Phenethylamine (PEA), a biologically active amine found in the brain, maintained intravenous self-administration behavior by dogs previously trained to respond for amphetamine. Systematic changes in the unit dose of PEA (1.5 to 6.0 mg/kg/infusion) were negatively related to the number of infusions (91.3 to 29.5, respectively) per 4hr session. The mean intake of PEA was 165 mg/kg/session. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine (0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg, IV, 30 min prior to the session) produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of self-administered PEA infusions. However, there were no changes in responding for PEA following pretreatment with either the dopaminergic antagonist pimozide (5 to 40 micrograms/kg, IV, 30 min prior to the session) or the adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine (1 to 8 mg/kg, IV, 30 min prior to the session). These data suggest that the reinforcing properties of PEA are not dependent on either a dopaminergic or adrenergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:263552", "title": "Amphetamine effects on brain slow potentials associated with discrimination in the rat.", "content": "Slow potentials were recorded from the anterior cortex of rats during discrimination conditioning and the effects of various doses of d-amphetamine on these responses were examined. In the discrimination paradigm one tone (Sd) was followed at three see after the onset by food reinforcement while another tone (S delta) indicated that no reinforcement would follow. Slow potential (SP) responses were measured during the three-sec period following onset of the stimulus. For the first several training sessions the SP responses demonstrated a phase of generalization during which responses were the same to both stimuli. Thereafter, the responses to Sd were significantly greater than responses to S delta. d-Amphetamine produced a dose-related depression of SP responses to the reinforced stimulus in doses of 0.25 to 2.0 mg/kg. The effect of amphetamine on SP responses to S delta was biphasic; the lower doses (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) enhanced responses, no change was seen after 1.0 mg/kg and the high dose (2.0 mg/kg) depressed responses. This study demonstrates that the rat develops differential slow potential responses to reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli in a discrimination paradigm and that d-amphetamine produces a differential and dose-related alteration of these SP responses. It is suggested that the actions of amphetamine may be produced through interference with mechanisms of discrimination, by an effect on subcortical activating systems involving norepinephrine, and/or by activation of inhibitory dopamine receptors on cortical neurons.", "contents": "Amphetamine effects on brain slow potentials associated with discrimination in the rat. Slow potentials were recorded from the anterior cortex of rats during discrimination conditioning and the effects of various doses of d-amphetamine on these responses were examined. In the discrimination paradigm one tone (Sd) was followed at three see after the onset by food reinforcement while another tone (S delta) indicated that no reinforcement would follow. Slow potential (SP) responses were measured during the three-sec period following onset of the stimulus. For the first several training sessions the SP responses demonstrated a phase of generalization during which responses were the same to both stimuli. Thereafter, the responses to Sd were significantly greater than responses to S delta. d-Amphetamine produced a dose-related depression of SP responses to the reinforced stimulus in doses of 0.25 to 2.0 mg/kg. The effect of amphetamine on SP responses to S delta was biphasic; the lower doses (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) enhanced responses, no change was seen after 1.0 mg/kg and the high dose (2.0 mg/kg) depressed responses. This study demonstrates that the rat develops differential slow potential responses to reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli in a discrimination paradigm and that d-amphetamine produces a differential and dose-related alteration of these SP responses. It is suggested that the actions of amphetamine may be produced through interference with mechanisms of discrimination, by an effect on subcortical activating systems involving norepinephrine, and/or by activation of inhibitory dopamine receptors on cortical neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:263553", "title": "Effects of angiotensin II on schedule dependent and induced behavior at recovered body weight.", "content": "The effects of 4 doses of angiotensin II, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously on schedule dependent lever pressing and schedule induced drinking and licking were studied in rats who had recovered body weight under ad lib eating conditions. Prior to this experiment rats had been maintained at 80% body weight and were tested under the usual conditions producing schedule induced drinking. Animals were then returned to the home cage and allowed to recover body weight. Results were analyzed for both the first 15 min of the 1 hr session and for the total 1 hr session. Data indicate that all four doses decreased lever pressing during the first 15 min and for the total 1 hr session. The three highest doses produced increased licking during the first 15 min. Only the highest dose augmented licking throughout the total 1 hr session. Water intakes were significantly increased by the three highest doses only during the first 15 min of the session. Peripheral effects of angiotensin II were discussed and a central pharmacological action on drinking was suggested.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin II on schedule dependent and induced behavior at recovered body weight. The effects of 4 doses of angiotensin II, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously on schedule dependent lever pressing and schedule induced drinking and licking were studied in rats who had recovered body weight under ad lib eating conditions. Prior to this experiment rats had been maintained at 80% body weight and were tested under the usual conditions producing schedule induced drinking. Animals were then returned to the home cage and allowed to recover body weight. Results were analyzed for both the first 15 min of the 1 hr session and for the total 1 hr session. Data indicate that all four doses decreased lever pressing during the first 15 min and for the total 1 hr session. The three highest doses produced increased licking during the first 15 min. Only the highest dose augmented licking throughout the total 1 hr session. Water intakes were significantly increased by the three highest doses only during the first 15 min of the session. Peripheral effects of angiotensin II were discussed and a central pharmacological action on drinking was suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:263554", "title": "Subcutaneous injections of apomorphine, stimulus generalization and conditioning: serious pitfalls for the examiner using apomorphine as a tool.", "content": "This report shows that stimulus generalization occurs in rats conditioned by a single injection of apomorphine. The data suggest that apomorphine initially acts as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of an unconditioned response (UCR) that, in turn, produces stimuli which become conditioned stimuli (CS) of a conditioned response (CR) having a nature identical to that of the UCR. The study also shows that behaviour elicited by a subcutaneous injection of apomorphine depends on the part of the body selected for administration. The mentioned properties should be taken into account when apomorphine is used as a tool in studies on brain and behaviour.", "contents": "Subcutaneous injections of apomorphine, stimulus generalization and conditioning: serious pitfalls for the examiner using apomorphine as a tool. This report shows that stimulus generalization occurs in rats conditioned by a single injection of apomorphine. The data suggest that apomorphine initially acts as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of an unconditioned response (UCR) that, in turn, produces stimuli which become conditioned stimuli (CS) of a conditioned response (CR) having a nature identical to that of the UCR. The study also shows that behaviour elicited by a subcutaneous injection of apomorphine depends on the part of the body selected for administration. The mentioned properties should be taken into account when apomorphine is used as a tool in studies on brain and behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:263555", "title": "Food deprivation-induced alcohol ingestion in the mouse: calories versus primary sensory preference.", "content": "Random bred Swiss mice showed preference for water over 10% ethanol solution when unlimited food was available. When partially food deprived, the preference was reversed in 5 out of 8 animals. About half of the naive mice, however, ingested substantial amounts of this ethanol solution at the very first exposure when partially food deprived for 12 days. It is suggested that while the caloric value of ethanol is reinforcing, food deprivation might make the sensory effects of ethanol also reinforcing.", "contents": "Food deprivation-induced alcohol ingestion in the mouse: calories versus primary sensory preference. Random bred Swiss mice showed preference for water over 10% ethanol solution when unlimited food was available. When partially food deprived, the preference was reversed in 5 out of 8 animals. About half of the naive mice, however, ingested substantial amounts of this ethanol solution at the very first exposure when partially food deprived for 12 days. It is suggested that while the caloric value of ethanol is reinforcing, food deprivation might make the sensory effects of ethanol also reinforcing."}
{"id": "PMID:263582", "title": "Genetic and evolutionary fitness.", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of evolutionary fitness (probability that a single mutant line will not become extinct) and genetic fitness (mean fecundity) are compared. For deterministic processes the two are equivalent, but for stochastic branching processes they may be totally unrelated except that an absolute genetic fitness of unity or less implies an evolutionary fitness of zero. To know the variance as well as the mean family size does not in general uniquely determine the evolutionary fitness. Except where genetic fitness is close to unity, the impact of selection is shown to be rapid for the binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, and truncated negative binomial distributions. Evolutionary fitness, though somewhat cumbersome, has greater relevance to evolution, genetic counseling, and voluntary population control; but genetic fitness which is much easier to handle is the more appropriate measure where a large number of mutants is involved. Some empirical data on the transmission of various types of characters from parent to child are analyzed to allow comparison of genetic fitness, Crow's index, and a Malthusian parameter, with evolutionary fitness. There is a fair, but far from perfect, agreement among them. Multiple correlation of evolutionary fitness with mean and variance of family size taken jointly suggests a much more satisfactory approximation. It thus appears that, at the least, the population geneticist cannot afford to ignore the variance (which is not adequately represented in Crow's index). These relationships, based on two sets of data only may be accidental and should be invoked with caution. It seems more than likely that other aspects of the distribution of family size (eg, even higher moments) may contain relevant information in certain cases.", "contents": "Genetic and evolutionary fitness. The advantages and disadvantages of evolutionary fitness (probability that a single mutant line will not become extinct) and genetic fitness (mean fecundity) are compared. For deterministic processes the two are equivalent, but for stochastic branching processes they may be totally unrelated except that an absolute genetic fitness of unity or less implies an evolutionary fitness of zero. To know the variance as well as the mean family size does not in general uniquely determine the evolutionary fitness. Except where genetic fitness is close to unity, the impact of selection is shown to be rapid for the binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, and truncated negative binomial distributions. Evolutionary fitness, though somewhat cumbersome, has greater relevance to evolution, genetic counseling, and voluntary population control; but genetic fitness which is much easier to handle is the more appropriate measure where a large number of mutants is involved. Some empirical data on the transmission of various types of characters from parent to child are analyzed to allow comparison of genetic fitness, Crow's index, and a Malthusian parameter, with evolutionary fitness. There is a fair, but far from perfect, agreement among them. Multiple correlation of evolutionary fitness with mean and variance of family size taken jointly suggests a much more satisfactory approximation. It thus appears that, at the least, the population geneticist cannot afford to ignore the variance (which is not adequately represented in Crow's index). These relationships, based on two sets of data only may be accidental and should be invoked with caution. It seems more than likely that other aspects of the distribution of family size (eg, even higher moments) may contain relevant information in certain cases."}
{"id": "PMID:263583", "title": "A goodness-of-fit test for the polygenic threshold model: application to pyloric stenosis.", "content": "A new test of goodness of fit for the polygenic threshold model is proposed. This test, when applied to disorders showing different incidence rates in males and females, is designed to account for ascertainment in more detail than previously done by other investigators. This is accomplished by computing the expected distribution of nuclear families with more than one affected sib conditioned on several family-dependent variables, including whether each family was ascertained via only affected boys or via at least one affected girl. A direct measure of the probability of observing a data set is thereby derived. The test, when applied to data on pyloric stenosis, exposes the critical nature of the ascertainment procedures. Different levels of statistical significance are obtained when mode of ascertainment is taken into account than when the mode of ascertainment is ignored.", "contents": "A goodness-of-fit test for the polygenic threshold model: application to pyloric stenosis. A new test of goodness of fit for the polygenic threshold model is proposed. This test, when applied to disorders showing different incidence rates in males and females, is designed to account for ascertainment in more detail than previously done by other investigators. This is accomplished by computing the expected distribution of nuclear families with more than one affected sib conditioned on several family-dependent variables, including whether each family was ascertained via only affected boys or via at least one affected girl. A direct measure of the probability of observing a data set is thereby derived. The test, when applied to data on pyloric stenosis, exposes the critical nature of the ascertainment procedures. Different levels of statistical significance are obtained when mode of ascertainment is taken into account than when the mode of ascertainment is ignored."}
{"id": "PMID:263584", "title": "\"ADAM complex\" (amniotic deformity, adhesions, mutilations)--a pattern of craniofacial and limb defects.", "content": "We report eight patients with the craniofacial defects and limb anomalies of the (amniotic deformity, adhesions, mutilations) ADAM complex. Facial abnormalities comprise clefts and distortion and dislocation of craniofacial structures; limbs show various combinations of amputation, secondary syndactyly, and constriction. From previous reports and our cases it is obvious that the clinical picture of the ADAM complex varies enormously; a less severe type combines cleft lip and palate with amputations or amniotic bands. Clinical and experimental data suggest that these malformations are of symptomatic (exogenous) origin. Nosologic differentiation from other conditions phenotypically similar but of genetic etiology is important for genetic counseling. Observation of the ADAM complex in two members of a family suggests that genetic factors might operate in some cases.", "contents": "\"ADAM complex\" (amniotic deformity, adhesions, mutilations)--a pattern of craniofacial and limb defects. We report eight patients with the craniofacial defects and limb anomalies of the (amniotic deformity, adhesions, mutilations) ADAM complex. Facial abnormalities comprise clefts and distortion and dislocation of craniofacial structures; limbs show various combinations of amputation, secondary syndactyly, and constriction. From previous reports and our cases it is obvious that the clinical picture of the ADAM complex varies enormously; a less severe type combines cleft lip and palate with amputations or amniotic bands. Clinical and experimental data suggest that these malformations are of symptomatic (exogenous) origin. Nosologic differentiation from other conditions phenotypically similar but of genetic etiology is important for genetic counseling. Observation of the ADAM complex in two members of a family suggests that genetic factors might operate in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:263602", "title": "Cranial computed tomography of epidermoid and congenital fatty tumors of maldevelopmental origin.", "content": "The computed tomographic and clinical findings in 17 patients with fatty intracranial tumors and in 10 patients with epidermoid tumors, all of maldevelopmental origin, are presented. Fat was found in lipomas (the most frequent), dermoids, and teratomas. Differentiation between these tumors is discussed on the basis of density, calcification, location, and symptomatology.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography of epidermoid and congenital fatty tumors of maldevelopmental origin. The computed tomographic and clinical findings in 17 patients with fatty intracranial tumors and in 10 patients with epidermoid tumors, all of maldevelopmental origin, are presented. Fat was found in lipomas (the most frequent), dermoids, and teratomas. Differentiation between these tumors is discussed on the basis of density, calcification, location, and symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:263603", "title": "Hemodynamic studies using a CT scanner.", "content": "New CT software programs allow rapid-sequence images to be obtained. During a period of 12 sec, multiple CT images can be produced, so that the progression of contrast flow at intervals of 1 sec or less can be followed. In addition, as many as 16 consecutive 3-sec scans can be performed, or arbitrary time intervals inserted between scans. The rapidity with which the contrast medium enters and leaves a specific tissue may be a valuable, non-invasive diagnostic tool in differentiating enhancing lesions. Other potential applications are mentioned.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies using a CT scanner. New CT software programs allow rapid-sequence images to be obtained. During a period of 12 sec, multiple CT images can be produced, so that the progression of contrast flow at intervals of 1 sec or less can be followed. In addition, as many as 16 consecutive 3-sec scans can be performed, or arbitrary time intervals inserted between scans. The rapidity with which the contrast medium enters and leaves a specific tissue may be a valuable, non-invasive diagnostic tool in differentiating enhancing lesions. Other potential applications are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:263604", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with bilateral retinoblastomas.", "content": "Six patients with histologically proven retinoblastomas were examined by computed tomography, two at the time of initial diagnosis and four from 2 to 30 years following treatment, which consisted of radiation therapy alone or with surgery. The spectrum of computed tomographic findings includes: calcified retinal tumor, intracranial subarachnoid spread of tumor, radiation-induced tumors (papillary adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated sarcoma) in the field of prior radiation, and second, primary central nervous system tumor, a pineoblastoma.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with bilateral retinoblastomas. Six patients with histologically proven retinoblastomas were examined by computed tomography, two at the time of initial diagnosis and four from 2 to 30 years following treatment, which consisted of radiation therapy alone or with surgery. The spectrum of computed tomographic findings includes: calcified retinal tumor, intracranial subarachnoid spread of tumor, radiation-induced tumors (papillary adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated sarcoma) in the field of prior radiation, and second, primary central nervous system tumor, a pineoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:263623", "title": "[Aspirin-like defect - a hereditary thrombocytopathy due to impaired release of platelet adenosine diphosphate].", "content": "This report presents the case of a 36 year old woman with an inborn haemorrhagic syndrome, who exhibited a lifelong history of spontaneous bruising, nose bleeding, prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction, and menometrorrhagia. The routine tests of haemostasis were consistent with impaired platelet functions. The diagnosis of the \"Aspirin-like defect\" was made on the basis of the following findings: the bleeding time was prolonged, whereas the platelet count and morphology were normal; platelet retention in glass bead filters was unmeasurable. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was normal, while it was markedly reduced with collagen and epinephrine. The platelet ADP and ATP content, as well as the ATP/ADP ratio were within normal limits. Aggregation of platelets pre-incubated with aspirin was only slightly reduced when induced by ADP, collagen, or epinephrine. These findings suggest that the thrombocytopathy in our patient is due to an impaired ADP release from the platelet granules containing normal quantities of adenine nucleotides. A similar disorder is observed in normal subjects after aspirin ingestion, and therefore the defect described in this paper is referred to as the \"Aspirin-like\" defect.", "contents": "[Aspirin-like defect - a hereditary thrombocytopathy due to impaired release of platelet adenosine diphosphate]. This report presents the case of a 36 year old woman with an inborn haemorrhagic syndrome, who exhibited a lifelong history of spontaneous bruising, nose bleeding, prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction, and menometrorrhagia. The routine tests of haemostasis were consistent with impaired platelet functions. The diagnosis of the \"Aspirin-like defect\" was made on the basis of the following findings: the bleeding time was prolonged, whereas the platelet count and morphology were normal; platelet retention in glass bead filters was unmeasurable. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was normal, while it was markedly reduced with collagen and epinephrine. The platelet ADP and ATP content, as well as the ATP/ADP ratio were within normal limits. Aggregation of platelets pre-incubated with aspirin was only slightly reduced when induced by ADP, collagen, or epinephrine. These findings suggest that the thrombocytopathy in our patient is due to an impaired ADP release from the platelet granules containing normal quantities of adenine nucleotides. A similar disorder is observed in normal subjects after aspirin ingestion, and therefore the defect described in this paper is referred to as the \"Aspirin-like\" defect."}
{"id": "PMID:263624", "title": "[Liver injury during combined chemotherapy of acute leukemias].", "content": "The authors observed 70 patients with acute leukemia treated by polychemotherapy. In 2 patients the signs of severe liver damage were found. The occurrence, course and results of laboratory tests suggested Purinethol predominantly as the cause of development of these alterations. The complication did not occur frequently in our patients. The changes regressed in a satisfactory way after the withdrawal of the hepatotoxic cytostatic from the therapy.", "contents": "[Liver injury during combined chemotherapy of acute leukemias]. The authors observed 70 patients with acute leukemia treated by polychemotherapy. In 2 patients the signs of severe liver damage were found. The occurrence, course and results of laboratory tests suggested Purinethol predominantly as the cause of development of these alterations. The complication did not occur frequently in our patients. The changes regressed in a satisfactory way after the withdrawal of the hepatotoxic cytostatic from the therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263625", "title": "Posterior fossa intra-axial tumors: a comparison of computed tomography with other imaging methods.", "content": "Fifty patients with posterior fossa intra-axial tumors were evaluated by computed tomography and the results compared with routine skull films, radionuclide brain scanning vertebral angiography, and cerebral air studies. The routine skull series was found to be of little benefit. Computed tomography was more sensitive than the radionuclide brain scan in detecting all of the lesions except astrocytoma, for which sensitivity was comparable. Angiography was the most sensitive means of detecting hemangioblastoma, and was the only reliable radiographic method of differentiating hemangioblastoma from astrocytoma. Cerebral air studies were the most sensitive and specific means of evaluating brainstem gliomas.", "contents": "Posterior fossa intra-axial tumors: a comparison of computed tomography with other imaging methods. Fifty patients with posterior fossa intra-axial tumors were evaluated by computed tomography and the results compared with routine skull films, radionuclide brain scanning vertebral angiography, and cerebral air studies. The routine skull series was found to be of little benefit. Computed tomography was more sensitive than the radionuclide brain scan in detecting all of the lesions except astrocytoma, for which sensitivity was comparable. Angiography was the most sensitive means of detecting hemangioblastoma, and was the only reliable radiographic method of differentiating hemangioblastoma from astrocytoma. Cerebral air studies were the most sensitive and specific means of evaluating brainstem gliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:263627", "title": "Liquid diffraction analysis of the model membrane system. Egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2).", "content": "The scattering from the model membrane system, egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2), has been analyzed by liquid diffraction methods. It is found that by manipulating the protein-lipid ratio, the scattering domains of the protein and lipid can be identified. The multilayer contribution can also be identified by its position and concentration behavior in both the intensity pattern and its Fourier transform. When the multilayer and protein components are subtracted, the phospholipid scattering and an interaction term are left: these two can be resolved by a reasonable assessment of their relative magnitude in the boundary region where they overlap. The interaction term can then be used to determine the most probably position of the protein in the membrane. The deconvoluted protein and lipid transforms can then be combined in the proper way to obtain the electron density profiles. The resolution of the interaction term is not yet complete, but a method for accomplishing this is discussed.", "contents": "Liquid diffraction analysis of the model membrane system. Egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2). The scattering from the model membrane system, egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2), has been analyzed by liquid diffraction methods. It is found that by manipulating the protein-lipid ratio, the scattering domains of the protein and lipid can be identified. The multilayer contribution can also be identified by its position and concentration behavior in both the intensity pattern and its Fourier transform. When the multilayer and protein components are subtracted, the phospholipid scattering and an interaction term are left: these two can be resolved by a reasonable assessment of their relative magnitude in the boundary region where they overlap. The interaction term can then be used to determine the most probably position of the protein in the membrane. The deconvoluted protein and lipid transforms can then be combined in the proper way to obtain the electron density profiles. The resolution of the interaction term is not yet complete, but a method for accomplishing this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263628", "title": "The effect of added protein on the interchain x-ray peak profile in egg lecithin.", "content": "The effect of added protein on the phospholipid interchain peak profile has been measured. The results indicate that the basic organization of the bilayer is preserved, and that the added protein affects only the arrangement of the lipid hydrocarbon chains in the first few adjacent layers.", "contents": "The effect of added protein on the interchain x-ray peak profile in egg lecithin. The effect of added protein on the phospholipid interchain peak profile has been measured. The results indicate that the basic organization of the bilayer is preserved, and that the added protein affects only the arrangement of the lipid hydrocarbon chains in the first few adjacent layers."}
{"id": "PMID:263629", "title": "The model membrane system. Egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2). Effect of solvent density variation on the X-ray scattering.", "content": "The electron density contrast method has been applied to the membrane system egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2). The case treated here is for a low protein concentration. As theory predicts, the scattering from the different regions of the membrane (protein, hydrocarbon, and polar head group regions) are modulated differently by changing the contrast. It is then possible to separate out the electron pair correlation functions for the different regions, and from these to determine the membrane election density distribution for an external electron density p0 = 0.", "contents": "The model membrane system. Egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2). Effect of solvent density variation on the X-ray scattering. The electron density contrast method has been applied to the membrane system egg lecithin + myelin protein (N-2). The case treated here is for a low protein concentration. As theory predicts, the scattering from the different regions of the membrane (protein, hydrocarbon, and polar head group regions) are modulated differently by changing the contrast. It is then possible to separate out the electron pair correlation functions for the different regions, and from these to determine the membrane election density distribution for an external electron density p0 = 0."}
{"id": "PMID:263630", "title": "Structural studies of synthetic filaments prepared from column-purified myosin.", "content": "Synthetic filaments prepared from column-purified rabbit skeletal myosin by slow dialysis exhibit characteristic bipolar organization and 14-nm axial subunit spacing. Backbone substructure can be discerned in high resolution micrographs in the form of striations of 3--4-nm width and slight angular tilt from the direction of the filament axis. Filament backbone diameters vary over the population, although remaining relatively constant for a single filament. Approximately 25% of the filaments appear poorly stained and frayed, which may be due to collapse on the electron microscope grid. Optical diffraction studies reveal a 43-nm axial repeat as well as the 14.3-nm subunit repeat, indicating a structural homology with natural filaments. A model for synthetic filament aggregation is presented that is consistent with observations of backbone diameter variation, absence of bare zones, and the presence of fraying filaments.", "contents": "Structural studies of synthetic filaments prepared from column-purified myosin. Synthetic filaments prepared from column-purified rabbit skeletal myosin by slow dialysis exhibit characteristic bipolar organization and 14-nm axial subunit spacing. Backbone substructure can be discerned in high resolution micrographs in the form of striations of 3--4-nm width and slight angular tilt from the direction of the filament axis. Filament backbone diameters vary over the population, although remaining relatively constant for a single filament. Approximately 25% of the filaments appear poorly stained and frayed, which may be due to collapse on the electron microscope grid. Optical diffraction studies reveal a 43-nm axial repeat as well as the 14.3-nm subunit repeat, indicating a structural homology with natural filaments. A model for synthetic filament aggregation is presented that is consistent with observations of backbone diameter variation, absence of bare zones, and the presence of fraying filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:263631", "title": "Mechanisms in the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig by 6-mercaptopurine. II: Kinetic and morphologic studies on the monocyte-macrophage component.", "content": "The effect of 6-mercaptopurine on the development and expression of delayed hypersensitivity was studied in the guinea pig. Results indicated that 6-MP produced its suppressive effects primarily by action on cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. Suppression could occur under conditions of both developing and pre-established delayed hypersensitivity. The defect primarily involved newly synthesized, bone marrow-derived monocytes. Marked alterations in monocyte macrophage generation and distribution, especially the T1/2 of circulating monocytes were demonstrated. Suppressive effects were associated with the appearance of a unique morphologic microscopy. Finally, the in vivo expression of delayed hypersensitivity correlated better with a variety of parameters relating to qualitative macrophage function and distribution rather than those relating to quantitative macrophage levels.", "contents": "Mechanisms in the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig by 6-mercaptopurine. II: Kinetic and morphologic studies on the monocyte-macrophage component. The effect of 6-mercaptopurine on the development and expression of delayed hypersensitivity was studied in the guinea pig. Results indicated that 6-MP produced its suppressive effects primarily by action on cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. Suppression could occur under conditions of both developing and pre-established delayed hypersensitivity. The defect primarily involved newly synthesized, bone marrow-derived monocytes. Marked alterations in monocyte macrophage generation and distribution, especially the T1/2 of circulating monocytes were demonstrated. Suppressive effects were associated with the appearance of a unique morphologic microscopy. Finally, the in vivo expression of delayed hypersensitivity correlated better with a variety of parameters relating to qualitative macrophage function and distribution rather than those relating to quantitative macrophage levels."}
{"id": "PMID:263633", "title": "Complete neglect of differential overlap study of the binding of salts to N-methyl acetamide.", "content": "The complete neglect of differential overlap method is used to investigate the binding of LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl to N-methyl acetamide (NMA) as a model for these ions binding to a peptide moiety. The cation (formula: see text) anion interaction is shown to result in a net residual charge on NMA, which becomes less positive as the difference in electronegativity between the anion and cation of the salt present increases. A residual charge of smaller magnitude is also found on a water molecule in the analogous system cation (formula: see text) anion, which displays this same dependence.", "contents": "Complete neglect of differential overlap study of the binding of salts to N-methyl acetamide. The complete neglect of differential overlap method is used to investigate the binding of LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl to N-methyl acetamide (NMA) as a model for these ions binding to a peptide moiety. The cation (formula: see text) anion interaction is shown to result in a net residual charge on NMA, which becomes less positive as the difference in electronegativity between the anion and cation of the salt present increases. A residual charge of smaller magnitude is also found on a water molecule in the analogous system cation (formula: see text) anion, which displays this same dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:263634", "title": "The effects of subcutaneous injections of sodium selenate on blood composition and milk yield in dairy cows.", "content": "Three groups of four lactating cows received a subcutaneous injection of 0 . 05, 0 . 10 and 0 . 15 mg Se/kg body weighty respectively administered as sodium selenate. A fourth group was injected with saline. In all the cows injected with sodium selenate, the concentration of Se in blood increased rapidly and was significantly higher than in control cows for two days in the group receiving the lowest dose and for 182 days (the duration of the experiment) in the two other groups. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in blood increased slowly in all cows injected with sodium selenate and was significantly greater than in control cows after 15, 22 and 29 days respectively, and remained significantly greater for 63, 91 and 182 days respectively. In a second experiment a single subcutaneous injection of 0 . 15 mg Se/kg body weight had no effect on the mean milk yield of 37 animals (19 . 1 kg/day) compared with the milk yield of a similar group of control animals (19 . 1 kg/day) during 70 days. The concentration of Se in milk was significantly higher on the first (168 microgram/litre) and second (69 microgram/litre) day after injection than in control animals (mean 26 microgram/litre).", "contents": "The effects of subcutaneous injections of sodium selenate on blood composition and milk yield in dairy cows. Three groups of four lactating cows received a subcutaneous injection of 0 . 05, 0 . 10 and 0 . 15 mg Se/kg body weighty respectively administered as sodium selenate. A fourth group was injected with saline. In all the cows injected with sodium selenate, the concentration of Se in blood increased rapidly and was significantly higher than in control cows for two days in the group receiving the lowest dose and for 182 days (the duration of the experiment) in the two other groups. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in blood increased slowly in all cows injected with sodium selenate and was significantly greater than in control cows after 15, 22 and 29 days respectively, and remained significantly greater for 63, 91 and 182 days respectively. In a second experiment a single subcutaneous injection of 0 . 15 mg Se/kg body weight had no effect on the mean milk yield of 37 animals (19 . 1 kg/day) compared with the milk yield of a similar group of control animals (19 . 1 kg/day) during 70 days. The concentration of Se in milk was significantly higher on the first (168 microgram/litre) and second (69 microgram/litre) day after injection than in control animals (mean 26 microgram/litre)."}
{"id": "PMID:263635", "title": "Experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse: the persistence of chronic infection from one lactation to the next.", "content": "Chronic staphylococcal mastitis was established in 50 mammary glands of 25 mice. The mice were mated and in the subsequent lactation there was alveolar mastitis in one of 50 glands. A further five glands had abscesses that contained staphylococci but there was no alveolar mastitis. The results are discussed in relation to the large number of infections that persist from one lactation to the next in cows not subjected to mastitis control measures.", "contents": "Experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse: the persistence of chronic infection from one lactation to the next. Chronic staphylococcal mastitis was established in 50 mammary glands of 25 mice. The mice were mated and in the subsequent lactation there was alveolar mastitis in one of 50 glands. A further five glands had abscesses that contained staphylococci but there was no alveolar mastitis. The results are discussed in relation to the large number of infections that persist from one lactation to the next in cows not subjected to mastitis control measures."}
{"id": "PMID:263636", "title": "Multivariate behavioral genetic analysis of twin data on scholastic abilities.", "content": "Multivariate behavioral genetic analyses may employ either genetic and environmental correlations or phenotypically standardized covariances to assess the structure of genetic and environmental influences. Correlations and phenotypically standardized covariances answer different questions--correlations are appropriate for understanding the nature of genetic and environmental influences, whereas covariances are appropriate for determining the etiology of phenotypic correlations. The ratio of the genetic and environmental covariances to the phenotypic correlation yields estimates of bivariate heritability and environmentality, measures of the extent to which observed phenotypic covariance is due to genetic and environmental influences. Multivariate analyses of genetic and environmental correlations and covariances are illustrated with twin data on scholastic abilities. Factor analyses of correlations suggest that the same set of genes affects the major areas of academic achievement and that the environmental influences are similarly structured. Analyses of phenotypically standardized covariances indicate that the structures of genetic and environmental influences as they contribute to phenotypic resemblance among scholastic abilities are both similar and simple: there are one general genetic factor and one general environmental factor. Bivariate heritabilities and environmentalities are similar in magnitude, indicating that the strong phenotypic relationship among scholastic abilities is due roughly equally o genetic and environmental influences.", "contents": "Multivariate behavioral genetic analysis of twin data on scholastic abilities. Multivariate behavioral genetic analyses may employ either genetic and environmental correlations or phenotypically standardized covariances to assess the structure of genetic and environmental influences. Correlations and phenotypically standardized covariances answer different questions--correlations are appropriate for understanding the nature of genetic and environmental influences, whereas covariances are appropriate for determining the etiology of phenotypic correlations. The ratio of the genetic and environmental covariances to the phenotypic correlation yields estimates of bivariate heritability and environmentality, measures of the extent to which observed phenotypic covariance is due to genetic and environmental influences. Multivariate analyses of genetic and environmental correlations and covariances are illustrated with twin data on scholastic abilities. Factor analyses of correlations suggest that the same set of genes affects the major areas of academic achievement and that the environmental influences are similarly structured. Analyses of phenotypically standardized covariances indicate that the structures of genetic and environmental influences as they contribute to phenotypic resemblance among scholastic abilities are both similar and simple: there are one general genetic factor and one general environmental factor. Bivariate heritabilities and environmentalities are similar in magnitude, indicating that the strong phenotypic relationship among scholastic abilities is due roughly equally o genetic and environmental influences."}
{"id": "PMID:263637", "title": "A multivariate twin analysis of within-family environmental influences in infants' social responsiveness.", "content": "Observational measures of social responsiveness were obtained for twin infants. The structure of within-family environmental influences was assessed by correlating identical twin pair differences for 13 behaviors in seven social settings. Factor analysis of the difference score matrix yielded one interpretable factor. This factor indicated that within-family environmental influences were not completely random but may exert a systematic effect on social behavior in several situations.", "contents": "A multivariate twin analysis of within-family environmental influences in infants' social responsiveness. Observational measures of social responsiveness were obtained for twin infants. The structure of within-family environmental influences was assessed by correlating identical twin pair differences for 13 behaviors in seven social settings. Factor analysis of the difference score matrix yielded one interpretable factor. This factor indicated that within-family environmental influences were not completely random but may exert a systematic effect on social behavior in several situations."}
{"id": "PMID:263638", "title": "Twin method: defense of a critical assumption.", "content": "Since Galton's time, critics of the twin method have rejected the evidence of genetic differences in human behavior, because the twin method assumes that identical and fraternal pairs have equally similar environments. Twins whose genetic similarity is misperceived by themselves and others provide a critical test of the adequacy of this assumption. The relative effects of perceived and actual genetic similarity on cotwin differences in cognitive, personality, and physical development were assessed in a sample of young, adolescent twins whose genetic similarity was often misperceived. Twins' responses to questions about their own and others' judgments about their zygosity and physical similarity, and the ratings of similarity by eight judges, were used to estimate the perceived similarity of the twins. Actual zygosity was established by matching cotwins on 12 or more blood group loci. Perceived zygosity and perceived similarity by self and others were found to be insignificant biases in the twin study method.", "contents": "Twin method: defense of a critical assumption. Since Galton's time, critics of the twin method have rejected the evidence of genetic differences in human behavior, because the twin method assumes that identical and fraternal pairs have equally similar environments. Twins whose genetic similarity is misperceived by themselves and others provide a critical test of the adequacy of this assumption. The relative effects of perceived and actual genetic similarity on cotwin differences in cognitive, personality, and physical development were assessed in a sample of young, adolescent twins whose genetic similarity was often misperceived. Twins' responses to questions about their own and others' judgments about their zygosity and physical similarity, and the ratings of similarity by eight judges, were used to estimate the perceived similarity of the twins. Actual zygosity was established by matching cotwins on 12 or more blood group loci. Perceived zygosity and perceived similarity by self and others were found to be insignificant biases in the twin study method."}
{"id": "PMID:263639", "title": "Correlated characters in selection for aggressiveness in female mice. II. Maternal aggressiveness.", "content": "The present study investigated whether maternal aggression has shown a correlated response in a program of artificial selection for isolation-induced interfemale aggression in housemice. Females from the first replicate of lines (H1, C1, L1) and the second replicate of lines (H2, C2, L2) from generation S5 were given daily aggression tests for 20 consecutive days following the birth of their first litter. Evidence of a correlated response was found for replicate 2, but results for replicate 1 provided no evidence of a correlated response. In generation S10, when better separation of the lines on isolation-induced aggression had occurred, the study was repeated. In S10 there was clear evidence of a correlated response in both of the replicates.", "contents": "Correlated characters in selection for aggressiveness in female mice. II. Maternal aggressiveness. The present study investigated whether maternal aggression has shown a correlated response in a program of artificial selection for isolation-induced interfemale aggression in housemice. Females from the first replicate of lines (H1, C1, L1) and the second replicate of lines (H2, C2, L2) from generation S5 were given daily aggression tests for 20 consecutive days following the birth of their first litter. Evidence of a correlated response was found for replicate 2, but results for replicate 1 provided no evidence of a correlated response. In generation S10, when better separation of the lines on isolation-induced aggression had occurred, the study was repeated. In S10 there was clear evidence of a correlated response in both of the replicates."}
{"id": "PMID:263651", "title": "The role of recanalization in tubal pregnancy after sterilization.", "content": "Recanalzation at the site of tubal ligation is one of the causes of the failure of such a procedure. The underlying factor could be a pre-existing proliferative disease of the tube, i.e. salpingitis isthmica nodosa. The plexiform type of re-canalization that resulted in the presented case might the cause of the tubal pregnancy. The presence of amenorrhea and /or irregular uterine bleeding in a patient with tubal sterilization requires meticulous investigations to avoid the high morbidity rate associated with missed ectopic gestation. The use of HCG assays and laparoscopic evaluation could improve diagnostic ability in similar cases.", "contents": "The role of recanalization in tubal pregnancy after sterilization. Recanalzation at the site of tubal ligation is one of the causes of the failure of such a procedure. The underlying factor could be a pre-existing proliferative disease of the tube, i.e. salpingitis isthmica nodosa. The plexiform type of re-canalization that resulted in the presented case might the cause of the tubal pregnancy. The presence of amenorrhea and /or irregular uterine bleeding in a patient with tubal sterilization requires meticulous investigations to avoid the high morbidity rate associated with missed ectopic gestation. The use of HCG assays and laparoscopic evaluation could improve diagnostic ability in similar cases."}
{"id": "PMID:263654", "title": "Age, thymic involution, and circulating thymic hormone activity.", "content": "Circulating thymic hormone activity and thymic histology were studied in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Plasma thymic hormone activity was measured using a bioassay based upon thymocyte antigen induction on null mouse lymphocytes. Activity was highest at 15-30 yr of age and declined thereafter, being negligible after the sixth age decade. The age-related decline of circulating thymic hormone activity correlated, in general, with progressive thymic involution. However, hormone activity was detected in plasma from some cases with advanced involution, suggesting that the normal young thymus may have considerable functional reserve.", "contents": "Age, thymic involution, and circulating thymic hormone activity. Circulating thymic hormone activity and thymic histology were studied in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Plasma thymic hormone activity was measured using a bioassay based upon thymocyte antigen induction on null mouse lymphocytes. Activity was highest at 15-30 yr of age and declined thereafter, being negligible after the sixth age decade. The age-related decline of circulating thymic hormone activity correlated, in general, with progressive thymic involution. However, hormone activity was detected in plasma from some cases with advanced involution, suggesting that the normal young thymus may have considerable functional reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:263655", "title": "Increased aldosterone plasma protein binding in women on combined oral contraceptives throughout the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone concentration and the percentage of the fraction bound to a specific plasma aldosterone-binding globulin (ABG) were measured throughout the menstrual cycle in 26 healthy women aged between 19 and 38 yr who were receiving estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (OC), Midafternoon upright levels of total plasma aldosterone were similar in control and OC subjects and showed normal cyclic fluctuation in both groups. The percentage of ABG-bound aldosterone was markedly higher in OC subjects than in controls at all stages of the cycle and showed a positive correlation with the mean blood pressure when all OC subjects studied were considered. In addition, when the plasma ABG levels were measured 6 months or more after the start of medication, they appeared to be related to the dose of estrogen in the OC, but not to the length of time of its administration. The identity of plasma ABG in OC subjects with that in control subjects was also established.", "contents": "Increased aldosterone plasma protein binding in women on combined oral contraceptives throughout the menstrual cycle. Plasma aldosterone concentration and the percentage of the fraction bound to a specific plasma aldosterone-binding globulin (ABG) were measured throughout the menstrual cycle in 26 healthy women aged between 19 and 38 yr who were receiving estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (OC), Midafternoon upright levels of total plasma aldosterone were similar in control and OC subjects and showed normal cyclic fluctuation in both groups. The percentage of ABG-bound aldosterone was markedly higher in OC subjects than in controls at all stages of the cycle and showed a positive correlation with the mean blood pressure when all OC subjects studied were considered. In addition, when the plasma ABG levels were measured 6 months or more after the start of medication, they appeared to be related to the dose of estrogen in the OC, but not to the length of time of its administration. The identity of plasma ABG in OC subjects with that in control subjects was also established."}
{"id": "PMID:263656", "title": "Cortisol production and inactivation by the human lung during gestation and infancy.", "content": "The enzyme which interconverts the active hormone cortisol (F) and its biologically inactive analog cortisone (E), viz. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is known to be present in many tissues. In this study, its possible role as a regulator of cortisol concentration in the human lung was investigated. Small amounts of minced tissue were incubated for 2 h at 37 C in the presence of tracer F or E. After extraction, the steroids were chromatographed using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. From 11-21 weeks of gestation, inactivation of F to E occurred (54.7 +/- 8.0%), while in 11 premature infants there was no conversion in either direction and in 9 infants (4 months to 2 yr of age) there was slight conversion of E to F (7.0 +/- 3.4%). Activity in children was negligible. Lung tissue from 4 anencephalics (35-40 + weeks) retained the ability to inactivate F to E (21.3 +/- 4.3%), though to a lesser extent (P less than 0.01) than fetuses up to 21 weeks. The validity of these in vitro studies was borne out by assays of the endogenous steroids in lung tissue and serum. These results suggest that there is an alteration from rapid inactivation of F to E in early fetal life to slight F production in infancy and that this change is advanced by pituitary or other factors which are decreased in anencephaly. This decreasing inactivation by the lung during late gestation results in higher intracellular F levels which probably act to promote lung maturation in preparation for birth.", "contents": "Cortisol production and inactivation by the human lung during gestation and infancy. The enzyme which interconverts the active hormone cortisol (F) and its biologically inactive analog cortisone (E), viz. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is known to be present in many tissues. In this study, its possible role as a regulator of cortisol concentration in the human lung was investigated. Small amounts of minced tissue were incubated for 2 h at 37 C in the presence of tracer F or E. After extraction, the steroids were chromatographed using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. From 11-21 weeks of gestation, inactivation of F to E occurred (54.7 +/- 8.0%), while in 11 premature infants there was no conversion in either direction and in 9 infants (4 months to 2 yr of age) there was slight conversion of E to F (7.0 +/- 3.4%). Activity in children was negligible. Lung tissue from 4 anencephalics (35-40 + weeks) retained the ability to inactivate F to E (21.3 +/- 4.3%), though to a lesser extent (P less than 0.01) than fetuses up to 21 weeks. The validity of these in vitro studies was borne out by assays of the endogenous steroids in lung tissue and serum. These results suggest that there is an alteration from rapid inactivation of F to E in early fetal life to slight F production in infancy and that this change is advanced by pituitary or other factors which are decreased in anencephaly. This decreasing inactivation by the lung during late gestation results in higher intracellular F levels which probably act to promote lung maturation in preparation for birth."}
{"id": "PMID:263653", "title": "[Production of soy bean inoculants. Behavior of supports based on peat from Tierra del Fuego sterilized by vapor and ethylene oxide].", "content": "The survival of Rhizobium japonicum was studied in neutralized and sterilized peats from Ushuaia and Rio Grande. The carriers were sterilized by ethylene oxide and by autoclaving. Similar counts for Rhizobium (5 x 10(8) cel/g) were obtained in peat-cultures sterilized by both methods, after eight months. A good nodulation and nitrogen fixation capacity was observed with inoculated soybean plants. Using the strain Rhizobium japonicum E-45, no appreciable difference in symbiotic effectiveness was found between the inoculants prepared with the two peats.", "contents": "[Production of soy bean inoculants. Behavior of supports based on peat from Tierra del Fuego sterilized by vapor and ethylene oxide]. The survival of Rhizobium japonicum was studied in neutralized and sterilized peats from Ushuaia and Rio Grande. The carriers were sterilized by ethylene oxide and by autoclaving. Similar counts for Rhizobium (5 x 10(8) cel/g) were obtained in peat-cultures sterilized by both methods, after eight months. A good nodulation and nitrogen fixation capacity was observed with inoculated soybean plants. Using the strain Rhizobium japonicum E-45, no appreciable difference in symbiotic effectiveness was found between the inoculants prepared with the two peats."}
{"id": "PMID:263657", "title": "Serum immunoreactive somatomedin-C is elevated late in pregnancy.", "content": "The concentrations of immunoreactive somatomedin-C (Sm-C) in the sera of women with uncomplicated pregnancies were found to be progressively higher as the duration of gestation increased. Between 19 and 42 weeks of gestation, there was a significant correlation between serum Sm-C concentration and duration of gestation. A striking decline in Sm-C was observed following delivery. While the data are too preliminary to elucide the mechanisms for the raised Sm-C, the concurrent increase in Sm-C and human placental lactogen (hPL) raises the possibility that hPL may mediate the increment in Sm-C.", "contents": "Serum immunoreactive somatomedin-C is elevated late in pregnancy. The concentrations of immunoreactive somatomedin-C (Sm-C) in the sera of women with uncomplicated pregnancies were found to be progressively higher as the duration of gestation increased. Between 19 and 42 weeks of gestation, there was a significant correlation between serum Sm-C concentration and duration of gestation. A striking decline in Sm-C was observed following delivery. While the data are too preliminary to elucide the mechanisms for the raised Sm-C, the concurrent increase in Sm-C and human placental lactogen (hPL) raises the possibility that hPL may mediate the increment in Sm-C."}
{"id": "PMID:263658", "title": "Comparison of [125I]somatomedin A and [125I]somatomedin C radioreceptor assays for somatomedin peptide content in whole and acid-chromatographed plasma.", "content": "The placental membrane radioreceptor assay was used to measure the levels of somatomedin (SM) peptides in plasma. Displacement of both [125I]somatomedin A ([125I]SM-A) and [125I]somatomedin C ([125I]SM-C) by normal whole plasma, the peptide fraction of acid-chromatographed plasma, and a partially purified, insulin-free SM preparation were compared. The peptide fraction of plasma was isolated by acid chromatography over Sephadex G-50 in 0.25 M formic acid with a yield of greater than or equal to 90%, as determined by bioassay and [125I]SM. In the case of [125I]SM-A, the dose-response curves for whole plasma, acid-chromatographed plasma, and the standard SM preparation were parallel (P less than 0.2). In contrast, for [125I]SM-C, the dose-response curves for acid-chromatographed plasma and the purified SM preparation were parallel (P less than 0.2), but both differed significantly from that of whole plasma (P less than 0.001). In addition, there was less variability in the assay of acid-chromatographed plasma compared to whole plasma. The results indicate that radioreceptor assay of unextracted normal plasma using [125I]SM-A is a valid measure of SM peptide concentration, while radioreceptor assay of unextracted normal plasma using [125I]SM-C, in our hands, is not. Acid chromatography of plasma before its assay is an uncomplicated procedure which allows valid and precise measurement of SM peptide content using either [125I]SM-A or [125I]SM-C.", "contents": "Comparison of [125I]somatomedin A and [125I]somatomedin C radioreceptor assays for somatomedin peptide content in whole and acid-chromatographed plasma. The placental membrane radioreceptor assay was used to measure the levels of somatomedin (SM) peptides in plasma. Displacement of both [125I]somatomedin A ([125I]SM-A) and [125I]somatomedin C ([125I]SM-C) by normal whole plasma, the peptide fraction of acid-chromatographed plasma, and a partially purified, insulin-free SM preparation were compared. The peptide fraction of plasma was isolated by acid chromatography over Sephadex G-50 in 0.25 M formic acid with a yield of greater than or equal to 90%, as determined by bioassay and [125I]SM. In the case of [125I]SM-A, the dose-response curves for whole plasma, acid-chromatographed plasma, and the standard SM preparation were parallel (P less than 0.2). In contrast, for [125I]SM-C, the dose-response curves for acid-chromatographed plasma and the purified SM preparation were parallel (P less than 0.2), but both differed significantly from that of whole plasma (P less than 0.001). In addition, there was less variability in the assay of acid-chromatographed plasma compared to whole plasma. The results indicate that radioreceptor assay of unextracted normal plasma using [125I]SM-A is a valid measure of SM peptide concentration, while radioreceptor assay of unextracted normal plasma using [125I]SM-C, in our hands, is not. Acid chromatography of plasma before its assay is an uncomplicated procedure which allows valid and precise measurement of SM peptide content using either [125I]SM-A or [125I]SM-C."}
{"id": "PMID:263659", "title": "Neurogenic galactorrhea-amenorrhea.", "content": "Neuroendocrine function in two women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea arising from abnormalities in the PRL reflex arc was compared to that of normal women. Basal gonadotropins were lower than normal, and one patient lacked episodic secretion of LH; however, the serum gonadotropin rise after iv LRH was in the normal range in both patients. Mean basal PRL levels were slightly elevated in one patient and were normal in the other, and the PRL levels after TRH, chlorpromazine, and levodopa testing were similar to those seen in normal women. Breast stimulation did not increase PRL levels in either patient. PRL levels fell with bromergocryptine therapy, galactorrhea ceased, and normal menses resumed. These studies indicate that chronic afferent impulses originating in the PRL reflex arc can result in galactorrhea and amenorrhea and that bromergocryptine therapy in such patients can restore normal menses.", "contents": "Neurogenic galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Neuroendocrine function in two women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea arising from abnormalities in the PRL reflex arc was compared to that of normal women. Basal gonadotropins were lower than normal, and one patient lacked episodic secretion of LH; however, the serum gonadotropin rise after iv LRH was in the normal range in both patients. Mean basal PRL levels were slightly elevated in one patient and were normal in the other, and the PRL levels after TRH, chlorpromazine, and levodopa testing were similar to those seen in normal women. Breast stimulation did not increase PRL levels in either patient. PRL levels fell with bromergocryptine therapy, galactorrhea ceased, and normal menses resumed. These studies indicate that chronic afferent impulses originating in the PRL reflex arc can result in galactorrhea and amenorrhea and that bromergocryptine therapy in such patients can restore normal menses."}
{"id": "PMID:263660", "title": "The Dubowitz syndrome.", "content": "The Dubowitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition of intrauterine growth retardation, postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, characteristic facial appearance, high-pitched hoarse voice, and borderline intelligence or mild mental retardation. Cleft palate may occur as well as hypospadias, cryptorchidism in affected males, and mild limb defects. The 13 cases reported in the European literature and eight personally examined patients are reviewed.", "contents": "The Dubowitz syndrome. The Dubowitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition of intrauterine growth retardation, postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, characteristic facial appearance, high-pitched hoarse voice, and borderline intelligence or mild mental retardation. Cleft palate may occur as well as hypospadias, cryptorchidism in affected males, and mild limb defects. The 13 cases reported in the European literature and eight personally examined patients are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:263661", "title": "Sex hormone-binding globulin and estrogen receptor in breast cancer: technique and preliminary clinical results.", "content": "The binding capacities of SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) and ER (estrogen receptor) were measured by agar gel electrophoresis with dextran-coated charcoal treatment and also by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in the sera from 19 women with breast cancer to assay the correlation between SHBG and ER in breast cancer. SHBG levels were also measured by agar gel electrophoresis with dextran-coated charcoal treatment in control sera from 20 normal women. Two kinds of 17 beta-estradiol-binding substances were recognized in the cytosol of breast cancer cells and they were confirmed to be ER and SHBG. Out of 13 postmenopausal patients with breast cancer, the SHBG levels in 6 ER-positive cases (66 +/- 13 pmol/ml plasma, mean +/- SD) were significantly higher than the levels of 10 controls (35 +/- 7.6 pmol/ml; P less than 0.005). SHBG levels in 7 ER-negative patients (34 +/- 7.9 pmol/ml plasma) did not significantly differ from the levels of the controls, but differed significantly from the levels of ER-positive patients (P less than 0.005). Out of 6 premenopausal breast cancer patients, the SHBG levels in 5 ER-positive cases (63 +/- 7.5 pmol/ml plasma) tended to be higher than the levels in 10 controls (55 +/- 4.7 pmol/ml plasma), but did not achieve statistical significance (P greater than 0.05). The findings suggest that correlation between SHBG and ER in postmenopausal breast cancer is possible, but no significant difference was noted between the SHBG levels in ER-positive premenopausal breast cancer patients and premenopausal normal women.", "contents": "Sex hormone-binding globulin and estrogen receptor in breast cancer: technique and preliminary clinical results. The binding capacities of SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) and ER (estrogen receptor) were measured by agar gel electrophoresis with dextran-coated charcoal treatment and also by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in the sera from 19 women with breast cancer to assay the correlation between SHBG and ER in breast cancer. SHBG levels were also measured by agar gel electrophoresis with dextran-coated charcoal treatment in control sera from 20 normal women. Two kinds of 17 beta-estradiol-binding substances were recognized in the cytosol of breast cancer cells and they were confirmed to be ER and SHBG. Out of 13 postmenopausal patients with breast cancer, the SHBG levels in 6 ER-positive cases (66 +/- 13 pmol/ml plasma, mean +/- SD) were significantly higher than the levels of 10 controls (35 +/- 7.6 pmol/ml; P less than 0.005). SHBG levels in 7 ER-negative patients (34 +/- 7.9 pmol/ml plasma) did not significantly differ from the levels of the controls, but differed significantly from the levels of ER-positive patients (P less than 0.005). Out of 6 premenopausal breast cancer patients, the SHBG levels in 5 ER-positive cases (63 +/- 7.5 pmol/ml plasma) tended to be higher than the levels in 10 controls (55 +/- 4.7 pmol/ml plasma), but did not achieve statistical significance (P greater than 0.05). The findings suggest that correlation between SHBG and ER in postmenopausal breast cancer is possible, but no significant difference was noted between the SHBG levels in ER-positive premenopausal breast cancer patients and premenopausal normal women."}
{"id": "PMID:263662", "title": "[Early detection and observation of the evolution of congenital malformations of the aorta in newborn infants, infants and young children].", "content": "57 infants and small children (42 boys and 15 girls) with congenital aortic malformations were investigated. Clinical, ecg and X-ray follow-up was carried out. Following 4 groups of patients were separated: 1) neonates and infants with supraductal (preductal) aortic hypoplasia or atresia, with hypoplastic left ventricle of the heart (5 boys and 2 girls), 2) infants with supraductal coarctation of the aorta, without underdevelopment of the left heart cavities (2 boys and 2 girls), 3) infants and children with postductal coarctation of the aorta (17 boys and 3 girls) and 4) infants and children with valvular or/and subvalvular, or supravalvular aortic stenosis (18 boys and 8 girls). Congenital malformations of the aorta and of the left side of the heart should be suspected in all neonates and infants displaying early symptoms of cardiorespiratory failure, resembling frequently the symptoms of severe \"pneumonia\". Proper measurement and thorough analysis of arterial pulses and pressures in upper and lower extremities is of great importance in detection and differential diagnosis of congenital aortic malformations in infants, even when features of other cardiovascular lesions (e.g. ventricular septal defect, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great arteries) dominated in the clinical picture of complex malformations. Small amplitudes of peripheral arterial pulses, with considerably--prolonged upstroke time, small amplitude of arterial pressure measured in upper and lower extremities, co-existing with electrocardiographic patterns of the right ventricular hypertrophy--suggested an aortic malformation complicated by hypoplasia of the left ventricle. Distinctly lower systolic and mean arterial pressure in legs, than in arms was typical for coarctation of the aorta. Significant differences in diastolic pressure values in arms and legs with coexisting ecg patterns of dominating right ventricular hypertrophy should rise a suspicion of abnormal, separate communication of the ascending aorta, and the descending aorta, separately from the left and from the right ventricles of the heart. The electrocardiogram seems to be of great help in differentiation between aortic lesions with or without hypoplastic left ventricle, those with or without systemic right and left ventricle, and those with systemic left ventricle only. Early detection, diagnosis, prompt and proper medical and surgical treatment may be lifesaving for the majority of infants with congenital malformations of the aorta not complicated by left ventricular hypoplasia.", "contents": "[Early detection and observation of the evolution of congenital malformations of the aorta in newborn infants, infants and young children]. 57 infants and small children (42 boys and 15 girls) with congenital aortic malformations were investigated. Clinical, ecg and X-ray follow-up was carried out. Following 4 groups of patients were separated: 1) neonates and infants with supraductal (preductal) aortic hypoplasia or atresia, with hypoplastic left ventricle of the heart (5 boys and 2 girls), 2) infants with supraductal coarctation of the aorta, without underdevelopment of the left heart cavities (2 boys and 2 girls), 3) infants and children with postductal coarctation of the aorta (17 boys and 3 girls) and 4) infants and children with valvular or/and subvalvular, or supravalvular aortic stenosis (18 boys and 8 girls). Congenital malformations of the aorta and of the left side of the heart should be suspected in all neonates and infants displaying early symptoms of cardiorespiratory failure, resembling frequently the symptoms of severe \"pneumonia\". Proper measurement and thorough analysis of arterial pulses and pressures in upper and lower extremities is of great importance in detection and differential diagnosis of congenital aortic malformations in infants, even when features of other cardiovascular lesions (e.g. ventricular septal defect, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great arteries) dominated in the clinical picture of complex malformations. Small amplitudes of peripheral arterial pulses, with considerably--prolonged upstroke time, small amplitude of arterial pressure measured in upper and lower extremities, co-existing with electrocardiographic patterns of the right ventricular hypertrophy--suggested an aortic malformation complicated by hypoplasia of the left ventricle. Distinctly lower systolic and mean arterial pressure in legs, than in arms was typical for coarctation of the aorta. Significant differences in diastolic pressure values in arms and legs with coexisting ecg patterns of dominating right ventricular hypertrophy should rise a suspicion of abnormal, separate communication of the ascending aorta, and the descending aorta, separately from the left and from the right ventricles of the heart. The electrocardiogram seems to be of great help in differentiation between aortic lesions with or without hypoplastic left ventricle, those with or without systemic right and left ventricle, and those with systemic left ventricle only. Early detection, diagnosis, prompt and proper medical and surgical treatment may be lifesaving for the majority of infants with congenital malformations of the aorta not complicated by left ventricular hypoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:263663", "title": "[Absorption and elimination of fats in infants with fetal growth retardation depending on the method of feeding].", "content": "Fat excretion and absorption in 38 healthy S-f-D born infants fed on 4 kinds of diet, differentiated with regard to fat quantity and quality as well as protein quality, were examined by means of three 24 hour fat balances. Higher fat intake, higher fat excretion in feces and lower index of its absorption, typical of these infants, were observed. Differences in relation to the infants born with normal body-weight were particularly distinct in the first six months of life. It was noted that the quantity of fat excretion in feces was influenced by the degree of fetal malnutrition. An advantageous influence of fat modification, which consisted in partial replacement of cow-milk fat with vegetable oil (soya oil) on fat excretion and absorption, was shown. Feeding higher fat formulas--3 g/100 ml and modified protein were also considered advantageous. It was noted that S-f-D infants, even in cases of feeding with modified fat formulas, at the end of the first year of life did not reach such values of the absorption index as infants born with normal body-weight. The conception that the triglyceride structure differing from that in the breast milk is the factor deteriorating cow-milk fat absorption in the infants was suggested and discussed.", "contents": "[Absorption and elimination of fats in infants with fetal growth retardation depending on the method of feeding]. Fat excretion and absorption in 38 healthy S-f-D born infants fed on 4 kinds of diet, differentiated with regard to fat quantity and quality as well as protein quality, were examined by means of three 24 hour fat balances. Higher fat intake, higher fat excretion in feces and lower index of its absorption, typical of these infants, were observed. Differences in relation to the infants born with normal body-weight were particularly distinct in the first six months of life. It was noted that the quantity of fat excretion in feces was influenced by the degree of fetal malnutrition. An advantageous influence of fat modification, which consisted in partial replacement of cow-milk fat with vegetable oil (soya oil) on fat excretion and absorption, was shown. Feeding higher fat formulas--3 g/100 ml and modified protein were also considered advantageous. It was noted that S-f-D infants, even in cases of feeding with modified fat formulas, at the end of the first year of life did not reach such values of the absorption index as infants born with normal body-weight. The conception that the triglyceride structure differing from that in the breast milk is the factor deteriorating cow-milk fat absorption in the infants was suggested and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263664", "title": "[Effect of the method of feeding on the physical development of infants born with symptoms of intrauterine dystrophy].", "content": "In the Clinical Department of Metabolic Studies of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child the attempt was made to stimulate physical development of S-F-D infants through introducing modifications in standard feeding in order to make up for the deficits of foetal age. In the years 1970-1975, 118 infants were under observation: 44 out of this group, in the Clinical Department, 70 in the Outpatient Clinic of Infant Nutrition disorders, 4 were observed both in the Clinical Department and in the Outpatient Clinic. The control group of 40 S-F-D- infants was observed in the Child Outpatient Department of Wola Borough of Warsaw. Foetal age of S-F-D infants underwent anthropometric measurements, psychological and neurological examinations. Investigations of haematological and biochemical indices were also carried out. Physical development of children in 4 (S,G,H,C) dietary groups was observed and compared with the control group. Initial diet differed from the standard diet, used at the National Research Institute of Mothers and Child, by excluding gluten and by replacing saccharose with glucose. In other diets (G, H and C) milk formulas with different quantitative and qualitative protein and fat content were enriched with unsaturated fatty acids. Longitudinal analysis included 61 infants from single pregnancies which were put on regular and sufficiently long (5-12 months) diet. Evaluation of physical development was based on the analysis of mean values, increments and rate of growth of body--length, body weight, arm, scapular and abdominal skin-fold thickness. These data are presented in Tables I-IX, variate curves of individual features in Figures 1-9. Somewhat higher developmental indices were observed in the group of infants fed enriched formulas with unsaturated fatty acids. Growth rate of skin-fold thickness in group S, was extremely intensive all the first year through and decreasing physiological tendencies were not observed in 4th trimester of life.", "contents": "[Effect of the method of feeding on the physical development of infants born with symptoms of intrauterine dystrophy]. In the Clinical Department of Metabolic Studies of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child the attempt was made to stimulate physical development of S-F-D infants through introducing modifications in standard feeding in order to make up for the deficits of foetal age. In the years 1970-1975, 118 infants were under observation: 44 out of this group, in the Clinical Department, 70 in the Outpatient Clinic of Infant Nutrition disorders, 4 were observed both in the Clinical Department and in the Outpatient Clinic. The control group of 40 S-F-D- infants was observed in the Child Outpatient Department of Wola Borough of Warsaw. Foetal age of S-F-D infants underwent anthropometric measurements, psychological and neurological examinations. Investigations of haematological and biochemical indices were also carried out. Physical development of children in 4 (S,G,H,C) dietary groups was observed and compared with the control group. Initial diet differed from the standard diet, used at the National Research Institute of Mothers and Child, by excluding gluten and by replacing saccharose with glucose. In other diets (G, H and C) milk formulas with different quantitative and qualitative protein and fat content were enriched with unsaturated fatty acids. Longitudinal analysis included 61 infants from single pregnancies which were put on regular and sufficiently long (5-12 months) diet. Evaluation of physical development was based on the analysis of mean values, increments and rate of growth of body--length, body weight, arm, scapular and abdominal skin-fold thickness. These data are presented in Tables I-IX, variate curves of individual features in Figures 1-9. Somewhat higher developmental indices were observed in the group of infants fed enriched formulas with unsaturated fatty acids. Growth rate of skin-fold thickness in group S, was extremely intensive all the first year through and decreasing physiological tendencies were not observed in 4th trimester of life."}
{"id": "PMID:263665", "title": "[Caloric balance in full-term healthy infants in relation to the composition of various milk formulas].", "content": "In available literature the results of calorie balance studies carried out systematically during the whole first year of life have not been found. As the knowledge of energy metabolism in infants is still insufficient the longitudinal calorie balance studies of healthy infants as well as of infants with various alimentary tract disorders, and these born with low body weight were undertaken. In this paper the results of calorie balance studies in 15 healthy, full-term and full-size infants are presented. A three-day calorie balance investigations were carried out once a month after 5-10 days of adaptation to the diet. Caloric values of really consumed food, the quantity of calories excreted in faces and urine was determined in the ballistic calorimetric bomb using the method of Miller and Payne. The infants were divided into three groups according to the composition of the test formulas, which were given for the first six months of life. From the third week of life all infants were given juices and vitamins, from the fourth month vegetable soup. In the second semester of life all the infants were fed the same standard diet according to the scheme of artificial feeding in Poland. The test standard diet according to the scheme of artificial feeding in Poland. The test formulas were isocaloric and they differed mainly with protein quantity as well as fat quantity and quality: in two formulas the cow's milk fat was totally replaced with soya oil. The main parameters of calorie balance--calorie intake, calorie excretion in feces and in urine, the metabolizable energy in kcal/kg b.w./24 hrs and as percent of calorie intake were estimated. the relation of gain in weight to calorie intake and caloric efficiency of milk formulas used was counted. The results were presented in tables and figures. In the discussion the relationship between some parameters of calorie balance were evaluated, particularly the relation between calorie intake and gain in weight. According to the data from literature the caloric efficiency of formulas containing vegetable oils is higher than of the formulas containing unmodified cow's milk fat and the daily gain in weight of infants fed fat modified formulas is better. In our investigations there were no differences in the caloric efficiency of formulas used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Caloric balance in full-term healthy infants in relation to the composition of various milk formulas]. In available literature the results of calorie balance studies carried out systematically during the whole first year of life have not been found. As the knowledge of energy metabolism in infants is still insufficient the longitudinal calorie balance studies of healthy infants as well as of infants with various alimentary tract disorders, and these born with low body weight were undertaken. In this paper the results of calorie balance studies in 15 healthy, full-term and full-size infants are presented. A three-day calorie balance investigations were carried out once a month after 5-10 days of adaptation to the diet. Caloric values of really consumed food, the quantity of calories excreted in faces and urine was determined in the ballistic calorimetric bomb using the method of Miller and Payne. The infants were divided into three groups according to the composition of the test formulas, which were given for the first six months of life. From the third week of life all infants were given juices and vitamins, from the fourth month vegetable soup. In the second semester of life all the infants were fed the same standard diet according to the scheme of artificial feeding in Poland. The test standard diet according to the scheme of artificial feeding in Poland. The test formulas were isocaloric and they differed mainly with protein quantity as well as fat quantity and quality: in two formulas the cow's milk fat was totally replaced with soya oil. The main parameters of calorie balance--calorie intake, calorie excretion in feces and in urine, the metabolizable energy in kcal/kg b.w./24 hrs and as percent of calorie intake were estimated. the relation of gain in weight to calorie intake and caloric efficiency of milk formulas used was counted. The results were presented in tables and figures. In the discussion the relationship between some parameters of calorie balance were evaluated, particularly the relation between calorie intake and gain in weight. According to the data from literature the caloric efficiency of formulas containing vegetable oils is higher than of the formulas containing unmodified cow's milk fat and the daily gain in weight of infants fed fat modified formulas is better. In our investigations there were no differences in the caloric efficiency of formulas used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263666", "title": "[Effect of the composition of the caloric pool on the indicators of protein metabolism in infants].", "content": "The influences of formula composition (more fat or carbohydrates as a source of energy) upon protein utilization and other indices of protein metabolism was studied. 15 healthy, full-size infants were divided into three groups K,L,M, five infants in every group according, to the formula given to them. The composition of formulas is shown in table I. In the second half of the first year of life all the infants were fed according to schema of infants nutrition obligatory in Poland, based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. In these infants, staying at the Clinical Department from 2 weeks until 12 months, once a month nitrogen balance study was carried out and serum urea nitrogen, serum protein and albumin level, urine urea nitrogen, creatine and hydroxyproline in urine were examined. Results of these studies allow for more exact assessment of diet influence on protein metabolism and body composition. The results of the 3 groups presented in the tables were compared using t-Student's test at the level of significance a = 0,05. In the second half of the first year of life investigations aimed at finding eventual influence of formulas given in he first six month of life on metabolism indices. Intake of protein in infants fed formulas K and L amounted to 2,5 g/kg b.w., but the indices of protein utilization were different. In infants fed the formula in which cow's milk fat was totally replaced by soya oil, digestibility index--Di % was higher, as well as NPU and NBI indices, and serum protein and albumin level. In the second half of the first year of life in those infants nitrogen intake as well as nitrogen absorption were higher, than in infants fed unmodified cow's milk fat formula. Too low content of fat formula (1 g of fat/100 g formula) and high content of protein (3 g/100 g formula) is not profitable in protein utilization and physical development indices. Protein intake in infants of group M was 3,3 g/kg b.w./24 hrs, protein utilization was poorer, serum urea nitrogen was higher, more urine urea nitrogen and total nitrogen in urine was excreted. In these infants, as in group L infants, the quantity of hydroxyproline were lower, which was reflected by poorer indices of physical development. It seems to us, that among three studied formulas formula K had the most profitable influence on the totally investigated infant protein metabolism indices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Effect of the composition of the caloric pool on the indicators of protein metabolism in infants]. The influences of formula composition (more fat or carbohydrates as a source of energy) upon protein utilization and other indices of protein metabolism was studied. 15 healthy, full-size infants were divided into three groups K,L,M, five infants in every group according, to the formula given to them. The composition of formulas is shown in table I. In the second half of the first year of life all the infants were fed according to schema of infants nutrition obligatory in Poland, based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. In these infants, staying at the Clinical Department from 2 weeks until 12 months, once a month nitrogen balance study was carried out and serum urea nitrogen, serum protein and albumin level, urine urea nitrogen, creatine and hydroxyproline in urine were examined. Results of these studies allow for more exact assessment of diet influence on protein metabolism and body composition. The results of the 3 groups presented in the tables were compared using t-Student's test at the level of significance a = 0,05. In the second half of the first year of life investigations aimed at finding eventual influence of formulas given in he first six month of life on metabolism indices. Intake of protein in infants fed formulas K and L amounted to 2,5 g/kg b.w., but the indices of protein utilization were different. In infants fed the formula in which cow's milk fat was totally replaced by soya oil, digestibility index--Di % was higher, as well as NPU and NBI indices, and serum protein and albumin level. In the second half of the first year of life in those infants nitrogen intake as well as nitrogen absorption were higher, than in infants fed unmodified cow's milk fat formula. Too low content of fat formula (1 g of fat/100 g formula) and high content of protein (3 g/100 g formula) is not profitable in protein utilization and physical development indices. Protein intake in infants of group M was 3,3 g/kg b.w./24 hrs, protein utilization was poorer, serum urea nitrogen was higher, more urine urea nitrogen and total nitrogen in urine was excreted. In these infants, as in group L infants, the quantity of hydroxyproline were lower, which was reflected by poorer indices of physical development. It seems to us, that among three studied formulas formula K had the most profitable influence on the totally investigated infant protein metabolism indices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263667", "title": "Diurnal variations in the analgesic effectiveness of morphine in mice.", "content": "Response to thermal stimulation and the analgesic effectiveness of morphine during various phases of the diurnal cycle were assessed by the hotplate method. Saline treated controls exhibited shortest reaction times during the last quarter of the light-phase and first quarter of the dark phase. Longest reaction times were recorded during the last quarter of the dark phase. Doses of 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg of morphine was administered IP at the peak and trough of the pain sensitivity rhythm. The ED50 (95% C.L.) during the last quarter of the light phase was found to be 14.60 (10.6-20.0) mg/kg while during the last quarter of the dark phase the ED50 was found to be 5.85 (4.5-7.7) mg/kg. In a second experiment, independent groups of ten mice each were injected SC with 8 mg/kg of morphine at three hr intervals over a 48 hr test session. Peak analgesic activity was obtained in the group injected during the last quarter of the dark phase while minimal analgesic effectiveness was obtained during the third quarter of the light phase. Central administration of morphine via the intraventricular route yielded the same relationship, i.e., maximal analgesic effectiveness during the last quarter of the dark phase.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in the analgesic effectiveness of morphine in mice. Response to thermal stimulation and the analgesic effectiveness of morphine during various phases of the diurnal cycle were assessed by the hotplate method. Saline treated controls exhibited shortest reaction times during the last quarter of the light-phase and first quarter of the dark phase. Longest reaction times were recorded during the last quarter of the dark phase. Doses of 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg of morphine was administered IP at the peak and trough of the pain sensitivity rhythm. The ED50 (95% C.L.) during the last quarter of the light phase was found to be 14.60 (10.6-20.0) mg/kg while during the last quarter of the dark phase the ED50 was found to be 5.85 (4.5-7.7) mg/kg. In a second experiment, independent groups of ten mice each were injected SC with 8 mg/kg of morphine at three hr intervals over a 48 hr test session. Peak analgesic activity was obtained in the group injected during the last quarter of the dark phase while minimal analgesic effectiveness was obtained during the third quarter of the light phase. Central administration of morphine via the intraventricular route yielded the same relationship, i.e., maximal analgesic effectiveness during the last quarter of the dark phase."}
{"id": "PMID:263668", "title": "Temporal analysis of naloxone attenuation of morphine-induced taste aversion.", "content": "In a dose-response study, 7.5 mg/kg of naloxone produced maximal attenuation of conditioned taste aversion to saccharin induced by 10 mg/kg of morphine. Naloxone was administered immediately after the morphine in this study. In a second experiment, naloxone still caused a significant attenuation of taste aversions when administered with a 1 hr delay after morphine, but not after delays of 4 or 8 hr. These results suggest that behavioral consequences of morphine which peak during the first hr after injection (analgesia, catalepsy, and depression of intracranial self-stimulation) are not correlated with the aversive effect of morphine. Nor can the aversiveness of morphine be attributed to withdrawal effects. Only the facilitative actions of morphine occurring 1 to 4 hr after injection, including the facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation, are temporally correlated with the naloxone-sensitive aversive effect. Thus, a temporal analysis cannot be used to dissociate the paradoxical positive reinforcement and aversive effects of morphine. Rather, the temporal correlation between the two opposite motivational effects of morphine serves to emphasize the nature of this paradox.", "contents": "Temporal analysis of naloxone attenuation of morphine-induced taste aversion. In a dose-response study, 7.5 mg/kg of naloxone produced maximal attenuation of conditioned taste aversion to saccharin induced by 10 mg/kg of morphine. Naloxone was administered immediately after the morphine in this study. In a second experiment, naloxone still caused a significant attenuation of taste aversions when administered with a 1 hr delay after morphine, but not after delays of 4 or 8 hr. These results suggest that behavioral consequences of morphine which peak during the first hr after injection (analgesia, catalepsy, and depression of intracranial self-stimulation) are not correlated with the aversive effect of morphine. Nor can the aversiveness of morphine be attributed to withdrawal effects. Only the facilitative actions of morphine occurring 1 to 4 hr after injection, including the facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation, are temporally correlated with the naloxone-sensitive aversive effect. Thus, a temporal analysis cannot be used to dissociate the paradoxical positive reinforcement and aversive effects of morphine. Rather, the temporal correlation between the two opposite motivational effects of morphine serves to emphasize the nature of this paradox."}
{"id": "PMID:263684", "title": "Optical studies of the phase behavior of monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing calcium chloride.", "content": "Optical birefringence of the phases exhibited by monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing 0.1 M-6 mM calcium chloride is measured over a range of temperature and water content. Little change was observed in the birefringence for this calcium chloride content range, and a phase diagram is constructed from these data and compared with that of monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and water. Effects of the presence of calcium chloride are most pronounced at low temperature and water content but the interaction with phosphatidylcholine cannot account for the effects observed with calcium on intermembrane interactions.", "contents": "Optical studies of the phase behavior of monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing calcium chloride. Optical birefringence of the phases exhibited by monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing 0.1 M-6 mM calcium chloride is measured over a range of temperature and water content. Little change was observed in the birefringence for this calcium chloride content range, and a phase diagram is constructed from these data and compared with that of monodomain samples of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and water. Effects of the presence of calcium chloride are most pronounced at low temperature and water content but the interaction with phosphatidylcholine cannot account for the effects observed with calcium on intermembrane interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:263685", "title": "The behavior of oxonol dyes in phospholipid dispersions.", "content": "The interaction of a class of oxonol dyes with sonicated phospholipid vesicles was followed optically. The spectra of vesicle-associated dyes resemble those found for the dyes in organic solvents, indicating that the oxonols occupy a hydrophobic region of the membrane. At equilibrium the affinity of the oxonols for the vesicles depends on the structure of the dye, the physical and chemical composition of the vesicles, and the ionic strength of the medium. The oxonols occupy soybean lipid vesicles to a level of 147.9 +/- 17.1 nmol/mg lipid with a dye membrane dissociation constant of 3.33 +/- 0.54 muM. The interaction of the oxonols with soybean lipid vesicles is biphasic. The fast phase has a second order rate constant of 9.04 +/- 0.36 x 10(6)M(-1) s(-1) and the number of \"fast\" binding sites, 68 +/- 8 nmol/mg lipid, was determined from the ratio of the second order rate constants obtained with lipid and with dye in excess. The dissociation of oxonols from soybean lipid vesicles is also biphasic, and the fast process has a rate constant of 17 +/- 2 s(-1), yielding a dissociation constant for the fast sites (k(-1)/k(2)) of 1.88 +/- 0.15 muM. The slow phases of oxonol association with, and release from, soybean lipid vesicles are not second order and have half times of between 0.2 and 5 min, depending on the physical and chemical composition of the membrane lipids. The amplitudes of the slow phases are sensitive to the composition of the aqueous media on each side of the vesicle membranes, which suggests that the slow processes represent the permeation of the membrane by the oxonols. The importance of the properties of the oxonol dyes in the interpretation of their behavior in natural membranes is discussed.", "contents": "The behavior of oxonol dyes in phospholipid dispersions. The interaction of a class of oxonol dyes with sonicated phospholipid vesicles was followed optically. The spectra of vesicle-associated dyes resemble those found for the dyes in organic solvents, indicating that the oxonols occupy a hydrophobic region of the membrane. At equilibrium the affinity of the oxonols for the vesicles depends on the structure of the dye, the physical and chemical composition of the vesicles, and the ionic strength of the medium. The oxonols occupy soybean lipid vesicles to a level of 147.9 +/- 17.1 nmol/mg lipid with a dye membrane dissociation constant of 3.33 +/- 0.54 muM. The interaction of the oxonols with soybean lipid vesicles is biphasic. The fast phase has a second order rate constant of 9.04 +/- 0.36 x 10(6)M(-1) s(-1) and the number of \"fast\" binding sites, 68 +/- 8 nmol/mg lipid, was determined from the ratio of the second order rate constants obtained with lipid and with dye in excess. The dissociation of oxonols from soybean lipid vesicles is also biphasic, and the fast process has a rate constant of 17 +/- 2 s(-1), yielding a dissociation constant for the fast sites (k(-1)/k(2)) of 1.88 +/- 0.15 muM. The slow phases of oxonol association with, and release from, soybean lipid vesicles are not second order and have half times of between 0.2 and 5 min, depending on the physical and chemical composition of the membrane lipids. The amplitudes of the slow phases are sensitive to the composition of the aqueous media on each side of the vesicle membranes, which suggests that the slow processes represent the permeation of the membrane by the oxonols. The importance of the properties of the oxonol dyes in the interpretation of their behavior in natural membranes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263686", "title": "Direct observation of the hydrocarbon chain tilt angle in phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "By means of X-ray diffraction we have observed the tilting of hydrocarbon chains within a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multilayer. The tilting produces a distribution of intensity in the (4.2 A)-1 region that provides a quantitative measure of the angle of tilt. Detailed diffraction investigation of multilayers prepared by a recently developed method and mounted to form a \"freestanding\" sample has made possible the accurate measurement of intensity in this region. We find the intensity distribution to be different from that previously reported and proceed to develop a new model for tilted chains. The model permits calculation of the intensity distribution as a function of tilt angle which is then fit to the data.", "contents": "Direct observation of the hydrocarbon chain tilt angle in phospholipid bilayers. By means of X-ray diffraction we have observed the tilting of hydrocarbon chains within a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multilayer. The tilting produces a distribution of intensity in the (4.2 A)-1 region that provides a quantitative measure of the angle of tilt. Detailed diffraction investigation of multilayers prepared by a recently developed method and mounted to form a \"freestanding\" sample has made possible the accurate measurement of intensity in this region. We find the intensity distribution to be different from that previously reported and proceed to develop a new model for tilted chains. The model permits calculation of the intensity distribution as a function of tilt angle which is then fit to the data."}
{"id": "PMID:263687", "title": "Modification of ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. I. Enhancement of cationic conductance and changes of the kinetics of nonactin-mediated transport of potassium.", "content": "We have found that herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has the ability to increase the rate of transport of positive ions of several kinds, and to inhibit transport of negatively charged tetraphenylborate ions in lipid bilayer membranes. It has been found that only the neutral form of 2,4-D is transport active, whereas the ionized from of 2,4-D does not modify transport of ions, and does not by itself permeate through lipid membranes. The results suggest that the enhancement of transport of positively charged ions such as tetraphenylarsonium + and nonactin-K+ is dominated by the increase of the ion translocation rate constant. It has been shown that the enhancement of nonactin-mediated transport of K+ by 2,4-D can be accounted for by a simple carrier model. We have observed that a 2,4-D concentration above 3 X 10(-4) M the potassium ion transport in phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol as well as in cholesterol-free glycerolmonooleate membranes is enhanced to such a degree that, depending upon the concentration of potassium ions, it becomes limited by the rate of recombination of K+ with nonactin, and/or by backdiffusion of unloaded nonactin molecules. Furthermore, the effect of 2,4-D is enhanced by ionic strength of aqueous solution. From the changes of kinetic parameters of nonactin-K+ transport, as well as from the changes of membranes conductance due to tetraphenylarsonium + ions, we have estimated the changes of the electrical potential of the membrane interior. We have found that the potential of the interior of the membrane becomes more negative in the presence of 2,4-D, and that its change is proportional to the aqueous concentration of 2,4-D. The effect of 2,4-D on ion transport has been attributed to a layer of 2,4-D molecules absorbed within the interfacial region, and having a dipole moment directed toward the aqueous medium. The results of kinetic studied of nonactin-K+ transport suggest that this layer is located on the hydrocarbon side of the interface.", "contents": "Modification of ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. I. Enhancement of cationic conductance and changes of the kinetics of nonactin-mediated transport of potassium. We have found that herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has the ability to increase the rate of transport of positive ions of several kinds, and to inhibit transport of negatively charged tetraphenylborate ions in lipid bilayer membranes. It has been found that only the neutral form of 2,4-D is transport active, whereas the ionized from of 2,4-D does not modify transport of ions, and does not by itself permeate through lipid membranes. The results suggest that the enhancement of transport of positively charged ions such as tetraphenylarsonium + and nonactin-K+ is dominated by the increase of the ion translocation rate constant. It has been shown that the enhancement of nonactin-mediated transport of K+ by 2,4-D can be accounted for by a simple carrier model. We have observed that a 2,4-D concentration above 3 X 10(-4) M the potassium ion transport in phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol as well as in cholesterol-free glycerolmonooleate membranes is enhanced to such a degree that, depending upon the concentration of potassium ions, it becomes limited by the rate of recombination of K+ with nonactin, and/or by backdiffusion of unloaded nonactin molecules. Furthermore, the effect of 2,4-D is enhanced by ionic strength of aqueous solution. From the changes of kinetic parameters of nonactin-K+ transport, as well as from the changes of membranes conductance due to tetraphenylarsonium + ions, we have estimated the changes of the electrical potential of the membrane interior. We have found that the potential of the interior of the membrane becomes more negative in the presence of 2,4-D, and that its change is proportional to the aqueous concentration of 2,4-D. The effect of 2,4-D on ion transport has been attributed to a layer of 2,4-D molecules absorbed within the interfacial region, and having a dipole moment directed toward the aqueous medium. The results of kinetic studied of nonactin-K+ transport suggest that this layer is located on the hydrocarbon side of the interface."}
{"id": "PMID:263688", "title": "Carbocyanine dye orientation in red cell membrane studied by microscopic fluorescence polarization.", "content": "The orientation of an amphipathic, long acyl chain fluorescent carbocyanine dye [diI-C18-(3)] in a biological membrane is examined by steady-state fluorescence polarization microscopy on portions of single erythrocyte ghosts. The thermodynamically plausible orientation model most consistent with the experimental data is one in which the diI-C18-(3) conjugated bridge chromophore is parallel to the surface of the cell and the acyl chains are imbedded in the bilayer parallel to the phospholipid acyl chains. Comparison of the predictions of this model with the experimental data yields information on the intramolecular orientations of the dye's transition dipoles and on the dye's rate of rotation in the membrane around an axis normal to the membrane. To interpret the experimental data, formulae are derived to account for the effect of high aperture observation on fluorescence polarization ratios. These formulae are generally applicable to any high aperture polarization studied on microscopic samples, such as portions of single cells.", "contents": "Carbocyanine dye orientation in red cell membrane studied by microscopic fluorescence polarization. The orientation of an amphipathic, long acyl chain fluorescent carbocyanine dye [diI-C18-(3)] in a biological membrane is examined by steady-state fluorescence polarization microscopy on portions of single erythrocyte ghosts. The thermodynamically plausible orientation model most consistent with the experimental data is one in which the diI-C18-(3) conjugated bridge chromophore is parallel to the surface of the cell and the acyl chains are imbedded in the bilayer parallel to the phospholipid acyl chains. Comparison of the predictions of this model with the experimental data yields information on the intramolecular orientations of the dye's transition dipoles and on the dye's rate of rotation in the membrane around an axis normal to the membrane. To interpret the experimental data, formulae are derived to account for the effect of high aperture observation on fluorescence polarization ratios. These formulae are generally applicable to any high aperture polarization studied on microscopic samples, such as portions of single cells."}
{"id": "PMID:263689", "title": "Phase behavior of ganglioside-lecithin mixtures. Relation to dispersion of gangliosides in membranes.", "content": "Ganglioside GM1 and mixed brain gangliosides were mixed with 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl lecithin (SOPC) and examined by differential scanning calorimetry as a function of ganglioside content and temperature. Low mole fractions of ganglioside GM1 and of mixed brain gangliosides are shown to be miscible with SOPC in the gel phase up to X = 0.3, with the possible exception of a small region of immiscibility for the mixed brain gangliosides system centered around X = 0.05. Above X = 0.3, the low-temperature phases demix into a (gel) phase of composition X = 0.3 and a (micellar) phase of composition X = 1.0. Above the endothermic phase transition temperature, no phase boundaries are discerned. It is pointed out that phase structures need to be determined in each domain delineated in the phase diagrams, and that cylindrical phases may exist at higher temperatures and intermediate compositions. The effects of addition of wheat germ agglutinin, which binds to ganglioside GM1, on a ganglioside GM1-SOPC mixture (X = 0.5), are described and interpreted in terms of partial demixing of ganglioside and lecithin. Behavior of the ganglioside-SOPC system is discussed with respect to the kinetics of cholera toxin action in lymphocytes, as well as to other physiological roles of gangliosides in membranes.", "contents": "Phase behavior of ganglioside-lecithin mixtures. Relation to dispersion of gangliosides in membranes. Ganglioside GM1 and mixed brain gangliosides were mixed with 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl lecithin (SOPC) and examined by differential scanning calorimetry as a function of ganglioside content and temperature. Low mole fractions of ganglioside GM1 and of mixed brain gangliosides are shown to be miscible with SOPC in the gel phase up to X = 0.3, with the possible exception of a small region of immiscibility for the mixed brain gangliosides system centered around X = 0.05. Above X = 0.3, the low-temperature phases demix into a (gel) phase of composition X = 0.3 and a (micellar) phase of composition X = 1.0. Above the endothermic phase transition temperature, no phase boundaries are discerned. It is pointed out that phase structures need to be determined in each domain delineated in the phase diagrams, and that cylindrical phases may exist at higher temperatures and intermediate compositions. The effects of addition of wheat germ agglutinin, which binds to ganglioside GM1, on a ganglioside GM1-SOPC mixture (X = 0.5), are described and interpreted in terms of partial demixing of ganglioside and lecithin. Behavior of the ganglioside-SOPC system is discussed with respect to the kinetics of cholera toxin action in lymphocytes, as well as to other physiological roles of gangliosides in membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:263690", "title": "Deuterium magnetic resonance study of the gel and liquid crystalline phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Deuterium magnetic resonance is applied to the study of the liquid crystalline and gel phases, and of the phase transition, of a multilamellar dispersion of chain perdeuterated (d62)-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/H2O. Analysis of the deuterium spectra in terms of the moments of the spectra allows one to make quantitative statements concerning the distribution of quadrupolar splittings even in complicated situations, e.g., when using perdeuterated sampled or when there are mixed phases. This analysis indicates that d62-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in excess H2O undergoes a sharp phase transition (with a width of less than 1 degree C) at approximately 37 degrees C and that there appears to be hysteresis in the phase transition of approximately 1 degree C. In the lamellar liquid crystalline phase above 37 degrees C the spectra show a number of well-resolved features whose quadrupolar splittings can be followed as the temperature is varied. The gel phase near 20 degrees C possesses a very broad, almost featureless spectrum that does not seem to support a model of the gel phase wherein the hydrocarbon chains are fully extended in the all-trans conformation. At temperatures near 0 degrees C the spectra clearly indicate that a large fraction of the lipid molecules cease the rotation about their long axes, giving a spectrum more characteristic of a rigid or solid sample. These results give a picture of the gel phase as a phase characterized by considerable hydrocarbon chain disorder near 20 degrees C and becoming a more solid-like phase near 0 degrees C. The spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, has been measured at 20 degrees C in the gel phase, and at 37 and 45 degrees C in the liquid crystalline phase. The values of T1 obtained for each of the resolvable peaks in the spectrum at 37 degrees C are compared to the values (for each peak) of T2e, the decay time of the quadrupolar echo, obtained at the same temperature. These results are discussed in terms of a simple two-motion model.", "contents": "Deuterium magnetic resonance study of the gel and liquid crystalline phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Deuterium magnetic resonance is applied to the study of the liquid crystalline and gel phases, and of the phase transition, of a multilamellar dispersion of chain perdeuterated (d62)-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine/H2O. Analysis of the deuterium spectra in terms of the moments of the spectra allows one to make quantitative statements concerning the distribution of quadrupolar splittings even in complicated situations, e.g., when using perdeuterated sampled or when there are mixed phases. This analysis indicates that d62-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in excess H2O undergoes a sharp phase transition (with a width of less than 1 degree C) at approximately 37 degrees C and that there appears to be hysteresis in the phase transition of approximately 1 degree C. In the lamellar liquid crystalline phase above 37 degrees C the spectra show a number of well-resolved features whose quadrupolar splittings can be followed as the temperature is varied. The gel phase near 20 degrees C possesses a very broad, almost featureless spectrum that does not seem to support a model of the gel phase wherein the hydrocarbon chains are fully extended in the all-trans conformation. At temperatures near 0 degrees C the spectra clearly indicate that a large fraction of the lipid molecules cease the rotation about their long axes, giving a spectrum more characteristic of a rigid or solid sample. These results give a picture of the gel phase as a phase characterized by considerable hydrocarbon chain disorder near 20 degrees C and becoming a more solid-like phase near 0 degrees C. The spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, has been measured at 20 degrees C in the gel phase, and at 37 and 45 degrees C in the liquid crystalline phase. The values of T1 obtained for each of the resolvable peaks in the spectrum at 37 degrees C are compared to the values (for each peak) of T2e, the decay time of the quadrupolar echo, obtained at the same temperature. These results are discussed in terms of a simple two-motion model."}
{"id": "PMID:263691", "title": "Alignment and defect structures in oriented phosphatidylcholine multilayers.", "content": "The alignment of dilauryl-, dimyristoyl-, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at various water concentrations into large oriented monodomain multilayers by annealing at elevated temperatures (Powers and Clark, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:840; Powers and Pershan. 1977. Biophys. J. 20:137) is accompanied by the formation and subsequent dissolution of various defect structures. Some of these defects appear similar to those observed in thermotropic and other lyotropic liquid crystals, reflecting the lamellar structure of these materials. The formation and evolution of defects during the alignment of the lipids into the defect-free, monodomain, multilamellar geometry is studied using polarized microscopy. A combination of polarized and dark-field microscopy facilitated characterization of the defects; specific structural models are proposed. A new alignment technique involving compression and dilation of the lipid, which effects sample alignment at temperatures that are lower than those required by the Powers technique, is described. Lower temperature alignment avoids thermal decomposition that will sometimes occur if the lipid is maintained at elevated temperatures for prolonged periods. With this technique, samples (80 micrometer thick) of dilaurylphosphatidylcholine with 20% water by weight were aligned at room temperature.", "contents": "Alignment and defect structures in oriented phosphatidylcholine multilayers. The alignment of dilauryl-, dimyristoyl-, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at various water concentrations into large oriented monodomain multilayers by annealing at elevated temperatures (Powers and Clark, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:840; Powers and Pershan. 1977. Biophys. J. 20:137) is accompanied by the formation and subsequent dissolution of various defect structures. Some of these defects appear similar to those observed in thermotropic and other lyotropic liquid crystals, reflecting the lamellar structure of these materials. The formation and evolution of defects during the alignment of the lipids into the defect-free, monodomain, multilamellar geometry is studied using polarized microscopy. A combination of polarized and dark-field microscopy facilitated characterization of the defects; specific structural models are proposed. A new alignment technique involving compression and dilation of the lipid, which effects sample alignment at temperatures that are lower than those required by the Powers technique, is described. Lower temperature alignment avoids thermal decomposition that will sometimes occur if the lipid is maintained at elevated temperatures for prolonged periods. With this technique, samples (80 micrometer thick) of dilaurylphosphatidylcholine with 20% water by weight were aligned at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:263692", "title": "Effects of C-protein on synthetic myosin filament structure.", "content": "In the absence of C-protein, synthetic filaments prepared from column-purified myosin exhibit the following features: individual filament diameters are uniform over a long length, but a wide distribution of diameters is apparent over the population; approximately 25% of the filaments have a frayed appearance and take up stain poorly, whereas the remaining 75% are well-stained; optical diffraction of well-stained filaments reveals a 14.3-nm subunit period and a 43-nm axial period (Koretz, 1978; Koretz, 1979). Addition of C-protein to myosin before filament formation affects all of these features in a manner related to C-protein concentration. At the physiological ratio of C-protein to myosin in the banded region of the natural thick filament, synthetic aggregates are uniform in diameter over the population and show less than 10% frays. Whereas the subunit period remains unchanged, the axial period has increased to 114.4 nm, or eight times the subunit repeat. Above and below the physiological ratio, disorder of a specific nature is apparent. Addition of C-protein after filament formation appears to coat the aggregates so that elements of backbone ultrastructure are obscured, and some evidence of axial period change is visible in diffraction patterns. A model is presented for the binding of C-protein to myosin, and its observed effects on filament structure are explained in terms of this model.", "contents": "Effects of C-protein on synthetic myosin filament structure. In the absence of C-protein, synthetic filaments prepared from column-purified myosin exhibit the following features: individual filament diameters are uniform over a long length, but a wide distribution of diameters is apparent over the population; approximately 25% of the filaments have a frayed appearance and take up stain poorly, whereas the remaining 75% are well-stained; optical diffraction of well-stained filaments reveals a 14.3-nm subunit period and a 43-nm axial period (Koretz, 1978; Koretz, 1979). Addition of C-protein to myosin before filament formation affects all of these features in a manner related to C-protein concentration. At the physiological ratio of C-protein to myosin in the banded region of the natural thick filament, synthetic aggregates are uniform in diameter over the population and show less than 10% frays. Whereas the subunit period remains unchanged, the axial period has increased to 114.4 nm, or eight times the subunit repeat. Above and below the physiological ratio, disorder of a specific nature is apparent. Addition of C-protein after filament formation appears to coat the aggregates so that elements of backbone ultrastructure are obscured, and some evidence of axial period change is visible in diffraction patterns. A model is presented for the binding of C-protein to myosin, and its observed effects on filament structure are explained in terms of this model."}
{"id": "PMID:263698", "title": "Effect of benzyl alcohol on lipid bilayers. A comparisons of bilayer systems.", "content": "The effect of the small anesthetic molecule, benzyl alcohol, on the structure of various bilayer system has been studied by optical, electrical, and x-ray diffraction techniques. We find that the modifications in bilayer thickness caused by benzyl alcohol differ dramatically for planar (or black lipid) bilayers containing solvent, planar bilayers containing little or no solvent, and vesicular bilayers. Benzyl alcohol increases the thickness of planar bilayers containing n-alkane solvents, yet decreases the thickness of \"solvent-free\" planar bilayers. The effect of benzyl alcohol on vesicular bilayers below the phase transition temperature also depends on whether solvent is present in the bilayers. Without solvent, gel-state bilayers are reduced in thickness by benzyl alcohol, whereas in the presence of solvent, the thickness is unchanged. Above the phase transition temperature, benzyl alcohol has no measurable effect on vesicular bilayer thickness, whether solvent is present or not. These results indicate that different model membrane systems respond quite differently to a particular anesthetic.", "contents": "Effect of benzyl alcohol on lipid bilayers. A comparisons of bilayer systems. The effect of the small anesthetic molecule, benzyl alcohol, on the structure of various bilayer system has been studied by optical, electrical, and x-ray diffraction techniques. We find that the modifications in bilayer thickness caused by benzyl alcohol differ dramatically for planar (or black lipid) bilayers containing solvent, planar bilayers containing little or no solvent, and vesicular bilayers. Benzyl alcohol increases the thickness of planar bilayers containing n-alkane solvents, yet decreases the thickness of \"solvent-free\" planar bilayers. The effect of benzyl alcohol on vesicular bilayers below the phase transition temperature also depends on whether solvent is present in the bilayers. Without solvent, gel-state bilayers are reduced in thickness by benzyl alcohol, whereas in the presence of solvent, the thickness is unchanged. Above the phase transition temperature, benzyl alcohol has no measurable effect on vesicular bilayer thickness, whether solvent is present or not. These results indicate that different model membrane systems respond quite differently to a particular anesthetic."}
{"id": "PMID:263699", "title": "Orientational order and rotational diffusion of the head group in the bilayer membrane. A nuclear magnetic resonance study.", "content": "An order parameter-based interpretation is applied to the temperature dependence of the deuterium magnetic resonance splittings and the anisotropic contribution to the chemical shift for 31P from the head groups of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). It is shown that the rotational motion of the molecule about its long axis is not a free rotational motion as normally assumed, but instead a biased one. Changes in the degree of biasing appear to be primarily responsible for the variation of the NMR spectra with temperature. The degree of biasing is described by orientational order parameters. With the use of these order parameters, it is shown that the temperature dependence of the anisotropic contribution to the chemical shift for 31P can be predicted from that of the deuterium quadrupole splittings.", "contents": "Orientational order and rotational diffusion of the head group in the bilayer membrane. A nuclear magnetic resonance study. An order parameter-based interpretation is applied to the temperature dependence of the deuterium magnetic resonance splittings and the anisotropic contribution to the chemical shift for 31P from the head groups of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). It is shown that the rotational motion of the molecule about its long axis is not a free rotational motion as normally assumed, but instead a biased one. Changes in the degree of biasing appear to be primarily responsible for the variation of the NMR spectra with temperature. The degree of biasing is described by orientational order parameters. With the use of these order parameters, it is shown that the temperature dependence of the anisotropic contribution to the chemical shift for 31P can be predicted from that of the deuterium quadrupole splittings."}
{"id": "PMID:263700", "title": "X-ray scattering from labeled membranes.", "content": "We present a new method for the determination of structural parameters in biological membranes. Recording the continuous scattering of heavy-atom labeled membranes and applying elementary Fourier methods we obtain the scattering of the heavy-atom distribution alone. The details of this distribution are explored by developing a simple model and testing for cases relevant to biological membranes. We find that the intensity distribution is highly sensitive to many key parameters. The increased signal from heavy-atom labeling and the use of an improved x-ray system make it possible to record patterns from dilute membrane suspensions. Thus determination of these parameters is possible in the same environment where many membrane biochemical studies are performed. Application of the method is made to a model lipid bilayer membrane, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine by labeling with UO2++ ions. We determine the precise distance between UO2++ layers on either side of the membrane as well as the width of the label on each side. This determination permits estimation of phosphate separation across single labeled bilayers in an aqueous suspension.", "contents": "X-ray scattering from labeled membranes. We present a new method for the determination of structural parameters in biological membranes. Recording the continuous scattering of heavy-atom labeled membranes and applying elementary Fourier methods we obtain the scattering of the heavy-atom distribution alone. The details of this distribution are explored by developing a simple model and testing for cases relevant to biological membranes. We find that the intensity distribution is highly sensitive to many key parameters. The increased signal from heavy-atom labeling and the use of an improved x-ray system make it possible to record patterns from dilute membrane suspensions. Thus determination of these parameters is possible in the same environment where many membrane biochemical studies are performed. Application of the method is made to a model lipid bilayer membrane, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine by labeling with UO2++ ions. We determine the precise distance between UO2++ layers on either side of the membrane as well as the width of the label on each side. This determination permits estimation of phosphate separation across single labeled bilayers in an aqueous suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:263717", "title": "Metabolism and excretion of 3H-1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 in healthy adults.", "content": "The synthesis of very high specific activity 25-OH-vitamin D3 (78 Ci/mmol) has made possible the study of the metabolism and plasma disappearance of 3H after a single dose of 3H-1,25-(OH)2-D3 in quantities that are only 10-20% of the endogenous plasma pool. We studied seven healthy adults who were given doses of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 ranging from 30-2300 pmol. Plasma disappearance was rapid with only 14 +/- 2% of administered 3H remaining in the plasma pool 4 h after labeling. Plasma metabolite profiles during the first 4 h showed only 1,25-(OH)2-D3. Thereafter, significant amounts of other metabolites were detected. The 6-day cumulative excretion of 3H in urine and feces (virtually all associated with metabolites of 1,25-(OH)2-D3) averaged 16 +/- 3% and 49 +/- 11% of the dose, respectively. Compartmental analysis of the isotope data for two subjects who received the smallest doses of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 indicated that endogenous renal 1,25-(OH)2-D3 synthesis rates approximate 0.8-2.4 nmol/day (0.3-1.0 microgram/day).", "contents": "Metabolism and excretion of 3H-1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 in healthy adults. The synthesis of very high specific activity 25-OH-vitamin D3 (78 Ci/mmol) has made possible the study of the metabolism and plasma disappearance of 3H after a single dose of 3H-1,25-(OH)2-D3 in quantities that are only 10-20% of the endogenous plasma pool. We studied seven healthy adults who were given doses of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 ranging from 30-2300 pmol. Plasma disappearance was rapid with only 14 +/- 2% of administered 3H remaining in the plasma pool 4 h after labeling. Plasma metabolite profiles during the first 4 h showed only 1,25-(OH)2-D3. Thereafter, significant amounts of other metabolites were detected. The 6-day cumulative excretion of 3H in urine and feces (virtually all associated with metabolites of 1,25-(OH)2-D3) averaged 16 +/- 3% and 49 +/- 11% of the dose, respectively. Compartmental analysis of the isotope data for two subjects who received the smallest doses of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 indicated that endogenous renal 1,25-(OH)2-D3 synthesis rates approximate 0.8-2.4 nmol/day (0.3-1.0 microgram/day)."}
{"id": "PMID:263726", "title": "[Central and peripheral mechanisms of hypotension induced by dl-propranolol in the dog].", "content": "The IV injection of 1-2 mg/kg dl-propranolol in dogs elicited a reduction of arterial blood pressure accompanied by a blockade of hypertensive responses to carotid occlusion or stimulation of the central trunk of the vagus. The same fall of blood pressure and identical blockades were seen following propranolol injected in the cisterna magna at a total dose of 2-5 mg. This late treatment also abolished the hypertensive response to KCl injected into the cisterna magna. On the other hand, propranolol failed to modify significantly responses to the electrical stimulation of hepatic and splenic sympathetic fibers and did not influence the hypertensive effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. These findings are compatible with the notion that propranolol lowers systemic blood pressure via an action on central nervous system vasomotive centers.", "contents": "[Central and peripheral mechanisms of hypotension induced by dl-propranolol in the dog]. The IV injection of 1-2 mg/kg dl-propranolol in dogs elicited a reduction of arterial blood pressure accompanied by a blockade of hypertensive responses to carotid occlusion or stimulation of the central trunk of the vagus. The same fall of blood pressure and identical blockades were seen following propranolol injected in the cisterna magna at a total dose of 2-5 mg. This late treatment also abolished the hypertensive response to KCl injected into the cisterna magna. On the other hand, propranolol failed to modify significantly responses to the electrical stimulation of hepatic and splenic sympathetic fibers and did not influence the hypertensive effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. These findings are compatible with the notion that propranolol lowers systemic blood pressure via an action on central nervous system vasomotive centers."}
{"id": "PMID:263731", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating antibodies in patients with autoimmune disorders.", "content": "A radioreceptor assay was used to measure thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) in 1) patients with Graves' disease with untreated hyperthyroidism, selected for absence of clinically significant eye disease; 2) patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, with and without previously treated hyperthyroidism; 3) patients with other thyroid disorders; 4) patients with other autoimmune disorders; and 5) normal subjects. TSAb was detected in 14 of 15 (93%) patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and in 10 of 16 (63%) patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Of the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, TSAb was detected in 9 of 10 patients who had once been hyperthyroid and in only 1 of 6 patients who had never been hyperthyroid (euthyroid Graves' disease). TSAb was detected in 1 patient with idiopathic Addison's disease (autoimmune adrenalitis) and in 1 patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus (both of whom were euthyroid), and borderline levels were found in 1 patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and 1 patient with methyldopa-induced antired blood cell antibodies. TSAb was not detected in normal subjects or patients with other thyroid disorders. The conclusions are: 1) the test is very useful in the diagnosis of Graves' disease; 2) Graves' eye disease may be a frequently associated but separate disorder; and 3) because TSAb may be present in some euthyroid patients with other autoimmune disorders, TSAb production may occur primarily because of a disorder in the immune system.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating antibodies in patients with autoimmune disorders. A radioreceptor assay was used to measure thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) in 1) patients with Graves' disease with untreated hyperthyroidism, selected for absence of clinically significant eye disease; 2) patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, with and without previously treated hyperthyroidism; 3) patients with other thyroid disorders; 4) patients with other autoimmune disorders; and 5) normal subjects. TSAb was detected in 14 of 15 (93%) patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and in 10 of 16 (63%) patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Of the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, TSAb was detected in 9 of 10 patients who had once been hyperthyroid and in only 1 of 6 patients who had never been hyperthyroid (euthyroid Graves' disease). TSAb was detected in 1 patient with idiopathic Addison's disease (autoimmune adrenalitis) and in 1 patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus (both of whom were euthyroid), and borderline levels were found in 1 patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and 1 patient with methyldopa-induced antired blood cell antibodies. TSAb was not detected in normal subjects or patients with other thyroid disorders. The conclusions are: 1) the test is very useful in the diagnosis of Graves' disease; 2) Graves' eye disease may be a frequently associated but separate disorder; and 3) because TSAb may be present in some euthyroid patients with other autoimmune disorders, TSAb production may occur primarily because of a disorder in the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:263732", "title": "Difference in pituitary-thyroid feedback regulation in hypothyroid patients, depending on the severity of hypothyroidism.", "content": "In an attempt to study pituitary-thyroid interplay during replacement therapy for hypothyroidism, T4 (75-150 micrograms/day) was administered for at least 3 months. A small dose of T4 (75 micrograms/day) significantly depressed basal and TRH-stimulated TSH levels in normal subjects without significantly elevating serum T4 and T3 concentrations. In patients with severe hypothyroidism and marked enlargement of the sella turcica, T4 (2.53 micrograms/kg BW) normalized the serum T4 and slightly elevated the serum T3 but failed to normalize basal and TRH-stimulated TSH levels. In patients with moderate hypothyroidism and moderate enlargement of the sella turcica, T4 (2.0 micrograms/kg BW) normalized serum T4, T3, and basal TSH concentrations but failed to normalize TRH-stimulated TSH levels. In patients with slight hypothyroidism and slight enlargement of the sella turcica, T4 (1.84 micrograms/kg BW) normalized serum T4, T3, and TSH (both basal and TRH stimulated) concentrations. In five patients, an apparent paradoxical increase of basal serum TSH level was found shortly after starting thyroid hormone treatment. It is suggested that pituitary-thyroid interplay during the first 3-6 months of replacement therapy for hypothyroidism varies greatly depending on the severity of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Difference in pituitary-thyroid feedback regulation in hypothyroid patients, depending on the severity of hypothyroidism. In an attempt to study pituitary-thyroid interplay during replacement therapy for hypothyroidism, T4 (75-150 micrograms/day) was administered for at least 3 months. A small dose of T4 (75 micrograms/day) significantly depressed basal and TRH-stimulated TSH levels in normal subjects without significantly elevating serum T4 and T3 concentrations. In patients with severe hypothyroidism and marked enlargement of the sella turcica, T4 (2.53 micrograms/kg BW) normalized the serum T4 and slightly elevated the serum T3 but failed to normalize basal and TRH-stimulated TSH levels. In patients with moderate hypothyroidism and moderate enlargement of the sella turcica, T4 (2.0 micrograms/kg BW) normalized serum T4, T3, and basal TSH concentrations but failed to normalize TRH-stimulated TSH levels. In patients with slight hypothyroidism and slight enlargement of the sella turcica, T4 (1.84 micrograms/kg BW) normalized serum T4, T3, and TSH (both basal and TRH stimulated) concentrations. In five patients, an apparent paradoxical increase of basal serum TSH level was found shortly after starting thyroid hormone treatment. It is suggested that pituitary-thyroid interplay during the first 3-6 months of replacement therapy for hypothyroidism varies greatly depending on the severity of hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:263733", "title": "Elevated levels of polyamines and histamine in adenocarcinomas of the thyroid.", "content": "The concentrations of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) and of histamine in normal and diseased thyroids were determined with an automated amino acid analyzer. A total of 39 specimens was investigated: 7 specimens of normal tissue, 6 adenocarcinomas, 2 specimens of tissues adjacent to adenocarcinoma, 13 specimens from treated Graves' disease, 7 follicular adenomas, 2 adenomatous goiters, and 2 specimens of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mean putrescine levels in tissues from normal thyroid, adenocarcinomas, Graves' disease, and follicular adenoma were 26, 143, 20, and 12 nmol/g wet tissue, respectively. The mean levels of both spermidine and spermine were slightly but significantly higher in adenocarcinomas than in other thyroid tissues. The molar ratio of spermidine to spermine was about 0.5 both in the normal and diseased thyroid tissues, except for specimens of thyroiditis. Histamine was detected in 3 of the 6 cases of thyroid carcinomas, and in  case of adenomatous goiter. The data suggest that measurement of polyamines, especially putrescine, may be useful for diagnosis of thyroid adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "Elevated levels of polyamines and histamine in adenocarcinomas of the thyroid. The concentrations of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) and of histamine in normal and diseased thyroids were determined with an automated amino acid analyzer. A total of 39 specimens was investigated: 7 specimens of normal tissue, 6 adenocarcinomas, 2 specimens of tissues adjacent to adenocarcinoma, 13 specimens from treated Graves' disease, 7 follicular adenomas, 2 adenomatous goiters, and 2 specimens of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mean putrescine levels in tissues from normal thyroid, adenocarcinomas, Graves' disease, and follicular adenoma were 26, 143, 20, and 12 nmol/g wet tissue, respectively. The mean levels of both spermidine and spermine were slightly but significantly higher in adenocarcinomas than in other thyroid tissues. The molar ratio of spermidine to spermine was about 0.5 both in the normal and diseased thyroid tissues, except for specimens of thyroiditis. Histamine was detected in 3 of the 6 cases of thyroid carcinomas, and in  case of adenomatous goiter. The data suggest that measurement of polyamines, especially putrescine, may be useful for diagnosis of thyroid adenocarcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:263734", "title": "3'-5'-Diiodothyronine in health and disease: studies by a radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A simple, reproducible, and highly specific RIA has been developed for measurement of 3',5'-diiodothyronine ((3',5'-T2) in unextracted serum. Interference in binding of radioactive 3',5'-T2 to anti-3',5'-T2 by serum proteins was minimized by using 0.4 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.2) and merthiolate. The detection  threshold of the RIA was 2.5 ng/100 ml. Recovery of nonradioactive 3',5'-T2 added to serum averaged 99%. T4, T3, and rT3 cross-reacted with 3',5'-T2-binding sites on anti-3',5'-T2 antibody only to the extent of 0.0025, less than 0.0004, and 0.22%, respectively. 3'-Monoiodothyronine cross-reacted 1.7%. Serum 3',5'-T2 concentrations were (mean +/- SD) 6.4 +/- 2.4 ng/100 ml in 53 normal subjects, 4.2 +/- 3.5 ng/100 ml in 7 hypothyroid patients, 14.9 +/- 7.7 ng/ml in 25 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, and 14.3 +/- 5.3 ng/100 ml in 31 newborns' cord blood sera. The values in each of the latter four groups were significantly different from normal. The mean serum 3',5'-T2 concentration of 7.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml in eight subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy did not differ significantly from normal at a time when serum T4 and T3 were clearly elevated. Oral administration of 300 microgram rT3 to 9 normal subjects led to a mean maximal increase in serum 3',5'-T2 concentration of 45% at 1 h. Total fasting in 3 obese subjects was associated with a significant increase in serum 3',5'-T2 from 8.6 to 16.3 ng/100 ml at 6-8 days; serum rT3 increased similarly, while serum T3 decreased and T4 did not change. Administration of dexamethasone (2 mg also associated with nearly parallel increases in serum 3',5'-T2 and rT3 and a decrease in serum T3. 3',5'-T2 concentrations were also measured in amniotic fluids at different stages of gestation; the mean value of 15.2 ng/100 ml at 15-20 weeks gestation was significantly higher than that of 5.8 ng/ml at 33-40 weeks gestation. Pronase hydrolysates of 9 autopsy specimens of normal thyroid glands contained (mean +/- SD) 350 +/- 144 microgram T4 and 0.24 +/- 0.15 microgram 3',5'-T2/g wet wt. On the basis of these data and those available for MCRs of 3',5'-T2 and T4, it was estimated that thyroidal secretion contributes less than 1% of 3',5'-T2 measured in serum of normal man. The various data suggest that: 1) 3',5'-T2 is a normal component of human serum; 2) almost all 3',5'-T2 in human serum derives from extrathyroidal sources; and 3) changes in serum 3',5'-2 generally parallel those in rT3.", "contents": "3'-5'-Diiodothyronine in health and disease: studies by a radioimmunoassay. A simple, reproducible, and highly specific RIA has been developed for measurement of 3',5'-diiodothyronine ((3',5'-T2) in unextracted serum. Interference in binding of radioactive 3',5'-T2 to anti-3',5'-T2 by serum proteins was minimized by using 0.4 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.2) and merthiolate. The detection  threshold of the RIA was 2.5 ng/100 ml. Recovery of nonradioactive 3',5'-T2 added to serum averaged 99%. T4, T3, and rT3 cross-reacted with 3',5'-T2-binding sites on anti-3',5'-T2 antibody only to the extent of 0.0025, less than 0.0004, and 0.22%, respectively. 3'-Monoiodothyronine cross-reacted 1.7%. Serum 3',5'-T2 concentrations were (mean +/- SD) 6.4 +/- 2.4 ng/100 ml in 53 normal subjects, 4.2 +/- 3.5 ng/100 ml in 7 hypothyroid patients, 14.9 +/- 7.7 ng/ml in 25 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, and 14.3 +/- 5.3 ng/100 ml in 31 newborns' cord blood sera. The values in each of the latter four groups were significantly different from normal. The mean serum 3',5'-T2 concentration of 7.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml in eight subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy did not differ significantly from normal at a time when serum T4 and T3 were clearly elevated. Oral administration of 300 microgram rT3 to 9 normal subjects led to a mean maximal increase in serum 3',5'-T2 concentration of 45% at 1 h. Total fasting in 3 obese subjects was associated with a significant increase in serum 3',5'-T2 from 8.6 to 16.3 ng/100 ml at 6-8 days; serum rT3 increased similarly, while serum T3 decreased and T4 did not change. Administration of dexamethasone (2 mg also associated with nearly parallel increases in serum 3',5'-T2 and rT3 and a decrease in serum T3. 3',5'-T2 concentrations were also measured in amniotic fluids at different stages of gestation; the mean value of 15.2 ng/100 ml at 15-20 weeks gestation was significantly higher than that of 5.8 ng/ml at 33-40 weeks gestation. Pronase hydrolysates of 9 autopsy specimens of normal thyroid glands contained (mean +/- SD) 350 +/- 144 microgram T4 and 0.24 +/- 0.15 microgram 3',5'-T2/g wet wt. On the basis of these data and those available for MCRs of 3',5'-T2 and T4, it was estimated that thyroidal secretion contributes less than 1% of 3',5'-T2 measured in serum of normal man. The various data suggest that: 1) 3',5'-T2 is a normal component of human serum; 2) almost all 3',5'-T2 in human serum derives from extrathyroidal sources; and 3) changes in serum 3',5'-2 generally parallel those in rT3."}
{"id": "PMID:263735", "title": "The effect of repeated administration of ipodate (Oragrafin) in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "This report describes the effect of administration of repeated doses of ipodate (Oragrafin; 3 g orally every third day for five doses) in six hyperthyroid patients. Baseline serum concentrations of immunoassayable T3, rT3, and T4, were 926 +/- 206 ng/100 ml, 165 +/- 31 ng/100 ml and 21 +/- 2.7 micrograms/100 ml (mean +/- SEM), respectively. Within 24 h after the first dose of ipodate, serum T3 fell by 54% and it remained between 66-77% below baseline until the third day after the fifth dose; subsequently, there was a gradual recovery from the effect of ipodate. Serum T4 also decreased after ipodate administration; it was 23-31% lower than baseline from the second day after the third dose to the sixth day after the fifth dose. Serum rT3 increased after each dose of ipodate; peak values of 97%-203% above baseline value were observed at 24-48 h after each dose. There was a subjective improvement in clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism in all cases. Resting pulse rate and pulse pressure dropped significantly (P less than 0.02) by the ninth day of study and remained so thereafter. Body weight increased significantly by the ninth day of the study. The various data suggest that ipodate may serve as a useful adjunct in the early treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "The effect of repeated administration of ipodate (Oragrafin) in hyperthyroidism. This report describes the effect of administration of repeated doses of ipodate (Oragrafin; 3 g orally every third day for five doses) in six hyperthyroid patients. Baseline serum concentrations of immunoassayable T3, rT3, and T4, were 926 +/- 206 ng/100 ml, 165 +/- 31 ng/100 ml and 21 +/- 2.7 micrograms/100 ml (mean +/- SEM), respectively. Within 24 h after the first dose of ipodate, serum T3 fell by 54% and it remained between 66-77% below baseline until the third day after the fifth dose; subsequently, there was a gradual recovery from the effect of ipodate. Serum T4 also decreased after ipodate administration; it was 23-31% lower than baseline from the second day after the third dose to the sixth day after the fifth dose. Serum rT3 increased after each dose of ipodate; peak values of 97%-203% above baseline value were observed at 24-48 h after each dose. There was a subjective improvement in clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism in all cases. Resting pulse rate and pulse pressure dropped significantly (P less than 0.02) by the ninth day of study and remained so thereafter. Body weight increased significantly by the ninth day of the study. The various data suggest that ipodate may serve as a useful adjunct in the early treatment of hyperthyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:263737", "title": "A bioassay capable of measuring 1 picogram of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Fetal rat bones in organ culture constitute a sensitive system for assay of the vitamin D metabolite, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Significant bone resorption is obtained with as little as 2 pg 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 after 48 h of culture and with 1 pg after 64 h of culture. In the current study, organ cultures of fetal rat bone are used as a bioassay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D i normal human plasma, which was prepared for assay by extraction with dichloromethane, chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, and purification on silicic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography. The concentration of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal adult human plasma was 24.8 +/- 2.0 pg/ml (n = 19) by this assay.", "contents": "A bioassay capable of measuring 1 picogram of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Fetal rat bones in organ culture constitute a sensitive system for assay of the vitamin D metabolite, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Significant bone resorption is obtained with as little as 2 pg 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 after 48 h of culture and with 1 pg after 64 h of culture. In the current study, organ cultures of fetal rat bone are used as a bioassay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D i normal human plasma, which was prepared for assay by extraction with dichloromethane, chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, and purification on silicic acid by high pressure liquid chromatography. The concentration of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal adult human plasma was 24.8 +/- 2.0 pg/ml (n = 19) by this assay."}
{"id": "PMID:263738", "title": "[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy (ID). Report II. Effect of differentiated diets with regard to quantity and quality of protein and fat on the calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy].", "content": "In the former report on he calcium requirement in Small-for Date (S-f-D) infants it was observed that the ability of calcium absorption of S-f-D infants is lowered in 1-st semester of life. From this point of view it seemed purposeful to study the influence of 3 modified cow's milk formulas (see table) on the calcium absorption in S-f-D infants. Modification of these diets in regard to cow's milk depended on: 1) partial replacement of cow's milk fat with soya oil. 2) change of the proportion between fat and protein. 3) partial replacement of milk casein with lactoalbumin . The infants were divided into 3 groups G, H and C according to the kind of diet. Observation in the first 2 groups lasted for the whole first year of life, C group of infants was observed only in 1-st half year of life. In the first month of life G and H infants were fed the same unmodified cow's milk formulas (diet S) 3-day balance-studies. Were carried out once a month. The data of these 3 groups of infants were compared with each other and the data of S-f-D infants fed unmodified cow's milk formulas (group S) described in he former report. In group S, calcium intake was the highest in 1-st and in 2-nd semester of life among all compared infant groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The lowest (%) absorption was noted in group G infants (fig. 2, table III and IV). The difference was statistically significant in 1-st semester of life between group G and S and in 2-nd semester between G and S as well as G and H groups. Calcium retention mg/kg was also the lowest in group G infants, and the difference was statistically significant in 1-st and in 2-nd semester between G and S groups. The infants fed H formula in spite of the lowest indices of calcium absorption % and retention mg/kg in the first (see table) and the second month of life and in spite of the lowest intake of calcium among all compared infants groups cough up absorption (%) and retention (mg/kg b.w.) with groups S in 2 semester of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy (ID). Report II. Effect of differentiated diets with regard to quantity and quality of protein and fat on the calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy]. In the former report on he calcium requirement in Small-for Date (S-f-D) infants it was observed that the ability of calcium absorption of S-f-D infants is lowered in 1-st semester of life. From this point of view it seemed purposeful to study the influence of 3 modified cow's milk formulas (see table) on the calcium absorption in S-f-D infants. Modification of these diets in regard to cow's milk depended on: 1) partial replacement of cow's milk fat with soya oil. 2) change of the proportion between fat and protein. 3) partial replacement of milk casein with lactoalbumin . The infants were divided into 3 groups G, H and C according to the kind of diet. Observation in the first 2 groups lasted for the whole first year of life, C group of infants was observed only in 1-st half year of life. In the first month of life G and H infants were fed the same unmodified cow's milk formulas (diet S) 3-day balance-studies. Were carried out once a month. The data of these 3 groups of infants were compared with each other and the data of S-f-D infants fed unmodified cow's milk formulas (group S) described in he former report. In group S, calcium intake was the highest in 1-st and in 2-nd semester of life among all compared infant groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The lowest (%) absorption was noted in group G infants (fig. 2, table III and IV). The difference was statistically significant in 1-st semester of life between group G and S and in 2-nd semester between G and S as well as G and H groups. Calcium retention mg/kg was also the lowest in group G infants, and the difference was statistically significant in 1-st and in 2-nd semester between G and S groups. The infants fed H formula in spite of the lowest indices of calcium absorption % and retention mg/kg in the first (see table) and the second month of life and in spite of the lowest intake of calcium among all compared infants groups cough up absorption (%) and retention (mg/kg b.w.) with groups S in 2 semester of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263740", "title": "[Risk of damage to the organ of vision in low birth weight infants].", "content": "The authors presented their own material of years 1974-1977. During this period 8788 children were born, in it 737 (8,3%) with low birth weight (below 2500 g). Retrolental fibroplasia was diagnosed in 4 children, it was 0,5% of newborns with low birth weight, and 0,04% of the all live-borns. The retrolental fibroplasia was diagnosed in: 1) the child born in 27 week of pregnancy with 1000 g of body weight, 2) in two children born in 32-33 week of pregnancy with 1450 g and 1350 g of body weight, 3) in a child born in 31 week of pregnancy with 1600 g of body weight. The infants were nursed in incubators with about 30% of oxygen during 36 to 46 days. Contemporary hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, atelectasia of lungs with respiratory insufficiency were diagnosed. In the discussion the authors underlined the role of immaturity and hypoxia of the premature baby, which play the role in the secondary injury of vessel's walls of retina. The disturbancy of carbohydrate and protein metabolism were certainly secondary pathogenic agent sin retrolental fibroplasia. There exists the necessity of oxygen therapy of premature baby, but to take cre of the infant in the incubator does not mean the necessity of oxygen therapy . Even with controlled oxygen dosage in incubator the retrolental fibroplasia may occur as a result of relative hyperoxydation induced by the constriction of retina vessels. The authors underlined the necessity of repeated ophthalmologic examination of premature babies in about every 2 weeks, what makes very early diagnosis possible.", "contents": "[Risk of damage to the organ of vision in low birth weight infants]. The authors presented their own material of years 1974-1977. During this period 8788 children were born, in it 737 (8,3%) with low birth weight (below 2500 g). Retrolental fibroplasia was diagnosed in 4 children, it was 0,5% of newborns with low birth weight, and 0,04% of the all live-borns. The retrolental fibroplasia was diagnosed in: 1) the child born in 27 week of pregnancy with 1000 g of body weight, 2) in two children born in 32-33 week of pregnancy with 1450 g and 1350 g of body weight, 3) in a child born in 31 week of pregnancy with 1600 g of body weight. The infants were nursed in incubators with about 30% of oxygen during 36 to 46 days. Contemporary hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, atelectasia of lungs with respiratory insufficiency were diagnosed. In the discussion the authors underlined the role of immaturity and hypoxia of the premature baby, which play the role in the secondary injury of vessel's walls of retina. The disturbancy of carbohydrate and protein metabolism were certainly secondary pathogenic agent sin retrolental fibroplasia. There exists the necessity of oxygen therapy of premature baby, but to take cre of the infant in the incubator does not mean the necessity of oxygen therapy . Even with controlled oxygen dosage in incubator the retrolental fibroplasia may occur as a result of relative hyperoxydation induced by the constriction of retina vessels. The authors underlined the necessity of repeated ophthalmologic examination of premature babies in about every 2 weeks, what makes very early diagnosis possible."}
{"id": "PMID:263755", "title": "[Factor XII deficiency - Hageman trait. Additional diagnostic procedures].", "content": "In the previous paper published in the Bulletin for Hematology and Blood Transfusion we described the congenital deficit of Hageman factor (HF) with the basic findings. Now we provide addilioval laboratory -diagnostical tests in order to confirm definitively that our patients have the deficit of Factor XII, and not of some other factors of the contact coagulation phase as: Fletcher, Fitzgerald, Williams and Flaujeac. On the other hand, in order to enlight the laboratory-diagnostical problems which one can face in solving of these cases, we have reviewed the basic biochemical characteristics of the contact factors and the mechanism of the beginning of the internal pathway of blood coagulation.", "contents": "[Factor XII deficiency - Hageman trait. Additional diagnostic procedures]. In the previous paper published in the Bulletin for Hematology and Blood Transfusion we described the congenital deficit of Hageman factor (HF) with the basic findings. Now we provide addilioval laboratory -diagnostical tests in order to confirm definitively that our patients have the deficit of Factor XII, and not of some other factors of the contact coagulation phase as: Fletcher, Fitzgerald, Williams and Flaujeac. On the other hand, in order to enlight the laboratory-diagnostical problems which one can face in solving of these cases, we have reviewed the basic biochemical characteristics of the contact factors and the mechanism of the beginning of the internal pathway of blood coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:263759", "title": "Determination of brain death via pulsatile echoencephalography.", "content": "For cerebral death to occur there must be many levels of cerebral function destroyed. Cortical and subcortical irreversible damage is evident by unresponsiveness to any stimuli. Brain stem and basal ganglia damage is indicated by absence of spontaneous respirations, cephalic reflexes, and thus cerebral circulation. All elements of the criteria for cerebral death must be met. The decision should be made by the attending physician in consultation with his peers. The life support mechanisms should be discontinued after the diagnosis of cerebral death has been made. Absence of pulsatile echoes means absence of cerebral circulation and cerebral function, or a definitive diagnosis of cerebral death. It is a final parameter in the criteria and allows definite measures to be taken. But it behooves one to remember that this phenomenon of cerebral death makes organ donation and transplantation possible. It has not been created in order to supply the needs for organ transplant!", "contents": "Determination of brain death via pulsatile echoencephalography. For cerebral death to occur there must be many levels of cerebral function destroyed. Cortical and subcortical irreversible damage is evident by unresponsiveness to any stimuli. Brain stem and basal ganglia damage is indicated by absence of spontaneous respirations, cephalic reflexes, and thus cerebral circulation. All elements of the criteria for cerebral death must be met. The decision should be made by the attending physician in consultation with his peers. The life support mechanisms should be discontinued after the diagnosis of cerebral death has been made. Absence of pulsatile echoes means absence of cerebral circulation and cerebral function, or a definitive diagnosis of cerebral death. It is a final parameter in the criteria and allows definite measures to be taken. But it behooves one to remember that this phenomenon of cerebral death makes organ donation and transplantation possible. It has not been created in order to supply the needs for organ transplant!"}
{"id": "PMID:263797", "title": "Effects of dietary potassium and race on urinary excretion of kallikrein and aldosterone in man.", "content": "Urinary excretion of kallikrein by 16 normal and 8 hypertensive subjects was studied at three levels of dietary potassium: 85 meq/day for 5 days, 185 meq/day for 7 days, and 25 meq/day for 10 days. Excretion of kallikrein varied directly with potassium intake and paralleled excretion of aldosterone in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Mean levels of excretion of kallikrein at 85, 185, and 25 meq intake of potassium were 10.8, 19.1, and 5.8 esterase U/day (EU/day), respectively, for the normotensive subjects and 8.8, 13.9, and 6.1 EU/day for the hypertensive subjects. Mean levels of excretion of kallikrein were significantly higher in white that in black subjects among normals and hypertensives [13.0 vs. 5.9 EU/day for normals (P less than 0.05) and 13.7 vs. 4.0 EU/day for hypertensives (P less than 0.05) on the 85 meq/day diet]. The parallel changes in excretion of kallikrein and aldosterone support the hypothesis that changes in effective levels of aldosterone induce changes in the excretion of kallikrein. Because of racial differences in excretion of kallikrein, matched groups should be used for comparisons of the kallikrein system in disease states.", "contents": "Effects of dietary potassium and race on urinary excretion of kallikrein and aldosterone in man. Urinary excretion of kallikrein by 16 normal and 8 hypertensive subjects was studied at three levels of dietary potassium: 85 meq/day for 5 days, 185 meq/day for 7 days, and 25 meq/day for 10 days. Excretion of kallikrein varied directly with potassium intake and paralleled excretion of aldosterone in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Mean levels of excretion of kallikrein at 85, 185, and 25 meq intake of potassium were 10.8, 19.1, and 5.8 esterase U/day (EU/day), respectively, for the normotensive subjects and 8.8, 13.9, and 6.1 EU/day for the hypertensive subjects. Mean levels of excretion of kallikrein were significantly higher in white that in black subjects among normals and hypertensives [13.0 vs. 5.9 EU/day for normals (P less than 0.05) and 13.7 vs. 4.0 EU/day for hypertensives (P less than 0.05) on the 85 meq/day diet]. The parallel changes in excretion of kallikrein and aldosterone support the hypothesis that changes in effective levels of aldosterone induce changes in the excretion of kallikrein. Because of racial differences in excretion of kallikrein, matched groups should be used for comparisons of the kallikrein system in disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:263798", "title": "The prostaglandin and kallikrein-kinin systems in mineralocorticoid escape.", "content": "To evaluate the interactions of the renal prostaglandin and kallikrein-kinin systems during mineralocorticoid escape, we administered desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA; 20 mg im daily for 10 days) to five normal men and then repeated the study 2-16 weeks later with simultaneous indomethacin (200 mg/day) or ibuprofen (1600 mg/day) for prostaglandin inhibition (PI). Plasma aldosterone, PRA, and urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured by immunoassay; urinary kallikrein activity was measured by esterase activity. With DOCA, subjects gained 2.0 +/- 0.1 (SE) kg and retained 485 +/- 125 milliequivalents (meg) sodium; serum potassium fell from 4.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.2 +/- 0.1 meq/liter, aldosterone fell from 3.8 to 2.2 ng/dl, and PRA fell from 0.9 to 0.1 ng/ml . h (all P less than 0.05). Kallikrein increased from 6.4 +/- 1.6 to 65.3 +/- 18.8 esterase U (P less than 0.01), but PGE (820 +/- 110 vs. 780 +/- 80 ng/day) did not change. With DOCA and PI, PGE fell by 80%. Subjects again gained 2.0 kg and retained 530 +/- 106 meq sodium; aldosterone fell to 1.1, PRA fell to 0.2, and potassium fell to 3.3 (all P less than 0.05 from basal, but P less than 0.4 from DOCA alone). Kallikrein again rose to 56.0 +/- 19.2 (P less than 0.01). However, the rate of sodium retention was enhanced slightly but significantly. These studies demonstrate that with DOCA, urinary kallikrein activity increases but PGE is unaltered. The minimal effects of prostaglandin inhibition and the lack of change in PGE excretion suggest that prostaglandins do not play an important role in mineralocorticoid escape. There is no apparent interaction of prostaglandins with the kallikrein system in this model; however, the kallikrein-kinin system may still play a direct role in the escape phenomena.", "contents": "The prostaglandin and kallikrein-kinin systems in mineralocorticoid escape. To evaluate the interactions of the renal prostaglandin and kallikrein-kinin systems during mineralocorticoid escape, we administered desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA; 20 mg im daily for 10 days) to five normal men and then repeated the study 2-16 weeks later with simultaneous indomethacin (200 mg/day) or ibuprofen (1600 mg/day) for prostaglandin inhibition (PI). Plasma aldosterone, PRA, and urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured by immunoassay; urinary kallikrein activity was measured by esterase activity. With DOCA, subjects gained 2.0 +/- 0.1 (SE) kg and retained 485 +/- 125 milliequivalents (meg) sodium; serum potassium fell from 4.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.2 +/- 0.1 meq/liter, aldosterone fell from 3.8 to 2.2 ng/dl, and PRA fell from 0.9 to 0.1 ng/ml . h (all P less than 0.05). Kallikrein increased from 6.4 +/- 1.6 to 65.3 +/- 18.8 esterase U (P less than 0.01), but PGE (820 +/- 110 vs. 780 +/- 80 ng/day) did not change. With DOCA and PI, PGE fell by 80%. Subjects again gained 2.0 kg and retained 530 +/- 106 meq sodium; aldosterone fell to 1.1, PRA fell to 0.2, and potassium fell to 3.3 (all P less than 0.05 from basal, but P less than 0.4 from DOCA alone). Kallikrein again rose to 56.0 +/- 19.2 (P less than 0.01). However, the rate of sodium retention was enhanced slightly but significantly. These studies demonstrate that with DOCA, urinary kallikrein activity increases but PGE is unaltered. The minimal effects of prostaglandin inhibition and the lack of change in PGE excretion suggest that prostaglandins do not play an important role in mineralocorticoid escape. There is no apparent interaction of prostaglandins with the kallikrein system in this model; however, the kallikrein-kinin system may still play a direct role in the escape phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:263800", "title": "Decision making in nursing: an analytical approach.", "content": "Decision making is a basic function of all nurse leaders. Because of the complex nature of many decision situations faced by nurses, problem solving and decision making in nursing are as much an art as a science. The Vroom and Yetton model of decision making is an appropriate tool through which nurses involved in patient care management can examine their decision making and improve their decision behavior. Use of this model is suggested as an approach to teaching decision making at the undergraduate and graduate level of nursing education. Case material has been presented to help readers identify their favored methods of decision making and to point out possible deficiencies in these methods.", "contents": "Decision making in nursing: an analytical approach. Decision making is a basic function of all nurse leaders. Because of the complex nature of many decision situations faced by nurses, problem solving and decision making in nursing are as much an art as a science. The Vroom and Yetton model of decision making is an appropriate tool through which nurses involved in patient care management can examine their decision making and improve their decision behavior. Use of this model is suggested as an approach to teaching decision making at the undergraduate and graduate level of nursing education. Case material has been presented to help readers identify their favored methods of decision making and to point out possible deficiencies in these methods."}
{"id": "PMID:263808", "title": "Prevention by specific perceptual remediation for vulnerable first-graders. Controlled study and follow-up of lasting effects.", "content": "In a pretest-posttest design with two matched control groups, 86 first-graders screened as vulnerable to academic failure and behavioral decompensation were each assigned to one of three groups: (1) channel-specific perceptual stimulation, (2) regular academic tutoring (contact controls), or (3) no contact. On most measures, including perceptual and achievement tests and behavior ratings by teachers, group 1 showed more improvement than either of the control groups. Several of these differences were significant (P less than .05, two-tailed). In general, the two control groups came closer to each other than to group 1. With no further intervention, follow-up one year later showed more dramatic significance. On every measure, group 1's improvement surpassed that of the control groups, and diverged from them even more than at posttest; this divergence was significant on most measures. Group 1 improved significantly (P less than .05 to P less than .01) in reading, IQ, and three behavior scales, while both control groups showed only deterioration on these measures. Group 1 gained five IQ points on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, while the controls lost five. On the Davids Scale, group 1 improved significantly (P less than .01) to \"probably not hyperkinetic,\" while both control groups deteriorated to \"probably hyperkinetic.\" The hypothesized mechanism of group 1's behavioral superiority at follow-up was its significant (P less than 0.1) reading improvement, with secondary emotional benefits.", "contents": "Prevention by specific perceptual remediation for vulnerable first-graders. Controlled study and follow-up of lasting effects. In a pretest-posttest design with two matched control groups, 86 first-graders screened as vulnerable to academic failure and behavioral decompensation were each assigned to one of three groups: (1) channel-specific perceptual stimulation, (2) regular academic tutoring (contact controls), or (3) no contact. On most measures, including perceptual and achievement tests and behavior ratings by teachers, group 1 showed more improvement than either of the control groups. Several of these differences were significant (P less than .05, two-tailed). In general, the two control groups came closer to each other than to group 1. With no further intervention, follow-up one year later showed more dramatic significance. On every measure, group 1's improvement surpassed that of the control groups, and diverged from them even more than at posttest; this divergence was significant on most measures. Group 1 improved significantly (P less than .05 to P less than .01) in reading, IQ, and three behavior scales, while both control groups showed only deterioration on these measures. Group 1 gained five IQ points on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, while the controls lost five. On the Davids Scale, group 1 improved significantly (P less than .01) to \"probably not hyperkinetic,\" while both control groups deteriorated to \"probably hyperkinetic.\" The hypothesized mechanism of group 1's behavioral superiority at follow-up was its significant (P less than 0.1) reading improvement, with secondary emotional benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:263809", "title": "Clients and patients of mental health services.", "content": "To determine how a cohort of patients admitted to a mental health center in a single month used the center's clinical services over a year's time, an index of service utilization for each patient was developed. The weighted score took account of days of inpatient and day hospital care and minutes of outpatient time consumed. It was found that 15% of the cohort (48 patients of 330 admitted) used 70% of the total clinical services delivered to the cohort. Analyses of the data on patient characteristics as related to the index or score included the chi 2 test and multiple regression analysis. Not a single sociodemographic variable predicted high utilization of services. Only such clinical characteristics as severity of psychopathology as reflected in patients' diagnoses, suicidal behavior, and a history of prior inpatient treatment contributed to the prediction. The largest group of entrants had relatively brief encounters with the center, and the bulk of the services were actually delivered to a small, severely disturbed minority.", "contents": "Clients and patients of mental health services. To determine how a cohort of patients admitted to a mental health center in a single month used the center's clinical services over a year's time, an index of service utilization for each patient was developed. The weighted score took account of days of inpatient and day hospital care and minutes of outpatient time consumed. It was found that 15% of the cohort (48 patients of 330 admitted) used 70% of the total clinical services delivered to the cohort. Analyses of the data on patient characteristics as related to the index or score included the chi 2 test and multiple regression analysis. Not a single sociodemographic variable predicted high utilization of services. Only such clinical characteristics as severity of psychopathology as reflected in patients' diagnoses, suicidal behavior, and a history of prior inpatient treatment contributed to the prediction. The largest group of entrants had relatively brief encounters with the center, and the bulk of the services were actually delivered to a small, severely disturbed minority."}
{"id": "PMID:263810", "title": "El hospital invisible. A study of Curanderismo.", "content": "This report presents the results of interviews with 16 Mexican-American folk healers (curanderos and curanderas) in San Antonio, Tex. Curanderismo was found to be alive and well in San Antonio, though its practitioners tend to be older and its future unclear. Several salient characteristics of the practitioners were clarified such as the process of becoming a healer, referral practices, types of disorders treated, and treatment of the traditional folk illnesses. We take a basically conservative position on whether curanderos can ever be incorporated into the health care delivery system. However, this study confirms that the practitioners and their clients simultaneously utilize the folk medical system and the scientific medical system.", "contents": "El hospital invisible. A study of Curanderismo. This report presents the results of interviews with 16 Mexican-American folk healers (curanderos and curanderas) in San Antonio, Tex. Curanderismo was found to be alive and well in San Antonio, though its practitioners tend to be older and its future unclear. Several salient characteristics of the practitioners were clarified such as the process of becoming a healer, referral practices, types of disorders treated, and treatment of the traditional folk illnesses. We take a basically conservative position on whether curanderos can ever be incorporated into the health care delivery system. However, this study confirms that the practitioners and their clients simultaneously utilize the folk medical system and the scientific medical system."}
{"id": "PMID:263811", "title": "Lost subjects. Source of bias in clinical research?", "content": "This report describes a study of subject refusal as a source of bias limiting the generality of psychiatric research results. Fifty psychiatric patients who refused to participate in a battery of research interviews and psychological tests were compared with 50 participant patients. Between-group comparisons were made on an extensive and detailed set of clinical, treatment, and demographic data. Results revealed a remarkable lack of difference between the participant and refusal groups in demographic features, type or duration of hospitalization, and type or degree of pathology as defined by symptoms, prognostic measures, and diagnoses. These results and a review of related studies suggest that sample bias in psychiatric research resulting from loss of eligible subjects by refusal depends on the amount of institutional contact and the severity of disorder in the sample studied.", "contents": "Lost subjects. Source of bias in clinical research? This report describes a study of subject refusal as a source of bias limiting the generality of psychiatric research results. Fifty psychiatric patients who refused to participate in a battery of research interviews and psychological tests were compared with 50 participant patients. Between-group comparisons were made on an extensive and detailed set of clinical, treatment, and demographic data. Results revealed a remarkable lack of difference between the participant and refusal groups in demographic features, type or duration of hospitalization, and type or degree of pathology as defined by symptoms, prognostic measures, and diagnoses. These results and a review of related studies suggest that sample bias in psychiatric research resulting from loss of eligible subjects by refusal depends on the amount of institutional contact and the severity of disorder in the sample studied."}
{"id": "PMID:263812", "title": "Human rights and interviews.", "content": "Regulations from the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare define consent in the conduct of research involving human beings. As requirements expand, these regulations have assumed considerable importance for psychiatric research, including research interviews. The author's experience with one committee on research involving human beings provided the impetus for the present report. Subjects were drawn from a prospective study of couples in a home dialysis program. Thirty couples were systematically interviewed concerning social, personal, medical, and psychiatric history. After completion of the interview, subjects were asked a series of questions concerning their feelings about being interviewed. Although most subjects found the experience to be pleasant, nearly half believed it might upset other patients. However, none believed any long-term harm could come from the conduct of the interview itself. It is therefore concluded that the potential harm of structured interviews in severely medically ill patients and their spouses is essentially nil.", "contents": "Human rights and interviews. Regulations from the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare define consent in the conduct of research involving human beings. As requirements expand, these regulations have assumed considerable importance for psychiatric research, including research interviews. The author's experience with one committee on research involving human beings provided the impetus for the present report. Subjects were drawn from a prospective study of couples in a home dialysis program. Thirty couples were systematically interviewed concerning social, personal, medical, and psychiatric history. After completion of the interview, subjects were asked a series of questions concerning their feelings about being interviewed. Although most subjects found the experience to be pleasant, nearly half believed it might upset other patients. However, none believed any long-term harm could come from the conduct of the interview itself. It is therefore concluded that the potential harm of structured interviews in severely medically ill patients and their spouses is essentially nil."}
{"id": "PMID:263813", "title": "Mortality and community mental health. The Alachua County, Florida, mortality study.", "content": "This study reports the results of a household survey and search of death certificates that show a relationship between depression, anxiety, and subsequent mortality. It is part of an effort to develop practical epidemiologic techniques for continuous assessment of community mental health. Use is made of the population attributable mortality rate, estimated from a comparison of the prevalence of a given factor in life and at death. The study estimated attributable mortality prospectively by following up participants in a mental health survey of Alachua County, Florida, for up to four years. Of eight mental scales examined, five (mood, depression, somatic symptoms of anxiety, the Health Opinion Survey, and selected psychopathologic symptoms) showed significant association of scores with community mortality. The data suggest linkages of mental factors to mortality of an order of magnitude sufficient to warrant consideration of these factors as leading causes of death.", "contents": "Mortality and community mental health. The Alachua County, Florida, mortality study. This study reports the results of a household survey and search of death certificates that show a relationship between depression, anxiety, and subsequent mortality. It is part of an effort to develop practical epidemiologic techniques for continuous assessment of community mental health. Use is made of the population attributable mortality rate, estimated from a comparison of the prevalence of a given factor in life and at death. The study estimated attributable mortality prospectively by following up participants in a mental health survey of Alachua County, Florida, for up to four years. Of eight mental scales examined, five (mood, depression, somatic symptoms of anxiety, the Health Opinion Survey, and selected psychopathologic symptoms) showed significant association of scores with community mortality. The data suggest linkages of mental factors to mortality of an order of magnitude sufficient to warrant consideration of these factors as leading causes of death."}
{"id": "PMID:263814", "title": "Time experience during depression.", "content": "Before antidepressant medication was therapeutically effective, 30 severely depressed hospitalized patients (primarily unipolar) were compared with 30 controls on several aspects of time experience. In comparison to controls, depressed patients were most preoccupied with past events, focused less on present and future events, attended to more distant past events and memories, focused on more imminent future events, reported longer time spans for present story productions, and overestimated 160-second, 240-second, 15-minute, and 30-minute time intervals. Confirming the objective time estimations, depressed patients indicated on a verbal report measure that they experienced time passing slowly during the experiment, that they generally overestimate time, and that previously time did not seem to pass so slowly.", "contents": "Time experience during depression. Before antidepressant medication was therapeutically effective, 30 severely depressed hospitalized patients (primarily unipolar) were compared with 30 controls on several aspects of time experience. In comparison to controls, depressed patients were most preoccupied with past events, focused less on present and future events, attended to more distant past events and memories, focused on more imminent future events, reported longer time spans for present story productions, and overestimated 160-second, 240-second, 15-minute, and 30-minute time intervals. Confirming the objective time estimations, depressed patients indicated on a verbal report measure that they experienced time passing slowly during the experiment, that they generally overestimate time, and that previously time did not seem to pass so slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:263815", "title": "Preventive intervention with the recently bereaved.", "content": "To study the effectiveness of preventive intervention in lowering postbereavement morbidity, 200 widows were assessed in the early weeks following their husbands' deaths. Subjects at risk for postbereavement morbidity were selected and randomly allocated to experimental (N = 31) and control (N = 33) groups. Specific support for grief and encouragement of mourning was carried out with the experimental group during the first three months; no intervention was given to the control group. All were followed up 13 months later with a validated health questionnaire. There was a significant lowering of morbidity in the intervention group as compared to the control group (P less than .02). The most significant impact of intervention occurred with the subgroup of intervention and control subjects who perceived their social networks as very nonsupportive during the bereavement crisis (P less than .001).", "contents": "Preventive intervention with the recently bereaved. To study the effectiveness of preventive intervention in lowering postbereavement morbidity, 200 widows were assessed in the early weeks following their husbands' deaths. Subjects at risk for postbereavement morbidity were selected and randomly allocated to experimental (N = 31) and control (N = 33) groups. Specific support for grief and encouragement of mourning was carried out with the experimental group during the first three months; no intervention was given to the control group. All were followed up 13 months later with a validated health questionnaire. There was a significant lowering of morbidity in the intervention group as compared to the control group (P less than .02). The most significant impact of intervention occurred with the subgroup of intervention and control subjects who perceived their social networks as very nonsupportive during the bereavement crisis (P less than .001)."}
{"id": "PMID:263816", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam administration on verbal hostility.", "content": "We compare the effects of chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, and placebo on hostility, as both an inner motivational or potential state and verbal interpersonal behavior. This article reports the findings relevant to the latter dimension of hostility and integrates them with those findings, presented in an initial report, relevant to hostility as an inner motivational state. The verbal data again support the hypothesis that chlordiazepoxide-induced increases in verbal interpersonal hostility, following frustration, are greater than those associated with placebo. With regard to oxazepam, the verbal hostility data were consonant with the motivational data that suggested that oxazepam does not substantially disinhibit hostility but did not as consistently differentiate oxazepam and chlordiazepoxide at the level of overt hostile behavior.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam administration on verbal hostility. We compare the effects of chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, and placebo on hostility, as both an inner motivational or potential state and verbal interpersonal behavior. This article reports the findings relevant to the latter dimension of hostility and integrates them with those findings, presented in an initial report, relevant to hostility as an inner motivational state. The verbal data again support the hypothesis that chlordiazepoxide-induced increases in verbal interpersonal hostility, following frustration, are greater than those associated with placebo. With regard to oxazepam, the verbal hostility data were consonant with the motivational data that suggested that oxazepam does not substantially disinhibit hostility but did not as consistently differentiate oxazepam and chlordiazepoxide at the level of overt hostile behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:263817", "title": "Propoxyphene on demand. Analgesic-seeking behavior in psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Although anxiety is known to enhance a patient's response to pain, the exact relationship is unclear. This problem is particularly acute among psychiatric patients where analgesics are frequently both used and abused. This study attempts to evaluate factors associated with analgesic use among these patients with the hypothesis that anxiety, other measures of psychopathology, and ward tension would be associated with frequent analgesic use. An unselected series of psychiatric admissions during a three month period were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, MMPI, and a questionnaire dealing with prior drug use. Propoxyphene napsylate (Darvon-N) was made freely available on request from nurses who recorded details of the interaction on a prepared card. The nursing staff also recorded unusual incidents on the unit and evaluated daily the level of ward tension. The results indicate that, when made freely available to psychiatric inpatients, propoxyphene was used very conservatively and for appropriate complaints. Factors associated with drug seeking behavior are discussed in relation to other research regarding the use and abuse of analgesics.", "contents": "Propoxyphene on demand. Analgesic-seeking behavior in psychiatric inpatients. Although anxiety is known to enhance a patient's response to pain, the exact relationship is unclear. This problem is particularly acute among psychiatric patients where analgesics are frequently both used and abused. This study attempts to evaluate factors associated with analgesic use among these patients with the hypothesis that anxiety, other measures of psychopathology, and ward tension would be associated with frequent analgesic use. An unselected series of psychiatric admissions during a three month period were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, MMPI, and a questionnaire dealing with prior drug use. Propoxyphene napsylate (Darvon-N) was made freely available on request from nurses who recorded details of the interaction on a prepared card. The nursing staff also recorded unusual incidents on the unit and evaluated daily the level of ward tension. The results indicate that, when made freely available to psychiatric inpatients, propoxyphene was used very conservatively and for appropriate complaints. Factors associated with drug seeking behavior are discussed in relation to other research regarding the use and abuse of analgesics."}
{"id": "PMID:263818", "title": "Incidence of polypharmacy in a long-term care facility.", "content": "The incidence of polypharmacy was investigated in a 200-bed long-term care facility. One hundred residents were drawn at random for the study. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was 3.33, and the average number of pills was 6.34 daily. The most frequently prescribed drugs were the analgesics, followed in order by antihypertensive agents, cardiotonic preparations and antimicrobials. The literature is reviewed with respect to the incidence, causes and end-results of polypharmacy. It is recommended that long-term care facilities develop enlightened and aggressive pharmacy committees to monitor and evaluate drug use routinely in an institutional setting.", "contents": "Incidence of polypharmacy in a long-term care facility. The incidence of polypharmacy was investigated in a 200-bed long-term care facility. One hundred residents were drawn at random for the study. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was 3.33, and the average number of pills was 6.34 daily. The most frequently prescribed drugs were the analgesics, followed in order by antihypertensive agents, cardiotonic preparations and antimicrobials. The literature is reviewed with respect to the incidence, causes and end-results of polypharmacy. It is recommended that long-term care facilities develop enlightened and aggressive pharmacy committees to monitor and evaluate drug use routinely in an institutional setting."}
{"id": "PMID:263819", "title": "Neurobiologic antecedents of schizophrenia in children. Evidence for an inherited, congenital neurointegrative defect.", "content": "In chronic schizophrenics, disordered motor development in childhood is followed by more early cognitive and social impairment and poorer outcome; childhood schizophrenics represent the most extreme variants of this. Preschizophrenic infants show a fluctuating dysregulation of maturation--or \"pandevelopmental retardation\" (PDR)--that involves physical growth; gross motor, visual-motor, and cognitive development; proprioceptive and vestibular responses; muscle tone; and possibly arousal. Pandevelopmental retardation was significantly related to a genetic history for schizophrenia (less than .05), but not to obstetric complications. The severity of PDR was significantly related to the severity of later psychiatric and cognitive disorder (less than .01). Pandevelopmental retardation provides a \"marker\" in infancy for the inherited neurointegrative defect in schizophrenia. These disordered functions should be studied by anyone interested in the biology of the schizophrenic genotype or in specific early interventions for children at risk.", "contents": "Neurobiologic antecedents of schizophrenia in children. Evidence for an inherited, congenital neurointegrative defect. In chronic schizophrenics, disordered motor development in childhood is followed by more early cognitive and social impairment and poorer outcome; childhood schizophrenics represent the most extreme variants of this. Preschizophrenic infants show a fluctuating dysregulation of maturation--or \"pandevelopmental retardation\" (PDR)--that involves physical growth; gross motor, visual-motor, and cognitive development; proprioceptive and vestibular responses; muscle tone; and possibly arousal. Pandevelopmental retardation was significantly related to a genetic history for schizophrenia (less than .05), but not to obstetric complications. The severity of PDR was significantly related to the severity of later psychiatric and cognitive disorder (less than .01). Pandevelopmental retardation provides a \"marker\" in infancy for the inherited neurointegrative defect in schizophrenia. These disordered functions should be studied by anyone interested in the biology of the schizophrenic genotype or in specific early interventions for children at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:263820", "title": "Cell-bound cations of the moderately halophilic bacterium Vibrio costicola.", "content": "Over most of the range of salt concentrations in which the moderately halophilic bacterium Vibrio costicola could grow, the sum of the cell-associated Na+ + K+ ions was at least as high as in the external medium. This is in contrast to other moderate halophiles, which have substantially lower internal than external salt concentrations for most of their growth range. The relative amounts of Na+ and K+ in V. costicola varied with environmental conditions. The K+/Na+ ratio fell during anaerobic incubation or when cells were poisoned. As Na+ ions left the cells, K+ ions entered. However, movement of these ions was not tightly coupled, since K+ content of cells could increase without a corresponding decrease in Na+ content. The Mg2+ contents of cells varied little with environmental conditions.", "contents": "Cell-bound cations of the moderately halophilic bacterium Vibrio costicola. Over most of the range of salt concentrations in which the moderately halophilic bacterium Vibrio costicola could grow, the sum of the cell-associated Na+ + K+ ions was at least as high as in the external medium. This is in contrast to other moderate halophiles, which have substantially lower internal than external salt concentrations for most of their growth range. The relative amounts of Na+ and K+ in V. costicola varied with environmental conditions. The K+/Na+ ratio fell during anaerobic incubation or when cells were poisoned. As Na+ ions left the cells, K+ ions entered. However, movement of these ions was not tightly coupled, since K+ content of cells could increase without a corresponding decrease in Na+ content. The Mg2+ contents of cells varied little with environmental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:263821", "title": "Different binding sites for entry and exit of amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "On the basis of mutual inhibition of uptake with different amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei, it was demonstrated that the binding site of proline was different from those of all other amino acids studied. Other groups of amino acids share a common binding site: lysine, histidine, and arginine; valine, leucine, and isoleucine; tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine; glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The exit and entry processes were studied for proline, glutamine, and glutamic acid. It was observed that in each case the entry and exit processes were mediated by different membrane sites.", "contents": "Different binding sites for entry and exit of amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei. On the basis of mutual inhibition of uptake with different amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei, it was demonstrated that the binding site of proline was different from those of all other amino acids studied. Other groups of amino acids share a common binding site: lysine, histidine, and arginine; valine, leucine, and isoleucine; tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine; glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The exit and entry processes were studied for proline, glutamine, and glutamic acid. It was observed that in each case the entry and exit processes were mediated by different membrane sites."}
{"id": "PMID:263822", "title": "Gliding motility of Mycoplasma pulmonis.", "content": "The gliding movements of freshly isolated Mycoplasma pulmonis cells were observed and measured. The motile cells had a characteristic appearance, an average speed of 0.4 to 0.7 micron/s, and a maximum speed of 1 micron/s.", "contents": "Gliding motility of Mycoplasma pulmonis. The gliding movements of freshly isolated Mycoplasma pulmonis cells were observed and measured. The motile cells had a characteristic appearance, an average speed of 0.4 to 0.7 micron/s, and a maximum speed of 1 micron/s."}
{"id": "PMID:263823", "title": "Hemin-dependent growth stimulation and cytochrome synthesis in Corynebacterium pyogenes.", "content": "Growth of Corynebacterium pyogenes, an important pathogen in animals, was greatly increased on addition of hemin to a medium of tryptose plus mineral. The synthesis of a type b cytochrome in this organism appeared to depend on the presence of hemin in the growth medium.", "contents": "Hemin-dependent growth stimulation and cytochrome synthesis in Corynebacterium pyogenes. Growth of Corynebacterium pyogenes, an important pathogen in animals, was greatly increased on addition of hemin to a medium of tryptose plus mineral. The synthesis of a type b cytochrome in this organism appeared to depend on the presence of hemin in the growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:263836", "title": "Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease.", "content": "Pathologic studies were done on 20 hearts of patients who had typical clinical signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease. The cardiac lesions were classified according to the duration of illness at the time of death. Stage I (zero to nine days) was characterized by acute perivasculitis and vasculitis of the microvessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) and small arteries, and acute perivasculitis and endarteritis of the three major coronary arteries (MCAs). Pericarditis, myocarditis, inflammation of the atrioventricular conduction system, and endocarditis with valvulitis were also present. Stage II (12 to 25 days) was characterized by panvasculitis of the MCAs and aneurysm with thrombus in the stems. Myocarditis, coagulation necrosis, lesion of the conduction system, pericarditis, and endocarditis with valvulitis were also present. In stage III (28 to 31 days), granulation of the MCAs and disappearance of inflammation in the microvessels were noted. Patients in stage IV (40 days to 4 years) had scarring with severe stenosis in the MCAs. Fibrosis of the myocardium, coagulation necrosis, lesions of the conduction system, and endocardial fibroelastosis were also present. The features observed revealed Kawasaki disease to be acute and inflammatory. The angiitis begins in the microvessels and fibrinoid necrosis of the media is rare. The disease is one with a pathologic pattern previously unknown.", "contents": "Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease. Pathologic studies were done on 20 hearts of patients who had typical clinical signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease. The cardiac lesions were classified according to the duration of illness at the time of death. Stage I (zero to nine days) was characterized by acute perivasculitis and vasculitis of the microvessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) and small arteries, and acute perivasculitis and endarteritis of the three major coronary arteries (MCAs). Pericarditis, myocarditis, inflammation of the atrioventricular conduction system, and endocarditis with valvulitis were also present. Stage II (12 to 25 days) was characterized by panvasculitis of the MCAs and aneurysm with thrombus in the stems. Myocarditis, coagulation necrosis, lesion of the conduction system, pericarditis, and endocarditis with valvulitis were also present. In stage III (28 to 31 days), granulation of the MCAs and disappearance of inflammation in the microvessels were noted. Patients in stage IV (40 days to 4 years) had scarring with severe stenosis in the MCAs. Fibrosis of the myocardium, coagulation necrosis, lesions of the conduction system, and endocardial fibroelastosis were also present. The features observed revealed Kawasaki disease to be acute and inflammatory. The angiitis begins in the microvessels and fibrinoid necrosis of the media is rare. The disease is one with a pathologic pattern previously unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:263842", "title": "Craniosynostosis associated with limb reduction malformations and cleft lip/palate: a distinct syndrome.", "content": "Craniosynostosis associated with short stature, radial and fibular aplasia, and cleft lip and/or palate represents a distinct syndrome. One original case and one previously undiagnosed case from the literature were found to have many distinct features in common, permitting them to be separated from craniosynostosis with radial or fibular aplasia, Robert's syndrome, pseudothalidomide or SC syndrome, and the hypomelia-hypotrichosis-facial hemangioma syndrome. Each had multiple craniofacial abnormalities: dysplastic ears, hypertelorism, strabismus, and malocclusion. Ulnae and humeri were hypoplastic; tibiae were bowed and hypoplastic. Testes were small. Associated mild to moderate mental retardation may be related to early institutionalization.", "contents": "Craniosynostosis associated with limb reduction malformations and cleft lip/palate: a distinct syndrome. Craniosynostosis associated with short stature, radial and fibular aplasia, and cleft lip and/or palate represents a distinct syndrome. One original case and one previously undiagnosed case from the literature were found to have many distinct features in common, permitting them to be separated from craniosynostosis with radial or fibular aplasia, Robert's syndrome, pseudothalidomide or SC syndrome, and the hypomelia-hypotrichosis-facial hemangioma syndrome. Each had multiple craniofacial abnormalities: dysplastic ears, hypertelorism, strabismus, and malocclusion. Ulnae and humeri were hypoplastic; tibiae were bowed and hypoplastic. Testes were small. Associated mild to moderate mental retardation may be related to early institutionalization."}
{"id": "PMID:263868", "title": "Receptive language development in preterm children as related to caregiver-child interaction.", "content": "Fifty preterm children who had experienced a range of biological hazards were divided into two competence groups on the basis of their receptive language development at 24 months. The groups were then compared in terms of the kinds of caregiver-child interactions the children and their primary caregivers engaged in three months earlier in a laboratory assessment. The two language skill groups did not differ on perinatal factors such as birth weight and gestational age, or on length of hospitalization, but did differ in social transactions. The more competent group as compared to the less competent group had caregivers who were more stimulating, the children themselves emitted more vocalization, and the caregivers and children engaged in more reciprocal social transactions.", "contents": "Receptive language development in preterm children as related to caregiver-child interaction. Fifty preterm children who had experienced a range of biological hazards were divided into two competence groups on the basis of their receptive language development at 24 months. The groups were then compared in terms of the kinds of caregiver-child interactions the children and their primary caregivers engaged in three months earlier in a laboratory assessment. The two language skill groups did not differ on perinatal factors such as birth weight and gestational age, or on length of hospitalization, but did differ in social transactions. The more competent group as compared to the less competent group had caregivers who were more stimulating, the children themselves emitted more vocalization, and the caregivers and children engaged in more reciprocal social transactions."}
{"id": "PMID:263871", "title": "Factors leading to delay in the diagnosis and affecting survival of children with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck often presents with vague symptoms which mimic other disease conditions. These factors lead to undue delay in the establishment of the correct diagnosis and the delivery of acceptable therapy, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. There is, however, evidence of improved results of treatment of these tumors since the addition of multiple drug chemotherapy to surgery and radiotherapy.", "contents": "Factors leading to delay in the diagnosis and affecting survival of children with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck often presents with vague symptoms which mimic other disease conditions. These factors lead to undue delay in the establishment of the correct diagnosis and the delivery of acceptable therapy, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. There is, however, evidence of improved results of treatment of these tumors since the addition of multiple drug chemotherapy to surgery and radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263872", "title": "Longitudinal evaluation of neonatal nosocomial infections: association of infection with a blood pressure cuff.", "content": "Nosocomial infections acquired in a special care nursery were surveyed longitudinally. The rates of acquired infection were determined, allowing the evaluation of specific infection control measures. A blood pressure cuff, utilized for all infants in the nursery, was associated with an increased rate of infection.", "contents": "Longitudinal evaluation of neonatal nosocomial infections: association of infection with a blood pressure cuff. Nosocomial infections acquired in a special care nursery were surveyed longitudinally. The rates of acquired infection were determined, allowing the evaluation of specific infection control measures. A blood pressure cuff, utilized for all infants in the nursery, was associated with an increased rate of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:263873", "title": "Persistence of antibody after administration of monovalent and combined live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccines.", "content": "Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were retained in comparable levels eight years after vaccination with Enders' original Edmonston and more attenuated Moraten (Attenuvax) and Schwarz line measles vaccines. Neutralizing antibody persisted without substantial decline in titer for at least 9.5 years after administration of Jeryl Lynn mumps virus vaccine (Mumpsvax). Antibodies were retained without important decline in children and adults for at least 7.5 and 7 years, respectively, after administration of HPV-77 duck-modified rubella vaccine (Meruvax). The patterns of antibody persistence 7.5 years after administration of combined measles-mumps-rubella (M-M-R) and mumps-rubella (Biavax) vaccines, 6 years after administration of measles-rubella vaccine (M-R-VAX), and 4 years after administration of measles-mumps vaccine (M-M-VAX) were the same as for the monovalent vaccines, indicating no alteration in the retention of immunity. Subclinical reinfection evidenced by increase in homologous antibody titer was observed to follow vaccination the same as occurs after natural infection.", "contents": "Persistence of antibody after administration of monovalent and combined live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccines. Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were retained in comparable levels eight years after vaccination with Enders' original Edmonston and more attenuated Moraten (Attenuvax) and Schwarz line measles vaccines. Neutralizing antibody persisted without substantial decline in titer for at least 9.5 years after administration of Jeryl Lynn mumps virus vaccine (Mumpsvax). Antibodies were retained without important decline in children and adults for at least 7.5 and 7 years, respectively, after administration of HPV-77 duck-modified rubella vaccine (Meruvax). The patterns of antibody persistence 7.5 years after administration of combined measles-mumps-rubella (M-M-R) and mumps-rubella (Biavax) vaccines, 6 years after administration of measles-rubella vaccine (M-R-VAX), and 4 years after administration of measles-mumps vaccine (M-M-VAX) were the same as for the monovalent vaccines, indicating no alteration in the retention of immunity. Subclinical reinfection evidenced by increase in homologous antibody titer was observed to follow vaccination the same as occurs after natural infection."}
{"id": "PMID:263874", "title": "Idiopathic atrial flutter in infancy: a review of eight cases.", "content": "The experience of three institutions in the management of atrial flutter in infants under 2 years of age without associated heart disease is reviewed. Five babies with neonatal onset were treated with digoxin and had uncomplicated resolution of their arrhythmia, although one continued to have episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia for six years. Two of the three older infants required DC cardioversion for complications after quinidine was substituted for digoxin therapy. Digoxin continues to be the preferred initial therapy for non-acutely ill patients; those showing signs of cardiac decompensation should be converted with DC countershock.", "contents": "Idiopathic atrial flutter in infancy: a review of eight cases. The experience of three institutions in the management of atrial flutter in infants under 2 years of age without associated heart disease is reviewed. Five babies with neonatal onset were treated with digoxin and had uncomplicated resolution of their arrhythmia, although one continued to have episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia for six years. Two of the three older infants required DC cardioversion for complications after quinidine was substituted for digoxin therapy. Digoxin continues to be the preferred initial therapy for non-acutely ill patients; those showing signs of cardiac decompensation should be converted with DC countershock."}
{"id": "PMID:263875", "title": "Candida albicans meningitis in a premature neonate successfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Candida albicans meningitis was diagnosed in a 45-day-old premature infant whose birth weight was 1,616 gm. Symptoms consisted of poor weight gain and poor suckling. The combined use of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) resulted in negative CSF cultures after 12 days of therapy. Amphotericin B was given for 45 days (total 83 mg) and 5-FC for 60 days (total 19 mg). Only one other premature infant has been reported in the literature who had similar treatment. A review of Candida meningitis diagnosed before death in 11 other infants less than 1 year of age is presented.", "contents": "Candida albicans meningitis in a premature neonate successfully treated with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B: a case report and review of the literature. Candida albicans meningitis was diagnosed in a 45-day-old premature infant whose birth weight was 1,616 gm. Symptoms consisted of poor weight gain and poor suckling. The combined use of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) resulted in negative CSF cultures after 12 days of therapy. Amphotericin B was given for 45 days (total 83 mg) and 5-FC for 60 days (total 19 mg). Only one other premature infant has been reported in the literature who had similar treatment. A review of Candida meningitis diagnosed before death in 11 other infants less than 1 year of age is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:263876", "title": "Acetaminophen: report of an unusual poisoning.", "content": "This is a report of an unusual acetaminophen poisoning in a 3-year-old girl who, three days after the ingestion of an estimated thirty-five 325-mg tablets of acetaminophen, had the highest levels of hepatic enzymes ever recorded at Duke Hospital. Although she was only moderately ill with an enlarged liver, she was discharged from the hospital on the seventh day in good condition. The liver enzyme levels returned to normal when last assessed, 50 days after ingestion. The importance of determining acetaminophen plasma concentration at different times to evaluate more precisely the plasma half-life is discussed, along with the current suggested therapy now being recommended for acetaminophen poisoning.", "contents": "Acetaminophen: report of an unusual poisoning. This is a report of an unusual acetaminophen poisoning in a 3-year-old girl who, three days after the ingestion of an estimated thirty-five 325-mg tablets of acetaminophen, had the highest levels of hepatic enzymes ever recorded at Duke Hospital. Although she was only moderately ill with an enlarged liver, she was discharged from the hospital on the seventh day in good condition. The liver enzyme levels returned to normal when last assessed, 50 days after ingestion. The importance of determining acetaminophen plasma concentration at different times to evaluate more precisely the plasma half-life is discussed, along with the current suggested therapy now being recommended for acetaminophen poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:263877", "title": "Myocardial necrosis following general anesthesia in hemoglobin SC disease.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl with hemoglobin SC disease died following general anesthesia. Autopsy showed widespread intravascular sickling; staining with hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid demonstrated newly developed massive myocardial necrosis, a rarely documented finding. Anesthesia may produce conditions that provoke \"crises\" in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Preoperative identification of sickle states and careful attention to hydration and oxygenation may minimize anesthetic risks in these patients.", "contents": "Myocardial necrosis following general anesthesia in hemoglobin SC disease. A 4-year-old girl with hemoglobin SC disease died following general anesthesia. Autopsy showed widespread intravascular sickling; staining with hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid demonstrated newly developed massive myocardial necrosis, a rarely documented finding. Anesthesia may produce conditions that provoke \"crises\" in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Preoperative identification of sickle states and careful attention to hydration and oxygenation may minimize anesthetic risks in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:263878", "title": "Blood glucose and plasma amino acid concentrations in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "Postnatal blood glucose and individual plasma free amino acid levels were measured in 14 newborn infants of diabetic mothers. All infants had a significantly lower blood glucose concentration than normal controls but no significant correlation was observed between the blood glucose values and any of the amino acids determined. As regards the quantitative and qualitative changes of the plasma aminogram, the total concentration of amino acids and the level of a few individual amino acids (glycine, alanine, taurine, and valine) were significantly elevated in full-term babies. However, no significant difference was found in the total plasma concentration of amino acids between premature infants of diabetic mothers and premature control infants, but the plasma alanine level was higher in the former. It is of interest that total plasma amino acid, alanine, and glycine levels were elevated in the asphyxiated babies. This suggests that the postnatal hyperaminoacidemia observed in infants of diabetic mothers was due to birth asphyxia rather than to impaired gluconeogenesis. The possible role of a defective gluconeogenesis in the etiology of postnatal hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers is not supported by these data.", "contents": "Blood glucose and plasma amino acid concentrations in infants of diabetic mothers. Postnatal blood glucose and individual plasma free amino acid levels were measured in 14 newborn infants of diabetic mothers. All infants had a significantly lower blood glucose concentration than normal controls but no significant correlation was observed between the blood glucose values and any of the amino acids determined. As regards the quantitative and qualitative changes of the plasma aminogram, the total concentration of amino acids and the level of a few individual amino acids (glycine, alanine, taurine, and valine) were significantly elevated in full-term babies. However, no significant difference was found in the total plasma concentration of amino acids between premature infants of diabetic mothers and premature control infants, but the plasma alanine level was higher in the former. It is of interest that total plasma amino acid, alanine, and glycine levels were elevated in the asphyxiated babies. This suggests that the postnatal hyperaminoacidemia observed in infants of diabetic mothers was due to birth asphyxia rather than to impaired gluconeogenesis. The possible role of a defective gluconeogenesis in the etiology of postnatal hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers is not supported by these data."}
{"id": "PMID:263879", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis in the pediatric age group.", "content": "Six cases of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) occurring in patients younger than 21 years are described. Only 11 other cases in the pediatric age group have been reported, and all 17 of these patients had the onset of the disease during the second decade of life. Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic disease characterized by a clinical triad of paranasal sinus and nasal mucosa involvement, pulmonary infiltration and cavitation, and renal disease with hematuria. The most common presenting symptoms are malaise and fever, sinusitis, epistaxis, and hematuria. Most patients have roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary and sinus disease and laboratory evidence of renal involvement on initial evaluation. The prognosis of WG was formerly dismal; more than 90% of patients died in less than two years, but with recent therapeutic regimens, more than 50% of these patients are surviving. The treatment we recommend consists of nitrogen mustard with adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisone for the induction of remission, followed by cyclophosphamide and prednisone as maintenance drugs. This regimen has proved effective in inducing a remission in four of four patients.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis in the pediatric age group. Six cases of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) occurring in patients younger than 21 years are described. Only 11 other cases in the pediatric age group have been reported, and all 17 of these patients had the onset of the disease during the second decade of life. Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic disease characterized by a clinical triad of paranasal sinus and nasal mucosa involvement, pulmonary infiltration and cavitation, and renal disease with hematuria. The most common presenting symptoms are malaise and fever, sinusitis, epistaxis, and hematuria. Most patients have roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary and sinus disease and laboratory evidence of renal involvement on initial evaluation. The prognosis of WG was formerly dismal; more than 90% of patients died in less than two years, but with recent therapeutic regimens, more than 50% of these patients are surviving. The treatment we recommend consists of nitrogen mustard with adrenocorticotropic hormone or prednisone for the induction of remission, followed by cyclophosphamide and prednisone as maintenance drugs. This regimen has proved effective in inducing a remission in four of four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:263880", "title": "Nafcillin-induced neutropenia in children.", "content": "Neutropenia developed in three pediatric patients treated intravenously with nafcillin. This association has not been, to our knowledge, previously reported in children. One of the patients is the youngest reported who had neutropenia associated with any penicillin; another patient had a prolonged recovery. The literature pertaining to marrow suppression by all penicillins is reviewed. This usually occurs 10 to 25 days after the inception of high-dose intravenous therapy and resolves when the penicillin therapy is discontinued. An absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000/ml is an indication to change to an antibiotic other than a penicillin. Children receiving intravenous penicillins should have WBC counts with differential analysis two to three times a week.", "contents": "Nafcillin-induced neutropenia in children. Neutropenia developed in three pediatric patients treated intravenously with nafcillin. This association has not been, to our knowledge, previously reported in children. One of the patients is the youngest reported who had neutropenia associated with any penicillin; another patient had a prolonged recovery. The literature pertaining to marrow suppression by all penicillins is reviewed. This usually occurs 10 to 25 days after the inception of high-dose intravenous therapy and resolves when the penicillin therapy is discontinued. An absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000/ml is an indication to change to an antibiotic other than a penicillin. Children receiving intravenous penicillins should have WBC counts with differential analysis two to three times a week."}
{"id": "PMID:263881", "title": "Tetracycline photo-onycholysis.", "content": "Photo-onycholysis is a rare complication of tetracycline therapy. Its occurrence is probably greater than the few reported cases indicate. It is hoped that this case report will alert physicians to its occurrence.", "contents": "Tetracycline photo-onycholysis. Photo-onycholysis is a rare complication of tetracycline therapy. Its occurrence is probably greater than the few reported cases indicate. It is hoped that this case report will alert physicians to its occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:263882", "title": "Comparative distribution of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and amikacin in interstitial fluid in rabbits.", "content": "We compared the penetration of five aminoglycosides into interstitial fluid (IF). IF was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Intramuscular injections were made: 1.5 mg/kg per dose for gentamicin (G), tobramycin (T), sisomicin (S), and netilmicin (N) and 7.5 mg/kg per dose for amikacin (A). Serum levels and IF concentrations were studied for 12 h after a single injection. IF levels were also compared in a six-injection study (one injection every 8 h). Peak serum levels were significantly higher with A than with G, T, S, and N, which gave similar concentrations. In IF, G gave the highest levels 1 h after the first injection. At 4 and 8 h, the concentrations achieved with G and A were similar but significantly greater than those achieved with T, S, and N. Twelve hours after a single injection, N gave higher IF levels than the other drugs except A. In the six-injection study, the IF levels of G and A reached 4.6 +/- 1.5 and 5.27 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml, respectively, at 48 h. S and N gave identical concentrations (2.07 +/- 0.25 and 2.42 +/- 0.42 microgram/ml, respectively). T induced the lowest levels (1.17 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml). Thus, in this rabbit model, the IF concentrations achieved with G and A were above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible strains. Possible relations between IF aminoglycoside concentrations and therapeutic efficiency or toxicity are pointed out but deserve further studies.", "contents": "Comparative distribution of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and amikacin in interstitial fluid in rabbits. We compared the penetration of five aminoglycosides into interstitial fluid (IF). IF was obtained in rabbits from Silastic tissue cages. Intramuscular injections were made: 1.5 mg/kg per dose for gentamicin (G), tobramycin (T), sisomicin (S), and netilmicin (N) and 7.5 mg/kg per dose for amikacin (A). Serum levels and IF concentrations were studied for 12 h after a single injection. IF levels were also compared in a six-injection study (one injection every 8 h). Peak serum levels were significantly higher with A than with G, T, S, and N, which gave similar concentrations. In IF, G gave the highest levels 1 h after the first injection. At 4 and 8 h, the concentrations achieved with G and A were similar but significantly greater than those achieved with T, S, and N. Twelve hours after a single injection, N gave higher IF levels than the other drugs except A. In the six-injection study, the IF levels of G and A reached 4.6 +/- 1.5 and 5.27 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml, respectively, at 48 h. S and N gave identical concentrations (2.07 +/- 0.25 and 2.42 +/- 0.42 microgram/ml, respectively). T induced the lowest levels (1.17 +/- 0.30 microgram/ml). Thus, in this rabbit model, the IF concentrations achieved with G and A were above the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible strains. Possible relations between IF aminoglycoside concentrations and therapeutic efficiency or toxicity are pointed out but deserve further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:263883", "title": "Treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis with cefazolin.", "content": "Sixteen cases of severe osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused by staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, and a variety of gram-negative bacilli were treated with 4 to 8 g of parenteral cefazolin per day; nine received subsequent therapy with oral cephalexin or ampicillin. Of 16 infections, 15 were apparently cured. Cefazolin concentrations in those patients were: serum (peak), 25 to 216 micrograms/ml; synovial fluid, 24 to 46 micrograms/ml; and bone, 3.2 to 10.6 micrograms/g. Bacterial pathogens had minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefazolin of 2 micrograms or less per ml and seemed to be eradicated from foci of infection during therapy. One infection in a diabetic patient did not respond; despite high concentrations of cefazolin in serum, no detectable antibiotic was present in her infected metatarsal, and the infecting Escherichia coli (minimal inhibitory concentration, 16 micrograms/ml) was not eradicated during therapy. Concentrations of cefazolin in bone in 10 uninfected patients who received 1-g intramuscular doses prophylactically before surgery were also measured. Concentrations in bones from those who had normal renal function ranged from less than 0.6 to 2.8 micrograms/g.", "contents": "Treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis with cefazolin. Sixteen cases of severe osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused by staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, and a variety of gram-negative bacilli were treated with 4 to 8 g of parenteral cefazolin per day; nine received subsequent therapy with oral cephalexin or ampicillin. Of 16 infections, 15 were apparently cured. Cefazolin concentrations in those patients were: serum (peak), 25 to 216 micrograms/ml; synovial fluid, 24 to 46 micrograms/ml; and bone, 3.2 to 10.6 micrograms/g. Bacterial pathogens had minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefazolin of 2 micrograms or less per ml and seemed to be eradicated from foci of infection during therapy. One infection in a diabetic patient did not respond; despite high concentrations of cefazolin in serum, no detectable antibiotic was present in her infected metatarsal, and the infecting Escherichia coli (minimal inhibitory concentration, 16 micrograms/ml) was not eradicated during therapy. Concentrations of cefazolin in bone in 10 uninfected patients who received 1-g intramuscular doses prophylactically before surgery were also measured. Concentrations in bones from those who had normal renal function ranged from less than 0.6 to 2.8 micrograms/g."}
{"id": "PMID:263884", "title": "Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus to twenty-two antimicrobial agents.", "content": "In vitro susceptibility of 11 recent clinical isolates of Campylobacter fetus to 22 antimicrobial agents was determined by an agar dilution technique. Unlike most obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, C. fetus isolates tested were relatively resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins, but exquisitely susceptible to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. All strains were also inhibited at concentrations achievable in serum by clindamycin, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and with rare exceptions, ampicillin. They were variably susceptible to lincomycin and erythromycin and highly resistant to vancomycin.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus to twenty-two antimicrobial agents. In vitro susceptibility of 11 recent clinical isolates of Campylobacter fetus to 22 antimicrobial agents was determined by an agar dilution technique. Unlike most obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, C. fetus isolates tested were relatively resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins, but exquisitely susceptible to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. All strains were also inhibited at concentrations achievable in serum by clindamycin, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and with rare exceptions, ampicillin. They were variably susceptible to lincomycin and erythromycin and highly resistant to vancomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:263885", "title": "In vivo susceptibility of the Legionnaires disease bacterium to ten antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The susceptibility of the Legionnaires disease bacterium to various antimicrobial agents was determined by inoculation of embryonated eggs via the yolk sac. When administered prophylactically, the minimal dose of drug preventing all deaths due to the infection was as follows: rifampin, 0.02 mg; gentamicin, 0.25 mg; streptomycin, 0.39 mg; erythromycin, 0.62 mg; sulfadiazine, 1.56 mg; chloramphenicol, 2.50 mg; and cephalothin, 20.0 mg. Smaller amounts delayed deaths, and larger or equal amounts rendered the embryos free of infection. Oxytetracycline in the largest tested amount, 5.0 mg, protected 80% of the embryos from death, and as little as 0.31 mg delayed death. Chlortetracycline (0.50 mg) and ampicillin (10.0 mg) were ineffective. The six most effective drugs were studied in an experiment in which they were administered at various times after infection in doses that were twice the minimal prophylactic dose preventing all deaths. In this therapeutic experiment, rifampin, and erythromycin allowed 100% survival when given even 72 h after infection; gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and chloramphenicol did so when given 48 h after infection. All six drugs increased mean survival time when administered 72 h after infection.", "contents": "In vivo susceptibility of the Legionnaires disease bacterium to ten antimicrobial agents. The susceptibility of the Legionnaires disease bacterium to various antimicrobial agents was determined by inoculation of embryonated eggs via the yolk sac. When administered prophylactically, the minimal dose of drug preventing all deaths due to the infection was as follows: rifampin, 0.02 mg; gentamicin, 0.25 mg; streptomycin, 0.39 mg; erythromycin, 0.62 mg; sulfadiazine, 1.56 mg; chloramphenicol, 2.50 mg; and cephalothin, 20.0 mg. Smaller amounts delayed deaths, and larger or equal amounts rendered the embryos free of infection. Oxytetracycline in the largest tested amount, 5.0 mg, protected 80% of the embryos from death, and as little as 0.31 mg delayed death. Chlortetracycline (0.50 mg) and ampicillin (10.0 mg) were ineffective. The six most effective drugs were studied in an experiment in which they were administered at various times after infection in doses that were twice the minimal prophylactic dose preventing all deaths. In this therapeutic experiment, rifampin, and erythromycin allowed 100% survival when given even 72 h after infection; gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and chloramphenicol did so when given 48 h after infection. All six drugs increased mean survival time when administered 72 h after infection."}
{"id": "PMID:263886", "title": "Infections due to gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain in a nursery for neonatal infants.", "content": "An apparently homogeneous strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin (Gmr), kanamycin, tobramycin, and sisomicin, but susceptible to amikacin and netilmicin, caused multiple infections in neonatal infants in a special care nursery. Nasal cultures revealed a high rate of carriage of the Gmr staphylococcus in infants without clinical infection. Segregating patients according to a modified cohort system and use of careful aseptic techniques led to apparent elimination of the Gmr strain. The resistance to aminoglycosides in this strain was mediated by an aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase and a gentamicin phosphotransferase. Genetic determinants for these enzymes were borne on a circular covalently closed plasmid of approximately 11 megadaltons. These resistance determinants closely resemble those found in isolates of S. aureus that have caused nosocomial infections in patients in Europe.", "contents": "Infections due to gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain in a nursery for neonatal infants. An apparently homogeneous strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin (Gmr), kanamycin, tobramycin, and sisomicin, but susceptible to amikacin and netilmicin, caused multiple infections in neonatal infants in a special care nursery. Nasal cultures revealed a high rate of carriage of the Gmr staphylococcus in infants without clinical infection. Segregating patients according to a modified cohort system and use of careful aseptic techniques led to apparent elimination of the Gmr strain. The resistance to aminoglycosides in this strain was mediated by an aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase and a gentamicin phosphotransferase. Genetic determinants for these enzymes were borne on a circular covalently closed plasmid of approximately 11 megadaltons. These resistance determinants closely resemble those found in isolates of S. aureus that have caused nosocomial infections in patients in Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:263887", "title": "Interactions between Neisseria sicca and viridin B, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mitis.", "content": "Viridin B, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mitis (mitior), is bactericidal to Neisseria sicca. Oxygen consumption by actively growing N. sicca cultures ceased immediately upon exposure to viridin B. Adenosine triphosphate production was slightly enhanced within 1 h of exposure to the bacteriocin but was subsequently repressed. The uptake and incorporation of glucose was prevented in the presence of viridin B. The bacteriocin also blocked uptake of an amino acid mixture in chloramphenicol-pretreated cells. Pretreatment or concomitant treatment with a variety of antibiotics known to inhibit specific synthetic pathways did not alter the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis produced by the bacteriocin. Although viridin B blocks protein and nucleic acid syntheses, no degradation of such macromolecules was observed. The inhibitory effects of viridin B on macromolecular synthesis and on viability required the presence of sufficient nutrients to allow active metabolism of N. sicca. The bacteriocin did not inhibit viability or macromolecular synthesis in anaerobically incubated N. sicca. Thus, active, oxidative metabolism by N. sicca cells is essential for viridin B action. A model for viridin B action is proposed.", "contents": "Interactions between Neisseria sicca and viridin B, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mitis. Viridin B, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mitis (mitior), is bactericidal to Neisseria sicca. Oxygen consumption by actively growing N. sicca cultures ceased immediately upon exposure to viridin B. Adenosine triphosphate production was slightly enhanced within 1 h of exposure to the bacteriocin but was subsequently repressed. The uptake and incorporation of glucose was prevented in the presence of viridin B. The bacteriocin also blocked uptake of an amino acid mixture in chloramphenicol-pretreated cells. Pretreatment or concomitant treatment with a variety of antibiotics known to inhibit specific synthetic pathways did not alter the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis produced by the bacteriocin. Although viridin B blocks protein and nucleic acid syntheses, no degradation of such macromolecules was observed. The inhibitory effects of viridin B on macromolecular synthesis and on viability required the presence of sufficient nutrients to allow active metabolism of N. sicca. The bacteriocin did not inhibit viability or macromolecular synthesis in anaerobically incubated N. sicca. Thus, active, oxidative metabolism by N. sicca cells is essential for viridin B action. A model for viridin B action is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:263888", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of netilmicin in combination with non-aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "To assess the possibility that non-aminoglycoside antibiotics may adversely affect the nephrotoxicity of the new semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin, we gave ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, cefamandole, and clindamycin, either singly or in combination with netilmicin, at two dose concentrations in rats. Results were compared as to the effect of netilmicin given singly and to saline-injected and noninjected controls. Antibiotic combinations resulted in no greater nephrotoxicity than did netilmicin alone. Netilmicin concentrations in renal tissue were high, and these levels were not consistently affected by the other drugs. The data suggest that in rats the nephrotoxicity of netilmicin is not affected adversely by the presence of non-aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of netilmicin in combination with non-aminoglycoside antibiotics. To assess the possibility that non-aminoglycoside antibiotics may adversely affect the nephrotoxicity of the new semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin, we gave ampicillin, carbenicillin, methicillin, cefamandole, and clindamycin, either singly or in combination with netilmicin, at two dose concentrations in rats. Results were compared as to the effect of netilmicin given singly and to saline-injected and noninjected controls. Antibiotic combinations resulted in no greater nephrotoxicity than did netilmicin alone. Netilmicin concentrations in renal tissue were high, and these levels were not consistently affected by the other drugs. The data suggest that in rats the nephrotoxicity of netilmicin is not affected adversely by the presence of non-aminoglycoside antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:263889", "title": "Rapid determination of serum 5-fluorocytosine levels by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for the rapid, quantitative determination of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. After initially ultrafiltrating the serum, a portion was injected onto a cation exchange column. 5-FC was separated by using an ammonium-phosphate buffer as the mobile phase and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. Quantitation of 5-FC was based on the linear relationship between peak area in the chromatograms and known concentrations of 5-FC in a set of serum standards (prepared by adding from 10 to 200 micrograms of 5-FC to 1-ml aliquots of pooled human serum). This method was compared with the standard microbiological method for 5-FC. Advantages of the HPLC method include: Determination of 5-FC levels within 30 min; lack of interference from other antimicrobial drugs, particularly amphotericin B; more accurate determination of true 5-FC level, particularly at concentrations of less than 25 micrograms/ml or greater than 100 micrograms/ml; and ease with which the assay may be automated for routine use.", "contents": "Rapid determination of serum 5-fluorocytosine levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method for the rapid, quantitative determination of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. After initially ultrafiltrating the serum, a portion was injected onto a cation exchange column. 5-FC was separated by using an ammonium-phosphate buffer as the mobile phase and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. Quantitation of 5-FC was based on the linear relationship between peak area in the chromatograms and known concentrations of 5-FC in a set of serum standards (prepared by adding from 10 to 200 micrograms of 5-FC to 1-ml aliquots of pooled human serum). This method was compared with the standard microbiological method for 5-FC. Advantages of the HPLC method include: Determination of 5-FC levels within 30 min; lack of interference from other antimicrobial drugs, particularly amphotericin B; more accurate determination of true 5-FC level, particularly at concentrations of less than 25 micrograms/ml or greater than 100 micrograms/ml; and ease with which the assay may be automated for routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:263890", "title": "Comparative in vitro studies of nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, and a new analog with thieno (2,3-b) pyridine structure.", "content": "Bacterial susceptibility to a new organic acid related to nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid was tested. The in vitro susceptibility pattern of the new compound was found to be very similar to that of nalidixic acid.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro studies of nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, and a new analog with thieno (2,3-b) pyridine structure. Bacterial susceptibility to a new organic acid related to nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid was tested. The in vitro susceptibility pattern of the new compound was found to be very similar to that of nalidixic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:263891", "title": "In vitro activity of chlorhydroxyquinoline against mycoplasma species.", "content": "The in vitro activities of 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (CHQ) against single strains of 12 different species of mycoplasma and the impacts of repeated exposure of these strains to CHQ on their susceptibility to this agent have been studied. On initial exposure, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for these strains ranged from 0.24 to 1.92 micrograms of CHQ per ml of test medium; activities remained unchanged during 10 serial transfers in CHQ-containing medium.", "contents": "In vitro activity of chlorhydroxyquinoline against mycoplasma species. The in vitro activities of 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (CHQ) against single strains of 12 different species of mycoplasma and the impacts of repeated exposure of these strains to CHQ on their susceptibility to this agent have been studied. On initial exposure, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for these strains ranged from 0.24 to 1.92 micrograms of CHQ per ml of test medium; activities remained unchanged during 10 serial transfers in CHQ-containing medium."}
{"id": "PMID:263892", "title": "Interference of granulocyte function by the vehicle of miconazole.", "content": "The vehicle of miconazole inhibited adherence and leukotaxis, but did not affect nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and trypan blue exclusion by granulocytes at 0.33% concentration and above.", "contents": "Interference of granulocyte function by the vehicle of miconazole. The vehicle of miconazole inhibited adherence and leukotaxis, but did not affect nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and trypan blue exclusion by granulocytes at 0.33% concentration and above."}
{"id": "PMID:263893", "title": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics moderately impair granulocyte function.", "content": "By in vitro methods, five aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and netilmicin) were shown to produce modest changes in granulocyte adherence (increase) and migration (decrease) and no change in phagocytosis or nitroblue tetrazolium reduction.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside antibiotics moderately impair granulocyte function. By in vitro methods, five aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and netilmicin) were shown to produce modest changes in granulocyte adherence (increase) and migration (decrease) and no change in phagocytosis or nitroblue tetrazolium reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:263899", "title": "The ocular manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "We followed 210 cases of JRA closely for 14 years. Thirty-six patients (17.2%) developed iridocyclitis; it most frequently occurred in young females (0-4 years) with monarticular or pauciarticular form of the disease. In 30% of the patients iridocyclitis was first detected after 16 years of age. Forty-two percent had active iridocyclitis on entry. By combining quantitative antinuclear antibody titers with age, sex, and time on onset of arthritis, it has been possible to define the risk of developing iridocyclitis in individual patients. Our approach was effective in detecting iridocyclitis in new cases and exacerbations of the disease in established cases. Forty-four percent of patients with iridocyclitis had one or more identifiable early signs or symptoms. Iridocyclitis in 36% of patients did not respond to more than 6 months of intensive topical treatment with corticosteroids and mydriatics. Despite this statistic, patients had a better outcome than those experiencing the 50% incidence of blinding complications cited in earlier studies. Cataract and band keratopathy occurred in only 19% and 11% of our group, respectively. Only one case of chorioretinopathy was found in 173 patients who had received antimalarials; a significant number of posterior subcapsular cataracts were found in 75 patients who had received systemic corticosteroids. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in 3 patients with iridocyclitis. Surgical treatment of cataracts, band keratopathy, and glaucoma achieved uniformly discouraging results.", "contents": "The ocular manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. We followed 210 cases of JRA closely for 14 years. Thirty-six patients (17.2%) developed iridocyclitis; it most frequently occurred in young females (0-4 years) with monarticular or pauciarticular form of the disease. In 30% of the patients iridocyclitis was first detected after 16 years of age. Forty-two percent had active iridocyclitis on entry. By combining quantitative antinuclear antibody titers with age, sex, and time on onset of arthritis, it has been possible to define the risk of developing iridocyclitis in individual patients. Our approach was effective in detecting iridocyclitis in new cases and exacerbations of the disease in established cases. Forty-four percent of patients with iridocyclitis had one or more identifiable early signs or symptoms. Iridocyclitis in 36% of patients did not respond to more than 6 months of intensive topical treatment with corticosteroids and mydriatics. Despite this statistic, patients had a better outcome than those experiencing the 50% incidence of blinding complications cited in earlier studies. Cataract and band keratopathy occurred in only 19% and 11% of our group, respectively. Only one case of chorioretinopathy was found in 173 patients who had received antimalarials; a significant number of posterior subcapsular cataracts were found in 75 patients who had received systemic corticosteroids. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in 3 patients with iridocyclitis. Surgical treatment of cataracts, band keratopathy, and glaucoma achieved uniformly discouraging results."}
{"id": "PMID:263903", "title": "Pathologic aspects of juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "The pathological changes in juvenile chronic polyarthritis are similar to those of adult chronic polyarthritis, although perhaps rather more variable, according to the severity and the phase of the disease. The differences that are seen depend on age, developmental stage, growth, and perhaps a greater regenerative capacity. The nodules of seronegative diseases resemble those of rheumatic fever and are not seen in adult onset seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, ankylosis of the cervical spine is a characteristic feature seen also in adult onset Still's disease.", "contents": "Pathologic aspects of juvenile chronic polyarthritis. The pathological changes in juvenile chronic polyarthritis are similar to those of adult chronic polyarthritis, although perhaps rather more variable, according to the severity and the phase of the disease. The differences that are seen depend on age, developmental stage, growth, and perhaps a greater regenerative capacity. The nodules of seronegative diseases resemble those of rheumatic fever and are not seen in adult onset seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, ankylosis of the cervical spine is a characteristic feature seen also in adult onset Still's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:263904", "title": "Prognosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The true prognosis of JRA is unknown. The best interpretation of reports to this date may be that at any given time of examination between 5 and 15 years after onset, 30-50% of children will have grossly active disease and that 70-90% of patients will be in class I-II functional status. Published studies, however, are not comparable because of differing criteria and selection of support data to be reported. Close analysis of four cases of JRA illustrate some of the difficulties in utilizing loosely defined criteria. A preliminary plan for improving the precision of reporting course and prognosis of JRA has been outlined.", "contents": "Prognosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The true prognosis of JRA is unknown. The best interpretation of reports to this date may be that at any given time of examination between 5 and 15 years after onset, 30-50% of children will have grossly active disease and that 70-90% of patients will be in class I-II functional status. Published studies, however, are not comparable because of differing criteria and selection of support data to be reported. Close analysis of four cases of JRA illustrate some of the difficulties in utilizing loosely defined criteria. A preliminary plan for improving the precision of reporting course and prognosis of JRA has been outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:263905", "title": "The clinical spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood.", "content": "The onset and course of 108 children with systemic lupus erythematosus have been analysed. There were more black patients than one would expect from hospital population statistics. There was a greater preponderance of boys with onset of the disease at less than 12 years of age and there is a large number of familial cases. Major signs and symptoms differed from those observed in adults only in the greater degree of reticuloendothelial involvement and in a possibly greater propensity for children to change renal biopsy category. Diffuse proliferative renal lesions remain a major contributor to death both in children and in adults, but the importance of the extrarenal mortality factors plus the greater proportion of male deaths is emphasized.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood. The onset and course of 108 children with systemic lupus erythematosus have been analysed. There were more black patients than one would expect from hospital population statistics. There was a greater preponderance of boys with onset of the disease at less than 12 years of age and there is a large number of familial cases. Major signs and symptoms differed from those observed in adults only in the greater degree of reticuloendothelial involvement and in a possibly greater propensity for children to change renal biopsy category. Diffuse proliferative renal lesions remain a major contributor to death both in children and in adults, but the importance of the extrarenal mortality factors plus the greater proportion of male deaths is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:263908", "title": "Dermatomyositis in the pediatric patient.", "content": "Forty-one children with dermatomyositis who were treated with corticosteroids and who have been followed over a period of 15 years have been presented. Progressive proximal muscle weakness was seen in all and 60% had muscle pain. The skin rash considered classic for dermatomyositis was seen in 33 children at the time of diagnosis. Elevation of serum muscle enzymes, electromyographic abnormalities, and muscle biopsy evidence of acute myositis were of confirmatory diagnostic value. The course of the disease in this study group has reconfirmed the efficacy of adrenal corticosteroid treatment in conjunction with an individualized physical therapy program and consistent followup. Prognosis for life and minimal functional disability has been good. There have been 3 deaths recorded in this series, only one of which was certain in its relationship to dermatomyositis.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis in the pediatric patient. Forty-one children with dermatomyositis who were treated with corticosteroids and who have been followed over a period of 15 years have been presented. Progressive proximal muscle weakness was seen in all and 60% had muscle pain. The skin rash considered classic for dermatomyositis was seen in 33 children at the time of diagnosis. Elevation of serum muscle enzymes, electromyographic abnormalities, and muscle biopsy evidence of acute myositis were of confirmatory diagnostic value. The course of the disease in this study group has reconfirmed the efficacy of adrenal corticosteroid treatment in conjunction with an individualized physical therapy program and consistent followup. Prognosis for life and minimal functional disability has been good. There have been 3 deaths recorded in this series, only one of which was certain in its relationship to dermatomyositis."}
{"id": "PMID:263912", "title": "Scleroderma in children.", "content": "Fifteen children with scleroderma have been presented. All had characteristic cutaneous abnormalities at onset and during the course of disease. All were girls. All had visceral involvement, primarily of the gastrointestinal tract, heart, and lungs. The presence of visceral disease might have been missed without specific and extensive diagnostic procedures, including gastrointestinal barium studies, esophageal motility, pulmonary function and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and plethysmography. Raynaud's phenomenon was frequent and accompanied by evidence of occlusive vascular disease. Contractures around joints were readily evident and arthralgias were common, but evidence of objective arthritis was absent. Sixty percent of the patients in this series had ANA. Overlap syndromes with myositis and SLE were present in 7 patients. Three of 15 children died 6-10 years after onset of disease.", "contents": "Scleroderma in children. Fifteen children with scleroderma have been presented. All had characteristic cutaneous abnormalities at onset and during the course of disease. All were girls. All had visceral involvement, primarily of the gastrointestinal tract, heart, and lungs. The presence of visceral disease might have been missed without specific and extensive diagnostic procedures, including gastrointestinal barium studies, esophageal motility, pulmonary function and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and plethysmography. Raynaud's phenomenon was frequent and accompanied by evidence of occlusive vascular disease. Contractures around joints were readily evident and arthralgias were common, but evidence of objective arthritis was absent. Sixty percent of the patients in this series had ANA. Overlap syndromes with myositis and SLE were present in 7 patients. Three of 15 children died 6-10 years after onset of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:263913", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease in children.", "content": "Seven girls and 3 boys with MCTD have been described. As a group their clinical characteristics and serological findings are similar to those reported in adults, with several important differences. Children with MCTD may have marked thrombocytopenia and more frequently they have RF. Significant cardiac and renal involvement are more common in children, may lead to longer and higher dose corticosteroid therapy, and may contribute to a less optimistic prognosis than that described in adults.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease in children. Seven girls and 3 boys with MCTD have been described. As a group their clinical characteristics and serological findings are similar to those reported in adults, with several important differences. Children with MCTD may have marked thrombocytopenia and more frequently they have RF. Significant cardiac and renal involvement are more common in children, may lead to longer and higher dose corticosteroid therapy, and may contribute to a less optimistic prognosis than that described in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:263914", "title": "The changing picture of rheumatic fever.", "content": "Rheumatic fever has decreased in frequency and severity, but the disease has not been eradicated in this country, especially in low socioeconomic populations. Carditis is less common, and changes in the frequency of other rheumatic manifestations such as chorea has made the clinical diagnosis more difficult. Streptococcal antibody tests are still the most useful laboratory aid, but care must be taken against overinterpretation. The search for the answer to the pathogenesis puzzle continues. Until the nature of the disease is better understood, it is unlikely that rheumatic fever will be eradicated. In the meantime, however, the incidence of the disease can be reduced further by improved medical care for deprived populations.", "contents": "The changing picture of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever has decreased in frequency and severity, but the disease has not been eradicated in this country, especially in low socioeconomic populations. Carditis is less common, and changes in the frequency of other rheumatic manifestations such as chorea has made the clinical diagnosis more difficult. Streptococcal antibody tests are still the most useful laboratory aid, but care must be taken against overinterpretation. The search for the answer to the pathogenesis puzzle continues. Until the nature of the disease is better understood, it is unlikely that rheumatic fever will be eradicated. In the meantime, however, the incidence of the disease can be reduced further by improved medical care for deprived populations."}
{"id": "PMID:263917", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis of childhood onset.", "content": "Ankylosing spondylitis begins in childhood in a significant number of patients. The disease may begin in one of two ways: with early hip girdle and low back complaints, or with peripheral arthritis affecting a few large joints. Ankylosing spondylitis should be suspected in seronegative boys over the age of 8 years who have pauciarticular arthritis, particularly if there is associated hip girdle involvement. Early recognition of ankylosing spondylitis may be helpful in appropriate therapy and followup of patients.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis of childhood onset. Ankylosing spondylitis begins in childhood in a significant number of patients. The disease may begin in one of two ways: with early hip girdle and low back complaints, or with peripheral arthritis affecting a few large joints. Ankylosing spondylitis should be suspected in seronegative boys over the age of 8 years who have pauciarticular arthritis, particularly if there is associated hip girdle involvement. Early recognition of ankylosing spondylitis may be helpful in appropriate therapy and followup of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:263918", "title": "Reiter's syndrome in childhood.", "content": "Seven boys with Reiter's syndrome are described. Three had diarrhea and 2 had venereal contact as antecedent events. All developed the complete triad of symptoms in a 5- to 24-day period. Joint involvement of the lower extremities was seen in each boy. HLA-B27 typing was positive in 6 of 7 (86%). Serum and synovial fluid levels of CH50 and C3 were elevated in 5 boys and confirm similar findings in adults. Two boys recovered spontaneously without therapy and 3 boys received aspirin with a rapid and complete resolution of symptoms. The two oldest boys had the most severe joint involvement and were receiving phenylbutazone with continuing active arthritis when they were lost to followup. Reiter's syndrome in children may be infrequently reported because its antecedents and the triad symptoms are common occurrences in pediatric practice.", "contents": "Reiter's syndrome in childhood. Seven boys with Reiter's syndrome are described. Three had diarrhea and 2 had venereal contact as antecedent events. All developed the complete triad of symptoms in a 5- to 24-day period. Joint involvement of the lower extremities was seen in each boy. HLA-B27 typing was positive in 6 of 7 (86%). Serum and synovial fluid levels of CH50 and C3 were elevated in 5 boys and confirm similar findings in adults. Two boys recovered spontaneously without therapy and 3 boys received aspirin with a rapid and complete resolution of symptoms. The two oldest boys had the most severe joint involvement and were receiving phenylbutazone with continuing active arthritis when they were lost to followup. Reiter's syndrome in children may be infrequently reported because its antecedents and the triad symptoms are common occurrences in pediatric practice."}
{"id": "PMID:263921", "title": "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents do offer encouraging alternatives to presently used medications. The ultimate role of the agents will have to be established by usage and systematic study by such groups as the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group.", "contents": "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents do offer encouraging alternatives to presently used medications. The ultimate role of the agents will have to be established by usage and systematic study by such groups as the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group."}
{"id": "PMID:263922", "title": "Corticosteroids in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Corticosteroids, although potent suppressors of symptoms and signs of disease, are not effective in curing rheumatoid arthritis in adults or children. Prolonged use of corticosteroids is attended with multiple serious side effects. In JRA, the outlook for most children is good; potentially dangerous drugs should be avoided if at all possible. The indications for corticosteroid usage in JRA might be summarized as: Severe systemic disease unresponsive to salicylates Chronic iridocyclitis unresponsive to topical steroids. Only very rarely for severe arthritis per se; and then with the realization that, although symptoms are being suppressed, the natural history of the disease may not be greatly affected.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Corticosteroids, although potent suppressors of symptoms and signs of disease, are not effective in curing rheumatoid arthritis in adults or children. Prolonged use of corticosteroids is attended with multiple serious side effects. In JRA, the outlook for most children is good; potentially dangerous drugs should be avoided if at all possible. The indications for corticosteroid usage in JRA might be summarized as: Severe systemic disease unresponsive to salicylates Chronic iridocyclitis unresponsive to topical steroids. Only very rarely for severe arthritis per se; and then with the realization that, although symptoms are being suppressed, the natural history of the disease may not be greatly affected."}
{"id": "PMID:263930", "title": "Postmortem pink teeth.", "content": "A series of cases is reported in which pink teeth were observed during the postmortem period. Most cases were associated with decomposition in a moist environment. Experimental procedures led to the extraction of pink material from dentin and demonstration that hemoglobin and serum proteins were present. The pink-tooth phenomenon was duplicated in human teeth by instilling into the pulp chambers whole blood and blood with the red cells hemolyzed. The change was manifested in teeth of dogs after freezing, heating, and decomposition in a moist environment. The authors postulate that pink teeth occur as a result of breakdown of red blood cells in the pulp chamber of the tooth and diffusion of hemoglobin and other serum proteins into the dentin via the dential tubules. Histochemical studies show that the brown or gray material in some teeth subjected to postmortem aging is probably hemoglobin and serum proteins. Factors of age, vascularity of the pulp chamber, and postmortem conditions are discussed in relation to the postmortem development of pink teeth.", "contents": "Postmortem pink teeth. A series of cases is reported in which pink teeth were observed during the postmortem period. Most cases were associated with decomposition in a moist environment. Experimental procedures led to the extraction of pink material from dentin and demonstration that hemoglobin and serum proteins were present. The pink-tooth phenomenon was duplicated in human teeth by instilling into the pulp chambers whole blood and blood with the red cells hemolyzed. The change was manifested in teeth of dogs after freezing, heating, and decomposition in a moist environment. The authors postulate that pink teeth occur as a result of breakdown of red blood cells in the pulp chamber of the tooth and diffusion of hemoglobin and other serum proteins into the dentin via the dential tubules. Histochemical studies show that the brown or gray material in some teeth subjected to postmortem aging is probably hemoglobin and serum proteins. Factors of age, vascularity of the pulp chamber, and postmortem conditions are discussed in relation to the postmortem development of pink teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:263931", "title": "Rifle wounds from high velocity, center-fire hunting ammunition.", "content": "Wounds inflicted by high velocity, center-fire rifles firing hunting ammunition are radically different from wounds caused by handguns or .22 rim-fire rifles. Injuries from pistol or .22 rim-fire bullets are confined to tissue and organs directly in the wound track. In contrast, high velocity rifle bullets can injure structures without actually contacting them. This is due to the temporary cavity produced by such missiles with the resultant shock waves having pressures of up to 200 atmospheres (20 MPa). Organs struck by such high velocity rifle bullets may undergo partial or complete disintegration. Hunting ammunition, as it passes through the body, tends to shed fragments of lead from its core, producing a characteristic snowstorm picture on X-ray. The maximum range at which powder tattooing of the skin occurs from center-fire rifles depends on the physical form of smokeless powder used as propellant. In a test with a 30-30 rifle, cartridges loaded with ball powder produced powder tattooing out to a range of 30 in. (76 cm), while similar cartridges, loaded with the traditional cylindrical powder, produced tattooing out to only 12 in. (30 cm) of range.", "contents": "Rifle wounds from high velocity, center-fire hunting ammunition. Wounds inflicted by high velocity, center-fire rifles firing hunting ammunition are radically different from wounds caused by handguns or .22 rim-fire rifles. Injuries from pistol or .22 rim-fire bullets are confined to tissue and organs directly in the wound track. In contrast, high velocity rifle bullets can injure structures without actually contacting them. This is due to the temporary cavity produced by such missiles with the resultant shock waves having pressures of up to 200 atmospheres (20 MPa). Organs struck by such high velocity rifle bullets may undergo partial or complete disintegration. Hunting ammunition, as it passes through the body, tends to shed fragments of lead from its core, producing a characteristic snowstorm picture on X-ray. The maximum range at which powder tattooing of the skin occurs from center-fire rifles depends on the physical form of smokeless powder used as propellant. In a test with a 30-30 rifle, cartridges loaded with ball powder produced powder tattooing out to a range of 30 in. (76 cm), while similar cartridges, loaded with the traditional cylindrical powder, produced tattooing out to only 12 in. (30 cm) of range."}
{"id": "PMID:263933", "title": "Sudden and unexpected deaths after the acute onset of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Four cases of sudden and unexpected death caused by the acute onset of diabetes mellitus are reported. Three are examples of acute juvenile diabetes while the fourth demonstrated the aketotic form of diabetic coma. Such instances can present a diagnostic problem to the forensic pathologist. The usefulness of vitreous humor glucose analysis to diagnose such a condition is stressed.", "contents": "Sudden and unexpected deaths after the acute onset of diabetes mellitus. Four cases of sudden and unexpected death caused by the acute onset of diabetes mellitus are reported. Three are examples of acute juvenile diabetes while the fourth demonstrated the aketotic form of diabetic coma. Such instances can present a diagnostic problem to the forensic pathologist. The usefulness of vitreous humor glucose analysis to diagnose such a condition is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:263934", "title": "Determination of the age of bloodstains using immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The technique of immunoelectrophoresis was used to determine the age of bloodstains. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns (IEP) of bloodstains ranging from 15 days to one year old were obtained by the use of high titer anti-whole human serum. The IEPs revealed gradual disappearance of beta-globulins and gamma-globulin with increase in the age of bloodstains. A comparative study of the IEP of normal human serum with those of the experimental bloodstains showed the absence of some of the corresponding proteins. The absence of a particular serum protein in the IEP of a given bloodstain will indicate the age of that bloodstain.", "contents": "Determination of the age of bloodstains using immunoelectrophoresis. The technique of immunoelectrophoresis was used to determine the age of bloodstains. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns (IEP) of bloodstains ranging from 15 days to one year old were obtained by the use of high titer anti-whole human serum. The IEPs revealed gradual disappearance of beta-globulins and gamma-globulin with increase in the age of bloodstains. A comparative study of the IEP of normal human serum with those of the experimental bloodstains showed the absence of some of the corresponding proteins. The absence of a particular serum protein in the IEP of a given bloodstain will indicate the age of that bloodstain."}
{"id": "PMID:263937", "title": "Occurrence of myocarditis in sudden death in children.", "content": "This study suggests that the prevalence of \"silent\" myocarditis may be higher in the pediatric population than is generally suspected and may contribute to a significant number of sudden and unexpected deaths in children, particularly those older than one year of age. The incidence of histologic myocarditis in children dying a violent death is similar to that reported as an incidental finding in adults.", "contents": "Occurrence of myocarditis in sudden death in children. This study suggests that the prevalence of \"silent\" myocarditis may be higher in the pediatric population than is generally suspected and may contribute to a significant number of sudden and unexpected deaths in children, particularly those older than one year of age. The incidence of histologic myocarditis in children dying a violent death is similar to that reported as an incidental finding in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:263938", "title": "Subjective responses and excretion patterns of dextroamphetamine after the administration of therapeutic doses.", "content": "Twelve male medical and graduate students received dextroamphetamine sulfate in doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg/70 kg body weight. The study was conducted in a double-blind manner, and treatments were assigned according to randomized, complete block design. The drug was given orally and subjects were instructed not to eat 3 1/2 h prior to administration. After administration, total urine output was collected for 12 h; no attempt was made to control urinary pH to more realistically approach the general clinical usage of amphetamines. The urine was pooled into two 6-h segments and analyzed for amphetamine concentration. Subjective impressions of the treatments were also evaluated by means of the Cornell Medical Index Questionnaire. Results showed that approximately 30% of the total dose was excreted unchanged within 12 h after administration. The amount excreted agreed very closely with the doses given and paralleled the scores for subjective impressions by the subjects. None of the subjects felt that their driving would be impaired for any of the doses administered. This study indicates that under ordinary conditions (in which pH is not artificially controlled), therapeutic doses of dextroamphetamine can be detected in urine for up to 12 h after oral administration.", "contents": "Subjective responses and excretion patterns of dextroamphetamine after the administration of therapeutic doses. Twelve male medical and graduate students received dextroamphetamine sulfate in doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg/70 kg body weight. The study was conducted in a double-blind manner, and treatments were assigned according to randomized, complete block design. The drug was given orally and subjects were instructed not to eat 3 1/2 h prior to administration. After administration, total urine output was collected for 12 h; no attempt was made to control urinary pH to more realistically approach the general clinical usage of amphetamines. The urine was pooled into two 6-h segments and analyzed for amphetamine concentration. Subjective impressions of the treatments were also evaluated by means of the Cornell Medical Index Questionnaire. Results showed that approximately 30% of the total dose was excreted unchanged within 12 h after administration. The amount excreted agreed very closely with the doses given and paralleled the scores for subjective impressions by the subjects. None of the subjects felt that their driving would be impaired for any of the doses administered. This study indicates that under ordinary conditions (in which pH is not artificially controlled), therapeutic doses of dextroamphetamine can be detected in urine for up to 12 h after oral administration."}
{"id": "PMID:263939", "title": "Metabolite sensitivity in the methaqualone radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Recent literature reflects the increased use of RIA as a qualitative and quantitative tool. This study exemplifies the problems that may arise when this technique is used for quantitation. Caution must be exercised, and a physiological and toxicological understanding of each particular drug is essential to provide credible results. It is evident that the sensitivity and ease of the RIA method for methaqualone makes it invaluable as a screening test, but confirmation and quantitation of this drug must remain with those methods that can quantitate each metabolite.", "contents": "Metabolite sensitivity in the methaqualone radioimmunoassay. Recent literature reflects the increased use of RIA as a qualitative and quantitative tool. This study exemplifies the problems that may arise when this technique is used for quantitation. Caution must be exercised, and a physiological and toxicological understanding of each particular drug is essential to provide credible results. It is evident that the sensitivity and ease of the RIA method for methaqualone makes it invaluable as a screening test, but confirmation and quantitation of this drug must remain with those methods that can quantitate each metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:263940", "title": "A five-year study of mortality in a busy ski population.", "content": "A 5-year study of a busy ski population in Utah revealed a total at-risk period of approximately 3.5 million skier-days. While the morbidity (fractures, strains, sprains, and occasionally more severe injuries) associated with skiing is well recognized and considered by most physicians concerned to be distributed somewhat unevenly within the various skills of skiing, the authors have identified an exceedingly low mortality among the same population. Six individuals died as a result of injuries directly attributable to skiing. Three of these were considered to be advanced skiers and three were of intermediate skill. In three instances the environment was considered to play a role in the accident. Two of these victims were skiing out of control, one as a result of ice-covered snow and one as a result of speed in combination with a small jump. The third victim was crushed in an avalanche. One accident was completely unexplained, the skier having skied without apparent attempt at checking or change of course into a nonrecreational area. The two remaining skiers of intermediate skill both suffered injuries incident to falling forward with considerable force onto a relatively flat, hard snow surface. Notwithstanding the intense and sometimes prolonged exertion at relatively high altitudes (9,400 to 11,000 ft or 2.9 to 3.3 km), only one skier with a previous history of atherosclerotic heart disease died while skiing. One additional middle-aged skier with similar history died at the conclusion of the day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "A five-year study of mortality in a busy ski population. A 5-year study of a busy ski population in Utah revealed a total at-risk period of approximately 3.5 million skier-days. While the morbidity (fractures, strains, sprains, and occasionally more severe injuries) associated with skiing is well recognized and considered by most physicians concerned to be distributed somewhat unevenly within the various skills of skiing, the authors have identified an exceedingly low mortality among the same population. Six individuals died as a result of injuries directly attributable to skiing. Three of these were considered to be advanced skiers and three were of intermediate skill. In three instances the environment was considered to play a role in the accident. Two of these victims were skiing out of control, one as a result of ice-covered snow and one as a result of speed in combination with a small jump. The third victim was crushed in an avalanche. One accident was completely unexplained, the skier having skied without apparent attempt at checking or change of course into a nonrecreational area. The two remaining skiers of intermediate skill both suffered injuries incident to falling forward with considerable force onto a relatively flat, hard snow surface. Notwithstanding the intense and sometimes prolonged exertion at relatively high altitudes (9,400 to 11,000 ft or 2.9 to 3.3 km), only one skier with a previous history of atherosclerotic heart disease died while skiing. One additional middle-aged skier with similar history died at the conclusion of the day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:263941", "title": "Rehabilitation of delinquents: the tale of an experience.", "content": "Nineteen mentally retarded men with a history of violent behavior were transferred to a civilian institution as a result of a court decision. The problems encountered in the day-to-day management of the unit specially created for their care as well as the behavior changes observed in the group are described and their implications discussed.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of delinquents: the tale of an experience. Nineteen mentally retarded men with a history of violent behavior were transferred to a civilian institution as a result of a court decision. The problems encountered in the day-to-day management of the unit specially created for their care as well as the behavior changes observed in the group are described and their implications discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263942", "title": "Toxic or tolerant: chloral and the drug dilemma.", "content": "The role that a drug or combination of drugs plays in the causation of death cannot always be stated with certainty. Drugs associated with the development of tolerance create a particular problem, and there is need for additional data concerning tolerable concentrations achieved by drug abusers. The common drug chloral hydrate falls into this category, and a case of possible chloral hydrate intoxication has been presented.", "contents": "Toxic or tolerant: chloral and the drug dilemma. The role that a drug or combination of drugs plays in the causation of death cannot always be stated with certainty. Drugs associated with the development of tolerance create a particular problem, and there is need for additional data concerning tolerable concentrations achieved by drug abusers. The common drug chloral hydrate falls into this category, and a case of possible chloral hydrate intoxication has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:263943", "title": "The pathology of self-mutilation and destructive acts: a forensic study and review.", "content": "Self-destructive behavior of man and its consequences may be presented in various forms, including self-mutilation, injury, and malingering, and with various manifestations, including the Munchausen syndrome, polysurgery, purposeful accidents, impotence, and frigidity. The general subject of focal suicide has been a relatively unknown and unrecognized entity for different reasons, including the fact that most physicians are trained to approach a case in a manner which treats the patient-physician relationship as one of honor and faith regarding the authenticity of the complaints of the patient. The maturity of years and experience may be required before the physician becomes aware of the motivation of patients' behavior. It is hoped that this article will provide new insight into areas which may be unfamiliar to the forensic practitioner and clinician but which might enable them to learn about the background of an unexpected death or the possibilities of motivation in civil suits alleging professional negligence or malpractice.", "contents": "The pathology of self-mutilation and destructive acts: a forensic study and review. Self-destructive behavior of man and its consequences may be presented in various forms, including self-mutilation, injury, and malingering, and with various manifestations, including the Munchausen syndrome, polysurgery, purposeful accidents, impotence, and frigidity. The general subject of focal suicide has been a relatively unknown and unrecognized entity for different reasons, including the fact that most physicians are trained to approach a case in a manner which treats the patient-physician relationship as one of honor and faith regarding the authenticity of the complaints of the patient. The maturity of years and experience may be required before the physician becomes aware of the motivation of patients' behavior. It is hoped that this article will provide new insight into areas which may be unfamiliar to the forensic practitioner and clinician but which might enable them to learn about the background of an unexpected death or the possibilities of motivation in civil suits alleging professional negligence or malpractice."}
{"id": "PMID:263944", "title": "The use and abuse of the rape treatment center.", "content": "The author acknowledges the fact that the new system of managing alleged rape victims via the RTC is superior to the former method. The RTC has performed very well, giving aid and succor to rape victims. However, it appears that the unit has attracted some individuals who are not completely truthful and have given fraudulent accounts to investigators. Methods have been suggested to screen out these persons.", "contents": "The use and abuse of the rape treatment center. The author acknowledges the fact that the new system of managing alleged rape victims via the RTC is superior to the former method. The RTC has performed very well, giving aid and succor to rape victims. However, it appears that the unit has attracted some individuals who are not completely truthful and have given fraudulent accounts to investigators. Methods have been suggested to screen out these persons."}
{"id": "PMID:263946", "title": "Electron impact mass spectrometric detection of Freon in biological specimens.", "content": "Freons from an aerosol spray can were detected in the blood, liver, brain, and lung of a 14-year-old girl who died after intentional inhalation. A headspace mass spectrometric analytical technique was employed to detect the fluorocarbons. The spectra from the specimens showed the presence of m/e peaks at 101, 103, and 105 from the ion (CFCL2)+ which arises from fragmentation of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12), and peaks at 85 and 87 from the ion (CF2Cl)+ which arises from fragmentation of dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12). The technique presented here provides greater specificity than previously reported analytical procedures for the identification of these volatile toxic chemical compounds in biological specimens.", "contents": "Electron impact mass spectrometric detection of Freon in biological specimens. Freons from an aerosol spray can were detected in the blood, liver, brain, and lung of a 14-year-old girl who died after intentional inhalation. A headspace mass spectrometric analytical technique was employed to detect the fluorocarbons. The spectra from the specimens showed the presence of m/e peaks at 101, 103, and 105 from the ion (CFCL2)+ which arises from fragmentation of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12), and peaks at 85 and 87 from the ion (CF2Cl)+ which arises from fragmentation of dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12). The technique presented here provides greater specificity than previously reported analytical procedures for the identification of these volatile toxic chemical compounds in biological specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:263947", "title": "Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine in urine by gas chromatography with on-column alkylation.", "content": "A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine in urine specimens. The two drugs are extracted by isopropanol/chloroform from urine samples saturated with a bisalt buffer. The organic extract is evaporated to dryness, and an aliquot of the residue is injected onto the gas chromatograph to determine the presence of cocaine and the location of any extraneous peaks. Benzoyl ecgonine is then analyzed as its particular alkyl ester subject to the least interference from extraneous peaks as observed in an initial underivatized injection. The reconstituted residue is co-injected with the appropriate dimethylformamide dialkyl acetal for on-column alkylation. The use of two columns or more than one benzoyl ecgonine alkyl ester gives positive identification, and the use of isopropyl benzoyl ecgonine as an internal standard allows accurate quantification.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine in urine by gas chromatography with on-column alkylation. A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoyl ecgonine in urine specimens. The two drugs are extracted by isopropanol/chloroform from urine samples saturated with a bisalt buffer. The organic extract is evaporated to dryness, and an aliquot of the residue is injected onto the gas chromatograph to determine the presence of cocaine and the location of any extraneous peaks. Benzoyl ecgonine is then analyzed as its particular alkyl ester subject to the least interference from extraneous peaks as observed in an initial underivatized injection. The reconstituted residue is co-injected with the appropriate dimethylformamide dialkyl acetal for on-column alkylation. The use of two columns or more than one benzoyl ecgonine alkyl ester gives positive identification, and the use of isopropyl benzoyl ecgonine as an internal standard allows accurate quantification."}
{"id": "PMID:263948", "title": "The spatial distribution of zinc and cobalt in single human head hairs.", "content": "The concentration patterns of indigenous zinc and of zinc and cobalt absorbed from radiotracer solutions have been measured via flameless AA and radioactivity assay, respectively, in individual human head hairs. Patterns for indigenous zinc were found to be relatively flat and featureless. Patterns for absorbed zinc (like those for indigenous and absorbed copper in the same subjects) showed increasing concentrations with increasing distance from the root, plus zones of locally increased concentrations at positions different from those for zones of increased copper concentrations. In bleached hair, indigenous zinc concentrations were decreased, and absorbed zinc and cobalt concentrations were increased compared to values in normal hair. The data for absorbed zinc and cobalt were interpreted in terms of a variable concentration of metal-binding sites in the hair structure, coupled with an increased porosity induced by hair bleaching. The flat patterns for the indigenous zinc content were interpreted as indicating the importance of dietary zinc and incorporation via the follicle, and the unimportance of external contamination as the source of this zinc. The forensic implications of the data have been discussed.", "contents": "The spatial distribution of zinc and cobalt in single human head hairs. The concentration patterns of indigenous zinc and of zinc and cobalt absorbed from radiotracer solutions have been measured via flameless AA and radioactivity assay, respectively, in individual human head hairs. Patterns for indigenous zinc were found to be relatively flat and featureless. Patterns for absorbed zinc (like those for indigenous and absorbed copper in the same subjects) showed increasing concentrations with increasing distance from the root, plus zones of locally increased concentrations at positions different from those for zones of increased copper concentrations. In bleached hair, indigenous zinc concentrations were decreased, and absorbed zinc and cobalt concentrations were increased compared to values in normal hair. The data for absorbed zinc and cobalt were interpreted in terms of a variable concentration of metal-binding sites in the hair structure, coupled with an increased porosity induced by hair bleaching. The flat patterns for the indigenous zinc content were interpreted as indicating the importance of dietary zinc and incorporation via the follicle, and the unimportance of external contamination as the source of this zinc. The forensic implications of the data have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263949", "title": "The absorption of arsenic into single human head hairs.", "content": "Single head hairs from several subjects have been soaked in arsenic radiotracer solution and the arsenic absorbed on 2-mm hair segments has been determined by radioactivity assay. The absorption patterns were characterized for some subjects by regions of high uptake where (in other hairs from the same subject) regions of low uptake of copper and zinc were found, and vice versa. These data have been interpreted in terms of varying densities of binding sites in the hair structure, with specific chemical character. Arsenic absorption patterns for other subjects were highly structured, showing zones of very high and very low absorption. The dangers of interpreting similar patterns for the indigenous arsenic content of hair in terms of the dates on which elevated arsenic ingestion took place have been discussed.", "contents": "The absorption of arsenic into single human head hairs. Single head hairs from several subjects have been soaked in arsenic radiotracer solution and the arsenic absorbed on 2-mm hair segments has been determined by radioactivity assay. The absorption patterns were characterized for some subjects by regions of high uptake where (in other hairs from the same subject) regions of low uptake of copper and zinc were found, and vice versa. These data have been interpreted in terms of varying densities of binding sites in the hair structure, with specific chemical character. Arsenic absorption patterns for other subjects were highly structured, showing zones of very high and very low absorption. The dangers of interpreting similar patterns for the indigenous arsenic content of hair in terms of the dates on which elevated arsenic ingestion took place have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:263950", "title": "Forensic aspects of trace element variation in the hair of isolated Amazonas Indian tribes.", "content": "Thermal neutron activation analysis and instrumental gamma-ray spectrometry were used to analyze the elemental constituents in the head hair from sedentary Indian populations in the Venezuelan Amazonas region. Concentration values for 30 elements were determined quantitatively, and the presence of 7 others was detected qualitatively. The remoteness of the area and the primitive ecological conditions of the local population prevents the exposure of their biological systems to industrial and agricultural contamination, either external or metabolic. These conditions are reflected in a marked decrease of the concentration ranges of the trace elements, and a significant reduction or even the total absence of some components. The results demonstrate that closed groups of individuals exposed to similar dietary and environmental conditions exhibit closely similar trace element patterns in their hair and, consequently, in other biological tissue. This fact severely limits the use of trace element patterns in hair for forensic comparisons. The results also indicate that a large part of the constituents found in hair is probably deposited externally from ambient contamination and that any metabolic deposition occurs much more uniformly and probably in lower concentrations. Tables of analytical results in parts per million are presented, together with representative gamma-ray spectra of the hair. Comparison with earlier data in the literature is also shown.", "contents": "Forensic aspects of trace element variation in the hair of isolated Amazonas Indian tribes. Thermal neutron activation analysis and instrumental gamma-ray spectrometry were used to analyze the elemental constituents in the head hair from sedentary Indian populations in the Venezuelan Amazonas region. Concentration values for 30 elements were determined quantitatively, and the presence of 7 others was detected qualitatively. The remoteness of the area and the primitive ecological conditions of the local population prevents the exposure of their biological systems to industrial and agricultural contamination, either external or metabolic. These conditions are reflected in a marked decrease of the concentration ranges of the trace elements, and a significant reduction or even the total absence of some components. The results demonstrate that closed groups of individuals exposed to similar dietary and environmental conditions exhibit closely similar trace element patterns in their hair and, consequently, in other biological tissue. This fact severely limits the use of trace element patterns in hair for forensic comparisons. The results also indicate that a large part of the constituents found in hair is probably deposited externally from ambient contamination and that any metabolic deposition occurs much more uniformly and probably in lower concentrations. Tables of analytical results in parts per million are presented, together with representative gamma-ray spectra of the hair. Comparison with earlier data in the literature is also shown."}
{"id": "PMID:263952", "title": "Effect of hemoperfusion with coated and uncoated charcoal on human blood in vitro.", "content": "During 4 hours, in-vitro hemoperfusion of human blood was performed in 4 series of experiments: control, cellulose coated charcoal, polyacrylohydrogel coated charcoal and uncoated charcoal. In the control series little change on corpuscular elements and electrolytes was observed. In all hemoperfusion series there was little change of RBC and uniformly a marked fall of the granulocyte count. Platelet- and lymphocyte counts were significantly less affected by cellulose coated charcoal than by the other preparations. Coated and uncoated charcoal absorbed avidly calcium and glucose from the blood. By contrast the potassium level decreased moderately with polyacrylohydrogel coated and uncoated charcoal, whereas the opposite was observed with cellulose coated charcoal.", "contents": "Effect of hemoperfusion with coated and uncoated charcoal on human blood in vitro. During 4 hours, in-vitro hemoperfusion of human blood was performed in 4 series of experiments: control, cellulose coated charcoal, polyacrylohydrogel coated charcoal and uncoated charcoal. In the control series little change on corpuscular elements and electrolytes was observed. In all hemoperfusion series there was little change of RBC and uniformly a marked fall of the granulocyte count. Platelet- and lymphocyte counts were significantly less affected by cellulose coated charcoal than by the other preparations. Coated and uncoated charcoal absorbed avidly calcium and glucose from the blood. By contrast the potassium level decreased moderately with polyacrylohydrogel coated and uncoated charcoal, whereas the opposite was observed with cellulose coated charcoal."}
{"id": "PMID:263953", "title": "Evaluation of the Gambro Lundia Major 1.36 m2 disposable parallel plate dialyzer.", "content": "The Gambro Lundia Major 1.36 m2 dialyzer was assessed in vivo in ten hemodialysis patients. Urea and creatinine clearances (measured as whole blood values at 60 minutes with a blood flow rate of 200 ml/minute) were 166 +/- 8 m/minute (mean +/- standard error of the mean, n = 9) and 115 +/- 4 ml/minute (n = 11). The creatinine clearance is 15% lower than in vitro data. There was a marked decrease in urea and creatinine clearance with third use of the dialyzer. The ultrafiltration rate was 490 ml/hour/100 mmHg. The priming volume was 125 ml (at a transmembrane pressure of 100 mmHg) and residual blood volume in the dialyzer was 0.57 +/- 0.11 ml (n = 5). The handling, storage and ease of disposal of the dialyzer is better than previous models and its performance characteristics are clinically acceptable.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Gambro Lundia Major 1.36 m2 disposable parallel plate dialyzer. The Gambro Lundia Major 1.36 m2 dialyzer was assessed in vivo in ten hemodialysis patients. Urea and creatinine clearances (measured as whole blood values at 60 minutes with a blood flow rate of 200 ml/minute) were 166 +/- 8 m/minute (mean +/- standard error of the mean, n = 9) and 115 +/- 4 ml/minute (n = 11). The creatinine clearance is 15% lower than in vitro data. There was a marked decrease in urea and creatinine clearance with third use of the dialyzer. The ultrafiltration rate was 490 ml/hour/100 mmHg. The priming volume was 125 ml (at a transmembrane pressure of 100 mmHg) and residual blood volume in the dialyzer was 0.57 +/- 0.11 ml (n = 5). The handling, storage and ease of disposal of the dialyzer is better than previous models and its performance characteristics are clinically acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:263954", "title": "Treatment of dialysis elbow by simple aspiration.", "content": "Olecranon bursitis with effusion in four maintenance hemodialysis patients was successfully treated with simple aspiration.", "contents": "Treatment of dialysis elbow by simple aspiration. Olecranon bursitis with effusion in four maintenance hemodialysis patients was successfully treated with simple aspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:263956", "title": "The treatment of severe drug intoxication with charcoal hemoperfusion in series with hemodialysis.", "content": "Two patients were treated for serious phenobarbital intoxication with charcoal perfusion and hemodialysis in series. Both patients experienced decreases in coma, but both of them bled after treatment. Phenobarbital levels were decreased to 50% with treatments, and there was not any significant difference of the clearance for the two devices.", "contents": "The treatment of severe drug intoxication with charcoal hemoperfusion in series with hemodialysis. Two patients were treated for serious phenobarbital intoxication with charcoal perfusion and hemodialysis in series. Both patients experienced decreases in coma, but both of them bled after treatment. Phenobarbital levels were decreased to 50% with treatments, and there was not any significant difference of the clearance for the two devices."}
{"id": "PMID:263957", "title": "Reassessment of fistula puncture site blood loss.", "content": "Fistula puncture site blood loss during and after hemodialysis was measured in 12 patients with end-stage renal disease. It was found to be 0.74 +/- 0.32 ml per dialysis and 115.4 +/- 49.9 ml per year in patients with Cimino A-V fistulas. Puncture site blood leak in patients with heterologous grafts was 1.77 +/- 0.36 ml per dialysis and 276.1 +/- 56.1 ml per year. The values obtained in this study are 5 to 10 folds less than those found in the original reports. Recent advances in dialytic technology are probably responsible for the observed improvement. The results also suggest that Cimino A-V fistulas are superior to the heterologous graft.", "contents": "Reassessment of fistula puncture site blood loss. Fistula puncture site blood loss during and after hemodialysis was measured in 12 patients with end-stage renal disease. It was found to be 0.74 +/- 0.32 ml per dialysis and 115.4 +/- 49.9 ml per year in patients with Cimino A-V fistulas. Puncture site blood leak in patients with heterologous grafts was 1.77 +/- 0.36 ml per dialysis and 276.1 +/- 56.1 ml per year. The values obtained in this study are 5 to 10 folds less than those found in the original reports. Recent advances in dialytic technology are probably responsible for the observed improvement. The results also suggest that Cimino A-V fistulas are superior to the heterologous graft."}
{"id": "PMID:263958", "title": "Use of microanalytic laboratory methods to reduce blood loss in dialysis patients.", "content": "Annual blood losses from diagnostic tests were determined in 10 stable hemodialysis patients and were found to be 1130 +/- 420 ml per patient. The projected losses if microanalytic laboratory methods are utilized were 122 +/- 34 ml per year, representing a remarkable saving of blood (90 percent) in these anemic patients. We, therefore, recommend that microanalytic laboratory methods which have been reliably used in pediatric services for years be adopted by dialysis facilities.", "contents": "Use of microanalytic laboratory methods to reduce blood loss in dialysis patients. Annual blood losses from diagnostic tests were determined in 10 stable hemodialysis patients and were found to be 1130 +/- 420 ml per patient. The projected losses if microanalytic laboratory methods are utilized were 122 +/- 34 ml per year, representing a remarkable saving of blood (90 percent) in these anemic patients. We, therefore, recommend that microanalytic laboratory methods which have been reliably used in pediatric services for years be adopted by dialysis facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:263959", "title": "The binding of theophylline to serum proteins of hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The binding of theophylline to serum proteins was studied by 18 hour equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C in serum from 10 chronic dialysis patients and 6 healthy subjects. The healthy subjects had a mean (+/- S.D.) unbound fraction of 54 +/- 5% while the dialysis patients had 63 +/- 5% unbound (p less than 0.02). For dialysis patients to achieve the same theophylline concentration in plasma water that metabolically normal asthmatics achieve at the \"therapeutic\" serum theophylline levels of 10-20 micrograms/ml, their total serum theophylline levels should be 8.6-17.3 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "The binding of theophylline to serum proteins of hemodialysis patients. The binding of theophylline to serum proteins was studied by 18 hour equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C in serum from 10 chronic dialysis patients and 6 healthy subjects. The healthy subjects had a mean (+/- S.D.) unbound fraction of 54 +/- 5% while the dialysis patients had 63 +/- 5% unbound (p less than 0.02). For dialysis patients to achieve the same theophylline concentration in plasma water that metabolically normal asthmatics achieve at the \"therapeutic\" serum theophylline levels of 10-20 micrograms/ml, their total serum theophylline levels should be 8.6-17.3 micrograms/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:263960", "title": "Evaluation of new membranes for hemodialysis: preliminary studies with a polycarbonate membrane.", "content": "A synthetic polycarbonate (PC) membrane supplied by C.R. Bard Inc. was assessed as to its clinical usefulness and suitability to regular use with artificial kidney. The permeability of the PC membrane to 11 solutes of increasing molecular volumes (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-, HPO4-, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, BSP, cyanocobalamine) was measured in vitro by rotating dialysis cells, as compared to that of Cuprophan PT 150. The evaluation of the PC membrane in vivo was carried out during a regular hemodialytic treatment in 5 patients using a Kiil dialyzer. The dialysance of 6 solutes (HPO4-, urea, creatinine, uric acid, hypaque, cyanocobalamine) across the PC membrane was measured at 200 ml/min blood flow rate. Both in vitro and in vivo the PC membrane showed permeability and dialysance coefficients to small molecules approximately the same than standard PT 150; the ultrafiltration rate of the PC membrane was also superimposable to that of PT 150. On the contrary, larger molecules were removed much more efficiently by the polycarbonate membrane than by PT 150. These data suggest that the membrane evaluated in this study possesses some peculiar features which could possibly result in an improvement of the quality of regular hemodialysis.", "contents": "Evaluation of new membranes for hemodialysis: preliminary studies with a polycarbonate membrane. A synthetic polycarbonate (PC) membrane supplied by C.R. Bard Inc. was assessed as to its clinical usefulness and suitability to regular use with artificial kidney. The permeability of the PC membrane to 11 solutes of increasing molecular volumes (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-, HPO4-, urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, BSP, cyanocobalamine) was measured in vitro by rotating dialysis cells, as compared to that of Cuprophan PT 150. The evaluation of the PC membrane in vivo was carried out during a regular hemodialytic treatment in 5 patients using a Kiil dialyzer. The dialysance of 6 solutes (HPO4-, urea, creatinine, uric acid, hypaque, cyanocobalamine) across the PC membrane was measured at 200 ml/min blood flow rate. Both in vitro and in vivo the PC membrane showed permeability and dialysance coefficients to small molecules approximately the same than standard PT 150; the ultrafiltration rate of the PC membrane was also superimposable to that of PT 150. On the contrary, larger molecules were removed much more efficiently by the polycarbonate membrane than by PT 150. These data suggest that the membrane evaluated in this study possesses some peculiar features which could possibly result in an improvement of the quality of regular hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:263962", "title": "The concept of \"classical\" psychoanalysis.", "content": "In this essay, the term classical psychoanalysis is discussed historically and conceptually. What characterizes classical analysis and distinguishes it from current innovative trends in the practice of psychoanalysis is reviewed from a comparative standpoint. The impact of the widened scope of conditions the psychoanalyst currently includes in his therapeutic work is considered, with special attention to the distinction between psychoanalysis per se in the classical sense and psychoanalytic psychotherapy.", "contents": "The concept of \"classical\" psychoanalysis. In this essay, the term classical psychoanalysis is discussed historically and conceptually. What characterizes classical analysis and distinguishes it from current innovative trends in the practice of psychoanalysis is reviewed from a comparative standpoint. The impact of the widened scope of conditions the psychoanalyst currently includes in his therapeutic work is considered, with special attention to the distinction between psychoanalysis per se in the classical sense and psychoanalytic psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263963", "title": "Working alliance, therapeutic alliance, and transference.", "content": "Examination of the clinical evidence offered by proponents for the concepts of therapeutic and working alliance leads the author to conclude that neither concept is justifiable. Both refer to aspects of the transference that neither deserve a special name nor require special treatment. The related topic of frustration/gratification as necessarily inherent in the analytic situation is also considered.", "contents": "Working alliance, therapeutic alliance, and transference. Examination of the clinical evidence offered by proponents for the concepts of therapeutic and working alliance leads the author to conclude that neither concept is justifiable. Both refer to aspects of the transference that neither deserve a special name nor require special treatment. The related topic of frustration/gratification as necessarily inherent in the analytic situation is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:263964", "title": "The concept of therapeutic alliance: implications for the \"widening scope\".", "content": "As a result of studies in ego and developmental psychology, psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, empathy, countertransference, and object relations, the sphere of interest in psychoanalysis has been extended beyond the patient's intrapsychic life to embrace all aspects of the therapeutic relationship. A significant contribution to this trend has been a study of the collaborative aspects of the analytic relationship as exemplified in the concepts of therapeutic alliance and working alliance. A historical survey of writings on this subject serves as a background for a critical examination of the theoretical and clinical implications of these concepts. These studies have provided a useful conceptual basis for the understanding of many \"given\" aspects of the analytic relationship, delineating those personality attributes which make collaboration in the analytic work possible. This in turn has been helpful in making appropriate applications of psychoanalytic principles in the therapy of a broader range of clinical conditions. It is suggested that, along with the gains achieved by making explicit the rational and irrational elements of the collaborative aspects of analysis, there is also the danger of a shift of focus away from the nuclear analytic concepts of unconscious intrapsychic conflict, free association, and interpretation of transference and resistance. This danger lies especially in the tendency to see the therapeutic alliance as an end in itself--to provide a new and corrective object relationship--rather than a means to the end of analyzing resistance and transference.", "contents": "The concept of therapeutic alliance: implications for the \"widening scope\". As a result of studies in ego and developmental psychology, psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, empathy, countertransference, and object relations, the sphere of interest in psychoanalysis has been extended beyond the patient's intrapsychic life to embrace all aspects of the therapeutic relationship. A significant contribution to this trend has been a study of the collaborative aspects of the analytic relationship as exemplified in the concepts of therapeutic alliance and working alliance. A historical survey of writings on this subject serves as a background for a critical examination of the theoretical and clinical implications of these concepts. These studies have provided a useful conceptual basis for the understanding of many \"given\" aspects of the analytic relationship, delineating those personality attributes which make collaboration in the analytic work possible. This in turn has been helpful in making appropriate applications of psychoanalytic principles in the therapy of a broader range of clinical conditions. It is suggested that, along with the gains achieved by making explicit the rational and irrational elements of the collaborative aspects of analysis, there is also the danger of a shift of focus away from the nuclear analytic concepts of unconscious intrapsychic conflict, free association, and interpretation of transference and resistance. This danger lies especially in the tendency to see the therapeutic alliance as an end in itself--to provide a new and corrective object relationship--rather than a means to the end of analyzing resistance and transference."}
{"id": "PMID:263965", "title": "The genesis of interpretation.", "content": "Opinions regarding the significance of the analyst's response to his patient's productions differ. This response is only one of many steps by which the analyst understands his patient's productions. In this paper, I have suggested a rationale for the process of the origin of insight. There is a split in the analyst's functioning, corresponding to what takes place in the patient. Through a transitory identification with the patient--empathy--the process of intuition is facilitated. The analyst conceptualizes the clinical data outside of consciousness. The end product is the analyst's inner response, made conscious to him through introspection. The analyst's response is a form of inner communication. It has to be made consonant with the patient's material according to disciplined, cognitive criteria before being formulated into an interpretation.", "contents": "The genesis of interpretation. Opinions regarding the significance of the analyst's response to his patient's productions differ. This response is only one of many steps by which the analyst understands his patient's productions. In this paper, I have suggested a rationale for the process of the origin of insight. There is a split in the analyst's functioning, corresponding to what takes place in the patient. Through a transitory identification with the patient--empathy--the process of intuition is facilitated. The analyst conceptualizes the clinical data outside of consciousness. The end product is the analyst's inner response, made conscious to him through introspection. The analyst's response is a form of inner communication. It has to be made consonant with the patient's material according to disciplined, cognitive criteria before being formulated into an interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:263966", "title": "Some implications of object relations theory for psychoanalytic technique.", "content": "Whereas, traditionally, object relations theory--a refinement of structural theory that links structure more closely with genetic and dynamic aspects of mental functioning--has been applied mostly to the understanding and treatment of patients with severe regression in the transference, it also has application for technique in the standard psychoanalytic situation. This paper has focused on the object relations approach to the nature of conflicts to be interpreted in the transference; the varying relationships between transference, genetic history, and early development, revealed by an object relations focus; the technique used under conditions of regression in the communicative process in the transference; and the relation of empathy and regression in the transference. Two clinical cases are presented to illustrate the points made.", "contents": "Some implications of object relations theory for psychoanalytic technique. Whereas, traditionally, object relations theory--a refinement of structural theory that links structure more closely with genetic and dynamic aspects of mental functioning--has been applied mostly to the understanding and treatment of patients with severe regression in the transference, it also has application for technique in the standard psychoanalytic situation. This paper has focused on the object relations approach to the nature of conflicts to be interpreted in the transference; the varying relationships between transference, genetic history, and early development, revealed by an object relations focus; the technique used under conditions of regression in the communicative process in the transference; and the relation of empathy and regression in the transference. Two clinical cases are presented to illustrate the points made."}
{"id": "PMID:263967", "title": "The technical significance and application of Mahler's separation-individuation theory.", "content": "Greater knowledge and integration of developmental concepts and of the frame of reference of separation-individuation, add to the analyst's richer insights and to his more complete interpretations and reconstructions. Freud recognized the complexity of preoedipal development and the importance of the object and of object relations. Contemporary contributions have enabled us to proceed beyond the preoedipal conceptualizations of and since Freud, to better understand ego- and drive regression and evidence of fixations or ego distortions which may appear parallel to \"normal neurotic\" findings. I question whether we encounter different patients today and suggest that we understand our patients better, thus making our analytic assessments and practices so different from 50 years ago. Separation-individuation theory encompasses and organizes findings from many sources, research and clinical, and permits us to perceive and process material in a multifaceted way. It must affect the timing and content of interpretations and reconstruction, and has a profound influence upon the understanding of psychopathology as well as normal development.", "contents": "The technical significance and application of Mahler's separation-individuation theory. Greater knowledge and integration of developmental concepts and of the frame of reference of separation-individuation, add to the analyst's richer insights and to his more complete interpretations and reconstructions. Freud recognized the complexity of preoedipal development and the importance of the object and of object relations. Contemporary contributions have enabled us to proceed beyond the preoedipal conceptualizations of and since Freud, to better understand ego- and drive regression and evidence of fixations or ego distortions which may appear parallel to \"normal neurotic\" findings. I question whether we encounter different patients today and suggest that we understand our patients better, thus making our analytic assessments and practices so different from 50 years ago. Separation-individuation theory encompasses and organizes findings from many sources, research and clinical, and permits us to perceive and process material in a multifaceted way. It must affect the timing and content of interpretations and reconstruction, and has a profound influence upon the understanding of psychopathology as well as normal development."}
{"id": "PMID:263968", "title": "The analysis of the transference.", "content": "Let me summarize. I distinguish between two major different relationships between transference and resistance. One is resistance to awareness of the transference and the other is resistance to resolution of the transference. I argue that the bulk of the analytic work should take place in the transference in the here and now. I detailed Freud's view that the transference should be encouraged to expand within the analytic situation. I suggested that the main technique for doing so, in addition to the analytic setup itself, is the interpretation of resistance to the awareness of transference by searching for the allusions to the transference in the associations not manifestly about the transference; that in making such interpretations one is guided by the connection to the actual analytic situation which every transference includes; that the major work in resolving the transference takes place in the here and now, both by way of examining the relation between the transference and the actuality of the analytic situation from which it takes its point of departure and the new experience which the analysis of the transference inevitably includes; and that, while genetic transference interpretations play a role in resolving the transference, genetic material is likely to appear spontaneously and with relative ease after the resistances have been overcome in the transference in the here and now. Working through remains important, and it, too, takes place primarily in the transference in the here and now.", "contents": "The analysis of the transference. Let me summarize. I distinguish between two major different relationships between transference and resistance. One is resistance to awareness of the transference and the other is resistance to resolution of the transference. I argue that the bulk of the analytic work should take place in the transference in the here and now. I detailed Freud's view that the transference should be encouraged to expand within the analytic situation. I suggested that the main technique for doing so, in addition to the analytic setup itself, is the interpretation of resistance to the awareness of transference by searching for the allusions to the transference in the associations not manifestly about the transference; that in making such interpretations one is guided by the connection to the actual analytic situation which every transference includes; that the major work in resolving the transference takes place in the here and now, both by way of examining the relation between the transference and the actuality of the analytic situation from which it takes its point of departure and the new experience which the analysis of the transference inevitably includes; and that, while genetic transference interpretations play a role in resolving the transference, genetic material is likely to appear spontaneously and with relative ease after the resistances have been overcome in the transference in the here and now. Working through remains important, and it, too, takes place primarily in the transference in the here and now."}
{"id": "PMID:263969", "title": "Truth from genetic illusion: the transference and the fate of the infantile neurosis.", "content": "I have attempted to show that the relative decline of genetic interpretation and reconstruction in modern analysis is a result of historical and methodological problems built into an enduring and developmentally restricted model of the infantile neurosis which has descended more or less intact into our time, a model still parochialized to the phallic-oedipal period and its prototypic oedipal conflict. Mounting direct evidences from both longitudinal developmental studies and child analyses, as well as from the more indirect evidences inferred from the genetic reconstructions of adult analyses, all argue for a developmental reconsideration of infantile neurosis to include preoedipal determinants. I have also asked that we include a measure of postoedipal determinancy as well in any such reconsideration, insofar as latency is the developmental condition for the usual resolution of the infantile neurosis. It must be emphasized that to argue for preoedipal determinancy is to say that problems with early object relatedness and early narcissistic pathology deform the oedipal conflict and its phase-adequate resolution. It does not suggest that narcissistic conflict can replace an oedipal one as the organizing conflict of the infantile neurosis during the phallic-oedipal period. The continuing parochialization of the infantile neurosis to the phallic-oedipal period has been perpetuated in great part by a technical legacy which has tended to restrict reconstructions of the infantile neurosis to the more discursively recoverable libidinal events of that period, and to exclude its preoedipal and aggressive determinants which are more apt to be expressed through the nondiscursive modes of the transference through its acts and self states.", "contents": "Truth from genetic illusion: the transference and the fate of the infantile neurosis. I have attempted to show that the relative decline of genetic interpretation and reconstruction in modern analysis is a result of historical and methodological problems built into an enduring and developmentally restricted model of the infantile neurosis which has descended more or less intact into our time, a model still parochialized to the phallic-oedipal period and its prototypic oedipal conflict. Mounting direct evidences from both longitudinal developmental studies and child analyses, as well as from the more indirect evidences inferred from the genetic reconstructions of adult analyses, all argue for a developmental reconsideration of infantile neurosis to include preoedipal determinants. I have also asked that we include a measure of postoedipal determinancy as well in any such reconsideration, insofar as latency is the developmental condition for the usual resolution of the infantile neurosis. It must be emphasized that to argue for preoedipal determinancy is to say that problems with early object relatedness and early narcissistic pathology deform the oedipal conflict and its phase-adequate resolution. It does not suggest that narcissistic conflict can replace an oedipal one as the organizing conflict of the infantile neurosis during the phallic-oedipal period. The continuing parochialization of the infantile neurosis to the phallic-oedipal period has been perpetuated in great part by a technical legacy which has tended to restrict reconstructions of the infantile neurosis to the more discursively recoverable libidinal events of that period, and to exclude its preoedipal and aggressive determinants which are more apt to be expressed through the nondiscursive modes of the transference through its acts and self states."}
{"id": "PMID:263970", "title": "The role of insight in psychoanalysis.", "content": "I have described some of the vicissitudes of acquiring insight in both child and adult analysis, giving particular attention to the part played by the ego's synthetic, organizing, or integrating function.", "contents": "The role of insight in psychoanalysis. I have described some of the vicissitudes of acquiring insight in both child and adult analysis, giving particular attention to the part played by the ego's synthetic, organizing, or integrating function."}
{"id": "PMID:263972", "title": "Some additional remarks on problems of transference.", "content": "I have dwelt on the nature of the analytic relationship with patients suffering from narcissistic character pathology. I prefer the term narcissistic tie to narcissistic transference. The narcissistic patient lacks the resources necessary to establish a working alliance, and the analyst's principal task is to bring the patient to the point where he is capable of a sense of reality, of tolerating frustration, of taming rage, and of true object relatedness. I have also pointed to the particular tasks these patients set for the analyst in terms of countertransference reactions.", "contents": "Some additional remarks on problems of transference. I have dwelt on the nature of the analytic relationship with patients suffering from narcissistic character pathology. I prefer the term narcissistic tie to narcissistic transference. The narcissistic patient lacks the resources necessary to establish a working alliance, and the analyst's principal task is to bring the patient to the point where he is capable of a sense of reality, of tolerating frustration, of taming rage, and of true object relatedness. I have also pointed to the particular tasks these patients set for the analyst in terms of countertransference reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:263973", "title": "The curative and creative aspects of insight.", "content": "Insight is a sine qua non of the psychoanalytic process and is a condition, catalyst, and consequence of the psychoanalytic process. Analytic insight is defined and differentiated from other types of self-knowledge and awareness and from pseudo insight; there are different levels and underlying processes in the development of insight. The importance of insight is delineated in theory and therapy, in analyst and patient, and in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis aims to minimize noninsightful influences and to maximize insight leading to structural change. Psychoanalysis is not without a goal, but has the inexorable goal of expanded insight. Clinical limitations to gaining and retaining insight are recognized. Stress is placed on the acquisition and creation of insight and its relation to ego development, analytic progress, and adaptive mastery. Insight and creativity are complementary, and insight has creative and novel configurations. Although it is organized and consolidated in conscious verbalization, insight may proceed outside awareness. An unnoticed case of Freud's provides an example of creative insight. The achievement of insight effects and reflects structural change. Clinical psychoanalysis maximizes insight and minimizes other therapeutic influences.", "contents": "The curative and creative aspects of insight. Insight is a sine qua non of the psychoanalytic process and is a condition, catalyst, and consequence of the psychoanalytic process. Analytic insight is defined and differentiated from other types of self-knowledge and awareness and from pseudo insight; there are different levels and underlying processes in the development of insight. The importance of insight is delineated in theory and therapy, in analyst and patient, and in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis aims to minimize noninsightful influences and to maximize insight leading to structural change. Psychoanalysis is not without a goal, but has the inexorable goal of expanded insight. Clinical limitations to gaining and retaining insight are recognized. Stress is placed on the acquisition and creation of insight and its relation to ego development, analytic progress, and adaptive mastery. Insight and creativity are complementary, and insight has creative and novel configurations. Although it is organized and consolidated in conscious verbalization, insight may proceed outside awareness. An unnoticed case of Freud's provides an example of creative insight. The achievement of insight effects and reflects structural change. Clinical psychoanalysis maximizes insight and minimizes other therapeutic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:263974", "title": "Comments on the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis.", "content": "Together with some of the problems inherent in psychoanalysis as a therapy, I have described what the various schools of psychoanalysis hold in common--the basic assumptions, if you will, underlying any properly conducted psychoanalysis.", "contents": "Comments on the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis. Together with some of the problems inherent in psychoanalysis as a therapy, I have described what the various schools of psychoanalysis hold in common--the basic assumptions, if you will, underlying any properly conducted psychoanalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:263975", "title": "Contemporary issues in the theory of therapy.", "content": "I have drawn comparisons of psychoanalysis as a process and as a treatment between 1954 and 1979. I have selected for discussion controversies centering on the subjects of transference versus reconstruction, oedipal versus preoedipal, and the cognitive-affective duality. Also considered were the quantitative factors in the negative therapeutic reaction, the fate of signal anxiety, and the role of the patient in the process of cure.", "contents": "Contemporary issues in the theory of therapy. I have drawn comparisons of psychoanalysis as a process and as a treatment between 1954 and 1979. I have selected for discussion controversies centering on the subjects of transference versus reconstruction, oedipal versus preoedipal, and the cognitive-affective duality. Also considered were the quantitative factors in the negative therapeutic reaction, the fate of signal anxiety, and the role of the patient in the process of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:263976", "title": "The role of insight in child analysis: a developmental viewpoint.", "content": "I have traced a developmental line for the capacity for insight. The conclusions reached are based on psychoanalytic material gathered from treatment cases at the Hampstead Clinic over the past 25 years. I have elaborated on the relevance these conclusions have to techniques employed in the analysis of children.", "contents": "The role of insight in child analysis: a developmental viewpoint. I have traced a developmental line for the capacity for insight. The conclusions reached are based on psychoanalytic material gathered from treatment cases at the Hampstead Clinic over the past 25 years. I have elaborated on the relevance these conclusions have to techniques employed in the analysis of children."}
{"id": "PMID:263977", "title": "Peripheral nerve responses during ischemia in the evaluation of diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "The stability of sensory conduction and evoked potentials during ischemia has been used in the evaluation of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic control (Hgb A1C). Six newly diagnosed juvenile diabetics were studied at diagnosis and 3 to 12 months later. In three patients in good control, ischemic \"resistance\" became normal. In three patients in poor control, resistance remained increased; two of these three experienced a 10%-20% slowing in conduction velocity. Similar relationships between control and ischemic resistance are found in long-term diabetics. These data suggest that abnormal ischemic resistance may herald the onset of an electrical and clinical neuropathic state.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve responses during ischemia in the evaluation of diabetic neuropathy. The stability of sensory conduction and evoked potentials during ischemia has been used in the evaluation of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic control (Hgb A1C). Six newly diagnosed juvenile diabetics were studied at diagnosis and 3 to 12 months later. In three patients in good control, ischemic \"resistance\" became normal. In three patients in poor control, resistance remained increased; two of these three experienced a 10%-20% slowing in conduction velocity. Similar relationships between control and ischemic resistance are found in long-term diabetics. These data suggest that abnormal ischemic resistance may herald the onset of an electrical and clinical neuropathic state."}
{"id": "PMID:263979", "title": "Preservation of bulk and strength in muscles affected by neurogenic lesions.", "content": "Mechanisms involved in maintaining bulk and strength in partially denervated muscles of patients with neurogenic lesions are discussed. Estimation of muscle fiber hypertrophy by electrophysiological examination is possible, but it depends on the construction of sampling electrodes with precise geometry. The arrangement of muscle fibers of motor units within the muscle is discussed by analogy with the four-color map problem. An experiment to measure the twitch tensions of individual motor units in man is devised; it requires the use of microprocessor control of the stimulus and recurrent measurements of the twitch forces.", "contents": "Preservation of bulk and strength in muscles affected by neurogenic lesions. Mechanisms involved in maintaining bulk and strength in partially denervated muscles of patients with neurogenic lesions are discussed. Estimation of muscle fiber hypertrophy by electrophysiological examination is possible, but it depends on the construction of sampling electrodes with precise geometry. The arrangement of muscle fibers of motor units within the muscle is discussed by analogy with the four-color map problem. An experiment to measure the twitch tensions of individual motor units in man is devised; it requires the use of microprocessor control of the stimulus and recurrent measurements of the twitch forces."}
{"id": "PMID:263978", "title": "Early electrophysiologic changes in conduction block.", "content": "Fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves were recorded in the paralyzed muscles of 31 patients with a conduction block of more than 14 days' duration. In 75% of the muscles, these effects were attributed to axonal damage in addition to the local demyelinating block, this conclusion being based on changes in the properties of the motor unit found electromyographically when recovery had taken place. In the remaining 25% of the muscles, the denervation-like activity was thought to be an effect of the local demyelinating block alone. The delay of the sensory action potential recorded above the presumed site of nerve compression most likely arises from a block of the largest myelinated nerve fibers. This assumption is based on the fact that the amplitudes of the fastest- and the slower-conducted components in the patients differed little from corresponding components in the normal nerve.", "contents": "Early electrophysiologic changes in conduction block. Fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves were recorded in the paralyzed muscles of 31 patients with a conduction block of more than 14 days' duration. In 75% of the muscles, these effects were attributed to axonal damage in addition to the local demyelinating block, this conclusion being based on changes in the properties of the motor unit found electromyographically when recovery had taken place. In the remaining 25% of the muscles, the denervation-like activity was thought to be an effect of the local demyelinating block alone. The delay of the sensory action potential recorded above the presumed site of nerve compression most likely arises from a block of the largest myelinated nerve fibers. This assumption is based on the fact that the amplitudes of the fastest- and the slower-conducted components in the patients differed little from corresponding components in the normal nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:263981", "title": "Impaired regulation of the firing pattern of single motor units.", "content": "The firing pattern of single motor units from the anterior tibial muscle was studied during constant isometric contraction. Recordings were made with bipolar, fine-wire electrodes from 4 normal subjects and from 10 patients with spasticity. A microcomputer was used to classify the motor unit potentials automatically and to measure the interspike intervals. The patients had reduced firing frequencies and reduced variability between neighbor intervals. Seven patients with spasticity due to supraspinal lesions had positive correlation between neighbor intervals.", "contents": "Impaired regulation of the firing pattern of single motor units. The firing pattern of single motor units from the anterior tibial muscle was studied during constant isometric contraction. Recordings were made with bipolar, fine-wire electrodes from 4 normal subjects and from 10 patients with spasticity. A microcomputer was used to classify the motor unit potentials automatically and to measure the interspike intervals. The patients had reduced firing frequencies and reduced variability between neighbor intervals. Seven patients with spasticity due to supraspinal lesions had positive correlation between neighbor intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:263980", "title": "Myopathies with abnormal mitochondria: a clinicopathologic classification.", "content": "Of 185 patients with myopathy, 22 showed abnormal muscle mitochondria. In 12 of the 22 patients, all of whom had ocular myopathy or the ophthalmoplegia-plus syndrome, muscle biopsies contained 5%-25% \"ragged red\" fibers. In 4 patients with a facioscapulohumeral distribution of weakness, ragged red fibers were less numerous (3%-8%). In both groups, routine histology showed almost normal muscle. The remaining 6 patients were clinically heterogeneous, all without ptosis or ophthalmoplegia. The biopsies of three of these patients showed severely affected muscle. It is possible that mitochondrial changes in these muscles were nonspecific. Electromyography indicated or suggested a myogenic lesion in 21 of the 22 patients; in 10, the serum creatine kinase was increased.", "contents": "Myopathies with abnormal mitochondria: a clinicopathologic classification. Of 185 patients with myopathy, 22 showed abnormal muscle mitochondria. In 12 of the 22 patients, all of whom had ocular myopathy or the ophthalmoplegia-plus syndrome, muscle biopsies contained 5%-25% \"ragged red\" fibers. In 4 patients with a facioscapulohumeral distribution of weakness, ragged red fibers were less numerous (3%-8%). In both groups, routine histology showed almost normal muscle. The remaining 6 patients were clinically heterogeneous, all without ptosis or ophthalmoplegia. The biopsies of three of these patients showed severely affected muscle. It is possible that mitochondrial changes in these muscles were nonspecific. Electromyography indicated or suggested a myogenic lesion in 21 of the 22 patients; in 10, the serum creatine kinase was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:263982", "title": "Pattern of electrical activity in normal and diseased muscle.", "content": "Examination of the number of spikes (turns) per 5 sec and the mean amplitude of electrical activity, measured both at a force adjusted relative to maximum force (Po) and at a standard force, made it possible to distinguish between a decrease in force arising from loss or inactivity of motor units, and loss of muscle fibers or diminution in their cross-sectional area. The initial decrease in force of disused quadriceps muscle (following immobilization of the knee joint) resulted mainly from inactivity of motor units. In patients with motoneuron disease or a lesion of the brachial plexus, the number of turns at a force adjusted relative to Po was diminished because of increased potential duration and loss of motor units. Turns at a standard force of 2 kg were normal. In myopathy, the ratio of turns to amplitude was increased in two-thirds of the patients.", "contents": "Pattern of electrical activity in normal and diseased muscle. Examination of the number of spikes (turns) per 5 sec and the mean amplitude of electrical activity, measured both at a force adjusted relative to maximum force (Po) and at a standard force, made it possible to distinguish between a decrease in force arising from loss or inactivity of motor units, and loss of muscle fibers or diminution in their cross-sectional area. The initial decrease in force of disused quadriceps muscle (following immobilization of the knee joint) resulted mainly from inactivity of motor units. In patients with motoneuron disease or a lesion of the brachial plexus, the number of turns at a force adjusted relative to Po was diminished because of increased potential duration and loss of motor units. Turns at a standard force of 2 kg were normal. In myopathy, the ratio of turns to amplitude was increased in two-thirds of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:263983", "title": "Early changes in chlorphentermine myopathy of rat studied by freeze fracturing.", "content": "Chlorphentermine interferes with the metabolism of phospholipids. When administered to the rat in daily doses for 5 days, it causes necrosis of muscle fibers that are rich in mitochondria. Before the onset of necrosis, the following characteristics of freeze-fractured muscle preparations were observed: multilayered lipid globules and single-layered lipid membranes without membrane particles; different stages of exocytosis of lipid through the plasma membrane of the muscle fibers; and areas of plasma membrane that were devoid of particles of intramembranous proteins. These latter areas may arise secondary to exocytosis, to fusion of lipid vesicles with the plasma membrane, or to a direct action of chlorphentermine on the membrane. It is not known whether these areas give rise to membrane defects and fiber necrosis.", "contents": "Early changes in chlorphentermine myopathy of rat studied by freeze fracturing. Chlorphentermine interferes with the metabolism of phospholipids. When administered to the rat in daily doses for 5 days, it causes necrosis of muscle fibers that are rich in mitochondria. Before the onset of necrosis, the following characteristics of freeze-fractured muscle preparations were observed: multilayered lipid globules and single-layered lipid membranes without membrane particles; different stages of exocytosis of lipid through the plasma membrane of the muscle fibers; and areas of plasma membrane that were devoid of particles of intramembranous proteins. These latter areas may arise secondary to exocytosis, to fusion of lipid vesicles with the plasma membrane, or to a direct action of chlorphentermine on the membrane. It is not known whether these areas give rise to membrane defects and fiber necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:263987", "title": "Clinical aspects of the visually evoked potential.", "content": "The visually evoked potential (VEP) was studied in normal and abnormal human subjects, and in Rhesus monkeys. A relatively simple protocol for clinical VEP testing is described. The monkeys showed similar but smaller VEP responses compared to those obtained from human subjects. Central, but not paracentral or peripheral photocoagulation retinal lesions were associated with VEP abnormalities. The second, smaller wave of the response complex to 10 Hz flash stimuli corresponds to the primary evoked response, and is closely related to visual acuity. It was possible to recognize visually this VEP waveform and subjectively interpret the record correctly in 85% of eyes with regard to visual acuity. Therefore, the clinician can \"read\" the VEP record in response to non-patterned flash stimuli. This test was further validated in a series of patients with opacities of the ocular media. VEP promises to become a procedure of diagnostic and prognostic value in ophthalmology.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of the visually evoked potential. The visually evoked potential (VEP) was studied in normal and abnormal human subjects, and in Rhesus monkeys. A relatively simple protocol for clinical VEP testing is described. The monkeys showed similar but smaller VEP responses compared to those obtained from human subjects. Central, but not paracentral or peripheral photocoagulation retinal lesions were associated with VEP abnormalities. The second, smaller wave of the response complex to 10 Hz flash stimuli corresponds to the primary evoked response, and is closely related to visual acuity. It was possible to recognize visually this VEP waveform and subjectively interpret the record correctly in 85% of eyes with regard to visual acuity. Therefore, the clinician can \"read\" the VEP record in response to non-patterned flash stimuli. This test was further validated in a series of patients with opacities of the ocular media. VEP promises to become a procedure of diagnostic and prognostic value in ophthalmology."}
{"id": "PMID:263988", "title": "A new irrigating solution for intraocular surgery: TC Earle Solution.", "content": "Electrolyte solutions--Plasma-lyte, TC Medium 199, TC Medium 199 plus additional bicarbonate, TC Earle Solution, and glutathione bicarbonate Ringer Solution--were evaluated for effectiveness in maintaining corneal thickness and endothelial viability. The TC Earle Solution was shown to be the most effective commercially available solution; little difference was demonstrated between TC Earle Solution and the experimental GBR Solution. Glucose and bicarbonate were found to be essential ingredients in the efficacy of the TC Earle Solution.", "contents": "A new irrigating solution for intraocular surgery: TC Earle Solution. Electrolyte solutions--Plasma-lyte, TC Medium 199, TC Medium 199 plus additional bicarbonate, TC Earle Solution, and glutathione bicarbonate Ringer Solution--were evaluated for effectiveness in maintaining corneal thickness and endothelial viability. The TC Earle Solution was shown to be the most effective commercially available solution; little difference was demonstrated between TC Earle Solution and the experimental GBR Solution. Glucose and bicarbonate were found to be essential ingredients in the efficacy of the TC Earle Solution."}
{"id": "PMID:263985", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the diagnosis of human and experimental myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Aspects of acetylcholine receptor immunology and circulating receptor antibodies are reviewed with regard to both human and experimental myasthenia gravis. Receptor antibodies that have negligible cross-reactivity with skeletal muscle receptor can nonetheless cause destruction of the postsynaptic motor endplate area. Antibodies to mammalian skeletal muscle receptor can bind in-situ receptors. Transfer of myasthenic IgG increases neurophysiologic symptoms in rabbits showing slight signs of experimental myasthenia gravis, suggesting a block of in-situ receptors. Determination of receptor antibodies using RIA tests and partially purified human skeletal muscle receptor has been evaluated in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ninety percent of Swedish myasthenic patients in one study were found to have receptor antibodies. A rough correlation has been found between antibody titer and the severity of disease. Immunosuppressive treatment and thymectomy decrease the titer. In patients with thymoma, high antibody titers remain. When taken together, antibody-titer determination and electrophysiologic tests--particularly single-fiber electromyography--are very valuable diagnostic tools.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the diagnosis of human and experimental myasthenia gravis. Aspects of acetylcholine receptor immunology and circulating receptor antibodies are reviewed with regard to both human and experimental myasthenia gravis. Receptor antibodies that have negligible cross-reactivity with skeletal muscle receptor can nonetheless cause destruction of the postsynaptic motor endplate area. Antibodies to mammalian skeletal muscle receptor can bind in-situ receptors. Transfer of myasthenic IgG increases neurophysiologic symptoms in rabbits showing slight signs of experimental myasthenia gravis, suggesting a block of in-situ receptors. Determination of receptor antibodies using RIA tests and partially purified human skeletal muscle receptor has been evaluated in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ninety percent of Swedish myasthenic patients in one study were found to have receptor antibodies. A rough correlation has been found between antibody titer and the severity of disease. Immunosuppressive treatment and thymectomy decrease the titer. In patients with thymoma, high antibody titers remain. When taken together, antibody-titer determination and electrophysiologic tests--particularly single-fiber electromyography--are very valuable diagnostic tools."}
{"id": "PMID:263989", "title": "Intravitreous silicone balloon: an experimental study.", "content": "A specially designed silicone balloon, expanded in vivo with normal saline, was tested for possible use as a retinal tamponade in desperate cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. In six pigmented rabbits there were extensive postoperative complications, but in eight owl monkeys results were noticeably better. When the seam of the balloon was in contact with the retina there were adverse effects; seamless areas of the balloon did not appear to disturb the retina. Histopathologic studies indicated that excessive expansion of the balloon can cause significant damage, but that carefully controlled expansion can probably minimize complications. The presence of the balloon appears to alter electroretinographic response, but without necessarily causing histopathologic changes. Balloons of this type have been used in treatment of a small number of otherwise inoperable cases of retinal detachment with promising results.", "contents": "Intravitreous silicone balloon: an experimental study. A specially designed silicone balloon, expanded in vivo with normal saline, was tested for possible use as a retinal tamponade in desperate cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. In six pigmented rabbits there were extensive postoperative complications, but in eight owl monkeys results were noticeably better. When the seam of the balloon was in contact with the retina there were adverse effects; seamless areas of the balloon did not appear to disturb the retina. Histopathologic studies indicated that excessive expansion of the balloon can cause significant damage, but that carefully controlled expansion can probably minimize complications. The presence of the balloon appears to alter electroretinographic response, but without necessarily causing histopathologic changes. Balloons of this type have been used in treatment of a small number of otherwise inoperable cases of retinal detachment with promising results."}
{"id": "PMID:263984", "title": "The blanket principle: a technical note.", "content": "Low-frequency attenuation of motor unit potentials may reveal abnormal complexity and instability of the motor unit. An ordinary concentric needle electrode is used, so the method bridges the gap between single-fiber and conventional electromyography.", "contents": "The blanket principle: a technical note. Low-frequency attenuation of motor unit potentials may reveal abnormal complexity and instability of the motor unit. An ordinary concentric needle electrode is used, so the method bridges the gap between single-fiber and conventional electromyography."}
{"id": "PMID:263990", "title": "Chalazion management by tarsus trephination.", "content": "The use of a small trephine for chalazion surgery or tarsal biopsy is described. Over 1,000 cases have been treated in this manner with minimal recurrences and complications.", "contents": "Chalazion management by tarsus trephination. The use of a small trephine for chalazion surgery or tarsal biopsy is described. Over 1,000 cases have been treated in this manner with minimal recurrences and complications."}
{"id": "PMID:263986", "title": "The regional curare test and electrophysiologic diagnosis of myasthenia gravis: further studies.", "content": "Five hundred consecutive patients were evaluated for myasthenia gravis with repetitive stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves. Axillary nerve stimulation and repeated stimulation of wrist nerves following regional curare administration to the hand were performed when necessary. Abnormal responses were seen in 95% of 297 patients with generalized disease and in 35% of 54 patients with ocular disease, all of whom were clinically responsive to anticholinesterases. Identical responses were also seen in 32% of 124 patients with possible generalized disease, all of whom lacked clinical responsiveness to anticholinesterases. Abnormalities occurred following regional curare administration in 29% of 224 patients with normal responses during repetitive stimulation alone. This program for evaluating patients with suspected myasthenia gravis continues to be successful, safe, and practical.", "contents": "The regional curare test and electrophysiologic diagnosis of myasthenia gravis: further studies. Five hundred consecutive patients were evaluated for myasthenia gravis with repetitive stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves. Axillary nerve stimulation and repeated stimulation of wrist nerves following regional curare administration to the hand were performed when necessary. Abnormal responses were seen in 95% of 297 patients with generalized disease and in 35% of 54 patients with ocular disease, all of whom were clinically responsive to anticholinesterases. Identical responses were also seen in 32% of 124 patients with possible generalized disease, all of whom lacked clinical responsiveness to anticholinesterases. Abnormalities occurred following regional curare administration in 29% of 224 patients with normal responses during repetitive stimulation alone. This program for evaluating patients with suspected myasthenia gravis continues to be successful, safe, and practical."}
{"id": "PMID:263992", "title": "Classification and management of patients with narrow or closed angles.", "content": "Developments in the technique of gonioscopy and increased understanding of the mechanism of angle closure has made possible a more precise definition of \"narrow-angle\" and \"closed-angle\" glaucoma. It is, however, still not possible to predict with certainty which narrow angles will close spontaneously and which will not. A new classification of these conditions is suggested: Asymptomatic narrow angle; asymptomatic primary closed angle; symptomatic primary closed angle; fellow eye of symptomatic closed angle; narrow angle associated with chronic open-angle glaucoma; closed angle in previous chronic open-angle glaucoma; secondary angle closures. Recognition of these different types permits individualized and in most cases highly effective therapy.", "contents": "Classification and management of patients with narrow or closed angles. Developments in the technique of gonioscopy and increased understanding of the mechanism of angle closure has made possible a more precise definition of \"narrow-angle\" and \"closed-angle\" glaucoma. It is, however, still not possible to predict with certainty which narrow angles will close spontaneously and which will not. A new classification of these conditions is suggested: Asymptomatic narrow angle; asymptomatic primary closed angle; symptomatic primary closed angle; fellow eye of symptomatic closed angle; narrow angle associated with chronic open-angle glaucoma; closed angle in previous chronic open-angle glaucoma; secondary angle closures. Recognition of these different types permits individualized and in most cases highly effective therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:263993", "title": "Iridectomy technique in trabeculectomy.", "content": "Peripheral iridectomy in trabeculectomy surgery should be larger than the scleral opening to prevent adherence of iris to the edges of the scleral opening. A method for the fashioning of such an iridectomy is described.", "contents": "Iridectomy technique in trabeculectomy. Peripheral iridectomy in trabeculectomy surgery should be larger than the scleral opening to prevent adherence of iris to the edges of the scleral opening. A method for the fashioning of such an iridectomy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:263996", "title": "Levator aponeurosis tuck: a treatment for ptosis.", "content": "Seven patients with acquired ptosis were treated with a tuck in the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Although the etiology for the ptosis was not always clear, associated conditions included progressive external ophthalmoplegia, prior ocular irradiation, prior ocular surgery and enucleation. One patient with progressive external ophthalmoplegia had good functional results. All of the other patients had good cosmetic, as well as good functional results. Since local infiltrative anesthesia was used, patients were able to cooperate during surgery by elevating and lowering their eyelids. The amount of tuck necessary to sufficiently elevate the eyelid could therefore be determined at surgery. The amount of lid elevation attained at surgery closely resembled the final postoperative result.", "contents": "Levator aponeurosis tuck: a treatment for ptosis. Seven patients with acquired ptosis were treated with a tuck in the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Although the etiology for the ptosis was not always clear, associated conditions included progressive external ophthalmoplegia, prior ocular irradiation, prior ocular surgery and enucleation. One patient with progressive external ophthalmoplegia had good functional results. All of the other patients had good cosmetic, as well as good functional results. Since local infiltrative anesthesia was used, patients were able to cooperate during surgery by elevating and lowering their eyelids. The amount of tuck necessary to sufficiently elevate the eyelid could therefore be determined at surgery. The amount of lid elevation attained at surgery closely resembled the final postoperative result."}
{"id": "PMID:263997", "title": "Osteomas of the orbit.", "content": "Clinical and histologic features of osteomas are reviewed. Techniques are described for the evaluation of osteomas, including the use of coronal and axial plane computed tomography. A series of 14 patients evaluated at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary over a five-year period is presented. Two of these patients are discussed in detail. Two surgical approaches to osteomas of the frontal sinuses are described. A brow incision is recommended for tumors primarily within the orbit. A coronal incision and osteoplastic operation is recommended for tumors primarily within the sinuses. In one patient, unusually rapid tumor growth is documented by x-rays taken over a three-year period.", "contents": "Osteomas of the orbit. Clinical and histologic features of osteomas are reviewed. Techniques are described for the evaluation of osteomas, including the use of coronal and axial plane computed tomography. A series of 14 patients evaluated at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary over a five-year period is presented. Two of these patients are discussed in detail. Two surgical approaches to osteomas of the frontal sinuses are described. A brow incision is recommended for tumors primarily within the orbit. A coronal incision and osteoplastic operation is recommended for tumors primarily within the sinuses. In one patient, unusually rapid tumor growth is documented by x-rays taken over a three-year period."}
{"id": "PMID:263998", "title": "Treatment of frontal sinus mucoceles with the osteoplastic flap technique.", "content": "The osteoplastic flap technique for treating frontal sinus mucoceles is described. This procedure has the advantages of: being a direct approach, which allows exposure of the entire sinus, provides complete obliteration of the sinus to prevent recurrence of the sinus disease, and prevents blind curettage of any exposed dura mater; leaving no facial deformity after the operation; being a relatively atraumatic procedure with low morbidity and minimum postoperative care; and allowing simultaneous surgery on both frontal sinuses when indicated.", "contents": "Treatment of frontal sinus mucoceles with the osteoplastic flap technique. The osteoplastic flap technique for treating frontal sinus mucoceles is described. This procedure has the advantages of: being a direct approach, which allows exposure of the entire sinus, provides complete obliteration of the sinus to prevent recurrence of the sinus disease, and prevents blind curettage of any exposed dura mater; leaving no facial deformity after the operation; being a relatively atraumatic procedure with low morbidity and minimum postoperative care; and allowing simultaneous surgery on both frontal sinuses when indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:263999", "title": "Prospective views in the treatment of eyelid and adnexal malignancies.", "content": "Some aspects of the surgical, radiotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic, cryosurgical, and immunological aspects of eyelid and adnexal malignancy have been discussed. Possibilities for future developments have been mentioned and even rationalized. Oncology is a constantly changing field. It is important for the oculoplastic surgeon to keep abreast of the changes. It is also important for him to be innovative and progressive in the area of possible improvements. It is not for those of us in the rank and file of ophthalmology to try all possibilities, but at least we should be aware of the new techniques and should support their trial.", "contents": "Prospective views in the treatment of eyelid and adnexal malignancies. Some aspects of the surgical, radiotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic, cryosurgical, and immunological aspects of eyelid and adnexal malignancy have been discussed. Possibilities for future developments have been mentioned and even rationalized. Oncology is a constantly changing field. It is important for the oculoplastic surgeon to keep abreast of the changes. It is also important for him to be innovative and progressive in the area of possible improvements. It is not for those of us in the rank and file of ophthalmology to try all possibilities, but at least we should be aware of the new techniques and should support their trial."}
{"id": "PMID:264000", "title": "Acquired ptosis secondary to conjunctival cysts.", "content": "Two cases of unilateral ptosis caused by conjunctival cysts are presented. Their treatment and a brief discussion of the etiology of conjunctival cysts is presented.", "contents": "Acquired ptosis secondary to conjunctival cysts. Two cases of unilateral ptosis caused by conjunctival cysts are presented. Their treatment and a brief discussion of the etiology of conjunctival cysts is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:264001", "title": "Silicone in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery: a review and laboratory trial.", "content": "Silicone is a material with wide application as an exogenous implant in ophthalmic surgery. Animal trials have indicated that extreme care must be taken in the use of this material in the presence of a viable eye. Acute corneal injury was seen in 10 of 14 rabbit eyes tested with a topical application of RTV silicone in the conjunctival cul-de-sac. Two of the 10 eyes demonstrated delayed healing of the corneal injury. Pretreatment with a viscous ocular lubricant, limited corneal contact time of the hardened forms, thorough and frequent corneal evaluation and prompt appropriate treatment of abnormalities are recommended for the successful use of silicone as an orbital molding material in the presence of the viable globe. For use as an orbital expander or as a stent after soft tissue socket reconstruction, despite its relative softness compared to acrylic orbital conformer, similar precautions must be observed to prevent mechanical corneal injuries.", "contents": "Silicone in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery: a review and laboratory trial. Silicone is a material with wide application as an exogenous implant in ophthalmic surgery. Animal trials have indicated that extreme care must be taken in the use of this material in the presence of a viable eye. Acute corneal injury was seen in 10 of 14 rabbit eyes tested with a topical application of RTV silicone in the conjunctival cul-de-sac. Two of the 10 eyes demonstrated delayed healing of the corneal injury. Pretreatment with a viscous ocular lubricant, limited corneal contact time of the hardened forms, thorough and frequent corneal evaluation and prompt appropriate treatment of abnormalities are recommended for the successful use of silicone as an orbital molding material in the presence of the viable globe. For use as an orbital expander or as a stent after soft tissue socket reconstruction, despite its relative softness compared to acrylic orbital conformer, similar precautions must be observed to prevent mechanical corneal injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:264002", "title": "Choroidal nevus with subretinal pigment epithelial neovascular membrane and a positive P-32 test.", "content": "A 62-year-old white female was found to have a small, flat pigmented choroidal tumor. After fluorescein angiography and a positive P-32 test, the eye was enucleated for presumed malignant melanoma. Histologically, the tumor proved to be a choroidal nevus with a break in Bruch's membrane and a subretinal-pigment-epithelial neovascular membrane.", "contents": "Choroidal nevus with subretinal pigment epithelial neovascular membrane and a positive P-32 test. A 62-year-old white female was found to have a small, flat pigmented choroidal tumor. After fluorescein angiography and a positive P-32 test, the eye was enucleated for presumed malignant melanoma. Histologically, the tumor proved to be a choroidal nevus with a break in Bruch's membrane and a subretinal-pigment-epithelial neovascular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:264004", "title": "Hydraulic dissection of the nasal muco-periosteum in dacryocystorhinostomy.", "content": "A method for the protection of the nasal muco-periosteum in DCR is presented. In five of the twenty-seven cases, minor perforations of the nasal mucosa caused no interference in cutting of the nasal flaps. In one case, due to an anomalous ethmoid cell, this method was of no advantage.", "contents": "Hydraulic dissection of the nasal muco-periosteum in dacryocystorhinostomy. A method for the protection of the nasal muco-periosteum in DCR is presented. In five of the twenty-seven cases, minor perforations of the nasal mucosa caused no interference in cutting of the nasal flaps. In one case, due to an anomalous ethmoid cell, this method was of no advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:264005", "title": "Differential effects of person in the dog and in the human.", "content": "People have marked effects on dog's heart rate, with great individual variations for different persons. Apparently people to which the dog is attached have the greatest effect upon heart rate. Replications of the animal experiments using the psychotherapist and two other people revealed no effects upon the heart rate of a schizophrenic human. In the human the effects of people are probably best demonstrated in connection with verbal communication.", "contents": "Differential effects of person in the dog and in the human. People have marked effects on dog's heart rate, with great individual variations for different persons. Apparently people to which the dog is attached have the greatest effect upon heart rate. Replications of the animal experiments using the psychotherapist and two other people revealed no effects upon the heart rate of a schizophrenic human. In the human the effects of people are probably best demonstrated in connection with verbal communication."}
{"id": "PMID:264010", "title": "The hippocampus and stress induced 17-OHCS elevations.", "content": "The physiologic contribution of the limbic brain to emotionally induced stress is still poorly understood. The present study is designed to more specifically evaluate the role of the hippocampus in stress induced plasma 17-OHCS elevations. The conditional reflex to a sequential presentation of tone and shock was used as the stress agent in adult mongrel dogs. Plasma 17-OHCS levels were determined by the Porter-Silber method. Control and stress levels of 17-OHCS were determined before and after unilateral (left) hippocampectomy, and subsequent contralateral (right) hippocampectomy. A unilateral posterior hippocampal lesion partially attenuated (20%) the normal 17-OHCS stress response. In contrast to unilateral lesions, equivalent bilateral posterior hippocampal lesions abolished the normal 17-OHCS stress response. These observations support the thesis that the elevated 17-OHCS levels in response to the conditioning paradigm is dependent on the hippocampus. Furthermore, it is dependent upon the continuity of the hippocampal circuit and not upon the volumetric steroid binding capacity of the hippocampus. These studies also suggest that a unilaterally functioning hippocampus may be adequate to meet the physiologic needs of stress, as reflected by the 17-OHCS response.", "contents": "The hippocampus and stress induced 17-OHCS elevations. The physiologic contribution of the limbic brain to emotionally induced stress is still poorly understood. The present study is designed to more specifically evaluate the role of the hippocampus in stress induced plasma 17-OHCS elevations. The conditional reflex to a sequential presentation of tone and shock was used as the stress agent in adult mongrel dogs. Plasma 17-OHCS levels were determined by the Porter-Silber method. Control and stress levels of 17-OHCS were determined before and after unilateral (left) hippocampectomy, and subsequent contralateral (right) hippocampectomy. A unilateral posterior hippocampal lesion partially attenuated (20%) the normal 17-OHCS stress response. In contrast to unilateral lesions, equivalent bilateral posterior hippocampal lesions abolished the normal 17-OHCS stress response. These observations support the thesis that the elevated 17-OHCS levels in response to the conditioning paradigm is dependent on the hippocampus. Furthermore, it is dependent upon the continuity of the hippocampal circuit and not upon the volumetric steroid binding capacity of the hippocampus. These studies also suggest that a unilaterally functioning hippocampus may be adequate to meet the physiologic needs of stress, as reflected by the 17-OHCS response."}
{"id": "PMID:264009", "title": "The influence of experimental neurosis on the conditional reflexes and the content of blood catecholamines and acetylcholine in dogs.", "content": "Using experimental neurosis as a model, we investigated the mode of adaptive behavior, conditional reflexes and the blood level of neuromediators in four dogs placed in certain versus uncertain conditions in a Pavlovian laboratory. The research consisted of a two year training program with predictable (ordered partial reinforcement) followed by unpredictable (probabilistic reinforcement) situations. As a result, there was a decline in the acetylcholine as compared to a rise of catecholamine levels of the peripheral blood of some of these dogs. There were varied autonomic responses indicating a possible individual response specificity. In one dog, there was a disappearance of motor defense reflexes. The results support the hypothesis that probabilistic reinforcement following ordered partial reinforcement contributed to the dogs' neurotic disintegration, i.e., uncertainty is a cause of neurotic development.", "contents": "The influence of experimental neurosis on the conditional reflexes and the content of blood catecholamines and acetylcholine in dogs. Using experimental neurosis as a model, we investigated the mode of adaptive behavior, conditional reflexes and the blood level of neuromediators in four dogs placed in certain versus uncertain conditions in a Pavlovian laboratory. The research consisted of a two year training program with predictable (ordered partial reinforcement) followed by unpredictable (probabilistic reinforcement) situations. As a result, there was a decline in the acetylcholine as compared to a rise of catecholamine levels of the peripheral blood of some of these dogs. There were varied autonomic responses indicating a possible individual response specificity. In one dog, there was a disappearance of motor defense reflexes. The results support the hypothesis that probabilistic reinforcement following ordered partial reinforcement contributed to the dogs' neurotic disintegration, i.e., uncertainty is a cause of neurotic development."}
{"id": "PMID:264011", "title": "The conquest of \"schizophrenia:\" Sisyphus revisited.", "content": "Despite the fact that the diagnosis of schizophrenia, or dementia praecox, has been in use for over 80 years, there remains a great lack of clarity about the nature of this \"disease.\" An impressive array of clinical and experimental data has been accumulated which pertains to the characteristics of \"schizophrenics\" but there are virtually no data which are schizophrenia specific. Quite to the contrary, the emerging picture is one of a complex and interacting field of several continuous dimensions or factors. Three underlying factors are suggested in an ad hoc fashion; the internal environment, the physical environment, and the human environment. It is suggested that these basic dimensions and their interactions over time should be the object of further investigation and definition, hopefully developing more adequate and productive description of clinical syndromes, rather than continuing the preoccupation with \"schizophrenia\" as a diagnostic label.", "contents": "The conquest of \"schizophrenia:\" Sisyphus revisited. Despite the fact that the diagnosis of schizophrenia, or dementia praecox, has been in use for over 80 years, there remains a great lack of clarity about the nature of this \"disease.\" An impressive array of clinical and experimental data has been accumulated which pertains to the characteristics of \"schizophrenics\" but there are virtually no data which are schizophrenia specific. Quite to the contrary, the emerging picture is one of a complex and interacting field of several continuous dimensions or factors. Three underlying factors are suggested in an ad hoc fashion; the internal environment, the physical environment, and the human environment. It is suggested that these basic dimensions and their interactions over time should be the object of further investigation and definition, hopefully developing more adequate and productive description of clinical syndromes, rather than continuing the preoccupation with \"schizophrenia\" as a diagnostic label."}
{"id": "PMID:264013", "title": "Interoceptive conditioning through repeated suppression of morphine-abstinence. I. Basis for conditioning: once-daily vs. continuous intravenous morphine infusion.", "content": "Experimental evaluation of Wikler's interoceptive conditioning hypothesis of relapse to opioid use in ex-addicts requires a preliminary study of the degree of physical dependence produced by two methods of drug administration. Wistar rats were made physically dependent on morphine by single daily intravenous injections or by a continuous i.v. infusion. Rats received the same total daily dose regardless of administration schedule. The initial daily morphine dose was 20 mg/kg, and was increased every fourth day by 20 mg/kg, until a dose of 200 mg/kg per day was reached. The rats were maintained at the highest dose level for 18 days, at which time morphine was discontinued. Body weight and water intake were the primary variables measured during addiction, maintenance, and abstinence phases of the study. Equivalent and parallel changes in mean weight and water intake in injection and infusion rats indicate equivalent degrees of physical dependence were developed. This finding allows separation of the contribution of conditioning factors and of protracted abstinence in facilitating opioid self-administration in formerly-dependent organisms.", "contents": "Interoceptive conditioning through repeated suppression of morphine-abstinence. I. Basis for conditioning: once-daily vs. continuous intravenous morphine infusion. Experimental evaluation of Wikler's interoceptive conditioning hypothesis of relapse to opioid use in ex-addicts requires a preliminary study of the degree of physical dependence produced by two methods of drug administration. Wistar rats were made physically dependent on morphine by single daily intravenous injections or by a continuous i.v. infusion. Rats received the same total daily dose regardless of administration schedule. The initial daily morphine dose was 20 mg/kg, and was increased every fourth day by 20 mg/kg, until a dose of 200 mg/kg per day was reached. The rats were maintained at the highest dose level for 18 days, at which time morphine was discontinued. Body weight and water intake were the primary variables measured during addiction, maintenance, and abstinence phases of the study. Equivalent and parallel changes in mean weight and water intake in injection and infusion rats indicate equivalent degrees of physical dependence were developed. This finding allows separation of the contribution of conditioning factors and of protracted abstinence in facilitating opioid self-administration in formerly-dependent organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:264015", "title": "Cognitive factors affecting sequential dependencies in differential eyelid conditioning.", "content": "Sequential dependencies were examined as a function of learning, masking, and subject factors in a two-stage differential eyelid conditioning experiment. In Stage 1, all subjects were differentially conditioned to two Vanderplas and Garvin (1959) forms. In Stage 2, the conditional stimuli (CSs) were one of eight words, four reinforced (CS+) and four unreinforced (CS-), with taxonomic category (animals vs. musical instruments) as the discriminandum, and different subjects were given semantic, physical, or no additional CS processing tasks. The results showed sizeable and highly significant sequential dependencies in the form of greater conditional response probabilities when CS+ as opposed to CS- trials were recently experienced. These effects decreased over trials, were greater in the groups given additional processing loads, and were in some cases greater in C-form responders than in V-form responders and greater in subjects who were unable to verbalize the differential contingencies. It was concluded that the magnitude of sequential dependencies was inversely related to the subject's awareness of the differential contingencies and/or ability to use the contingency information to respond appropriately to the CS cues.", "contents": "Cognitive factors affecting sequential dependencies in differential eyelid conditioning. Sequential dependencies were examined as a function of learning, masking, and subject factors in a two-stage differential eyelid conditioning experiment. In Stage 1, all subjects were differentially conditioned to two Vanderplas and Garvin (1959) forms. In Stage 2, the conditional stimuli (CSs) were one of eight words, four reinforced (CS+) and four unreinforced (CS-), with taxonomic category (animals vs. musical instruments) as the discriminandum, and different subjects were given semantic, physical, or no additional CS processing tasks. The results showed sizeable and highly significant sequential dependencies in the form of greater conditional response probabilities when CS+ as opposed to CS- trials were recently experienced. These effects decreased over trials, were greater in the groups given additional processing loads, and were in some cases greater in C-form responders than in V-form responders and greater in subjects who were unable to verbalize the differential contingencies. It was concluded that the magnitude of sequential dependencies was inversely related to the subject's awareness of the differential contingencies and/or ability to use the contingency information to respond appropriately to the CS cues."}
{"id": "PMID:264016", "title": "The effect of amygdalectomy on orienting and classical conditioning in monkeys.", "content": "The basic findings of these two studies are as follows: a failure of orientating and conditioning of viscero-autonomic responses, but essentially normal orienting and conditioning of a temporal muscle response in amygdalectomized animals. Small procedural differences exist between the two studies,and a possible order effect exists as a result of the use of the same subjects consecutively. However, we fell that the difference between the responses of the viscero-autonomic system and the skeletal system would still be found were all of the measures gathered simultaneously in an optimal conditioning situation. The definitive study--simultaneous viscero-autonomic and skeletal (behavioral) recording--remains to be done. Trial-by-trial analysis of the correlations or lack of correlations between these responses in such a study should be highly informative. These two studies offer substantial information relevant to the original questions. When behavior is modified by simple repetition of experience the effect of amygdalectomy is restricted to the viscero-autonomic components of orienting and classical conditioning, not to the entire spectrum of responses. The issue raised, therefore, is the significance of the viscero-autonomic components of orienting and classical conditioning. The suggestion has been proposed (Pribram, 1969) that these components serve as mechanisms of internal rehearsal necessary to the registration (as novel or familiar) of the orienting and conditioning experience. This proposal requires further testing.", "contents": "The effect of amygdalectomy on orienting and classical conditioning in monkeys. The basic findings of these two studies are as follows: a failure of orientating and conditioning of viscero-autonomic responses, but essentially normal orienting and conditioning of a temporal muscle response in amygdalectomized animals. Small procedural differences exist between the two studies,and a possible order effect exists as a result of the use of the same subjects consecutively. However, we fell that the difference between the responses of the viscero-autonomic system and the skeletal system would still be found were all of the measures gathered simultaneously in an optimal conditioning situation. The definitive study--simultaneous viscero-autonomic and skeletal (behavioral) recording--remains to be done. Trial-by-trial analysis of the correlations or lack of correlations between these responses in such a study should be highly informative. These two studies offer substantial information relevant to the original questions. When behavior is modified by simple repetition of experience the effect of amygdalectomy is restricted to the viscero-autonomic components of orienting and classical conditioning, not to the entire spectrum of responses. The issue raised, therefore, is the significance of the viscero-autonomic components of orienting and classical conditioning. The suggestion has been proposed (Pribram, 1969) that these components serve as mechanisms of internal rehearsal necessary to the registration (as novel or familiar) of the orienting and conditioning experience. This proposal requires further testing."}
{"id": "PMID:264018", "title": "Crowding and mental health.", "content": "An epidemiologic investigation of the mental needs and services of 1645 respondents, aged 17 to 92 years and living in a representative southeastern county in Florida, revealed that 7.8% of the sample lived in crowded conditions. The crowded respondents scored significantly higher than did the uncrowded on both a depression scale and on the Health Opinion Survey. Associations between crowding and high scores on both scales were strongest among: respondents in the childrearing and middle years of life, blacks at all income levels, whites in the intermediate annual family income range of $6000 to $9999, and especially, females rather than males. Consistently, the crowded black population, and particularly, crowded white women, had much higher scores than did the uncrowded women. A multiple regression analysis showed that three variables--being a female, having a lower income, and crowding--accounted for 16.5% of the variance. The discussion emphasizes that the relationship between crowding and higher scores on indices of emotional distress is quite complicated. In crowded situations, depression may be a costly, semi-adaptive reaction to excessive interpersonal stimulation. Women living in crowded situations appear to be at high risk for depressive illness; their plight brings to mind the classic animal experiments which showed that the maternal behavior of females deteriorated in crowded situations.", "contents": "Crowding and mental health. An epidemiologic investigation of the mental needs and services of 1645 respondents, aged 17 to 92 years and living in a representative southeastern county in Florida, revealed that 7.8% of the sample lived in crowded conditions. The crowded respondents scored significantly higher than did the uncrowded on both a depression scale and on the Health Opinion Survey. Associations between crowding and high scores on both scales were strongest among: respondents in the childrearing and middle years of life, blacks at all income levels, whites in the intermediate annual family income range of $6000 to $9999, and especially, females rather than males. Consistently, the crowded black population, and particularly, crowded white women, had much higher scores than did the uncrowded women. A multiple regression analysis showed that three variables--being a female, having a lower income, and crowding--accounted for 16.5% of the variance. The discussion emphasizes that the relationship between crowding and higher scores on indices of emotional distress is quite complicated. In crowded situations, depression may be a costly, semi-adaptive reaction to excessive interpersonal stimulation. Women living in crowded situations appear to be at high risk for depressive illness; their plight brings to mind the classic animal experiments which showed that the maternal behavior of females deteriorated in crowded situations."}
{"id": "PMID:264014", "title": "Sex differences in the relationship of recall to subvocal speech in preschool children.", "content": "Previous research findings indicating that preschool-age boys use verbal means to encode pictorial material whereas preschool-age girls do not were further investigated. Detailed examinations were made of the polygraph tracings and serial position curves of recall of younger (mean age = 50 months) and older (mean age = 66 months) boys and girls. The older boys were different than the other sex by age groups in that their recall and subvocal speech scores were significantly correlated; they engaged in greater amounts of raw EMG activity on both high-labial and low-labial trials; and they recalled only a small per cent of the names of pictures they did not subvocalize. Analysis of the serial position curves of recall revealed a greater recency effect for older boys and a greater primary effect for older girls. These data strongly support the notion that girls as young as 5 and 6 years of age are using other than verbal means to encode information, whereas boys similar in age are highly reliant upon verbal encoding methods.", "contents": "Sex differences in the relationship of recall to subvocal speech in preschool children. Previous research findings indicating that preschool-age boys use verbal means to encode pictorial material whereas preschool-age girls do not were further investigated. Detailed examinations were made of the polygraph tracings and serial position curves of recall of younger (mean age = 50 months) and older (mean age = 66 months) boys and girls. The older boys were different than the other sex by age groups in that their recall and subvocal speech scores were significantly correlated; they engaged in greater amounts of raw EMG activity on both high-labial and low-labial trials; and they recalled only a small per cent of the names of pictures they did not subvocalize. Analysis of the serial position curves of recall revealed a greater recency effect for older boys and a greater primary effect for older girls. These data strongly support the notion that girls as young as 5 and 6 years of age are using other than verbal means to encode information, whereas boys similar in age are highly reliant upon verbal encoding methods."}
{"id": "PMID:264019", "title": "Autonomic concomitants of discriminative avoidance and punishment training in the monkey.", "content": "Two Cebus albifrons monkeys were trained to press a back-lighted panel to postpone a brief electric shock to the tail using a Sidman avoidance schedule (SS = 40 sec, RS = 40 sec). After 25 training sessions, a discriminative schedule was introduced, with the Sidman avoidance continuing in the presence of one discriminative stimulus and punishment introduced in the presence of the other. The discriminative stimuli were colors on the panel. Discriminative training also involved 25 sessions, each with a random sequence of 6 avoidance and 6 punishment segments, with 30 sec intervals between the segments. Plantar skin conductance and heart rate were recorded along with the panel-pressing behavior. The two monkeys adjusted to the discriminative schedule quite differently from one another. One animal responded at a high level and avoided very well (during avoidance) but was punished frequently (during punishment). The other animal responded less frequently and received many shocks during avoidance but almost none during punishment. The animal that showed less ability to inhibit responding (and received about four times as many shocks overall) appeared to have discriminated better temporally in spacing its responses during avoidance training. The monkey whose panel-pressing behavior resulted in more shocks also tended to show a higher tonic level of autonomic arousal. However, within-animal differences in shock frequency (between avoidance and punishment) were not similarly related to autonomic arousal. The animal that received fewer shocks overall (but more during avoidance) showed greater arousal during punishment. The animal that received more shocks overall (but fewer during avoidance) showed no arousal differences between avoidance and punishment.", "contents": "Autonomic concomitants of discriminative avoidance and punishment training in the monkey. Two Cebus albifrons monkeys were trained to press a back-lighted panel to postpone a brief electric shock to the tail using a Sidman avoidance schedule (SS = 40 sec, RS = 40 sec). After 25 training sessions, a discriminative schedule was introduced, with the Sidman avoidance continuing in the presence of one discriminative stimulus and punishment introduced in the presence of the other. The discriminative stimuli were colors on the panel. Discriminative training also involved 25 sessions, each with a random sequence of 6 avoidance and 6 punishment segments, with 30 sec intervals between the segments. Plantar skin conductance and heart rate were recorded along with the panel-pressing behavior. The two monkeys adjusted to the discriminative schedule quite differently from one another. One animal responded at a high level and avoided very well (during avoidance) but was punished frequently (during punishment). The other animal responded less frequently and received many shocks during avoidance but almost none during punishment. The animal that showed less ability to inhibit responding (and received about four times as many shocks overall) appeared to have discriminated better temporally in spacing its responses during avoidance training. The monkey whose panel-pressing behavior resulted in more shocks also tended to show a higher tonic level of autonomic arousal. However, within-animal differences in shock frequency (between avoidance and punishment) were not similarly related to autonomic arousal. The animal that received fewer shocks overall (but more during avoidance) showed greater arousal during punishment. The animal that received more shocks overall (but fewer during avoidance) showed no arousal differences between avoidance and punishment."}
{"id": "PMID:264017", "title": "Electrical measurement of internal information processing during silent reading and listening.", "content": "When one listens, one \"say what one hears.\" In reading, one \"says what one sees,\" following which, one \"hears what one says.\" The processes of intermodal transfer and of phonetic coding to achieve lexical-semantic processing are hypothesized. The technologic consequence is that covert oral behavior (subvocalization) during silent reading is beneficial to children and should not be tampered with by the teacher.", "contents": "Electrical measurement of internal information processing during silent reading and listening. When one listens, one \"say what one hears.\" In reading, one \"says what one sees,\" following which, one \"hears what one says.\" The processes of intermodal transfer and of phonetic coding to achieve lexical-semantic processing are hypothesized. The technologic consequence is that covert oral behavior (subvocalization) during silent reading is beneficial to children and should not be tampered with by the teacher."}
{"id": "PMID:264020", "title": "Effect of restraint on gastric acid secretion in cats.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on cats fitted with a gastric fistula. In one group of 6 cats basal gastric secretion, and in another group of 7 cats pentagastrin induced gastric secretion was collected two or three times a week during a 2 hr session. The sessions were conducted either in a \"harness\" situation where the cat's movements were restricted, or in a \"cage\" situation where the cat was unrestricted and could move freely. It was found that in four of 6 cats in the basal secretion group and in five of 7 cats in the pentagastrin induced secretion group, gastric acid output was significantly higher in sessions in harness than in sessions in cage. These differences in acid output were due to acidity rather than volume of secretion. It was hypothesized that restriction of the animal's movements in the harness could evoke a \"reflex of freedom\" which, however, could not be accomplished because of the confinement. This could evoke a neural conflict eventually leading to functional disturbances in the autonomic system. This, in turn, resulted in changes in gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Effect of restraint on gastric acid secretion in cats. Experiments were carried out on cats fitted with a gastric fistula. In one group of 6 cats basal gastric secretion, and in another group of 7 cats pentagastrin induced gastric secretion was collected two or three times a week during a 2 hr session. The sessions were conducted either in a \"harness\" situation where the cat's movements were restricted, or in a \"cage\" situation where the cat was unrestricted and could move freely. It was found that in four of 6 cats in the basal secretion group and in five of 7 cats in the pentagastrin induced secretion group, gastric acid output was significantly higher in sessions in harness than in sessions in cage. These differences in acid output were due to acidity rather than volume of secretion. It was hypothesized that restriction of the animal's movements in the harness could evoke a \"reflex of freedom\" which, however, could not be accomplished because of the confinement. This could evoke a neural conflict eventually leading to functional disturbances in the autonomic system. This, in turn, resulted in changes in gastric acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:264021", "title": "Summation of excitatory and inhibitory control produced by traditional tone-shock contingencies and autocontingencies.", "content": "Previous research has demonstrated that rats can be unsignaled shock to predict subsequent periods free from shock. This shock-no shock stimulus arrangement, termed an autocontingency, has appeared less likely to exert behavioral control when a traditional tone-shock contingency was simultaneously available. The present research examined the generality of CS-US contingency dominance in a conditioned suppression paradigm by using a summation test in which \"probe\" stimuli derived from tone-shock contingencies were superimposed upon responding maintained by an autocontingency. In experiment 1, an inhibitory CS accelerated responding only when responding was normally suppressed by the autocontingency. In experiment 2, an excitatory CS failed to yield conditioned suppression during an inhibitory (accelerative) period produced by the autocontingency. Unlike our previous findings (e.g., Davis, Memmott & Hurwitz, 1975), these results do not support a general notion of tone-shock contingency dominance over autocontingencies. Behavioral control by autocontingencies appears robust and \"holds its own\" in summation with both excitatory and inhibitory CSs derived from traditional contingencies.", "contents": "Summation of excitatory and inhibitory control produced by traditional tone-shock contingencies and autocontingencies. Previous research has demonstrated that rats can be unsignaled shock to predict subsequent periods free from shock. This shock-no shock stimulus arrangement, termed an autocontingency, has appeared less likely to exert behavioral control when a traditional tone-shock contingency was simultaneously available. The present research examined the generality of CS-US contingency dominance in a conditioned suppression paradigm by using a summation test in which \"probe\" stimuli derived from tone-shock contingencies were superimposed upon responding maintained by an autocontingency. In experiment 1, an inhibitory CS accelerated responding only when responding was normally suppressed by the autocontingency. In experiment 2, an excitatory CS failed to yield conditioned suppression during an inhibitory (accelerative) period produced by the autocontingency. Unlike our previous findings (e.g., Davis, Memmott & Hurwitz, 1975), these results do not support a general notion of tone-shock contingency dominance over autocontingencies. Behavioral control by autocontingencies appears robust and \"holds its own\" in summation with both excitatory and inhibitory CSs derived from traditional contingencies."}
{"id": "PMID:264022", "title": "Evaluation of bowel preparation methods for gallium scanning.", "content": "Gallium-67, when injected into the body, is an important diagnostic aid for a variety of diseases. Because it is excreted by the liver into the bowel where accumulation of it can interfere with interpretation of abdominal and pelvic areas, adequate bowel cleansing is necessary. A study comparing three methods of bowel preparation showed the Evac-Q-Kit method to be the most satisfactory and cost effective.", "contents": "Evaluation of bowel preparation methods for gallium scanning. Gallium-67, when injected into the body, is an important diagnostic aid for a variety of diseases. Because it is excreted by the liver into the bowel where accumulation of it can interfere with interpretation of abdominal and pelvic areas, adequate bowel cleansing is necessary. A study comparing three methods of bowel preparation showed the Evac-Q-Kit method to be the most satisfactory and cost effective."}
{"id": "PMID:264023", "title": "Producing your own black and white 35 mm slides.", "content": "Here is a simple, efficient and economical method of producing 35mm black and white slides in less than one hour in the standard radiology department darkroom equipped with a film subtraction device.", "contents": "Producing your own black and white 35 mm slides. Here is a simple, efficient and economical method of producing 35mm black and white slides in less than one hour in the standard radiology department darkroom equipped with a film subtraction device."}
{"id": "PMID:264024", "title": "Analysis of a manual calculation technique for isocentric dose determination.", "content": "A method is presented for manual calculation of the dose to points off the central ray for isocentric radiation therapy. A simplified technique for manual calculation is derived from a more general formula used in the computer dosimetry program developed by Sloan-Kettering Memorial Hospital in New York. The manual method assumes certain variables in the general case to be constant. The technique is evaluated by comparing its results to those of the computer program in three hypothetical examples.", "contents": "Analysis of a manual calculation technique for isocentric dose determination. A method is presented for manual calculation of the dose to points off the central ray for isocentric radiation therapy. A simplified technique for manual calculation is derived from a more general formula used in the computer dosimetry program developed by Sloan-Kettering Memorial Hospital in New York. The manual method assumes certain variables in the general case to be constant. The technique is evaluated by comparing its results to those of the computer program in three hypothetical examples."}
{"id": "PMID:264025", "title": "Method for control of patient flow.", "content": "This article describes a method of patient flow control currently being used in the radiology department of Grant Hospital of Chicago. The control board specifically designed for this department's needs enables personnel to follow visually a patient's progress through the department in logical sequence. Its effectiveness enhances the quality of patient care.", "contents": "Method for control of patient flow. This article describes a method of patient flow control currently being used in the radiology department of Grant Hospital of Chicago. The control board specifically designed for this department's needs enables personnel to follow visually a patient's progress through the department in logical sequence. Its effectiveness enhances the quality of patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:264026", "title": "Immobilization device for use on patients undergoing radiation therapy of the head or neck.", "content": "A unit for head and neck immobilization during radiation therapy is described. The treatment machine's laser lights and a cardboard template insure the accurate reproduction of the position of the patient's head and neck. The immobilizing unit quickly and easily locks to maintain the patient's position.", "contents": "Immobilization device for use on patients undergoing radiation therapy of the head or neck. A unit for head and neck immobilization during radiation therapy is described. The treatment machine's laser lights and a cardboard template insure the accurate reproduction of the position of the patient's head and neck. The immobilizing unit quickly and easily locks to maintain the patient's position."}
{"id": "PMID:264028", "title": "Total myelography in the evaluation of lumbar discs. With the presentation of three cases of thoracic neoplasms simulating nerve root lesions.", "content": "It has been our practice to perform total myelography in all cases of lumbar disc disease including the various syndromes of spinal stenosis, because experience has indicated that myelographic abnormalities in the cervical and thoracic areas could have clinical importance despite the presence of gross changes in the lumbar region. Failure to establish a definite diagnosis by restricted lumbar myelography makes it mandatory to evaluate all levels of the spinal axis. Recently, 3 patients with thoracic spinal cord tumors presented with primary signs and symptoms of lumbar spine disorders. Evidence of spinal cord disease was minimal and could be readily overlooked. Total myelography disclosed varying degrees of lumbar spinal pathology, but also showed evidence of lesions in the thoracic region. One proved to be an intramedullary astrocytoma of the spinal cord, and two were schwannomas. The symptoms of low-back pain and lumbar radiculopathy improved after excision of the schwannomas and following x-ray therapy and chemotherapy in the patient with the intramedullary neoplasm.", "contents": "Total myelography in the evaluation of lumbar discs. With the presentation of three cases of thoracic neoplasms simulating nerve root lesions. It has been our practice to perform total myelography in all cases of lumbar disc disease including the various syndromes of spinal stenosis, because experience has indicated that myelographic abnormalities in the cervical and thoracic areas could have clinical importance despite the presence of gross changes in the lumbar region. Failure to establish a definite diagnosis by restricted lumbar myelography makes it mandatory to evaluate all levels of the spinal axis. Recently, 3 patients with thoracic spinal cord tumors presented with primary signs and symptoms of lumbar spine disorders. Evidence of spinal cord disease was minimal and could be readily overlooked. Total myelography disclosed varying degrees of lumbar spinal pathology, but also showed evidence of lesions in the thoracic region. One proved to be an intramedullary astrocytoma of the spinal cord, and two were schwannomas. The symptoms of low-back pain and lumbar radiculopathy improved after excision of the schwannomas and following x-ray therapy and chemotherapy in the patient with the intramedullary neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:264029", "title": "Patient selection for lumbar discectomy. An objective approach.", "content": "A reproducible method is presented for selecting patients with low-back pain and sciatica for lumbar discectomy based on specific objective criteria in four categories: neurologic signs, sciatic tension signs, personality factors (MMPI scores), and lumbar myelography. Operative findings for 50 consecutive cases selected using this method revealed complete nucleus pulposus herniation in 43 cases. This contrasts with complete herniation in only 5 of 26 patients undergoing lumbar discectomy before the method was employed. This objective preoperative evaluation method reduced negative disc explorations and improved early surgical results. We recommend its use for patients being considered for elective lumbar discectomy.", "contents": "Patient selection for lumbar discectomy. An objective approach. A reproducible method is presented for selecting patients with low-back pain and sciatica for lumbar discectomy based on specific objective criteria in four categories: neurologic signs, sciatic tension signs, personality factors (MMPI scores), and lumbar myelography. Operative findings for 50 consecutive cases selected using this method revealed complete nucleus pulposus herniation in 43 cases. This contrasts with complete herniation in only 5 of 26 patients undergoing lumbar discectomy before the method was employed. This objective preoperative evaluation method reduced negative disc explorations and improved early surgical results. We recommend its use for patients being considered for elective lumbar discectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:264030", "title": "The Pennsylvania Plan. An algorithm for the management of lumbar degenerative disc disease.", "content": "An algorithm for the sequential management of the patient with low-back pain has been formulated from evaluation of treatment outcomes. Patients presenting with back pain complaints and cauda equina syndrome are evaluated with immediate myelography. Without this complication, back pain patients are treated with 6 weeks of conservative therapy. Those who fail to respond are evaluated with progressively more complex techniques. When sciatica predominates, treatment may ultimately include laminectomy. When back pain predominates, medical and psychosocial appraisal are recommended. Some with normal medical and psychosocial evaluations may become candidates for spine fusion. The remaining are treated according to the findings of such appraisals. Rigorous screening is mandatory prior to any surgery.", "contents": "The Pennsylvania Plan. An algorithm for the management of lumbar degenerative disc disease. An algorithm for the sequential management of the patient with low-back pain has been formulated from evaluation of treatment outcomes. Patients presenting with back pain complaints and cauda equina syndrome are evaluated with immediate myelography. Without this complication, back pain patients are treated with 6 weeks of conservative therapy. Those who fail to respond are evaluated with progressively more complex techniques. When sciatica predominates, treatment may ultimately include laminectomy. When back pain predominates, medical and psychosocial appraisal are recommended. Some with normal medical and psychosocial evaluations may become candidates for spine fusion. The remaining are treated according to the findings of such appraisals. Rigorous screening is mandatory prior to any surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:264031", "title": "Variations in the amount and distribution of cortical bone across the partes interarticulares of L5. A predisposing factor in spondylolysis?", "content": "The possible role of the physical and mechanical properties of the neural arch as contributing factors in the etiology of spondylolysis was tested by comparing two groups of vertebral specimens obtained at necropsy. Group I specimens had been subjected to repetitive cyclic force which they withstood without fracturing. Group II specimens were randomly selected. The cross-sectional distribution of cortical and cancellous bone in the partes interarticulares were measured, and the two groups compared. The previously stressed group was found to have a greater percentage of cortical bone than the random group. The data are interpreted to suggest that thin partes interarticulares may predispose to spondylolysis through the mechanism of fatigue failure.", "contents": "Variations in the amount and distribution of cortical bone across the partes interarticulares of L5. A predisposing factor in spondylolysis? The possible role of the physical and mechanical properties of the neural arch as contributing factors in the etiology of spondylolysis was tested by comparing two groups of vertebral specimens obtained at necropsy. Group I specimens had been subjected to repetitive cyclic force which they withstood without fracturing. Group II specimens were randomly selected. The cross-sectional distribution of cortical and cancellous bone in the partes interarticulares were measured, and the two groups compared. The previously stressed group was found to have a greater percentage of cortical bone than the random group. The data are interpreted to suggest that thin partes interarticulares may predispose to spondylolysis through the mechanism of fatigue failure."}
{"id": "PMID:264032", "title": "Lumbar spinal stenosis. A cause of continued pain and disability in patients after total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Eight patients, all with continued posterior hip pain following total hip arthroplasty, were seen during a 15-month period. In each patient, that pain and other disabling symptoms were traced to a degenerated, stenotic lumbar spine. The relationship of lumbar stenosis to degenerative hip disease is presented. Myelography was used to diagnose the stenosis in all patients, and findings were confirmed at laminectomy. Wide decompressive laminectomy and partial facetectomy was followed by complete relief of pain and other disabling symptoms in the 6 patients who were able to undergo it.", "contents": "Lumbar spinal stenosis. A cause of continued pain and disability in patients after total hip arthroplasty. Eight patients, all with continued posterior hip pain following total hip arthroplasty, were seen during a 15-month period. In each patient, that pain and other disabling symptoms were traced to a degenerated, stenotic lumbar spine. The relationship of lumbar stenosis to degenerative hip disease is presented. Myelography was used to diagnose the stenosis in all patients, and findings were confirmed at laminectomy. Wide decompressive laminectomy and partial facetectomy was followed by complete relief of pain and other disabling symptoms in the 6 patients who were able to undergo it."}
{"id": "PMID:264033", "title": "Myelographic defect on the side opposite the leg pain. A case report with an explanation of mechanism of action.", "content": "An explanation for leg pain on the opposite side of the myelographic defect in one case is reported. Disc herniation was located superior to the exit of the root and thus displaced the dura and compressed the root on the opposite side against the pedicle producing contralateral leg pain.", "contents": "Myelographic defect on the side opposite the leg pain. A case report with an explanation of mechanism of action. An explanation for leg pain on the opposite side of the myelographic defect in one case is reported. Disc herniation was located superior to the exit of the root and thus displaced the dura and compressed the root on the opposite side against the pedicle producing contralateral leg pain."}
{"id": "PMID:264034", "title": "Pedicle fat grafts for the prevention of scar formation after laminectomy. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The formation of scar tissue always follows lumbar disc surgery and usually causes no difficulty. Reoperation may be necessary because of disc reherniation or because of the scar tissue itself. Reoperation is tedious and dangerous because of the presence of scar formation. Beginning in February 1975, the authors performed laminotomies in 107 dogs in an attempt to study the possibility of prevention of scar tissue formation about the dural sac and nerve roots. Gelfoam and Gelfilm were found to increase scar formation. Micropore tape and plastics such as polyethylene, mylar, and woven and smooth silastic were tried without complete success. Free fat grafts gave better protection than other substances, but it was found that pedicle grafts of fat gave more complete prevention of scar. The living pedicle fat grafts also prevented the usual closure of the laminotomy. The technique of pedicle fat grafts has also been used with success in 36 human patients to date.", "contents": "Pedicle fat grafts for the prevention of scar formation after laminectomy. An experimental study in dogs. The formation of scar tissue always follows lumbar disc surgery and usually causes no difficulty. Reoperation may be necessary because of disc reherniation or because of the scar tissue itself. Reoperation is tedious and dangerous because of the presence of scar formation. Beginning in February 1975, the authors performed laminotomies in 107 dogs in an attempt to study the possibility of prevention of scar tissue formation about the dural sac and nerve roots. Gelfoam and Gelfilm were found to increase scar formation. Micropore tape and plastics such as polyethylene, mylar, and woven and smooth silastic were tried without complete success. Free fat grafts gave better protection than other substances, but it was found that pedicle grafts of fat gave more complete prevention of scar. The living pedicle fat grafts also prevented the usual closure of the laminotomy. The technique of pedicle fat grafts has also been used with success in 36 human patients to date."}
{"id": "PMID:264049", "title": "The effect of fructose infusions in the course of labor upon parturient and fetus.", "content": "Fructose infusions were administered to parturients with healthy term fetuses at a speed of 1 g/min for 106 on the average. The results confirm that fructose has the expected properties. The blood glucose and FFA levels show that a substantial part of the infused fructose is indeed stored and that only a small portion is used to cover immediate energy needs. This positive result is predominant by a considerable degree of acidosis arising in the parturient in spite of the fact that fructose was infused at a slower rate than in the majority of papers published so far. Since the fructose infusions were intended for premature fetuses, which already have an increased tendency toward acidosis, the results confirm the unsuitability of such a treatment.", "contents": "The effect of fructose infusions in the course of labor upon parturient and fetus. Fructose infusions were administered to parturients with healthy term fetuses at a speed of 1 g/min for 106 on the average. The results confirm that fructose has the expected properties. The blood glucose and FFA levels show that a substantial part of the infused fructose is indeed stored and that only a small portion is used to cover immediate energy needs. This positive result is predominant by a considerable degree of acidosis arising in the parturient in spite of the fact that fructose was infused at a slower rate than in the majority of papers published so far. Since the fructose infusions were intended for premature fetuses, which already have an increased tendency toward acidosis, the results confirm the unsuitability of such a treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:264050", "title": "Iron metabolism and placental transfer of iron in the term rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a compartmental analysis.", "content": "The kinetics of iron and the transplacental iron transport in the near-term rhesus monkey were investigated by means of injection of 59Fe(III) bound to rhesus monkey transferrin into the maternal or into the fetal circulation. The experimentally obtained 59Fe(III) bound to rhesus monkey transferrin into the maternal or into the fetal circulation. The experimentally obtained 59Fe dissappearance and appearance curves were analyzed. The analyses were based on a 5-compartmental system. Alternative models were considered but found to be inadequate. Very high maternal as well as fetal iron turnover were calculated. The daily reflux of iron in the mother and in the fetus amounted to 75% of the amount of iron cleared from the plasma compartment daily. The calculated iron transport from mother to fetus was about 1.0 mumol/day/100 g fetus. The reverse transplacental iron transport was negligible. A small placental iron pool of exchangeable iron had to be assumed. There were no clear difference in the distribution of 59Fe over the fetal organs when the tracer dose was injected into the maternal or into the fetal circulation. Only one of the experiments showed a preferential labeling of the fetal liver when the label was given to the mother, a preference which would be expected on the basis of the hypothesis of Fletcher and Suter (1969).", "contents": "Iron metabolism and placental transfer of iron in the term rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a compartmental analysis. The kinetics of iron and the transplacental iron transport in the near-term rhesus monkey were investigated by means of injection of 59Fe(III) bound to rhesus monkey transferrin into the maternal or into the fetal circulation. The experimentally obtained 59Fe(III) bound to rhesus monkey transferrin into the maternal or into the fetal circulation. The experimentally obtained 59Fe dissappearance and appearance curves were analyzed. The analyses were based on a 5-compartmental system. Alternative models were considered but found to be inadequate. Very high maternal as well as fetal iron turnover were calculated. The daily reflux of iron in the mother and in the fetus amounted to 75% of the amount of iron cleared from the plasma compartment daily. The calculated iron transport from mother to fetus was about 1.0 mumol/day/100 g fetus. The reverse transplacental iron transport was negligible. A small placental iron pool of exchangeable iron had to be assumed. There were no clear difference in the distribution of 59Fe over the fetal organs when the tracer dose was injected into the maternal or into the fetal circulation. Only one of the experiments showed a preferential labeling of the fetal liver when the label was given to the mother, a preference which would be expected on the basis of the hypothesis of Fletcher and Suter (1969)."}
{"id": "PMID:264051", "title": "Fetal death: coagulation defects and management. Report of 20 cases with study of the half-life of [125I]fibrinogen.", "content": "This report concerns 20 patients with intrauterine fetal death. Blood samples for coagulation studies were obtained before, during and after delivery. No clinical defibrination or bleeding was noted. Coagulation defects were observed as follows: 2 biological defibrinations: The first case was a pregnancy of 32 wk with retention for more than 12 wk; hypofibrinogenemia was noted in all 6 samples, between 180 and 280 mg/100 ml. The second was a pregnancy of 32 wk with retention for more than 8 wk; fibrinogenemia was between 170 mg/100 ml and 140 mg/100 ml. 2 intravascular coagulations with normal fibrinogenemia, increase of fibrin degradation products and positive ethanol tests. 3 cases with slight coagulation defects that were difficult to explain. The coagulation defects appeared to be transient, and sometimes resolved themselves spontaneously. Induction of labour was made in 19 cases; quinine sulfate, used in 17 cases, was remarkably successful (1 intolerance, 1 failure). Study of the half-life of [125I]fibrinogen was made in 18 of the 20 cases. On average, it was reduced by half in comparison with the half-life of healthy men. The decrease was noted even in cases of fetal deaths without the coagulation defects detected by classical tests. The half-life of [125I]fibrinogen in 6 pregnant women before therapeutic abortion was also studied. The decrease of half-life was noted. Changes of metabolism of fibrinogen during pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Fetal death: coagulation defects and management. Report of 20 cases with study of the half-life of [125I]fibrinogen. This report concerns 20 patients with intrauterine fetal death. Blood samples for coagulation studies were obtained before, during and after delivery. No clinical defibrination or bleeding was noted. Coagulation defects were observed as follows: 2 biological defibrinations: The first case was a pregnancy of 32 wk with retention for more than 12 wk; hypofibrinogenemia was noted in all 6 samples, between 180 and 280 mg/100 ml. The second was a pregnancy of 32 wk with retention for more than 8 wk; fibrinogenemia was between 170 mg/100 ml and 140 mg/100 ml. 2 intravascular coagulations with normal fibrinogenemia, increase of fibrin degradation products and positive ethanol tests. 3 cases with slight coagulation defects that were difficult to explain. The coagulation defects appeared to be transient, and sometimes resolved themselves spontaneously. Induction of labour was made in 19 cases; quinine sulfate, used in 17 cases, was remarkably successful (1 intolerance, 1 failure). Study of the half-life of [125I]fibrinogen was made in 18 of the 20 cases. On average, it was reduced by half in comparison with the half-life of healthy men. The decrease was noted even in cases of fetal deaths without the coagulation defects detected by classical tests. The half-life of [125I]fibrinogen in 6 pregnant women before therapeutic abortion was also studied. The decrease of half-life was noted. Changes of metabolism of fibrinogen during pregnancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264052", "title": "Elective induction of labor conducted under lumbar epidural block. I. Labor induction by amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin.", "content": "Epidural analgesia (bupivacaine) was administered during labor after amniotomy, in some cases supplemented by intravenous oxytocin. A higher incidence of transient uterine hypertonus was seen after blocking. Fetal heart rate changes mainly took the form of bradycardia (in association with uterine hypertonus). At birth, the maternal biochemical condition was characterized by a lower degree of metabolic acidosis, compared to normal unanesthetized controls. The fetuses displayed a slight degree of hypoxia and hypercapnia. The mechanisms underlying these modifications are discussed. Epidural blockade in combination with elective induction of labor, whether or not supplemented by intravenous oxytocin, may carry a risk. Its magnitude is considered acceptable for both mother and fetus provided they are constantly under close surveillance, limited amounts of bupivacaine are administered and the second stage of labor is kept short. However, some warnings against epidural analgesia apply to patients with placental insufficiency and very active labor.", "contents": "Elective induction of labor conducted under lumbar epidural block. I. Labor induction by amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin. Epidural analgesia (bupivacaine) was administered during labor after amniotomy, in some cases supplemented by intravenous oxytocin. A higher incidence of transient uterine hypertonus was seen after blocking. Fetal heart rate changes mainly took the form of bradycardia (in association with uterine hypertonus). At birth, the maternal biochemical condition was characterized by a lower degree of metabolic acidosis, compared to normal unanesthetized controls. The fetuses displayed a slight degree of hypoxia and hypercapnia. The mechanisms underlying these modifications are discussed. Epidural blockade in combination with elective induction of labor, whether or not supplemented by intravenous oxytocin, may carry a risk. Its magnitude is considered acceptable for both mother and fetus provided they are constantly under close surveillance, limited amounts of bupivacaine are administered and the second stage of labor is kept short. However, some warnings against epidural analgesia apply to patients with placental insufficiency and very active labor."}
{"id": "PMID:264053", "title": "Discriminant analysis, exemplified with quantitative features of endometrium.", "content": "In this paper we illustrate the potential usefulness of discriminant analysis as a means of separating groups of patients and aiding in differential diagnosis of an individual patient. Some of the most important problems are discussed. The analysis is performed with various microscopical endometrial features of endometrial biopsies from 4 groups of 7 patients in different hormonal conditions. There is some evidence that a combination of stereological features gives a better separation of the groups than the usual histological examinations.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis, exemplified with quantitative features of endometrium. In this paper we illustrate the potential usefulness of discriminant analysis as a means of separating groups of patients and aiding in differential diagnosis of an individual patient. Some of the most important problems are discussed. The analysis is performed with various microscopical endometrial features of endometrial biopsies from 4 groups of 7 patients in different hormonal conditions. There is some evidence that a combination of stereological features gives a better separation of the groups than the usual histological examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:264054", "title": "Tubal pregnancy in a 'low-risk' population: occasional association with follicular salpingitis.", "content": "Long-standing tubal inflammatory lesions occurred in 35 (14%) of 250 tubal pregnancy patients, aged from 14 to 45 yrs, encountered from 1948 to 1969 in an eastern Canadian population where clinically manifest pelvic inflammation is not prevalent and 1/180 is the approximate ratio of ectopic pregnancy to live births. Present in 24 of these 35 patients was follicular salpingitis. For most of the eccyeses, functional derangements appear likely to have been responsible more often than structural alterations of the oviducts; but possible roles for 'physiological salpingitis' in leading to tubal pregnancy may be worthy of investigation.", "contents": "Tubal pregnancy in a 'low-risk' population: occasional association with follicular salpingitis. Long-standing tubal inflammatory lesions occurred in 35 (14%) of 250 tubal pregnancy patients, aged from 14 to 45 yrs, encountered from 1948 to 1969 in an eastern Canadian population where clinically manifest pelvic inflammation is not prevalent and 1/180 is the approximate ratio of ectopic pregnancy to live births. Present in 24 of these 35 patients was follicular salpingitis. For most of the eccyeses, functional derangements appear likely to have been responsible more often than structural alterations of the oviducts; but possible roles for 'physiological salpingitis' in leading to tubal pregnancy may be worthy of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:264055", "title": "Effects of glucocorticoids during pregnancy on the outcome of the children directly after birth and in the long run.", "content": "We studied 17 mothers and the outcome of their 34 pregnancies. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine possible adverse effects on growth of prolonged use of glucocorticoids, which have been recommended for short-term use in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (Liggins). There was no effect on duration of pregnancy; no congenital abnormalities were seen in this small group of children when corticoids were used during the whole pregnancy. There was a slight decrease in birth weight and placenta weight and, when known, also in length in almost every case. However, after long-term follow-up all of these children except 1 showed a catch-up growth and were slightly above normal. Their neurological and mental development was also normal except in 1 child who was born severely asphyxiated. We conclude from these results that there appears to be no adverse effect on later growth in the use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy. Therefore, it is unlikely that the short-term use of glucocorticoids as recommended by Liggins would have any influence on later growth.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticoids during pregnancy on the outcome of the children directly after birth and in the long run. We studied 17 mothers and the outcome of their 34 pregnancies. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine possible adverse effects on growth of prolonged use of glucocorticoids, which have been recommended for short-term use in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (Liggins). There was no effect on duration of pregnancy; no congenital abnormalities were seen in this small group of children when corticoids were used during the whole pregnancy. There was a slight decrease in birth weight and placenta weight and, when known, also in length in almost every case. However, after long-term follow-up all of these children except 1 showed a catch-up growth and were slightly above normal. Their neurological and mental development was also normal except in 1 child who was born severely asphyxiated. We conclude from these results that there appears to be no adverse effect on later growth in the use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy. Therefore, it is unlikely that the short-term use of glucocorticoids as recommended by Liggins would have any influence on later growth."}
{"id": "PMID:264056", "title": "Three case reports of fetal growth retardation in the second trimester.", "content": "Antenatal and postnatal growth and development were assessed in a prospective study involving 100 children. 3 cases of second trimester growth retardation exhibiting varying degrees of catch-up growth are described.", "contents": "Three case reports of fetal growth retardation in the second trimester. Antenatal and postnatal growth and development were assessed in a prospective study involving 100 children. 3 cases of second trimester growth retardation exhibiting varying degrees of catch-up growth are described."}
{"id": "PMID:264057", "title": "Marriage and childbearing in relation to cervical cancer.", "content": "In order to assess any correlation between cervical cancer and age at marriage and childbearing, matched control groups were formed. From the comparison it appears that cervical cancer patients are more likely to be married and to have married at an earlier age than control women. In the same age groups at marriage there was no difference in the number of children between the cervical cancer patients and the control women. It appeared that cervical cancer patients had their first child earlier than control women. There were more illegitimate children in the cervical cancer groups than in the control groups, but after the wedding date there were no differences between the cervical cancer groups and the control groups in the time between the wedding date and the date of birth of the first child. The data show that after pregnancy or childbirth, in particular at an early age, there is a greater risk of getting a cervical cancer. By contrast, nulliparous married women seem to have a low risk of cervical cancer.", "contents": "Marriage and childbearing in relation to cervical cancer. In order to assess any correlation between cervical cancer and age at marriage and childbearing, matched control groups were formed. From the comparison it appears that cervical cancer patients are more likely to be married and to have married at an earlier age than control women. In the same age groups at marriage there was no difference in the number of children between the cervical cancer patients and the control women. It appeared that cervical cancer patients had their first child earlier than control women. There were more illegitimate children in the cervical cancer groups than in the control groups, but after the wedding date there were no differences between the cervical cancer groups and the control groups in the time between the wedding date and the date of birth of the first child. The data show that after pregnancy or childbirth, in particular at an early age, there is a greater risk of getting a cervical cancer. By contrast, nulliparous married women seem to have a low risk of cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:264058", "title": "The pathogenesis of amniotic fluid embolism with particular reference to transabdominal amniocentesis.", "content": "A fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism is presented. Several amniocenteses had been performed during the pregnancy. A review is presented of definite and probable examples of amniotic fluid embolism following amniocentesis.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of amniotic fluid embolism with particular reference to transabdominal amniocentesis. A fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism is presented. Several amniocenteses had been performed during the pregnancy. A review is presented of definite and probable examples of amniotic fluid embolism following amniocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:264059", "title": "Cribriform polypoid adenomatous (atypical) hyperplasia of the endocervical glands of the uterus under hormonal contraception.", "content": "The occurrence of cribriform adenomatous hyperplasia of the endocervical glands of the uterus was examined in 92 women, in whom punch biopsies of the ecto-endocervical line were taken during the second half of their cycle. Of these, 79 women had taken combined estrogen-progestogen preparations, 9 women had taken progestogens alone, while 14 patients formed a control group. There was a significant difference only between the control group without hormones and the groups treated with hormones. The groups of patients under the various regimens of hormonal treatment displayed a varying percentage of cribriform adenomatous hyperplasia. There was a clear tendency for such lesions to be observed more frequently under the combined type of contraception than under the sequential type. These differences were not, however, significant. A correlation with specific exogenous groups of steroids could not be established.", "contents": "Cribriform polypoid adenomatous (atypical) hyperplasia of the endocervical glands of the uterus under hormonal contraception. The occurrence of cribriform adenomatous hyperplasia of the endocervical glands of the uterus was examined in 92 women, in whom punch biopsies of the ecto-endocervical line were taken during the second half of their cycle. Of these, 79 women had taken combined estrogen-progestogen preparations, 9 women had taken progestogens alone, while 14 patients formed a control group. There was a significant difference only between the control group without hormones and the groups treated with hormones. The groups of patients under the various regimens of hormonal treatment displayed a varying percentage of cribriform adenomatous hyperplasia. There was a clear tendency for such lesions to be observed more frequently under the combined type of contraception than under the sequential type. These differences were not, however, significant. A correlation with specific exogenous groups of steroids could not be established."}
{"id": "PMID:264060", "title": "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy with survival of mother and child: a case report.", "content": "A case of acute fatty liver of pregnancy (obstetric acute yellow atrophy or acute fatty metamorphosis of the liver) is reported in which cesarean section was made and both mother and child survived. The authors suggest that the prognosis was improved by rapid termination of pregnancy. The course of the disease, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy with survival of mother and child: a case report. A case of acute fatty liver of pregnancy (obstetric acute yellow atrophy or acute fatty metamorphosis of the liver) is reported in which cesarean section was made and both mother and child survived. The authors suggest that the prognosis was improved by rapid termination of pregnancy. The course of the disease, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264061", "title": "Orciprenaline and fetal lung maturation in rabbits.", "content": "The palmitic and stearic acids and the palmitic/stearic ratio in fetal rabbit lungs were studied after orciprenaline administration to the mother from the 26th to the 31st day of gestation. The results were significantly higher in the treated groups than in the control group for the palmitic acid and palmitic/stearic ratio.", "contents": "Orciprenaline and fetal lung maturation in rabbits. The palmitic and stearic acids and the palmitic/stearic ratio in fetal rabbit lungs were studied after orciprenaline administration to the mother from the 26th to the 31st day of gestation. The results were significantly higher in the treated groups than in the control group for the palmitic acid and palmitic/stearic ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:264062", "title": "Recurrence of gestational diabetes.", "content": "The recurrence rate of gestational diabetes in 58 patients who had had the foregoing pregnancy complicated by diabetes was estimated to be 30% if our former criteria for abnormal glucose tolerance were strictly applied and 25% if our new, more stringent criteria were used. The recurrence rate is not influenced by prophylactic administration of pyridoxine. The perinatal morbidity complicating the 'second' pregnancy of former gestational diabetics was not increased in those patients who were not treated again, as compared with those who were. Recurrent gestational diabetes is associated with a degree of overdiagnosis in an attempt to detect all gestational diabetics. It is suggested that recurrent gestational diabetes occurs mainly in prediabetic patients.", "contents": "Recurrence of gestational diabetes. The recurrence rate of gestational diabetes in 58 patients who had had the foregoing pregnancy complicated by diabetes was estimated to be 30% if our former criteria for abnormal glucose tolerance were strictly applied and 25% if our new, more stringent criteria were used. The recurrence rate is not influenced by prophylactic administration of pyridoxine. The perinatal morbidity complicating the 'second' pregnancy of former gestational diabetics was not increased in those patients who were not treated again, as compared with those who were. Recurrent gestational diabetes is associated with a degree of overdiagnosis in an attempt to detect all gestational diabetics. It is suggested that recurrent gestational diabetes occurs mainly in prediabetic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:264063", "title": "Closure of the human umbilical artery: a physiological demonstration of Burton's theory.", "content": "30 umbilical cords of normal full-term infants were examined immediately after birth for closure of the arteries. Multiple constrictions were observed in the arteries at birth, which increased in number and degree with time. Between the constrictions there were segments of dilatations with trapped blood. Cutting through the constrictions in the cords clamped later than 1 min after birth did not result in leakage of blood from the adjoining dilated segments which contained trapped uncoagulated blood indicating complete closure. This behavior of the vessels is a physiologic example of critical closure of small arteries according to Burton's theory.", "contents": "Closure of the human umbilical artery: a physiological demonstration of Burton's theory. 30 umbilical cords of normal full-term infants were examined immediately after birth for closure of the arteries. Multiple constrictions were observed in the arteries at birth, which increased in number and degree with time. Between the constrictions there were segments of dilatations with trapped blood. Cutting through the constrictions in the cords clamped later than 1 min after birth did not result in leakage of blood from the adjoining dilated segments which contained trapped uncoagulated blood indicating complete closure. This behavior of the vessels is a physiologic example of critical closure of small arteries according to Burton's theory."}
{"id": "PMID:264064", "title": "The fetal autonomic nervous system, the fetal heart rate and the beat-to-beat irregularity.", "content": "In the exteriorized fetal lamb an experimental study on the influence of the fetal autonomic nervous system upon the heart rate pattern is described by means of blockage of the cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic system. The alpha-adrenergic system proved to have no effect upon heart rate. The beta-adrenergic system had a positive chronotropic effect and the parasympathetic system had a negative chronotropic effect. Beat-to-beat irregularity was independent of a functional alpha-adrenergic system, but at a high basic heart rate disappeared completely after cholinergic blockage and at a low rate after beta-adrenergic blockage. It is concluded that most probably the beat-to-beat irregularity is the result of the competition of the enhancing influence of the beta-adrenergic system and the inhibiting influence of the cholinergic system on fetal heart rate.", "contents": "The fetal autonomic nervous system, the fetal heart rate and the beat-to-beat irregularity. In the exteriorized fetal lamb an experimental study on the influence of the fetal autonomic nervous system upon the heart rate pattern is described by means of blockage of the cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic system. The alpha-adrenergic system proved to have no effect upon heart rate. The beta-adrenergic system had a positive chronotropic effect and the parasympathetic system had a negative chronotropic effect. Beat-to-beat irregularity was independent of a functional alpha-adrenergic system, but at a high basic heart rate disappeared completely after cholinergic blockage and at a low rate after beta-adrenergic blockage. It is concluded that most probably the beat-to-beat irregularity is the result of the competition of the enhancing influence of the beta-adrenergic system and the inhibiting influence of the cholinergic system on fetal heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:264065", "title": "The effect of various drugs on maternal serum cystine aminopeptidase.", "content": "Serial estimations (87) of serum cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) in pregnant women (18) using diphenyl hydantoin, phenobarbital or diazepam revealed that the enzyme levels were below the average for normals in 89% of patients. The initially low CAP levels in women on diazepam were improved within 24 h after betamethasone administration. Subsequent studies in vitro confirmed that diphenyl hydantoin, phenobarbital, diazepam and acetyl salicylate markedly inhibited CAP levels in sera of women (72) with clinically uncomplicated pregnancy. No inhibition of CAP by any of the drugs tested was observed in sera from nonpregnant women (8). However, nonpregnant women receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate injections showed CAP inhibition by various drugs, suggesting some changes in the enzyme moiety under the influence of the hormone.", "contents": "The effect of various drugs on maternal serum cystine aminopeptidase. Serial estimations (87) of serum cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) in pregnant women (18) using diphenyl hydantoin, phenobarbital or diazepam revealed that the enzyme levels were below the average for normals in 89% of patients. The initially low CAP levels in women on diazepam were improved within 24 h after betamethasone administration. Subsequent studies in vitro confirmed that diphenyl hydantoin, phenobarbital, diazepam and acetyl salicylate markedly inhibited CAP levels in sera of women (72) with clinically uncomplicated pregnancy. No inhibition of CAP by any of the drugs tested was observed in sera from nonpregnant women (8). However, nonpregnant women receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate injections showed CAP inhibition by various drugs, suggesting some changes in the enzyme moiety under the influence of the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:264066", "title": "Placental transfer of thiamphenicol in term pregnancy.", "content": "The placental transfer of thiamphenicol was studied in 21 subjects at term after an intravenous bolus injection of 1000 mg of the drug. Detectable antibiotic levels were present in umbilical blood and amniotic fluid within 15 min of maternal administration. With the dosage applied, minimum concentrations required for the inhibition of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms causing intrauterine infections were attained in maternal plasma, cord plasma and amniotic fluid. The value of thiamphenicol for the treatment of intrauterine infections is discussed.", "contents": "Placental transfer of thiamphenicol in term pregnancy. The placental transfer of thiamphenicol was studied in 21 subjects at term after an intravenous bolus injection of 1000 mg of the drug. Detectable antibiotic levels were present in umbilical blood and amniotic fluid within 15 min of maternal administration. With the dosage applied, minimum concentrations required for the inhibition of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms causing intrauterine infections were attained in maternal plasma, cord plasma and amniotic fluid. The value of thiamphenicol for the treatment of intrauterine infections is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264067", "title": "Quantitative nuclear image analysis: differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant appearing uterine glands in a paraffin section. II. Computer assisted recognition by discriminant analysis.", "content": "Quantitative image analysis was applied to data from microscope photometry of nuclei in a paraffin section. The data were essentially the same as described in a previous publication (Baak and Diegenbach, 1977). The results from measurements on the nuclei of morphologically normal, atypical hyperplastic and carcinomatous uterine glands were used in discriminant analysis. With this method it is possible to discriminate between the three groups of nuclei. Depending on the (sub)set of the variables used, 60-70% of all nuclei are correctly classified in one of the three groups. Discrimination of one of the groups against the other two results in up to 81% correct classifications. Therefore, discriminant analysis offers a possibility of assisting diagnosis in an objective way.", "contents": "Quantitative nuclear image analysis: differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant appearing uterine glands in a paraffin section. II. Computer assisted recognition by discriminant analysis. Quantitative image analysis was applied to data from microscope photometry of nuclei in a paraffin section. The data were essentially the same as described in a previous publication (Baak and Diegenbach, 1977). The results from measurements on the nuclei of morphologically normal, atypical hyperplastic and carcinomatous uterine glands were used in discriminant analysis. With this method it is possible to discriminate between the three groups of nuclei. Depending on the (sub)set of the variables used, 60-70% of all nuclei are correctly classified in one of the three groups. Discrimination of one of the groups against the other two results in up to 81% correct classifications. Therefore, discriminant analysis offers a possibility of assisting diagnosis in an objective way."}
{"id": "PMID:264068", "title": "Quantitative morphology of the placenta. II. The growth of the placenta and the problem of postmaturity.", "content": "The morphological changes in the placenta concomitant with the transition from maturity to postmaturity were investigated by stereology under early clamping of the umbilical cord. 37 placentas from nonpathological pregnancies delivered after a period of 224-303 days of amenorrhea were examined. It appeared that after 267-288 days of amenorrhea, 8 out of 9 placental components showed no further growth and even showed regression. Only the volume of the trophoblast continued to grow in postmaturity. It is suggested that during postmaturity the villous capacity to produce steroids is continuing at a normal rate (as judged by the increase of the volume of the trophoblast), whereas the capability to transfer is deteriorating (as testified by the decreasing surface of the trophoblast).", "contents": "Quantitative morphology of the placenta. II. The growth of the placenta and the problem of postmaturity. The morphological changes in the placenta concomitant with the transition from maturity to postmaturity were investigated by stereology under early clamping of the umbilical cord. 37 placentas from nonpathological pregnancies delivered after a period of 224-303 days of amenorrhea were examined. It appeared that after 267-288 days of amenorrhea, 8 out of 9 placental components showed no further growth and even showed regression. Only the volume of the trophoblast continued to grow in postmaturity. It is suggested that during postmaturity the villous capacity to produce steroids is continuing at a normal rate (as judged by the increase of the volume of the trophoblast), whereas the capability to transfer is deteriorating (as testified by the decreasing surface of the trophoblast)."}
{"id": "PMID:264069", "title": "Clinical evaluation of econazole nitrate in 1% vaginal cream for treatment of vaginal candidosis.", "content": "30 patients with mycologically confirmed vaginal candidosis on culture were treated with econazole vaginal cream (Gyno-Pevaryl) applied intravaginally once a day for 2 wk. 8 days after the end of treatment, mycological and clinical cures were demonstrated in 26 patients. Symptoms generally subsided rapidly, and the drug was well tolerated. This study confirms the efficacy of econazole in the treatment of vaginal candidosis.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of econazole nitrate in 1% vaginal cream for treatment of vaginal candidosis. 30 patients with mycologically confirmed vaginal candidosis on culture were treated with econazole vaginal cream (Gyno-Pevaryl) applied intravaginally once a day for 2 wk. 8 days after the end of treatment, mycological and clinical cures were demonstrated in 26 patients. Symptoms generally subsided rapidly, and the drug was well tolerated. This study confirms the efficacy of econazole in the treatment of vaginal candidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:264070", "title": "A case of listeriosis in pregnancy with fetal survival.", "content": "Listeriosis during pregnancy is generally considered to result in an intrauterine infection which affects the fetus before birth or in the perinatal period. A case of listeriosis in a 38-yr-old diabetic woman with an influenza-like disease in her 32nd wk of pregnancy is presented. Two successive blood cultures were positive for Listeria monocytogenes type 4b and her serum showed a rising titer for agglutinins to this organism. After antibiotic treatment of the patient she gave birth to a healthy child.", "contents": "A case of listeriosis in pregnancy with fetal survival. Listeriosis during pregnancy is generally considered to result in an intrauterine infection which affects the fetus before birth or in the perinatal period. A case of listeriosis in a 38-yr-old diabetic woman with an influenza-like disease in her 32nd wk of pregnancy is presented. Two successive blood cultures were positive for Listeria monocytogenes type 4b and her serum showed a rising titer for agglutinins to this organism. After antibiotic treatment of the patient she gave birth to a healthy child."}
{"id": "PMID:264071", "title": "Fetal blood sampling by fetoscopy in pregnant ewes.", "content": "Successful fetal blood sampling by fetoscopy is reported in 4 out of 6 pregnant ewes. No deleterious effect of the procedure on the course of pregnancy and fetal outcome could be demonstrated. There were two main problems: floating membranes and mobile fetal cotyledon vessels. Although the first problem could in part be overcome by infusion of saline, fetal blood sampling in the pregnant ewe is a rather difficult and time-consuming procedure.", "contents": "Fetal blood sampling by fetoscopy in pregnant ewes. Successful fetal blood sampling by fetoscopy is reported in 4 out of 6 pregnant ewes. No deleterious effect of the procedure on the course of pregnancy and fetal outcome could be demonstrated. There were two main problems: floating membranes and mobile fetal cotyledon vessels. Although the first problem could in part be overcome by infusion of saline, fetal blood sampling in the pregnant ewe is a rather difficult and time-consuming procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:264072", "title": "Quantitative nuclear image analysis: differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant appearing uterine glands in a paraffin section. III. The use of texture features for differentiation.", "content": "Markov chain statistic based texture features were used to discriminate nuclei from three regions in a paraffin section of human endometrium. The data of the digitized nuclei from which the texture features were calculated were the same as described previously (Baak and Diegenbach, 1977; Diegenbach and Baak, 1977). Several texture features proved to give a good separation between two of the three groups of nuclei. Combining two or more features can make a separation of all three groups possible. Most of the features are correlated, indicating that fewer than the 20 features used are needed for discrimination. The results are much better than with the features described in the previous articles.", "contents": "Quantitative nuclear image analysis: differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant appearing uterine glands in a paraffin section. III. The use of texture features for differentiation. Markov chain statistic based texture features were used to discriminate nuclei from three regions in a paraffin section of human endometrium. The data of the digitized nuclei from which the texture features were calculated were the same as described previously (Baak and Diegenbach, 1977; Diegenbach and Baak, 1977). Several texture features proved to give a good separation between two of the three groups of nuclei. Combining two or more features can make a separation of all three groups possible. Most of the features are correlated, indicating that fewer than the 20 features used are needed for discrimination. The results are much better than with the features described in the previous articles."}
{"id": "PMID:264073", "title": "Benign enlargement of the labia minora: report of two cases.", "content": "2 cases of bilateral hypertrophy of the labia minora are recorded. The patients presented with vulvar discomfort and redundant labia and reduction vulvoplasty was carried out. The resected specimens showed marked hyperplasia of the non-hair-bearing sebaceous glands, acanthosis, keratosis, and hyperpigmentation of the epithelium and a variable degree of neoangiogenesis and fibrosis in the upper dermis. No cause was established clinically or pathologically. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Benign enlargement of the labia minora: report of two cases. 2 cases of bilateral hypertrophy of the labia minora are recorded. The patients presented with vulvar discomfort and redundant labia and reduction vulvoplasty was carried out. The resected specimens showed marked hyperplasia of the non-hair-bearing sebaceous glands, acanthosis, keratosis, and hyperpigmentation of the epithelium and a variable degree of neoangiogenesis and fibrosis in the upper dermis. No cause was established clinically or pathologically. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264074", "title": "Quantitative morphology of the placenta. III. The growth of the placenta and its relationship to birth weight.", "content": "The relationship of placental components to birth weight was investigated by stereology. 37 placentas from nonpathological pregnancies delivered after a period of 224-303 days of amenorrhea were examined. The umbilical cord was clamped immediately after birth. The ratios of the volume, the surface, the length of the villous vessels and the surface of the villi with birth weight showed a decrease after 277 days of amenorrhea. In contrast to this decrease, the ratio of the volume of the trophoblast with birth weight seems to increase. No difference could be found for the ratios of the placental volume (placental index), the volume of the villous tissue, the volume of the intervillous space and the volume of the nonfunctional tissue with birth weight. These ratios reveal a quantitative morphological base for the clinical experience that postmature fetuses are at a higher risk through deterioration of the placenta.", "contents": "Quantitative morphology of the placenta. III. The growth of the placenta and its relationship to birth weight. The relationship of placental components to birth weight was investigated by stereology. 37 placentas from nonpathological pregnancies delivered after a period of 224-303 days of amenorrhea were examined. The umbilical cord was clamped immediately after birth. The ratios of the volume, the surface, the length of the villous vessels and the surface of the villi with birth weight showed a decrease after 277 days of amenorrhea. In contrast to this decrease, the ratio of the volume of the trophoblast with birth weight seems to increase. No difference could be found for the ratios of the placental volume (placental index), the volume of the villous tissue, the volume of the intervillous space and the volume of the nonfunctional tissue with birth weight. These ratios reveal a quantitative morphological base for the clinical experience that postmature fetuses are at a higher risk through deterioration of the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:264075", "title": "Intrauterine detection of fetal phonocardiosignals.", "content": "In this paper the application of an open-tip phonocatheter for the detection of fetal phonocardiosignals during parturition is described. The phonocatheter is easily inserted with a conventional polythene guide via the cervical route. The fetal heart sounds are detected by the sound pick-up element located in the catheter tip. Intrauterine pressure is measured simultaneously with the help of a Statham uterine pressure transducer externally connected via the lumen to the open tip of the phonocatheter. Since fetal heart sounds can also be detected before rupture of the membranes, it is possible to measure intrauterine pressure and fetal heart activity simultaneously using only one catheter and without being limited to a particular stage in parturition.", "contents": "Intrauterine detection of fetal phonocardiosignals. In this paper the application of an open-tip phonocatheter for the detection of fetal phonocardiosignals during parturition is described. The phonocatheter is easily inserted with a conventional polythene guide via the cervical route. The fetal heart sounds are detected by the sound pick-up element located in the catheter tip. Intrauterine pressure is measured simultaneously with the help of a Statham uterine pressure transducer externally connected via the lumen to the open tip of the phonocatheter. Since fetal heart sounds can also be detected before rupture of the membranes, it is possible to measure intrauterine pressure and fetal heart activity simultaneously using only one catheter and without being limited to a particular stage in parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:264076", "title": "Symptomatic plexiform tumor of the myometrium: report of a case.", "content": "The largest benign plexiform tumor of the myometrium on record is presented. The lesion, measuring 7.2 cm in diameter, was clinically palpable and symptomatic. The presence of scattered microfoci of typical smooth muscle differentiation within the tumor supports its smooth muscle origin.", "contents": "Symptomatic plexiform tumor of the myometrium: report of a case. The largest benign plexiform tumor of the myometrium on record is presented. The lesion, measuring 7.2 cm in diameter, was clinically palpable and symptomatic. The presence of scattered microfoci of typical smooth muscle differentiation within the tumor supports its smooth muscle origin."}
{"id": "PMID:264077", "title": "Bilateral renal agenesis (Potter's syndrome) in two consecutive infants.", "content": "Bilateral renal agenesis is a relatively rare congenital anomaly; its frequency is 1 : 3000-4000 deliveries, with a remarkable predominance of male infants. This anomaly is most often found in combination with characteristic facial features ('Potter's face') and pulmonary hypoplasia, the combination being known as Potter's syndrome. In the course of pregnancy an increasing oligohydramnios becomes manifest; during labor, virtual absence of amniotic fluid is found in most cases. This oligohydramnios should alert the obstetrician to suspect Potter's syndrome; serial ultrasonography may confirm the diagnosis. Most affected children are born alive but die within a few hours due to respiratory difficulties caused by the pulmonary hypoplasia. Despite the remarkable facial characteristics of these infants, it was only in a small minority that the diagnosis was considered before autopsy. This stresses the need for a full post-mortem examination in all cases of perinatal death. The etiology is still uncertain, though multifactorial inheritance is the most likely. As a consequence, the recurrence risk is not negligible; the small number of 'familial occurrence' observations, however, does not allow estimation of a risk figure. Genetic counseling is indicated in any family giving birth to a child with bilateral renal agenesis. A family is described in which two consecutive male infants with bilateral renal agenesis were born alive and survived 19 and 38 h.", "contents": "Bilateral renal agenesis (Potter's syndrome) in two consecutive infants. Bilateral renal agenesis is a relatively rare congenital anomaly; its frequency is 1 : 3000-4000 deliveries, with a remarkable predominance of male infants. This anomaly is most often found in combination with characteristic facial features ('Potter's face') and pulmonary hypoplasia, the combination being known as Potter's syndrome. In the course of pregnancy an increasing oligohydramnios becomes manifest; during labor, virtual absence of amniotic fluid is found in most cases. This oligohydramnios should alert the obstetrician to suspect Potter's syndrome; serial ultrasonography may confirm the diagnosis. Most affected children are born alive but die within a few hours due to respiratory difficulties caused by the pulmonary hypoplasia. Despite the remarkable facial characteristics of these infants, it was only in a small minority that the diagnosis was considered before autopsy. This stresses the need for a full post-mortem examination in all cases of perinatal death. The etiology is still uncertain, though multifactorial inheritance is the most likely. As a consequence, the recurrence risk is not negligible; the small number of 'familial occurrence' observations, however, does not allow estimation of a risk figure. Genetic counseling is indicated in any family giving birth to a child with bilateral renal agenesis. A family is described in which two consecutive male infants with bilateral renal agenesis were born alive and survived 19 and 38 h."}
{"id": "PMID:264078", "title": "Simultaneous measurements of intrauterine pressure, including the head-to-cervix pressure, by an open-end catheter and a strain gauge.", "content": "An open-end catheter and a small strain gauge were tied and introduced into the uterine fundus during the labor of 8 parturients. As the tied probes were progressively withdrawn, the pressures given by each were simultaneously recorded. Normally the measurements are identical, but when the free ends of the probes are located between the head and the cervix, striking differences appear, the strain gauge giving much higher figures. Conversely, two intrauterine open-end catheters give the same results even if one is located in the fundus and the other is between the head and the cervix. It is suggested that the strain gauge measures a pressure which is not reliable enough because the area of application of the stress cannot be known accurately.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurements of intrauterine pressure, including the head-to-cervix pressure, by an open-end catheter and a strain gauge. An open-end catheter and a small strain gauge were tied and introduced into the uterine fundus during the labor of 8 parturients. As the tied probes were progressively withdrawn, the pressures given by each were simultaneously recorded. Normally the measurements are identical, but when the free ends of the probes are located between the head and the cervix, striking differences appear, the strain gauge giving much higher figures. Conversely, two intrauterine open-end catheters give the same results even if one is located in the fundus and the other is between the head and the cervix. It is suggested that the strain gauge measures a pressure which is not reliable enough because the area of application of the stress cannot be known accurately."}
{"id": "PMID:264079", "title": "Low thymic weight in small-for-dates babies.", "content": "The thymic weights of 20 growth-retarded babies dying at or about birth were found to be less than normal for their birth weights. It is suggested that small-for-dates babies that survive may be immunodeficient as are children who suffer from extrauterine malnutrition.", "contents": "Low thymic weight in small-for-dates babies. The thymic weights of 20 growth-retarded babies dying at or about birth were found to be less than normal for their birth weights. It is suggested that small-for-dates babies that survive may be immunodeficient as are children who suffer from extrauterine malnutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:264080", "title": "Quantitative nuclear image analysis: differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant appearing uterine glands in a paraffin section. IV. The use of Markov chain texture features in discriminant analysis.", "content": "Discriminant analysis was applied to Markov chain texture features and elementary features calculated from data from microscope photometry of nuclei in a paraffin section. The results from measurements on the nuclei of morphologically normal, atypical hyperplastic and carcinomatous uterine glands were used in discriminant analysis. With this technique it is possible to classify up to 88.1% of the nuclei correctly in one of the three groups of uterine glands. The discriminating power of several smaller subsets indicated that with more than 28 features there is hardly any increase in discriminating power. Discriminant analysis with a selection from elementary and Markov chain features provides objective criteria of assistance in histopathological diagnosis.", "contents": "Quantitative nuclear image analysis: differentiation between normal, hyperplastic, and malignant appearing uterine glands in a paraffin section. IV. The use of Markov chain texture features in discriminant analysis. Discriminant analysis was applied to Markov chain texture features and elementary features calculated from data from microscope photometry of nuclei in a paraffin section. The results from measurements on the nuclei of morphologically normal, atypical hyperplastic and carcinomatous uterine glands were used in discriminant analysis. With this technique it is possible to classify up to 88.1% of the nuclei correctly in one of the three groups of uterine glands. The discriminating power of several smaller subsets indicated that with more than 28 features there is hardly any increase in discriminating power. Discriminant analysis with a selection from elementary and Markov chain features provides objective criteria of assistance in histopathological diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:264081", "title": "Ovarian vascular accidents: a complication of anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Ovarian vascular accidents are usually more severe when the patient is being kept on anticoagulant therapy following cardiac surgery or for other reasons. 4 cases of massive hemoperitoneum are reported. Rupture of the corpus luteum and corpus luteum cyst and an ovarian ectopic pregnancy were responsible for massive hemoperitoneum. All 4 patients survived and recovered.", "contents": "Ovarian vascular accidents: a complication of anticoagulant therapy. Ovarian vascular accidents are usually more severe when the patient is being kept on anticoagulant therapy following cardiac surgery or for other reasons. 4 cases of massive hemoperitoneum are reported. Rupture of the corpus luteum and corpus luteum cyst and an ovarian ectopic pregnancy were responsible for massive hemoperitoneum. All 4 patients survived and recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:264082", "title": "High molecular fibrin derivatives in pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients.", "content": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes were assayed by agarose gel filtration and by ultracentrifugation. Increased values of SFMC were found in the normal third-trimester pregnancies. They were considerably higher in plasma of patients with pre-eclampsia. Concentrations were higher using ultracentrifugation as compared to gel chromatography. Using ultracentrifugation 4 components were identified, indicating that SFMC in this disease are not a homogeneous group.", "contents": "High molecular fibrin derivatives in pre-eclamptic and eclamptic patients. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes were assayed by agarose gel filtration and by ultracentrifugation. Increased values of SFMC were found in the normal third-trimester pregnancies. They were considerably higher in plasma of patients with pre-eclampsia. Concentrations were higher using ultracentrifugation as compared to gel chromatography. Using ultracentrifugation 4 components were identified, indicating that SFMC in this disease are not a homogeneous group."}
{"id": "PMID:264083", "title": "Gynecological tuberculosis in the west of Scotland.", "content": "Between 1st January 1950 and 15th June 1978, 638 women with proved tuberculosis of the genital tract were investigated. 7 different drug programmes were used to treat 581 patients. Apart from the most recent regimens employing ethambutol and rifampicin, the best results were obtained with a combination of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid for 18 mth or 2 yr. Today the treatment of choice is a combination of rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid for 1 yr. Surgery should be employed where drug treatment has failed. It is essential that women with tuberculosis of the pelvic organs should be followed up indefinitely after drug treatment.", "contents": "Gynecological tuberculosis in the west of Scotland. Between 1st January 1950 and 15th June 1978, 638 women with proved tuberculosis of the genital tract were investigated. 7 different drug programmes were used to treat 581 patients. Apart from the most recent regimens employing ethambutol and rifampicin, the best results were obtained with a combination of streptomycin, PAS and isoniazid for 18 mth or 2 yr. Today the treatment of choice is a combination of rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid for 1 yr. Surgery should be employed where drug treatment has failed. It is essential that women with tuberculosis of the pelvic organs should be followed up indefinitely after drug treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:264084", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy as ultimate treatment of galactorrhea.", "content": "Galactorrhea, caused by hyperprolactinemia can successfully be treated by bromocriptine. Continuous long-term use of this drug is not always desirable or possible because of side-effects. In cases of hyperprolactinemia with severe galactorrhea, where surgical or radiological therapy is not possible and long-term treatment with bromocriptine is not acceptable, subcutaneous mastectomy might be considered as an ultimate solution.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy as ultimate treatment of galactorrhea. Galactorrhea, caused by hyperprolactinemia can successfully be treated by bromocriptine. Continuous long-term use of this drug is not always desirable or possible because of side-effects. In cases of hyperprolactinemia with severe galactorrhea, where surgical or radiological therapy is not possible and long-term treatment with bromocriptine is not acceptable, subcutaneous mastectomy might be considered as an ultimate solution."}
{"id": "PMID:264085", "title": "Cytogenetic investigation in 413 couples with spontaneous abortions.", "content": "413 couples with one or more spontaneous miscarriages were karyotyped. Observed chromosomal rearrangements were classified as major rearrangements, i.e. Robertsonian and reciprocal translocations, pericentric and paracentric inversions, supernumerary small metacentrics, and minor rearrangements, i.e. pericentric inversions of chromosome 9, and constitutional fragility of particular chromosome sites. 2.30% of the individuals were carriers of a major rearrangement, which represents a ten-fold increase when compared to the general population. The contribution of each type of rearrangement is unequal, the most important being pericentric inversions (36 times more frequent than in the general population). Contrary to data from the literature, the probability of finding a rearrangement does not seem to increase with the number of miscarriages.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigation in 413 couples with spontaneous abortions. 413 couples with one or more spontaneous miscarriages were karyotyped. Observed chromosomal rearrangements were classified as major rearrangements, i.e. Robertsonian and reciprocal translocations, pericentric and paracentric inversions, supernumerary small metacentrics, and minor rearrangements, i.e. pericentric inversions of chromosome 9, and constitutional fragility of particular chromosome sites. 2.30% of the individuals were carriers of a major rearrangement, which represents a ten-fold increase when compared to the general population. The contribution of each type of rearrangement is unequal, the most important being pericentric inversions (36 times more frequent than in the general population). Contrary to data from the literature, the probability of finding a rearrangement does not seem to increase with the number of miscarriages."}
{"id": "PMID:264086", "title": "Maternal and fetal plasma zinc in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Zinc is important for fetal growth and is involved in several important enzyme systems. Maternal and umbilical plasma zinc concentrations were determined in 52 parturient women with mild and severe pre-eclampsia, and were compared with those obtained from 20 women in labor whose pregnancies had progressed normally. A decrease in maternal as well as umbilical plasma zinc concentrations was observed in pre-eclamptic women, and this decrease was statistically significant in severe pre-eclampsia. The causes of these changes in plasma zinc concentrations in pre-eclampsia were discussed, and the possible adverse effects of zinc deficiency on the mother and fetus were mentioned. Low plasma zinc concentrations in pre-eclampsia may be a sign of zinc deficiency, implying possible risks to the mother and her fetus. It is recommended that maintenance of adequate dietary zinc nutrition during pregnancy, and particularly in pre-eclampsia, is important.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal plasma zinc in pre-eclampsia. Zinc is important for fetal growth and is involved in several important enzyme systems. Maternal and umbilical plasma zinc concentrations were determined in 52 parturient women with mild and severe pre-eclampsia, and were compared with those obtained from 20 women in labor whose pregnancies had progressed normally. A decrease in maternal as well as umbilical plasma zinc concentrations was observed in pre-eclamptic women, and this decrease was statistically significant in severe pre-eclampsia. The causes of these changes in plasma zinc concentrations in pre-eclampsia were discussed, and the possible adverse effects of zinc deficiency on the mother and fetus were mentioned. Low plasma zinc concentrations in pre-eclampsia may be a sign of zinc deficiency, implying possible risks to the mother and her fetus. It is recommended that maintenance of adequate dietary zinc nutrition during pregnancy, and particularly in pre-eclampsia, is important."}
{"id": "PMID:264087", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), copper and ceruloplasmin plasma concentrations in spontaneous abortion.", "content": "Ceruloplasmin, the blue copper-protein of the blood plasma, is believed by some workers to be involved in the metabolic management of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) during pregnancy. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is abortifacient in experimental animals. By some authors, a role has been suggested for it in human abortion. The plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine, copper and ceruloplasmin were measured in non-pregnant women, in normal early pregnancy and in cases of spontaneous abortion. Compared with normal early pregnancy, cases of inevitable abortion show lower values for both plasma copper and ceruloplasmin and higher values for plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine. The possible implications of these findings are discussed in view of the alterations in ceruloplasmin values in pregnancy and in the light of what is known of the pharmacology and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine. It it believed that these alterations in plasma copper, ceruloplasmin and 5-hydroxytryptamine in cases of inevitable abortion are the effect, rather than the cause, of abortion.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), copper and ceruloplasmin plasma concentrations in spontaneous abortion. Ceruloplasmin, the blue copper-protein of the blood plasma, is believed by some workers to be involved in the metabolic management of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) during pregnancy. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is abortifacient in experimental animals. By some authors, a role has been suggested for it in human abortion. The plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine, copper and ceruloplasmin were measured in non-pregnant women, in normal early pregnancy and in cases of spontaneous abortion. Compared with normal early pregnancy, cases of inevitable abortion show lower values for both plasma copper and ceruloplasmin and higher values for plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine. The possible implications of these findings are discussed in view of the alterations in ceruloplasmin values in pregnancy and in the light of what is known of the pharmacology and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine. It it believed that these alterations in plasma copper, ceruloplasmin and 5-hydroxytryptamine in cases of inevitable abortion are the effect, rather than the cause, of abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:264088", "title": "Spontaneous abortions in sibship of children with congenital malformation or malignant disease.", "content": "Parents of 751 children affected by cancer/leukemia, congenital heart disease, strawberry nevus or mental retardation have been investigated with respect to their reproductive history and their exposure to risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Differences between the four groups were established for the number of children in the sibship, the proportion of multigravidae and the spontaneous abortion rate among these women. The greatest differences were observed in the two groups of malformed children compared with the other two groups, being as marked in those with a severe malformation (heart defect) as in those with a benign one (strawberry nevus). Taking known risk factors for spontaneous abortion into account did not explain the observed differences. An etiological hypothesis is put forward which takes account of the high proportion of quantitative abnormalities of the karyotype associated with congenital heart disease and spontaneous abortion.", "contents": "Spontaneous abortions in sibship of children with congenital malformation or malignant disease. Parents of 751 children affected by cancer/leukemia, congenital heart disease, strawberry nevus or mental retardation have been investigated with respect to their reproductive history and their exposure to risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Differences between the four groups were established for the number of children in the sibship, the proportion of multigravidae and the spontaneous abortion rate among these women. The greatest differences were observed in the two groups of malformed children compared with the other two groups, being as marked in those with a severe malformation (heart defect) as in those with a benign one (strawberry nevus). Taking known risk factors for spontaneous abortion into account did not explain the observed differences. An etiological hypothesis is put forward which takes account of the high proportion of quantitative abnormalities of the karyotype associated with congenital heart disease and spontaneous abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:264089", "title": "Factors affecting the success of mid-trimester amniocentesis.", "content": "Of 298 women who had mid-trimester amniocentesis carried out in a single hospital unit in a 6-yr period, an increasing proportion were carried out for detection of neural tube defects. A clinical decision could be made following the first amniocentesis in 77% of cases. There were 16% where liquor was not obtained at the first attempt, and a further 7% where cell growth or biochemical testing was unsatisfactory. The outcome was influenced by the experience of the operator and timing of procedure. The success of the first procedure was 59% before 16 wk of gestation and 86% between 16 and 20 wk. The incidence of blood-staining of the liquor was higher with an anterior placenta (19%). Despite difficulties, the abortion rate (3.5%) does not appear to be higher than would be expected.", "contents": "Factors affecting the success of mid-trimester amniocentesis. Of 298 women who had mid-trimester amniocentesis carried out in a single hospital unit in a 6-yr period, an increasing proportion were carried out for detection of neural tube defects. A clinical decision could be made following the first amniocentesis in 77% of cases. There were 16% where liquor was not obtained at the first attempt, and a further 7% where cell growth or biochemical testing was unsatisfactory. The outcome was influenced by the experience of the operator and timing of procedure. The success of the first procedure was 59% before 16 wk of gestation and 86% between 16 and 20 wk. The incidence of blood-staining of the liquor was higher with an anterior placenta (19%). Despite difficulties, the abortion rate (3.5%) does not appear to be higher than would be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:264090", "title": "Binding of (3H)R5020 to progesterone receptor and serum contaminants in human endometrium.", "content": "The binding of [3H]R5020 to cytosol from human endometrium was utilized to evaluate the concentration of progesterone receptor by means of agar gel electrophoresis, using D-norgestrel as cold competitor. It was observed that radioligand binds predominantly to the receptor, and that serum contaminants such as albumin and corticosteroid-binding globulin do not interfere in the assay procedure.", "contents": "Binding of (3H)R5020 to progesterone receptor and serum contaminants in human endometrium. The binding of [3H]R5020 to cytosol from human endometrium was utilized to evaluate the concentration of progesterone receptor by means of agar gel electrophoresis, using D-norgestrel as cold competitor. It was observed that radioligand binds predominantly to the receptor, and that serum contaminants such as albumin and corticosteroid-binding globulin do not interfere in the assay procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:264091", "title": "Levels of estrogen and progesterone receptor in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Receptors for estrogens and progesterone have been assayed in 24 samples of normal human endometria at different phases of the menstrual cycle. In the proliferative endometrium the concentration of estrogen binding sites was significantly higher than that of progesterone receptor while, in the secretive endometrium, the concentration of estrogen receptor was low, compared to that of progesterone receptor. The highest concentration of both receptors was observed during the periovulatory period. From the correlation observed between estrogen and progesterone receptors and the levels of the respective steroids in the plasma, it is suggested that the levels of plasma estradiol or its own tissue receptor determine the synthesis of progesterone receptors in the periovulatory period.", "contents": "Levels of estrogen and progesterone receptor in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Receptors for estrogens and progesterone have been assayed in 24 samples of normal human endometria at different phases of the menstrual cycle. In the proliferative endometrium the concentration of estrogen binding sites was significantly higher than that of progesterone receptor while, in the secretive endometrium, the concentration of estrogen receptor was low, compared to that of progesterone receptor. The highest concentration of both receptors was observed during the periovulatory period. From the correlation observed between estrogen and progesterone receptors and the levels of the respective steroids in the plasma, it is suggested that the levels of plasma estradiol or its own tissue receptor determine the synthesis of progesterone receptors in the periovulatory period."}
{"id": "PMID:264092", "title": "Successful artificial insemination in a case of retrograde ejaculation.", "content": "A case is described of retrograde ejaculation due to bladder neck resection followed by ileal conduit with a non-functioning bladder, where, after unsuccessful attempts at artificial insemination with spermatozoa retrieved from the bladder, ejaculate was obtained at defecation followed by artificial autoinsemination by the male, leading to two consecutive pregnancies.", "contents": "Successful artificial insemination in a case of retrograde ejaculation. A case is described of retrograde ejaculation due to bladder neck resection followed by ileal conduit with a non-functioning bladder, where, after unsuccessful attempts at artificial insemination with spermatozoa retrieved from the bladder, ejaculate was obtained at defecation followed by artificial autoinsemination by the male, leading to two consecutive pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:264093", "title": "Successful control of pheochromocytoma in pregnancy. Case report.", "content": "A patient found to have a pheochromocytoma in the 16th wk of pregnancy was successfully managed by medical treatment with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride and propranolol. In the 38th wk of pregnancy she was electively delivered by cesarean section, and the tumor was simultaneously removed.", "contents": "Successful control of pheochromocytoma in pregnancy. Case report. A patient found to have a pheochromocytoma in the 16th wk of pregnancy was successfully managed by medical treatment with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride and propranolol. In the 38th wk of pregnancy she was electively delivered by cesarean section, and the tumor was simultaneously removed."}
{"id": "PMID:264094", "title": "Treatment of vaginal candidiasis with ketoconazole, a new, orally active, antimycotic.", "content": "The efficacy of a new, orally active antimycotic, ketoconazole, in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis was studied at different doses involving 63 patients. All patients had subjective complaints and were mycologically positive. There was no significant difference in the cure rates of the different doses. The oral treatment was successful in 55 out of 63 patients (87.3%). No correlation was found between the relapse rate of vaginal candidiasis and the dose regimen. There were no serious side-effects, and no significant changes were reported in hematological and biochemical parameters.", "contents": "Treatment of vaginal candidiasis with ketoconazole, a new, orally active, antimycotic. The efficacy of a new, orally active antimycotic, ketoconazole, in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis was studied at different doses involving 63 patients. All patients had subjective complaints and were mycologically positive. There was no significant difference in the cure rates of the different doses. The oral treatment was successful in 55 out of 63 patients (87.3%). No correlation was found between the relapse rate of vaginal candidiasis and the dose regimen. There were no serious side-effects, and no significant changes were reported in hematological and biochemical parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:264095", "title": "The variation of the mean spinability of human cervical mucus throughout the various stages of reproductive life. Automatic measurement and statistical study.", "content": "The evolution of the mean spinability value of human cervical mucus was studied by means of an automatic device throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and during and after the onset of menopause. The automatic measurement brings to light the major drawbacks presented by manual methods: values previously obtained should be considered as underestimated. The mean spinability value recorded from cyclic mucus exhibits a very significant increase at mid-cycle. Graphical analysis demonstrates that only small differences in the mean spinability value occur as pregnancy proceeds. A progressive and regular decrease in the mean spinability value can be recorded from the very beginning of the menopause. However, the spinability values observed in premenopausal mucus are noticeably higher than those recorded after the onset of the menopause. The numeric data furnished by the automatic measurement are discussed in terms of statistics.", "contents": "The variation of the mean spinability of human cervical mucus throughout the various stages of reproductive life. Automatic measurement and statistical study. The evolution of the mean spinability value of human cervical mucus was studied by means of an automatic device throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and during and after the onset of menopause. The automatic measurement brings to light the major drawbacks presented by manual methods: values previously obtained should be considered as underestimated. The mean spinability value recorded from cyclic mucus exhibits a very significant increase at mid-cycle. Graphical analysis demonstrates that only small differences in the mean spinability value occur as pregnancy proceeds. A progressive and regular decrease in the mean spinability value can be recorded from the very beginning of the menopause. However, the spinability values observed in premenopausal mucus are noticeably higher than those recorded after the onset of the menopause. The numeric data furnished by the automatic measurement are discussed in terms of statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:264096", "title": "Maternal mortality due to the hepatorenal syndrome of pre-eclampsia. A case report.", "content": "A maternal death in the 23rd wk of pregnancy is described. The patient was gravida 8, with 6 previous abortions and one growth-retarded term infant. The clinical symptoms and biochemical findings strongly suggest that the mode of death was septic shock, with the hepatorenal syndrome due to pre-eclampsia as the underlying cause.", "contents": "Maternal mortality due to the hepatorenal syndrome of pre-eclampsia. A case report. A maternal death in the 23rd wk of pregnancy is described. The patient was gravida 8, with 6 previous abortions and one growth-retarded term infant. The clinical symptoms and biochemical findings strongly suggest that the mode of death was septic shock, with the hepatorenal syndrome due to pre-eclampsia as the underlying cause."}
{"id": "PMID:264097", "title": "Comparison of two successive policies of cervical cerclage for the prevention of pre-term birth.", "content": "The percentage of women receiving cervical cerclage increased from 5% to 18% between two periods at Haguenau maternity hospital, according to a new policy for the prevention of pre-term birth. A parallel reduction of premature deliveries by about a half was observed in the relevant group of women. This suggests that cerclage might be employed on another basis than is currently the case, and that a randomized trial is urgently needed to define its indications more precisely.", "contents": "Comparison of two successive policies of cervical cerclage for the prevention of pre-term birth. The percentage of women receiving cervical cerclage increased from 5% to 18% between two periods at Haguenau maternity hospital, according to a new policy for the prevention of pre-term birth. A parallel reduction of premature deliveries by about a half was observed in the relevant group of women. This suggests that cerclage might be employed on another basis than is currently the case, and that a randomized trial is urgently needed to define its indications more precisely."}
{"id": "PMID:264099", "title": "Adenomatoid tumor of the fimbrial endosalpinx: report of two cases with discussion of histogenesis.", "content": "Two asymptomatic cases of adenomatoid tumor, confined to the lamina propria of the tubal fimbria, are presented, and their location within strictly M\u00fcllerian territory is offered as indirect evidence for the M\u00fcllerian origin of this lesion. To stress the individuality of this distinct entity, the name of M\u00fcllerian mesothelioma is suggested.", "contents": "Adenomatoid tumor of the fimbrial endosalpinx: report of two cases with discussion of histogenesis. Two asymptomatic cases of adenomatoid tumor, confined to the lamina propria of the tubal fimbria, are presented, and their location within strictly M\u00fcllerian territory is offered as indirect evidence for the M\u00fcllerian origin of this lesion. To stress the individuality of this distinct entity, the name of M\u00fcllerian mesothelioma is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:264100", "title": "Female genital actinomycosis.", "content": "Four cases of female genital actinomycosis are added to the reported total of about 300. The relationship of the disease to the normal microbial flora, intrauterine contraceptive device usage and pelvic sepsis is explored. It is suggested that the disease may be more frequent than hitherto realized.", "contents": "Female genital actinomycosis. Four cases of female genital actinomycosis are added to the reported total of about 300. The relationship of the disease to the normal microbial flora, intrauterine contraceptive device usage and pelvic sepsis is explored. It is suggested that the disease may be more frequent than hitherto realized."}
{"id": "PMID:264101", "title": "Combined (stressed and non-stressed) antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring.", "content": "Acceleration patterns of the fetal heart rate, or a normal heart rate during spontaneous contractions, were used as a short weekly screening test to evaluate fetal well-being in 1102 high-risk pregnancies. When accelerations or contractions were absent during the initial screening, oxytocin was administered to stimulate uterine contractions. The mean duration of the antenatal monitoring was 18.5 min when the initial antenatal monitoring was normal, but 38.8 min when the initial results were uncertain. Oxytocin was administered to 38% of patients. This reduced the number of occasions where the diagnosis was uncertain from 46.6% to 12%. Patients with uncertain antenatal fetal monitoring had significantly more late decelerations during labor as well as newborns with low Apgar scores when compared to those with normal antenatal monitoring. Patients with abnormal antenatal monitoring (positive stress test) had significantly more low 5-min Apgar scores, late decelerations during labor and growth-retarded infants than the patients with normal antenatal fetal monitoring. Only 1 intrauterine death occurred within 7 days of a normal antenatal heart rate recording. No preventable fetal deaths occurred when antenatal monitoring demonstrated an acceleration pattern of the fetal heart rate.", "contents": "Combined (stressed and non-stressed) antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring. Acceleration patterns of the fetal heart rate, or a normal heart rate during spontaneous contractions, were used as a short weekly screening test to evaluate fetal well-being in 1102 high-risk pregnancies. When accelerations or contractions were absent during the initial screening, oxytocin was administered to stimulate uterine contractions. The mean duration of the antenatal monitoring was 18.5 min when the initial antenatal monitoring was normal, but 38.8 min when the initial results were uncertain. Oxytocin was administered to 38% of patients. This reduced the number of occasions where the diagnosis was uncertain from 46.6% to 12%. Patients with uncertain antenatal fetal monitoring had significantly more late decelerations during labor as well as newborns with low Apgar scores when compared to those with normal antenatal monitoring. Patients with abnormal antenatal monitoring (positive stress test) had significantly more low 5-min Apgar scores, late decelerations during labor and growth-retarded infants than the patients with normal antenatal fetal monitoring. Only 1 intrauterine death occurred within 7 days of a normal antenatal heart rate recording. No preventable fetal deaths occurred when antenatal monitoring demonstrated an acceleration pattern of the fetal heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:264102", "title": "Mechanisms of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate. A study with autonomic blocking agents in fetal lambs.", "content": "Fetal heart rate decelerations resembling the late deceleration FHR pattern were produced in fetal sheep by periodic occlusion of the maternal common hypogastric artery for 30-60 sec. Transient fetal hypertension also occurred during the occlusions. Alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine eliminated or markedly reduced the hypertensive response. FHR decelerations still occurred intermittently with some occlusions; however, their character was greatly altered. After parasympathetic blockade with atropine, the decelerations were replaced by periodic FHR accelerations during the occlusions. These accelerations were, in turn, eliminated by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. In the presence of combined parasympathetic, alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, the FHR remained essentially constant during the hypogastric artery occlusions in non-acidemic fetuses. FHR decelerations persisted after parasympathetic or total autonomic blockade when the fetuses were significantly hypoxic, as judged by depressed arterial blood pH and base excess values. Beat-to-beat variability of the baseline FHR persisted in the face of severe hypoxia and acidosis. These observations demonstrate that reflex mechanisms are involved importantly in the genesis of late deceleration FHR patterns in the acutely hypoxemic fetus, but that direct depression of myocardial rhythmicity becomes a factor as hypoxic acidosis develops.", "contents": "Mechanisms of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate. A study with autonomic blocking agents in fetal lambs. Fetal heart rate decelerations resembling the late deceleration FHR pattern were produced in fetal sheep by periodic occlusion of the maternal common hypogastric artery for 30-60 sec. Transient fetal hypertension also occurred during the occlusions. Alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine eliminated or markedly reduced the hypertensive response. FHR decelerations still occurred intermittently with some occlusions; however, their character was greatly altered. After parasympathetic blockade with atropine, the decelerations were replaced by periodic FHR accelerations during the occlusions. These accelerations were, in turn, eliminated by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. In the presence of combined parasympathetic, alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, the FHR remained essentially constant during the hypogastric artery occlusions in non-acidemic fetuses. FHR decelerations persisted after parasympathetic or total autonomic blockade when the fetuses were significantly hypoxic, as judged by depressed arterial blood pH and base excess values. Beat-to-beat variability of the baseline FHR persisted in the face of severe hypoxia and acidosis. These observations demonstrate that reflex mechanisms are involved importantly in the genesis of late deceleration FHR patterns in the acutely hypoxemic fetus, but that direct depression of myocardial rhythmicity becomes a factor as hypoxic acidosis develops."}
{"id": "PMID:264103", "title": "Pregnancy-induced morphologic changes in lymphocytes; an experimental study on materno-fetal tolerance in the rat.", "content": "Morphological changes in lymphocyte nucleoli were examined in the course of pregnancy in rats. Small amounts of lymphocytes became activated, most of them producing micronucleoli. These findings show the same changes as found in the course of pregnancy in women. Subcutaneous administration of human placental eluate to non-pregnant rats induced a low degree of activation and high micronucleoli formation, dependent on the dose of placental antigen. Repeated administration of increasing doses of placental eluate revealed almost the same morphological changes in lymphocyte nucleoli as seen in normal pregnancy. This is considered an experimental verification that the morphological changes in lymphocyte nucleoli during pregnancy are due to permanent and gradually increasing doses of foreign antigen.", "contents": "Pregnancy-induced morphologic changes in lymphocytes; an experimental study on materno-fetal tolerance in the rat. Morphological changes in lymphocyte nucleoli were examined in the course of pregnancy in rats. Small amounts of lymphocytes became activated, most of them producing micronucleoli. These findings show the same changes as found in the course of pregnancy in women. Subcutaneous administration of human placental eluate to non-pregnant rats induced a low degree of activation and high micronucleoli formation, dependent on the dose of placental antigen. Repeated administration of increasing doses of placental eluate revealed almost the same morphological changes in lymphocyte nucleoli as seen in normal pregnancy. This is considered an experimental verification that the morphological changes in lymphocyte nucleoli during pregnancy are due to permanent and gradually increasing doses of foreign antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:264104", "title": "Erythema nodosum associated with pregnancy. Case reports.", "content": "Four cases of erythema nodosum associated with pregnancy are reported and the literature reviewed. Erythema nodosum in pregnancy is a self-limited condition requiring minimal supportive treatment. No adverse effects upon pregnancy course or fetal outcome were noted. It is suggested that pregnancy may serve as an etiological basis for the disease.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum associated with pregnancy. Case reports. Four cases of erythema nodosum associated with pregnancy are reported and the literature reviewed. Erythema nodosum in pregnancy is a self-limited condition requiring minimal supportive treatment. No adverse effects upon pregnancy course or fetal outcome were noted. It is suggested that pregnancy may serve as an etiological basis for the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:264106", "title": "Head and neck cancer--emotional management.", "content": "The complete care of a patient with head and neck cancer should attend to the emotional as well as the physical aspects of the disease; usually the physical component of the disease is emphasized, while care of the emotional response of the patient and family is rarely addressed. There is no single, caring way to respond or cope with the emotional aspects of this disease. Nonetheless, it should be underscored that communication between the providers of health care (i.e., physician, nurse, aid, therapist, etc.) and the patient and family should be maintained during all phases of care. This article describes an approach to providing emotional support to cancer patients and their families during the phases of initial diagnosis and treatment, posttherapy, rehabilitation, recurrence, dying, and death. The emotional response of the health care provider in these circumstances is also addressed.", "contents": "Head and neck cancer--emotional management. The complete care of a patient with head and neck cancer should attend to the emotional as well as the physical aspects of the disease; usually the physical component of the disease is emphasized, while care of the emotional response of the patient and family is rarely addressed. There is no single, caring way to respond or cope with the emotional aspects of this disease. Nonetheless, it should be underscored that communication between the providers of health care (i.e., physician, nurse, aid, therapist, etc.) and the patient and family should be maintained during all phases of care. This article describes an approach to providing emotional support to cancer patients and their families during the phases of initial diagnosis and treatment, posttherapy, rehabilitation, recurrence, dying, and death. The emotional response of the health care provider in these circumstances is also addressed."}
{"id": "PMID:264105", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx.", "content": "In a review of 80 patients with hypopharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, 43 patients were found to have had lesions arising in the pyriform sinus, 34 had lesions arising on the postcollateral wall of the hypopharynx, and 3 had lesions in the postcricoid area. Therapeutic modalities included radical radiation therapy in 56 patients, radiation plus surgery in 13 patients, and planned combined therapy in 11 patients. The five-year determinate survival rate of all the patients was 20%. Patients with posterolateral wall tumors had a 23% rate of cure, but those with pyriform sinus tumors had only a 13% rate of cure. The five-year determinant survival rate was 12.5% for patients undergoing radical radiation therapy, 15.4% for those undergoing unplanned radiation and surgery (salvage therapy), and 55.6% for those with planned combined therapy. Over 40% of the patients had a recurrence of their disease; an additional 20% developed distant metastatic spread which usually occurred within the first year. The type of therapy did not alter the rate of recurrence but did affect the rate of distant metastatic spread, with planned combined therapy greatly improving control of the primary lesion. This study suggests that, even with advanced disease, the most effective therapy for hypopharyngeal carcinoma is planned combined radiation therapy and surgery.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx. In a review of 80 patients with hypopharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, 43 patients were found to have had lesions arising in the pyriform sinus, 34 had lesions arising on the postcollateral wall of the hypopharynx, and 3 had lesions in the postcricoid area. Therapeutic modalities included radical radiation therapy in 56 patients, radiation plus surgery in 13 patients, and planned combined therapy in 11 patients. The five-year determinate survival rate of all the patients was 20%. Patients with posterolateral wall tumors had a 23% rate of cure, but those with pyriform sinus tumors had only a 13% rate of cure. The five-year determinant survival rate was 12.5% for patients undergoing radical radiation therapy, 15.4% for those undergoing unplanned radiation and surgery (salvage therapy), and 55.6% for those with planned combined therapy. Over 40% of the patients had a recurrence of their disease; an additional 20% developed distant metastatic spread which usually occurred within the first year. The type of therapy did not alter the rate of recurrence but did affect the rate of distant metastatic spread, with planned combined therapy greatly improving control of the primary lesion. This study suggests that, even with advanced disease, the most effective therapy for hypopharyngeal carcinoma is planned combined radiation therapy and surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:264112", "title": "Localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes in myofibrils. I. Chicken skeletal muscle.", "content": "Purified, repeatedly washed, skeletal muscle myofibrils contain approx. 0.2 U of creatine kinase (CK) activity (equivalent to 2.5 micrograms CK) per milligram dry weight; this firmly bound CK activity is estimated to represent 3-5% of the total cellular CK. It had been shown previously that the myofibrillar CK, which can be quantitatively extracted at low ionic strength and purified to homogeneity, is very similar, if not identical, to the bulk MM-CK. It is shown that the two protein preparations also have the same peptide pattern after cyanogen bromide fractionation and very similar specific activities, confirming their identity. The earlier demonstration that the bound CK is specifically located at the M-lines of isolated myofibrils has been confirmed by immunofluorescence. Antibodies directed against purified MM- and BB-CK were used in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to study the specificity of myofibril binding sites for different forms of CK. With myofibrils from adult muscle, which has only MM-CK, as well as from early developmental stages in which BB-CK is the predominant isoenzyme, M-type CK was localized exclusively at the M-line, while greater or lesser amounts of B-type CK were found at the Z-line. The data provide strong evidence that the MM-CK at the M-lines in skeletal myofibrils is not adventitiously bound but is rather an integral element in the M-line structure. The amount of CK bound is reasonably consistent with the earlier proposal that the CK molecules might be the transverse M-bridges and appears to be sufficient to regenerate all of the ATP hydrolyzed during muscle contraction.", "contents": "Localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes in myofibrils. I. Chicken skeletal muscle. Purified, repeatedly washed, skeletal muscle myofibrils contain approx. 0.2 U of creatine kinase (CK) activity (equivalent to 2.5 micrograms CK) per milligram dry weight; this firmly bound CK activity is estimated to represent 3-5% of the total cellular CK. It had been shown previously that the myofibrillar CK, which can be quantitatively extracted at low ionic strength and purified to homogeneity, is very similar, if not identical, to the bulk MM-CK. It is shown that the two protein preparations also have the same peptide pattern after cyanogen bromide fractionation and very similar specific activities, confirming their identity. The earlier demonstration that the bound CK is specifically located at the M-lines of isolated myofibrils has been confirmed by immunofluorescence. Antibodies directed against purified MM- and BB-CK were used in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to study the specificity of myofibril binding sites for different forms of CK. With myofibrils from adult muscle, which has only MM-CK, as well as from early developmental stages in which BB-CK is the predominant isoenzyme, M-type CK was localized exclusively at the M-line, while greater or lesser amounts of B-type CK were found at the Z-line. The data provide strong evidence that the MM-CK at the M-lines in skeletal myofibrils is not adventitiously bound but is rather an integral element in the M-line structure. The amount of CK bound is reasonably consistent with the earlier proposal that the CK molecules might be the transverse M-bridges and appears to be sufficient to regenerate all of the ATP hydrolyzed during muscle contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:264107", "title": "Embryonic development of the head and neck: Part 3, The face.", "content": "The embryology of the face is presented with respect to changes affecting the mandible, maxilla, upper and lower lips, palate, nose, and oral cavity. The embryonic development of the teeth and salivary glands is also included. Various facial clefts, including cleft lip and cleft palate, are discussed, in addition to some congenital anomalies affecting the nose and oral cavity.", "contents": "Embryonic development of the head and neck: Part 3, The face. The embryology of the face is presented with respect to changes affecting the mandible, maxilla, upper and lower lips, palate, nose, and oral cavity. The embryonic development of the teeth and salivary glands is also included. Various facial clefts, including cleft lip and cleft palate, are discussed, in addition to some congenital anomalies affecting the nose and oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:264108", "title": "Treatment of radiation-induced alopecia.", "content": "Radiotherapy is frequently employed in the management of head and neck neoplasia, either as an adjunct to surgery or as the sole treatment modality. Consequently, radiation alopecia--a well-known complication of high-dosage radiotherapy--is seen often. Longer patient survival, especially with earlier discovery of the malignancy and more refined treatment regimens, will provide the surgeon with the opportunity to treat radiation alopecia by means of the punch graft technique of hair transplantation. The technique is substantially similar to that employed in treating male pattern baldness, although the approach to the recipient and donor areas must be modified. A successful case report is documented and a modified approach is highlighted.", "contents": "Treatment of radiation-induced alopecia. Radiotherapy is frequently employed in the management of head and neck neoplasia, either as an adjunct to surgery or as the sole treatment modality. Consequently, radiation alopecia--a well-known complication of high-dosage radiotherapy--is seen often. Longer patient survival, especially with earlier discovery of the malignancy and more refined treatment regimens, will provide the surgeon with the opportunity to treat radiation alopecia by means of the punch graft technique of hair transplantation. The technique is substantially similar to that employed in treating male pattern baldness, although the approach to the recipient and donor areas must be modified. A successful case report is documented and a modified approach is highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:264109", "title": "Transoral mandibulectomy in advanced osteoradionecrosis.", "content": "Because vascularity is severely compromised following radiation therapy, aseptic necrosis with secondary infection and extensive bone destruction can result in an advanced state of osteoradionecrosis. Transoral mandibulectomy is an excellent method for dealing with this difficult problem. This article discusses technical aspects of the procedure as well as applied anatomy and a case report. Evidence in the recent literature concerning hyperbaric oxygen therapy is very encouraging.", "contents": "Transoral mandibulectomy in advanced osteoradionecrosis. Because vascularity is severely compromised following radiation therapy, aseptic necrosis with secondary infection and extensive bone destruction can result in an advanced state of osteoradionecrosis. Transoral mandibulectomy is an excellent method for dealing with this difficult problem. This article discusses technical aspects of the procedure as well as applied anatomy and a case report. Evidence in the recent literature concerning hyperbaric oxygen therapy is very encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:264110", "title": "Twenty-five year experience with primary hyperparathyroidism at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center.", "content": "A retrospective review of 500 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism seen from 1951 to 1975 was conducted; the effect of routine screening of calcium and phosphate levels (initiated in 1968) on the incidence and spectrum of the disease was analyzed. The majority of the patients (77%) were diagnosed in the eight-year period after routine biochemical screening was instituted. Comparing the group of patients diagnosed before the advent of biochemical screening and those diagnosed since screening was instituted, we found: (1) a small but significant increase in the number of asymptomatic patients diagnosed (from 2% to 12%); (2) no change in the incidence of related medical disorders, i.e., nephrocalcinosis and hypertension; (3) no change in the incidence of primary hyperplasia and adenoma; and (4) no change in the mean serum calcium level, the mean age at diagnosis, or the number or location of the involved parathyroid glands. Although routine calcium screening has identified significantly more cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, screening apparently does not enable diagnosis at an earlier stage.", "contents": "Twenty-five year experience with primary hyperparathyroidism at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. A retrospective review of 500 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism seen from 1951 to 1975 was conducted; the effect of routine screening of calcium and phosphate levels (initiated in 1968) on the incidence and spectrum of the disease was analyzed. The majority of the patients (77%) were diagnosed in the eight-year period after routine biochemical screening was instituted. Comparing the group of patients diagnosed before the advent of biochemical screening and those diagnosed since screening was instituted, we found: (1) a small but significant increase in the number of asymptomatic patients diagnosed (from 2% to 12%); (2) no change in the incidence of related medical disorders, i.e., nephrocalcinosis and hypertension; (3) no change in the incidence of primary hyperplasia and adenoma; and (4) no change in the mean serum calcium level, the mean age at diagnosis, or the number or location of the involved parathyroid glands. Although routine calcium screening has identified significantly more cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, screening apparently does not enable diagnosis at an earlier stage."}
{"id": "PMID:264111", "title": "Melanoma of the conjunctiva--a rational approach to management.", "content": "Eleven of 12 patients treated for invasive melanomas of the conjunctiva at the UCLA Hospitals from 1955 to 1976 revealed data sufficient for evaluation. Of these 11 cases, 4 died from 3 to 13 years after treatment as a result of the disease. The plan presented for surgical management of melanosis is based on histologic criteria and on the anatomic location of the tumor. In this series, such management ranged from local excision of noninvasive melanotic lesions to orbital exenteration with parotidectomy and radical neck dissection for invasive melanomas that involved the palpebral conjunctiva or caruncle. Extended follow-up is needed in all patients.", "contents": "Melanoma of the conjunctiva--a rational approach to management. Eleven of 12 patients treated for invasive melanomas of the conjunctiva at the UCLA Hospitals from 1955 to 1976 revealed data sufficient for evaluation. Of these 11 cases, 4 died from 3 to 13 years after treatment as a result of the disease. The plan presented for surgical management of melanosis is based on histologic criteria and on the anatomic location of the tumor. In this series, such management ranged from local excision of noninvasive melanotic lesions to orbital exenteration with parotidectomy and radical neck dissection for invasive melanomas that involved the palpebral conjunctiva or caruncle. Extended follow-up is needed in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:264113", "title": "Localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes in myofibrils. II. Chicken heart muscle.", "content": "Chicken heart muscle contains almost exclusively the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK), its myofibrils, moreover, lack an M-line. This tissue thus provides an interesting contrast to skeletal muscle, in which some of the MM-CK present as predominant CK isoenzyme is bound at the myofibrillar M-line. Approx. 2% of the total CK activity in a chicken heart homogenate remains bound to the myofibrillar fraction after repeated washing cycles; both the fraction and the absolute amount of CK bound are about threefold lower than in skeletal muscle. Almost all of the bound enzyme is located within the Z-line region of each sarcomere, as revealed by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining with antiserum against purified chicken BB-CK. After incubation with exogenous purified MM-CK, positive immunofluorescent staining for M-type CK at the H-region of heart myofibrils was observed, along with weaker fluorescence in the Z-line region. Chicken heart myofibrils may thus possess binding sites for both M and B forms of CK.", "contents": "Localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes in myofibrils. II. Chicken heart muscle. Chicken heart muscle contains almost exclusively the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK), its myofibrils, moreover, lack an M-line. This tissue thus provides an interesting contrast to skeletal muscle, in which some of the MM-CK present as predominant CK isoenzyme is bound at the myofibrillar M-line. Approx. 2% of the total CK activity in a chicken heart homogenate remains bound to the myofibrillar fraction after repeated washing cycles; both the fraction and the absolute amount of CK bound are about threefold lower than in skeletal muscle. Almost all of the bound enzyme is located within the Z-line region of each sarcomere, as revealed by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining with antiserum against purified chicken BB-CK. After incubation with exogenous purified MM-CK, positive immunofluorescent staining for M-type CK at the H-region of heart myofibrils was observed, along with weaker fluorescence in the Z-line region. Chicken heart myofibrils may thus possess binding sites for both M and B forms of CK."}
{"id": "PMID:264114", "title": "Incorporation of glycoproteins into peripheral nerve myelin.", "content": "Peripheral nerve myelin contains a dominant low molecular weight glycoprotein called Po. To study the metabolism of this glycoprotein, tritiated fucose was injected into the peripheral nerves of adult mice and developing rats, and the temporal distribution of label was examined by autoradiography and gel electrophoresis. Mice and rat pups, injected with fucose, were sacrificed from 1 h to 98 days later. Series of autoradiographs were prepared. At the shortest labeling periods, newly formed product was confined to juxtanuclear Schwann cell cytoplasm, in association with regions rich in Golgi apparatus. After longer labeling periods, silver grain levels in Schwann cell cytoplasm decreased; concomitantly, there was an increase of silver grains associated with myelin. In adult animals, label associated with myelin was concentrated over outer layers of thickly myelinated fibers. Even at the longest time intervals examined (72 and 98 days), this distribution of label was largely retained. In contrast, in developing animals, label became associated with inner layers of the thicker sheaths. At no time was label observed over axons. Gel electrophoresis revealed that tritiated fucose was a suitable precursor for the faster migrating peripheral nerve glycoprotein(s). At all times examined, there was a single major peak of radioactivity that co-migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels with the Po protein. Sometimes, a faster migrating shoulder of radioactivity was noted. With increased labeling periods, there was an enrichment of radioactivity associated with Po, indicative of a relatively slow turnover rate.", "contents": "Incorporation of glycoproteins into peripheral nerve myelin. Peripheral nerve myelin contains a dominant low molecular weight glycoprotein called Po. To study the metabolism of this glycoprotein, tritiated fucose was injected into the peripheral nerves of adult mice and developing rats, and the temporal distribution of label was examined by autoradiography and gel electrophoresis. Mice and rat pups, injected with fucose, were sacrificed from 1 h to 98 days later. Series of autoradiographs were prepared. At the shortest labeling periods, newly formed product was confined to juxtanuclear Schwann cell cytoplasm, in association with regions rich in Golgi apparatus. After longer labeling periods, silver grain levels in Schwann cell cytoplasm decreased; concomitantly, there was an increase of silver grains associated with myelin. In adult animals, label associated with myelin was concentrated over outer layers of thickly myelinated fibers. Even at the longest time intervals examined (72 and 98 days), this distribution of label was largely retained. In contrast, in developing animals, label became associated with inner layers of the thicker sheaths. At no time was label observed over axons. Gel electrophoresis revealed that tritiated fucose was a suitable precursor for the faster migrating peripheral nerve glycoprotein(s). At all times examined, there was a single major peak of radioactivity that co-migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels with the Po protein. Sometimes, a faster migrating shoulder of radioactivity was noted. With increased labeling periods, there was an enrichment of radioactivity associated with Po, indicative of a relatively slow turnover rate."}
{"id": "PMID:264115", "title": "Changes in thick filament length in Limulus striated muscle.", "content": "Here we describe the change in thick filament length in striated muscle of Limulus, the horseshoe crab. Long thick filaments (4.0 microns) are isolated from living, unstimulated Limulus striated muscle while those isolated from either electrically or K+-stimulated fibers are significantly shorter (3.1 microns) (P less than 0.001). Filaments isolated from muscle glycerinated at long sarcomere lengths are long (4.4 microns) while those isolated from muscle glycerinated at short sarcomere lengths are short (2.9 microns) and the difference is significant (P less than 0.001). Thin filaments are 2.4 microns in length. The shortening of thick filaments is related to the wide range of sarcomere lengths exhibited by Limulus telson striated muscle.", "contents": "Changes in thick filament length in Limulus striated muscle. Here we describe the change in thick filament length in striated muscle of Limulus, the horseshoe crab. Long thick filaments (4.0 microns) are isolated from living, unstimulated Limulus striated muscle while those isolated from either electrically or K+-stimulated fibers are significantly shorter (3.1 microns) (P less than 0.001). Filaments isolated from muscle glycerinated at long sarcomere lengths are long (4.4 microns) while those isolated from muscle glycerinated at short sarcomere lengths are short (2.9 microns) and the difference is significant (P less than 0.001). Thin filaments are 2.4 microns in length. The shortening of thick filaments is related to the wide range of sarcomere lengths exhibited by Limulus telson striated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:264116", "title": "Ultrastructural study of GERL in beige mouse alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages of the beige mouse mutant have a system of smooth-surfaced elements with the hallmarks of GERL. GERL also appears to produce residual bodies, and both organelles show cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. When cells are exposed to colloidal silver, the tracer is endocytosed via pinocytic vacuoles to GERL.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of GERL in beige mouse alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages of the beige mouse mutant have a system of smooth-surfaced elements with the hallmarks of GERL. GERL also appears to produce residual bodies, and both organelles show cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. When cells are exposed to colloidal silver, the tracer is endocytosed via pinocytic vacuoles to GERL."}
{"id": "PMID:264117", "title": "Glucocorticoids modulate the in vitro development of the embryonic rat pancreas.", "content": "The effect of the glucocorticoid analogue, dexamethasone, on the development of the embryonic pancreas was studied in tissue culture. It specifically enhances the accumulation of exocrine enzymes without altering the level of general cell proteins. The enhancement, however, is not symmetrical: the cellular levels of the two major exocrine products, amylase and chymotrypsinogen, are increased about 10- and 2-fold, respectively. Two other zymogens that are present in minor quantities, procarboxypeptidases A and B, are also increased, whereas no effect is seen on lipase A. Coordinate with these effects on synthesis, there is a dramatic change in the morphology of dexamethasone-stimulated acinar cells. Their number of zymogen granules is higher and crystalline arrays are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Dexamethasone also inhibits cell replication, perhaps by selectively inhibiting the last cell divisions of the culture period. At the same time, there is a disproportionate reduction in the insulin content of cultured rudiments. We find that pancreatic development is normal in the absence of dexamethasone and that this glucocorticoid does not precociously induce the appearance of the specific secretory products, but rather enhances by a constant degree their synthesis and accumulation. Therefore, we conclude that glucocorticoids may play a modulatory but not an inductive role in pancreatic development.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids modulate the in vitro development of the embryonic rat pancreas. The effect of the glucocorticoid analogue, dexamethasone, on the development of the embryonic pancreas was studied in tissue culture. It specifically enhances the accumulation of exocrine enzymes without altering the level of general cell proteins. The enhancement, however, is not symmetrical: the cellular levels of the two major exocrine products, amylase and chymotrypsinogen, are increased about 10- and 2-fold, respectively. Two other zymogens that are present in minor quantities, procarboxypeptidases A and B, are also increased, whereas no effect is seen on lipase A. Coordinate with these effects on synthesis, there is a dramatic change in the morphology of dexamethasone-stimulated acinar cells. Their number of zymogen granules is higher and crystalline arrays are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Dexamethasone also inhibits cell replication, perhaps by selectively inhibiting the last cell divisions of the culture period. At the same time, there is a disproportionate reduction in the insulin content of cultured rudiments. We find that pancreatic development is normal in the absence of dexamethasone and that this glucocorticoid does not precociously induce the appearance of the specific secretory products, but rather enhances by a constant degree their synthesis and accumulation. Therefore, we conclude that glucocorticoids may play a modulatory but not an inductive role in pancreatic development."}
{"id": "PMID:264118", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the vitelline layer of sea urchin eggs.", "content": "The vitelline layers (VLs) of unfertilized sea urchin eggs were isolated by homogenization in a hypotonic medium containing Triton X-100 and EDTA. The surface topography of the VL is not changed by isolation. The thickness of the isolated VLs (300-400 A) is greater than that reported for VLs on intact eggs (100-200 A). Sperm adhere to the isolated VLs. When both internal and external VL surfaces are accessible to sperm, the sperm attach only to the external surface, suggesting that the external surface may carry sperm receptor proteins not present on the internal surface. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that isolated VLs are composed of numerous proteins ranging from greater than 213,000 to 25,000 daltons. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-iodination of unfertilized eggs labels two high molecular weight bands that stain faintly for carbohydrate. VLs are 90% protein and 3.5% carbohydrate. No predominance of a single amino acid or class of amino acids was found. Carbohydrate analysis yields fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, xylose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid. Controls for purity indicate that isolated VLs contain 2% protein of cytoplasmic origin and no more than 2.5% egg jelly.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the vitelline layer of sea urchin eggs. The vitelline layers (VLs) of unfertilized sea urchin eggs were isolated by homogenization in a hypotonic medium containing Triton X-100 and EDTA. The surface topography of the VL is not changed by isolation. The thickness of the isolated VLs (300-400 A) is greater than that reported for VLs on intact eggs (100-200 A). Sperm adhere to the isolated VLs. When both internal and external VL surfaces are accessible to sperm, the sperm attach only to the external surface, suggesting that the external surface may carry sperm receptor proteins not present on the internal surface. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that isolated VLs are composed of numerous proteins ranging from greater than 213,000 to 25,000 daltons. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-iodination of unfertilized eggs labels two high molecular weight bands that stain faintly for carbohydrate. VLs are 90% protein and 3.5% carbohydrate. No predominance of a single amino acid or class of amino acids was found. Carbohydrate analysis yields fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, xylose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and sialic acid. Controls for purity indicate that isolated VLs contain 2% protein of cytoplasmic origin and no more than 2.5% egg jelly."}
{"id": "PMID:264119", "title": "Interference with thyroid histogenesis by inhibitors of collagen synthesis.", "content": "Histogenesis of thyroid follicles in the chick embryo begins with a penetration by cells of the mesenchymal capsule into a solid epithelial primordium. Before penetration occurs, slits containing fibrillar material form between the epithelial cells. The fibrillar material is an epithelial cell product as shown by its formation within channels that form in cultures of isolated epithelial primordia. The drugs L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (LACA) and alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl, which interfere with collagen synthesis, prevent the formation of fibrils in cultured epithelial primordia and in cultures of whole thyroids. Furthermore, mesenchymal cells do not invade when whole thyroid primordia are cultured in the presence of either drug. The effects of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl are reversed by washing out the drug; the effects of LACA are reversed by incubation with equimolar or greater amounts of L-proline added to the medium along with the drug. The results are interpreted to mean that the fibrillar material is collagen of epithelial origin, that the collagen in some way plays a role in mesenchymal penetration of the epithelial primordium, and that the epithelium is responsible for the pattern of lobulation within the developing gland.", "contents": "Interference with thyroid histogenesis by inhibitors of collagen synthesis. Histogenesis of thyroid follicles in the chick embryo begins with a penetration by cells of the mesenchymal capsule into a solid epithelial primordium. Before penetration occurs, slits containing fibrillar material form between the epithelial cells. The fibrillar material is an epithelial cell product as shown by its formation within channels that form in cultures of isolated epithelial primordia. The drugs L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (LACA) and alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl, which interfere with collagen synthesis, prevent the formation of fibrils in cultured epithelial primordia and in cultures of whole thyroids. Furthermore, mesenchymal cells do not invade when whole thyroid primordia are cultured in the presence of either drug. The effects of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl are reversed by washing out the drug; the effects of LACA are reversed by incubation with equimolar or greater amounts of L-proline added to the medium along with the drug. The results are interpreted to mean that the fibrillar material is collagen of epithelial origin, that the collagen in some way plays a role in mesenchymal penetration of the epithelial primordium, and that the epithelium is responsible for the pattern of lobulation within the developing gland."}
{"id": "PMID:264120", "title": "Functional correlation between cell adhesive properties and some cell surface proteins.", "content": "The adhesive properties of Chinese hamster V79 cells were analyzed and characterized by various cell dissociation treatments. The comparisons of aggregability among cells dissociated with EDTA, trypsin + Ca2+, and trypsin + EDTA, revealed that these cells have two adhesion mechanisms, a Ca2+-independent and a Ca2+-dependent one. The former did not depend on temperature, whereas the latter occurred only at physiological temperatures. Both mechanisms were trypsin sensitive, but the Ca2+-dependent one was protected by Ca2+ against trypsinization. In morphological studies, the Ca2+-independent adhesion appeared to be a simple agglutination or flocculation of cells, whereas the Ca2+-dependent adhesion seemed to be more physiological, being accompanied by cell deformation resulting in the increase of contact area between adjacent cells. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of cell surface proteins revealed that several proteins are more intensely labeled in cells with Ca2+-independent adhesiveness than in cells without that property. It was also found that a cell surface protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150,000 is present only in cells with Ca2+-dependent adhesiveness. The iodination and trypsinization of this protein were protected by Ca2+, suggesting its reactivity to Ca2+. Possible mechanisms for each adhesion property are discussed, taking into account the correlation of these proteins with cell adhesiveness.", "contents": "Functional correlation between cell adhesive properties and some cell surface proteins. The adhesive properties of Chinese hamster V79 cells were analyzed and characterized by various cell dissociation treatments. The comparisons of aggregability among cells dissociated with EDTA, trypsin + Ca2+, and trypsin + EDTA, revealed that these cells have two adhesion mechanisms, a Ca2+-independent and a Ca2+-dependent one. The former did not depend on temperature, whereas the latter occurred only at physiological temperatures. Both mechanisms were trypsin sensitive, but the Ca2+-dependent one was protected by Ca2+ against trypsinization. In morphological studies, the Ca2+-independent adhesion appeared to be a simple agglutination or flocculation of cells, whereas the Ca2+-dependent adhesion seemed to be more physiological, being accompanied by cell deformation resulting in the increase of contact area between adjacent cells. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of cell surface proteins revealed that several proteins are more intensely labeled in cells with Ca2+-independent adhesiveness than in cells without that property. It was also found that a cell surface protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150,000 is present only in cells with Ca2+-dependent adhesiveness. The iodination and trypsinization of this protein were protected by Ca2+, suggesting its reactivity to Ca2+. Possible mechanisms for each adhesion property are discussed, taking into account the correlation of these proteins with cell adhesiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:264121", "title": "Turnover of rod photoreceptor outer segments. II. Membrane addition and loss in relationship to light.", "content": "The rate of disk addition to rod outer segments (ROS) varies widely in Xenopus laevis tadpoles kept in cyclic light (12L:12D). When measured as radioactive band (3H-band) displacement during the 2nd day after injection of [3H]leucine, 75% of the daily increment of displacement occurred during the first 8 h of light. During the same interval, the number of open disks at the ROS base increased more than threefold. During the last 8 h of darkness, 3H-band displacement was undetectable and the number of open disks was reduced. These observations suggest the possibility that disk addition may occur discontinuously. During the 3rd and 4th days after injection of [3H]leucine, maximal displacement of the 3H-band occurred later in the day than on the 2nd day, its movement no longer corresponding to the increase in open disks. This delay in 3H-band displacement may reflect a time delay as a result of propagation of compressive stress in an elastic ROS system. Maximal disk loss from ROS as reflected in counts of phagosomes in the pigment epithelium occurred within 1 h of light exposure, and phagosome counts remained high for 4 h before declining to a low level in darkness. Modified lighting regimes affected the daily rhythms of shedding and disk addition differently, suggesting that control mechanisms for the two processes are not directly coupled. During 3 days in darkness, disk addition was reduced 50% compared to controls (12L:12D), whereas shedding was reduced by about 40%. Although reduced in level, shedding occurred as a free-running circadian rhythm. There was no evidence of rhythmicity of disk addition in darkness. In constant light, the rate of disk addition was not different from controls, but shedding was reduced by about 80% after the 1st day. This resulted in a 21% increase in ROS length. Among animals kept on a 2.5L:21.5D cycle, the rate of disk addition was reduced by 40% while shedding was maintained near control levels, resulting in a slight decrease in ROS length. These observations indicate that normal shedding requires alternating light and darkness, and that the daily rhythm of disk addition is due primarily to daily stimulation by light.", "contents": "Turnover of rod photoreceptor outer segments. II. Membrane addition and loss in relationship to light. The rate of disk addition to rod outer segments (ROS) varies widely in Xenopus laevis tadpoles kept in cyclic light (12L:12D). When measured as radioactive band (3H-band) displacement during the 2nd day after injection of [3H]leucine, 75% of the daily increment of displacement occurred during the first 8 h of light. During the same interval, the number of open disks at the ROS base increased more than threefold. During the last 8 h of darkness, 3H-band displacement was undetectable and the number of open disks was reduced. These observations suggest the possibility that disk addition may occur discontinuously. During the 3rd and 4th days after injection of [3H]leucine, maximal displacement of the 3H-band occurred later in the day than on the 2nd day, its movement no longer corresponding to the increase in open disks. This delay in 3H-band displacement may reflect a time delay as a result of propagation of compressive stress in an elastic ROS system. Maximal disk loss from ROS as reflected in counts of phagosomes in the pigment epithelium occurred within 1 h of light exposure, and phagosome counts remained high for 4 h before declining to a low level in darkness. Modified lighting regimes affected the daily rhythms of shedding and disk addition differently, suggesting that control mechanisms for the two processes are not directly coupled. During 3 days in darkness, disk addition was reduced 50% compared to controls (12L:12D), whereas shedding was reduced by about 40%. Although reduced in level, shedding occurred as a free-running circadian rhythm. There was no evidence of rhythmicity of disk addition in darkness. In constant light, the rate of disk addition was not different from controls, but shedding was reduced by about 80% after the 1st day. This resulted in a 21% increase in ROS length. Among animals kept on a 2.5L:21.5D cycle, the rate of disk addition was reduced by 40% while shedding was maintained near control levels, resulting in a slight decrease in ROS length. These observations indicate that normal shedding requires alternating light and darkness, and that the daily rhythm of disk addition is due primarily to daily stimulation by light."}
{"id": "PMID:264122", "title": "Transformations in the structure of the cytoplasmic ground substance in erythrophores during pigment aggregation and dispersion. I. A study using whole-cell preparations in stereo high voltage electron microscopy.", "content": "Pigment migration in cultured erythrophores of the squirrel fish Holocentrus ascensionis, after manipulation with K+, epinephrine, 3',5'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, theophylline, and caffeine, is essentially identical to that observed in this chromatophore in situ. For such observations, the erythrophores are dissociated from the scales with hyaluronidase and collagenase, and allowed to spread on an amorphous collagen substrate, where they resemble the discoid erythrophore in situ. In this state, they are readily fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and are then critical-point dried for whole-cell viewing in the high voltage electron microscope. The organization and fine structure of the erythrophore cytoplast was stereoscopically examined after fixation of the pigment granules in four experimental states: pigment dispersed, pigment aggregated, pigment aggregating, and pigment dispersing. In the dispersed cell, granules are contained in an extensive three-dimensional lattice composed of radially oriented microtubules and a network of fine filaments 3-6 nm in diameter (microtrabeculae), whereas in the aggregated cell, the microtrabecular system is absent, and the majority of the microtubules appear displaced into the cortices on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. In cells fixed while aggregating, few microtrabeculae are observed, although formless thickenings are observed in the cortices, on granules, and between clumped granules. In dispersing cells, the microtrabecular system is reformed from material stored in the cortices and with the granules in the centrosphere. These observations suggest that the granules are suspended in a dynamic microtrabecular system that withdraws during pigment aggregation and is restructured during pigment dispersion. The microtubules guide linear granule motion not by defining physical channels, but by a recognizable affinity of microtubules, microtrabeculae, and granules for one another.", "contents": "Transformations in the structure of the cytoplasmic ground substance in erythrophores during pigment aggregation and dispersion. I. A study using whole-cell preparations in stereo high voltage electron microscopy. Pigment migration in cultured erythrophores of the squirrel fish Holocentrus ascensionis, after manipulation with K+, epinephrine, 3',5'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, theophylline, and caffeine, is essentially identical to that observed in this chromatophore in situ. For such observations, the erythrophores are dissociated from the scales with hyaluronidase and collagenase, and allowed to spread on an amorphous collagen substrate, where they resemble the discoid erythrophore in situ. In this state, they are readily fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and are then critical-point dried for whole-cell viewing in the high voltage electron microscope. The organization and fine structure of the erythrophore cytoplast was stereoscopically examined after fixation of the pigment granules in four experimental states: pigment dispersed, pigment aggregated, pigment aggregating, and pigment dispersing. In the dispersed cell, granules are contained in an extensive three-dimensional lattice composed of radially oriented microtubules and a network of fine filaments 3-6 nm in diameter (microtrabeculae), whereas in the aggregated cell, the microtrabecular system is absent, and the majority of the microtubules appear displaced into the cortices on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. In cells fixed while aggregating, few microtrabeculae are observed, although formless thickenings are observed in the cortices, on granules, and between clumped granules. In dispersing cells, the microtrabecular system is reformed from material stored in the cortices and with the granules in the centrosphere. These observations suggest that the granules are suspended in a dynamic microtrabecular system that withdraws during pigment aggregation and is restructured during pigment dispersion. The microtubules guide linear granule motion not by defining physical channels, but by a recognizable affinity of microtubules, microtrabeculae, and granules for one another."}
{"id": "PMID:264123", "title": "Distribution and content of microtubules in relation to the transport of lipid. An ultrastructural quantitative study of the absorptive cell of the small intestine.", "content": "To determine whether microtubules are linked to intracellular transport in absorptive cells of the proximal intestine, quantitative ultrastructural studies were carried out in which microtubule distribution and content were determined in cells from fasting and fed animals. Rats were given a 1-h meal of standard chow, and tissue was taken from the mid-jejunum before, 1/2 h, and 6 h after the meal. The microtubule content of apical, Golgi, and basal regions of cells was quantitated by point-counting stereology. The results show) that microtubules are localized in intracellular regions of enterocytes (apical and Golgi areas) previously shown to be associated with lipid transport, and that the microtubule content within apical and Golgi regions is significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced during transport of foodstuffs. To determine the effect of inhibition of microtubule assembly on transport, colchicine or vinblastine sulfate was administered to postabsorptive rats, and the lipid and microtubule content of enterocytes determined 1 and 3 h later. After treatment with these agents, lipid was found to accumulate in apical regions of the cells; this event was associated with a significant reduction in microtubule content. In conclusion, the regional distribution of microtubules in enterocytes, the decrease in assembled microtubules after a fat-containing meal, and the accumulation of lipid after the administration of antimicrotubule agents suggest that microtubules are related to lipid transport in enterocytes.", "contents": "Distribution and content of microtubules in relation to the transport of lipid. An ultrastructural quantitative study of the absorptive cell of the small intestine. To determine whether microtubules are linked to intracellular transport in absorptive cells of the proximal intestine, quantitative ultrastructural studies were carried out in which microtubule distribution and content were determined in cells from fasting and fed animals. Rats were given a 1-h meal of standard chow, and tissue was taken from the mid-jejunum before, 1/2 h, and 6 h after the meal. The microtubule content of apical, Golgi, and basal regions of cells was quantitated by point-counting stereology. The results show) that microtubules are localized in intracellular regions of enterocytes (apical and Golgi areas) previously shown to be associated with lipid transport, and that the microtubule content within apical and Golgi regions is significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced during transport of foodstuffs. To determine the effect of inhibition of microtubule assembly on transport, colchicine or vinblastine sulfate was administered to postabsorptive rats, and the lipid and microtubule content of enterocytes determined 1 and 3 h later. After treatment with these agents, lipid was found to accumulate in apical regions of the cells; this event was associated with a significant reduction in microtubule content. In conclusion, the regional distribution of microtubules in enterocytes, the decrease in assembled microtubules after a fat-containing meal, and the accumulation of lipid after the administration of antimicrotubule agents suggest that microtubules are related to lipid transport in enterocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:264124", "title": "Morphometry of the renal corpuscle during normal postnatal growth and compensatory hypertrophy. A light microscope study.", "content": "Renal corpuscles from the juxtamedullary and subcapsular regions of the renal cortex were morphometrically analyzed in young rats and in adult rats that had been unilaterally nephrectomized or sham-operated at an early age. Mean corpuscular volumes increased 4.5-fold during normal development, and 7.7-fold as a result of compensatory hypertrophy in both cortical regions. Relative and absolute volumes were determined for Bowman's space, the glomerular tuft, and five glomerular components: epithelial, endothelial, and mesangial cells, capillaries, and the filtration membrane. Normal and hypertrophic enlargement of Bowman's space was slightly greater than glomerular growth, and the growth response of subcapsular glomeruli was greater than that of juxtamedullary glomeruli. The ratio of mean glomerular volumes between outer and inner glomeruli was 1:2 in both adult groups. Both adult groups also developed nearly identical proportions of all glomerular component structures, representing a relative decrease of epithelial cells and increase of capillaries compared to the young animals. Normal and hypertrophic maturation involved absolute increases in all glomerular cell populations, the length of capillary loops and the surface area of the filtration membrane, all nearly in proportion to the respective four- and seven-fold increases in glomerular volume. Changes in the filtration surface area are consistent with published data for glomerular filtration rates in normal and hypertrophied kidneys. The mean cell size in epithelial and mesangial populations doubled during growth, but was not greater than normal in mononephrectomized rats. Hyperplasia among all populations of glomerular cells is indicated in normal growth, and to a greater extent in compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Morphometry of the renal corpuscle during normal postnatal growth and compensatory hypertrophy. A light microscope study. Renal corpuscles from the juxtamedullary and subcapsular regions of the renal cortex were morphometrically analyzed in young rats and in adult rats that had been unilaterally nephrectomized or sham-operated at an early age. Mean corpuscular volumes increased 4.5-fold during normal development, and 7.7-fold as a result of compensatory hypertrophy in both cortical regions. Relative and absolute volumes were determined for Bowman's space, the glomerular tuft, and five glomerular components: epithelial, endothelial, and mesangial cells, capillaries, and the filtration membrane. Normal and hypertrophic enlargement of Bowman's space was slightly greater than glomerular growth, and the growth response of subcapsular glomeruli was greater than that of juxtamedullary glomeruli. The ratio of mean glomerular volumes between outer and inner glomeruli was 1:2 in both adult groups. Both adult groups also developed nearly identical proportions of all glomerular component structures, representing a relative decrease of epithelial cells and increase of capillaries compared to the young animals. Normal and hypertrophic maturation involved absolute increases in all glomerular cell populations, the length of capillary loops and the surface area of the filtration membrane, all nearly in proportion to the respective four- and seven-fold increases in glomerular volume. Changes in the filtration surface area are consistent with published data for glomerular filtration rates in normal and hypertrophied kidneys. The mean cell size in epithelial and mesangial populations doubled during growth, but was not greater than normal in mononephrectomized rats. Hyperplasia among all populations of glomerular cells is indicated in normal growth, and to a greater extent in compensatory renal hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:264125", "title": "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis has been examined under conditions which allow phase microscope observations of cells responding to controlled gradients of chemotactic factors. With this visual assay, PMNs can be seen to orient rapidly and reversibly to gradients of N-formylmethionyl peptides. The level of orientation depends upon the mean concentration of peptide present as well as the concentration gradient. The response allows an estimation of the binding constant of the peptide to the cell. In optimal gradients, PMNs can detect a 1% difference in the concentration of peptide. At high cell densities, PMNs incubated with active peptides orient their locomotion away from the center of the cell population. This orientation appears to be due to inactivation of the peptides by the cells. Such inactivation in vivo could help to limit an inflammatory response.", "contents": "Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis has been examined under conditions which allow phase microscope observations of cells responding to controlled gradients of chemotactic factors. With this visual assay, PMNs can be seen to orient rapidly and reversibly to gradients of N-formylmethionyl peptides. The level of orientation depends upon the mean concentration of peptide present as well as the concentration gradient. The response allows an estimation of the binding constant of the peptide to the cell. In optimal gradients, PMNs can detect a 1% difference in the concentration of peptide. At high cell densities, PMNs incubated with active peptides orient their locomotion away from the center of the cell population. This orientation appears to be due to inactivation of the peptides by the cells. Such inactivation in vivo could help to limit an inflammatory response."}
{"id": "PMID:264126", "title": "Homosexual identity formation: a theoretical model.", "content": "A six-stage model of homosexual identity formation is outlined within the framework of interpersonal congruency theory. Stages are differentiated on the basis of the person's perceptions of his/her own behavior and the actions that arise as a consequence of this perception. The person is seen to have an active role in the acquisition of a homosexual identity. Alternative paths of development are proposed within each stage. The notion that people can accept homosexuality as a positively valued status is assumed. Several factors believed to be influential in determining whether a person takes one line of development or another are discussed. The model is intended to be applied to both female and male homosexuals.", "contents": "Homosexual identity formation: a theoretical model. A six-stage model of homosexual identity formation is outlined within the framework of interpersonal congruency theory. Stages are differentiated on the basis of the person's perceptions of his/her own behavior and the actions that arise as a consequence of this perception. The person is seen to have an active role in the acquisition of a homosexual identity. Alternative paths of development are proposed within each stage. The notion that people can accept homosexuality as a positively valued status is assumed. Several factors believed to be influential in determining whether a person takes one line of development or another are discussed. The model is intended to be applied to both female and male homosexuals."}
{"id": "PMID:264127", "title": "Attitudinal homophobia and support of traditional sex roles.", "content": "The present study investigated the relationships among various attitudes toward homosexuality and the maintenance of traditional male/female gender distinctions. The results supported both the importance of separate attitude dimensions describing reactions to homosexuality and the meaningfulness of an overall pattern of homophobia. Components of homophobic style were evaluated and related to components of support for traditional male/female roles. An individual's own congruence with traditional gender expectations and his/her attitudes toward sex-role incongruence were evaluated within the context of social psychological research on deviance.", "contents": "Attitudinal homophobia and support of traditional sex roles. The present study investigated the relationships among various attitudes toward homosexuality and the maintenance of traditional male/female gender distinctions. The results supported both the importance of separate attitude dimensions describing reactions to homosexuality and the meaningfulness of an overall pattern of homophobia. Components of homophobic style were evaluated and related to components of support for traditional male/female roles. An individual's own congruence with traditional gender expectations and his/her attitudes toward sex-role incongruence were evaluated within the context of social psychological research on deviance."}
{"id": "PMID:264128", "title": "Representations of homosexuality in health science textbooks.", "content": "Discussions of homosexual behavior in 35 publications (textbooks, trade books, pamphlets) in the fields of health science and sex education were reviewed. Ten books referred to the subject. Major findings of the study were: homosexual behavior receives significant attention in only 1 of the 10 publications; discussions of homosexuality contain a number of hidden biases; a large number of factual errors can be identified in most publications; and most authors seem to believe that homosexual behavior may be tolerated during adolescence but, at the same time, should be a source of concern to teenagers.", "contents": "Representations of homosexuality in health science textbooks. Discussions of homosexual behavior in 35 publications (textbooks, trade books, pamphlets) in the fields of health science and sex education were reviewed. Ten books referred to the subject. Major findings of the study were: homosexual behavior receives significant attention in only 1 of the 10 publications; discussions of homosexuality contain a number of hidden biases; a large number of factual errors can be identified in most publications; and most authors seem to believe that homosexual behavior may be tolerated during adolescence but, at the same time, should be a source of concern to teenagers."}
{"id": "PMID:264129", "title": "Lesbian sexuality.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine what physical sexual activities lesbians engage in and what attitudes lesbians have toward various aspects of their sexuality. The sample consisted of 286 homosexual women. This article reports results in the following areas: first orgasm, first sexual experience with another women, sexual fantasies, number of sex partners, faking orgasm, sex toys, initiating sex, techniques used to reach orgasm with partners, and the attitudes of respondents toward their own lesbianism, erotica, female genitals, masturbation, emotional involvement with sex partners, monogamy, sex toys, oral sex, tribadism, group sex, and sadomasochism. The study suggests that the sample group has very positive attitudes about their lesbianism, their own bodies, masturbation, and the various ways in which they express sexuality with their partners.", "contents": "Lesbian sexuality. A study was conducted to determine what physical sexual activities lesbians engage in and what attitudes lesbians have toward various aspects of their sexuality. The sample consisted of 286 homosexual women. This article reports results in the following areas: first orgasm, first sexual experience with another women, sexual fantasies, number of sex partners, faking orgasm, sex toys, initiating sex, techniques used to reach orgasm with partners, and the attitudes of respondents toward their own lesbianism, erotica, female genitals, masturbation, emotional involvement with sex partners, monogamy, sex toys, oral sex, tribadism, group sex, and sadomasochism. The study suggests that the sample group has very positive attitudes about their lesbianism, their own bodies, masturbation, and the various ways in which they express sexuality with their partners."}
{"id": "PMID:264130", "title": "Growing older female: heterosexual and homosexual.", "content": "An analysis of the age-related content of \"Personals\" ads placed by heterosexual and homosexual women was undertaken to test hypotheses derived from theoretical notions about differences and similarities between lesbian and nonlesbian aging. No support was found for a hypothesized overrepresentation of older advertisers of either sexual orientation. Contrary to popular notions, lesbians were not found to be seeking young partners. However, age differences between groups did indicate support for \"accelerated aging\" among heterosexual women. Possible advantages of lesbian over nonlesbian women in their experience of aging are presented.", "contents": "Growing older female: heterosexual and homosexual. An analysis of the age-related content of \"Personals\" ads placed by heterosexual and homosexual women was undertaken to test hypotheses derived from theoretical notions about differences and similarities between lesbian and nonlesbian aging. No support was found for a hypothesized overrepresentation of older advertisers of either sexual orientation. Contrary to popular notions, lesbians were not found to be seeking young partners. However, age differences between groups did indicate support for \"accelerated aging\" among heterosexual women. Possible advantages of lesbian over nonlesbian women in their experience of aging are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:264131", "title": "The collection and analysis of documents for the Civil Liberties and Sexual Orientation Project.", "content": "This article shows how documents are collected and analyzed as part of a complex methodology to supplement and verify data gathered for the Civil Liberties and Sexual Orientation Project. During interviews, respondents are shown a checklist and asked if they have documents that may support their belief that they have experienced discrimination. Interviews are considered fully documented if materials are obtained which demonstrate that action was taken against a respondent and that the action was based on sexual orientation or on departures from social sex-role stereotypes. Documents are also collected to see if other attributes of a respondent were involved in the action. In addition, supplemental information is obtained that augments interview data.", "contents": "The collection and analysis of documents for the Civil Liberties and Sexual Orientation Project. This article shows how documents are collected and analyzed as part of a complex methodology to supplement and verify data gathered for the Civil Liberties and Sexual Orientation Project. During interviews, respondents are shown a checklist and asked if they have documents that may support their belief that they have experienced discrimination. Interviews are considered fully documented if materials are obtained which demonstrate that action was taken against a respondent and that the action was based on sexual orientation or on departures from social sex-role stereotypes. Documents are also collected to see if other attributes of a respondent were involved in the action. In addition, supplemental information is obtained that augments interview data."}
{"id": "PMID:264133", "title": "A study of lesbian lifestyles in the homosexual micro-culture and the heterosexual macro-culture.", "content": "Ninety-one lesbians were surveyed in an effort to determine how homosexual women function within the heterosexual macro-culture and the homosexual micro-culture. Those sampled tended to be young, white, urban, and well-educated professionals. By exploring four major categories (demographics, lesbian lifestyles/homosexual culture, social relationships, and participation in the heterosexual culture) it was found that respondents felt isolated from the heterosexual macro-culture and turn to the homosexual micro-culture for friends, emotional support, and social interaction. It was also discovered that while lesbians do feel isolated from the majority of society, they function productively in a dual role within their general environment.", "contents": "A study of lesbian lifestyles in the homosexual micro-culture and the heterosexual macro-culture. Ninety-one lesbians were surveyed in an effort to determine how homosexual women function within the heterosexual macro-culture and the homosexual micro-culture. Those sampled tended to be young, white, urban, and well-educated professionals. By exploring four major categories (demographics, lesbian lifestyles/homosexual culture, social relationships, and participation in the heterosexual culture) it was found that respondents felt isolated from the heterosexual macro-culture and turn to the homosexual micro-culture for friends, emotional support, and social interaction. It was also discovered that while lesbians do feel isolated from the majority of society, they function productively in a dual role within their general environment."}
{"id": "PMID:264134", "title": "A cross-cultural perspective on theory and research on male homosexuality.", "content": "In an effort to uncover useful directions for future research, this paper examines the cross-cultural data on male homosexuality in light of various theories that might account for its variation. Looking first at different psychological explanations, the study suggests that the sex of one's childhood companions may be an important factor in the origin of homosexuality. Two possible explanations for an association between male homosexuality and mixed-sex playgroups are offered: In one, gender identity serves as an intervening variable; in the other, the notion that \"familiarity breeds contempt\" is studied. A cultural materialist theory, which views homosexuality as adaptive under conditions of population pressure, is shown to be supported by the correlation between a society's natalist policy and its attitudes toward homosexuality.", "contents": "A cross-cultural perspective on theory and research on male homosexuality. In an effort to uncover useful directions for future research, this paper examines the cross-cultural data on male homosexuality in light of various theories that might account for its variation. Looking first at different psychological explanations, the study suggests that the sex of one's childhood companions may be an important factor in the origin of homosexuality. Two possible explanations for an association between male homosexuality and mixed-sex playgroups are offered: In one, gender identity serves as an intervening variable; in the other, the notion that \"familiarity breeds contempt\" is studied. A cultural materialist theory, which views homosexuality as adaptive under conditions of population pressure, is shown to be supported by the correlation between a society's natalist policy and its attitudes toward homosexuality."}
{"id": "PMID:264135", "title": "Gay ghetto.", "content": "Gay people have claimed that there exist within major cities \"gay ghettos\", neighborhoods housing large numbers of homosexual men and women as well as gathering places where homosexual behavior is generally accepted, and have designated as such certain sections of Boston, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles (Aiken, 1976, p. 27; Altman, 1971, p. 42; Brill, 1976, p. 27; Chicago Gay Liberation, 1970, pp. 3-4; Kantrowitz, 1975, p. 48; Nassberg, 1970, p. 1; Russo, 1976, p. 47; Shilts, 1977, p. 20; Whitmore, 1975, p. 45; Whittman, 1972, pp. 167-168). Sociologists have picked up the term, using it repeatedly in research (e.g., Humprheys, 1972a, pp. 80-81; Weinberg & Williams, 1974, p. 43). Typically, however, these authors offer no observations to support their use of the phrase. This paper analyzes the validity of \"gay ghetto\" as a sociological construct, limiting discussion to the male homosexual community.", "contents": "Gay ghetto. Gay people have claimed that there exist within major cities \"gay ghettos\", neighborhoods housing large numbers of homosexual men and women as well as gathering places where homosexual behavior is generally accepted, and have designated as such certain sections of Boston, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles (Aiken, 1976, p. 27; Altman, 1971, p. 42; Brill, 1976, p. 27; Chicago Gay Liberation, 1970, pp. 3-4; Kantrowitz, 1975, p. 48; Nassberg, 1970, p. 1; Russo, 1976, p. 47; Shilts, 1977, p. 20; Whitmore, 1975, p. 45; Whittman, 1972, pp. 167-168). Sociologists have picked up the term, using it repeatedly in research (e.g., Humprheys, 1972a, pp. 80-81; Weinberg & Williams, 1974, p. 43). Typically, however, these authors offer no observations to support their use of the phrase. This paper analyzes the validity of \"gay ghetto\" as a sociological construct, limiting discussion to the male homosexual community."}
{"id": "PMID:264136", "title": "Deep fellowship: homosexuality and male bonding in the life and fiction of Joseph Conrad.", "content": "Conrad's biography reveals only peripheral, though suggestive, awareness of homosexuality. His fiction, however, shows a continuing concern with some underlying features of female and male homosexuality. Suggestions of a positive view of homoerotic relations can be discerned in the strong works of his early career, specifically Lord Jim and \"The Secret Sharer.\" The later novels and stories, usually characterized as sentimental and conventional, dramatize an overt fear of homosexuality consistent with Conrad's hostile reaction to the Casement revelations. Chance features an evil lesbian, Victory an equally destructive homosexual male. Only the autobiographical A Shadow Line shows a return to the earlier positive attitude toward male bonding with sexual overtones. Scholars have been reluctant to notice these concerns, since Conrad is considered a \"man's\" writer.", "contents": "Deep fellowship: homosexuality and male bonding in the life and fiction of Joseph Conrad. Conrad's biography reveals only peripheral, though suggestive, awareness of homosexuality. His fiction, however, shows a continuing concern with some underlying features of female and male homosexuality. Suggestions of a positive view of homoerotic relations can be discerned in the strong works of his early career, specifically Lord Jim and \"The Secret Sharer.\" The later novels and stories, usually characterized as sentimental and conventional, dramatize an overt fear of homosexuality consistent with Conrad's hostile reaction to the Casement revelations. Chance features an evil lesbian, Victory an equally destructive homosexual male. Only the autobiographical A Shadow Line shows a return to the earlier positive attitude toward male bonding with sexual overtones. Scholars have been reluctant to notice these concerns, since Conrad is considered a \"man's\" writer."}
{"id": "PMID:264139", "title": "Performance evaluations for diagnostic x-ray equipment.", "content": "Technical factors influencing the performance of x-ray equipment are: focal spot size, focal spot growth, leakage radiation, accuracy of the exposure timer, kilovoltage, exposure reproducibility, linearity of exposure, x-ray beam quality, and collimation. An evaluation of these factors is necessary to determine x-ray equipment performance characteristics.", "contents": "Performance evaluations for diagnostic x-ray equipment. Technical factors influencing the performance of x-ray equipment are: focal spot size, focal spot growth, leakage radiation, accuracy of the exposure timer, kilovoltage, exposure reproducibility, linearity of exposure, x-ray beam quality, and collimation. An evaluation of these factors is necessary to determine x-ray equipment performance characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:264144", "title": "Clients' treatment expectations at a community mental health center.", "content": "Clients' expectations about mental health care, particularly differences in these expectations as a function of social class, and the relationship of discrepancies between expectations and perceptions to treatment outcome, is examined in this study with 317 Caucasian clients. In contrast to the majority of studies, no differences in treatment expectations relating to clients' social class, sex, or marital status were found. Nor were discrepancies related to course or outcome of therapy. Discussion focuses around explanation and interpretation of these findings. Particularly relevant is the need to determine the extent to which nonusers in the community share the attitudes and expectations of clients.", "contents": "Clients' treatment expectations at a community mental health center. Clients' expectations about mental health care, particularly differences in these expectations as a function of social class, and the relationship of discrepancies between expectations and perceptions to treatment outcome, is examined in this study with 317 Caucasian clients. In contrast to the majority of studies, no differences in treatment expectations relating to clients' social class, sex, or marital status were found. Nor were discrepancies related to course or outcome of therapy. Discussion focuses around explanation and interpretation of these findings. Particularly relevant is the need to determine the extent to which nonusers in the community share the attitudes and expectations of clients."}
{"id": "PMID:264145", "title": "Environmental adaptation of the mental patient.", "content": "An ecological model suggests looking at the hospitalized mental patient in terms of how well the resources available in the environment fit his individual needs. This study explores the relationship between the environmental fit of patients while they are in the hospital and their adaptation to the community once they have left. Data on individual needs and evaluations of environmental resources were obtained through a series of structured interviews. Results indicate that the more a patient feels the hospital environment is a good fit, the longer he stays there. Hospital fit is positively related to fit in the community, but the latter is related only to the degree of symptomatology exhibited by the expatient in the community and not to how long he is able to remain out of the hospital. Implications of the findings and the model are discussed.", "contents": "Environmental adaptation of the mental patient. An ecological model suggests looking at the hospitalized mental patient in terms of how well the resources available in the environment fit his individual needs. This study explores the relationship between the environmental fit of patients while they are in the hospital and their adaptation to the community once they have left. Data on individual needs and evaluations of environmental resources were obtained through a series of structured interviews. Results indicate that the more a patient feels the hospital environment is a good fit, the longer he stays there. Hospital fit is positively related to fit in the community, but the latter is related only to the degree of symptomatology exhibited by the expatient in the community and not to how long he is able to remain out of the hospital. Implications of the findings and the model are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264146", "title": "The effects of life crisis on psychological adjustment.", "content": "In this survey study the question was asked how \"life crisis,\" social conditions, and ratings of quality of life are related to psychological adjustment. The survey included 454 residents, and data were collected on five social conditions: income, education, age, marital status, and religious participation; four ratings of life quality: family, personal life, income, and overall quality of life; the number of recent changes in the lives of the respondents; and two indicators of psychological adjustment. These data were analyzed with multivariate analyses of variance and stepwise regression. Life crisis was associated directly with psychological adjustment. Social conditions and life quality ratings also had significant effects. People with high life-crisis scores reported more psychological distress, and poor social conditions appeared to further exacerbate their adjustment problems. Regardless of the magnitude of the crisis, quality of life ratings had sizable effects on reports of psychological adjustment.", "contents": "The effects of life crisis on psychological adjustment. In this survey study the question was asked how \"life crisis,\" social conditions, and ratings of quality of life are related to psychological adjustment. The survey included 454 residents, and data were collected on five social conditions: income, education, age, marital status, and religious participation; four ratings of life quality: family, personal life, income, and overall quality of life; the number of recent changes in the lives of the respondents; and two indicators of psychological adjustment. These data were analyzed with multivariate analyses of variance and stepwise regression. Life crisis was associated directly with psychological adjustment. Social conditions and life quality ratings also had significant effects. People with high life-crisis scores reported more psychological distress, and poor social conditions appeared to further exacerbate their adjustment problems. Regardless of the magnitude of the crisis, quality of life ratings had sizable effects on reports of psychological adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:264142", "title": "Reactions to intravenous pyelography contrast media.", "content": "Reactions to contrast media used for intravenous pyelography are everyday possibilities in a radiology department, and statistics indicate that the incidence of fatalities has increased after a period of decline. The physiology of reactions and how to be prepared for them, as described here, are important parts of the technologist's knowledge.", "contents": "Reactions to intravenous pyelography contrast media. Reactions to contrast media used for intravenous pyelography are everyday possibilities in a radiology department, and statistics indicate that the incidence of fatalities has increased after a period of decline. The physiology of reactions and how to be prepared for them, as described here, are important parts of the technologist's knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:264147", "title": "The responsiveness and equality of mental health care to Chicanos and Native Americans.", "content": "An examination was made of the services received by Chicano and Native American clients in 17 community mental health facilities. Although these minority clients differed from Anglos in demographic variables, there was no evidence that they were rendered inferior or discriminatory services. However, failure to return for therapy was much higher among minority clients. Possible reasons for this failure to return are discussed. It is suggested that for ethnic group clients, equality of services may not mean responsive services.", "contents": "The responsiveness and equality of mental health care to Chicanos and Native Americans. An examination was made of the services received by Chicano and Native American clients in 17 community mental health facilities. Although these minority clients differed from Anglos in demographic variables, there was no evidence that they were rendered inferior or discriminatory services. However, failure to return for therapy was much higher among minority clients. Possible reasons for this failure to return are discussed. It is suggested that for ethnic group clients, equality of services may not mean responsive services."}
{"id": "PMID:264141", "title": "Radiological health attitudes of college students.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to measure and evaluate attitudes of college students regarding various aspects of radiological health hazards. The attitudes surveyed were related to controversial issues such as nuclear power plant operations, color television sets, microwave ovens and genetic effects from medically related x-ray exposure.", "contents": "Radiological health attitudes of college students. The purpose of this study was to measure and evaluate attitudes of college students regarding various aspects of radiological health hazards. The attitudes surveyed were related to controversial issues such as nuclear power plant operations, color television sets, microwave ovens and genetic effects from medically related x-ray exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:264148", "title": "The client as consumer and evaluator of community mental health services.", "content": "Discussion of ethical issues which concern community psychologists and other mental health professionals has generated new emphasis on the psychiatric client as consumer. In light of the studies questioning the efficacy and ethics of various clinical procedures, it would seem that the client-consumer is being asked to accept treatment which is often less than desirable. In light of recent trends to safeguard the rights of the client-consumer, it is now appropriate to focus on the client as evaluator of services contracted. Having clients evaluate clinical services finds its logical fruition in the creation of client advisory boards. Avoiding many of the problems of citizen mental health advisory boards, client boards ensure continued and systematic client evaluation of community mental health services. The accomplishments of one client board are offered as evidence that there should be increased emphasis on the consumer as evaluator.", "contents": "The client as consumer and evaluator of community mental health services. Discussion of ethical issues which concern community psychologists and other mental health professionals has generated new emphasis on the psychiatric client as consumer. In light of the studies questioning the efficacy and ethics of various clinical procedures, it would seem that the client-consumer is being asked to accept treatment which is often less than desirable. In light of recent trends to safeguard the rights of the client-consumer, it is now appropriate to focus on the client as evaluator of services contracted. Having clients evaluate clinical services finds its logical fruition in the creation of client advisory boards. Avoiding many of the problems of citizen mental health advisory boards, client boards ensure continued and systematic client evaluation of community mental health services. The accomplishments of one client board are offered as evidence that there should be increased emphasis on the consumer as evaluator."}
{"id": "PMID:264140", "title": "Breast exposure: nationwide trends; a mammographic quality assurance program--results to date.", "content": "BENT (Breast Exposure: Nationwide Trends), a federal-state sponsored mammographic quality assurance program has demonstrated that unproductive radiation exposure can be reduced by identifying and correcting problems that result in poor image quality. BENT provides clinical personnel with knowledge on the performance of their mammographic system as a basis for possible improvements in image quality and for reductions in patient exposure.", "contents": "Breast exposure: nationwide trends; a mammographic quality assurance program--results to date. BENT (Breast Exposure: Nationwide Trends), a federal-state sponsored mammographic quality assurance program has demonstrated that unproductive radiation exposure can be reduced by identifying and correcting problems that result in poor image quality. BENT provides clinical personnel with knowledge on the performance of their mammographic system as a basis for possible improvements in image quality and for reductions in patient exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:264149", "title": "Organization development: a new modality for community mental health.", "content": "Organization development (OD) is discussed as being a valid tool for advancing mental health and for promoting the present goals of community mental health centers, as well as for accomplishing organization development's traditional objectives of increasing organizational effectiveness in business, industry, and government agencies. A comparison is made between the main objectives of the community mental health movement in the United States and the major thrusts of current OD practice, showing how the foci of the two fields are essentially similar. The psychological aspects of OD are presented in their relation to mental health. Organization development is demonstrated to be both a legitimate and an effective modality for the community mental health practitioner to use in reaching large numbers of people in promoting positive mental health, primary prevention, improved interpersonal relations, and personal growth activities in the community.", "contents": "Organization development: a new modality for community mental health. Organization development (OD) is discussed as being a valid tool for advancing mental health and for promoting the present goals of community mental health centers, as well as for accomplishing organization development's traditional objectives of increasing organizational effectiveness in business, industry, and government agencies. A comparison is made between the main objectives of the community mental health movement in the United States and the major thrusts of current OD practice, showing how the foci of the two fields are essentially similar. The psychological aspects of OD are presented in their relation to mental health. Organization development is demonstrated to be both a legitimate and an effective modality for the community mental health practitioner to use in reaching large numbers of people in promoting positive mental health, primary prevention, improved interpersonal relations, and personal growth activities in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:264150", "title": "Participation in decision-making by staff in community mental health programs.", "content": "Staff participation in decision-making was examined in 22 community mental health programs in Michigan. A questionnaire was completed by 164 practitioners employed at least half time. The response rate was 94%. For virtually every work-related decision examined, the practitioners wanted significantly greater participation in decision-making than they currently have. Also, those working in programs where practitioner participation was high reported greater job satisfaction, less role ambiguity, greater use of their skills, better communication among staff, and greater goal clarity and attainability. Practitioner participation was lowest in programs serving more disturbed, less successful populations, such as inpatient, mental retardation, and drug-abuse programs. Para-professional practitioners in all programs reported less participation in their jobs than professional practitioners. Finally, practitioners who typically interact more with clients also reported lower levels of participation.", "contents": "Participation in decision-making by staff in community mental health programs. Staff participation in decision-making was examined in 22 community mental health programs in Michigan. A questionnaire was completed by 164 practitioners employed at least half time. The response rate was 94%. For virtually every work-related decision examined, the practitioners wanted significantly greater participation in decision-making than they currently have. Also, those working in programs where practitioner participation was high reported greater job satisfaction, less role ambiguity, greater use of their skills, better communication among staff, and greater goal clarity and attainability. Practitioner participation was lowest in programs serving more disturbed, less successful populations, such as inpatient, mental retardation, and drug-abuse programs. Para-professional practitioners in all programs reported less participation in their jobs than professional practitioners. Finally, practitioners who typically interact more with clients also reported lower levels of participation."}
{"id": "PMID:264151", "title": "Trends in community mental health programming.", "content": "One hundred-seventy-three mental health centers responded to a survey inquiring about allocation of staff time for mental health services and about the availability of an array of services at present, 3 years previous, and 3 years hence. The data reflect an emphasis upon reactive services as opposed to those considered proactive, and on services directed to individuals as opposed to other groups. However, this emphasis seems to be changing. Future projections call for a de-emphasis on individual reactive programs and increased emphasis on programs directed toward families and small groups, and toward proactive programs directed to the communities-at-large. Data about specific programs and services further suggest de-emphasis of services that involve the mental health professional and the client in direct interaction, and continued growth in services that can be delivered by less formally trained mental health workers or volunteers.", "contents": "Trends in community mental health programming. One hundred-seventy-three mental health centers responded to a survey inquiring about allocation of staff time for mental health services and about the availability of an array of services at present, 3 years previous, and 3 years hence. The data reflect an emphasis upon reactive services as opposed to those considered proactive, and on services directed to individuals as opposed to other groups. However, this emphasis seems to be changing. Future projections call for a de-emphasis on individual reactive programs and increased emphasis on programs directed toward families and small groups, and toward proactive programs directed to the communities-at-large. Data about specific programs and services further suggest de-emphasis of services that involve the mental health professional and the client in direct interaction, and continued growth in services that can be delivered by less formally trained mental health workers or volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:264152", "title": "The treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy with nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "Sixteen patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy were treated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) given at night and tailored to achieve as continuous a night's sleep as possible. The dosage usually consisted of 1.5-2.25 gm orally at bedtime and then one or two further 1.0-1.5 gm doses with awakenings during the night, and totaled about 50 mg/kg. Apart from one patient who took only the bedtime dose, the subjective quality of night sleep improved in all patients and the number of irresistible daytime attacks of sleep and cataplexy substantially diminished. Some residual daytime drowsiness remained and this usually responded well to low doses of methylphenidate. Improvement has been maintained for up to 20 months without the development of tolerance. Two patients experienced adverse side effects necessitating withdrawal of GHB treatment, but no serious toxic effects have occurred.", "contents": "The treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy with nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Sixteen patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy were treated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) given at night and tailored to achieve as continuous a night's sleep as possible. The dosage usually consisted of 1.5-2.25 gm orally at bedtime and then one or two further 1.0-1.5 gm doses with awakenings during the night, and totaled about 50 mg/kg. Apart from one patient who took only the bedtime dose, the subjective quality of night sleep improved in all patients and the number of irresistible daytime attacks of sleep and cataplexy substantially diminished. Some residual daytime drowsiness remained and this usually responded well to low doses of methylphenidate. Improvement has been maintained for up to 20 months without the development of tolerance. Two patients experienced adverse side effects necessitating withdrawal of GHB treatment, but no serious toxic effects have occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:264153", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin and pulmonary function.", "content": "Thirty-nine epileptic patients underwent pulmonary function testing. Twenty-one of these patients, ranging in age from 16 to 44 years, had taken diphenylhydantoin (DPH) for 2 to 17 years. Eighteen patients, who had taken other anticonvulsants for similar time periods served as controls. Five patients in the DPH group had lung volume abnormalities, four had abnormal airway function, and five had abnormalities of alveolar gas mixing. One patient in the control group had lung volume abnormalities, two had abnormal airway function, and five had abnormalities of alveolar gas mixing. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups, or between either group and predicted values.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin and pulmonary function. Thirty-nine epileptic patients underwent pulmonary function testing. Twenty-one of these patients, ranging in age from 16 to 44 years, had taken diphenylhydantoin (DPH) for 2 to 17 years. Eighteen patients, who had taken other anticonvulsants for similar time periods served as controls. Five patients in the DPH group had lung volume abnormalities, four had abnormal airway function, and five had abnormalities of alveolar gas mixing. One patient in the control group had lung volume abnormalities, two had abnormal airway function, and five had abnormalities of alveolar gas mixing. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups, or between either group and predicted values."}
{"id": "PMID:264154", "title": "[Histopathologic and neurochemical correlations as a function of lesions of the locus coeruleus region in the cat (I)].", "content": "Unilateral lesions in the area of the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the cat are associated with a significant and sustained decrease of noradrenaline (NA) in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any important change in the concentrations of NA in the contralateral cortex and in the spinal cord of both sides. The serotonin (5-HT) concentrations of the spinal cord and cerebral cortex of both sides remained unchanged in the same groups of animals. Bilateral lesions in the same area result also in a marked decrease of NA in the cerebral cortex of both sides. The latter lesions also result in slight decreases of NA in the hypothalamus and of NA and 5-HT in the spinal cord but the NA and 5-HT concentrations of the striatum and thalamus and the 5-HT concentrations of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus are unmodified by such lesions. Unilateral lesions of the area immediately rostral to the locus coeruleus (praelocus lesions) result in a very significant decrease of NA in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any change of NA in the contralateral cerebral cortex and spinal cord of both sides. Similar lesions produced bilaterally in another group of cats resulted in marked decreases of NA in the cerebral cortex of both sides and a slight decrease of NA in the thalamus without any change of NA in the striatum, hypothalamus and spinal cord and of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex. In the same group of animals with lesions which, however, extended more closely to the midline than in cats with locus coeruleus lesions, 5-HT is markedly decreased in the striatum and thalamus and slightly decreased in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. These results support the view that the noradrenergic coeruleo-cortical pathway is made up of fibers which originate in the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus and predominantly end ipsilaterally to their origin in the cerebral cortex. Ascending NA fibers ending in the thalamus appear to originate from NA neurons located more laterally in the upper pons and more specifically at the level of the parabrachial nuclei.", "contents": "[Histopathologic and neurochemical correlations as a function of lesions of the locus coeruleus region in the cat (I)]. Unilateral lesions in the area of the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the cat are associated with a significant and sustained decrease of noradrenaline (NA) in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any important change in the concentrations of NA in the contralateral cortex and in the spinal cord of both sides. The serotonin (5-HT) concentrations of the spinal cord and cerebral cortex of both sides remained unchanged in the same groups of animals. Bilateral lesions in the same area result also in a marked decrease of NA in the cerebral cortex of both sides. The latter lesions also result in slight decreases of NA in the hypothalamus and of NA and 5-HT in the spinal cord but the NA and 5-HT concentrations of the striatum and thalamus and the 5-HT concentrations of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus are unmodified by such lesions. Unilateral lesions of the area immediately rostral to the locus coeruleus (praelocus lesions) result in a very significant decrease of NA in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any change of NA in the contralateral cerebral cortex and spinal cord of both sides. Similar lesions produced bilaterally in another group of cats resulted in marked decreases of NA in the cerebral cortex of both sides and a slight decrease of NA in the thalamus without any change of NA in the striatum, hypothalamus and spinal cord and of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex. In the same group of animals with lesions which, however, extended more closely to the midline than in cats with locus coeruleus lesions, 5-HT is markedly decreased in the striatum and thalamus and slightly decreased in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. These results support the view that the noradrenergic coeruleo-cortical pathway is made up of fibers which originate in the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus and predominantly end ipsilaterally to their origin in the cerebral cortex. Ascending NA fibers ending in the thalamus appear to originate from NA neurons located more laterally in the upper pons and more specifically at the level of the parabrachial nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:264155", "title": "The effects of atropine and reserpine on cortical kindling in the rat.", "content": "The effects on cortical kindling of atropine (a muscarinic, cholinergic blocking agent) and reserpine (a depleter of catecholamines and 5 hydroxytryptamine) were tested in this study. Atropine, which had previously been found to retard amygdaloid kindling, had similar but somewhat weaker effects on cortical kindling. Reserpine also had similar effects on cortical kindling compared to subcortical kindling in that it potentiated seizure responses.", "contents": "The effects of atropine and reserpine on cortical kindling in the rat. The effects on cortical kindling of atropine (a muscarinic, cholinergic blocking agent) and reserpine (a depleter of catecholamines and 5 hydroxytryptamine) were tested in this study. Atropine, which had previously been found to retard amygdaloid kindling, had similar but somewhat weaker effects on cortical kindling. Reserpine also had similar effects on cortical kindling compared to subcortical kindling in that it potentiated seizure responses."}
{"id": "PMID:264156", "title": "The incorporation of 3H (G) L-leucine into single muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease.", "content": "The results are reported of single muscle fiber uptake of tritiated leucine in muscle biopsy material from Duchenne dystrophy and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease. The uptake in the two conditions is compared and suggests that the previously reported increase in synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins in muscular dystrophy are probably related to regenerative efforts by the muscle fibers.", "contents": "The incorporation of 3H (G) L-leucine into single muscle fibers in Duchenne dystrophy and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease. The results are reported of single muscle fiber uptake of tritiated leucine in muscle biopsy material from Duchenne dystrophy and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease. The uptake in the two conditions is compared and suggests that the previously reported increase in synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins in muscular dystrophy are probably related to regenerative efforts by the muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:264157", "title": "Fluctuation of plasma cortisol levels in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Using radioimmunoassay, the levels of plasma cortisol of 23 patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 control subjects were determined at three or more times over a one-year period. The status of the disease was ascertained by neurological examination at the same time. Twelve of the patients were considered stable because they showed no changes in their disease status during the year. The remaining 11 patients were designated active since each had one or more relapses. The levels of cortisol of the control and stable groups remained relatively constant during the one-year period, but the levels of the active group fluctuated significantly more than either of the other two groups. Furthermore the active patients who had more than one episode had the greatest fluctuation in their cortisol levels. The fluctuations could indicate some endocrinological aberration in patients with active multiple sclerosis or may be secondary to the influence of the disease.", "contents": "Fluctuation of plasma cortisol levels in multiple sclerosis. Using radioimmunoassay, the levels of plasma cortisol of 23 patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 control subjects were determined at three or more times over a one-year period. The status of the disease was ascertained by neurological examination at the same time. Twelve of the patients were considered stable because they showed no changes in their disease status during the year. The remaining 11 patients were designated active since each had one or more relapses. The levels of cortisol of the control and stable groups remained relatively constant during the one-year period, but the levels of the active group fluctuated significantly more than either of the other two groups. Furthermore the active patients who had more than one episode had the greatest fluctuation in their cortisol levels. The fluctuations could indicate some endocrinological aberration in patients with active multiple sclerosis or may be secondary to the influence of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:264158", "title": "New introducer for subcutaneous placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: technical note.", "content": "A new introducer system for subcutaneous placement of shunt tubings is described. The advantages of this system over previous introducers are discussed.", "contents": "New introducer for subcutaneous placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: technical note. A new introducer system for subcutaneous placement of shunt tubings is described. The advantages of this system over previous introducers are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264159", "title": "Syncope of obscure nature.", "content": "One hundred and eleven cases of syncope or loss of consciousness are analyzed. Most are of obscure nature while some illustrate features of syncope that deserve further scrutiny. The cases are divided into six groups: Resembling cardiac syncope (30 cases); vasovagal syncope (22 cases); features of both cardiac and vasovagal syncope (12 cases); orthostatic hypotensive (29 cases); akinetic seizure? (12 cases); and miscellaneous (5 cases). Some groups are subdivided according to the circumstances surrounding the spells, for example, seated eating, nocturnal, associated with bowel movement, response to anticonvulsant therapy, etc. The following conclusions seem warranted: The evidence favors the existence of a type of akinetic seizure resembling cardiac syncope; loss of consciousness while seated eating (prandial syncope) may comprise a syndrome; syncope related to bowel movement or abdominal pain is a striking association; sporadic nocturnal syncope due to temporary hyporeactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hyporeactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hypotension. Familial syncope, syncope proneness and cold drink syncope are illustrated.", "contents": "Syncope of obscure nature. One hundred and eleven cases of syncope or loss of consciousness are analyzed. Most are of obscure nature while some illustrate features of syncope that deserve further scrutiny. The cases are divided into six groups: Resembling cardiac syncope (30 cases); vasovagal syncope (22 cases); features of both cardiac and vasovagal syncope (12 cases); orthostatic hypotensive (29 cases); akinetic seizure? (12 cases); and miscellaneous (5 cases). Some groups are subdivided according to the circumstances surrounding the spells, for example, seated eating, nocturnal, associated with bowel movement, response to anticonvulsant therapy, etc. The following conclusions seem warranted: The evidence favors the existence of a type of akinetic seizure resembling cardiac syncope; loss of consciousness while seated eating (prandial syncope) may comprise a syndrome; syncope related to bowel movement or abdominal pain is a striking association; sporadic nocturnal syncope due to temporary hyporeactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hyporeactivity of baroreceptors is not sufficiently recognized; alcohol ingestion may precipitate orthostatic hypotension. Familial syncope, syncope proneness and cold drink syncope are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:264161", "title": "Smoking patterns during and before pregnancy: weight, length and head circumference of progeny.", "content": "This study indicates that tobacco smoking by the mother is associated with a significant reduction of the newborn's size. This effect cannot be explained by either an association of the smoking habit with malformation, premature birth, exaggerated consumption of coffee matrimonial status or paternal smoking, or by a combination of malformation, prematurity and any one of the other factors. The effect is also unrelated to the continuation or discontinuation of smoking during pregnancy. Paternal smoking seems to be associated with a reduced weight in children born to nonsmoking mothers.", "contents": "Smoking patterns during and before pregnancy: weight, length and head circumference of progeny. This study indicates that tobacco smoking by the mother is associated with a significant reduction of the newborn's size. This effect cannot be explained by either an association of the smoking habit with malformation, premature birth, exaggerated consumption of coffee matrimonial status or paternal smoking, or by a combination of malformation, prematurity and any one of the other factors. The effect is also unrelated to the continuation or discontinuation of smoking during pregnancy. Paternal smoking seems to be associated with a reduced weight in children born to nonsmoking mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:264162", "title": "Patient recall of induced abortion.", "content": "15 of 92 women who underwent induced abortions and subsequently gave birth denied their abortions in a medical interview. Religious women and women with fewer children were more likely to deny than others. Obstetricians as well as investigators examining the effects of induced abortions must be aware that women may fail to provide accurate abortion histories.", "contents": "Patient recall of induced abortion. 15 of 92 women who underwent induced abortions and subsequently gave birth denied their abortions in a medical interview. Religious women and women with fewer children were more likely to deny than others. Obstetricians as well as investigators examining the effects of induced abortions must be aware that women may fail to provide accurate abortion histories."}
{"id": "PMID:264163", "title": "Age at menarche and menopause of uterine cancer patients.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken of the ages at menarche and at menopause of cervical and endometrial cancer patients for the years 1950-55 and 1960-65. Analysis of the ages at menarche in relation to the year of birth did not show a difference between the uterine cancer groups, whereas the age at menopause did show such a difference. The menopause occurred later in the endometrial than in the cervical cancer group. There was an earlier mean age at menarche and a later mean age at menopause per decade. Therefore, the menopause seems a constitutional factor involved in the development of endometrial cancer and perhaps also cervical cancer.", "contents": "Age at menarche and menopause of uterine cancer patients. An investigation was undertaken of the ages at menarche and at menopause of cervical and endometrial cancer patients for the years 1950-55 and 1960-65. Analysis of the ages at menarche in relation to the year of birth did not show a difference between the uterine cancer groups, whereas the age at menopause did show such a difference. The menopause occurred later in the endometrial than in the cervical cancer group. There was an earlier mean age at menarche and a later mean age at menopause per decade. Therefore, the menopause seems a constitutional factor involved in the development of endometrial cancer and perhaps also cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:264164", "title": "Four years' experience of antenatal chromosome diagnosis.", "content": "The culture of fetal cells obtained by amniocentesis has become a useful and often reassuring investigation for couples having an increased risk of giving birth to an abnormal child. The present report illustrates the experience at one center where the work has been carried out for a number of years.", "contents": "Four years' experience of antenatal chromosome diagnosis. The culture of fetal cells obtained by amniocentesis has become a useful and often reassuring investigation for couples having an increased risk of giving birth to an abnormal child. The present report illustrates the experience at one center where the work has been carried out for a number of years."}
{"id": "PMID:264165", "title": "Transfer and dynamics of uric acid in the pregnant rhesus monkey. I. Transplacental and renal uric acid clearances.", "content": "Data from the literature suggest that uric acid produced by the fetus could pass across the placenta and contribute to the observed increase in maternal plasma levels of uric acid in preeclamptic pregnancy. To investigate this hypothesis, fetal transplacental and renal uric acid clearances were estimated in 4 term pregnant rhesus monkeys by means of the steady infusion method using 14C-labeled uric acid. Allantoin clearances were determined in one pregnant monkey. Samples of maternal and fetal arterial blood were collected at regular intervals. The total amount of fetal urine produced during the experiment was collected at the end of the experiment. In addition, maternal endogenous renal uric acid and creatinine clearances were measured in 6 term pregnant monkeys. Fetal transplacental uric acid clearances appeared to be almost entirely limited by placental permeability and varied between 3.6 and 8.6 ml X min-1 X kg-1 of fetal weight; fetal renal clearances were between 0.11 and 0.20 ml X min-1 X kg-1. The allantoin clearances were found to be of the same magnitude. Maternal renal clearances of uric acid and creatinine were almost equal (mean 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 3.0 +/- 0.5 ml X min-1 X kg-1 of maternal weight, respectively). Extrapolation of these data to human preeclamptic pregnancy reveals that it is unlikely that fetal uric acid could significantly contribute to the maternal uric acid load.", "contents": "Transfer and dynamics of uric acid in the pregnant rhesus monkey. I. Transplacental and renal uric acid clearances. Data from the literature suggest that uric acid produced by the fetus could pass across the placenta and contribute to the observed increase in maternal plasma levels of uric acid in preeclamptic pregnancy. To investigate this hypothesis, fetal transplacental and renal uric acid clearances were estimated in 4 term pregnant rhesus monkeys by means of the steady infusion method using 14C-labeled uric acid. Allantoin clearances were determined in one pregnant monkey. Samples of maternal and fetal arterial blood were collected at regular intervals. The total amount of fetal urine produced during the experiment was collected at the end of the experiment. In addition, maternal endogenous renal uric acid and creatinine clearances were measured in 6 term pregnant monkeys. Fetal transplacental uric acid clearances appeared to be almost entirely limited by placental permeability and varied between 3.6 and 8.6 ml X min-1 X kg-1 of fetal weight; fetal renal clearances were between 0.11 and 0.20 ml X min-1 X kg-1. The allantoin clearances were found to be of the same magnitude. Maternal renal clearances of uric acid and creatinine were almost equal (mean 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 3.0 +/- 0.5 ml X min-1 X kg-1 of maternal weight, respectively). Extrapolation of these data to human preeclamptic pregnancy reveals that it is unlikely that fetal uric acid could significantly contribute to the maternal uric acid load."}
{"id": "PMID:264166", "title": "Transfer and dynamics of uric acid in the pregnant rhesus monkey. II. A mathematical model.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to develop a mathematical model of the dynamics of uric acid between fetal and maternal compartments in the term pregnant rhesus monkey. In 3 different animals 14C-labeled uric acid was injected into the fetal circulation, the amniotic fluid and the maternal circulation, respectively. In one experiment no uric acid was administered and the fetus was deliberately killed at the beginning of the experiment. Samples of fetal and maternal blood, maternal urine and amniotic fluid were collected at regular intervals. Semilogarithmic time-activity curves were constructed and time constants were determined. An open four-compartment model (fetal-placental plasma, fetal-placental interstitial space, amniotic fluid and maternal plasma) was applied to describe the intercompartmental dynamics of uric acid. Transplacental clearance was approx. 1 ml X min-1 in both directions, maternal renal clearance was about 17 ml X min-1. These results and the calculated values of the other intercompartmental clearances support earlier results, obtained with the steady infusion method. Uric acid concentrations in amniotic fluid and fetal plasma appeared to increase significantly during the experiments. The rise in amniotic fluid levels can only be explained by accepting a yet undefined compartment in which uric acid is produced and cleared directly into the amniotic cavity. It is speculated that this additional compartment could be the fetal lung.", "contents": "Transfer and dynamics of uric acid in the pregnant rhesus monkey. II. A mathematical model. The objective of the present study was to develop a mathematical model of the dynamics of uric acid between fetal and maternal compartments in the term pregnant rhesus monkey. In 3 different animals 14C-labeled uric acid was injected into the fetal circulation, the amniotic fluid and the maternal circulation, respectively. In one experiment no uric acid was administered and the fetus was deliberately killed at the beginning of the experiment. Samples of fetal and maternal blood, maternal urine and amniotic fluid were collected at regular intervals. Semilogarithmic time-activity curves were constructed and time constants were determined. An open four-compartment model (fetal-placental plasma, fetal-placental interstitial space, amniotic fluid and maternal plasma) was applied to describe the intercompartmental dynamics of uric acid. Transplacental clearance was approx. 1 ml X min-1 in both directions, maternal renal clearance was about 17 ml X min-1. These results and the calculated values of the other intercompartmental clearances support earlier results, obtained with the steady infusion method. Uric acid concentrations in amniotic fluid and fetal plasma appeared to increase significantly during the experiments. The rise in amniotic fluid levels can only be explained by accepting a yet undefined compartment in which uric acid is produced and cleared directly into the amniotic cavity. It is speculated that this additional compartment could be the fetal lung."}
{"id": "PMID:264167", "title": "Inhibition of lactation and ovarian function: a possible animal experimental model for humans.", "content": "Lactating Texel ewes are hyperprolactinemic. Hyperprolactinemia persists for at least the first 50 h after weaning, when the udder is swollen and tender. Oral administration of bromocriptine lowers hyperprolactinemia dramatically within 4 h, correlated with 'shrinking' of the udder. During lowering of hyperprolactinemia there is no immediate increase in LH.", "contents": "Inhibition of lactation and ovarian function: a possible animal experimental model for humans. Lactating Texel ewes are hyperprolactinemic. Hyperprolactinemia persists for at least the first 50 h after weaning, when the udder is swollen and tender. Oral administration of bromocriptine lowers hyperprolactinemia dramatically within 4 h, correlated with 'shrinking' of the udder. During lowering of hyperprolactinemia there is no immediate increase in LH."}
{"id": "PMID:264199", "title": "The pharmacology and subacute toxicology of dopamine.", "content": "Preclinical studies with dopamine showed a unique spectrum of biological activities which suggested that it might be of therapeutic use in the clinical syndromes of shock and low cardiac output. Most prominent among these were its effects on cardiac output, renal perfusion, and vital organ flow. The unique effect on renal function and the subsequent studies by Goldberg and his colleagues led to the recognition of a previously unknown catecholamine receptor site, the 'dopaminergic receptor'. Studies on the toxicology of dopamine in our laboratories suggested that dopamine could be safely used in the clinic.", "contents": "The pharmacology and subacute toxicology of dopamine. Preclinical studies with dopamine showed a unique spectrum of biological activities which suggested that it might be of therapeutic use in the clinical syndromes of shock and low cardiac output. Most prominent among these were its effects on cardiac output, renal perfusion, and vital organ flow. The unique effect on renal function and the subsequent studies by Goldberg and his colleagues led to the recognition of a previously unknown catecholamine receptor site, the 'dopaminergic receptor'. Studies on the toxicology of dopamine in our laboratories suggested that dopamine could be safely used in the clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:264200", "title": "Dopamine in the management of shock.", "content": "Shock is a syndrome with serious prognostic implications--the harbinger of death. Hypoperfusion of essential organs is common, though total blood flow may be significantly greater than normal. Specific therapy is directed to the specific inciting event--infection, abscess, tamponade, &c. Symptomatic therapy keeps the patient alive until we discover the specific problem or until he recovers spontaneously. The intravascular volume must be carefully monitored and corrected, using the pulmonary wedge pressure as the principal guide, and colloid osmotic pressure must be maintained. If the patient does not respond to volume augmentation alone then inotropic drugs may be needed, and of these dopamine is a selective vasodilator which redirects blood flow to the critical organs. The outstanding challenge in shock is the maldistribution of perfusion in the microvasculature. Although this may be ameliorated by the early administration of large doses of glucocorticoids, there is little convincing that these drugs constitute more than supportive therapy. Of greatest importance is reevaluation, reevaluation, and reevaluation. The patient in shock becomes a new patient every five minutes. Drugs that formerly worked, doses previously optimal--these are no guide because the situation changes so rapidly. The principles of management are to monitor vital functions, constantly vary drugs and doses, and continually attempt to put right all the parameters measured. This strategy will be more effective when we know what parameters to measure.", "contents": "Dopamine in the management of shock. Shock is a syndrome with serious prognostic implications--the harbinger of death. Hypoperfusion of essential organs is common, though total blood flow may be significantly greater than normal. Specific therapy is directed to the specific inciting event--infection, abscess, tamponade, &c. Symptomatic therapy keeps the patient alive until we discover the specific problem or until he recovers spontaneously. The intravascular volume must be carefully monitored and corrected, using the pulmonary wedge pressure as the principal guide, and colloid osmotic pressure must be maintained. If the patient does not respond to volume augmentation alone then inotropic drugs may be needed, and of these dopamine is a selective vasodilator which redirects blood flow to the critical organs. The outstanding challenge in shock is the maldistribution of perfusion in the microvasculature. Although this may be ameliorated by the early administration of large doses of glucocorticoids, there is little convincing that these drugs constitute more than supportive therapy. Of greatest importance is reevaluation, reevaluation, and reevaluation. The patient in shock becomes a new patient every five minutes. Drugs that formerly worked, doses previously optimal--these are no guide because the situation changes so rapidly. The principles of management are to monitor vital functions, constantly vary drugs and doses, and continually attempt to put right all the parameters measured. This strategy will be more effective when we know what parameters to measure."}
{"id": "PMID:264201", "title": "Dopamine effects on circulation and myocardial oxygen supply.", "content": "We measured the action of dopamine given intravenously at dosage ranging from 2.5 to 320 micrograms/kg per min in closed chest anaesthetized dogs. Dopamine produced a dose-dependent increase in heart rate, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, pulmonary artery pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. At dopamine dosage of 80-320 micrograms/kg per min, the coronary vascular resistance, the stroke volume index, the efficiency of heart work and the central venous pressure are all decreased. The maximum effect of dopamine on the circulation was seen at a dose between 40 and 80 micrograms/kg per min.", "contents": "Dopamine effects on circulation and myocardial oxygen supply. We measured the action of dopamine given intravenously at dosage ranging from 2.5 to 320 micrograms/kg per min in closed chest anaesthetized dogs. Dopamine produced a dose-dependent increase in heart rate, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, pulmonary artery pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. At dopamine dosage of 80-320 micrograms/kg per min, the coronary vascular resistance, the stroke volume index, the efficiency of heart work and the central venous pressure are all decreased. The maximum effect of dopamine on the circulation was seen at a dose between 40 and 80 micrograms/kg per min."}
{"id": "PMID:264209", "title": "Control of upper-limb prostheses: a case for neuroelectric control.", "content": "A discussion is presented on the control aspects of upper-limb prostheses, with emphasis on the areas of necessary improvements in current designs. Arguments are presented to indicate that it should be possible to obtain a substantial improvement in prostheses control by properly training the amputee, improving the dynamics response of the prostheses, and improving the quality of the forward-path control signal. Augmentation of feedback information, although useful, may not be essential. The limitations of the myoelectric (muscle) signal as a forward-path control signal, especially for multiple degrees-of-freedom prostheses, is discussed. Most of the limitations of the myoelectric signal can be overcome if the neuroelectric (nerve) signal is used as a forward-path control signal. Results of a series of experiments which demonstrate the feasibility of constructing an electrode capable of being implanted around severed nerves and of detecting neuroelectric signals for prolonged periods of time are presented. A possible scheme for employing neuroelectric control is also presented.", "contents": "Control of upper-limb prostheses: a case for neuroelectric control. A discussion is presented on the control aspects of upper-limb prostheses, with emphasis on the areas of necessary improvements in current designs. Arguments are presented to indicate that it should be possible to obtain a substantial improvement in prostheses control by properly training the amputee, improving the dynamics response of the prostheses, and improving the quality of the forward-path control signal. Augmentation of feedback information, although useful, may not be essential. The limitations of the myoelectric (muscle) signal as a forward-path control signal, especially for multiple degrees-of-freedom prostheses, is discussed. Most of the limitations of the myoelectric signal can be overcome if the neuroelectric (nerve) signal is used as a forward-path control signal. Results of a series of experiments which demonstrate the feasibility of constructing an electrode capable of being implanted around severed nerves and of detecting neuroelectric signals for prolonged periods of time are presented. A possible scheme for employing neuroelectric control is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:264210", "title": "Education and professional training of biomedical engineers in West Germany.", "content": "The health service and educational systems, together with industry and research centres, are the primary institutions involved in the development of the bio-engineering profession in West Germany. Since industry and research institutions in West Germany are similar in structure to those in other countries, for the purposes of international comparison only the health service and educational systems are described. The questions \"how many bioengineers are needed?\" and \"how many should be trained?\", were the motivation for a professional field analysis commissioned by the German Society for Biomedical Engineering. This commission found a need for about seven thousand bioengineers and biotechnicians in West Germany. It is shown, however, that there are actually very few positions open, and some measures to create more positions are discussed.", "contents": "Education and professional training of biomedical engineers in West Germany. The health service and educational systems, together with industry and research centres, are the primary institutions involved in the development of the bio-engineering profession in West Germany. Since industry and research institutions in West Germany are similar in structure to those in other countries, for the purposes of international comparison only the health service and educational systems are described. The questions \"how many bioengineers are needed?\" and \"how many should be trained?\", were the motivation for a professional field analysis commissioned by the German Society for Biomedical Engineering. This commission found a need for about seven thousand bioengineers and biotechnicians in West Germany. It is shown, however, that there are actually very few positions open, and some measures to create more positions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264211", "title": "Chemical engineering in medicine in North America.", "content": "An examination has been made of the involvement of chemical engineers in medicine in North America. Fields of Study and subjects of research are briefly given in tabular form and the general statistical picture of chemical engineering in medicine discussed. Further details of the workers and references to their published work can be obtained from the author if required.", "contents": "Chemical engineering in medicine in North America. An examination has been made of the involvement of chemical engineers in medicine in North America. Fields of Study and subjects of research are briefly given in tabular form and the general statistical picture of chemical engineering in medicine discussed. Further details of the workers and references to their published work can be obtained from the author if required."}
{"id": "PMID:264213", "title": "Automatic recording of biological impedances.", "content": "An automatic recording system for measurements of biological impedances at different frequencies is described. The system comprises a signal synthesizer and a network analyser controlled by a desk calculator. The impedance and phase angle are recorded at one hundred and sixty logarithmically-spaced frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 MHz. A pilot study was conducted to explore the usefulness of the system for investigating fluid balance problems.", "contents": "Automatic recording of biological impedances. An automatic recording system for measurements of biological impedances at different frequencies is described. The system comprises a signal synthesizer and a network analyser controlled by a desk calculator. The impedance and phase angle are recorded at one hundred and sixty logarithmically-spaced frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 MHz. A pilot study was conducted to explore the usefulness of the system for investigating fluid balance problems."}
{"id": "PMID:264219", "title": "Parkinson's disease as a disorder of movement.", "content": "The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is mostly likely to be made when it is kept in mind, when it is thought of in a broad context, when patients are seen while moving, and when the tests for the three disorders of movement are systematically performed.", "contents": "Parkinson's disease as a disorder of movement. The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is mostly likely to be made when it is kept in mind, when it is thought of in a broad context, when patients are seen while moving, and when the tests for the three disorders of movement are systematically performed."}
{"id": "PMID:264220", "title": "Differential diagnosis of paralysis agitans.", "content": "Paralysis agitans may be mimicked by other disease processes and drugs which disturb the structural or functional integrity of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. In another group of patients, isolated symptoms or signs such as tremor or increased muscle tone are considered out of the context of the total clinical picture and may suggest parkinsonism.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of paralysis agitans. Paralysis agitans may be mimicked by other disease processes and drugs which disturb the structural or functional integrity of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. In another group of patients, isolated symptoms or signs such as tremor or increased muscle tone are considered out of the context of the total clinical picture and may suggest parkinsonism."}
{"id": "PMID:264221", "title": "Respiratory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The respiratory picture in the patient with parkinsonism may be described as one in which there is a stiff thorax which resists rapid movement, assumes a resting state of overexpansion, and exhibits poor coordination of repetitive function. In consequence there is progressive limitation in the capacity to ventilate. Respiratory care becomes important when the patient becomes sedentary.", "contents": "Respiratory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. The respiratory picture in the patient with parkinsonism may be described as one in which there is a stiff thorax which resists rapid movement, assumes a resting state of overexpansion, and exhibits poor coordination of repetitive function. In consequence there is progressive limitation in the capacity to ventilate. Respiratory care becomes important when the patient becomes sedentary."}
{"id": "PMID:264222", "title": "Parkinsonism and the gut.", "content": "Digestive symptoms are frequent in parkinsonism and occasionally dominate the picture of the disease. Symptoms seem to flow from skeletal-muscular and visceral effects of the central lesion.", "contents": "Parkinsonism and the gut. Digestive symptoms are frequent in parkinsonism and occasionally dominate the picture of the disease. Symptoms seem to flow from skeletal-muscular and visceral effects of the central lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:264223", "title": "Neurogenic dysfunction of the urinary bladder in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Involvement of the urinary bladder in Parkinson's disease was recognized in the 1950's, when the accidental discovery of a neurosurgical means of treating the disease brought more attention to it, with increasing research and study. In more recent years, the advent of more specific medical treatment has led to closer examination of the disease, and has enlarged our awareness of its complications. This has been paralleled by progress in the field of urology, with more precise methods of measuring dysfunction of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Neurogenic dysfunction of the urinary bladder in Parkinson's disease. Involvement of the urinary bladder in Parkinson's disease was recognized in the 1950's, when the accidental discovery of a neurosurgical means of treating the disease brought more attention to it, with increasing research and study. In more recent years, the advent of more specific medical treatment has led to closer examination of the disease, and has enlarged our awareness of its complications. This has been paralleled by progress in the field of urology, with more precise methods of measuring dysfunction of the urinary bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:264224", "title": "Hip fracture in the patient with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Although treatment of the parkinsonian with hip fracture has progressed because of more effective operative intervention, the prognosis is not nearly as good as for the patient without parkinsonism. The patient's personal physician needs to be aware of possible complications, and the family should be made aware of the seriousness of the problem.", "contents": "Hip fracture in the patient with Parkinson's disease. Although treatment of the parkinsonian with hip fracture has progressed because of more effective operative intervention, the prognosis is not nearly as good as for the patient without parkinsonism. The patient's personal physician needs to be aware of possible complications, and the family should be made aware of the seriousness of the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:264225", "title": "Home care of patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "This article is written in order to help the patient with Parkinson's disease function as independently as possible. It is not meant to be a complete treatment program, but a collection of helpful ideas based on the experience of physiotherapists who work with these patients daily, and on information acquired from such patients. The techniques are applicable at home and in the hospital.", "contents": "Home care of patients with Parkinson's disease. This article is written in order to help the patient with Parkinson's disease function as independently as possible. It is not meant to be a complete treatment program, but a collection of helpful ideas based on the experience of physiotherapists who work with these patients daily, and on information acquired from such patients. The techniques are applicable at home and in the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:264226", "title": "Self-care aids for the parkinsonian patient and his family.", "content": "Methods and aids for helping the individual with Parkinson's disease overcome some of the problems encountered in daily living. Only by a continuous, on-going program, much patience, and knowledge of how and what can be done can the patient be helped to maintain his interests and independence within the range of his abilities.", "contents": "Self-care aids for the parkinsonian patient and his family. Methods and aids for helping the individual with Parkinson's disease overcome some of the problems encountered in daily living. Only by a continuous, on-going program, much patience, and knowledge of how and what can be done can the patient be helped to maintain his interests and independence within the range of his abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:264227", "title": "Anesthesia in the patient with parkinsonism.", "content": "Medical control of parkinsonism has resulted in a longer life expectancy and better quality of life for these patients, who are now presenting for surgical treatment of a variety of conditions. In addition to the risks associated with age, these patients are more prone to restrictive pulmonary problems. General anesthesia should be avoided when possible.", "contents": "Anesthesia in the patient with parkinsonism. Medical control of parkinsonism has resulted in a longer life expectancy and better quality of life for these patients, who are now presenting for surgical treatment of a variety of conditions. In addition to the risks associated with age, these patients are more prone to restrictive pulmonary problems. General anesthesia should be avoided when possible."}
{"id": "PMID:264228", "title": "Antiparkinsonian therapy.", "content": "Powerful new tools for the treatment of parkinsonism include levodopa, decarboxylase inhibitors, and dopaminergic agonists. Yet earlier drugs still have a useful role to play. The decision to begin pharmacotherapy must be adjusted individually for each patient.", "contents": "Antiparkinsonian therapy. Powerful new tools for the treatment of parkinsonism include levodopa, decarboxylase inhibitors, and dopaminergic agonists. Yet earlier drugs still have a useful role to play. The decision to begin pharmacotherapy must be adjusted individually for each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:264229", "title": "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Levodopa is at present the most effective treatment of Parkinson's disease. Its use in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor prolongs the elevation of plasma levels and decreases the incidence of peripheral side effects. Severe psychiatric and neurologic side-effects may necessitate reduction or cessation of the drug.", "contents": "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is at present the most effective treatment of Parkinson's disease. Its use in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor prolongs the elevation of plasma levels and decreases the incidence of peripheral side effects. Severe psychiatric and neurologic side-effects may necessitate reduction or cessation of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:264230", "title": "Psychiatric disturbances occurring during levodopa therapy of Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Psychiatric problems constitute one of the prime reasons for failure in levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. While a variety of symptoms may be seen, the levodopa itself does not produce a defined set of psychiatric symptoms. The single most important factor determining the psychiatric response to levodopa therapy is the mental state of the patient before therapy.", "contents": "Psychiatric disturbances occurring during levodopa therapy of Parkinson's disease. Psychiatric problems constitute one of the prime reasons for failure in levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. While a variety of symptoms may be seen, the levodopa itself does not produce a defined set of psychiatric symptoms. The single most important factor determining the psychiatric response to levodopa therapy is the mental state of the patient before therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:264231", "title": "Amino acid composition of amniotic fluid, maternal and umbilical vein serum in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and rhesus incompatibility.", "content": "The levels of free amino acids in maternal and umbilical venous serum and in amniotic fluid were determined in 7 patients with normal pregnancy, 11 with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, 4 with pre-eclampsia and 9 with rhesus incompatibility. In maternal venous serum there were only small differences in the amino acid concentrations in complicated pregnancies when compared with normal subjects, and the only statistically significant difference was a lowered level of histidine in intrahepatic cholestasis. In umbilical venous serum, as in amniotic fluid, the amino acid concentrations were generally elevated in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and generally decreased in rhesus incompatibility when compared with control values, and in amniotic fluid the concentration of 13 amino acids was significantly higher in intrahepatic cholestasis than in normal pregnancy. Thus, the placental amino acid transfer seems to be increased in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and slightly decreased in rhesus incompatibility, and changes in the placental transfer system are parallel for most amino acids.", "contents": "Amino acid composition of amniotic fluid, maternal and umbilical vein serum in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and rhesus incompatibility. The levels of free amino acids in maternal and umbilical venous serum and in amniotic fluid were determined in 7 patients with normal pregnancy, 11 with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, 4 with pre-eclampsia and 9 with rhesus incompatibility. In maternal venous serum there were only small differences in the amino acid concentrations in complicated pregnancies when compared with normal subjects, and the only statistically significant difference was a lowered level of histidine in intrahepatic cholestasis. In umbilical venous serum, as in amniotic fluid, the amino acid concentrations were generally elevated in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and generally decreased in rhesus incompatibility when compared with control values, and in amniotic fluid the concentration of 13 amino acids was significantly higher in intrahepatic cholestasis than in normal pregnancy. Thus, the placental amino acid transfer seems to be increased in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and slightly decreased in rhesus incompatibility, and changes in the placental transfer system are parallel for most amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:264238", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of cro, cII and part of the O gene in phage lambda DNA.", "content": "A nucleotide sequence comprising 960 base pairs of bacteriophage lambda DNA has been determined. The sequence includes the entire genes of the regulatory proteins cro and cII, and part of the O gene, together with control elements for their transcription and translation. The right-hand boundaries of the lambdaimm434 and lambdaimm21 substitutions and the cy42 mutation have been located.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of cro, cII and part of the O gene in phage lambda DNA. A nucleotide sequence comprising 960 base pairs of bacteriophage lambda DNA has been determined. The sequence includes the entire genes of the regulatory proteins cro and cII, and part of the O gene, together with control elements for their transcription and translation. The right-hand boundaries of the lambdaimm434 and lambdaimm21 substitutions and the cy42 mutation have been located."}
{"id": "PMID:264234", "title": "Serous otitis media.", "content": "Serous otitis media, as seen in children, may be an insidious disease which provides few signs and symptoms. Its effects may cause significant problems in the preschool and school-age child with respect to acquisition of necessary developmental skills. The nurse practitioner can effectively diagnose, treat, and manage children with serous otitis media. An algorithm is presented to aid in effective differential diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "Serous otitis media. Serous otitis media, as seen in children, may be an insidious disease which provides few signs and symptoms. Its effects may cause significant problems in the preschool and school-age child with respect to acquisition of necessary developmental skills. The nurse practitioner can effectively diagnose, treat, and manage children with serous otitis media. An algorithm is presented to aid in effective differential diagnosis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:264239", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of tRNAPhe from the seeds of lupin (Lupinus luteus). Comparison of the major species with wheat germ tRNAPhe.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of tRNAPhe of yellow lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus) is deduced from the composition of pancreatic and T1 ribonuclease digestion products and compared with tRNAPhe of wheat germ. Major lupin tRNAPhe, unlike pea tRNAPhe, differs from wheat germ tRNAPhe in the first base pair of stem TpsiC (\"e\").", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of tRNAPhe from the seeds of lupin (Lupinus luteus). Comparison of the major species with wheat germ tRNAPhe. The nucleotide sequence of tRNAPhe of yellow lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus) is deduced from the composition of pancreatic and T1 ribonuclease digestion products and compared with tRNAPhe of wheat germ. Major lupin tRNAPhe, unlike pea tRNAPhe, differs from wheat germ tRNAPhe in the first base pair of stem TpsiC (\"e\")."}
{"id": "PMID:264240", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of Xenopus borealis oocyte 5S DNA: comparison of sequences that flank several related eucaryotic genes.", "content": "Genomic Xenopus borealis oocyte-specific 5S DNA (Xbo) contains clusters of 5S rRNA genes. The number of genes varies among clusters, and the distance between genes within a cluster is about 80 nucleotides. The spacer DNA between gene clusters is AT-rich and heterogeneous in length due in part to variable numbers of a tandemly repeated 21 nucleotide sequence. A cloned fragment of Xbo 5S DNA (Xbo1) containing three 5S rRNA genes has been sequenced. The sequences of Xbo1 genes 1 and 2 are very similar to the dominant 5S RNA sequence, whereas 15 of the 120 residues in the third gene are different. The sequence of gene 3 is as different from the dominant gene sequence as the X. laevis pseudogene is from the 5S RNA gene. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA shows that gene 3 is an abundant component of the multigene family. All three genes are transcribed when added to an extract of X. laevis oocyte nuclei, and a fragment of Xbo1 lacking the AT-rich spacer DNA and the 5' end of the first gene supports transcription of genes 2 and 3 in this in vitro system. Thus the 80 nucleotides preceding each 5S gene are sufficient for promoter function. Nucleic acid sequences preceding several eucaryotic genes that are transcribed by RNA polymerase III were analyzed and the following common features were found: a purine-rich region; at least one direct repeat; the absence of dyad symmetry; transcription beginning with a purine; a pyrimidine residue immediately preceding the first nucleotide of the gene; and the oligonucleotides AAAAG, AGAAG and GAC, located approximately 15, 25 and 35 nucleotides, respectively, before the start of transcription. The 10 base pair (bp) spacing between the homologous oligonucleotides is that expected for a recognition signal on one face of a DNA double helix. The extensive sequence differences between most of the spacers that precedes these genes make the three conserved oligonucleotides more striking. Parts of the 5' flanking regions of the three Xbo1 gene (-12 to -40), which include the conserved oligonucleotides, are identical. In contrast, 7 of the first 11 nucleotides that precede the third 5S RNA gene in Xbo1 differ from those that precede the first gene. The sequences following the X. borealis oocyte and somatic 5S genes are identical in 12 of the first 14 residues and contain two or more T clusters, as does the corresponding region of X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA. The 3' sequences of the Xenopus 5S rRNA genes and several other eucaryotic genes contain features in common with procaryotic transcription termination sites. The 3' end of the gene is GC-rich and contains a dyad symmetry. Termination occurs in an AT-rich region containing one or more T clusters on the noncoding strand.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of Xenopus borealis oocyte 5S DNA: comparison of sequences that flank several related eucaryotic genes. Genomic Xenopus borealis oocyte-specific 5S DNA (Xbo) contains clusters of 5S rRNA genes. The number of genes varies among clusters, and the distance between genes within a cluster is about 80 nucleotides. The spacer DNA between gene clusters is AT-rich and heterogeneous in length due in part to variable numbers of a tandemly repeated 21 nucleotide sequence. A cloned fragment of Xbo 5S DNA (Xbo1) containing three 5S rRNA genes has been sequenced. The sequences of Xbo1 genes 1 and 2 are very similar to the dominant 5S RNA sequence, whereas 15 of the 120 residues in the third gene are different. The sequence of gene 3 is as different from the dominant gene sequence as the X. laevis pseudogene is from the 5S RNA gene. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA shows that gene 3 is an abundant component of the multigene family. All three genes are transcribed when added to an extract of X. laevis oocyte nuclei, and a fragment of Xbo1 lacking the AT-rich spacer DNA and the 5' end of the first gene supports transcription of genes 2 and 3 in this in vitro system. Thus the 80 nucleotides preceding each 5S gene are sufficient for promoter function. Nucleic acid sequences preceding several eucaryotic genes that are transcribed by RNA polymerase III were analyzed and the following common features were found: a purine-rich region; at least one direct repeat; the absence of dyad symmetry; transcription beginning with a purine; a pyrimidine residue immediately preceding the first nucleotide of the gene; and the oligonucleotides AAAAG, AGAAG and GAC, located approximately 15, 25 and 35 nucleotides, respectively, before the start of transcription. The 10 base pair (bp) spacing between the homologous oligonucleotides is that expected for a recognition signal on one face of a DNA double helix. The extensive sequence differences between most of the spacers that precedes these genes make the three conserved oligonucleotides more striking. Parts of the 5' flanking regions of the three Xbo1 gene (-12 to -40), which include the conserved oligonucleotides, are identical. In contrast, 7 of the first 11 nucleotides that precede the third 5S RNA gene in Xbo1 differ from those that precede the first gene. The sequences following the X. borealis oocyte and somatic 5S genes are identical in 12 of the first 14 residues and contain two or more T clusters, as does the corresponding region of X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA. The 3' sequences of the Xenopus 5S rRNA genes and several other eucaryotic genes contain features in common with procaryotic transcription termination sites. The 3' end of the gene is GC-rich and contains a dyad symmetry. Termination occurs in an AT-rich region containing one or more T clusters on the noncoding strand."}
{"id": "PMID:264241", "title": "Comparison of cloned rabbit and mouse beta-globin genes showing strong evolutionary divergence of two homologous pairs of introns.", "content": "Cloned beta-globin genes of both mouse and rabbit each contain a large and a small intervening sequence (intron) of about equal length at precisely the same positions relative to the coding sequence. The homologous introns show some sequence similarity, particularly at the junctions with the coding sequence. They most probably arose from a common ancestral sequence and diverged substantially during evolution.", "contents": "Comparison of cloned rabbit and mouse beta-globin genes showing strong evolutionary divergence of two homologous pairs of introns. Cloned beta-globin genes of both mouse and rabbit each contain a large and a small intervening sequence (intron) of about equal length at precisely the same positions relative to the coding sequence. The homologous introns show some sequence similarity, particularly at the junctions with the coding sequence. They most probably arose from a common ancestral sequence and diverged substantially during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:264242", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the right-hand terminus of adenovirus type 5 DNA: implications for the mechanism of DNA replication.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the right-hand terminal 3% of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA has been determined, using the chemical degradation technique developed by Maxam and Gilbert (1977). This region of the genome comprises the 1003 basepair long HindIII-I fragment and the first 75 nucleotides of the adjacent HindIII-F fragment, extending from the right-hand terminus to the sequences from which the main body of the mRNA of early region 4 is transcribed. One of the origins of adenovirus DNA replication is located within this part of the genome. The sequencing results are discussed in relation to several models proposed for the mechanism of replication of linear DNA molecules, which invariably depend on the presence of specific arrangements of nucleotides at the termini of those linear DNAs.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the right-hand terminus of adenovirus type 5 DNA: implications for the mechanism of DNA replication. The nucleotide sequence of the right-hand terminal 3% of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA has been determined, using the chemical degradation technique developed by Maxam and Gilbert (1977). This region of the genome comprises the 1003 basepair long HindIII-I fragment and the first 75 nucleotides of the adjacent HindIII-F fragment, extending from the right-hand terminus to the sequences from which the main body of the mRNA of early region 4 is transcribed. One of the origins of adenovirus DNA replication is located within this part of the genome. The sequencing results are discussed in relation to several models proposed for the mechanism of replication of linear DNA molecules, which invariably depend on the presence of specific arrangements of nucleotides at the termini of those linear DNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:264252", "title": "The dog as an instruction model for surgical correction of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "Intraoral sagittal splitting of the mandible in dogs is an instructional exercise for correction of prognathism. The dog was selected as a surgical model for several reasons including the ability of this species to open the mouth widely. Comparative anatomical features of the mandibles of man and dog suggest that a sagittal splitting technique practiced in dogs may give expertise that would avoid complications, such as cutting vessels and nerves in humans. In addition, the dog should be carefully considered as a model for long-term study of surgical complications and of the effects of surgery on mandibular growth in young patients.", "contents": "The dog as an instruction model for surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Intraoral sagittal splitting of the mandible in dogs is an instructional exercise for correction of prognathism. The dog was selected as a surgical model for several reasons including the ability of this species to open the mouth widely. Comparative anatomical features of the mandibles of man and dog suggest that a sagittal splitting technique practiced in dogs may give expertise that would avoid complications, such as cutting vessels and nerves in humans. In addition, the dog should be carefully considered as a model for long-term study of surgical complications and of the effects of surgery on mandibular growth in young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:264253", "title": "A cephalometric guide to the diagnosis of midface hypoplasia at the Le Fort II level.", "content": "A cephalometric study of the relation of the malar eminence to the A point has been made. It is proposed that the orbital-NA distance is of clinical importance in patients with SNA of less than 79 degrees in whom a Le Fort I osteotomy procedure is contemplated. The measurement of the angle SNO is a significant guide to the malar-maxillary relationship and will assist in complete cephalometric evaluation of these patients.", "contents": "A cephalometric guide to the diagnosis of midface hypoplasia at the Le Fort II level. A cephalometric study of the relation of the malar eminence to the A point has been made. It is proposed that the orbital-NA distance is of clinical importance in patients with SNA of less than 79 degrees in whom a Le Fort I osteotomy procedure is contemplated. The measurement of the angle SNO is a significant guide to the malar-maxillary relationship and will assist in complete cephalometric evaluation of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:264254", "title": "Use of bupivacaine hydrochloride in oral surgery-a clinical study.", "content": "A study was developed in an attempt to investigate the possible usefulness of the local anesthetic agent, bupivacaine hydrochloride, for oral surgery. The results show that bupivacaine hydrochloride is an effective local anesthetic agent. It has a rapid onset time, a high frequency of surgical anesthesia, a long duration, and a low incidence of side effects. In comparison to lidocaine, bupivacaine has a greater potency, a lower toxicity at equipotent doses a longer duration, a possible pain-free period after return of normal sensation, and it does not require a vasoconstrictor for consistent profoundness.", "contents": "Use of bupivacaine hydrochloride in oral surgery-a clinical study. A study was developed in an attempt to investigate the possible usefulness of the local anesthetic agent, bupivacaine hydrochloride, for oral surgery. The results show that bupivacaine hydrochloride is an effective local anesthetic agent. It has a rapid onset time, a high frequency of surgical anesthesia, a long duration, and a low incidence of side effects. In comparison to lidocaine, bupivacaine has a greater potency, a lower toxicity at equipotent doses a longer duration, a possible pain-free period after return of normal sensation, and it does not require a vasoconstrictor for consistent profoundness."}
{"id": "PMID:264256", "title": "Panfacial cellulitis with contralateral orbital cellulitis and blindness after tooth extraction.", "content": "A case of panfacial cellulitis with contralateral orbital cellulitis and blindness after extraction of a tooth has been reported. Contralateral orbital involvement, with sparing of the ipsilateral eye, constituted the unusual feature. This was considered to be a result of hematogenous spread rather than of direct extension.", "contents": "Panfacial cellulitis with contralateral orbital cellulitis and blindness after tooth extraction. A case of panfacial cellulitis with contralateral orbital cellulitis and blindness after extraction of a tooth has been reported. Contralateral orbital involvement, with sparing of the ipsilateral eye, constituted the unusual feature. This was considered to be a result of hematogenous spread rather than of direct extension."}
{"id": "PMID:264257", "title": "Internal carotid pseudoaneurysm as a late complication of maxillofacial missile wound.", "content": "A delayed formation of a pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery occurred secondary to a gunshot wound of the maxillofacial region. Its treatment concurrent with the treatment of a severely comminuted fracture of the mandible has been reported.", "contents": "Internal carotid pseudoaneurysm as a late complication of maxillofacial missile wound. A delayed formation of a pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery occurred secondary to a gunshot wound of the maxillofacial region. Its treatment concurrent with the treatment of a severely comminuted fracture of the mandible has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:264259", "title": "Cat scratch disease: report of case and discussion.", "content": "A case of cat scratch disease with a submental mass as the initial symptom has been presented. The disease should be considered in the evaluation of swellings and masses of the cervicofacial region. However, because of the benign course of cat scratch disease, other more serious disease processes must be ruled out before establishing the diagnosis of cat scratch disease.", "contents": "Cat scratch disease: report of case and discussion. A case of cat scratch disease with a submental mass as the initial symptom has been presented. The disease should be considered in the evaluation of swellings and masses of the cervicofacial region. However, because of the benign course of cat scratch disease, other more serious disease processes must be ruled out before establishing the diagnosis of cat scratch disease."}
{"id": "PMID:264262", "title": "Odontogenic keratocyst associated with an intramandibular chondroma.", "content": "The unusual feature of an intramandibular chondroma in association with an odontogenic keratocyst in a 59-year-old man is described. The keratocyst recurred and required two reoperations. The coexistence of an odontogenic keratocyst and a chondroma of the jaw was probably a coincidence of two simultaneous but otherwise unrelated lesions. The possibility that the keratocyst and the chondroma were due to a single developmental disturbance of the region cannot be excluded. No signs of a recurrence were seen at the last follow-up examination four years after the operation.", "contents": "Odontogenic keratocyst associated with an intramandibular chondroma. The unusual feature of an intramandibular chondroma in association with an odontogenic keratocyst in a 59-year-old man is described. The keratocyst recurred and required two reoperations. The coexistence of an odontogenic keratocyst and a chondroma of the jaw was probably a coincidence of two simultaneous but otherwise unrelated lesions. The possibility that the keratocyst and the chondroma were due to a single developmental disturbance of the region cannot be excluded. No signs of a recurrence were seen at the last follow-up examination four years after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:264263", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the lip.", "content": "A report of a primary adenocarcinoma of the lip, arising from minor salivary tissue, is presented. Adenocarcinomas of the lips are unusual and account for only 1% of the reported adenocarcinomas of oral tissues.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the lip. A report of a primary adenocarcinoma of the lip, arising from minor salivary tissue, is presented. Adenocarcinomas of the lips are unusual and account for only 1% of the reported adenocarcinomas of oral tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:264265", "title": "Myxoma of the maxilla: report of case.", "content": "A review of the literature and a report of a case of myxoma of the maxilla in a 1-year-old Negro girl have been presented. This case is interesting because of its rarity at this age and its location. Originally, a Weber-Ferguson approach was considered. However, a transoral approach provided excellent access for complete visualization and removal of the tumor. This reinforces the advantages to the patient that result from the cooperation of different surgical services.", "contents": "Myxoma of the maxilla: report of case. A review of the literature and a report of a case of myxoma of the maxilla in a 1-year-old Negro girl have been presented. This case is interesting because of its rarity at this age and its location. Originally, a Weber-Ferguson approach was considered. However, a transoral approach provided excellent access for complete visualization and removal of the tumor. This reinforces the advantages to the patient that result from the cooperation of different surgical services."}
{"id": "PMID:264267", "title": "A simple method of eminoplasty for correction of recurrent dislocation of the mandible.", "content": "A simple surgical method of eminoplasty has been described that is rapid and has few complications. Its value in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the mandible is now well established. Whether the procedure works by providing greater freedom of motion or by limitation is a moot point as the operation is highly successful.", "contents": "A simple method of eminoplasty for correction of recurrent dislocation of the mandible. A simple surgical method of eminoplasty has been described that is rapid and has few complications. Its value in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the mandible is now well established. Whether the procedure works by providing greater freedom of motion or by limitation is a moot point as the operation is highly successful."}
{"id": "PMID:264268", "title": "Second vertical osteotomy 15 years after initial operation.", "content": "A case of mandibular prognathism that existed 15 years after a previous attempt at correction has been presented. The initial procedure was the vertical osteotomy done via an extraoral approach. A second attempt at correction was undertaken with use of the same approach. The anatomic changes existing as a result of the first surgical procedure were of extreme interest. A decreased anteroposterior length of the sigmoid notch with posterior placement of the coronoid process was observed. Also, an increased thickness of the mandibular rami in a mediolateral plance was present. The clinical problems encountered as a result of these changes were difficulty in overlapping proximal and distal segments without definite osseous reductions and the inability to set back the mandible further without coronoidectomy. When these procedures were done, the patient's treatment was managed very successfully.", "contents": "Second vertical osteotomy 15 years after initial operation. A case of mandibular prognathism that existed 15 years after a previous attempt at correction has been presented. The initial procedure was the vertical osteotomy done via an extraoral approach. A second attempt at correction was undertaken with use of the same approach. The anatomic changes existing as a result of the first surgical procedure were of extreme interest. A decreased anteroposterior length of the sigmoid notch with posterior placement of the coronoid process was observed. Also, an increased thickness of the mandibular rami in a mediolateral plance was present. The clinical problems encountered as a result of these changes were difficulty in overlapping proximal and distal segments without definite osseous reductions and the inability to set back the mandible further without coronoidectomy. When these procedures were done, the patient's treatment was managed very successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:264273", "title": "Bone marrow cellularity determination: comparison of the biopsy, aspirate, and buffy coat.", "content": "Bone marrow biopsies (244) performed with a Jamshidi needle were evaluated in 53 children with leukemia or aplastic anemia. Adequate specimens were obtained in 85%. Results of cellularity estimated by biopsy were compared to the cellularity of the aspirate versus volumetric determination of the myeloid-erythroid layer (buffy coat). A wide discrepancy was noted between marrow cellularity confirmed by biopsy versus the aspirate or buffy coat. The greatest variance was seen in the hypercellular or normocellular marrows, as estimated by biopsy, in which 39% were misinterpreted as moderately or severely hypocellular by aspirate. Volumetric measurement of buffy coat was least acceptable for estimating cellularity. Thus the biopsy has proved to be an important and reliable indicator of bone marrow cellularity.", "contents": "Bone marrow cellularity determination: comparison of the biopsy, aspirate, and buffy coat. Bone marrow biopsies (244) performed with a Jamshidi needle were evaluated in 53 children with leukemia or aplastic anemia. Adequate specimens were obtained in 85%. Results of cellularity estimated by biopsy were compared to the cellularity of the aspirate versus volumetric determination of the myeloid-erythroid layer (buffy coat). A wide discrepancy was noted between marrow cellularity confirmed by biopsy versus the aspirate or buffy coat. The greatest variance was seen in the hypercellular or normocellular marrows, as estimated by biopsy, in which 39% were misinterpreted as moderately or severely hypocellular by aspirate. Volumetric measurement of buffy coat was least acceptable for estimating cellularity. Thus the biopsy has proved to be an important and reliable indicator of bone marrow cellularity."}
{"id": "PMID:264274", "title": "Electrophysiological evidence against negative neuronal feedback from the forebrain controlling midbrain raphe unit activity.", "content": "The hypothesis that the activity of serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons of the midbrain raphe is subject to negative neuronal feedback regulation was examined. This hypothesis is based primarily on the observation that the administration of drugs which increase the synaptic availability of 5-HT depress midbrain raphe neuron discharge. Since the preponderance of midbrain raphe efferents are ascending, transections which interrupt both the main efferent outflow, as well as all inputs from anterior levels, ought to disrupt the functional integrity of a neuronal feedback loop. The effect of complete transections of the neuraxis placed just rostral to the midbrain raphe nuclei on the efficacy of two drugs which elevate synaptic serotonin, chlorimipramine and p-chloroamphetamine, was investigated in the chloral hydrate anesthetized rat. Such transections neither blocked nor attenuated the depressive effect of intravenously administered chlorimipramine (0.33 or 0.15 mg/kg) or p-chloroamphetamine (1.25 mg/kg) on midbrain raphe unit discharge. These results suggest that neuronal feedback involving the forebrain dose not mediate the depressive effect of drugs which elevate synaptic serotonin on midbrain raphe neuronal activity. An action at serotonergic synapses intrinsic to the midbrain raphe is suggested as an explanation for the persistence of drug effects in transected animals.", "contents": "Electrophysiological evidence against negative neuronal feedback from the forebrain controlling midbrain raphe unit activity. The hypothesis that the activity of serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons of the midbrain raphe is subject to negative neuronal feedback regulation was examined. This hypothesis is based primarily on the observation that the administration of drugs which increase the synaptic availability of 5-HT depress midbrain raphe neuron discharge. Since the preponderance of midbrain raphe efferents are ascending, transections which interrupt both the main efferent outflow, as well as all inputs from anterior levels, ought to disrupt the functional integrity of a neuronal feedback loop. The effect of complete transections of the neuraxis placed just rostral to the midbrain raphe nuclei on the efficacy of two drugs which elevate synaptic serotonin, chlorimipramine and p-chloroamphetamine, was investigated in the chloral hydrate anesthetized rat. Such transections neither blocked nor attenuated the depressive effect of intravenously administered chlorimipramine (0.33 or 0.15 mg/kg) or p-chloroamphetamine (1.25 mg/kg) on midbrain raphe unit discharge. These results suggest that neuronal feedback involving the forebrain dose not mediate the depressive effect of drugs which elevate synaptic serotonin on midbrain raphe neuronal activity. An action at serotonergic synapses intrinsic to the midbrain raphe is suggested as an explanation for the persistence of drug effects in transected animals."}
{"id": "PMID:264275", "title": "Distribution of palatal and other arteries in cleft and non-cleft human palates.", "content": "Cleft lip and cleft palate are two possible effects of fusion failure of embryonic facial processes. Aberrant facial morphogenesis suggest aberrant arterial distribution. Prompted by surgical need, studies detailing major branches of the third or pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery acquire practical significance. Therefore postomortem arteriographic studies were undertaken to ascertain location of these major arteries and their branches in twelve near-term human fetuses. Comparison was made between arterial distributions in three cleft and nine non-cleft fetal palates. The question of bilateral symmetry was examined. It is known that these major branches are commonly present on both sides, but the study revealed numberous variations in each facial half in both cleft and non-cleft palates. Variation implies morphologic contradiction with sterotype presentations. So numberous are the variations that occasionally they may account for sudden and unexpected hemorrhage during surgery/and retarded healing or sphacelus of flaps following surgery.", "contents": "Distribution of palatal and other arteries in cleft and non-cleft human palates. Cleft lip and cleft palate are two possible effects of fusion failure of embryonic facial processes. Aberrant facial morphogenesis suggest aberrant arterial distribution. Prompted by surgical need, studies detailing major branches of the third or pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery acquire practical significance. Therefore postomortem arteriographic studies were undertaken to ascertain location of these major arteries and their branches in twelve near-term human fetuses. Comparison was made between arterial distributions in three cleft and nine non-cleft fetal palates. The question of bilateral symmetry was examined. It is known that these major branches are commonly present on both sides, but the study revealed numberous variations in each facial half in both cleft and non-cleft palates. Variation implies morphologic contradiction with sterotype presentations. So numberous are the variations that occasionally they may account for sudden and unexpected hemorrhage during surgery/and retarded healing or sphacelus of flaps following surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:264276", "title": "Prenatal mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome).", "content": "The clinical, radiographic, and histologic aspects of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (Treacher Collins Syndrome)--MFD--are described as observed in a human fetus of approximately 15 weeks gestation age. Findings in the present study do not differ significantly from those previously reported, as the abnormal fetus exhibited the peculiar ocular, otic, and mandibular defects common in descriptions of postnatal survivors. Although exhibiting the major signs and symptoms of MFD even at this early developmental stage, previously unreported relationships dealing with the ossification of the mandible and salivary gland hyperplasia are noted. Contrary to expectation, vascularization appears excessive. The pathogenesis of the events leading to the deformities of the first and second branchial arches is extrapolated to seven weeks in utero.", "contents": "Prenatal mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome). The clinical, radiographic, and histologic aspects of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (Treacher Collins Syndrome)--MFD--are described as observed in a human fetus of approximately 15 weeks gestation age. Findings in the present study do not differ significantly from those previously reported, as the abnormal fetus exhibited the peculiar ocular, otic, and mandibular defects common in descriptions of postnatal survivors. Although exhibiting the major signs and symptoms of MFD even at this early developmental stage, previously unreported relationships dealing with the ossification of the mandible and salivary gland hyperplasia are noted. Contrary to expectation, vascularization appears excessive. The pathogenesis of the events leading to the deformities of the first and second branchial arches is extrapolated to seven weeks in utero."}
{"id": "PMID:264277", "title": "Anthropometry of the face in lateral facial dysplasia: the bilateral form.", "content": "The morphology of the head, face, and ears was studied in 26 patients with bilateral lateral facial dysplasia in The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, using anthropometric and cephalometric methods. The anthropometric data of the maxilla and mandible were compared to the cephalometric findings. The study showed that, in the majority of the patients, one side of the face was more damaged than the other was was associated with a high frequency of defects in all areas of the face. The microtic ear was not necessarily part of this syndrome. The anthropometry proved to be a valuable supplement to the x-ray cephalometry assessment of the malformed face.", "contents": "Anthropometry of the face in lateral facial dysplasia: the bilateral form. The morphology of the head, face, and ears was studied in 26 patients with bilateral lateral facial dysplasia in The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, using anthropometric and cephalometric methods. The anthropometric data of the maxilla and mandible were compared to the cephalometric findings. The study showed that, in the majority of the patients, one side of the face was more damaged than the other was was associated with a high frequency of defects in all areas of the face. The microtic ear was not necessarily part of this syndrome. The anthropometry proved to be a valuable supplement to the x-ray cephalometry assessment of the malformed face."}
{"id": "PMID:264278", "title": "Longitudinal analysis of growth of the soft palate and nasopharynx from six months to six years.", "content": "Between the ages of six months and six years, longitudinal lateral headfilms were taken on 54 patients with palatal clefts or with unilateral and bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. They were measured and were compared to data on both normals and subjects with clefts of the lip only. The objectives of the study were: 1. To sutdy the effects of palatal surgery on the growth of the soft palate. 2. To compare the growth of the soft palate and nasopharynx among the patients with various types of clefts and normals. 3. To study the growth acceleration or so-called catch-up growth after palatal surgery at various ages. (Anterior palatal surgery at 14 months +/- 2 months. Posterior palatal surgery at 16 months +/- 2 months.) 4. To evaluate the relationship between velopharyngeal growth in cleft groups and voice quality.", "contents": "Longitudinal analysis of growth of the soft palate and nasopharynx from six months to six years. Between the ages of six months and six years, longitudinal lateral headfilms were taken on 54 patients with palatal clefts or with unilateral and bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. They were measured and were compared to data on both normals and subjects with clefts of the lip only. The objectives of the study were: 1. To sutdy the effects of palatal surgery on the growth of the soft palate. 2. To compare the growth of the soft palate and nasopharynx among the patients with various types of clefts and normals. 3. To study the growth acceleration or so-called catch-up growth after palatal surgery at various ages. (Anterior palatal surgery at 14 months +/- 2 months. Posterior palatal surgery at 16 months +/- 2 months.) 4. To evaluate the relationship between velopharyngeal growth in cleft groups and voice quality."}
{"id": "PMID:264279", "title": "The effect of changes in velopharyngeal orifice area on vowel intensity.", "content": "This investigation studied the influence of changes in velopharyngeal orifice size on vowel intensity in normal speakers when subglottal air pressure was controlled. Controlled variations in velopharyngeal orifice area were achieved by two different methods. The effective velopharyngeal orifice areas introduced into the subjects were verified aerodynamically. A reduction in vowel intensity (SPL) was recorded during the large experimental velopharyngela orifice condition (50 mm2) when compared to a control condition. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of changes in velopharyngeal orifice area on vowel intensity. This investigation studied the influence of changes in velopharyngeal orifice size on vowel intensity in normal speakers when subglottal air pressure was controlled. Controlled variations in velopharyngeal orifice area were achieved by two different methods. The effective velopharyngeal orifice areas introduced into the subjects were verified aerodynamically. A reduction in vowel intensity (SPL) was recorded during the large experimental velopharyngela orifice condition (50 mm2) when compared to a control condition. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264280", "title": "The morphology of musculus uvulae.", "content": "The morphology of the musculus uvulae was studied utilizing detailed gross anatomical dissection and histological sectioning of the soft palate in seven adult human cadavers. The results indicated that the musculus uvulae is paired as previously described in most anatomy texts. Each bundle takes origin lateral to the midline from the tendinous palatal aponeurosis posterior to the hard palate and just anterior to the insertion of the levator veli palatini muscle. The two bundles converge in an area overlying the sling of the levator muscle and course along the dorsum of the soft palate terminating as two separate bundles which subdivide and insert between the mucous glands of the uvula proper into the connective tissue and basement membrane of the mucosa. Becuase of its location and size, it appears that contraction of the musculus uvulae would add bulk to the dorsal surface of the elvated soft palate thus aiding in occlusion of the velophryngeal portal during speech and deglutition.", "contents": "The morphology of musculus uvulae. The morphology of the musculus uvulae was studied utilizing detailed gross anatomical dissection and histological sectioning of the soft palate in seven adult human cadavers. The results indicated that the musculus uvulae is paired as previously described in most anatomy texts. Each bundle takes origin lateral to the midline from the tendinous palatal aponeurosis posterior to the hard palate and just anterior to the insertion of the levator veli palatini muscle. The two bundles converge in an area overlying the sling of the levator muscle and course along the dorsum of the soft palate terminating as two separate bundles which subdivide and insert between the mucous glands of the uvula proper into the connective tissue and basement membrane of the mucosa. Becuase of its location and size, it appears that contraction of the musculus uvulae would add bulk to the dorsal surface of the elvated soft palate thus aiding in occlusion of the velophryngeal portal during speech and deglutition."}
{"id": "PMID:264281", "title": "The influence of primary unilateral cleft lip repair on facila growth.", "content": "The lip pressure exerted by the repaired cleft lip was studied in 35 rabbits during a 20-week period. Animals were divided into four groups. Two of them were controls, and in the other two, two different surgical procedures were used for the lip repair. The results of this study indicate that there was reduction in lip pressure resulting from the surgically induced cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. Substantial increases in lip pressure were shown in both groups in which lip repair was completed. The influence of primary unilateral cleft lip repair on the facial growth of rabbits in this study will be presented in Part II of this report.", "contents": "The influence of primary unilateral cleft lip repair on facila growth. The lip pressure exerted by the repaired cleft lip was studied in 35 rabbits during a 20-week period. Animals were divided into four groups. Two of them were controls, and in the other two, two different surgical procedures were used for the lip repair. The results of this study indicate that there was reduction in lip pressure resulting from the surgically induced cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. Substantial increases in lip pressure were shown in both groups in which lip repair was completed. The influence of primary unilateral cleft lip repair on the facial growth of rabbits in this study will be presented in Part II of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:264282", "title": "Effects of maxillary advancement on the speech of a sub-mucosal cleft palate patient.", "content": "A nineteen-year-old patient with a surgically repiared sub-mucosal cleft palate was evaluted following a LeFort I osteotomy to determine the effects of the surgery of his speech. Tape recordings were made of his speech pre- and postoperatively during the administration of an articulation test, during casual conversation, and while repeating standard sentences. Spectrographic analysis of pre- and postoperative segments of a standard sentence were made. Results of the tests indicated that maxillary advancement had no adverse effect on articulation ability or voice in this case. Unexpected findings are discussed, and suggestions are given for clinical assessment and evaluation.", "contents": "Effects of maxillary advancement on the speech of a sub-mucosal cleft palate patient. A nineteen-year-old patient with a surgically repiared sub-mucosal cleft palate was evaluted following a LeFort I osteotomy to determine the effects of the surgery of his speech. Tape recordings were made of his speech pre- and postoperatively during the administration of an articulation test, during casual conversation, and while repeating standard sentences. Spectrographic analysis of pre- and postoperative segments of a standard sentence were made. Results of the tests indicated that maxillary advancement had no adverse effect on articulation ability or voice in this case. Unexpected findings are discussed, and suggestions are given for clinical assessment and evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:264283", "title": "[\"Prophylactic\" intrathecal radiogold (198au) in leukaemia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "198Au radiogold-colloid (Behring) was injected as \"prophylactic\" therapy against central nervous system leukaemia in 26 children with acute leukaemia (22 acute lymphatic and 4 myeloid). During the period of observation (1.3. 1972 to 1.9.1975), 23 children remained free of central nervous system recurrences: 16 children are alive 3 to 39 1/2 months later, seven died after 4 1/2 to 29 1/2 months from the underlying disease. In one child CNS leukaemia developed after about five months, in another one during a second haematological recurrence, while the third one developed retrobulbar infiltration in the optic nerve. In general, 2 mCi 198Au gold-colloid was injected intrathecally via a lumbar puncture. The method was well tolerated.", "contents": "[\"Prophylactic\" intrathecal radiogold (198au) in leukaemia in children (author's transl)]. 198Au radiogold-colloid (Behring) was injected as \"prophylactic\" therapy against central nervous system leukaemia in 26 children with acute leukaemia (22 acute lymphatic and 4 myeloid). During the period of observation (1.3. 1972 to 1.9.1975), 23 children remained free of central nervous system recurrences: 16 children are alive 3 to 39 1/2 months later, seven died after 4 1/2 to 29 1/2 months from the underlying disease. In one child CNS leukaemia developed after about five months, in another one during a second haematological recurrence, while the third one developed retrobulbar infiltration in the optic nerve. In general, 2 mCi 198Au gold-colloid was injected intrathecally via a lumbar puncture. The method was well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:264284", "title": "[Combination chemotherapy of acute lymphoid leukaemia in children combined with prophylactic cranial irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "From June 1971 to May 1974, 41 children, aged four months to eleven years, with acute lymphoid leukaemia were treated by a schedule which included prophylactic cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate injection after remission (phase II) and combination cytostatic treatment for 2 1/2 years (phase III). Induction of remission (phase I) was usually achieved with vincristine and a corticosteroid. Complete remission, now lasting 18 to 54 months, was obtained in 18 patients (44%), in nine of them without treatment for up to 24 months. Twelve patients (29%) had bone-marrow recurrence, five (12%) CNS and three (7%) testicular recurrence. One child died of liver failure in complete remission. Another nine patients, who had been pretreated according to a different schedule and were in their first remission for six to twelve months, were added to the programme from phase II onwards. Three of them now are in complete remission for 60 to 88 months, seven to 30 months after treatment had been stopped. The results indicate a significantly improved prognosis of acute lymphoid leukaemia in children.", "contents": "[Combination chemotherapy of acute lymphoid leukaemia in children combined with prophylactic cranial irradiation (author's transl)]. From June 1971 to May 1974, 41 children, aged four months to eleven years, with acute lymphoid leukaemia were treated by a schedule which included prophylactic cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate injection after remission (phase II) and combination cytostatic treatment for 2 1/2 years (phase III). Induction of remission (phase I) was usually achieved with vincristine and a corticosteroid. Complete remission, now lasting 18 to 54 months, was obtained in 18 patients (44%), in nine of them without treatment for up to 24 months. Twelve patients (29%) had bone-marrow recurrence, five (12%) CNS and three (7%) testicular recurrence. One child died of liver failure in complete remission. Another nine patients, who had been pretreated according to a different schedule and were in their first remission for six to twelve months, were added to the programme from phase II onwards. Three of them now are in complete remission for 60 to 88 months, seven to 30 months after treatment had been stopped. The results indicate a significantly improved prognosis of acute lymphoid leukaemia in children."}
{"id": "PMID:264287", "title": "Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the lower esophageal sphincter in vivo: evidence for multiple sites of action.", "content": "Intravenous administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused a dose-dependent contraction in the lower esophageal sphincter in the opossum. The smallest dose of 5-HT which caused a detectable contraction of the sphincter was 0.5 mug/kg, and a maximal sphincter contraction was produced by a dose of 40 mug/kg. Methysergide converted the contractile effect of 5-HT to a dose-dependent fall in the sphincter pressure; maximal inhibition of 77.2 +/- 7.2% of the resting pressure occurred with a dose of 40 mug/kg. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT was antagonized by tetrodotoxin, 5 MeO-DMT, and 5-HT tachyphylaxis. 5 MeO-DMT enhanced 5-HT-induced contraction of the sphincter. In the presence of 5 MeO-DMT and methysergide, 5-HT still caused a brief contraction of the sphincter; this contraction appeared to be due to stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic neurons as it was antagonized by tetrodotoxin or atropine. Reserpinization caused enhancement of the sphincter contraction by 5-HT. In the reserpinized animals in the presence of methysergide, 5-HT caused a small initial contraction followed by prolonged inhibition; atropine antagonized the initial contraction, while inhibition was antagonized by 5 MeO-DMT. These studies are consistent with the view that 5-HT exerts several different effects on the sphincter. 5-HT causes contraction of the sphincter by its direct action on the muscle and also by stimulation of cholinergic excitatory neurons. In addition, 5-HT inhibits the sphincter by stimulation of nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons.", "contents": "Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the lower esophageal sphincter in vivo: evidence for multiple sites of action. Intravenous administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused a dose-dependent contraction in the lower esophageal sphincter in the opossum. The smallest dose of 5-HT which caused a detectable contraction of the sphincter was 0.5 mug/kg, and a maximal sphincter contraction was produced by a dose of 40 mug/kg. Methysergide converted the contractile effect of 5-HT to a dose-dependent fall in the sphincter pressure; maximal inhibition of 77.2 +/- 7.2% of the resting pressure occurred with a dose of 40 mug/kg. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT was antagonized by tetrodotoxin, 5 MeO-DMT, and 5-HT tachyphylaxis. 5 MeO-DMT enhanced 5-HT-induced contraction of the sphincter. In the presence of 5 MeO-DMT and methysergide, 5-HT still caused a brief contraction of the sphincter; this contraction appeared to be due to stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic neurons as it was antagonized by tetrodotoxin or atropine. Reserpinization caused enhancement of the sphincter contraction by 5-HT. In the reserpinized animals in the presence of methysergide, 5-HT caused a small initial contraction followed by prolonged inhibition; atropine antagonized the initial contraction, while inhibition was antagonized by 5 MeO-DMT. These studies are consistent with the view that 5-HT exerts several different effects on the sphincter. 5-HT causes contraction of the sphincter by its direct action on the muscle and also by stimulation of cholinergic excitatory neurons. In addition, 5-HT inhibits the sphincter by stimulation of nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:264291", "title": "A comparative analysis of the attitudes of dentists toward the advertising of their fees and services.", "content": "Restrictions on advertising about services performed by professional groups have recently been questioned by the government and consumers. The purpose of this study was to determine dentists' attitudes about the use of advertising in their profession and to compare the results with responses from physicians, attorneys, and accountants. While a survey of these groups in three metropolitan areas indicates mild support for advertising in general, there was a definite negative reaction to advertising in the respective professions. Participants also reported their attitudes about the effects of advertising on prices and fees, quality of services, and public expectations and governmental regulations.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of the attitudes of dentists toward the advertising of their fees and services. Restrictions on advertising about services performed by professional groups have recently been questioned by the government and consumers. The purpose of this study was to determine dentists' attitudes about the use of advertising in their profession and to compare the results with responses from physicians, attorneys, and accountants. While a survey of these groups in three metropolitan areas indicates mild support for advertising in general, there was a definite negative reaction to advertising in the respective professions. Participants also reported their attitudes about the effects of advertising on prices and fees, quality of services, and public expectations and governmental regulations."}
{"id": "PMID:264292", "title": "Beliefs of dental faculty and students about effective clinical teaching behaviors.", "content": "Both faculty and students in the College of Dentistry at The Ohio State University participated in a study to identify their beliefs about what clinical instructors should do to be effective and efficient teachers. In the first stage of a two-stage study, dental faculty members were asked to write out in as much detail as possible what things they believed clinical instructors should do when teaching. Similarly, junior and senior dental students were asked to describe what clinical instructor behaviors they believed enhanced their learning. All the descriptions were read and summarized, and a checklist of the behaviors was constructed. In the second stage both faculty and students were asked to respond to the importance of each behavior. The responses were factor analyzed, and the most important specific behaviors were identified. Five of the factors seem to describe dimensions of teaching of special importance for dental clinical faculty.", "contents": "Beliefs of dental faculty and students about effective clinical teaching behaviors. Both faculty and students in the College of Dentistry at The Ohio State University participated in a study to identify their beliefs about what clinical instructors should do to be effective and efficient teachers. In the first stage of a two-stage study, dental faculty members were asked to write out in as much detail as possible what things they believed clinical instructors should do when teaching. Similarly, junior and senior dental students were asked to describe what clinical instructor behaviors they believed enhanced their learning. All the descriptions were read and summarized, and a checklist of the behaviors was constructed. In the second stage both faculty and students were asked to respond to the importance of each behavior. The responses were factor analyzed, and the most important specific behaviors were identified. Five of the factors seem to describe dimensions of teaching of special importance for dental clinical faculty."}
{"id": "PMID:264293", "title": "Survey of the perceived educational needs of dental faculty.", "content": "A nationally distributed questionnaire was used to collect data from dental educators regarding their experience with courses in teacher training and the value they place on teacher preparation. Most dental educators have little or no formal training in education either at the undergraduate or the graduate level. Less than 15 percent possess a degree in education. However, over 95 percent indicated a belief that increased knowledge in education is desirable. Most respondents thought that a concentrated course of three to five days would be the most desirable format for in-service training courses in teaching.", "contents": "Survey of the perceived educational needs of dental faculty. A nationally distributed questionnaire was used to collect data from dental educators regarding their experience with courses in teacher training and the value they place on teacher preparation. Most dental educators have little or no formal training in education either at the undergraduate or the graduate level. Less than 15 percent possess a degree in education. However, over 95 percent indicated a belief that increased knowledge in education is desirable. Most respondents thought that a concentrated course of three to five days would be the most desirable format for in-service training courses in teaching."}
{"id": "PMID:264297", "title": "A mini-research program for dental students.", "content": "A mini-research program to familiarize dental students with scientific research methods is described. Students who have not been exposed to laboratory or clinical research and who are not familiar with the use of the library and other research resources participate. The gross anatomy laboratory is the setting for the data-gathering stage, although most basic science departments could conduct a similar program. The assigned topics are of a morphologic, observational, and descriptive, rather than experimental, nature. The best reports are selected for presentation at a brief scientific session patterned after meetings of the International Association for Dental Research.", "contents": "A mini-research program for dental students. A mini-research program to familiarize dental students with scientific research methods is described. Students who have not been exposed to laboratory or clinical research and who are not familiar with the use of the library and other research resources participate. The gross anatomy laboratory is the setting for the data-gathering stage, although most basic science departments could conduct a similar program. The assigned topics are of a morphologic, observational, and descriptive, rather than experimental, nature. The best reports are selected for presentation at a brief scientific session patterned after meetings of the International Association for Dental Research."}
{"id": "PMID:264300", "title": "Teaching oral biology laboratories to large numbers of students by video tape.", "content": "A two-laboratory video-taped package was developed and presented to 180 dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students. The tapes dealt with (1) the growth of plaque in vitro on nichrome wire and on bovine enamel blocks and with (2) the measurement of plaque pH changes in vivo after a sugar solution rinse. The taped presentation was interrupted at frequent intervals to allow the students to perform the procedures. A program describing the use of the phase microscope was also developed and presented. Results showed that all students were able to perform the procedures satisfactorily and complete the laboratory report in approximately 40 percent less time than was required for the conventional laboratory. Students reported that they felt the video tapes had enabled them to master the required material and understand plaque and the food-host-bacterial interaction. Preparation time was at least twice that for the traditional laboratory exercise, and cost-benefit justification will require use of the video tape packages for several years without major revision.", "contents": "Teaching oral biology laboratories to large numbers of students by video tape. A two-laboratory video-taped package was developed and presented to 180 dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students. The tapes dealt with (1) the growth of plaque in vitro on nichrome wire and on bovine enamel blocks and with (2) the measurement of plaque pH changes in vivo after a sugar solution rinse. The taped presentation was interrupted at frequent intervals to allow the students to perform the procedures. A program describing the use of the phase microscope was also developed and presented. Results showed that all students were able to perform the procedures satisfactorily and complete the laboratory report in approximately 40 percent less time than was required for the conventional laboratory. Students reported that they felt the video tapes had enabled them to master the required material and understand plaque and the food-host-bacterial interaction. Preparation time was at least twice that for the traditional laboratory exercise, and cost-benefit justification will require use of the video tape packages for several years without major revision."}
{"id": "PMID:264301", "title": "Prevalence of delayed emergence of permanent teeth as a result of local factors.", "content": "Delayed emergence of permanent teeth as a result of local etiologic factors was found in 45 of 1,032(4.3%) persons ages 8 through 18 in a dentally indigent population. In 36 persons (3.4%) delayed emergence resulted from causes other than those associated with premature primary molar extraction. This statistic probably approximates the potential for this problem in a treated population group. Teeth most commonly involved were mandibular second premolars, maxillary canines, and maxillary central incisors. The most common causes, respectively, were space loss, palatal position, and mesiodens. Supernumerary, malformed, and congenitally missing teeth were more frequent in persons with delayed emergence than in the rest of the population sampled. The difference was statistically significant. No correlation was found between delayed emergence and sex of the patient. In this study, teeth delayed in emergence behaved as other teeth in that they exhibited normal root development and did not contribute to resorption of adjacent roots. Except for maxillary canines, enlarged follicular spaces did not develop after eruption", "contents": "Prevalence of delayed emergence of permanent teeth as a result of local factors. Delayed emergence of permanent teeth as a result of local etiologic factors was found in 45 of 1,032(4.3%) persons ages 8 through 18 in a dentally indigent population. In 36 persons (3.4%) delayed emergence resulted from causes other than those associated with premature primary molar extraction. This statistic probably approximates the potential for this problem in a treated population group. Teeth most commonly involved were mandibular second premolars, maxillary canines, and maxillary central incisors. The most common causes, respectively, were space loss, palatal position, and mesiodens. Supernumerary, malformed, and congenitally missing teeth were more frequent in persons with delayed emergence than in the rest of the population sampled. The difference was statistically significant. No correlation was found between delayed emergence and sex of the patient. In this study, teeth delayed in emergence behaved as other teeth in that they exhibited normal root development and did not contribute to resorption of adjacent roots. Except for maxillary canines, enlarged follicular spaces did not develop after eruption"}
{"id": "PMID:264302", "title": "Large antral odontoma as the cause of acute maxillary sinusitis: report of case.", "content": "A case of a large compound odontoma in the right maxillary sinus causing acute maxillary sinusitis is reported. Seven large antral odontomas have been previously reported, none with the typical findings of acute sinusitis. Radiographs should always be considered in cases of recurrent maxillary sinusitis or pain, and the general practitioner should familiarize himself with lesions of the maxillary sinus that might be revealed in radiographic examination. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment for all odontomas, with no expectancy of recurrence. The odontoma described here was associated with an unusual bonelike capsule or cyst covering its superior surface, which necessitated careful exploration and dissection.", "contents": "Large antral odontoma as the cause of acute maxillary sinusitis: report of case. A case of a large compound odontoma in the right maxillary sinus causing acute maxillary sinusitis is reported. Seven large antral odontomas have been previously reported, none with the typical findings of acute sinusitis. Radiographs should always be considered in cases of recurrent maxillary sinusitis or pain, and the general practitioner should familiarize himself with lesions of the maxillary sinus that might be revealed in radiographic examination. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment for all odontomas, with no expectancy of recurrence. The odontoma described here was associated with an unusual bonelike capsule or cyst covering its superior surface, which necessitated careful exploration and dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:264317", "title": "Office emergencies: an outline of causes, symptoms, and treatment.", "content": "Conscientious dental practitioners are aware of the increasing chances for medical emergencies to arise in the dental office. New treatment modalities and drugs have increased potential life spans, but have also presented greater responsibilities to the dentist for properly managing these patients. Additionally, widely diversified sources are available to the dentist for acquiring and assembling all necessary information to train his personnel and organize equipment and drugs so he is constantly ready to handle any emergency. We have attempted to give a simple, thorough outline that provides basic information on causes, symptoms, and treatment of major medical emergencies, but that in no way reflects the only means of treating the specific emergency. We feel the manner presented allows one to regiment his diagnosis and treatment rapidly and make modifications to the list as needed.", "contents": "Office emergencies: an outline of causes, symptoms, and treatment. Conscientious dental practitioners are aware of the increasing chances for medical emergencies to arise in the dental office. New treatment modalities and drugs have increased potential life spans, but have also presented greater responsibilities to the dentist for properly managing these patients. Additionally, widely diversified sources are available to the dentist for acquiring and assembling all necessary information to train his personnel and organize equipment and drugs so he is constantly ready to handle any emergency. We have attempted to give a simple, thorough outline that provides basic information on causes, symptoms, and treatment of major medical emergencies, but that in no way reflects the only means of treating the specific emergency. We feel the manner presented allows one to regiment his diagnosis and treatment rapidly and make modifications to the list as needed."}
{"id": "PMID:264318", "title": "Clinical evaluation of two pinless incisal edge repairs: a 24-month study.", "content": "Adhesive resin and composite resin were used to restore the central incisors in a 21-year-old woman at an emergency treatment. Two maxillary fractured incisors were restored (one after endodontic treatment) and reexamined over a period of 24 months (Fig 5). Some slight yellowing has been noted in the endodontically treated tooth, but it has not appreciably affected appearance. The patient did not object to the discoloration and no replacements or additions were done. The restorations showed no indications of excessive wear or physical damage during the examination period.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of two pinless incisal edge repairs: a 24-month study. Adhesive resin and composite resin were used to restore the central incisors in a 21-year-old woman at an emergency treatment. Two maxillary fractured incisors were restored (one after endodontic treatment) and reexamined over a period of 24 months (Fig 5). Some slight yellowing has been noted in the endodontically treated tooth, but it has not appreciably affected appearance. The patient did not object to the discoloration and no replacements or additions were done. The restorations showed no indications of excessive wear or physical damage during the examination period."}
{"id": "PMID:264322", "title": "Tissue considerations for mandibular subperiosteal implants.", "content": "The criteria for the preoperative evaluation of the residual alveolar tissue for a potential implant patient have been discussed. To ensure a firm epithelial attachment around the implant post, the residual tissue at the point of oral penetration should be: (1) sufficient in amount or thickness and attached to the periosteum, (2) fibrous, not loose, areolar mucosa, and (3) positioned midway over the stress-bearing area for the implant and overlying prosthesis. If the existing tissue does not meet the above criteria, a free palatal graft can be placed over the point of oral penetration to improve the potential for tissue adaptation around the post.", "contents": "Tissue considerations for mandibular subperiosteal implants. The criteria for the preoperative evaluation of the residual alveolar tissue for a potential implant patient have been discussed. To ensure a firm epithelial attachment around the implant post, the residual tissue at the point of oral penetration should be: (1) sufficient in amount or thickness and attached to the periosteum, (2) fibrous, not loose, areolar mucosa, and (3) positioned midway over the stress-bearing area for the implant and overlying prosthesis. If the existing tissue does not meet the above criteria, a free palatal graft can be placed over the point of oral penetration to improve the potential for tissue adaptation around the post."}
{"id": "PMID:264323", "title": "Effect of rapid curing procedures on polymer implant materials.", "content": "This investigation of standard curing methods for PMMA implants has demonstrated that alternate means of using the air oven may produce good strength properties along with a considerable degree of porosity, when desired, in a relatively short period of time. Curing of polymers in a pressure pot offers few advantages owing to the length of time required to produce, at best, equivalent strength for the porous materials. The method also poses dangers inherent in the use of superheated salt solution or hot glycerin. The autoclave is widely used in dental offices for sterilizing and will fully and consistently cure polymers within 30 minutes. The best properties for the PMMA resin were achieved with this method (61 MPa or 9,130 p.s.i., tensile strength). The microwave oven has become relatively inexpensive in recent years, and it offers time savings of up to 90 per cent which would be beneficial in implant dentistry or in dental laboratory procedures in general. The exact condition for curing particular polymers must be carefully determined to adjust the time of irradiation in order not to under- or overcure the polymer object. Curing polymers which contain intrinsic foaming agents under pressure conditions slightly reduced the total pore volume. But, pore volume and pore diameter in the large-bead polymers are determined predominantly by packing conditions, not curing conditions. Biologic tolerance to materials cured by these methods in primates is presently being evaluated.", "contents": "Effect of rapid curing procedures on polymer implant materials. This investigation of standard curing methods for PMMA implants has demonstrated that alternate means of using the air oven may produce good strength properties along with a considerable degree of porosity, when desired, in a relatively short period of time. Curing of polymers in a pressure pot offers few advantages owing to the length of time required to produce, at best, equivalent strength for the porous materials. The method also poses dangers inherent in the use of superheated salt solution or hot glycerin. The autoclave is widely used in dental offices for sterilizing and will fully and consistently cure polymers within 30 minutes. The best properties for the PMMA resin were achieved with this method (61 MPa or 9,130 p.s.i., tensile strength). The microwave oven has become relatively inexpensive in recent years, and it offers time savings of up to 90 per cent which would be beneficial in implant dentistry or in dental laboratory procedures in general. The exact condition for curing particular polymers must be carefully determined to adjust the time of irradiation in order not to under- or overcure the polymer object. Curing polymers which contain intrinsic foaming agents under pressure conditions slightly reduced the total pore volume. But, pore volume and pore diameter in the large-bead polymers are determined predominantly by packing conditions, not curing conditions. Biologic tolerance to materials cured by these methods in primates is presently being evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:264333", "title": "Desmoplastic fibroma of bone. A case in the mandible.", "content": "A case of desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible in a 25-year-old white man, expanding from the first molar to the ramus, is presented. This is a rare primary central neoplasm. It grows expansively and may destroy the cortex. Few cases in the mandible have been reported. Its diagnosis is important because the experience reported by different authors has shown the tendency for recurrence when treatment consists of less than radical resection.", "contents": "Desmoplastic fibroma of bone. A case in the mandible. A case of desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible in a 25-year-old white man, expanding from the first molar to the ramus, is presented. This is a rare primary central neoplasm. It grows expansively and may destroy the cortex. Few cases in the mandible have been reported. Its diagnosis is important because the experience reported by different authors has shown the tendency for recurrence when treatment consists of less than radical resection."}
{"id": "PMID:264334", "title": "Myofascial pain syndrome masquerading as temporomandibular joint pain.", "content": "Myofascial pain syndrome of the TMJ region is not uncommon. It is important to realize that these patients often have a history of TMJ trauma, frequently have positive physical findings of the TMJ, and often have positive roentgenographic findings which continue following successful therapy of myofascial pain syndrome mimicking pain of the TMJ. Because of this, the malady is often diagnosed as TMJ disease, refractory to treatment, rather than correctly as myofascial pain syndrome. Continued investigation of myofascial pain syndrome of the TMJ region is indicated.", "contents": "Myofascial pain syndrome masquerading as temporomandibular joint pain. Myofascial pain syndrome of the TMJ region is not uncommon. It is important to realize that these patients often have a history of TMJ trauma, frequently have positive physical findings of the TMJ, and often have positive roentgenographic findings which continue following successful therapy of myofascial pain syndrome mimicking pain of the TMJ. Because of this, the malady is often diagnosed as TMJ disease, refractory to treatment, rather than correctly as myofascial pain syndrome. Continued investigation of myofascial pain syndrome of the TMJ region is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:264336", "title": "Solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma.", "content": "A case of keratoacanthoma of the maxillary gingiva in a 12-year-old white boy has been presented. This is only the fourth case of solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma reported in the English-language literature. A review of the literature on solitary and multiple mucosal keratoacanthomas and the incidence of ectopic sebaceous glands has been included. In all mucous membrane locations where keratoacanthomas have arisen, there have been other reported cases of ectopic sebaceous glands in these areas. These findings have led us to consider that intraoral and perhaps all mucous membrane keratoacanthomas arise i, sebaceous glands or their ducts, whether they be normal in their location, as in the buccal mucosa, or ectopic.", "contents": "Solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma. A case of keratoacanthoma of the maxillary gingiva in a 12-year-old white boy has been presented. This is only the fourth case of solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma reported in the English-language literature. A review of the literature on solitary and multiple mucosal keratoacanthomas and the incidence of ectopic sebaceous glands has been included. In all mucous membrane locations where keratoacanthomas have arisen, there have been other reported cases of ectopic sebaceous glands in these areas. These findings have led us to consider that intraoral and perhaps all mucous membrane keratoacanthomas arise i, sebaceous glands or their ducts, whether they be normal in their location, as in the buccal mucosa, or ectopic."}
{"id": "PMID:264338", "title": "The effects of sterilization techniques on the properties of intracanal instruments.", "content": "Three common sterilization techniques, namely, autoclaving (15 and 25 minutes at 250 degrees F.), salt sterilization (5 and 10 seconds at 480 degrees F.), and dry heat (one hour at 340 degrees F.), were used to sterilize 420 root canal reamers and files, both carbon and stainless steel. These intracanal instruments were then tested in tension. An extra eighty-four intracanal instruments were tested without being subjected to any sterilization techniques and served as controls. It was found that carbon steel intracanal instruments were affected more by the different modes of sterilization than were the stainless steel instruments. Time of sterilization did not seem to have an effect on the properties of either instrument.", "contents": "The effects of sterilization techniques on the properties of intracanal instruments. Three common sterilization techniques, namely, autoclaving (15 and 25 minutes at 250 degrees F.), salt sterilization (5 and 10 seconds at 480 degrees F.), and dry heat (one hour at 340 degrees F.), were used to sterilize 420 root canal reamers and files, both carbon and stainless steel. These intracanal instruments were then tested in tension. An extra eighty-four intracanal instruments were tested without being subjected to any sterilization techniques and served as controls. It was found that carbon steel intracanal instruments were affected more by the different modes of sterilization than were the stainless steel instruments. Time of sterilization did not seem to have an effect on the properties of either instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:264339", "title": "An attempt to correlate dentin and pulp changes in human carious teeth.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the dentin and pulp changes in the two halves of bisected carious teeth in order to determine if they are comparable. The dentin was studied by means of contact microradiography. Hypo- and hypermineralized zones, which were fairly similar in extension and degree of mineralization, were seen in the primary dentin of both halves of the teeth. If secondary dentin had formed, comparable amounts were usually present in the two halves. The pulp was studied, using demineralized 5 mum thick paraffin serial sections. In teeth with deep carious lesions severe inflammation with abscess formation was often observed in one half, whereas only scattered inflammatory cells were present in the other half. It seems questionable, therefore, whether the study of dentin and pulp reactions to caries in different halves of bisected teeth is a suitable method in investigations concerning a possible correlation between these reactions.", "contents": "An attempt to correlate dentin and pulp changes in human carious teeth. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the dentin and pulp changes in the two halves of bisected carious teeth in order to determine if they are comparable. The dentin was studied by means of contact microradiography. Hypo- and hypermineralized zones, which were fairly similar in extension and degree of mineralization, were seen in the primary dentin of both halves of the teeth. If secondary dentin had formed, comparable amounts were usually present in the two halves. The pulp was studied, using demineralized 5 mum thick paraffin serial sections. In teeth with deep carious lesions severe inflammation with abscess formation was often observed in one half, whereas only scattered inflammatory cells were present in the other half. It seems questionable, therefore, whether the study of dentin and pulp reactions to caries in different halves of bisected teeth is a suitable method in investigations concerning a possible correlation between these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:264340", "title": "Electronic ohmmeter. An electronic device for the determination of the root canal length.", "content": "The electronic ohmmeter was devised for the accurate determination of root canal length. Fifty-one maxillary anterior teeth of 43 patients and 25 posterior root canals from 10 patients were selected for the investigation. The presence of a lesion in periapical tissue, wide root apex, and exudates in the root canal contributed to inaccuracy in the determination of the root canal length. Correct length can be found if precautions are taken. The inaccurate results were corrected by repeating the procedures and taking precautions during the estimation of root canal length. Measurement in the dry canal gave correct estimation of the root canal length. When distilled water or normal saline was used as conducting medium in root canals, accuracy was not as good as in dry canals. The electronic ohmmeter is a useful and economical device and an endodontic aid for determination of the root canal length.", "contents": "Electronic ohmmeter. An electronic device for the determination of the root canal length. The electronic ohmmeter was devised for the accurate determination of root canal length. Fifty-one maxillary anterior teeth of 43 patients and 25 posterior root canals from 10 patients were selected for the investigation. The presence of a lesion in periapical tissue, wide root apex, and exudates in the root canal contributed to inaccuracy in the determination of the root canal length. Correct length can be found if precautions are taken. The inaccurate results were corrected by repeating the procedures and taking precautions during the estimation of root canal length. Measurement in the dry canal gave correct estimation of the root canal length. When distilled water or normal saline was used as conducting medium in root canals, accuracy was not as good as in dry canals. The electronic ohmmeter is a useful and economical device and an endodontic aid for determination of the root canal length."}
{"id": "PMID:264341", "title": "An estimation of somatic hazards to the United States population from dental radiography.", "content": "Recently, data have become available pertaining both to the estimated somatic hazard from exposure of populations to low doses of ionizing radiation and to the extent of exposure resulting from dental radiography. This has made possible an estimation of the somatic hazard to the United States population from dental radiography. It is concluded that the greatest risk of lethality would result from induction of leukemia, but that the actual hazard is probably quite low. It is advised that all procedures which will reduce the radiation exposure to the patient consistent with diagnostic requirements should be employed in order to minimize the potential risk.", "contents": "An estimation of somatic hazards to the United States population from dental radiography. Recently, data have become available pertaining both to the estimated somatic hazard from exposure of populations to low doses of ionizing radiation and to the extent of exposure resulting from dental radiography. This has made possible an estimation of the somatic hazard to the United States population from dental radiography. It is concluded that the greatest risk of lethality would result from induction of leukemia, but that the actual hazard is probably quite low. It is advised that all procedures which will reduce the radiation exposure to the patient consistent with diagnostic requirements should be employed in order to minimize the potential risk."}
{"id": "PMID:264345", "title": "Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle. Case report and its management.", "content": "1. A case of osteochondroma of the temporomandibular joint simulating a unilateral condylar hyperplasia is presented. 2. The need to divide the zygomatic arch to facilitate removal of large tumors is noted. 3. The removal of the growth resulted in normal functioning of the jaws with the disappearance of the features of unilateral hyperplasia. 4. Occlusal grinding is often necessary to correct the compensatory occlusal adjustment that occurs with the rotation of the mandible in these lesions. 5. The possibility of the presence of a tumor must be kept in mind when patients present with symptoms of unilateral condylar hyperplasia.", "contents": "Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle. Case report and its management. 1. A case of osteochondroma of the temporomandibular joint simulating a unilateral condylar hyperplasia is presented. 2. The need to divide the zygomatic arch to facilitate removal of large tumors is noted. 3. The removal of the growth resulted in normal functioning of the jaws with the disappearance of the features of unilateral hyperplasia. 4. Occlusal grinding is often necessary to correct the compensatory occlusal adjustment that occurs with the rotation of the mandible in these lesions. 5. The possibility of the presence of a tumor must be kept in mind when patients present with symptoms of unilateral condylar hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:264346", "title": "Cranial dislocation of mandibular condyle.", "content": "The ninth case of condylar dislocation into the middle cranial fossa is reported. The previously reported cases are reviewed and the clinical findings which they have in common are pointed out. Because difficulty in establishing the diagnosis seems to be the most serious aspect of this clinical entity, it is advised that films of the temporomandibular joint be taken more frequently. Finally, although treatment varied from physical therapy to intracranial condylectomy, our case of closed withdrawal of the condyle from the cranial fossa is the first case on record so treated.", "contents": "Cranial dislocation of mandibular condyle. The ninth case of condylar dislocation into the middle cranial fossa is reported. The previously reported cases are reviewed and the clinical findings which they have in common are pointed out. Because difficulty in establishing the diagnosis seems to be the most serious aspect of this clinical entity, it is advised that films of the temporomandibular joint be taken more frequently. Finally, although treatment varied from physical therapy to intracranial condylectomy, our case of closed withdrawal of the condyle from the cranial fossa is the first case on record so treated."}
{"id": "PMID:264349", "title": "Central papillary atrophy of the tongue.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of central papillary atrophy of the tongue (CPA) are presented. Vegetative Candida species were commonly but not invariably seen on cytologic and histologic examination. Follow-up of fifteen cases showed spontaneous resolution of three. It is suggested that CPA of the tongue represents a clinical rather than a pathologic entity, and that the underlying disease process may not be identical in all cases.", "contents": "Central papillary atrophy of the tongue. Twenty-eight cases of central papillary atrophy of the tongue (CPA) are presented. Vegetative Candida species were commonly but not invariably seen on cytologic and histologic examination. Follow-up of fifteen cases showed spontaneous resolution of three. It is suggested that CPA of the tongue represents a clinical rather than a pathologic entity, and that the underlying disease process may not be identical in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:264350", "title": "Subacute thyroiditis as a cause of facial pain.", "content": "Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland in which pain may be referred to the jaws. The clinical features of the condition are outlined and emphasized through an illustrative case report. Clinicians should include this disease in the differential diagnosis of facial pain. It is important that, in an area so fraught with emotional overlay, a precise and careful history be taken from all patients and that these data be married to a concise classification of potential causes.", "contents": "Subacute thyroiditis as a cause of facial pain. Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland in which pain may be referred to the jaws. The clinical features of the condition are outlined and emphasized through an illustrative case report. Clinicians should include this disease in the differential diagnosis of facial pain. It is important that, in an area so fraught with emotional overlay, a precise and careful history be taken from all patients and that these data be married to a concise classification of potential causes."}
{"id": "PMID:264351", "title": "Amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma.", "content": "Amyloidosis is a rare, fatal disease caused by deposition of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide in various tissues and organs. Seven to ten per cent of patients with multiple myeloma, a disease of abnormal myeloid cells, have associated amyloidosis. A case of amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma is described and a differential diagnosis for oral amyloidosis is presented to familiarize the practitioner with this entity.", "contents": "Amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma. Amyloidosis is a rare, fatal disease caused by deposition of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide in various tissues and organs. Seven to ten per cent of patients with multiple myeloma, a disease of abnormal myeloid cells, have associated amyloidosis. A case of amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma is described and a differential diagnosis for oral amyloidosis is presented to familiarize the practitioner with this entity."}
{"id": "PMID:264352", "title": "Ultrastructure of sclerotic cemental masses.", "content": "Electron microscopic findings in a focus of early calcification in a case of sclerotic cemental masses of the jaws are described. The lesional cells generally resemble typical collagen-producing cells, except that many contain unusually large numbers of intracytoplasmic actinlike filaments. This and other fine structural features are reminiscent of fibroblasts involved in active tissue repair. These observations suggest that the lesion is basically reactive in its biologic nature. The most characteristic portion of the mineralized component, the rounded calcified globules, ultrastructurally resembles primary cementum.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of sclerotic cemental masses. Electron microscopic findings in a focus of early calcification in a case of sclerotic cemental masses of the jaws are described. The lesional cells generally resemble typical collagen-producing cells, except that many contain unusually large numbers of intracytoplasmic actinlike filaments. This and other fine structural features are reminiscent of fibroblasts involved in active tissue repair. These observations suggest that the lesion is basically reactive in its biologic nature. The most characteristic portion of the mineralized component, the rounded calcified globules, ultrastructurally resembles primary cementum."}
{"id": "PMID:264353", "title": "Electron microscopic study of peripheral giant-cell reparative granuloma.", "content": "Six giant-cell tumors have been examined by electron microscopic methods in order to determine their histogenesis and to expand knowledge of cell structures. The examination of giant cells revealed an abundance of cell organelles, especially mitochondria. Apart from typical stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells, clusters of stromal \"light\" cells were often found with an intimate relation between their cell membranes. The role and function of these cells is not well known. Between fibroblasts of regular appearance with a small number of cytoplasmic organelles, others were found with an incrased number of mitochondria. These cells often formed aggregates. This suggests that giant cells develop through the association of stroma fibroblast cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of peripheral giant-cell reparative granuloma. Six giant-cell tumors have been examined by electron microscopic methods in order to determine their histogenesis and to expand knowledge of cell structures. The examination of giant cells revealed an abundance of cell organelles, especially mitochondria. Apart from typical stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells, clusters of stromal \"light\" cells were often found with an intimate relation between their cell membranes. The role and function of these cells is not well known. Between fibroblasts of regular appearance with a small number of cytoplasmic organelles, others were found with an incrased number of mitochondria. These cells often formed aggregates. This suggests that giant cells develop through the association of stroma fibroblast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:264354", "title": "Hairlike variations of filiform papillae in the human tongue.", "content": "The ultrastructural characteristics of the hairlike variations of filiform papillae in the human tongue were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscope gives evidence of a three-dimensional image of abnormally long secondary papillae with the epithelial cells arranged like roof tiles. These are partly adhering, partly detached, and then protruding from the core, thus forming the hairlike structure. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections shows single or partly adhering, orthokeratinized epithelial surface cells, mostly with distinct signs of degradation, surrounded by microorganisms. The pathomorphologic picture of elongated, hairlike filiform papillae was observed on the tongue coating of patients with clinically diagnosed hairy tongue but also on some small areas of the tongue of infants. These latter findings cannot be characterized by the clinical term \"hairy tongue\" but must be considered to be hairlike variations of filiform papillae.", "contents": "Hairlike variations of filiform papillae in the human tongue. The ultrastructural characteristics of the hairlike variations of filiform papillae in the human tongue were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscope gives evidence of a three-dimensional image of abnormally long secondary papillae with the epithelial cells arranged like roof tiles. These are partly adhering, partly detached, and then protruding from the core, thus forming the hairlike structure. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections shows single or partly adhering, orthokeratinized epithelial surface cells, mostly with distinct signs of degradation, surrounded by microorganisms. The pathomorphologic picture of elongated, hairlike filiform papillae was observed on the tongue coating of patients with clinically diagnosed hairy tongue but also on some small areas of the tongue of infants. These latter findings cannot be characterized by the clinical term \"hairy tongue\" but must be considered to be hairlike variations of filiform papillae."}
{"id": "PMID:264363", "title": "Cytochemical detection of homocysteine in pernicious anemia and in chronic erythremic myelosis.", "content": "Utilizing a unique ability of homocysteine to form a yellow-brown precipitate with nickel chloride, a cytochemical test was developed in an effort to identify this amino acid. Among a variety of types of anemias studied, bright yellow-colored erythrocytes and erythroid precursors were found only in marrows from patients who had untreated pernicious anemia and chronic erythremic myelosis. The results of the study support the \"methyltetrahydrofolate-trap\" hypothesis in vitamin B12 deficiency, in which decreased activity of the methylocobalamin-dependent methyltransferase enzyme is believed to lead to accumulation of methyltetrahydrofolate and homocysteine in the deficient cells. The findings also raise the possibility that similar intracellular accumulations of homocysteine may occur in chronic erythremic myelosis, perhaps as a result of  a defect in the methyltransferase enzyme.", "contents": "Cytochemical detection of homocysteine in pernicious anemia and in chronic erythremic myelosis. Utilizing a unique ability of homocysteine to form a yellow-brown precipitate with nickel chloride, a cytochemical test was developed in an effort to identify this amino acid. Among a variety of types of anemias studied, bright yellow-colored erythrocytes and erythroid precursors were found only in marrows from patients who had untreated pernicious anemia and chronic erythremic myelosis. The results of the study support the \"methyltetrahydrofolate-trap\" hypothesis in vitamin B12 deficiency, in which decreased activity of the methylocobalamin-dependent methyltransferase enzyme is believed to lead to accumulation of methyltetrahydrofolate and homocysteine in the deficient cells. The findings also raise the possibility that similar intracellular accumulations of homocysteine may occur in chronic erythremic myelosis, perhaps as a result of  a defect in the methyltransferase enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:264364", "title": "Surgical correction of the long face syndrome.", "content": "The combined efforts of different specialists are needed for the successful treatment of patients with the long face syndrome. Both surgeons and orthodontists who recognize their own capabilities and limitations must combine their skills to achieve the best possible occlusion and facial esthetics. The surgical and orthodontic plan of therapy is designed to correct the patient's dentofacial deformity. Surgical reduction of facial height and proper alignment of the teeth by orthodontic means are common denominators of successful treatment. By properly planned and executed Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies, the vertical dimensions of the face can be shortened to improve the esthetic balance between the nose, upper lip, teeth, and chin and achieve lip competency. Variable open-bite and nonopen-bite maxillary deformities in forty adults with the long face syndrome were corrected by Le Fort I osteotomy and orthodontic treatment. The technical problems encountered in planning and executing treatment are discussed and illustrated by selected case reports.", "contents": "Surgical correction of the long face syndrome. The combined efforts of different specialists are needed for the successful treatment of patients with the long face syndrome. Both surgeons and orthodontists who recognize their own capabilities and limitations must combine their skills to achieve the best possible occlusion and facial esthetics. The surgical and orthodontic plan of therapy is designed to correct the patient's dentofacial deformity. Surgical reduction of facial height and proper alignment of the teeth by orthodontic means are common denominators of successful treatment. By properly planned and executed Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies, the vertical dimensions of the face can be shortened to improve the esthetic balance between the nose, upper lip, teeth, and chin and achieve lip competency. Variable open-bite and nonopen-bite maxillary deformities in forty adults with the long face syndrome were corrected by Le Fort I osteotomy and orthodontic treatment. The technical problems encountered in planning and executing treatment are discussed and illustrated by selected case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:264365", "title": "Facial growth: before, during, and following orthodontic treatment.", "content": "A longitudinal growth study was done on nineteen persons, involving three types of malocclusion and several types of treatment. Facial growth direction of the middle and lower face was compared during pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment phases of the individuals. The individuals in the sample varied in direction of facial growth, Some individuals had an almost horizontal growth direction, and others had a vertical growth direction. The individuals in the sample varied in their degree of response to orthodontic treatment. Several had no change from their normal growth direction. Several had a deviation in direction associated with orthodontic treatment. The deviation was clockwise in nature and the direction changed from horizontal to vertical or from vertical to slightly backward of vertical. Middle and lower face tended to move in conjunction during all phases. If ANS moved in a horizontal direction, pogonion tended to move in a horizontal direction. If ANS moved in a vertical direction, pogonion tended to move in a vertical direction. If ANS stopped moving forward, pogonion stopped moving forward.", "contents": "Facial growth: before, during, and following orthodontic treatment. A longitudinal growth study was done on nineteen persons, involving three types of malocclusion and several types of treatment. Facial growth direction of the middle and lower face was compared during pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment phases of the individuals. The individuals in the sample varied in direction of facial growth, Some individuals had an almost horizontal growth direction, and others had a vertical growth direction. The individuals in the sample varied in their degree of response to orthodontic treatment. Several had no change from their normal growth direction. Several had a deviation in direction associated with orthodontic treatment. The deviation was clockwise in nature and the direction changed from horizontal to vertical or from vertical to slightly backward of vertical. Middle and lower face tended to move in conjunction during all phases. If ANS moved in a horizontal direction, pogonion tended to move in a horizontal direction. If ANS moved in a vertical direction, pogonion tended to move in a vertical direction. If ANS stopped moving forward, pogonion stopped moving forward."}
{"id": "PMID:264369", "title": "Successful treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy. Combination therapy in the third trimester.", "content": "Aggressive treatment with cytarabine, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone for acute myelogenous leukemia, administered from the 31 st week of pregnancy, resulted in both sustained complete remission of the leukemia and delivery of a normal infant with a normal birthweight and a normal male karyotype. It is concluded that chemotherapy with cytarabine combinations can be administered in the third, and probably the second, trimester of pregnancy without risk of serious damage to the developing fetus.", "contents": "Successful treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy. Combination therapy in the third trimester. Aggressive treatment with cytarabine, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone for acute myelogenous leukemia, administered from the 31 st week of pregnancy, resulted in both sustained complete remission of the leukemia and delivery of a normal infant with a normal birthweight and a normal male karyotype. It is concluded that chemotherapy with cytarabine combinations can be administered in the third, and probably the second, trimester of pregnancy without risk of serious damage to the developing fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:264382", "title": "Enhanced osteosarcoma growth produced in rats by osteosarcoma allografts.", "content": "Transplanted syngeneic osteosarcomas (induced by 32P in DA rats) grew significantly larger in DA rats receiving a simultaneous transplant of allogeneic osteosarcoma than in rats receiving syngeneic tumour only (P less than 0-01). Two other malignant allogeneic tumours, and allogeneic spleen cells, did not alter the growth of the transplanted syngeneic osteosarcomas. When the allogeneic osteosarcoma was given 7 days before the syngeneic tumour, the reverse effect (retardation) occurred. When given 7 days after the syngeneic tumour cells, the effect on both syngeneic and allogeneic tumour growth was variable. Some possible reasons for these findings are discussed, and the argument is presented that immunological phenonema are involved in the reaction.", "contents": "Enhanced osteosarcoma growth produced in rats by osteosarcoma allografts. Transplanted syngeneic osteosarcomas (induced by 32P in DA rats) grew significantly larger in DA rats receiving a simultaneous transplant of allogeneic osteosarcoma than in rats receiving syngeneic tumour only (P less than 0-01). Two other malignant allogeneic tumours, and allogeneic spleen cells, did not alter the growth of the transplanted syngeneic osteosarcomas. When the allogeneic osteosarcoma was given 7 days before the syngeneic tumour, the reverse effect (retardation) occurred. When given 7 days after the syngeneic tumour cells, the effect on both syngeneic and allogeneic tumour growth was variable. Some possible reasons for these findings are discussed, and the argument is presented that immunological phenonema are involved in the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:264383", "title": "Interacting cell populations in cultures of leukocytes from normal or leukemic peripheral blood.", "content": "Kinetic studies in cultures containing 2 X 10(5) peripheral leukocytes from patients with acute myelobastic leukemia revealed extensive, radiation-sensitive increases in thymidine incorporation without parallel increases in cell number. Modest and variable stimulation of 3HTdR incorporation was seen with the addition of either leukocyte-conditioned medium prepared with phytohemagglutin (PHA) or PHA alone. However, using the method of limiting dilution, stimulation was always observed and ranged from 3- to 20-fold in individual patients. By mixing small numbers of intact cells with larger numbers of irradiated autologous cells, quantitative evidence was obtained for a cellular interaction between irradiated, PHA-stimulated populations capable of 3HTdR incorporation. Similar evidence for cell-cell interaction was obtained for normal leukocytes.", "contents": "Interacting cell populations in cultures of leukocytes from normal or leukemic peripheral blood. Kinetic studies in cultures containing 2 X 10(5) peripheral leukocytes from patients with acute myelobastic leukemia revealed extensive, radiation-sensitive increases in thymidine incorporation without parallel increases in cell number. Modest and variable stimulation of 3HTdR incorporation was seen with the addition of either leukocyte-conditioned medium prepared with phytohemagglutin (PHA) or PHA alone. However, using the method of limiting dilution, stimulation was always observed and ranged from 3- to 20-fold in individual patients. By mixing small numbers of intact cells with larger numbers of irradiated autologous cells, quantitative evidence was obtained for a cellular interaction between irradiated, PHA-stimulated populations capable of 3HTdR incorporation. Similar evidence for cell-cell interaction was obtained for normal leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:264384", "title": "Ph1-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with chromosome 7 abnormalities.", "content": "A 56-yr-old woman with acute lymphocytic leukemia showed the presence of a Philadelphia chromosome in 90% of the bone marrow metaphases and in 10% of the peripheral blood metaphases. Part of the long arm of a G22 chromsome was translocated to the long arm of a C9 chromosome. A second cytogenetic abnormality was found in chromosome 7. Monosomy 7 was found in 60% of the marrow and in 20% of the peripheral blood metaphases. Chromosome 7q- was also found in a small percentage of the metaphases examined. Three months later, when the patient was in partial remission, only 10% of the marrow cells showed chromosome 7 monosomy and a Ph1  chromosome. During complete remission, no chromosomal abnormalities were found, except for a high breakage rate. The finding of a Ph1 chromosome in acute lymphocytic leukemia indicates that different precursors, both granulocytic and lymphocytic, may be involved in the Ph1 process.", "contents": "Ph1-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with chromosome 7 abnormalities. A 56-yr-old woman with acute lymphocytic leukemia showed the presence of a Philadelphia chromosome in 90% of the bone marrow metaphases and in 10% of the peripheral blood metaphases. Part of the long arm of a G22 chromsome was translocated to the long arm of a C9 chromosome. A second cytogenetic abnormality was found in chromosome 7. Monosomy 7 was found in 60% of the marrow and in 20% of the peripheral blood metaphases. Chromosome 7q- was also found in a small percentage of the metaphases examined. Three months later, when the patient was in partial remission, only 10% of the marrow cells showed chromosome 7 monosomy and a Ph1  chromosome. During complete remission, no chromosomal abnormalities were found, except for a high breakage rate. The finding of a Ph1 chromosome in acute lymphocytic leukemia indicates that different precursors, both granulocytic and lymphocytic, may be involved in the Ph1 process."}
{"id": "PMID:264406", "title": "An improved percutaneous jetting system for use during microlaryngeal operations.", "content": "Studies carried out in the laboratory have shown that an S-shaped cannula for trans-laryngeal jet ventilation provides a distinct advantage over conventional straight ones. Tidal volumes are larger and the cannula is more stable in position. The tendency of perforate the posterior wall of the trachea during introduction is also minimal. Blood gas data obtained from patients being operated upon with this technique of anaesthesia show that it provides very adequate ventilation and can be effectively used with balanced anaesthesia if a nitrous oxide-oxygen blender is incorporated into the jetting system. It can be put in position before induction of anaesthesia to enable preoxygenation and assist ventilation and can be left in place at the end of the operation until the patient is breathing adequately. If necessary, a tracheostomy can be done with the cannula in situ. It is not proposed that this should be the standard mode of anaesthesia or ventilation for patients undergoing operations on the larynx, but in stituations where other methods are not adequate and when significant upper airway obstruction is present, this is an excellent alternative.", "contents": "An improved percutaneous jetting system for use during microlaryngeal operations. Studies carried out in the laboratory have shown that an S-shaped cannula for trans-laryngeal jet ventilation provides a distinct advantage over conventional straight ones. Tidal volumes are larger and the cannula is more stable in position. The tendency of perforate the posterior wall of the trachea during introduction is also minimal. Blood gas data obtained from patients being operated upon with this technique of anaesthesia show that it provides very adequate ventilation and can be effectively used with balanced anaesthesia if a nitrous oxide-oxygen blender is incorporated into the jetting system. It can be put in position before induction of anaesthesia to enable preoxygenation and assist ventilation and can be left in place at the end of the operation until the patient is breathing adequately. If necessary, a tracheostomy can be done with the cannula in situ. It is not proposed that this should be the standard mode of anaesthesia or ventilation for patients undergoing operations on the larynx, but in stituations where other methods are not adequate and when significant upper airway obstruction is present, this is an excellent alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:264407", "title": "Fluidics and pneumatics: principles and applications in anaesthesia.", "content": "This article describes the construction and operation of fluidic and pneumatic devices in current use, as well as the principles of their use in medical devices. The designs for an automatic blood pressure cuff inflator, a blood pump and a high performance ventilator are presented.", "contents": "Fluidics and pneumatics: principles and applications in anaesthesia. This article describes the construction and operation of fluidic and pneumatic devices in current use, as well as the principles of their use in medical devices. The designs for an automatic blood pressure cuff inflator, a blood pump and a high performance ventilator are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:264409", "title": "Blindness during remission in two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a possible complication of multimodality therapy.", "content": "Two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the same protocol became blind during complete remission. Therapy consisted of systemic combination chemotherapy, prophylactic central nervous system irradiation and monthly intrathecal cytosine arabinoside. Eight months after CNS irradiation visual acuity in both patients began to decrease. Meningeal leukemia in the area of the chiasm was suspected but despite additional radiotherapy, steroids and continued intrathecal therapy, both patients were blind within 6 months. Numerous lumbar punctures were negative for leukemic cells. Extensive investigation, including craniotomy in one case, failed to reveal the cause of blindness. Biopsy of the optic nerve in one case was compatible with radiation toxicity. We postulate that potentiation of radiation toxicity to the optic nerves and chiasm by systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, or both, may have led to blindness. The patients continue in complete hemotologic and CNS remission 12 and 29 months after becoming blind.", "contents": "Blindness during remission in two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a possible complication of multimodality therapy. Two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the same protocol became blind during complete remission. Therapy consisted of systemic combination chemotherapy, prophylactic central nervous system irradiation and monthly intrathecal cytosine arabinoside. Eight months after CNS irradiation visual acuity in both patients began to decrease. Meningeal leukemia in the area of the chiasm was suspected but despite additional radiotherapy, steroids and continued intrathecal therapy, both patients were blind within 6 months. Numerous lumbar punctures were negative for leukemic cells. Extensive investigation, including craniotomy in one case, failed to reveal the cause of blindness. Biopsy of the optic nerve in one case was compatible with radiation toxicity. We postulate that potentiation of radiation toxicity to the optic nerves and chiasm by systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, or both, may have led to blindness. The patients continue in complete hemotologic and CNS remission 12 and 29 months after becoming blind."}
{"id": "PMID:264410", "title": "An experimental approach to relate a tumor-associated enzyme marker to tumor cell numbers.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase was monitored in 17 mice with s.c.-implanted tumors to relate the total circulating alkaline phosphatase to the total number of tumor cells in each mouse. There was a semilogarithmic relationship between the alkaline phosphatase units and the number of tumor cells. A time-independent standard plot of alkaline phosphatase and the number of tumor cells was used to estimate the size of disseminated and localized tumors. In animals treated with cyclophosphamide, the alkaline phosphatase marker was used to monitor the regression and recurrence of the neoplasm in vivo.", "contents": "An experimental approach to relate a tumor-associated enzyme marker to tumor cell numbers. Alkaline phosphatase was monitored in 17 mice with s.c.-implanted tumors to relate the total circulating alkaline phosphatase to the total number of tumor cells in each mouse. There was a semilogarithmic relationship between the alkaline phosphatase units and the number of tumor cells. A time-independent standard plot of alkaline phosphatase and the number of tumor cells was used to estimate the size of disseminated and localized tumors. In animals treated with cyclophosphamide, the alkaline phosphatase marker was used to monitor the regression and recurrence of the neoplasm in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:264411", "title": "Effect of hexamethylene bisacetamide on the commitment to differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Friend virus-transformed murine erythroleukemia cells express the program of erythropoietic differentiation under the influence of the previously described, potent inducing agent, hexamethylene bisacetamide. Commitment to differentiation, defined as the ability to continue the processes of differentiation in the absence of inducer, has been examined at the single-cell level, with a combination of suspension and cell-cloning techniques. Recruitment of committed cells is shown to occur prior to the detectable accumulation of hemoglobin or the appearance of morphological changes characteristic or erythroid maturation. The stability of the commitment of murine erythroleukemia cells to differentiate is found to be dependent upon both the concentration of hexamethylene bisacetamide and the duration of exposure to the inducing agent. Under conditions less than optimal for induction, a single cell can give rise to a colony containing both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that fully stabilized differentiation, in addition to the previously demonstrated requirement for the inducing agent to be present during a cell-cycle S phase, involves subsequent stabilizing event(s) caused by a direct or indirect action of the inducing agent.", "contents": "Effect of hexamethylene bisacetamide on the commitment to differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Friend virus-transformed murine erythroleukemia cells express the program of erythropoietic differentiation under the influence of the previously described, potent inducing agent, hexamethylene bisacetamide. Commitment to differentiation, defined as the ability to continue the processes of differentiation in the absence of inducer, has been examined at the single-cell level, with a combination of suspension and cell-cloning techniques. Recruitment of committed cells is shown to occur prior to the detectable accumulation of hemoglobin or the appearance of morphological changes characteristic or erythroid maturation. The stability of the commitment of murine erythroleukemia cells to differentiate is found to be dependent upon both the concentration of hexamethylene bisacetamide and the duration of exposure to the inducing agent. Under conditions less than optimal for induction, a single cell can give rise to a colony containing both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that fully stabilized differentiation, in addition to the previously demonstrated requirement for the inducing agent to be present during a cell-cycle S phase, involves subsequent stabilizing event(s) caused by a direct or indirect action of the inducing agent."}
{"id": "PMID:264412", "title": "L-Asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone for induction of first remission in acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "L-Asparaginase was added to vincristine and prednisone for induction of first remission in 815 children with acute lymphocytic or acute undifferentiated leukemia. This combination resulted in an overall remission rate of 93%. The addition of L-asparaginse to the standard induction regimen using prednisone and vincristine did not significantly increase the morbidity or mortality rate during the induction period. The most common side effect was transient L-asparaginase-induced hyperglycemia. The safe administration of L-asparaginase i.m. and the dose efficacy of 6000 I.U./sq m were confirmed. For these reasons, L-asparaginase should be combined with vincristine and prednisone for the initial induction of children with acute lymphocytic or acute undifferentiated leukemia.", "contents": "L-Asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone for induction of first remission in acute lymphocytic leukemia. L-Asparaginase was added to vincristine and prednisone for induction of first remission in 815 children with acute lymphocytic or acute undifferentiated leukemia. This combination resulted in an overall remission rate of 93%. The addition of L-asparaginse to the standard induction regimen using prednisone and vincristine did not significantly increase the morbidity or mortality rate during the induction period. The most common side effect was transient L-asparaginase-induced hyperglycemia. The safe administration of L-asparaginase i.m. and the dose efficacy of 6000 I.U./sq m were confirmed. For these reasons, L-asparaginase should be combined with vincristine and prednisone for the initial induction of children with acute lymphocytic or acute undifferentiated leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:264413", "title": "Toxic psychosis due to cyproheptadine in a child on hemodialysis: a case report.", "content": "In 1971 Simmons et al. presented evidence that children receiving regular dialysis therapy required approximately seventy percent of recommended caloric intake to achieve normal growth. Since that time, pediatric nephrologists and dietitians have strived to meet that requirement. In an effort to attain adequate caloric intake, cyproheptadine, a known appetite stimulant, was prescribed to a child on chronic hemodialysis. The following reports the unexpected complication of toxic psychosis that resulted.", "contents": "Toxic psychosis due to cyproheptadine in a child on hemodialysis: a case report. In 1971 Simmons et al. presented evidence that children receiving regular dialysis therapy required approximately seventy percent of recommended caloric intake to achieve normal growth. Since that time, pediatric nephrologists and dietitians have strived to meet that requirement. In an effort to attain adequate caloric intake, cyproheptadine, a known appetite stimulant, was prescribed to a child on chronic hemodialysis. The following reports the unexpected complication of toxic psychosis that resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:264414", "title": "Clinical trial in mentally retarded of chlorhexidine dental gel: bacteriology.", "content": "A dental gel containing 1 % chlorhexidine was applied daily to the teeth of mentally retarded patients for a period of 6 months. Although possible antimicrobial effects were noted, the gel had no practical value in reducing the numbers of different plaque bacteria. It is suggested that the lack of effect may be due to changes in susceptibility of the oral flora surviving in the mouth, allowing subsequent recolonization of the teeth.", "contents": "Clinical trial in mentally retarded of chlorhexidine dental gel: bacteriology. A dental gel containing 1 % chlorhexidine was applied daily to the teeth of mentally retarded patients for a period of 6 months. Although possible antimicrobial effects were noted, the gel had no practical value in reducing the numbers of different plaque bacteria. It is suggested that the lack of effect may be due to changes in susceptibility of the oral flora surviving in the mouth, allowing subsequent recolonization of the teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:264415", "title": "WHO activities in oral epidemiology.", "content": "Standard methods to facilitate the collection of data on a global basis have been developed by WHO. Data collection in accordance with criteria proposed by WHO began in 1969 from existing sources and was subsequently supplemented by new data collected using the standard methods. Associated with these methods developments, a WHO Global Oral Epidemiology program was begun with the objective of facilitating comparison of data and their use in planning, replanning, and evaluating oral health services according to needs and economic possibilities. That program provides an orderly storage and retrieval system and a visual representation of contrasts in prevalence of those oral diseases which are among the most common known to man. In selecting data for inclusion in the WHO oral epidemiology data bank, a liberal policy has been pursued to make maximum use of available material. The system of classification allows for data retrieval at various levels and for specific ages. Data on caries are available for 95 countries and on periodontal diseases for 50 countries.", "contents": "WHO activities in oral epidemiology. Standard methods to facilitate the collection of data on a global basis have been developed by WHO. Data collection in accordance with criteria proposed by WHO began in 1969 from existing sources and was subsequently supplemented by new data collected using the standard methods. Associated with these methods developments, a WHO Global Oral Epidemiology program was begun with the objective of facilitating comparison of data and their use in planning, replanning, and evaluating oral health services according to needs and economic possibilities. That program provides an orderly storage and retrieval system and a visual representation of contrasts in prevalence of those oral diseases which are among the most common known to man. In selecting data for inclusion in the WHO oral epidemiology data bank, a liberal policy has been pursued to make maximum use of available material. The system of classification allows for data retrieval at various levels and for specific ages. Data on caries are available for 95 countries and on periodontal diseases for 50 countries."}
{"id": "PMID:264416", "title": "Plaque, caries, periodontal diseases, and acculturation among Yanomam\u00f6 Indians, Venezuela.", "content": "The number of DM and d teeth and surfaces was recorded for 220 Yanomam\u00f6 Indians from three groups of villages with different degrees of contact with Western culture. Specimens of plaque were taken from the teeth, transported in a holding solution, cultured, and examined for specific oral streptococci. In addition, the periodontal health and oral hygiene of one group of villagers were assessed using the Russell PI and the Greene & Vermillions OHIS. Caries experience among the Yanomam\u00f6 was shown to be positively associated with exposure to Western culture. S. mutans was recovered with about the same frequency from specimens taken from the teeth of Indians living at all three village locations. However, the presence of S. mutans alone did not account for the disparity in dental caries scores. The examinees had abundant and persistent accumulations of soft deposits on their teeth accompanied by markedly inflamed gingival tissues. However, periodontal pockets and loss of appreciable amounts of bone did not appear as early in life nor were they as severe as reported for some other populations which practice little oral hygiene. Those disparities in the distribution of plaque-induced oral diseases between Western populations and the Yanomam\u00f6 warrant further study.", "contents": "Plaque, caries, periodontal diseases, and acculturation among Yanomam\u00f6 Indians, Venezuela. The number of DM and d teeth and surfaces was recorded for 220 Yanomam\u00f6 Indians from three groups of villages with different degrees of contact with Western culture. Specimens of plaque were taken from the teeth, transported in a holding solution, cultured, and examined for specific oral streptococci. In addition, the periodontal health and oral hygiene of one group of villagers were assessed using the Russell PI and the Greene & Vermillions OHIS. Caries experience among the Yanomam\u00f6 was shown to be positively associated with exposure to Western culture. S. mutans was recovered with about the same frequency from specimens taken from the teeth of Indians living at all three village locations. However, the presence of S. mutans alone did not account for the disparity in dental caries scores. The examinees had abundant and persistent accumulations of soft deposits on their teeth accompanied by markedly inflamed gingival tissues. However, periodontal pockets and loss of appreciable amounts of bone did not appear as early in life nor were they as severe as reported for some other populations which practice little oral hygiene. Those disparities in the distribution of plaque-induced oral diseases between Western populations and the Yanomam\u00f6 warrant further study."}
{"id": "PMID:264417", "title": "Oral conditions in a population of young adults in Strasbourg.", "content": "The oral conditions of 1,993 young adults, 16-30 years old, constituting a statistically representative random sample of the population of Strasbourg, were studied. Plaque, calculus, and gingival indices were determined as well as DMFT and DMFS caries indices. All these indices showed a highly statistically significant linear correlation with age. Sex had a significant influence on caries indices but not on plaque, calculus, or gingival indices. Socioprofessional conditions had a very significant influence on caries and gingival indices but not much on plaque index and not at all on calculus index.", "contents": "Oral conditions in a population of young adults in Strasbourg. The oral conditions of 1,993 young adults, 16-30 years old, constituting a statistically representative random sample of the population of Strasbourg, were studied. Plaque, calculus, and gingival indices were determined as well as DMFT and DMFS caries indices. All these indices showed a highly statistically significant linear correlation with age. Sex had a significant influence on caries indices but not on plaque, calculus, or gingival indices. Socioprofessional conditions had a very significant influence on caries and gingival indices but not much on plaque index and not at all on calculus index."}
{"id": "PMID:264418", "title": "Epidemiology of dental caries in the premolar and second molar teeth of Scottish children in relation to pits and fissures.", "content": "To evaluate the potential benefits from elimination of dental caries in the fissures of teeth, surface patterns of decay were calculated for all surfaces of the premolar and second molar teeth of 98 children followed longitudinally for 5 years, between ages 11 and 15 years. Tooth eruption and susceptibility were also examined in relation to the administration of sealant programs. The children who were part of the control group of a fluoride dentifrice study on the Scottish Isle of Lewis, had low exposure to fluorides, high caries attack and very low restorative treatment levels; so true surface caries distribution was not masked. Variation in tooth eruption and susceptibility suggested that semiannual applications of preventive agents at each year age 10 through 15 might be required. Using hypothetical percentage reductions, the substantial potential benefits for caries control of the early use of completely retained occlusal, as well as buccal and lingual (molars), fissure sealants are conclusively demonstrated. However, improvements in the present technology of fissure sealants and their application are apparently required if these benefits are to be extended to large groups of children.", "contents": "Epidemiology of dental caries in the premolar and second molar teeth of Scottish children in relation to pits and fissures. To evaluate the potential benefits from elimination of dental caries in the fissures of teeth, surface patterns of decay were calculated for all surfaces of the premolar and second molar teeth of 98 children followed longitudinally for 5 years, between ages 11 and 15 years. Tooth eruption and susceptibility were also examined in relation to the administration of sealant programs. The children who were part of the control group of a fluoride dentifrice study on the Scottish Isle of Lewis, had low exposure to fluorides, high caries attack and very low restorative treatment levels; so true surface caries distribution was not masked. Variation in tooth eruption and susceptibility suggested that semiannual applications of preventive agents at each year age 10 through 15 might be required. Using hypothetical percentage reductions, the substantial potential benefits for caries control of the early use of completely retained occlusal, as well as buccal and lingual (molars), fissure sealants are conclusively demonstrated. However, improvements in the present technology of fissure sealants and their application are apparently required if these benefits are to be extended to large groups of children."}
{"id": "PMID:264419", "title": "An epidemiologic study of factors affecting extrinsic staining of teeth in an English population.", "content": "A survey is described in which extrinsic staining of teeth was assessed by practising dentists during routine clinical examinations. Habits information was also supplied by patients. The results show that extrinsic staining is markedly influenced by smoking habits and age, and that males tend to have more staining than females. The effect of tea and coffee consumption was not pronounced. No effect attributable to the use of a stannous fluoride toothpaste was observed.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of factors affecting extrinsic staining of teeth in an English population. A survey is described in which extrinsic staining of teeth was assessed by practising dentists during routine clinical examinations. Habits information was also supplied by patients. The results show that extrinsic staining is markedly influenced by smoking habits and age, and that males tend to have more staining than females. The effect of tea and coffee consumption was not pronounced. No effect attributable to the use of a stannous fluoride toothpaste was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:264420", "title": "Relationships between fluoride in enamel, DMFT index and fluorosis in high- and low-fluoride areas in South Africa.", "content": "The DMFT Index, degree of fluorosis (DEGF), and enamel fluoride concentration (F) were determined in 88 children living in a high- and 79 children living in a low-fluoride area in South Africa. The following interrelationships between these parameters were found: in both areas there was a significant negative correlation between log F and age; in the high-fluoride area there was a significant positive correlation between log F and DEGF; and in the combined data from the two areas there were significant correlations between log F and area, log F and age, and log F and DEGF, and a significant association between DEGF and area. There were no significant correlations between DMFT and log F and between DMFT and DEGF.", "contents": "Relationships between fluoride in enamel, DMFT index and fluorosis in high- and low-fluoride areas in South Africa. The DMFT Index, degree of fluorosis (DEGF), and enamel fluoride concentration (F) were determined in 88 children living in a high- and 79 children living in a low-fluoride area in South Africa. The following interrelationships between these parameters were found: in both areas there was a significant negative correlation between log F and age; in the high-fluoride area there was a significant positive correlation between log F and DEGF; and in the combined data from the two areas there were significant correlations between log F and area, log F and age, and log F and DEGF, and a significant association between DEGF and area. There were no significant correlations between DMFT and log F and between DMFT and DEGF."}
{"id": "PMID:264421", "title": "Sweetened drinks as a source of sugar intake in selected teenagers in south-east England.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-six young teenagers taking part in a dental survey in the South-East of England were questioned about their usual drinks. The overwhelming majority of these drinks contained sugar. There were significantly more girls than boys in the group choosing unsweetened beverages. Dissatisfaction with their appearance due to acne or obesity was the main factor which had persuaded a small number who had previously sweetened their tea or coffee to reduce their sugar consumption, use a sugar substitute, or abstain altogether from sweeteining their beverages.", "contents": "Sweetened drinks as a source of sugar intake in selected teenagers in south-east England. Two hundred and forty-six young teenagers taking part in a dental survey in the South-East of England were questioned about their usual drinks. The overwhelming majority of these drinks contained sugar. There were significantly more girls than boys in the group choosing unsweetened beverages. Dissatisfaction with their appearance due to acne or obesity was the main factor which had persuaded a small number who had previously sweetened their tea or coffee to reduce their sugar consumption, use a sugar substitute, or abstain altogether from sweeteining their beverages."}
{"id": "PMID:264439", "title": "[Follow-up studies on the caries susceptibility and gingival irritation by partial dentures].", "content": "Caries incidence and gingival irritation were studied in 245 teeth with partial crowns of 62 patients of a dental practice after an average 3.24 years of wearing such crowns. At the beginning of the treatment, the group of patients tested showed an average caries incidence with a DMFT index of 14.9 +/- 4.0. In the follow-up, the mean value of the simplified OH index was 1.16 +/- 0.34. None of the partial crowns had to be re-cemented because of insufficient retention in the period covered by this study. Secondary marginal caries developed in only 0.4%, primary caires in 6.1% of the teeth with partial crowns. Marginal inflammation was significantly more frequent in teeth with partial crowns than in teeth without crowns. When evaluating the individual sections of the crowns, the highest degree of inflaterproximal region.", "contents": "[Follow-up studies on the caries susceptibility and gingival irritation by partial dentures]. Caries incidence and gingival irritation were studied in 245 teeth with partial crowns of 62 patients of a dental practice after an average 3.24 years of wearing such crowns. At the beginning of the treatment, the group of patients tested showed an average caries incidence with a DMFT index of 14.9 +/- 4.0. In the follow-up, the mean value of the simplified OH index was 1.16 +/- 0.34. None of the partial crowns had to be re-cemented because of insufficient retention in the period covered by this study. Secondary marginal caries developed in only 0.4%, primary caires in 6.1% of the teeth with partial crowns. Marginal inflammation was significantly more frequent in teeth with partial crowns than in teeth without crowns. When evaluating the individual sections of the crowns, the highest degree of inflaterproximal region."}
{"id": "PMID:264440", "title": "[Studies on the halfside comparison of heterotopic transplantation of mucosa with and without epithelium].", "content": "In patients with symmetric recessions in their canine and premolar regions, one side was supplied with an epithelium-containing and the other with an epithelium-free graft from the hard palate. Both sides were studied and compared. After six months, the size of the connective tissue transplants was reduced by 50% (that of the epithelium transplants by 0%). Within half a year, the width of the attached gingiva had decreased by 36% in the case of connective tissue transplants (epithelium transplants by 15%) and the vertical graft width by 60% (epithelium transpltnas 17%). Our clinical and histological findings suggest that grafting of heterotopic connective tissue transplants is not equal to epithelium-containing transplants.", "contents": "[Studies on the halfside comparison of heterotopic transplantation of mucosa with and without epithelium]. In patients with symmetric recessions in their canine and premolar regions, one side was supplied with an epithelium-containing and the other with an epithelium-free graft from the hard palate. Both sides were studied and compared. After six months, the size of the connective tissue transplants was reduced by 50% (that of the epithelium transplants by 0%). Within half a year, the width of the attached gingiva had decreased by 36% in the case of connective tissue transplants (epithelium transplants by 15%) and the vertical graft width by 60% (epithelium transpltnas 17%). Our clinical and histological findings suggest that grafting of heterotopic connective tissue transplants is not equal to epithelium-containing transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:264441", "title": "[The effect of various orthodontic treatment technics on the gingiva].", "content": "Out of a group of 30 patients aged from 11 to 15 years, 10 each were treated with either fixed appliances, or removal plates, or by functional orthodontics. Prior to the beginning of the treatment, and one week and six weeks thereafter, pocket depth, SB index, sulcus fluid flow rate, and OH index were recorded. The inflammatory symptoms of the gingiva were shown to be a function of the OH index. Moreover, the OH index grew worse during orthodontic treatment, especially in the group with fixed appliances.", "contents": "[The effect of various orthodontic treatment technics on the gingiva]. Out of a group of 30 patients aged from 11 to 15 years, 10 each were treated with either fixed appliances, or removal plates, or by functional orthodontics. Prior to the beginning of the treatment, and one week and six weeks thereafter, pocket depth, SB index, sulcus fluid flow rate, and OH index were recorded. The inflammatory symptoms of the gingiva were shown to be a function of the OH index. Moreover, the OH index grew worse during orthodontic treatment, especially in the group with fixed appliances."}
{"id": "PMID:264442", "title": "[A mathematical model of the alveolar periodontal function].", "content": "The process of loading and relieving dental and periodontal tissue is algebraically defined. The mathematic definition allows an energy balance to be established. The energy deficit observed after loading permtis the biotechnical analogy of the unit tooth-periodontium as a biological shock absorber, whose functioning can be controlled.", "contents": "[A mathematical model of the alveolar periodontal function]. The process of loading and relieving dental and periodontal tissue is algebraically defined. The mathematic definition allows an energy balance to be established. The energy deficit observed after loading permtis the biotechnical analogy of the unit tooth-periodontium as a biological shock absorber, whose functioning can be controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:264444", "title": "[Clinical methods for the objective evaluation of oral hygiene].", "content": "Thus, it was the object of this investigation to test the common plaque indices with regard to their usuability and to compare them with a newly developed approximal space plaque index (API).", "contents": "[Clinical methods for the objective evaluation of oral hygiene]. Thus, it was the object of this investigation to test the common plaque indices with regard to their usuability and to compare them with a newly developed approximal space plaque index (API)."}
{"id": "PMID:264461", "title": "Forensic dentistry and the human dentition in individual age estimations.", "content": "The forensic dentist can estimate the age of an individual by observing the developing dentition. Systematic observations can provide accurate age estimations depending of the criteria used and the experience and training of the dentist. Anatomical, histological, and radiographic examinations of the teeth are of great value. Admittedly, some of the aforementioned methods are complicated and require prolonged time periods to perform. Alternative methods of age estimation may be required when rapid results are demanded by the police or other agencies. It is, however, the obligation of the forensic dentist to provide the precise age data. Therefore, all available resource materials must carefully evaluated, including the possible factors that may cause variations. Only after data is carefully evaluated can the error in age estimations be reduced.", "contents": "Forensic dentistry and the human dentition in individual age estimations. The forensic dentist can estimate the age of an individual by observing the developing dentition. Systematic observations can provide accurate age estimations depending of the criteria used and the experience and training of the dentist. Anatomical, histological, and radiographic examinations of the teeth are of great value. Admittedly, some of the aforementioned methods are complicated and require prolonged time periods to perform. Alternative methods of age estimation may be required when rapid results are demanded by the police or other agencies. It is, however, the obligation of the forensic dentist to provide the precise age data. Therefore, all available resource materials must carefully evaluated, including the possible factors that may cause variations. Only after data is carefully evaluated can the error in age estimations be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:264468", "title": "Blood group determinations in forensic dentistry.", "content": "The identification of A, B, and H substances is a useful tool in forensic examinations. At the present time fresh blood or blood stains are used most extensively for blood group detection in forensic cases. Various body fluids from secretors also contain A, B, and H substances, and recent techniques have increased the reliability of the determination of blood group substances present. Soft and hard tissues also contain blood group substances, but at the present time these are not used routinely in forensic examinations. However, adaption of the more sensitive assays may increase the utilization of these tissues. Of particular value would be the development of simpler methods for blood group substances in teeth, since teeth are more resistant to putrefication than most other substances.", "contents": "Blood group determinations in forensic dentistry. The identification of A, B, and H substances is a useful tool in forensic examinations. At the present time fresh blood or blood stains are used most extensively for blood group detection in forensic cases. Various body fluids from secretors also contain A, B, and H substances, and recent techniques have increased the reliability of the determination of blood group substances present. Soft and hard tissues also contain blood group substances, but at the present time these are not used routinely in forensic examinations. However, adaption of the more sensitive assays may increase the utilization of these tissues. Of particular value would be the development of simpler methods for blood group substances in teeth, since teeth are more resistant to putrefication than most other substances."}
{"id": "PMID:264473", "title": "Suicidal wishes and depression in suicidal ideators: a comparison with attempted suicides.", "content": "A depression inventory was administered to a sample of psychiatric patients who had some suicidal ideation. A factor analysis of their responses to the inventory resulted in a factorial structure similar to that obtained for attempted suicides. The suicidal ideators were found to have higher depression scores on the inventory than the attempted suicides. It was suggested that this study supported the notion that individuals who show differing kinds of suicidal behavior nonetheless may show similar psychological phenomena.", "contents": "Suicidal wishes and depression in suicidal ideators: a comparison with attempted suicides. A depression inventory was administered to a sample of psychiatric patients who had some suicidal ideation. A factor analysis of their responses to the inventory resulted in a factorial structure similar to that obtained for attempted suicides. The suicidal ideators were found to have higher depression scores on the inventory than the attempted suicides. It was suggested that this study supported the notion that individuals who show differing kinds of suicidal behavior nonetheless may show similar psychological phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:264479", "title": "Survey of curriculum and instruction: oral medicine.", "content": "Oral  medicine programs in U.S. and Canadian dental schools generally concern the nonsurgical management of oral and surrounding tissues as related to the total health of the patients. A survey was conducted to determine the current status of program administration, curriculum, graduate programs, and continuing education in oral medicine. A wide variance in responses received indicated a general lack of consensus on the teaching of oral medicine.", "contents": "Survey of curriculum and instruction: oral medicine. Oral  medicine programs in U.S. and Canadian dental schools generally concern the nonsurgical management of oral and surrounding tissues as related to the total health of the patients. A survey was conducted to determine the current status of program administration, curriculum, graduate programs, and continuing education in oral medicine. A wide variance in responses received indicated a general lack of consensus on the teaching of oral medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:264487", "title": "Pulpal reaction to polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements used with inlays in deep cavity preparations.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to compare histologically pulpal reactions beneath inlays cemented with either a zinc phosphate or a polycarboxylate cement. No inflammatory reaction was seen beneath any of the 39 deep cavity preparations in teeth without pulpal lesions and with an inlay cemented with polycarboxylate cement. In the contralateral teeth, under 39 inlays cemented with zinc phosphate cement, an inflammatory reaction was seen beneath two cavity preparations. In one, bacteria were found on the floor of the preparation. On the basis of this result and the findings of our earlier investigations, it may be warranted to conclude that neither the polycarboxylate cement nor the zinc phosphate cement has any notable irritating effect on the pulp. If the irritation occurs after cementation of the restoration, it may be caused by debris containing bacteria and left behind on the prepared surfaces by bacterial growth from the surface of the tooth. The findings underline the importance of removing grinding debris and bacteria before cementation of the restoration.", "contents": "Pulpal reaction to polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements used with inlays in deep cavity preparations. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare histologically pulpal reactions beneath inlays cemented with either a zinc phosphate or a polycarboxylate cement. No inflammatory reaction was seen beneath any of the 39 deep cavity preparations in teeth without pulpal lesions and with an inlay cemented with polycarboxylate cement. In the contralateral teeth, under 39 inlays cemented with zinc phosphate cement, an inflammatory reaction was seen beneath two cavity preparations. In one, bacteria were found on the floor of the preparation. On the basis of this result and the findings of our earlier investigations, it may be warranted to conclude that neither the polycarboxylate cement nor the zinc phosphate cement has any notable irritating effect on the pulp. If the irritation occurs after cementation of the restoration, it may be caused by debris containing bacteria and left behind on the prepared surfaces by bacterial growth from the surface of the tooth. The findings underline the importance of removing grinding debris and bacteria before cementation of the restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:264488", "title": "A statistical evaluation of 952 endosteal implants in humans.", "content": "Of the 952 alloplastic endosteal implants studied for up to 108 months, only the endodontic endosteal implant demonstrated long-range success. A success rate of 49% after 72 months was found in all but the endosteal implants. The evaluation of individual implant designs demonstrated that long, straight shaft lengths such as the transosteal impland survived for long periods. Future efforts should be applied to studies on the use of porous metals, polymers, ceramics, and carbons in laboratory animals, to evaluate attachment phenomena and stability of the gingival cuff. In this manner, we may establish reliable standards and procedures that may be used confidently by the practitioner.", "contents": "A statistical evaluation of 952 endosteal implants in humans. Of the 952 alloplastic endosteal implants studied for up to 108 months, only the endodontic endosteal implant demonstrated long-range success. A success rate of 49% after 72 months was found in all but the endosteal implants. The evaluation of individual implant designs demonstrated that long, straight shaft lengths such as the transosteal impland survived for long periods. Future efforts should be applied to studies on the use of porous metals, polymers, ceramics, and carbons in laboratory animals, to evaluate attachment phenomena and stability of the gingival cuff. In this manner, we may establish reliable standards and procedures that may be used confidently by the practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:264489", "title": "Odontogenic keratocyst treated by the Partsch operation and delayed enucleation: report of case.", "content": "A large keratocyst was conservatively treated for four years. The use of the Partsch operation, with subsequent cyst enucleation after several years, prevented paresthesia, allowed bone healing, and facilitated surgical access. Because of the high incidence of recurrence, we will continue to follow up on the patient's condition.", "contents": "Odontogenic keratocyst treated by the Partsch operation and delayed enucleation: report of case. A large keratocyst was conservatively treated for four years. The use of the Partsch operation, with subsequent cyst enucleation after several years, prevented paresthesia, allowed bone healing, and facilitated surgical access. Because of the high incidence of recurrence, we will continue to follow up on the patient's condition."}
{"id": "PMID:264490", "title": "Oral health of airmen: analysis of panoramic radiographic and Polaroid photographic survey.", "content": "An oral health survey of 5,783 basic airmen was conducted. In this study, emphasis was placed on detection of periodontal disease. Numerous pathologic conditions were found and recorded. In addition, the presence or absence of evidence of previous dental care and its nature were reported. We believe that panoramic radiographs and Polaroid intraoral photographs have merit in mass screening of large numbers of persons for the detection of periodontal disease. Through the use of these diagnostic aids, various degrees of periodontal disease could be diagnosed. Other pathologic entities that might have been missed with routine dental radiographs were observed. However, although the diagnostic aids used in this report are a helpful adjunct, in their present state of development they should not be used to replace standard dental radiographs and clinical examination.", "contents": "Oral health of airmen: analysis of panoramic radiographic and Polaroid photographic survey. An oral health survey of 5,783 basic airmen was conducted. In this study, emphasis was placed on detection of periodontal disease. Numerous pathologic conditions were found and recorded. In addition, the presence or absence of evidence of previous dental care and its nature were reported. We believe that panoramic radiographs and Polaroid intraoral photographs have merit in mass screening of large numbers of persons for the detection of periodontal disease. Through the use of these diagnostic aids, various degrees of periodontal disease could be diagnosed. Other pathologic entities that might have been missed with routine dental radiographs were observed. However, although the diagnostic aids used in this report are a helpful adjunct, in their present state of development they should not be used to replace standard dental radiographs and clinical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:264493", "title": "Ecological effects of a deodorant and a plain soap upon human skin bacteria.", "content": "The effects of a commercial trichlorocarbanilide-containing deodorant soap and a commercial plain soap upon the cutaneous flora of individuals were compared. Using a cross-over design, 21 volunteers (10 women and 11 men) washed their forearms at least once a day with one soap for 3 weeks and then switched soaps for another 4 weeks use. By analysis of variance no significant difference in total colony counts was noted among individuals in their use of the two soaps. With the exception of individual variation, neither sequence of use, sex, nor any combination was influential. However, in 20 of 21 subjects an alteration in the composition of skin flora was observed. The deodorant soap, which in six cases increased total flora, tended to reduce or eliminate diphtheroids in 12 to 17 carriers (71%). Fewer kinds of bacteria were also noted. More Staphylococcus epidermidis was seen with the plain soap, but washing with the deodorant soap seemed to favour Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Micrococcus luteus. The impact of this alteration and the use of total counts to measure effectiveness of deodorant soaps were brought into question.", "contents": "Ecological effects of a deodorant and a plain soap upon human skin bacteria. The effects of a commercial trichlorocarbanilide-containing deodorant soap and a commercial plain soap upon the cutaneous flora of individuals were compared. Using a cross-over design, 21 volunteers (10 women and 11 men) washed their forearms at least once a day with one soap for 3 weeks and then switched soaps for another 4 weeks use. By analysis of variance no significant difference in total colony counts was noted among individuals in their use of the two soaps. With the exception of individual variation, neither sequence of use, sex, nor any combination was influential. However, in 20 of 21 subjects an alteration in the composition of skin flora was observed. The deodorant soap, which in six cases increased total flora, tended to reduce or eliminate diphtheroids in 12 to 17 carriers (71%). Fewer kinds of bacteria were also noted. More Staphylococcus epidermidis was seen with the plain soap, but washing with the deodorant soap seemed to favour Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Micrococcus luteus. The impact of this alteration and the use of total counts to measure effectiveness of deodorant soaps were brought into question."}
{"id": "PMID:264494", "title": "Cold water, ultra-high pressure cleaning of abattoirs.", "content": "Cold water (10 degrees C) at ultra-high pressure (38-5--49 kg/cm2) was compared with (a) hot water 65-6--82.2 degrees C) at low pressure (4-2--5-6 kg/cm2) and (b) hot water containing a detergent (2% (w/v) sodium silicate). Seven sites were examined in a beef abattoir and six in a bacon factor. Three surfaces in the beef abattoir had lower residual colony counts (higher reductions) after hot water/low pressure than after cold water/high pressure. However, the differences were not significant (P greater than 0-05). The range of the mean log10 count/cm2 before cleaning was 4-02-5.15, and after cleaning 1-73-2.32 (hot water) and 1-9--2-85 (cold water). On three of the remaining sites, the three methods were compared. The total differences between treatments were not significant (P greater than 0-05), although there was an effect of surface and an interaction between surface and treatment. The cold water produced lower residual counts on three sites in the bacon factory than the hot water (45--54 degrees C). However, the differences were not significant on the remaining surfaces.", "contents": "Cold water, ultra-high pressure cleaning of abattoirs. Cold water (10 degrees C) at ultra-high pressure (38-5--49 kg/cm2) was compared with (a) hot water 65-6--82.2 degrees C) at low pressure (4-2--5-6 kg/cm2) and (b) hot water containing a detergent (2% (w/v) sodium silicate). Seven sites were examined in a beef abattoir and six in a bacon factor. Three surfaces in the beef abattoir had lower residual colony counts (higher reductions) after hot water/low pressure than after cold water/high pressure. However, the differences were not significant (P greater than 0-05). The range of the mean log10 count/cm2 before cleaning was 4-02-5.15, and after cleaning 1-73-2.32 (hot water) and 1-9--2-85 (cold water). On three of the remaining sites, the three methods were compared. The total differences between treatments were not significant (P greater than 0-05), although there was an effect of surface and an interaction between surface and treatment. The cold water produced lower residual counts on three sites in the bacon factory than the hot water (45--54 degrees C). However, the differences were not significant on the remaining surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:264495", "title": "Hospital Salmonella johannesburg infection and its possible role in the community spread of the infection in Hong Kong.", "content": "Salmonella johannesburg (1, 40: b: e, n, x), a previously rare salmonella serotype, has established itself rapidly as an important and highly prevalent cause of gastroenteritis among children. The clinical features of the infection are usually mild but chronic. It has been suggested that S. johannesburg was introduced into Hong Kong through imported foods but no common vehicle could be traced as the source of infection. A thorough investigation of one paediatric ward in a general hospital revealed that non-infected patients admitted to the ward usually acquired S. johannesburg infection within 3-7 days, with or without symptoms. Thus hospital cross-infection could be a significant factor in contributing to its rapid spread in the community. Furthermore, the rapidity with which S. johannesburg spread was facilitated by (a) its tendency to produce a chronic infection, (b) its multiple resistance to antibiotics, and (c) the higher infectivity of S. johannesburg over other salmonellas endemic in this locality. These factors combined with the overcrowded conditions in many of the hospitals in Hong Kong facilitated the occurrence of hospital infection, which in its turn contributed to the spread of the infection in the local community.", "contents": "Hospital Salmonella johannesburg infection and its possible role in the community spread of the infection in Hong Kong. Salmonella johannesburg (1, 40: b: e, n, x), a previously rare salmonella serotype, has established itself rapidly as an important and highly prevalent cause of gastroenteritis among children. The clinical features of the infection are usually mild but chronic. It has been suggested that S. johannesburg was introduced into Hong Kong through imported foods but no common vehicle could be traced as the source of infection. A thorough investigation of one paediatric ward in a general hospital revealed that non-infected patients admitted to the ward usually acquired S. johannesburg infection within 3-7 days, with or without symptoms. Thus hospital cross-infection could be a significant factor in contributing to its rapid spread in the community. Furthermore, the rapidity with which S. johannesburg spread was facilitated by (a) its tendency to produce a chronic infection, (b) its multiple resistance to antibiotics, and (c) the higher infectivity of S. johannesburg over other salmonellas endemic in this locality. These factors combined with the overcrowded conditions in many of the hospitals in Hong Kong facilitated the occurrence of hospital infection, which in its turn contributed to the spread of the infection in the local community."}
{"id": "PMID:264496", "title": "Salmonella dublin infection in adult cattle: a slaughter house and knackery survey in South West Wales.", "content": "A survey was carried out between June 1970 and December 1971 in which gall bladders from cattle either slaughtered for food consumption or disposed of through knackeries were cultured for salmonellas. Salmonella dublin was isolated from 28 of 1917 gall-bladders of adult cattle killed in the slaughterhouse at Carmarthen, and from 23 of 197 gall-bladders obtained from adult cattle sent to a knackery at Abergwili, near Carmarthen. The results are compared with a similar survey carried out in 1947 and 1948. Between June and November 1971 gall-bladders and uteri were also obtained from a slaughterhouse in Newcastle Emlyn, North Carmarthenshire, and a knackery in Tanygroes, South Cardiganshire. S. dublin was cultured from two gall-bladders but from none of the uteri of the 161 slaughterhouse cases. Seven of the 46 cows from the knackery yielded S. dublin on culture: 2 in the gall-bladder only, 3 in the uterus only and 2 in both gall bladder and uterus.", "contents": "Salmonella dublin infection in adult cattle: a slaughter house and knackery survey in South West Wales. A survey was carried out between June 1970 and December 1971 in which gall bladders from cattle either slaughtered for food consumption or disposed of through knackeries were cultured for salmonellas. Salmonella dublin was isolated from 28 of 1917 gall-bladders of adult cattle killed in the slaughterhouse at Carmarthen, and from 23 of 197 gall-bladders obtained from adult cattle sent to a knackery at Abergwili, near Carmarthen. The results are compared with a similar survey carried out in 1947 and 1948. Between June and November 1971 gall-bladders and uteri were also obtained from a slaughterhouse in Newcastle Emlyn, North Carmarthenshire, and a knackery in Tanygroes, South Cardiganshire. S. dublin was cultured from two gall-bladders but from none of the uteri of the 161 slaughterhouse cases. Seven of the 46 cows from the knackery yielded S. dublin on culture: 2 in the gall-bladder only, 3 in the uterus only and 2 in both gall bladder and uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:264497", "title": "Thermal comfort of patients in hospital ward areas.", "content": "The patient is identified as being of prime importance for comfort standards in hospital ward areas, other ward users being expected to adjust their dress to suit the conditions necessary for patients comfort. A study to identify the optimum steady state conditions for patients comfort is then described. Although this study raises some doubts as to the applicability of the standard thermal comfort assessment techniques to ward areas, it is felt that its results give a good indication of the steady-state conditions preferred by the patients. These were an air temperature of between 21-5 degrees and 22 degrees C and a relative humidity of between 30% and 70%, where the air velocity was less than 0-1 m/s and the mean radiant temperature was close to air temperature.", "contents": "Thermal comfort of patients in hospital ward areas. The patient is identified as being of prime importance for comfort standards in hospital ward areas, other ward users being expected to adjust their dress to suit the conditions necessary for patients comfort. A study to identify the optimum steady state conditions for patients comfort is then described. Although this study raises some doubts as to the applicability of the standard thermal comfort assessment techniques to ward areas, it is felt that its results give a good indication of the steady-state conditions preferred by the patients. These were an air temperature of between 21-5 degrees and 22 degrees C and a relative humidity of between 30% and 70%, where the air velocity was less than 0-1 m/s and the mean radiant temperature was close to air temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:264498", "title": "Decline of maternal antibodies to plague in Norway rats.", "content": "The decline of maternal antibodies to the fraciton I antigen of Yersinia pestis was investigated in newly weaned Rattus norvegicus obtained from dams vaccinated with strain EV76(51F) of Y. pestis. IHA titre decreased by 50% each 7-3 days and CF titre declined 50% each 10-0 days in young rats. An analysis of available data indicated that maternal IHA and CF antibodies could persist to 3 months of age. Therefore, positive serologic reactions in young R. norvegicus, detected in the course of serological surveys, could be the result either of active immunization after exposure to the plague bacillus or of transient passive immunization (i.e. maternal antibody).", "contents": "Decline of maternal antibodies to plague in Norway rats. The decline of maternal antibodies to the fraciton I antigen of Yersinia pestis was investigated in newly weaned Rattus norvegicus obtained from dams vaccinated with strain EV76(51F) of Y. pestis. IHA titre decreased by 50% each 7-3 days and CF titre declined 50% each 10-0 days in young rats. An analysis of available data indicated that maternal IHA and CF antibodies could persist to 3 months of age. Therefore, positive serologic reactions in young R. norvegicus, detected in the course of serological surveys, could be the result either of active immunization after exposure to the plague bacillus or of transient passive immunization (i.e. maternal antibody)."}
{"id": "PMID:264499", "title": "Prevalence of antibody to hepatitits B surface antigen among staff in an Edinburgh hospital.", "content": "Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation in 74 (5-5%) of 1336 staff members in a large general hospital in Edinburgh, in 14 (2-9%) of 480 volunteer blood donors in the area, and in 12 (6-1%) of 197 pregnant women attending for the first time at the ante-natal clinic in the hospital. Rates of antibody prevalence rose with age in the sample of hospital staff and in that of the blood donors, particularly among males. On the other hand, in the ante-natal patients antibody prevalence declined with age. The rates in hospital staff were higher than those in blood donors of comparable age and sex, and high titres of antibody were more common in the staff group. However, no association was found between antibody prevalence and a history of clinical hepatitis, blood transfusion, or recognized contact with cases of hepatitis. Staff who had previously worked in an infectious disease hospital did not show increased antibody prevalence, indicating that simple isolation measures have been adequate to minimize exposure to hepatitis B. No particular prevalence of infection was seen in physicians and surgeons, in the nursing staff, or in workers in clinical diagnostic laboratories, hospital administration or other areas. One group clearly showing increased antibody prevalence was staff currently working, or who had worked, in the Haemodialysis Unit; this correlated with the outbreak of dialysis-associated hepatitis in 1969--70. However, no evidence suggested that significant dissemination of infection had occurred to other defined groups of hospital staff. Elevated rates were also observed in a small sample of kitchen and portering staff, and in obstetric medical and nursing staff; the latter observation indicate a need for further investigation to identify unsuspected exposure to hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Prevalence of antibody to hepatitits B surface antigen among staff in an Edinburgh hospital. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation in 74 (5-5%) of 1336 staff members in a large general hospital in Edinburgh, in 14 (2-9%) of 480 volunteer blood donors in the area, and in 12 (6-1%) of 197 pregnant women attending for the first time at the ante-natal clinic in the hospital. Rates of antibody prevalence rose with age in the sample of hospital staff and in that of the blood donors, particularly among males. On the other hand, in the ante-natal patients antibody prevalence declined with age. The rates in hospital staff were higher than those in blood donors of comparable age and sex, and high titres of antibody were more common in the staff group. However, no association was found between antibody prevalence and a history of clinical hepatitis, blood transfusion, or recognized contact with cases of hepatitis. Staff who had previously worked in an infectious disease hospital did not show increased antibody prevalence, indicating that simple isolation measures have been adequate to minimize exposure to hepatitis B. No particular prevalence of infection was seen in physicians and surgeons, in the nursing staff, or in workers in clinical diagnostic laboratories, hospital administration or other areas. One group clearly showing increased antibody prevalence was staff currently working, or who had worked, in the Haemodialysis Unit; this correlated with the outbreak of dialysis-associated hepatitis in 1969--70. However, no evidence suggested that significant dissemination of infection had occurred to other defined groups of hospital staff. Elevated rates were also observed in a small sample of kitchen and portering staff, and in obstetric medical and nursing staff; the latter observation indicate a need for further investigation to identify unsuspected exposure to hepatitis B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:264500", "title": "The susceptibility of Tatera indica, Nesokia indica and Bandicota bengalensis to three anticoagulant rodenticides.", "content": "Three South-Asian rodent past species were tested for susceptibility to anticoagulant rodenticides. Wheat fluor containing 0-025% warfarin 0-0375% coumatetralyl or 0-005% difenacoum was fed to 260 Tatera indica, 140 Nesokia indica and 81 Bandicota bengalensis for 1-56 days. Tatera was about as susceptible to anticoagulants as Rattus has been reported to be. Nesokia and Bandicota were extremely variable: though the majority were highly susceptible, the slopes of the dose-mortality curves were close to zero. The difenacoum diet appeared to be more toxic than the warfarin diet to all three species, but less toxic than the coumatetralyl diet to Tatera and Nesokia. All of the anticoagulants were eventually lethal to all of the animals tested.", "contents": "The susceptibility of Tatera indica, Nesokia indica and Bandicota bengalensis to three anticoagulant rodenticides. Three South-Asian rodent past species were tested for susceptibility to anticoagulant rodenticides. Wheat fluor containing 0-025% warfarin 0-0375% coumatetralyl or 0-005% difenacoum was fed to 260 Tatera indica, 140 Nesokia indica and 81 Bandicota bengalensis for 1-56 days. Tatera was about as susceptible to anticoagulants as Rattus has been reported to be. Nesokia and Bandicota were extremely variable: though the majority were highly susceptible, the slopes of the dose-mortality curves were close to zero. The difenacoum diet appeared to be more toxic than the warfarin diet to all three species, but less toxic than the coumatetralyl diet to Tatera and Nesokia. All of the anticoagulants were eventually lethal to all of the animals tested."}
{"id": "PMID:264502", "title": "Speech and lingual behavior before and after mandibular osteotomy.", "content": "A procedure was applied to compare the oral behavior of five patients before and after mandibular osteotomy for correction of Class III malocclusions. It was found that observable changes in oral behavior do occur after mandibular osteotomy. Fewer errors were found in sibilant articulation, while more maladaptive lingual behaviors were found in lingual diadochokinetic tasks. Changes were also found in swallowing behaviors. Performance tasks of speech, diadochokinetics, and swallowing were recorded on audio-videotape.", "contents": "Speech and lingual behavior before and after mandibular osteotomy. A procedure was applied to compare the oral behavior of five patients before and after mandibular osteotomy for correction of Class III malocclusions. It was found that observable changes in oral behavior do occur after mandibular osteotomy. Fewer errors were found in sibilant articulation, while more maladaptive lingual behaviors were found in lingual diadochokinetic tasks. Changes were also found in swallowing behaviors. Performance tasks of speech, diadochokinetics, and swallowing were recorded on audio-videotape."}
{"id": "PMID:264504", "title": "An evaluation of bupivacaine for regional nerve block in oral surgery.", "content": "Bupivacaine provided profound local anesthesia for the removal of impacted third molars in 49 of 50 patients with a minimum of side effects. The drug provides rapid onset and prolonged duration of anesthesia and has good tissue-penetrating properties.", "contents": "An evaluation of bupivacaine for regional nerve block in oral surgery. Bupivacaine provided profound local anesthesia for the removal of impacted third molars in 49 of 50 patients with a minimum of side effects. The drug provides rapid onset and prolonged duration of anesthesia and has good tissue-penetrating properties."}
{"id": "PMID:264505", "title": "Retrieval of an upper third molar from the infratemporal space.", "content": "A case of dislocation of a maxillary third molar into the infratemporal fossa is described. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems are discussed. The tooth was removed through an osseous window that was made in the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. The healing was uncomplicated, without maxillary sinusitis, and the reduced ability to open the mouth returned to normal. A slight diplopia persisted.", "contents": "Retrieval of an upper third molar from the infratemporal space. A case of dislocation of a maxillary third molar into the infratemporal fossa is described. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems are discussed. The tooth was removed through an osseous window that was made in the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. The healing was uncomplicated, without maxillary sinusitis, and the reduced ability to open the mouth returned to normal. A slight diplopia persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:264508", "title": "Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle: report of case.", "content": "A case of osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle has been presented. The facial and occlusal deformities produced by the tumor are described. After the surgical treatment and concomitant orthodontic treatment, satisfactory occlusion and facial contour were established.", "contents": "Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle: report of case. A case of osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle has been presented. The facial and occlusal deformities produced by the tumor are described. After the surgical treatment and concomitant orthodontic treatment, satisfactory occlusion and facial contour were established."}
{"id": "PMID:264510", "title": "Odontogenic adenomatoid tumor: report of case and review of the literature.", "content": "An unusual case of odontogenic adenomatoid tumor in the mandible of an 11-year-old Ethiopian girl is described. This case is unique because of the extensive size of the tumor (12 cm), long duration, the number of associated impacted teeth (seven), the pronounced areas of radiopaqueness, the multiocular configuration, the anomalous tooth form, and the fact that deciduous teeth were involved.", "contents": "Odontogenic adenomatoid tumor: report of case and review of the literature. An unusual case of odontogenic adenomatoid tumor in the mandible of an 11-year-old Ethiopian girl is described. This case is unique because of the extensive size of the tumor (12 cm), long duration, the number of associated impacted teeth (seven), the pronounced areas of radiopaqueness, the multiocular configuration, the anomalous tooth form, and the fact that deciduous teeth were involved."}
{"id": "PMID:264511", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma.", "content": "A case of an ameloblastic fibroma in the mandible of a 14-year-old boy with a six-month follow-up is reported. A brief comparison is made between the ameloblastic fibroma and the simple ameloblastoma.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma. A case of an ameloblastic fibroma in the mandible of a 14-year-old boy with a six-month follow-up is reported. A brief comparison is made between the ameloblastic fibroma and the simple ameloblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:264519", "title": "Lengthening of mandibular body by gradual surgical-orthodontic distraction.", "content": "Lengthening of the mandibular body in two dogs was achieved with a technique that involved osteotomies and the use of an experimental orthodontic appliance; the approximation of the resected mandibular segments was maintained. There was no damage to the mandibular nerve and no conspicuous alterations of the nerve fibers. On the basis of results in experimental studies, the technique is proposed for use in correction of large discrepancies in length in persons with excessive mandibular retrusion.", "contents": "Lengthening of mandibular body by gradual surgical-orthodontic distraction. Lengthening of the mandibular body in two dogs was achieved with a technique that involved osteotomies and the use of an experimental orthodontic appliance; the approximation of the resected mandibular segments was maintained. There was no damage to the mandibular nerve and no conspicuous alterations of the nerve fibers. On the basis of results in experimental studies, the technique is proposed for use in correction of large discrepancies in length in persons with excessive mandibular retrusion."}
{"id": "PMID:264520", "title": "The age factor in human extraction wound healing.", "content": "Age as a factor in extraction wound healing was studied. The healing time in individuals in the second decade of life was compared to that in individuals in the sixth decade and older. In the first ten-day postextraction period, no significant differences in the rate of healing between young and older individuals was noted. At approximately ten days, the rate of regeneration of the tissues of younger individuals began to accelerate. At approximately 20 days, after a lag phase, the rate of regeneration of tissues of older individuals began to accelerate. At approximately 30 days, the rates of healing were equal between young and older individuals. These findings of the period of most active regeneration of reparative marrow tissue in younger and older individuals may have significance in the timing of donor material in marrow transplant procedures. This aspect is currently under investigation.", "contents": "The age factor in human extraction wound healing. Age as a factor in extraction wound healing was studied. The healing time in individuals in the second decade of life was compared to that in individuals in the sixth decade and older. In the first ten-day postextraction period, no significant differences in the rate of healing between young and older individuals was noted. At approximately ten days, the rate of regeneration of the tissues of younger individuals began to accelerate. At approximately 20 days, after a lag phase, the rate of regeneration of tissues of older individuals began to accelerate. At approximately 30 days, the rates of healing were equal between young and older individuals. These findings of the period of most active regeneration of reparative marrow tissue in younger and older individuals may have significance in the timing of donor material in marrow transplant procedures. This aspect is currently under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:264523", "title": "Recurrent cementifying fibroma of the maxilla: report of case.", "content": "A case of recurrent cementifying fibroma of the maxilla has been presented. When the lesion was excised in 1948, it was reportedly well delineated from surrounding bone. There was no delineation of the tumor from the surrounding bone at the time of the operation in 1972.", "contents": "Recurrent cementifying fibroma of the maxilla: report of case. A case of recurrent cementifying fibroma of the maxilla has been presented. When the lesion was excised in 1948, it was reportedly well delineated from surrounding bone. There was no delineation of the tumor from the surrounding bone at the time of the operation in 1972."}
{"id": "PMID:264524", "title": "Fracture-dislocation of the mandibular condyle: report of case.", "content": "A rare type of ramus fracture-dislocation has been presented. The inadequacy of standard mandibular fracture radiographic views for proper diagnosis of variable dislocations has been stressed. It was noted that proper positioning of the mandible in panoramic radiography would facilitate a satisfactory radiographic survey of the glenoid fossa and the condyle. In this case, interpositional silastic gap arthroplasty was performed to correct an extraarticular ankylosis and to restore mandibular function.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocation of the mandibular condyle: report of case. A rare type of ramus fracture-dislocation has been presented. The inadequacy of standard mandibular fracture radiographic views for proper diagnosis of variable dislocations has been stressed. It was noted that proper positioning of the mandible in panoramic radiography would facilitate a satisfactory radiographic survey of the glenoid fossa and the condyle. In this case, interpositional silastic gap arthroplasty was performed to correct an extraarticular ankylosis and to restore mandibular function."}
{"id": "PMID:264525", "title": "Fatal massive edema of the head and neck secondary to scalp laceration: report of case.", "content": "A case of fatal massive edema of the head and neck secondary to subgaleal involvement from a scalp laceration has been presented. Subgaleal infections have been rare since the advent of antibiotics. The unusual and serious nature of the condition is made evident, with considerations of differential diagnosis included.", "contents": "Fatal massive edema of the head and neck secondary to scalp laceration: report of case. A case of fatal massive edema of the head and neck secondary to subgaleal involvement from a scalp laceration has been presented. Subgaleal infections have been rare since the advent of antibiotics. The unusual and serious nature of the condition is made evident, with considerations of differential diagnosis included."}
{"id": "PMID:264527", "title": "Sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular horizontal ramus for correction of apertognathia: report of case.", "content": "A case of anterior skeletal open bite was successfully treated with a sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular horizontal ramus. Advantages of this technique are good access and ease of surgery, broad medullary contact at osteotomy sites, and elimination of the need for a bone graft. Close cooperation between speech pathologist and surgeon is essential when apertognathia is acquired by tongue-thrust or abnormal oral habits. Removal of causal factors and adequate immobilization will reduce the chance for relapse often seen in open bite surgery.", "contents": "Sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular horizontal ramus for correction of apertognathia: report of case. A case of anterior skeletal open bite was successfully treated with a sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular horizontal ramus. Advantages of this technique are good access and ease of surgery, broad medullary contact at osteotomy sites, and elimination of the need for a bone graft. Close cooperation between speech pathologist and surgeon is essential when apertognathia is acquired by tongue-thrust or abnormal oral habits. Removal of causal factors and adequate immobilization will reduce the chance for relapse often seen in open bite surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:264533", "title": "Evaluation of the surgical stability of 20 cases of inverted-L and C osteotomies.", "content": "Twenty cases of inverted-L and C osteotomies were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the stability of the surgical results. The incidence and degree of relapse are reported for each procedure. Possible compensatory mechanisms, which may be active in counteracting the skeletal relapse observed, are discussed. Several methods of compensating for the anticipated relapse are described. Since tabulation of the original data, 12 of the 20 patients have been followed up for an additional 6 to 12 months. Seven patients had been treated with the inverted-L osteotomy. In these patients, there was an additional 4% loss of the amount of correction in anterior facial height and 8% loss in posterior facial height. Five patients were in the C osteotomy group. An additional 3% of the initial advancement was lost in this interval. Significant occlusal changes were not observed in any of the cases and the skeletal results were still acceptable.", "contents": "Evaluation of the surgical stability of 20 cases of inverted-L and C osteotomies. Twenty cases of inverted-L and C osteotomies were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the stability of the surgical results. The incidence and degree of relapse are reported for each procedure. Possible compensatory mechanisms, which may be active in counteracting the skeletal relapse observed, are discussed. Several methods of compensating for the anticipated relapse are described. Since tabulation of the original data, 12 of the 20 patients have been followed up for an additional 6 to 12 months. Seven patients had been treated with the inverted-L osteotomy. In these patients, there was an additional 4% loss of the amount of correction in anterior facial height and 8% loss in posterior facial height. Five patients were in the C osteotomy group. An additional 3% of the initial advancement was lost in this interval. Significant occlusal changes were not observed in any of the cases and the skeletal results were still acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:264535", "title": "Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis.", "content": "Organoleptic studies indicate that the oral cavity is usually the principal source of physiologic malodor associated with the early morning halitosis. In all individuals, regardless of the age or health status of the oral tissues, the most intense oral malodor is exhibited after prolonged periods of reduced saliva flow and abstinence from food and liquid. This results from normal metabolic activity in the oral cavity and is accentuated in cases with periodontal involvement. Physiologic oral malodor is transient in duration as it can be controlled to varying degrees in most individuals by oral hygiene measures, such as tooth brushing, dental prophylaxis, tongue scraping and rinsing with antiseptic mouth washes. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that putrefaction of sulphur-containing proteinaceous substrates by predominantly gram-negative oral microorganisms is the primary cause of oral malodor. Optimum putrefactive activity occurs in low carbohydrate environment, physiological pH, and anaerobic conditions. Salivary sediment containing the exfoliated epithelial cells is the primary source of substrate which exists in a disulphide state. Proteolysis and reduction of disulphide bonds precedes the formation of odor. The odor intensity of putrescent saliva and plaque head-space vapor has been correlated with the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds consisting of hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide. Except for dimethyl disulphide, the same sulphur-containing compounds have been found in mouth air of all tested individuals. Hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan emanate an offensive putrid odor and account for approxiamtely 90% of the total sulphur content of mouth air. In half of the population tested, methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulphide content of early morning mouth air is sufficiently high to account for the oral malodor. Brushing studies indicate that both plaque and tongue are important sources of malodor with most of the odor emanating from the dorso-posterior surface of the tongue. None of the gas chromatographic or mass spectrometric analyses have detected the presence of amines, indole, or skatole in the head-space, mouth air, or breath vapor samples.", "contents": "Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. Organoleptic studies indicate that the oral cavity is usually the principal source of physiologic malodor associated with the early morning halitosis. In all individuals, regardless of the age or health status of the oral tissues, the most intense oral malodor is exhibited after prolonged periods of reduced saliva flow and abstinence from food and liquid. This results from normal metabolic activity in the oral cavity and is accentuated in cases with periodontal involvement. Physiologic oral malodor is transient in duration as it can be controlled to varying degrees in most individuals by oral hygiene measures, such as tooth brushing, dental prophylaxis, tongue scraping and rinsing with antiseptic mouth washes. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that putrefaction of sulphur-containing proteinaceous substrates by predominantly gram-negative oral microorganisms is the primary cause of oral malodor. Optimum putrefactive activity occurs in low carbohydrate environment, physiological pH, and anaerobic conditions. Salivary sediment containing the exfoliated epithelial cells is the primary source of substrate which exists in a disulphide state. Proteolysis and reduction of disulphide bonds precedes the formation of odor. The odor intensity of putrescent saliva and plaque head-space vapor has been correlated with the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds consisting of hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide. Except for dimethyl disulphide, the same sulphur-containing compounds have been found in mouth air of all tested individuals. Hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan emanate an offensive putrid odor and account for approxiamtely 90% of the total sulphur content of mouth air. In half of the population tested, methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulphide content of early morning mouth air is sufficiently high to account for the oral malodor. Brushing studies indicate that both plaque and tongue are important sources of malodor with most of the odor emanating from the dorso-posterior surface of the tongue. None of the gas chromatographic or mass spectrometric analyses have detected the presence of amines, indole, or skatole in the head-space, mouth air, or breath vapor samples."}
{"id": "PMID:264536", "title": "A photometric study of the color of health gingiva.", "content": "An apparatus was developed that was found suitable for measuring gingival color in terms of reflectance at 6328 A. A total of 445 readings were taken on 95 Caucasian subjects in order to determine certain properties of healthy gingival color. It was determined that: 1. Healthy adult gingival color ranged in reflectance from 17% to 45% of the magnesium oxide standard, with a mean of 32%. 2. Gingival color of children was lighter than that of adults. The reflectance of children's gingiva ranged from 31% to 43%, with a mean of 35%. 3. Gingival color did not vary with the sex of the individual. 4. Gingival color was lighter in individuals with blonde hair than in individuals with brown hair. 5. Gingival color was darker in individuals with darker eye color. 6. Gingival color was lighter in individuals with geographic origins that are commonly related to lighter complexions. 7. Gingival color did not vary with age, within the adult range covered in this study. 8. Gingival color did not vary with the following physiological and physical factors: menstrual period, use of oral contraceptives, smoking habits, moistness or dryness of the gingiva, which side was measured, time of day, or time after toothbrushing, smoking a cigarette, eating an apple, or drinking a hot beverage.", "contents": "A photometric study of the color of health gingiva. An apparatus was developed that was found suitable for measuring gingival color in terms of reflectance at 6328 A. A total of 445 readings were taken on 95 Caucasian subjects in order to determine certain properties of healthy gingival color. It was determined that: 1. Healthy adult gingival color ranged in reflectance from 17% to 45% of the magnesium oxide standard, with a mean of 32%. 2. Gingival color of children was lighter than that of adults. The reflectance of children's gingiva ranged from 31% to 43%, with a mean of 35%. 3. Gingival color did not vary with the sex of the individual. 4. Gingival color was lighter in individuals with blonde hair than in individuals with brown hair. 5. Gingival color was darker in individuals with darker eye color. 6. Gingival color was lighter in individuals with geographic origins that are commonly related to lighter complexions. 7. Gingival color did not vary with age, within the adult range covered in this study. 8. Gingival color did not vary with the following physiological and physical factors: menstrual period, use of oral contraceptives, smoking habits, moistness or dryness of the gingiva, which side was measured, time of day, or time after toothbrushing, smoking a cigarette, eating an apple, or drinking a hot beverage."}
{"id": "PMID:264539", "title": "Preserved scleral allografts in periodontal defects in man. II. Histological evaluation.", "content": "1. The scleral grafts appeared to be well accepted as there were no signs of antigenicity or untoward reactions. 2. The gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament and the periosteum were observed intertwined with sclera at the interface. 3. Sclera was invaded by host fibroblasts, capillaries, and appeared in some areas to be raplaced by a dense connective tissue. 4. Areas of cementogenesis could be observed in all specimens. 5. There were no signs of osteogenesis within the scleral grafts. 6. The alveolar crest appeared relatively nonreactive to sclera. 7. There were no signs of external root resorption or ankylosis. 8. Sclera may be able to be used to fill in osseous craters, other periodontal defects and as a scaffolding in conjunction with osseous grafts. This requires further investigation. 9. Sclera may possibly be used in areas where there was loss of gingival contour or need for ridge augmentation.", "contents": "Preserved scleral allografts in periodontal defects in man. II. Histological evaluation. 1. The scleral grafts appeared to be well accepted as there were no signs of antigenicity or untoward reactions. 2. The gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament and the periosteum were observed intertwined with sclera at the interface. 3. Sclera was invaded by host fibroblasts, capillaries, and appeared in some areas to be raplaced by a dense connective tissue. 4. Areas of cementogenesis could be observed in all specimens. 5. There were no signs of osteogenesis within the scleral grafts. 6. The alveolar crest appeared relatively nonreactive to sclera. 7. There were no signs of external root resorption or ankylosis. 8. Sclera may be able to be used to fill in osseous craters, other periodontal defects and as a scaffolding in conjunction with osseous grafts. This requires further investigation. 9. Sclera may possibly be used in areas where there was loss of gingival contour or need for ridge augmentation."}
{"id": "PMID:264540", "title": "The rotation flap for covering denuded root surfaces - a closed wound technique.", "content": "A rotation flap for covering denuded single root surfaces with attached gingiva has been described and illustrated. This was performed utilizing a closed wound technique. The single flap provided attached gingiva coverage for a moderate area while a double flap provided coverage for a larger area. Although more attached gingiva is required from the donor site than for the laterally positioned or sliding flap, the technique may be performed where a moderate degree of attached gingiva is available.", "contents": "The rotation flap for covering denuded root surfaces - a closed wound technique. A rotation flap for covering denuded single root surfaces with attached gingiva has been described and illustrated. This was performed utilizing a closed wound technique. The single flap provided attached gingiva coverage for a moderate area while a double flap provided coverage for a larger area. Although more attached gingiva is required from the donor site than for the laterally positioned or sliding flap, the technique may be performed where a moderate degree of attached gingiva is available."}
{"id": "PMID:264541", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of scalers.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine factory-sharpened, dulled, and resharpened scalers. The following observations were made: 1. The factory sharpened scalers exhibited metallic extensions from the lateral surface (wire edges). 2. The machine-resharpened instruments resulted in nonfunctional wire edges from the facial surface. Honing produced an exact meeting of facial and lateral surfaces. 3. Hand sharpening, using an Arkansas stone (grit 500) against the lateral surface away from the cutting edge, effected an exact meeting of the facial and lateral surfaces and no evidence of wire edges. 4. From this study an optimum cutting edge for a scaler is characterized as having a smooth, contiguous meeting of the facial and lateral surfaces free of wire edges. If a wire edge is present, it should be functional.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of scalers. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine factory-sharpened, dulled, and resharpened scalers. The following observations were made: 1. The factory sharpened scalers exhibited metallic extensions from the lateral surface (wire edges). 2. The machine-resharpened instruments resulted in nonfunctional wire edges from the facial surface. Honing produced an exact meeting of facial and lateral surfaces. 3. Hand sharpening, using an Arkansas stone (grit 500) against the lateral surface away from the cutting edge, effected an exact meeting of the facial and lateral surfaces and no evidence of wire edges. 4. From this study an optimum cutting edge for a scaler is characterized as having a smooth, contiguous meeting of the facial and lateral surfaces free of wire edges. If a wire edge is present, it should be functional."}
{"id": "PMID:264542", "title": "Subacute administration of Plak-Lite sodium fluorescein solution in hamsters.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential toxic effects of Plak-Lite disclosing solution, which contains 0.75% sodium fluorescein U.S.P. in buffered glycerol in hamsters under defined and exaggerated conditions. In oral dosing experiments, volumes calculated at least 50, 200 or 1000 times the human daily use level were administered. For intraoral application the 1000 X human use level was selected. The control group was dosed orally with the 1000 X dose volume of water. All animals were treated once a day for 31 or 92 days. Daily examination of animals revealed no overt drug or dosing-related effects. Weights recorded at 31 or 92 days were similar for all groups. Histological evaluation performed on tongue, oral mucosa, cheek pouch, stomach (3 sections), liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine (3 sections), large intestine and bladder revealed no pathological changes. This study demonstrates the safety of Plak-Lite disclosing solution when administered at exaggerated dose levels via routes simulating human use.", "contents": "Subacute administration of Plak-Lite sodium fluorescein solution in hamsters. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential toxic effects of Plak-Lite disclosing solution, which contains 0.75% sodium fluorescein U.S.P. in buffered glycerol in hamsters under defined and exaggerated conditions. In oral dosing experiments, volumes calculated at least 50, 200 or 1000 times the human daily use level were administered. For intraoral application the 1000 X human use level was selected. The control group was dosed orally with the 1000 X dose volume of water. All animals were treated once a day for 31 or 92 days. Daily examination of animals revealed no overt drug or dosing-related effects. Weights recorded at 31 or 92 days were similar for all groups. Histological evaluation performed on tongue, oral mucosa, cheek pouch, stomach (3 sections), liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine (3 sections), large intestine and bladder revealed no pathological changes. This study demonstrates the safety of Plak-Lite disclosing solution when administered at exaggerated dose levels via routes simulating human use."}
{"id": "PMID:264544", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the relationship between the most apically located subgingival plaque and the epithelial attachment.", "content": "Twelve teeth with chronic periodontitis were extracted and examined in the scanning electron microscope. Subgingival plaque in deep pockets was usually covered by a surface coating, which was absent in the apical part. The apical plaque displayed an organized structure, although varying form one tooth to another. The microorganisms were sometimes overlapping the epithelial cell remnants. Coccal forms were seldom found, but on a morphologic basis, rod-like, filamentous, spiral and branching forms were identified. Both bacteria and spirochetes seemed to have the capacity to invade the epithelial remnants on the tooth surface. The epithelium in direct contact with the microorganimsm showed a widening of the intercellular spaces and a change in surface morphology. This was in contrast to cell layers more distant from the plaque, which appeared normal and homogeneous. Similar reactions were also seen in gingival epithelial-like cell cultures infected with plaque of human origin.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the relationship between the most apically located subgingival plaque and the epithelial attachment. Twelve teeth with chronic periodontitis were extracted and examined in the scanning electron microscope. Subgingival plaque in deep pockets was usually covered by a surface coating, which was absent in the apical part. The apical plaque displayed an organized structure, although varying form one tooth to another. The microorganisms were sometimes overlapping the epithelial cell remnants. Coccal forms were seldom found, but on a morphologic basis, rod-like, filamentous, spiral and branching forms were identified. Both bacteria and spirochetes seemed to have the capacity to invade the epithelial remnants on the tooth surface. The epithelium in direct contact with the microorganimsm showed a widening of the intercellular spaces and a change in surface morphology. This was in contrast to cell layers more distant from the plaque, which appeared normal and homogeneous. Similar reactions were also seen in gingival epithelial-like cell cultures infected with plaque of human origin."}
{"id": "PMID:264545", "title": "An evaluation of the Navy Periodontal Screening Examination.", "content": "Ninety-eight young adult patients were examined and scored according to the criteria of the Navy Periodontal Screening Examination. The population examined had a 98% incidence of inflammatory periodontal disease. The relationship of the Navy Periodontal Disease Index and the Navy Plaque Index total scores was determined to +0.55 (P 0.01). The relationship of the gingival score of the NPDI and the NPI was found to be +0.75 (P 0.01). The Navy Plaque Index, like others reported, has a better relationship to a reversible index of inflammatory periodontal disease. The use of the NPDI total is recommended as an aid in determining treatment recommendations.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Navy Periodontal Screening Examination. Ninety-eight young adult patients were examined and scored according to the criteria of the Navy Periodontal Screening Examination. The population examined had a 98% incidence of inflammatory periodontal disease. The relationship of the Navy Periodontal Disease Index and the Navy Plaque Index total scores was determined to +0.55 (P 0.01). The relationship of the gingival score of the NPDI and the NPI was found to be +0.75 (P 0.01). The Navy Plaque Index, like others reported, has a better relationship to a reversible index of inflammatory periodontal disease. The use of the NPDI total is recommended as an aid in determining treatment recommendations."}
{"id": "PMID:264546", "title": "Healing following simulated fiber retention procedures in rats.", "content": "Healing responses of a simulated fiber retention procedure in rats has been presented. In the area of attached, but severed supracrestal fibers, a loss of cells was observed in the initial stages of repair. Subsequently, connective tissue cells migrated into this area as did blood vessels. A very distinct interface was seen at about 1 week after surgery between the advancing soft tissues from the flap wound surface and the attached, but severed supracrestal fibers. By 4 weeks after surgery, such distinction was absent and supragingival fiber bundles appeared continuous from their cemental attachment over to the adjacent alveolar crest. However, no evidence of cementogenesis was seen at this site which suggests that these attached fibers were attached prior to surgery. The position of the new junctional epithelium appeared to be limited to the level of the retained supracrestal fiber fragments. However, in areas where cementum, and thereby attached fibers, had been removed during surgery, an altered epithelial adherence was usually seen. This altered adherence was in the form of a long junctional epithelium or a short junctional epithelium on top of parallel oriented collagen fibers. The latter also appeared to adhere to the tooth surfaces.", "contents": "Healing following simulated fiber retention procedures in rats. Healing responses of a simulated fiber retention procedure in rats has been presented. In the area of attached, but severed supracrestal fibers, a loss of cells was observed in the initial stages of repair. Subsequently, connective tissue cells migrated into this area as did blood vessels. A very distinct interface was seen at about 1 week after surgery between the advancing soft tissues from the flap wound surface and the attached, but severed supracrestal fibers. By 4 weeks after surgery, such distinction was absent and supragingival fiber bundles appeared continuous from their cemental attachment over to the adjacent alveolar crest. However, no evidence of cementogenesis was seen at this site which suggests that these attached fibers were attached prior to surgery. The position of the new junctional epithelium appeared to be limited to the level of the retained supracrestal fiber fragments. However, in areas where cementum, and thereby attached fibers, had been removed during surgery, an altered epithelial adherence was usually seen. This altered adherence was in the form of a long junctional epithelium or a short junctional epithelium on top of parallel oriented collagen fibers. The latter also appeared to adhere to the tooth surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:264547", "title": "Bone remodeling in periodontal lesions.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate sites of major alveolar bone formation as a result of resorption of the interdental crest in periodontal lesions. Bone samples were taken from twelve patients requiring surgery as part of their periodontal treatment. Tetracycline was used in all cases to label bone recently formed. The selected areas were periodontal pockets ranging in depth from 6 to 8 mm. The bone deformities were of crater-form configuration. The buccal and lingual plates were removed. Later, the dehydrated speciemns were embedded in bioplastic and cut to sections 70 mu thick. Controls were healthy pieces of bone taken from the same patient in unaffected areas. Yellow fluorescent tetracycline labeling was observed in both periosteal and trabecular bone. In the trabecular bone, labeling was exhibited in the lamella of some Haversian systems, away form the bone resorption. There was a direct relationship between bone resorption and bone apposition as seen by the presence of tetracycline in the buccal and lingual alveolar plates. Controls showed only minimal labeling. The results of this study have posed the question as to whether inflammation could be the stimulus in the reactivation of osteocytes or bone formation, in the buccal and lingual walls of the periodontal lesions.", "contents": "Bone remodeling in periodontal lesions. This study was designed to investigate sites of major alveolar bone formation as a result of resorption of the interdental crest in periodontal lesions. Bone samples were taken from twelve patients requiring surgery as part of their periodontal treatment. Tetracycline was used in all cases to label bone recently formed. The selected areas were periodontal pockets ranging in depth from 6 to 8 mm. The bone deformities were of crater-form configuration. The buccal and lingual plates were removed. Later, the dehydrated speciemns were embedded in bioplastic and cut to sections 70 mu thick. Controls were healthy pieces of bone taken from the same patient in unaffected areas. Yellow fluorescent tetracycline labeling was observed in both periosteal and trabecular bone. In the trabecular bone, labeling was exhibited in the lamella of some Haversian systems, away form the bone resorption. There was a direct relationship between bone resorption and bone apposition as seen by the presence of tetracycline in the buccal and lingual alveolar plates. Controls showed only minimal labeling. The results of this study have posed the question as to whether inflammation could be the stimulus in the reactivation of osteocytes or bone formation, in the buccal and lingual walls of the periodontal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:264548", "title": "Amino acid composition of experimental salivary pellicles.", "content": "The amino acid compositions of pellicles formed in vitro from submandibular, parotid, and mixed saliva were determined and compared. Samples of the total pellicles as well as the relatively acid-soluble supernates and acid-insoluble sediments were collected and analyzed. In each instance striking differences in composition between the pellicle and the saliva from which it was formed indicate that pellicle formation is a highly selective process. The similarity in composition of the total and fractionated submandibular-parotid pellicle samples indicated a representative dissolution of the total mixed pellicle in the collection acid, rather than a preferential dissolution of part of the total pellicle. In the case of the pellicles formed from the isolated submandibular and parotid salivas, the supernate and the total pellicle were quite similar in composition, but differed somewhat from the sediment. Those results indicate that most of the salivary pellicle is soluble in the dilute acid used to collect the pellicle, and that a portion of the total submandibular or parotid salivary pellicle dissolves preferentially. The compositions of the total parotid pellicle and the parotid supernate and sediment were remarkable similar to the counterparts formed from submandibular saliva alone, suggesting similar origins and mechanisms of formation.", "contents": "Amino acid composition of experimental salivary pellicles. The amino acid compositions of pellicles formed in vitro from submandibular, parotid, and mixed saliva were determined and compared. Samples of the total pellicles as well as the relatively acid-soluble supernates and acid-insoluble sediments were collected and analyzed. In each instance striking differences in composition between the pellicle and the saliva from which it was formed indicate that pellicle formation is a highly selective process. The similarity in composition of the total and fractionated submandibular-parotid pellicle samples indicated a representative dissolution of the total mixed pellicle in the collection acid, rather than a preferential dissolution of part of the total pellicle. In the case of the pellicles formed from the isolated submandibular and parotid salivas, the supernate and the total pellicle were quite similar in composition, but differed somewhat from the sediment. Those results indicate that most of the salivary pellicle is soluble in the dilute acid used to collect the pellicle, and that a portion of the total submandibular or parotid salivary pellicle dissolves preferentially. The compositions of the total parotid pellicle and the parotid supernate and sediment were remarkable similar to the counterparts formed from submandibular saliva alone, suggesting similar origins and mechanisms of formation."}
{"id": "PMID:264549", "title": "Elastic response of the temporo-mandibular joint to very small forces.", "content": "The mechanical mobility of the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) was measured by applying small sinusoidal forces at different frequencies to the teeth and measuring the resultant motion of the teeth. Velocity/force ratios were recorded versus frequency at maxillary and mandibular teeth and the results were interpreted in terms of linear spring-mass-dashpot models. Differences in results obtained at maxillary and mandibular teeth indicate that the TMJ has an effective spring constant of 9 X 10(7) dynes/cm when excited by forces of approximately 2 X 10(3) dynes. Displacements occurring in the TMJ due to orthodontic elastics will be in the order of 20 mum which is between one and two orders of magnitude smaller than could be detected by radiography.", "contents": "Elastic response of the temporo-mandibular joint to very small forces. The mechanical mobility of the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) was measured by applying small sinusoidal forces at different frequencies to the teeth and measuring the resultant motion of the teeth. Velocity/force ratios were recorded versus frequency at maxillary and mandibular teeth and the results were interpreted in terms of linear spring-mass-dashpot models. Differences in results obtained at maxillary and mandibular teeth indicate that the TMJ has an effective spring constant of 9 X 10(7) dynes/cm when excited by forces of approximately 2 X 10(3) dynes. Displacements occurring in the TMJ due to orthodontic elastics will be in the order of 20 mum which is between one and two orders of magnitude smaller than could be detected by radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:264550", "title": "Denture stomatitis and methods influencing its cure.", "content": "A review of the etiology and pathology of chronic denture stomatitis is presented, and two current methods of treatment have been evaluated. The concept of use of tissue conditioning materials is discussed and has proved to be helpful. The physical condition of the patient and his cooperation during and after treatment were observed to be significant factors in the treatment of chronic denture stomatitis. This study was preliminary in nature. Before more conclusive judgements can be made, standard methods should be developed for quantifying the improvement for patients with chronic denture stomatitis. In a more comprehensive study, steps could be taken to guard against investigator bias.", "contents": "Denture stomatitis and methods influencing its cure. A review of the etiology and pathology of chronic denture stomatitis is presented, and two current methods of treatment have been evaluated. The concept of use of tissue conditioning materials is discussed and has proved to be helpful. The physical condition of the patient and his cooperation during and after treatment were observed to be significant factors in the treatment of chronic denture stomatitis. This study was preliminary in nature. Before more conclusive judgements can be made, standard methods should be developed for quantifying the improvement for patients with chronic denture stomatitis. In a more comprehensive study, steps could be taken to guard against investigator bias."}
{"id": "PMID:264553", "title": "Porcelain shade stability after repeated firing.", "content": "There were no color changes detected in the first five firings for both air- and vacuum-fired porcelain. Slight changes were noticed in subsequent firings. These color changes were more noticeable in the air-fired samples than in the vacuum-fired samples. However, changes in the porcelain color after repeated firing were not sufficiently significant to cause rejection of the samples. The porcelain shade remains stable with repeated firing if the firing procedure is carefully carried out.", "contents": "Porcelain shade stability after repeated firing. There were no color changes detected in the first five firings for both air- and vacuum-fired porcelain. Slight changes were noticed in subsequent firings. These color changes were more noticeable in the air-fired samples than in the vacuum-fired samples. However, changes in the porcelain color after repeated firing were not sufficiently significant to cause rejection of the samples. The porcelain shade remains stable with repeated firing if the firing procedure is carefully carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:264561", "title": "DID: a direct measure of delegation.", "content": "The DID measures the degree of delegation existing in a dental practice at a given time. Its four elements are: 1) the delegable tasks, 2) the personnel involved, 3) the task frequency, and 4) the task time. The formula yields the ratio of the Maximum State of Delegation to the Actual State of Delegation or, in other words, the theoretical potential for delegation divided by the observed state of actual delegation. Both are expressed in cost-related terms based upon the relative costs of the personnel in the practice. The DID has merit as a diagnostic tool to aid the practitioner in assessing his/her staff use. For example, a low DID might indicate an overqualified staff for his/her patient load, or underutilization of auxiliaries. The DID can also be used to compare levels of delegation between several practices at a given point in time. Such an application was made for 17 Washington private practices. In using the DID, it was found that delegation levels varied among the 17 practices; however, on the average the degree of delegation approached only one third of the maximum allowed under law. The DID, in its direct approach to task delegation, is a concept that can be applied to dental practices and, with appropriate adaptation, to other health care settings as well. All the influences on the DID and delegation, however are not fully understood and further study is warranted.", "contents": "DID: a direct measure of delegation. The DID measures the degree of delegation existing in a dental practice at a given time. Its four elements are: 1) the delegable tasks, 2) the personnel involved, 3) the task frequency, and 4) the task time. The formula yields the ratio of the Maximum State of Delegation to the Actual State of Delegation or, in other words, the theoretical potential for delegation divided by the observed state of actual delegation. Both are expressed in cost-related terms based upon the relative costs of the personnel in the practice. The DID has merit as a diagnostic tool to aid the practitioner in assessing his/her staff use. For example, a low DID might indicate an overqualified staff for his/her patient load, or underutilization of auxiliaries. The DID can also be used to compare levels of delegation between several practices at a given point in time. Such an application was made for 17 Washington private practices. In using the DID, it was found that delegation levels varied among the 17 practices; however, on the average the degree of delegation approached only one third of the maximum allowed under law. The DID, in its direct approach to task delegation, is a concept that can be applied to dental practices and, with appropriate adaptation, to other health care settings as well. All the influences on the DID and delegation, however are not fully understood and further study is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:264564", "title": "A comparison of two oral hygiene indexes for measuring the effectiveness of dental floss in plaque removal.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to compare the OHI-S and the two versions of PHP Index in measuring the effectiveness of dental floss in the removal of dental plaque. The study demonstrated that the PHP Index provides a higher sensitivity than the OHI-S in measuring the effectiveness of approximal cleansing aids, such as dental floss. This, it seems that using the PHP Index in dental floss studies is preferable to using the OHI-S.", "contents": "A comparison of two oral hygiene indexes for measuring the effectiveness of dental floss in plaque removal. The purpose of the present study was to compare the OHI-S and the two versions of PHP Index in measuring the effectiveness of dental floss in the removal of dental plaque. The study demonstrated that the PHP Index provides a higher sensitivity than the OHI-S in measuring the effectiveness of approximal cleansing aids, such as dental floss. This, it seems that using the PHP Index in dental floss studies is preferable to using the OHI-S."}
{"id": "PMID:264567", "title": "Synthesis of mono- and bifunctional alpha-methylene lactone systems as potential tumor inhibitors.", "content": "Synthetic nono- and bifunctional alpha-methylene lactone derivatives including deoxyvernolepin and kihydrodeoxyvernolepin were tested as inhibitors of the growth of CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells in culture. The range of ID-50 values for compounds 1-7 (ca. 10(-5)-10(-6)M) was roughly comparable to the doses observed earlier in the CCRF-CEM cell system with synthetic alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones. Of significance is that dihydrodeoxyvernolepin and deoxyvernolepin were at least an order of magnitude more active than natural vernolepin.", "contents": "Synthesis of mono- and bifunctional alpha-methylene lactone systems as potential tumor inhibitors. Synthetic nono- and bifunctional alpha-methylene lactone derivatives including deoxyvernolepin and kihydrodeoxyvernolepin were tested as inhibitors of the growth of CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells in culture. The range of ID-50 values for compounds 1-7 (ca. 10(-5)-10(-6)M) was roughly comparable to the doses observed earlier in the CCRF-CEM cell system with synthetic alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones. Of significance is that dihydrodeoxyvernolepin and deoxyvernolepin were at least an order of magnitude more active than natural vernolepin."}
{"id": "PMID:264591", "title": "Enhancement of tumor induction in rats with Moloney murine sarcoma virus by a \"new\" method based on direct injection into fetuses.", "content": "Undiluted, fivefold-diluted, and 25-fold-diluted doses of a stock of Moloney murine sarcoma virus were injected directly, in a volume of 0.025 ml, into the backs of fetal Sprague-Dawley rats by laparotomy through the uterine wall at 18 days of gestation. During the first 8 weeks after birth the young responded to the virus with remarkably high but dose-dependent incidences of neoplasms. When a one-fifth dilution of the virus preparation was inoculated at fetal ages 16, 18, and 20 days, the incidences of lesions decreased with advancing fetal age. The tumors developed preferentially at the virus inoculation site and/or in the proximal parts of the extremeties; all were considered to be of mesenchymal derivation, i.e., malignant mesenchymoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma or fibromyxosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, plasmacytoma, and a giant cell tumor. This injection procedure provided us with a valuable experimental tool for the rapid screening or testing of potential chemical carcinogens and other biologic studies.", "contents": "Enhancement of tumor induction in rats with Moloney murine sarcoma virus by a \"new\" method based on direct injection into fetuses. Undiluted, fivefold-diluted, and 25-fold-diluted doses of a stock of Moloney murine sarcoma virus were injected directly, in a volume of 0.025 ml, into the backs of fetal Sprague-Dawley rats by laparotomy through the uterine wall at 18 days of gestation. During the first 8 weeks after birth the young responded to the virus with remarkably high but dose-dependent incidences of neoplasms. When a one-fifth dilution of the virus preparation was inoculated at fetal ages 16, 18, and 20 days, the incidences of lesions decreased with advancing fetal age. The tumors developed preferentially at the virus inoculation site and/or in the proximal parts of the extremeties; all were considered to be of mesenchymal derivation, i.e., malignant mesenchymoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma or fibromyxosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, plasmacytoma, and a giant cell tumor. This injection procedure provided us with a valuable experimental tool for the rapid screening or testing of potential chemical carcinogens and other biologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:264592", "title": "A new familial cancer syndrome? A spectrum of malignant and benign tumors including retinoblastoma, carcinoma of the bladder and other genitourinary tumors, thyroid adenoma, and a probable case of multifocal osteosarcoma.", "content": "An 11-year-old Caucasian girl who had been cured of bilateral retinoblastoma developed non-radiation-induced osteosarcoma in multiple sites of the extremities. Investigation of the medical histories of 36 of her family members through six generations revealed that 8 relatives on the maternal side (22%) had malignant tumors, predominately genitourinary carcinomas, 2(6%) had benign tumors only, and 2(6%) had both benign and malignant neoplasms. The histologic variety of these tumors, the predominance of genitourinary carcinoma, the higher than expected frequency of tumor appearance over six generations, and the occurrence of malignant tumors in direct lineage suggest that the case of retinoblastoma followed by osteosarcoma is part of a familial cancer syndrome.", "contents": "A new familial cancer syndrome? A spectrum of malignant and benign tumors including retinoblastoma, carcinoma of the bladder and other genitourinary tumors, thyroid adenoma, and a probable case of multifocal osteosarcoma. An 11-year-old Caucasian girl who had been cured of bilateral retinoblastoma developed non-radiation-induced osteosarcoma in multiple sites of the extremities. Investigation of the medical histories of 36 of her family members through six generations revealed that 8 relatives on the maternal side (22%) had malignant tumors, predominately genitourinary carcinomas, 2(6%) had benign tumors only, and 2(6%) had both benign and malignant neoplasms. The histologic variety of these tumors, the predominance of genitourinary carcinoma, the higher than expected frequency of tumor appearance over six generations, and the occurrence of malignant tumors in direct lineage suggest that the case of retinoblastoma followed by osteosarcoma is part of a familial cancer syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:264593", "title": "Ultrastructural study of liver sinusoids of mice during invasion by leukemic myelocytes.", "content": "Results of an ultrastructural study of liver of RF mice during invasion by leukemic  myelocytes were reported. In early stages of infiltration, leukemia cells adhered to the endothelial cells of the sinusoidal wall; gaps 1-4 mu in diameter then developed in the endothelium, and leukemia cells passed through the gaps to enter the extravascular space. Other sinusoids became occluded by leukemic myelocytes, the endotheilium disintegrated, and the occluding cells thus became extravascular. In late stages of infiltration, when leukemia cells migrated back into the sinusoids, the endothelium was continuous and leukemia cells passed through temporary pores located within endothelial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of liver sinusoids of mice during invasion by leukemic myelocytes. Results of an ultrastructural study of liver of RF mice during invasion by leukemic  myelocytes were reported. In early stages of infiltration, leukemia cells adhered to the endothelial cells of the sinusoidal wall; gaps 1-4 mu in diameter then developed in the endothelium, and leukemia cells passed through the gaps to enter the extravascular space. Other sinusoids became occluded by leukemic myelocytes, the endotheilium disintegrated, and the occluding cells thus became extravascular. In late stages of infiltration, when leukemia cells migrated back into the sinusoids, the endothelium was continuous and leukemia cells passed through temporary pores located within endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:264594", "title": "Intratibial Moloney sarcoma virus-induced osteosarcoma in the rat: tumor incidence and pathologic evaluation.", "content": "Osteosarcomas were induced in approximately 80% of young New Zealand Black rats by the intratibial inoculation of Moloney murine sarcoma virus from day 1 to day 5 after birth. The neoplasms were composed of a spectrum of well-differentiated to poorly differentiated osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Budding of C-type viral particles was associated with tumor induction. Compared to rats inoculated on day 1 after birth, rats inoculated at 4 days of age developed consistently more osteoproliferative bone tumors that often were associated with hypercalcemia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, and elevated urinary hydroxyproline.", "contents": "Intratibial Moloney sarcoma virus-induced osteosarcoma in the rat: tumor incidence and pathologic evaluation. Osteosarcomas were induced in approximately 80% of young New Zealand Black rats by the intratibial inoculation of Moloney murine sarcoma virus from day 1 to day 5 after birth. The neoplasms were composed of a spectrum of well-differentiated to poorly differentiated osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Budding of C-type viral particles was associated with tumor induction. Compared to rats inoculated on day 1 after birth, rats inoculated at 4 days of age developed consistently more osteoproliferative bone tumors that often were associated with hypercalcemia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, and elevated urinary hydroxyproline."}
{"id": "PMID:264595", "title": "Vinylethylnitrosamine: a potent respiratory carcinogen in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Vinylethylnitrosamine (VEN), an alpha-beta unsaturated analogue of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), which may be formed by the enzymic conversion necessary for carcinogenesis, was synthesized and its biologic effect was examined by sc administration to Syrian hamsters. Distribution studies showed that the maximum amount of unaltered compound was found in various tissues 45 minutes after injection. The chemical was only partially excreted unchanged after 5 hours. Weekly treatment for life resulted in high incidence of malignant respiratory tract neoplasms with short latencies and in tumors of the upper digestive tract and pancreas. The effects of VEN were compared to those of the assumed parent compound, DEN.", "contents": "Vinylethylnitrosamine: a potent respiratory carcinogen in Syrian hamsters. Vinylethylnitrosamine (VEN), an alpha-beta unsaturated analogue of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), which may be formed by the enzymic conversion necessary for carcinogenesis, was synthesized and its biologic effect was examined by sc administration to Syrian hamsters. Distribution studies showed that the maximum amount of unaltered compound was found in various tissues 45 minutes after injection. The chemical was only partially excreted unchanged after 5 hours. Weekly treatment for life resulted in high incidence of malignant respiratory tract neoplasms with short latencies and in tumors of the upper digestive tract and pancreas. The effects of VEN were compared to those of the assumed parent compound, DEN."}
{"id": "PMID:264596", "title": "Successful treatment of varicella pneumonia with prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a child with leukemia.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in complete continuous remission developed life-threatening varicella pneumonia and acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI). The child recovered after 92 hours of partial venoarterial perfusion with a membrane oxygenator. Functional asplenia developed. Serial pulmonary function tests after perfusion indicate moderately severe restrictive lung disease which has slightly improved during an 18 month period.", "contents": "Successful treatment of varicella pneumonia with prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a child with leukemia. A 5-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in complete continuous remission developed life-threatening varicella pneumonia and acute respiratory insufficiency (ARI). The child recovered after 92 hours of partial venoarterial perfusion with a membrane oxygenator. Functional asplenia developed. Serial pulmonary function tests after perfusion indicate moderately severe restrictive lung disease which has slightly improved during an 18 month period."}
{"id": "PMID:264605", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: clinical, genetic, psychologic, and biochemical aspects in 21 selected families.", "content": "Eighty-one patients and relatives with Tourette's syndrome, members of 21 selected families, participated in a 1-day clinic. In 12 of the 13 Jewish families and six of the eight non-Jewish families, there were multiple members with motor and vocal tics by observation or history. Males predominated among those with persistent symptoms, but among those with spontaneous clearing, females predominated. Twelve propositi had troublesome sexual and aggressive impulses, differing only quantitatively from normal. No evidence of abnormality was found in plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase, or norepinephrine levels.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: clinical, genetic, psychologic, and biochemical aspects in 21 selected families. Eighty-one patients and relatives with Tourette's syndrome, members of 21 selected families, participated in a 1-day clinic. In 12 of the 13 Jewish families and six of the eight non-Jewish families, there were multiple members with motor and vocal tics by observation or history. Males predominated among those with persistent symptoms, but among those with spontaneous clearing, females predominated. Twelve propositi had troublesome sexual and aggressive impulses, differing only quantitatively from normal. No evidence of abnormality was found in plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase, or norepinephrine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:264606", "title": "Residual acid maltase activity in late-onset acid maltase deficiency.", "content": "Residual acid maltase activity was found by a sensitive fluorometric assay in muscle biopsies from 15 patients with late-onset acid maltase deficiency (mean, 6.91 percent; range, 2.4 to 12.2) but not in biopsy or autopsy muscle from three patients with the infantile form. Electrophoresis, kinetic characteristics, and subcellular fractionation indicated that the residual activity was lysosomal acid maltase and not a contaminating isozyme of neutral maltase. There was no correlation between the amount of residual acid maltase activity and the severity of the clinical picture or glycogen accumulation. The presence of acid maltase activity in muscle, liver, and, to a greater extent, leukocytes in late-onset but not infantile acid maltase deficiency and the failure of the two disease forms to occur in the same family suggest that they are genetically distinct.", "contents": "Residual acid maltase activity in late-onset acid maltase deficiency. Residual acid maltase activity was found by a sensitive fluorometric assay in muscle biopsies from 15 patients with late-onset acid maltase deficiency (mean, 6.91 percent; range, 2.4 to 12.2) but not in biopsy or autopsy muscle from three patients with the infantile form. Electrophoresis, kinetic characteristics, and subcellular fractionation indicated that the residual activity was lysosomal acid maltase and not a contaminating isozyme of neutral maltase. There was no correlation between the amount of residual acid maltase activity and the severity of the clinical picture or glycogen accumulation. The presence of acid maltase activity in muscle, liver, and, to a greater extent, leukocytes in late-onset but not infantile acid maltase deficiency and the failure of the two disease forms to occur in the same family suggest that they are genetically distinct."}
{"id": "PMID:264628", "title": "Attitudes of the public to medical care: Part 8, \"Non-Medical\" Practitioners.", "content": "A random sample of respondents in Dunedin and Auckland was surveyed to obtain details of utilisation of various aspects of health services and also opinions and knowledge of these services: a section of the survey dealt with \"non-medical doctors\". A miniority of respondents or their families had made use of such services (13.2 percent) in the previous five years, compared to 47.1 percent utilising medical specialist services and almost 100 percent utilising general practitioner services in the same period. The number of items of services for one patient with one consulting cause was high. The mean being just under eight and in one fifth of cases was 15 or more. Most respondents considered that the services of non-medical practitioners could sometimes be useful and one-third would consider consulting such practitioners themselves, although most would consult an orthodox doctor first. Only one-fifth of respondents were willing to see Government financial support for non-medical practitioners.", "contents": "Attitudes of the public to medical care: Part 8, \"Non-Medical\" Practitioners. A random sample of respondents in Dunedin and Auckland was surveyed to obtain details of utilisation of various aspects of health services and also opinions and knowledge of these services: a section of the survey dealt with \"non-medical doctors\". A miniority of respondents or their families had made use of such services (13.2 percent) in the previous five years, compared to 47.1 percent utilising medical specialist services and almost 100 percent utilising general practitioner services in the same period. The number of items of services for one patient with one consulting cause was high. The mean being just under eight and in one fifth of cases was 15 or more. Most respondents considered that the services of non-medical practitioners could sometimes be useful and one-third would consider consulting such practitioners themselves, although most would consult an orthodox doctor first. Only one-fifth of respondents were willing to see Government financial support for non-medical practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:264629", "title": "Drug-induced sclerosing peritonitis.", "content": "The records and case reports of 20 patients presenting with practolol induced sclerosing peritonitis have been reviewed revealing striking similarities: symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction or the presence of a vague abdominal mass in a patient who is currently taking or has previously taken practolol should alert one to the possibility of sclerosing peritonitis as the cause. Skin or eye reactions attributed to practolol provide further strong support for the diagnosis. Although practolol has now been discontinued in New Zealand its effects may become manifest months or years later.", "contents": "Drug-induced sclerosing peritonitis. The records and case reports of 20 patients presenting with practolol induced sclerosing peritonitis have been reviewed revealing striking similarities: symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction or the presence of a vague abdominal mass in a patient who is currently taking or has previously taken practolol should alert one to the possibility of sclerosing peritonitis as the cause. Skin or eye reactions attributed to practolol provide further strong support for the diagnosis. Although practolol has now been discontinued in New Zealand its effects may become manifest months or years later."}
{"id": "PMID:264630", "title": "Special Unit and Medical School Laboratory Technicians in New Zealand. A follow-up review and survey of training and qualifications 1970-1975.", "content": "In 1970 a survey was undertaken to ascertain the training opportunities and career prospects of laboratory technicians employed in medical research and special unit laboratories. After an interval of five years a follow-up survey was undertaken in an attempt to reassess numbers of technicians employed, qualifications, and training course preferences. This 1975 survey has revealed an increase from 26 to 49 departments undertaking laboratory investigations. There was also a 100 percent increase in the number, 150 to 290, of technicians employed. Heads of departments and senior staff responsible for employment have indicated a concern for and a high degree of satisfaction with technical institute courses and the certification authority's qualifying system in the field of technician training.", "contents": "Special Unit and Medical School Laboratory Technicians in New Zealand. A follow-up review and survey of training and qualifications 1970-1975. In 1970 a survey was undertaken to ascertain the training opportunities and career prospects of laboratory technicians employed in medical research and special unit laboratories. After an interval of five years a follow-up survey was undertaken in an attempt to reassess numbers of technicians employed, qualifications, and training course preferences. This 1975 survey has revealed an increase from 26 to 49 departments undertaking laboratory investigations. There was also a 100 percent increase in the number, 150 to 290, of technicians employed. Heads of departments and senior staff responsible for employment have indicated a concern for and a high degree of satisfaction with technical institute courses and the certification authority's qualifying system in the field of technician training."}
{"id": "PMID:264633", "title": "Carcinoma of the lung presenting as Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "A case of bronchial carcinoma of the lung presenting as Cushing's syndrome is described. The clinical features and laboratory investigations leading to the diagnosis are outlined. The autopsy findings, histology and the ultrastructure of the tumour are illustrated and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the lung presenting as Cushing's syndrome. A case of bronchial carcinoma of the lung presenting as Cushing's syndrome is described. The clinical features and laboratory investigations leading to the diagnosis are outlined. The autopsy findings, histology and the ultrastructure of the tumour are illustrated and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:264643", "title": "Clinical assessment of a new local anesthetic agent-carticaine.", "content": "The combination of 4 per cent carticaine 5 mug per milliliter with epinephrine is an effective agent acting in the standard lidocaine-epinephrine-mepivacaine-epinephrine range. Like lidocaine, it is of no clinical value without the addition of epinephrine and its vasodilator properties are greater than those of mepivacaine or prilocaine. Its onset time is reasonably rapid, its duration and extent are satisfactory for clinical purposes, and no toxic reactions were noted in the 100 injections given. However, its predictability for +4 anesthesia is poor, and there is wide variation in the onset time. Finally, the success rate compared with that for lidocaine, mepivacaine, or prilocaine for the same dosage and areas, with the use of the same criteria, is not good enough in my opinion to qualify carticaine as a general-purpose anesthetic on a par with standard lidocaine.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of a new local anesthetic agent-carticaine. The combination of 4 per cent carticaine 5 mug per milliliter with epinephrine is an effective agent acting in the standard lidocaine-epinephrine-mepivacaine-epinephrine range. Like lidocaine, it is of no clinical value without the addition of epinephrine and its vasodilator properties are greater than those of mepivacaine or prilocaine. Its onset time is reasonably rapid, its duration and extent are satisfactory for clinical purposes, and no toxic reactions were noted in the 100 injections given. However, its predictability for +4 anesthesia is poor, and there is wide variation in the onset time. Finally, the success rate compared with that for lidocaine, mepivacaine, or prilocaine for the same dosage and areas, with the use of the same criteria, is not good enough in my opinion to qualify carticaine as a general-purpose anesthetic on a par with standard lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:264644", "title": "Histologic changes following the grafting of connective tissue into human gingiva.", "content": "Grafting connective tissue from the palate to partial-thickness sites prepared in patients with an inadequate width of attached gingiva resulted in an increased width of keratinized mucosa. Biopsies of these grafts at the newly created mucogingival junction at 24 weeks showed the epithelium to be keratinized with a normal architecture, except over scar tissue at the edges of the grafts, where rete-peg formation was absent. The results support the concept that morphodifferentiation of gingival epithelium is influenced by the underlying connective tissue.", "contents": "Histologic changes following the grafting of connective tissue into human gingiva. Grafting connective tissue from the palate to partial-thickness sites prepared in patients with an inadequate width of attached gingiva resulted in an increased width of keratinized mucosa. Biopsies of these grafts at the newly created mucogingival junction at 24 weeks showed the epithelium to be keratinized with a normal architecture, except over scar tissue at the edges of the grafts, where rete-peg formation was absent. The results support the concept that morphodifferentiation of gingival epithelium is influenced by the underlying connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:264645", "title": "Plasma-cell granuloma of the gingiva.", "content": "A case of plasma-cell granuloma of the attached gingiva has been presented. The lesion was pedunculated and, clinically, resembled a traumatic fibroma. The microscopic picture was that of plasma-cell granuloma. Serum electrophoresis and radiographs were normal. A diagnosis of plasma-cell granuloma confirms a benign lesion of the oral cavity which must not be confused with the plasmacytoma, a possible precursor to multiple myeloma. This case emphasized the need for biopsy of lesions in order to establish a diagnosis. Only by biopsy and histologic study can rare lesions be diagnosed and their incidence studied.", "contents": "Plasma-cell granuloma of the gingiva. A case of plasma-cell granuloma of the attached gingiva has been presented. The lesion was pedunculated and, clinically, resembled a traumatic fibroma. The microscopic picture was that of plasma-cell granuloma. Serum electrophoresis and radiographs were normal. A diagnosis of plasma-cell granuloma confirms a benign lesion of the oral cavity which must not be confused with the plasmacytoma, a possible precursor to multiple myeloma. This case emphasized the need for biopsy of lesions in order to establish a diagnosis. Only by biopsy and histologic study can rare lesions be diagnosed and their incidence studied."}
{"id": "PMID:264647", "title": "An epilogue to plasma-cell gingivostomatitis (allergic gingivostamtitis).", "content": "Sixteen cases of plasma-cell gingivostomatitis were studied at the University of California San Francisco between 1966 and 1971. Twelve women and four men made up the group, with ages ranging from 15 to 70 years. Prior to treatment, the duration of the disease ranged from 5 to 60 months. Each of the sisteen patients manifested a homogeneous, diffuse, erythematous gingivitis associated with a cheilitis, and fifteen also had a marked glossitis. Each subject was symptomatic, and nine also complained of bleeding. Every biopsy specimen demonstrated a characteristically diffuse and dense plasma-cell infiltrate. There were no spontaneous remissions. Six patients completely responded to systemic corticoids alone, two to discontinuation of gum chewing or the use of their dentifrice, one to antifungal therapy, and the other seven to a combination of the preceding modalities. After completion of therapy, fifteen patients were followed for 2 to 55 months without any evidence of recurrence. Of interest, 69 per cent were gum chewers. The therapeutic benefit of discontinuing gum chewing by itself was not clear. It is assumed that the now nonexistent plasma-cell gingivostomatitis syndrome was a hypersensitivity response to an unidentifiable antigen used in various substances.", "contents": "An epilogue to plasma-cell gingivostomatitis (allergic gingivostamtitis). Sixteen cases of plasma-cell gingivostomatitis were studied at the University of California San Francisco between 1966 and 1971. Twelve women and four men made up the group, with ages ranging from 15 to 70 years. Prior to treatment, the duration of the disease ranged from 5 to 60 months. Each of the sisteen patients manifested a homogeneous, diffuse, erythematous gingivitis associated with a cheilitis, and fifteen also had a marked glossitis. Each subject was symptomatic, and nine also complained of bleeding. Every biopsy specimen demonstrated a characteristically diffuse and dense plasma-cell infiltrate. There were no spontaneous remissions. Six patients completely responded to systemic corticoids alone, two to discontinuation of gum chewing or the use of their dentifrice, one to antifungal therapy, and the other seven to a combination of the preceding modalities. After completion of therapy, fifteen patients were followed for 2 to 55 months without any evidence of recurrence. Of interest, 69 per cent were gum chewers. The therapeutic benefit of discontinuing gum chewing by itself was not clear. It is assumed that the now nonexistent plasma-cell gingivostomatitis syndrome was a hypersensitivity response to an unidentifiable antigen used in various substances."}
{"id": "PMID:264648", "title": "The odontogenic keratocyst. A clinicopathologic study of 312 cases. Part II. Histologic features.", "content": "The histopathologic features of 312 odontogenic keratocysts are described. These features are discussed in relation to their pathogenesis and behavioral characteristics, including recurrence factors and neoplastic potential. In addition, a discussion and comparison of the histologic features found in solitary keratocysts, keratocysts associated with the basal-cell nevus--bifid rib syndrome, multiple keratocysts in patients with no other syndrome manifestations, and recurrent kerocysts is presented.", "contents": "The odontogenic keratocyst. A clinicopathologic study of 312 cases. Part II. Histologic features. The histopathologic features of 312 odontogenic keratocysts are described. These features are discussed in relation to their pathogenesis and behavioral characteristics, including recurrence factors and neoplastic potential. In addition, a discussion and comparison of the histologic features found in solitary keratocysts, keratocysts associated with the basal-cell nevus--bifid rib syndrome, multiple keratocysts in patients with no other syndrome manifestations, and recurrent kerocysts is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:264649", "title": "Ultrastructure of eosinophilic bodies in the degenerative surface epithelium of chronic hyperplastic oral lesions.", "content": "Eosinophilic bodies were located extracellularly in the dilated intercellular spaces of degenerative epithelial cells. They consisted of electron-dense amorphous material with many scattered mature fibrin fibers. Eosinophilic bodies were PAS positive, mucicarmine negative, alcian blue negative. A large number of lysosome-like bodies with homogeneous electron-dense content were present in the cytoplasm of the surrounding degenerative epithelial cells. The plasma membrane of these cells was intact and there was no outpouring of tonofilaments or keratohyaline granules into the intercellular spaces. With the results of the present study, it is suggested that eosinophilic bodies are probably an exudate of plasma fluid accumulated in the dilated intercellular spaces of superficial degenerative cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of eosinophilic bodies in the degenerative surface epithelium of chronic hyperplastic oral lesions. Eosinophilic bodies were located extracellularly in the dilated intercellular spaces of degenerative epithelial cells. They consisted of electron-dense amorphous material with many scattered mature fibrin fibers. Eosinophilic bodies were PAS positive, mucicarmine negative, alcian blue negative. A large number of lysosome-like bodies with homogeneous electron-dense content were present in the cytoplasm of the surrounding degenerative epithelial cells. The plasma membrane of these cells was intact and there was no outpouring of tonofilaments or keratohyaline granules into the intercellular spaces. With the results of the present study, it is suggested that eosinophilic bodies are probably an exudate of plasma fluid accumulated in the dilated intercellular spaces of superficial degenerative cells."}
{"id": "PMID:264650", "title": "Dentine dysplasia with sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A new syndrome.", "content": "Patients with teeth showing all of the clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of radicular dentine dysplasia (type I) have been found to have dense sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies of the wrists and hand bones. The association of these defects of teeth and bone was found to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait over four generations. Review of theliterature failed to disclose a previous description of this disorder.", "contents": "Dentine dysplasia with sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A new syndrome. Patients with teeth showing all of the clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of radicular dentine dysplasia (type I) have been found to have dense sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies of the wrists and hand bones. The association of these defects of teeth and bone was found to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait over four generations. Review of theliterature failed to disclose a previous description of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:264652", "title": "Evaluation of dental radiology students in Canadian dental schools.", "content": "Evaluation involves the worth of an experience, idea, or process and is an integral part of dental education. The current article discusses a survey of dental radiology evaluation in Canadian dental schools. It appears that in Canada students are evaluated formally in didactic aspects of radiology, interpretation of radiographs, and clinical aspects of dental radiology.", "contents": "Evaluation of dental radiology students in Canadian dental schools. Evaluation involves the worth of an experience, idea, or process and is an integral part of dental education. The current article discusses a survey of dental radiology evaluation in Canadian dental schools. It appears that in Canada students are evaluated formally in didactic aspects of radiology, interpretation of radiographs, and clinical aspects of dental radiology."}
{"id": "PMID:264653", "title": "Osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis (Garr\u00e9's osteomyelitis). Report of a case affecting the mandible.", "content": "A case of chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis of the mandible is reported. This is a unique form of osteomyelitis characterized radiographically by localized thickening of the periosteum and deposition of laminated subperiosteal bone.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis (Garr\u00e9's osteomyelitis). Report of a case affecting the mandible. A case of chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis of the mandible is reported. This is a unique form of osteomyelitis characterized radiographically by localized thickening of the periosteum and deposition of laminated subperiosteal bone."}
{"id": "PMID:264657", "title": "Acute measles encephalitis in children with immunosuppression.", "content": "Four cases of encephalitis occurring in children treated for lymphatic malignancies by immunosuppressive drugs are reported. Measles virus was isolated from the brain in one case and identified immunologically in another. Nucleocapsids identical to those seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were demonstrated in three cases. Severe immunosuppression was evidenced in two patients by failure of rosette formation and low phytohemagglutinin tests. Pathologically, the inflammatory reaction was absent in one brain and moderate in two. Clinically, epilepsia partialis continua was a prominent feature in three patients. A history of measles or of contact was elicited in three cases, five weeks to three months before onset. All cases ran an acute fatal course. Measles virus can behave as an opportunistic invader of the central nervous system in children and the diagnosis of measles encephalitis should be considered in immunosuppressed patients.", "contents": "Acute measles encephalitis in children with immunosuppression. Four cases of encephalitis occurring in children treated for lymphatic malignancies by immunosuppressive drugs are reported. Measles virus was isolated from the brain in one case and identified immunologically in another. Nucleocapsids identical to those seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were demonstrated in three cases. Severe immunosuppression was evidenced in two patients by failure of rosette formation and low phytohemagglutinin tests. Pathologically, the inflammatory reaction was absent in one brain and moderate in two. Clinically, epilepsia partialis continua was a prominent feature in three patients. A history of measles or of contact was elicited in three cases, five weeks to three months before onset. All cases ran an acute fatal course. Measles virus can behave as an opportunistic invader of the central nervous system in children and the diagnosis of measles encephalitis should be considered in immunosuppressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:264659", "title": "Current concepts in acute leukemia.", "content": "Using chemotherapeutic agents in combination instead of separately has significantly improved the outlook for patients with acute leukemia. The rate and duration of complete remission have both increased substantially. Immunotherapy, recently introduced for use with chemotherapy, appears to prolong survival.", "contents": "Current concepts in acute leukemia. Using chemotherapeutic agents in combination instead of separately has significantly improved the outlook for patients with acute leukemia. The rate and duration of complete remission have both increased substantially. Immunotherapy, recently introduced for use with chemotherapy, appears to prolong survival."}
{"id": "PMID:264662", "title": "A novel prostaglandin is the major product of arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit heart.", "content": "The prostaglandins (PGs) released from the heart have generally been characterized as resembling PGE by bioassay techniques. The major PG formed from [14C]arachidonate (C20:4) by the isolated perfused rabbit heart has chromatographic mobility similar to that of PGE2 in most solvent systems. However, additional analysis of this radioactive \"PGE\" peak suggests that two substances are formed by the heart and migrate like PGE2: one has chemical properties similar to those of authentic PGE2 and the other is a novel PG. The unknown compound is the major PG formed by the heart from either exogenous arachidonate or hormonal stimulation of PG biosynthesis. The novel PG produced by the heart may be identical with either 6(9)-oxy-PGF or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha.", "contents": "A novel prostaglandin is the major product of arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit heart. The prostaglandins (PGs) released from the heart have generally been characterized as resembling PGE by bioassay techniques. The major PG formed from [14C]arachidonate (C20:4) by the isolated perfused rabbit heart has chromatographic mobility similar to that of PGE2 in most solvent systems. However, additional analysis of this radioactive \"PGE\" peak suggests that two substances are formed by the heart and migrate like PGE2: one has chemical properties similar to those of authentic PGE2 and the other is a novel PG. The unknown compound is the major PG formed by the heart from either exogenous arachidonate or hormonal stimulation of PG biosynthesis. The novel PG produced by the heart may be identical with either 6(9)-oxy-PGF or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:264663", "title": "Synthesis of a 19-residue peptide with alamethicin-like activity.", "content": "This paper describes the chemical synthesis of a compound with voltage-gating characteristics similar to those observed in nerve membranes. For alamethicin (ALA), a natural antibiotic that induces such properties in lipid bilayer membranes, there are two proposed structures, one a cyclic and the other an open chain peptide. The open chain sequence (ALA-o) proposed by Martin and Williams [(1976) Biochem. J. 153, 181-190] was synthesized by stepwise solid-phase condensation of four fragments prepared by solid-phase synthesis. The product, purified to homogeneity, was not identical with the main component of natural ALA. Nevertheless, in lipid bilayer membranes the exponential dependence of conductance on voltage and the dependence of conductance on a high power of the peptide concentration were qualitatively similar for ALA-o and for natural ALA. Like ALA, ALA-o showed the characteristics of a channel-former, although the single-channel conductances were less well defined for the synthetic compound. This work establishes that a cyclic structure is not a necessary condition for a peptide to induce voltage-dependent conductances in membranes and that ALA-o possesses all the structural elements required for such an activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of a 19-residue peptide with alamethicin-like activity. This paper describes the chemical synthesis of a compound with voltage-gating characteristics similar to those observed in nerve membranes. For alamethicin (ALA), a natural antibiotic that induces such properties in lipid bilayer membranes, there are two proposed structures, one a cyclic and the other an open chain peptide. The open chain sequence (ALA-o) proposed by Martin and Williams [(1976) Biochem. J. 153, 181-190] was synthesized by stepwise solid-phase condensation of four fragments prepared by solid-phase synthesis. The product, purified to homogeneity, was not identical with the main component of natural ALA. Nevertheless, in lipid bilayer membranes the exponential dependence of conductance on voltage and the dependence of conductance on a high power of the peptide concentration were qualitatively similar for ALA-o and for natural ALA. Like ALA, ALA-o showed the characteristics of a channel-former, although the single-channel conductances were less well defined for the synthetic compound. This work establishes that a cyclic structure is not a necessary condition for a peptide to induce voltage-dependent conductances in membranes and that ALA-o possesses all the structural elements required for such an activity."}
{"id": "PMID:264664", "title": "Actin microheterogeneity in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Secondary chick embryo fibroblasts contain three distinct actin species--alpha, beta, and lambda, in the approximate ratio of 1:6:3--with the same molecular weights but different isoelectric points. The most acidic of these components, alpha, comigrates on isoelectric focusing gels with the major actin of cardiac and skeletal muscle, while lambda, the most basic of the actins, comigrates with smooth muscle actin. The three components have overlapping methionine-containing tryptic peptides. All three actins are found to be present in actomyosin and cytoskeleton preparations from chick embryo fibroblasts. Identification of alpha-actin as the major actin from sarcomere-containing cells is confirmed by comparing embryonic chicken pre- and post-fusion myoblast cultures. Following myoblast fusion, the relative amount of alpha-actin increases until it changes from a minor actin component to the predominant actin species in the culture.", "contents": "Actin microheterogeneity in chick embryo fibroblasts. Secondary chick embryo fibroblasts contain three distinct actin species--alpha, beta, and lambda, in the approximate ratio of 1:6:3--with the same molecular weights but different isoelectric points. The most acidic of these components, alpha, comigrates on isoelectric focusing gels with the major actin of cardiac and skeletal muscle, while lambda, the most basic of the actins, comigrates with smooth muscle actin. The three components have overlapping methionine-containing tryptic peptides. All three actins are found to be present in actomyosin and cytoskeleton preparations from chick embryo fibroblasts. Identification of alpha-actin as the major actin from sarcomere-containing cells is confirmed by comparing embryonic chicken pre- and post-fusion myoblast cultures. Following myoblast fusion, the relative amount of alpha-actin increases until it changes from a minor actin component to the predominant actin species in the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:264665", "title": "Mutational analysis of developmental control in Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "The relationship between the cell cycle and control of development has been studied by a genetic analysis of Caulobacter crescentus. The behavior of conditional cell division mutants showed that cell cycle events, such as DNA replication and cell division, are organized into a dependent pathway(s), i.e., later steps cannot preceed until earlier ones are completed. The ability of these strains to develop normally under nonpermissive conditions suggested that flagellin synthesis and stalk formation are dependent on the completion of different cell-cycle steps: the periodicity of flagellin synthesis is achieved by coupling it to either DNA chain elongation or completion, and stalk formation is dependent on a later step in the cell-division pathway. These developmental events are not themselves required for cell division, however.", "contents": "Mutational analysis of developmental control in Caulobacter crescentus. The relationship between the cell cycle and control of development has been studied by a genetic analysis of Caulobacter crescentus. The behavior of conditional cell division mutants showed that cell cycle events, such as DNA replication and cell division, are organized into a dependent pathway(s), i.e., later steps cannot preceed until earlier ones are completed. The ability of these strains to develop normally under nonpermissive conditions suggested that flagellin synthesis and stalk formation are dependent on the completion of different cell-cycle steps: the periodicity of flagellin synthesis is achieved by coupling it to either DNA chain elongation or completion, and stalk formation is dependent on a later step in the cell-division pathway. These developmental events are not themselves required for cell division, however."}
{"id": "PMID:264666", "title": "Stable conformations of aliphatic disulfides: influence of 1,4 interactions involving sulfur atoms.", "content": "The present state of knowledge of the stable conformations of the XCCSSCCX fragment (in which X is any saturated group) of aliphatic disulfides is examined. In particular, the evidence for the existence of attractive 1,4 interactions between CH groups and S atoms across C-S bonds and their influence on the potential function for rotation about C-S bonds is discussed. The effects of similar attractive interactions between NH groups and S atoms on the potential function for rotation about C-C bonds also are considered. It is concluded that weak attractive interactions between CH groups and S atoms are capable of stabilizing rotamers with unusually low (about 30 degrees) values of the SS-CC dihedral angle.", "contents": "Stable conformations of aliphatic disulfides: influence of 1,4 interactions involving sulfur atoms. The present state of knowledge of the stable conformations of the XCCSSCCX fragment (in which X is any saturated group) of aliphatic disulfides is examined. In particular, the evidence for the existence of attractive 1,4 interactions between CH groups and S atoms across C-S bonds and their influence on the potential function for rotation about C-S bonds is discussed. The effects of similar attractive interactions between NH groups and S atoms on the potential function for rotation about C-C bonds also are considered. It is concluded that weak attractive interactions between CH groups and S atoms are capable of stabilizing rotamers with unusually low (about 30 degrees) values of the SS-CC dihedral angle."}
{"id": "PMID:264667", "title": "Enzymatic conversion of proteins to glycoproteins.", "content": "The enzymatic transfer of the oligosaccharide moiety from an oligosaccharide-lipid to denatured forms of three secretory proteins--ovalbumin, alpha-lactalbumin, and ribonuclease A--has been demonstrated utilizing a membrane fraction from hen oviduct. Based on a survey of 10 proteins denatured by sulfitolysis, the presence of the tripeptide sequence -Asn-X-Thr-Ser- (X represents a variable amino acid) appears to be necessary but not sufficient for the protein to serve as acceptor in vitro. The results of this investigation also suggest that unfolding of the polypeptide chain is required in order to expose sites for carbohydrate attachment.", "contents": "Enzymatic conversion of proteins to glycoproteins. The enzymatic transfer of the oligosaccharide moiety from an oligosaccharide-lipid to denatured forms of three secretory proteins--ovalbumin, alpha-lactalbumin, and ribonuclease A--has been demonstrated utilizing a membrane fraction from hen oviduct. Based on a survey of 10 proteins denatured by sulfitolysis, the presence of the tripeptide sequence -Asn-X-Thr-Ser- (X represents a variable amino acid) appears to be necessary but not sufficient for the protein to serve as acceptor in vitro. The results of this investigation also suggest that unfolding of the polypeptide chain is required in order to expose sites for carbohydrate attachment."}
{"id": "PMID:264668", "title": "Distinctions between the two-state and sequential models for cooperative ligand binding.", "content": "The two-state and sequential models for positive cooperativity in ligand binding can produce significantly different theoretical binding curves when presented in a Scatchard plot. The conditions that produce the greatest differences have been examined. The theoretical differences have been used to select the two-state model as the best model for describing the binding of acetylcholine to acetylcholine receptors that have been solubilized by Triton X-100 and sodium cholate.", "contents": "Distinctions between the two-state and sequential models for cooperative ligand binding. The two-state and sequential models for positive cooperativity in ligand binding can produce significantly different theoretical binding curves when presented in a Scatchard plot. The conditions that produce the greatest differences have been examined. The theoretical differences have been used to select the two-state model as the best model for describing the binding of acetylcholine to acetylcholine receptors that have been solubilized by Triton X-100 and sodium cholate."}
{"id": "PMID:264669", "title": "Inside-out model for self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus.", "content": "Incompletely reconstituted particles of tobacco mosaic virus treated with moderate concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide prior to electron microscopy have two visible tails of unencapsidated RNA, a long one and a short one. The short tail has a constant length of 720 +/- 80 nucleotides in incomplete particles of diverse size and probably corresponds to the 3'OH end of the RNA. The length of the long 5' tail is inversely related to the length of the unfinished rod. Surprisingly, both tails appear to protrude from the same end of the particle. These observations suggest that the strand of RNA coming out of one end of the particle loops back along the length of the rod so as to appear at the opposite end. The \"looped-back\" tail almost certainly passes down the empty central channel of the incomplete rod. The findings are compatible with a model of tobacco mosaic virus assembly in which the RNA inserts itself beneath layers of incoming protein from within the central channel.", "contents": "Inside-out model for self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus. Incompletely reconstituted particles of tobacco mosaic virus treated with moderate concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide prior to electron microscopy have two visible tails of unencapsidated RNA, a long one and a short one. The short tail has a constant length of 720 +/- 80 nucleotides in incomplete particles of diverse size and probably corresponds to the 3'OH end of the RNA. The length of the long 5' tail is inversely related to the length of the unfinished rod. Surprisingly, both tails appear to protrude from the same end of the particle. These observations suggest that the strand of RNA coming out of one end of the particle loops back along the length of the rod so as to appear at the opposite end. The \"looped-back\" tail almost certainly passes down the empty central channel of the incomplete rod. The findings are compatible with a model of tobacco mosaic virus assembly in which the RNA inserts itself beneath layers of incoming protein from within the central channel."}
{"id": "PMID:264670", "title": "Relationship between the soluble glutathione-dependent delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase and the glutathione S-transferases of the liver.", "content": "Soluble, glutathione-stimulated delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.A) activity of human and rat liver resides in very basic proteins with molecular weights of about 45,000 which are present in high concentrations in these tissues. Physiochemical and immunological evidence is presented for the identity of the proteins responsible for this enzymatic activity with the glutathione S-transferases (RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) that conjugate glutathione with a variety of electrophilic compounds. In the rat, the steroid isomerase is associated principally with the major transferase (B), which is also known as ligandin, and has the versatility to bind various hydrophobic compounds such as bilirubin, corticosteroids, and metabolites of a number of carcinogens. Other rat liver-glutathione S-transferase species are far less active in the steroid isomerization reaction. The delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activity of human liver is more uniformly distributed among the five glutathione S-transferases that have been described. Steroid isomerization differs fundamentally from other reactions promoted by glutathione S-transferases in that glutathione is not consumed in the reaction. However, because the transferase enzymes promote nucleophilic attack by glutathione on a variety of largely foreign organic substrates, a similar mechanism may be involved in the isomerase reaction. Delta 5-3-ketosteroids are among the few known naturally occurring substrates for these enzymes.", "contents": "Relationship between the soluble glutathione-dependent delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase and the glutathione S-transferases of the liver. Soluble, glutathione-stimulated delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.A) activity of human and rat liver resides in very basic proteins with molecular weights of about 45,000 which are present in high concentrations in these tissues. Physiochemical and immunological evidence is presented for the identity of the proteins responsible for this enzymatic activity with the glutathione S-transferases (RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) that conjugate glutathione with a variety of electrophilic compounds. In the rat, the steroid isomerase is associated principally with the major transferase (B), which is also known as ligandin, and has the versatility to bind various hydrophobic compounds such as bilirubin, corticosteroids, and metabolites of a number of carcinogens. Other rat liver-glutathione S-transferase species are far less active in the steroid isomerization reaction. The delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activity of human liver is more uniformly distributed among the five glutathione S-transferases that have been described. Steroid isomerization differs fundamentally from other reactions promoted by glutathione S-transferases in that glutathione is not consumed in the reaction. However, because the transferase enzymes promote nucleophilic attack by glutathione on a variety of largely foreign organic substrates, a similar mechanism may be involved in the isomerase reaction. Delta 5-3-ketosteroids are among the few known naturally occurring substrates for these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:264671", "title": "Protein-sugar interactions: preparation, purification, and properties of rabbit antibodies against di-N-acetylchitobiose.", "content": "Antibodies against di-N-acetylchitobiose (CB) were raised in rabbits after injection of CB-bovine serum albumin conjugates and were fractionated by columns into two classes: the first bound to a column of Sepharose covalently coupled with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); the second bound to a column coupled with CB. Active antibodies were eluted by a moderate concentration of a chaotropic agent, but not by high ionic strength buffers or acidic buffers. The active fractions were identified as IgG by ultracentrifugation and immuno-electrophoresis. These antibodies gave precipitation bands with CB-protein conjugates and this reaction could be reversed in the presence of free CB. The GlcNAc-bound fraction quantitatively quenched the fluorescence of O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-glucosides of GlcNAc and CB, while the CB-bound fraction quenched only the glycoside of CB; other O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-glucosides were not quenched. Among eleven monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, only GlcNAc, CB, and tri-N-acetylchitotriose were able to inhibit the precipitation of antibodies against CB with CB-protein conjugate. These antibodies failed to agglutinate erythrocytes from various species but did agglutinate transformed cells and mouse lymphocytes. The binding of these antibodies on cell lembranes was reversed by free CB and by CB-protein conjugates. The properties of these antibodies are related to those of lectins with similar specificities and to the structure of glycoconjugates.", "contents": "Protein-sugar interactions: preparation, purification, and properties of rabbit antibodies against di-N-acetylchitobiose. Antibodies against di-N-acetylchitobiose (CB) were raised in rabbits after injection of CB-bovine serum albumin conjugates and were fractionated by columns into two classes: the first bound to a column of Sepharose covalently coupled with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); the second bound to a column coupled with CB. Active antibodies were eluted by a moderate concentration of a chaotropic agent, but not by high ionic strength buffers or acidic buffers. The active fractions were identified as IgG by ultracentrifugation and immuno-electrophoresis. These antibodies gave precipitation bands with CB-protein conjugates and this reaction could be reversed in the presence of free CB. The GlcNAc-bound fraction quantitatively quenched the fluorescence of O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-glucosides of GlcNAc and CB, while the CB-bound fraction quenched only the glycoside of CB; other O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-glucosides were not quenched. Among eleven monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, only GlcNAc, CB, and tri-N-acetylchitotriose were able to inhibit the precipitation of antibodies against CB with CB-protein conjugate. These antibodies failed to agglutinate erythrocytes from various species but did agglutinate transformed cells and mouse lymphocytes. The binding of these antibodies on cell lembranes was reversed by free CB and by CB-protein conjugates. The properties of these antibodies are related to those of lectins with similar specificities and to the structure of glycoconjugates."}
{"id": "PMID:264672", "title": "Activation of histone gene transcription by nonhistone chromosomal proteins in WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The regulation of histone gene expression was examined after confluent, nondividing WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts were stimulated to proliferate. Histone mRNA sequences were assayed by hybrid formation with an 3H-labeled single-stranded DNA complementary to histone mRNAs. Histone mRNA became associated with polyribosomes concomitant with the activation of DNA synthesis. The ability of chromatin from WI-38 cells to serve as a template for in vitro transcription of histone mRNA sequences parallels the onset of DNA replication. A role for nonhistone chromosomal proteins in the control of histone gene readout is suggested because, when chromatin from confluent WI-38 cells was dissociated and then reconstituted in the presence of S phase nonhistone chromosomal proteins, a 500-fold activation of histone mRNA sequence transcription was observed.", "contents": "Activation of histone gene transcription by nonhistone chromosomal proteins in WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts. The regulation of histone gene expression was examined after confluent, nondividing WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts were stimulated to proliferate. Histone mRNA sequences were assayed by hybrid formation with an 3H-labeled single-stranded DNA complementary to histone mRNAs. Histone mRNA became associated with polyribosomes concomitant with the activation of DNA synthesis. The ability of chromatin from WI-38 cells to serve as a template for in vitro transcription of histone mRNA sequences parallels the onset of DNA replication. A role for nonhistone chromosomal proteins in the control of histone gene readout is suggested because, when chromatin from confluent WI-38 cells was dissociated and then reconstituted in the presence of S phase nonhistone chromosomal proteins, a 500-fold activation of histone mRNA sequence transcription was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:264673", "title": "Purification of a putative precursor of globin messenger RNA from mouse nucleated erythroid cells.", "content": "Nucleated erythroid cells were incubated for 10 min in the presence of [5-3H]uridine, and the total RNA was isolated by three different extraction procedures. RNA containing globin messenger RNA sequences was purified from other cellular RNAs by selective hybridization to globin complementary DNA cellulose. Depending upon the extraction procedure employed, 0.4-0.6% of the radioactively-labeled total cellular RNA applied to the column annealed to globin complementary DNA cellulose. The annealed RNA was treated with formaldehyde and analyzed by formaldehyde/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mature globin mRNA and an RNA migrating at approximately 15 S were observed. No globin mRNA containing sequences larger than 20 S were present. The 15S RNA was partially resolved from mature globin mRNA by neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The RNA isolated from the heavy region of this gradient migrated as 15 S in the formaldehyde/polyacrylamide gels and retained its ability to quantitatively anneal to globin complementary DNA cellulose. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that nucleated erythroid cells obtained from the spleens of anemic mice have a 15S RNA which contains globin mRNA sequences. The 15S RNA is not an aggregate and is a good candidate for a globin mRNA precursor.", "contents": "Purification of a putative precursor of globin messenger RNA from mouse nucleated erythroid cells. Nucleated erythroid cells were incubated for 10 min in the presence of [5-3H]uridine, and the total RNA was isolated by three different extraction procedures. RNA containing globin messenger RNA sequences was purified from other cellular RNAs by selective hybridization to globin complementary DNA cellulose. Depending upon the extraction procedure employed, 0.4-0.6% of the radioactively-labeled total cellular RNA applied to the column annealed to globin complementary DNA cellulose. The annealed RNA was treated with formaldehyde and analyzed by formaldehyde/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mature globin mRNA and an RNA migrating at approximately 15 S were observed. No globin mRNA containing sequences larger than 20 S were present. The 15S RNA was partially resolved from mature globin mRNA by neutral sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The RNA isolated from the heavy region of this gradient migrated as 15 S in the formaldehyde/polyacrylamide gels and retained its ability to quantitatively anneal to globin complementary DNA cellulose. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that nucleated erythroid cells obtained from the spleens of anemic mice have a 15S RNA which contains globin mRNA sequences. The 15S RNA is not an aggregate and is a good candidate for a globin mRNA precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:264674", "title": "Mutagen-nucleic acid intercalative binding: structure of a 9-aminoacridine: 5-iodocytidylyl(3'-5')guanosine crystalline complex.", "content": "9-Aminoacridine forms a crystalline complex with the dinucleoside monophosphate, 5-iodocytidylyl(3'-5')guanosine. We have solved the three-dimensional structure of this complex by x-ray crystallography and have observed two distinct intercalative binding modes by this drug to miniature Watson-Crick double helical structures. The first of these involves a pseudosymmetric stacking interaction between 9-aminoacridine molecules and guanine-cytosine base-pairs. This configuration may be used by 9-aminoacridine when intercalating into DNA. The second configuration is an asymmetric interaction, largely governed by stacking forces between acridine and guanine rings. This type of association may play an important role in the mechanism of frameshift mutagenesis.", "contents": "Mutagen-nucleic acid intercalative binding: structure of a 9-aminoacridine: 5-iodocytidylyl(3'-5')guanosine crystalline complex. 9-Aminoacridine forms a crystalline complex with the dinucleoside monophosphate, 5-iodocytidylyl(3'-5')guanosine. We have solved the three-dimensional structure of this complex by x-ray crystallography and have observed two distinct intercalative binding modes by this drug to miniature Watson-Crick double helical structures. The first of these involves a pseudosymmetric stacking interaction between 9-aminoacridine molecules and guanine-cytosine base-pairs. This configuration may be used by 9-aminoacridine when intercalating into DNA. The second configuration is an asymmetric interaction, largely governed by stacking forces between acridine and guanine rings. This type of association may play an important role in the mechanism of frameshift mutagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:264675", "title": "Ligand kinetics of hemoglobin S containing erythrocytes.", "content": "Oxygen uptake of fully deoxygenated sickle (SS) erythrocytes is slower than that of normal (AA) erythrocytes, as demonstrated by the half-times of the overall oxygenation reactions: at 25 degrees in an isotonic phosphate buffer the normal red cells have a t1/2 = 82 +/- 4.7 msec, as compared to sickle red cells where t1/2 = 135 +/- 17.6 msec. The effects of temperature, extracellular osmolality, and the presence of an antisickling agent (n-butylurea) on the rate of red cell oxygenation strongly suggest that the differences in oxygenation rates encountered with sickle red cells is directly related to the intracellular polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S.", "contents": "Ligand kinetics of hemoglobin S containing erythrocytes. Oxygen uptake of fully deoxygenated sickle (SS) erythrocytes is slower than that of normal (AA) erythrocytes, as demonstrated by the half-times of the overall oxygenation reactions: at 25 degrees in an isotonic phosphate buffer the normal red cells have a t1/2 = 82 +/- 4.7 msec, as compared to sickle red cells where t1/2 = 135 +/- 17.6 msec. The effects of temperature, extracellular osmolality, and the presence of an antisickling agent (n-butylurea) on the rate of red cell oxygenation strongly suggest that the differences in oxygenation rates encountered with sickle red cells is directly related to the intracellular polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S."}
{"id": "PMID:264676", "title": "Bacterial flagella rotating in bundles: a study in helical geometry.", "content": "Bacterial flagella are semi-rigid helices that undergo true rotation. In peritrichously flagellated bacteria (e.g., Escherichia and Salmonella) there are many flagella on each cell; during translational cell movement these operate as a coordinated bundle that actively disperses upon reversal of the rotation sense. The dynamic behavior of a set of helices originating on separate rotational axes is explored by a working model, geometrical analysis, and hydrodynamic calculations. A critical relationship exists between the interaxial separation and phase difference of parallel helices with overlapping domains; in the subcritical case the filaments are not intertwisted, whereas in the supercritical case they are intertwisted in the same sense (left-handed) as the helices, with one twist per helical turn. During counter-clockwise rotation (the sense operative in forward swimming) any preexisting twists of this kind are automatically cancelled and the helices brought progressively into phase. Hydrodynamic calculations suggest that some wrapping then occurs in a right-handed sense, opposite to that of the helices; this necessitates a distortion from true helical geometry which is minimized by maintaining a coaxial in-phase relationship. A highly coordinated helical bundle results that is capable of operating smoothly for an indefinite period, in agreement with the observed behavior of swimming bacteria. During reverse rotation, the supercritical case develops to cause jamming of the bundle, as has been observed with bacteria in high-viscosity medium. The explosive dispersal of the bundle during reversal in low-viscosity medium is a consequence of a complicating phenomenon, namely, a drastic change in flagellar quaternary structure. The overall conclusion is that bundle formation and function are perfectly compatible with a rotational mechanism for the individual flagella.", "contents": "Bacterial flagella rotating in bundles: a study in helical geometry. Bacterial flagella are semi-rigid helices that undergo true rotation. In peritrichously flagellated bacteria (e.g., Escherichia and Salmonella) there are many flagella on each cell; during translational cell movement these operate as a coordinated bundle that actively disperses upon reversal of the rotation sense. The dynamic behavior of a set of helices originating on separate rotational axes is explored by a working model, geometrical analysis, and hydrodynamic calculations. A critical relationship exists between the interaxial separation and phase difference of parallel helices with overlapping domains; in the subcritical case the filaments are not intertwisted, whereas in the supercritical case they are intertwisted in the same sense (left-handed) as the helices, with one twist per helical turn. During counter-clockwise rotation (the sense operative in forward swimming) any preexisting twists of this kind are automatically cancelled and the helices brought progressively into phase. Hydrodynamic calculations suggest that some wrapping then occurs in a right-handed sense, opposite to that of the helices; this necessitates a distortion from true helical geometry which is minimized by maintaining a coaxial in-phase relationship. A highly coordinated helical bundle results that is capable of operating smoothly for an indefinite period, in agreement with the observed behavior of swimming bacteria. During reverse rotation, the supercritical case develops to cause jamming of the bundle, as has been observed with bacteria in high-viscosity medium. The explosive dispersal of the bundle during reversal in low-viscosity medium is a consequence of a complicating phenomenon, namely, a drastic change in flagellar quaternary structure. The overall conclusion is that bundle formation and function are perfectly compatible with a rotational mechanism for the individual flagella."}
{"id": "PMID:264677", "title": "Role of cell surface carbohydrates and proteins in cell behavior: studies on the biochemical reversion of an N-acetylglucosamine-deficient fibroblast mutant.", "content": "AD6, a mutant derived from 3T3 Balb/c cells, is characterized by low adhesion to substratum, round shape, increase in surface microvilli, increase in agglutinability by concanavalin A, and loss of directional motility. These properties are often observed in transformed cells. However, the mutant has normal growth properties and anchorage-dependence of growth, and it does not form tumors. In AD6, the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins is impaired because of a block in the acetylation of GlcN-6-P. This defect is responsible for all the surface alterations because feeding of GlcNAc to AD6 cells corrects the defects in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and the exposure of glycoproteins at the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Parallel to this biochemical reversion, there is full restoration of the altered biological properties. In contrast, GlcNAc has no effect on the morphologic features of two lines of transformed cells. Our results suggest that the carbohydrate portion of cell surface proteins has an important role in adhesion and related aspects of cell behavior. The fact that a defined alteration of the cell surface induces many properties often encountered in transformed cells, without affecting control of cell division, strongly suggests that these alterations in properties are not sufficient to account for the loss of growth regulation.", "contents": "Role of cell surface carbohydrates and proteins in cell behavior: studies on the biochemical reversion of an N-acetylglucosamine-deficient fibroblast mutant. AD6, a mutant derived from 3T3 Balb/c cells, is characterized by low adhesion to substratum, round shape, increase in surface microvilli, increase in agglutinability by concanavalin A, and loss of directional motility. These properties are often observed in transformed cells. However, the mutant has normal growth properties and anchorage-dependence of growth, and it does not form tumors. In AD6, the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins is impaired because of a block in the acetylation of GlcN-6-P. This defect is responsible for all the surface alterations because feeding of GlcNAc to AD6 cells corrects the defects in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and the exposure of glycoproteins at the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Parallel to this biochemical reversion, there is full restoration of the altered biological properties. In contrast, GlcNAc has no effect on the morphologic features of two lines of transformed cells. Our results suggest that the carbohydrate portion of cell surface proteins has an important role in adhesion and related aspects of cell behavior. The fact that a defined alteration of the cell surface induces many properties often encountered in transformed cells, without affecting control of cell division, strongly suggests that these alterations in properties are not sufficient to account for the loss of growth regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:264678", "title": "Chromosome mapping of the genes that control differentiation and malignancy in myeloid leukemic cells.", "content": "The chromosome banding pattern has been analyzed in clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells that differ in their ability to be induced to differentiate by the protein inducer MGI (macrophage and granulocyte inducer). None of the clones had a completely normal diploid banding pattern. The clones studied were either MGI+ (that can be induced to form Fc and C3 rosettes), a stage in the differentiation of myeloid cells, or MGI- (that cannot be induced to form these rosettes). All six cultured clones of MGI- cells from myeloid leukemias independently produced in six separate animals showed a loss of a piece of one chromosome 2 and this abnormal chromosome was maintained in leukemias derived from the cultured cells. This loss was not found in MGI+ clones or lymphoid leukemias. Five MGI+ mutants, derived from an MGI- clone with a loss of a piece of one chromosome 2, one normal chromosome 12, and two translocated chromosomes 12, maintained the abnormal chromosome 2 but lost either the one normal or one of these translocated chromosome 12. These results indicate that chromosomes 2 and 12 carry genes that control the differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells and that inducibility by MGI is controlled by the balance between these genes. We suggest that these chromosomes also carry genes that control the malignancy of these cells.", "contents": "Chromosome mapping of the genes that control differentiation and malignancy in myeloid leukemic cells. The chromosome banding pattern has been analyzed in clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells that differ in their ability to be induced to differentiate by the protein inducer MGI (macrophage and granulocyte inducer). None of the clones had a completely normal diploid banding pattern. The clones studied were either MGI+ (that can be induced to form Fc and C3 rosettes), a stage in the differentiation of myeloid cells, or MGI- (that cannot be induced to form these rosettes). All six cultured clones of MGI- cells from myeloid leukemias independently produced in six separate animals showed a loss of a piece of one chromosome 2 and this abnormal chromosome was maintained in leukemias derived from the cultured cells. This loss was not found in MGI+ clones or lymphoid leukemias. Five MGI+ mutants, derived from an MGI- clone with a loss of a piece of one chromosome 2, one normal chromosome 12, and two translocated chromosomes 12, maintained the abnormal chromosome 2 but lost either the one normal or one of these translocated chromosome 12. These results indicate that chromosomes 2 and 12 carry genes that control the differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells and that inducibility by MGI is controlled by the balance between these genes. We suggest that these chromosomes also carry genes that control the malignancy of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:264679", "title": "Phosphorylation of membrane proteins at a cholinergic synapse.", "content": "Endogenous membrane protein kinase activity and protein kinase substrates have been found in membrane fractions enriched in the acetylcholine receptor that were prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo californica. Phosphorylation of four polypeptides is stimulated 9-fold by K+. The specific cholinergic ligand, carbachol, inhibited phosphorylation of these four polypeptides by 72% in the presence of 1mM Na+ and 100 mM K+. The 65,000-dalton component of the acetylcholine receptor in the membrane fraction appears to be phosphorylated by the endogenous protein kinase. These results suggest that protein phosphorylation may play an important role in synaptic events at nicotinic cholinergic synapses.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of membrane proteins at a cholinergic synapse. Endogenous membrane protein kinase activity and protein kinase substrates have been found in membrane fractions enriched in the acetylcholine receptor that were prepared from the electric organ of Torpedo californica. Phosphorylation of four polypeptides is stimulated 9-fold by K+. The specific cholinergic ligand, carbachol, inhibited phosphorylation of these four polypeptides by 72% in the presence of 1mM Na+ and 100 mM K+. The 65,000-dalton component of the acetylcholine receptor in the membrane fraction appears to be phosphorylated by the endogenous protein kinase. These results suggest that protein phosphorylation may play an important role in synaptic events at nicotinic cholinergic synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:264680", "title": "Cell differentiation in Dictyostelium under submerged conditions.", "content": "Hitherto it has not been possible to obtain spore and stalk cell differentiation of the cellular slime molds in submerged cultures. It is shown here that cells, when placed in roller tubes under an atmosphere of oxygen, will form clumps and differentiate in 48-72 hr into mature spores and stalk cells. Although differentiation occurs without the normal morphogenetic movements, there is the appearance of an anteroposterior polarity of the cells in the clump. In addition to oxygen we examined a number of other factors that affect differentiation.", "contents": "Cell differentiation in Dictyostelium under submerged conditions. Hitherto it has not been possible to obtain spore and stalk cell differentiation of the cellular slime molds in submerged cultures. It is shown here that cells, when placed in roller tubes under an atmosphere of oxygen, will form clumps and differentiate in 48-72 hr into mature spores and stalk cells. Although differentiation occurs without the normal morphogenetic movements, there is the appearance of an anteroposterior polarity of the cells in the clump. In addition to oxygen we examined a number of other factors that affect differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:264681", "title": "Rejection by syngeneic mice of cell variants obtained by mutagenesis of a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line.", "content": "Cells from the malignant teratocarcinoma line PCC4.azal were treated with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Fifty-five clones were isolated from the surviving cells. Twelve clones are unable to form tumors in the syngeneic 129/Sv mice. However, these \"tum-\" clones form tumors as readily as the original cells when they are injected into irradiated mice. Moreover, they stimulate the production of immune memory cells, which protect the injected animals and confer resistance by adoptive transfer. The tum- clones are therefore unable to generate tumors in syngeneic mice because they elicit an immune rejection response.", "contents": "Rejection by syngeneic mice of cell variants obtained by mutagenesis of a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line. Cells from the malignant teratocarcinoma line PCC4.azal were treated with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Fifty-five clones were isolated from the surviving cells. Twelve clones are unable to form tumors in the syngeneic 129/Sv mice. However, these \"tum-\" clones form tumors as readily as the original cells when they are injected into irradiated mice. Moreover, they stimulate the production of immune memory cells, which protect the injected animals and confer resistance by adoptive transfer. The tum- clones are therefore unable to generate tumors in syngeneic mice because they elicit an immune rejection response."}
{"id": "PMID:264682", "title": "Cleavage map of linear mouse sarcoma virus DNA.", "content": "Proviral DNA transcribed from the RNA of Moloney murine sarcoma virus was isolated from newly infected cells. Three forms of viral DNA were observed: (i) a linear double-stranded form of 3.4 X 10(6) daltons which constituted the major viral DNA species in the cell, and is thought to be a complete transcript (monomer) of viral RNA; (ii) a fast-sedimenting viral DNA bigger than the monomeric unit which can be either integrated provirls or concatamers; and (iii) covalently closed circles of monomer size representing 5% or less of the total viral DNA in the cell. The linear viral DNA was tested for its susceptibility to restriction endonucleases by electrophoretic analysis of the digestion products and their identification by hybridization with viral RNA or cDNA probes. The linear DNA is not cleaved by endonucleases EcoRI and BamHI. It is cleaved into two fragments by endonucleases HindIII and Hae II, and into three fragments by restriction endonuclease HincII. The fragments of the viral DNA added up to approximately 3.4 X 10(6) daltons; this and the uniform size of the linear DNA indicated that the viral DNA has unique ends and a complexity of 3.4 X 10(6) daltons. The different cleavage fragments were ordered with respect to each other and the 3' end of the viral RNA. It was observed that fragments from both ends of the linear DNA can be hybridized to sequence(s) at the 3' end of murine sarcoma virus RNA; this result suggested the possibility that a short redundant sequence exists at both termini of the genome.", "contents": "Cleavage map of linear mouse sarcoma virus DNA. Proviral DNA transcribed from the RNA of Moloney murine sarcoma virus was isolated from newly infected cells. Three forms of viral DNA were observed: (i) a linear double-stranded form of 3.4 X 10(6) daltons which constituted the major viral DNA species in the cell, and is thought to be a complete transcript (monomer) of viral RNA; (ii) a fast-sedimenting viral DNA bigger than the monomeric unit which can be either integrated provirls or concatamers; and (iii) covalently closed circles of monomer size representing 5% or less of the total viral DNA in the cell. The linear viral DNA was tested for its susceptibility to restriction endonucleases by electrophoretic analysis of the digestion products and their identification by hybridization with viral RNA or cDNA probes. The linear DNA is not cleaved by endonucleases EcoRI and BamHI. It is cleaved into two fragments by endonucleases HindIII and Hae II, and into three fragments by restriction endonuclease HincII. The fragments of the viral DNA added up to approximately 3.4 X 10(6) daltons; this and the uniform size of the linear DNA indicated that the viral DNA has unique ends and a complexity of 3.4 X 10(6) daltons. The different cleavage fragments were ordered with respect to each other and the 3' end of the viral RNA. It was observed that fragments from both ends of the linear DNA can be hybridized to sequence(s) at the 3' end of murine sarcoma virus RNA; this result suggested the possibility that a short redundant sequence exists at both termini of the genome."}
{"id": "PMID:264683", "title": "Initiation of genetic exchanges in lambda phage--prophage crosses.", "content": "When Escherichia coli K-12 (lambda) lysogens were infected with lambda phages, genetic exchanges between phage and prophage occurred at low frequencies (less than 0.1% between the markers P3 and P80), but at frequencies above 1% if the infecting phages were first treated with the photosensitizing agent 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 360 nm light. Exchanges were induced by psoralen damage at about the same frequency in wild-type lysogens and in those carrying recB(-), recC(-), recF(-), or lexA(-), but at an intermediate frequency in a quadruple mutant carrying recB(-)recC(-)recF(-)sbcB(-). Few if any exchanges were induced in lysogens carrying uvrA(-), uvrB(-), or recA(-). The increase in the frequency of recombination was presumably due to the psoralen damage in the phage DNA molecules and the action of host cell repair and recombination enzymes. The production of crosslinks in the phage DNA by psoralen and 360 nm light was measured by sedimentation in alkali. It showed second-order kinetics indicative of a two-photon reaction. In contrast, first-order kinetics had been reported for monoadduct formation. Second-order kinetics, similar to those for crosslink production, were found for genetic exchanges in homoimmune crosses. Presumably, crosslinks, rather than monoadducts, cause most of the exchanges. Because the uvrA(-) gene product (UV-endonuclease) was required, it is likely that recombination was initiated by DNA molecules cut at crosslinks. This system has been used to show that after the crosslinked phage duplex has been cut, one or more of the subsequent steps-homologous pairing, cutting, and joining-require the recA(+) gene product.", "contents": "Initiation of genetic exchanges in lambda phage--prophage crosses. When Escherichia coli K-12 (lambda) lysogens were infected with lambda phages, genetic exchanges between phage and prophage occurred at low frequencies (less than 0.1% between the markers P3 and P80), but at frequencies above 1% if the infecting phages were first treated with the photosensitizing agent 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 360 nm light. Exchanges were induced by psoralen damage at about the same frequency in wild-type lysogens and in those carrying recB(-), recC(-), recF(-), or lexA(-), but at an intermediate frequency in a quadruple mutant carrying recB(-)recC(-)recF(-)sbcB(-). Few if any exchanges were induced in lysogens carrying uvrA(-), uvrB(-), or recA(-). The increase in the frequency of recombination was presumably due to the psoralen damage in the phage DNA molecules and the action of host cell repair and recombination enzymes. The production of crosslinks in the phage DNA by psoralen and 360 nm light was measured by sedimentation in alkali. It showed second-order kinetics indicative of a two-photon reaction. In contrast, first-order kinetics had been reported for monoadduct formation. Second-order kinetics, similar to those for crosslink production, were found for genetic exchanges in homoimmune crosses. Presumably, crosslinks, rather than monoadducts, cause most of the exchanges. Because the uvrA(-) gene product (UV-endonuclease) was required, it is likely that recombination was initiated by DNA molecules cut at crosslinks. This system has been used to show that after the crosslinked phage duplex has been cut, one or more of the subsequent steps-homologous pairing, cutting, and joining-require the recA(+) gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:264684", "title": "Genetic control of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases: evidence for duplicated chromosome segments.", "content": "The genetic control of the major mitochondrial isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase (L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.37) has been investigated in Zea mays. The mitochondrial isozymes are coded at four nuclear gene loci. Two of the loci (mdh1 and mdh2) are diallelic and tightly linked. The other two loci (mdh3 and mdh4) appear to have arisen by duplication of the chromosome segment carrying mdh1 and mdh2, but are not linked to them. The segregation of such a duplicate segment can explain anomalous backcross and F2 segregation ratios.", "contents": "Genetic control of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases: evidence for duplicated chromosome segments. The genetic control of the major mitochondrial isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase (L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.37) has been investigated in Zea mays. The mitochondrial isozymes are coded at four nuclear gene loci. Two of the loci (mdh1 and mdh2) are diallelic and tightly linked. The other two loci (mdh3 and mdh4) appear to have arisen by duplication of the chromosome segment carrying mdh1 and mdh2, but are not linked to them. The segregation of such a duplicate segment can explain anomalous backcross and F2 segregation ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:264685", "title": "Microcell-mediated transfer of murine chromosomes into mouse, Chinese hamster, and human somatic cells.", "content": "In this report, we describe the production and characterization of proliferating hybrid cell populations generated by fusion of murine microcells with intact mouse, Chinese hamster, and human recipient cells. The microcell hybrids so produced contained one to five intact murine chromosomes derived from the microcell donor. these transferred chromosomes were maintained as functioning genetic elements in the hybrid cells. Our results firmly establish subnuclear particle-mediated chromosome transfer as a valid somatic cell genetic tool.", "contents": "Microcell-mediated transfer of murine chromosomes into mouse, Chinese hamster, and human somatic cells. In this report, we describe the production and characterization of proliferating hybrid cell populations generated by fusion of murine microcells with intact mouse, Chinese hamster, and human recipient cells. The microcell hybrids so produced contained one to five intact murine chromosomes derived from the microcell donor. these transferred chromosomes were maintained as functioning genetic elements in the hybrid cells. Our results firmly establish subnuclear particle-mediated chromosome transfer as a valid somatic cell genetic tool."}
{"id": "PMID:264686", "title": "Glucose homeostasis during prolonged suppression of glucagon and insulin secretion by somatostatin.", "content": "Somatostatin was infused for 5-8 hr into five normal men and eleven normal, conscious dogs. This infusion resulted in a persistent decline in plasma glucagon (40-60%) and insulin (30-45%). Plasma gluccose fell 15-25% during the initial 1-2 hr, but subsequently rose to hyperglycemic levels (130-155 mg/100ml) by 3-6 hr, despite persistent hypoglucagonemia. Glucose production initially declined by 40-50%, but later rose to levels 15-20% above basal rates while peripheral glucose utilization fell to levels 20-30% below basal, thereby accounting for hyperglycemia. Infusion of exogenous insulin so as to restore plasma insulin to preinfusion values or cessation of the somatostatin infusion with restoration of endogenous insulin secretion resulted in a prompt reduction of plasma glucose to baseline values. Prevention of the initial somatostatin-induced hypoglycemic response by intravenous infusion of glucose failed to prevent the delayed hyperglycemia. We conclude that somatostatin caused only transient hypoglycemia in normal subjects and that hyperglycemia eventually developes as a consequence of insulin deficiency. These data indicate that basal glucagon secretion is not essential for the development of fasting hyperglycemia and support the conclusion that insulin deficiency rather than glucagon excess is the primary factor responsible for abnormal glucose homeostasis in the diabetic.", "contents": "Glucose homeostasis during prolonged suppression of glucagon and insulin secretion by somatostatin. Somatostatin was infused for 5-8 hr into five normal men and eleven normal, conscious dogs. This infusion resulted in a persistent decline in plasma glucagon (40-60%) and insulin (30-45%). Plasma gluccose fell 15-25% during the initial 1-2 hr, but subsequently rose to hyperglycemic levels (130-155 mg/100ml) by 3-6 hr, despite persistent hypoglucagonemia. Glucose production initially declined by 40-50%, but later rose to levels 15-20% above basal rates while peripheral glucose utilization fell to levels 20-30% below basal, thereby accounting for hyperglycemia. Infusion of exogenous insulin so as to restore plasma insulin to preinfusion values or cessation of the somatostatin infusion with restoration of endogenous insulin secretion resulted in a prompt reduction of plasma glucose to baseline values. Prevention of the initial somatostatin-induced hypoglycemic response by intravenous infusion of glucose failed to prevent the delayed hyperglycemia. We conclude that somatostatin caused only transient hypoglycemia in normal subjects and that hyperglycemia eventually developes as a consequence of insulin deficiency. These data indicate that basal glucagon secretion is not essential for the development of fasting hyperglycemia and support the conclusion that insulin deficiency rather than glucagon excess is the primary factor responsible for abnormal glucose homeostasis in the diabetic."}
{"id": "PMID:264687", "title": "Beta-endorphin: stimulation of growth hormone release in vivo.", "content": "Two micrograms of beta-endorphin (beta-lipotropin61-91) injected intraventricularly in rats that had been treated with antiserum against somatostatin led to a 6- and 10-fold stimulation of the concentration of plasma growth hormone (somatotropin) measured 10 and 20 min after injection of the peptide, whereas 400 mug of methionine-enkephalin led to a 4- to 6-fold increase of levels of plasma growth hormone at 10 min with a rapid return to basal levels at later time intervals. At doses of 5 and 25 mug, beta-endorphin led to a 20- to 30-fold stimulation of levels of plasma growth hormone, the maximal effect being measured between 20 and 30 min after injection. These data suggest the possible role of the endogenous opiate-like peptides in the control of growth hormone secretion.", "contents": "Beta-endorphin: stimulation of growth hormone release in vivo. Two micrograms of beta-endorphin (beta-lipotropin61-91) injected intraventricularly in rats that had been treated with antiserum against somatostatin led to a 6- and 10-fold stimulation of the concentration of plasma growth hormone (somatotropin) measured 10 and 20 min after injection of the peptide, whereas 400 mug of methionine-enkephalin led to a 4- to 6-fold increase of levels of plasma growth hormone at 10 min with a rapid return to basal levels at later time intervals. At doses of 5 and 25 mug, beta-endorphin led to a 20- to 30-fold stimulation of levels of plasma growth hormone, the maximal effect being measured between 20 and 30 min after injection. These data suggest the possible role of the endogenous opiate-like peptides in the control of growth hormone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:264688", "title": "Reduction of blood pressure and vascular collagen in hypertensive rats by beta-aminopropionitrile.", "content": "beta-Aminopropionitrile, a specific inhibitor of lysyl oxidase prevented the rise in blood pressure induced by deoxycorticosterone-salt in rats. In addition, after the onset of hypertension, administration of beta-aminopropionitrile lowered the blood pressure. Concomitant with the lowering of blood pressure, there was a reduction in the more highly crosslinked form of vascular collagen. These findings would indicate that increases in vascular connective tissue are not only sequelae of hypertension, but may also contribute to the maintenance of elevated blood pressure.", "contents": "Reduction of blood pressure and vascular collagen in hypertensive rats by beta-aminopropionitrile. beta-Aminopropionitrile, a specific inhibitor of lysyl oxidase prevented the rise in blood pressure induced by deoxycorticosterone-salt in rats. In addition, after the onset of hypertension, administration of beta-aminopropionitrile lowered the blood pressure. Concomitant with the lowering of blood pressure, there was a reduction in the more highly crosslinked form of vascular collagen. These findings would indicate that increases in vascular connective tissue are not only sequelae of hypertension, but may also contribute to the maintenance of elevated blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:264689", "title": "Inhibition of erythrocyte sickling in vitro by DL-glyceraldehyde.", "content": "Concentrations of DL-glyceraldehyde between 5 and 20 mM reduce the sickling of S/S erythrocytes even in the complete absence of oxygen; at 10 mM glyceraldehyde the increase in the number of normal cells ranges from 20 to 40%. The inhibition of sickling was both concentration- and time-dependent and was not reversed by repeated washings with buffer. Incubation of erythrocytes with increasing concentrations of glyceraldehyde resulted in only a small increase in the oxygen affinity, a moderate reduction in the Hill coefficient, a substantial increase in the minimum gelling concentration, and modification of up to two lysine residues per hemoglobin molecule.", "contents": "Inhibition of erythrocyte sickling in vitro by DL-glyceraldehyde. Concentrations of DL-glyceraldehyde between 5 and 20 mM reduce the sickling of S/S erythrocytes even in the complete absence of oxygen; at 10 mM glyceraldehyde the increase in the number of normal cells ranges from 20 to 40%. The inhibition of sickling was both concentration- and time-dependent and was not reversed by repeated washings with buffer. Incubation of erythrocytes with increasing concentrations of glyceraldehyde resulted in only a small increase in the oxygen affinity, a moderate reduction in the Hill coefficient, a substantial increase in the minimum gelling concentration, and modification of up to two lysine residues per hemoglobin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:264690", "title": "Development of the nervous system of Aplysia californica.", "content": "The ability to grow the marine molluse Aplysia under laboratory conditions allows a detailed study of the formation of the nervous system and of the development of specific identified cells. I have found that the ganglia develop in a specific temporal order. Cerebral and pedal ganglia develop at hatching, the abdominal, pleural, and osphradial ganglia 3 weeks after hatching, and the buccal ganglia at 4 weeks. The origin of the abdominal ganglion is complex; its anlage forms at 3 weeks from three larval ganglia that fuse to form the abdominal ganglion. Individual cells cannot be distinguished from one another by their location within the ganglion or by their appearance alone until metamorphosis at 5 weeks. After metamorphosis, the identified neuron, R2, suddenly becomes recognizable because of a significant increase in its size.", "contents": "Development of the nervous system of Aplysia californica. The ability to grow the marine molluse Aplysia under laboratory conditions allows a detailed study of the formation of the nervous system and of the development of specific identified cells. I have found that the ganglia develop in a specific temporal order. Cerebral and pedal ganglia develop at hatching, the abdominal, pleural, and osphradial ganglia 3 weeks after hatching, and the buccal ganglia at 4 weeks. The origin of the abdominal ganglion is complex; its anlage forms at 3 weeks from three larval ganglia that fuse to form the abdominal ganglion. Individual cells cannot be distinguished from one another by their location within the ganglion or by their appearance alone until metamorphosis at 5 weeks. After metamorphosis, the identified neuron, R2, suddenly becomes recognizable because of a significant increase in its size."}
{"id": "PMID:264691", "title": "Measures of fitness and demographic stability.", "content": "The concepts of entropy and reproductive potential of a genotype were introduced in a previous paper [Demetrius, L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4645-4647] and an analoge of the fundamental theorem of natural selection was derived. This paper relates to entropy of a population with the rate of convergence of the population to the stable age distribution. I show that (i) at maximal entropy, no oscillatory components exist and the birth sequence is unaffected by perturbations in the stable age distribution; and (ii) at zero entropy, oscillatory components occur and increase as rapidly as the real exponential component in the birth sequence. These results have implications towards (i) the relation between population fitness and adaptedness, (ii) modes of selection and the evolution of reproductive strategies, and (iii) the evolution of senescence.", "contents": "Measures of fitness and demographic stability. The concepts of entropy and reproductive potential of a genotype were introduced in a previous paper [Demetrius, L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4645-4647] and an analoge of the fundamental theorem of natural selection was derived. This paper relates to entropy of a population with the rate of convergence of the population to the stable age distribution. I show that (i) at maximal entropy, no oscillatory components exist and the birth sequence is unaffected by perturbations in the stable age distribution; and (ii) at zero entropy, oscillatory components occur and increase as rapidly as the real exponential component in the birth sequence. These results have implications towards (i) the relation between population fitness and adaptedness, (ii) modes of selection and the evolution of reproductive strategies, and (iii) the evolution of senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:264692", "title": "Synthesis of two collagen types by embryonic chick corneal epithelium in vitro.", "content": "To better understand the mechanisms involved in matrix development, we have analyzed the collagen synthesized by embryonic corneal epithelium, the tissue known to produce the collagenous component of the primary corneal stroma. Isolated epithelia were cultured in vitro in medium containing [oH]proline and the newly synthesized, labeled collagen was extracted, fractionally salt precipitated, and analyzed by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and peptide mapping after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The data show that the cornela epithelium produces at least two different types of collagen, one similar, if not identical, to the type I molecule of skin, and a second similar, if not identical, to the type II molecule of cartilage. Type II, heretofore, had been thought to be characteristic of cartilage extracellular matrix.", "contents": "Synthesis of two collagen types by embryonic chick corneal epithelium in vitro. To better understand the mechanisms involved in matrix development, we have analyzed the collagen synthesized by embryonic corneal epithelium, the tissue known to produce the collagenous component of the primary corneal stroma. Isolated epithelia were cultured in vitro in medium containing [oH]proline and the newly synthesized, labeled collagen was extracted, fractionally salt precipitated, and analyzed by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and peptide mapping after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The data show that the cornela epithelium produces at least two different types of collagen, one similar, if not identical, to the type I molecule of skin, and a second similar, if not identical, to the type II molecule of cartilage. Type II, heretofore, had been thought to be characteristic of cartilage extracellular matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:264693", "title": "Selective and accurate transcription of the Xenopus laevis 5S RNA genes in isolated chromatin by purified RNA polymerase III.", "content": "Chromatin isolated from immature oocytes was found to contain an endogenous RNA polymerase activity (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) that synthesizes predominately 5S RNA. However, the levels of total RNA synthesis and 5S RNA synthesis in chromatin were each stimulated 10- to 50-fold by an exogenous RNA polymerase III purified from X. laevis oocytes. The 5S genes in chromatin were transcribed by the exogenous enzyme in a highly selective (3000-fold above random) and predominately asymmetric fashion. A significant fraction of 5S RNA sequences were also found in a discrete transcript, approximately 5S in size. Total RNA synthesis was significantly stimulated when chromatin was transcribed by oocyte RNA polymerase I, murine RNA polymerase II, and low levels of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. However, these enzymes did not significantly stimulate 5S RNA synthesis above the endogenous levels. Both homologous oocyte RNA polymerase I and III and E. coli RNA polymerase transcribed the 5S genes in deproteinized DNA to approximately the same extent (severalfold above random) and both the sense and anti-sense strands of the gene were transcribed. It appears, therefore, that both chromatin-associated components and a purified RNA polymerase III are necessary and sufficient for the selective and accurate transcription of the 5S RNA genes in vitro.", "contents": "Selective and accurate transcription of the Xenopus laevis 5S RNA genes in isolated chromatin by purified RNA polymerase III. Chromatin isolated from immature oocytes was found to contain an endogenous RNA polymerase activity (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) that synthesizes predominately 5S RNA. However, the levels of total RNA synthesis and 5S RNA synthesis in chromatin were each stimulated 10- to 50-fold by an exogenous RNA polymerase III purified from X. laevis oocytes. The 5S genes in chromatin were transcribed by the exogenous enzyme in a highly selective (3000-fold above random) and predominately asymmetric fashion. A significant fraction of 5S RNA sequences were also found in a discrete transcript, approximately 5S in size. Total RNA synthesis was significantly stimulated when chromatin was transcribed by oocyte RNA polymerase I, murine RNA polymerase II, and low levels of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. However, these enzymes did not significantly stimulate 5S RNA synthesis above the endogenous levels. Both homologous oocyte RNA polymerase I and III and E. coli RNA polymerase transcribed the 5S genes in deproteinized DNA to approximately the same extent (severalfold above random) and both the sense and anti-sense strands of the gene were transcribed. It appears, therefore, that both chromatin-associated components and a purified RNA polymerase III are necessary and sufficient for the selective and accurate transcription of the 5S RNA genes in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:264694", "title": "A soluble ATP-dependent proteolytic system responsible for the degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes.", "content": "Reticulocytes, like other cells, selectively degrade certain abnormal proteins by an energy-dependent process. When isolated rabbit reticulocytes incorporate the valine analog 2-amino-3chlorobutyric acid (ClAbu) in place of valine, they produce an abnormal globin that is degraded with a half-life of 15 min. Normal hemoglobin, in contrast, undergoes little or no breakdown within these cells. Cell-free extracts from reticulocytes have been shown to rapidly hydrolyze these abnormal proteins. The degradative system is located in the 100,000 X g supernatant, has a pH optimum of 7.8, and does not appear to be of lysosomal origin. This breakdown of analog-containing protein was stimulated severalfold by ATP, and slightly by ADP. AMP and adenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate had no significant effect on proteolysis. Experiments with ATP analogs suggest that the terminal high energy phosphate is important in the degradative process. Proteolysis in the cell-free system and in intact reticulocytes was inhibited by the same agents (L-l-tosylamido-2-phenyl-ethylchloromethyl ketone, N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and o-phenanthroline). In addition, the relative rates of degradation of several polypeptides in the cell-free extracts paralleled degradatives rates within cells. Thus, a soluble nonlysosomal proteolytic system appears responsible for the energy-dependent degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes.", "contents": "A soluble ATP-dependent proteolytic system responsible for the degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes. Reticulocytes, like other cells, selectively degrade certain abnormal proteins by an energy-dependent process. When isolated rabbit reticulocytes incorporate the valine analog 2-amino-3chlorobutyric acid (ClAbu) in place of valine, they produce an abnormal globin that is degraded with a half-life of 15 min. Normal hemoglobin, in contrast, undergoes little or no breakdown within these cells. Cell-free extracts from reticulocytes have been shown to rapidly hydrolyze these abnormal proteins. The degradative system is located in the 100,000 X g supernatant, has a pH optimum of 7.8, and does not appear to be of lysosomal origin. This breakdown of analog-containing protein was stimulated severalfold by ATP, and slightly by ADP. AMP and adenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate had no significant effect on proteolysis. Experiments with ATP analogs suggest that the terminal high energy phosphate is important in the degradative process. Proteolysis in the cell-free system and in intact reticulocytes was inhibited by the same agents (L-l-tosylamido-2-phenyl-ethylchloromethyl ketone, N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and o-phenanthroline). In addition, the relative rates of degradation of several polypeptides in the cell-free extracts paralleled degradatives rates within cells. Thus, a soluble nonlysosomal proteolytic system appears responsible for the energy-dependent degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:264695", "title": "Isolation of transcriptionally active chromatin from mammalian nucleoli.", "content": "Nucleoli isolated from HeLa cells are functionally active but contain large amounts of RNA and proteins (RNA/DNA ratio 1:1; protein/DNA ratio 7:1). We have isolated from the nucleolus a DNA-protein complex that has the characteristics of nucleolar chromatin (RNA/DNA ratio less than 0.05:1; protein/DNA ratio 1.7:1). This nucleolar chromatin has most of the transcriptional activity of the intact nucleolus and, as assayed by circular dichroism and dye binding, has largely preserved its structure. The isolation of a transcriptionally active, fragment of chromatin, which constitutes only a small part of the total genome and codes for only one recognizable product, offers several advantages for the study of chromatin structure and function.", "contents": "Isolation of transcriptionally active chromatin from mammalian nucleoli. Nucleoli isolated from HeLa cells are functionally active but contain large amounts of RNA and proteins (RNA/DNA ratio 1:1; protein/DNA ratio 7:1). We have isolated from the nucleolus a DNA-protein complex that has the characteristics of nucleolar chromatin (RNA/DNA ratio less than 0.05:1; protein/DNA ratio 1.7:1). This nucleolar chromatin has most of the transcriptional activity of the intact nucleolus and, as assayed by circular dichroism and dye binding, has largely preserved its structure. The isolation of a transcriptionally active, fragment of chromatin, which constitutes only a small part of the total genome and codes for only one recognizable product, offers several advantages for the study of chromatin structure and function."}
{"id": "PMID:264696", "title": "Ordering of cyanogen bromide peptides of type III collagen based on their homology to type I collagen: preservation of sites for crosslink formation during evolution.", "content": "The order of the cyanogen-bromide-derived peptides from alpha 1 (III) chains of pepsin-solubilized calf skin collagen was found to be 3A-3B-3C-7-6-1,8,2-4-5-9A-9B. The amino-acid sequences of the NH2-terminal region of all peptides were determined by Edman's automated degradation procedure. The alignment of the peptides along the peptide chain was established by searching for the best homology between the partial sequences of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the alpha 1 (III) chain and the completely known sequence of the alpha 1 (I) chain. Characterization of three cyanogen-bromide-derived double peptides provided confirmation of the deduced order. A sequence Gly-Met-Hyl-Gly-His-Arg-Gly-Phe- was established near the NH2-terminus and a sequence Gly-Ile-Hyl-Gly-His-Arg-Gly-Phe near the COOH-terminus of the alpha 1(III) chain. Identical sequences have been found in the corresponding regions of the alph 1(I) chain. They include hydroxylysine, a site for intermolecular crosslink formation. Because these sequences are conserved during evolution of the collagen molecule, they are probably important for collagen structure and function.", "contents": "Ordering of cyanogen bromide peptides of type III collagen based on their homology to type I collagen: preservation of sites for crosslink formation during evolution. The order of the cyanogen-bromide-derived peptides from alpha 1 (III) chains of pepsin-solubilized calf skin collagen was found to be 3A-3B-3C-7-6-1,8,2-4-5-9A-9B. The amino-acid sequences of the NH2-terminal region of all peptides were determined by Edman's automated degradation procedure. The alignment of the peptides along the peptide chain was established by searching for the best homology between the partial sequences of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the alpha 1 (III) chain and the completely known sequence of the alpha 1 (I) chain. Characterization of three cyanogen-bromide-derived double peptides provided confirmation of the deduced order. A sequence Gly-Met-Hyl-Gly-His-Arg-Gly-Phe- was established near the NH2-terminus and a sequence Gly-Ile-Hyl-Gly-His-Arg-Gly-Phe near the COOH-terminus of the alpha 1(III) chain. Identical sequences have been found in the corresponding regions of the alph 1(I) chain. They include hydroxylysine, a site for intermolecular crosslink formation. Because these sequences are conserved during evolution of the collagen molecule, they are probably important for collagen structure and function."}
{"id": "PMID:264697", "title": "Activation of cardiac adenylate cyclase: horminal modification of the magnesium ion requirement.", "content": "Histamine and epinephrine stimulate the activity of guinea pig heart adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.1], in part, by decreasing the requirement for Mg2+ as an activator. This effect may represent an increase in affinity for Mg2+ and/or a decrease in sensitivity of the enzyme towards inhibition by free ATP. Both of these inotropic hormones also increase maximum velocity. Pretreatment of the membrane-bound enzyme with EDTA, to remove available divalent cations, almost eliminates persistent stimulation by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. Addition of Mg2+ to the preincubation medium restores the capacity of Gpp(NH)p to acutely activate the enzyme. These results indicate that Mg2+ interacts with the nucleotide (GTP) regulatory site. Persistent stimulation of the enzyme by either Gpp(NH)p or fluoride ion also involves a decrease in the requirement for Mg2+ and an increase in maximum velocity.", "contents": "Activation of cardiac adenylate cyclase: horminal modification of the magnesium ion requirement. Histamine and epinephrine stimulate the activity of guinea pig heart adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.1], in part, by decreasing the requirement for Mg2+ as an activator. This effect may represent an increase in affinity for Mg2+ and/or a decrease in sensitivity of the enzyme towards inhibition by free ATP. Both of these inotropic hormones also increase maximum velocity. Pretreatment of the membrane-bound enzyme with EDTA, to remove available divalent cations, almost eliminates persistent stimulation by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. Addition of Mg2+ to the preincubation medium restores the capacity of Gpp(NH)p to acutely activate the enzyme. These results indicate that Mg2+ interacts with the nucleotide (GTP) regulatory site. Persistent stimulation of the enzyme by either Gpp(NH)p or fluoride ion also involves a decrease in the requirement for Mg2+ and an increase in maximum velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:264701", "title": "[The centric relation. III. Usefulness of 3 interocclusal registration materials during mounting of the models on an articulator].", "content": "3 waxes commonly used to record interocclusal positions are tested on an articulator. All recordings are made at the same opening and the condylar variations are analysed with a Buhnergraph. Soft materials may induce errors and relining the interocclusal records allows a higher degree of accuracy.", "contents": "[The centric relation. III. Usefulness of 3 interocclusal registration materials during mounting of the models on an articulator]. 3 waxes commonly used to record interocclusal positions are tested on an articulator. All recordings are made at the same opening and the condylar variations are analysed with a Buhnergraph. Soft materials may induce errors and relining the interocclusal records allows a higher degree of accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:264702", "title": "[Model test on the change of position of the mandibular condyle after sagittal splitting of the mandible].", "content": "On two acrylic copies of a cranium with mandibular prognathy, the mandible was moved back by sagittal cut of the ascending ramus. It is shown that with both methods of immobilization, circumferential and screw-osteosynthesis, the segments cause a change in the position of the condyles. There are no clear advantages or disadvantages of either method. Observed cases of circumferential wiring showed practically no arthrotic symptoms after 2-10 years, which indicated that the t.m. joint has a large degree of adaptability. However, such a statement can be made definitely only after an observation time of 20-30 years.", "contents": "[Model test on the change of position of the mandibular condyle after sagittal splitting of the mandible]. On two acrylic copies of a cranium with mandibular prognathy, the mandible was moved back by sagittal cut of the ascending ramus. It is shown that with both methods of immobilization, circumferential and screw-osteosynthesis, the segments cause a change in the position of the condyles. There are no clear advantages or disadvantages of either method. Observed cases of circumferential wiring showed practically no arthrotic symptoms after 2-10 years, which indicated that the t.m. joint has a large degree of adaptability. However, such a statement can be made definitely only after an observation time of 20-30 years."}
{"id": "PMID:264703", "title": "[Dental care of prison inmates in Switzerland].", "content": "The dental status of inmates of 10 Swiss penitentiaries (capacity 50 to 245 persons) was investigated, and also organization and economic questions pertaining to dental treatment of penitentiary inmates. In all 10 institutions, the minimal claims of the UNO (1955) relative to dental treatment of penitentiary inmates are fulfilled. Nevertheless, there are significant differences between the 10 institutions. In some, practically only pain therapy is customary, while in others the whole spectrum of modern dentistry is used. Preventive measures are uniformly insufficient. Since the administering of punishment in Switzerland is cantonal, the differences in dental treatment will not be easy to eliminate.", "contents": "[Dental care of prison inmates in Switzerland]. The dental status of inmates of 10 Swiss penitentiaries (capacity 50 to 245 persons) was investigated, and also organization and economic questions pertaining to dental treatment of penitentiary inmates. In all 10 institutions, the minimal claims of the UNO (1955) relative to dental treatment of penitentiary inmates are fulfilled. Nevertheless, there are significant differences between the 10 institutions. In some, practically only pain therapy is customary, while in others the whole spectrum of modern dentistry is used. Preventive measures are uniformly insufficient. Since the administering of punishment in Switzerland is cantonal, the differences in dental treatment will not be easy to eliminate."}
{"id": "PMID:264708", "title": "An animal model for human osteosarcoma.", "content": "Osteosarcomas formed in antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated hamsters when 2x10(6) TE-85 human osteosarcoma cells (maintained in tissue culture) infected with M-MSV (RD-114) virus were injected adjacent to the femur or the scapula; undifferentiated sarcomas formed when 1 x 10(6) cells were injected subcutaneously. Tumors were palpable 10 to 14 days after the cells were injected and grew progressively until the animals died (mean survival time was 30 days). All animals had pulmonary metastases. Neither the subcutaneous sarcomas nor the metastases contained bone or osteoid; however, the osteosarcomas adjacent ot the femur and scapula contained collagen, osteoid and calcified bone when observed by light and electron microscopy. These results indicate that the TE-85-M-MSV cell-ALS hamster system is an animal model for the study of osteosarcomas of human cell origin.", "contents": "An animal model for human osteosarcoma. Osteosarcomas formed in antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated hamsters when 2x10(6) TE-85 human osteosarcoma cells (maintained in tissue culture) infected with M-MSV (RD-114) virus were injected adjacent to the femur or the scapula; undifferentiated sarcomas formed when 1 x 10(6) cells were injected subcutaneously. Tumors were palpable 10 to 14 days after the cells were injected and grew progressively until the animals died (mean survival time was 30 days). All animals had pulmonary metastases. Neither the subcutaneous sarcomas nor the metastases contained bone or osteoid; however, the osteosarcomas adjacent ot the femur and scapula contained collagen, osteoid and calcified bone when observed by light and electron microscopy. These results indicate that the TE-85-M-MSV cell-ALS hamster system is an animal model for the study of osteosarcomas of human cell origin."}
{"id": "PMID:264711", "title": "[Irradiation of the spleen during malign diseases of the blood (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of splenic irradiation in 8 patients with neoplastic hematologic diseases are compared with those previously published. Although only 2 of our 8 cases showed a remission, 7 of the 8 patients showed a decrease in spleen size and a subjective improvement. The regularly observed and often severe pancytopenia after splenic irradiation was in no apparent relation to the dose applied. The indications and the dosage of radiotherapy of the spleen are discussed.", "contents": "[Irradiation of the spleen during malign diseases of the blood (author's transl)]. The results of splenic irradiation in 8 patients with neoplastic hematologic diseases are compared with those previously published. Although only 2 of our 8 cases showed a remission, 7 of the 8 patients showed a decrease in spleen size and a subjective improvement. The regularly observed and often severe pancytopenia after splenic irradiation was in no apparent relation to the dose applied. The indications and the dosage of radiotherapy of the spleen are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264718", "title": "[Design and haemodynamic evaluation of the ellipsoid heart for total heart replacement].", "content": "Thromboembolism is a complication which represents a major limiting factor in animals with long-term postoperative survival periods following total artificial heart replacement. Thrombi are formed on the artificial valves, the biomaterials and in stagnation areas within the artificial ventricles. In design planning the stagnation areas should be avoided as well as major turbulences. The filling volume should be maximally used for the stroke volume and the epicenter of the membrane should be underneath the valve areas. The ellipsoid heart eliminates stagnation areas and the stroke volume is 82% of the filling volume. The maximum cardiac output is 15.8 l/min. The ellipsoid heart was implanted in 20 female calves; the maximum length of survival was 213 hours. There was no compression of the inferior vena cava and the heart fitted well into the chest of the animals. The cardiac output, self-regulated in the sense of Starling's law, was adequate to perfuse the animals and to allow moderate exercise such as standing. The arterial pressure curves show normal physiological activity. The curves in both atria are unphysiological, owing to relative insufficiency of the valves. The limiting factors were pulmonary insufficiency and surgical complications. The ventricles showed no thrombus formation -- except in one case, in which faulty material was the predisposing cause. It was possible to develop an automatic driving system on the basis of these experiments. Regulation occurred by means of gas flow control in the driving tubes, whereby the form of the gas flow curve provides information on position of the membrane. As soon as the membrane has reached the end-diastolic position, systole is triggered off and lasts until the end-systolic position is reached. If the venous return is increased, the ventricles are filled more rapidly and the heart is driven at a higher rate. One part of the ellipsoid heart is used as ventricle for assisted circulation. The left ventricle is cannulated via the left appendage or the apex. The ventricle relieves the left heart to a large extent and the cardiac output is taken over by the pump placed in a paracorporeal position. The blood is directed back into the thoracic aorta.", "contents": "[Design and haemodynamic evaluation of the ellipsoid heart for total heart replacement]. Thromboembolism is a complication which represents a major limiting factor in animals with long-term postoperative survival periods following total artificial heart replacement. Thrombi are formed on the artificial valves, the biomaterials and in stagnation areas within the artificial ventricles. In design planning the stagnation areas should be avoided as well as major turbulences. The filling volume should be maximally used for the stroke volume and the epicenter of the membrane should be underneath the valve areas. The ellipsoid heart eliminates stagnation areas and the stroke volume is 82% of the filling volume. The maximum cardiac output is 15.8 l/min. The ellipsoid heart was implanted in 20 female calves; the maximum length of survival was 213 hours. There was no compression of the inferior vena cava and the heart fitted well into the chest of the animals. The cardiac output, self-regulated in the sense of Starling's law, was adequate to perfuse the animals and to allow moderate exercise such as standing. The arterial pressure curves show normal physiological activity. The curves in both atria are unphysiological, owing to relative insufficiency of the valves. The limiting factors were pulmonary insufficiency and surgical complications. The ventricles showed no thrombus formation -- except in one case, in which faulty material was the predisposing cause. It was possible to develop an automatic driving system on the basis of these experiments. Regulation occurred by means of gas flow control in the driving tubes, whereby the form of the gas flow curve provides information on position of the membrane. As soon as the membrane has reached the end-diastolic position, systole is triggered off and lasts until the end-systolic position is reached. If the venous return is increased, the ventricles are filled more rapidly and the heart is driven at a higher rate. One part of the ellipsoid heart is used as ventricle for assisted circulation. The left ventricle is cannulated via the left appendage or the apex. The ventricle relieves the left heart to a large extent and the cardiac output is taken over by the pump placed in a paracorporeal position. The blood is directed back into the thoracic aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:264719", "title": "[Erythema annulare centrifugum as a symptom in acute myeloid leukemia].", "content": "Erythema annulare centrifugum occurred in a 68 year-old women suffering from acute myeloid leukemia. A \"paraneoplastic\" origin of the skin disease was most probable in this case.", "contents": "[Erythema annulare centrifugum as a symptom in acute myeloid leukemia]. Erythema annulare centrifugum occurred in a 68 year-old women suffering from acute myeloid leukemia. A \"paraneoplastic\" origin of the skin disease was most probable in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:264737", "title": "The importance of complementary cytology and colposcopy in a detection program.", "content": "Since 1956, we have used cytology and colposcopy routinely as complementary methods and the percentage of positive results has brought us much closer to the ideal 100 per cent. In order to achieve this, it is essential to put to good use the experience acquired by cytologists and colposcopists and to constantly update and improve the technique employed. The population must be made aware of the benefits of the simultaneous use of these detection methods through health education. The possibilities of diagnostic prediction of cytology are already well known. By means of colposcopy, we may classify the findings as follows: 1) normal, 2) with benign pathology, 3) suspicious, requiring additional frequent control, 4) highly suspicious of neoplasm, 5) malignant. Using the combined methodology, we were able to detect the flaws in use of both methods separately. Considering the carcinoma in situ and microcarcinoma, the results amounted to 16.6 per cent of cytologic false negatives and 12.9 per cent of colposcopic false negatives, whereas applying both methods simultaneously, we obtained only 2.7 per cent of false negatives. As we mentioned previously, this percentage of error may be attributable to technical faults, associated pathology and/or anatomic-histologic localization. We emphasize our reference to the simplicity of our method, making it possible to dispense with exaggerated human and material requirements and, at the same time, obtain highly successful results.", "contents": "The importance of complementary cytology and colposcopy in a detection program. Since 1956, we have used cytology and colposcopy routinely as complementary methods and the percentage of positive results has brought us much closer to the ideal 100 per cent. In order to achieve this, it is essential to put to good use the experience acquired by cytologists and colposcopists and to constantly update and improve the technique employed. The population must be made aware of the benefits of the simultaneous use of these detection methods through health education. The possibilities of diagnostic prediction of cytology are already well known. By means of colposcopy, we may classify the findings as follows: 1) normal, 2) with benign pathology, 3) suspicious, requiring additional frequent control, 4) highly suspicious of neoplasm, 5) malignant. Using the combined methodology, we were able to detect the flaws in use of both methods separately. Considering the carcinoma in situ and microcarcinoma, the results amounted to 16.6 per cent of cytologic false negatives and 12.9 per cent of colposcopic false negatives, whereas applying both methods simultaneously, we obtained only 2.7 per cent of false negatives. As we mentioned previously, this percentage of error may be attributable to technical faults, associated pathology and/or anatomic-histologic localization. We emphasize our reference to the simplicity of our method, making it possible to dispense with exaggerated human and material requirements and, at the same time, obtain highly successful results."}
{"id": "PMID:264738", "title": "The identification of Paragonimus westermanii in bronchial washings. Case report.", "content": "Ova of Paragonimus westermanii were identified on Papanicolaou stained slides prepared from bronchial washings of a 40 year-old Korean-American male. In addition to evaluation for neoplasia, a careful search of all cytological material for non-neoplastic conditions is mandatory in our routine practice, especially in this age of population mobility.", "contents": "The identification of Paragonimus westermanii in bronchial washings. Case report. Ova of Paragonimus westermanii were identified on Papanicolaou stained slides prepared from bronchial washings of a 40 year-old Korean-American male. In addition to evaluation for neoplasia, a careful search of all cytological material for non-neoplastic conditions is mandatory in our routine practice, especially in this age of population mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:264740", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of herpetic esophagitis. A case report.", "content": "A diagnosis of herpetic esophagitis was made in a patient with alcoholic liver disease by means of endoscopy and brush cytology. Herpetic esophagitis is a common cause of esophageal ulceration in severely debilitated or immunosuppressed patients especially when the esophagus is traumatized by nasogastric intubation. Dysphagia or odynophagia may occur in some but not all patients. Radiographic picture may resemble Candida esophagitis. Endoscopy, biopsy, cytology, culture and serological studies will help in making a diagnosis. Specific antiviral agents may be used for treatment but spontaneous resolution without any sequelae was documented in our patient.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of herpetic esophagitis. A case report. A diagnosis of herpetic esophagitis was made in a patient with alcoholic liver disease by means of endoscopy and brush cytology. Herpetic esophagitis is a common cause of esophageal ulceration in severely debilitated or immunosuppressed patients especially when the esophagus is traumatized by nasogastric intubation. Dysphagia or odynophagia may occur in some but not all patients. Radiographic picture may resemble Candida esophagitis. Endoscopy, biopsy, cytology, culture and serological studies will help in making a diagnosis. Specific antiviral agents may be used for treatment but spontaneous resolution without any sequelae was documented in our patient."}
{"id": "PMID:264739", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the lung. Primary cytodiagnosis in two consecutive cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung are described, in which primary cytodiagnosis of the tumor type was established prior to surgery. The cytologic features of the cell samples obtained and correlated histopathologic findings are described. The cytologic features of pulmonary leiomyosarcomas are sufficiently characteristic to allow definitive diagnosis, if representative cell samples are obtained.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the lung. Primary cytodiagnosis in two consecutive cases. Two cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung are described, in which primary cytodiagnosis of the tumor type was established prior to surgery. The cytologic features of the cell samples obtained and correlated histopathologic findings are described. The cytologic features of pulmonary leiomyosarcomas are sufficiently characteristic to allow definitive diagnosis, if representative cell samples are obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:264743", "title": "Balantidium peritonitis diagnosed on cytologic material.", "content": "Balantidium coli were detached in a routine cytologic smear of ascitic fluid. The morphologic features were clearly discernible in the Papanicolaou stained smears.", "contents": "Balantidium peritonitis diagnosed on cytologic material. Balantidium coli were detached in a routine cytologic smear of ascitic fluid. The morphologic features were clearly discernible in the Papanicolaou stained smears."}
{"id": "PMID:264742", "title": "Intraduodenal sarcoma. A case report.", "content": "A case of a duodenal and a pancreatic pleomorphic sarcoma which was diagnosed as a malignant undifferentiated neoplasm cytologically is described. Primary malignant sarcomas at this site are highly unusual. The importance of endoscopic brush cytology is emphasized.", "contents": "Intraduodenal sarcoma. A case report. A case of a duodenal and a pancreatic pleomorphic sarcoma which was diagnosed as a malignant undifferentiated neoplasm cytologically is described. Primary malignant sarcomas at this site are highly unusual. The importance of endoscopic brush cytology is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:264745", "title": "X chromatin and aging.", "content": "X chromatin analysis of 30 aged and 30 control women failed to confirm X chromosome loss as responsible for the increase in incidence of hypodiploid cells observed with increasing age in women. No evidence was found to support a previously suggested relationship between X chromosome loss and the loss of mental function (senility) as measured by psychological tests.", "contents": "X chromatin and aging. X chromatin analysis of 30 aged and 30 control women failed to confirm X chromosome loss as responsible for the increase in incidence of hypodiploid cells observed with increasing age in women. No evidence was found to support a previously suggested relationship between X chromosome loss and the loss of mental function (senility) as measured by psychological tests."}
{"id": "PMID:264744", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of Molluscum contagiosum of the mons pubis. Report of two cases.", "content": "1) Two cases of molluscum contagiosum diagnosed by cytologic examination were reported. 2) Cytologic findings of molluscum contagiosum are described. 3) The usefulness of cytologic examination in detection of unsuspected and/or suspected molluscum contagiosum is emphasized. 4) One molluscum contagiosum case showing coexistence of fungal organisms which seemed to be pityrosporum ovale is reported.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of Molluscum contagiosum of the mons pubis. Report of two cases. 1) Two cases of molluscum contagiosum diagnosed by cytologic examination were reported. 2) Cytologic findings of molluscum contagiosum are described. 3) The usefulness of cytologic examination in detection of unsuspected and/or suspected molluscum contagiosum is emphasized. 4) One molluscum contagiosum case showing coexistence of fungal organisms which seemed to be pityrosporum ovale is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:264747", "title": "Signet-ring cell stromal tumor of ovary cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "The cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy from a benign signet-ring cell tumor of ovarian stroma are presented. The aspirate is characterized by the presence of many cells with large vacuoles in their cytoplasm giving them the signet-ring appearance. The lack of malignant criteria in the nuclei and the failure to demonstrate mucin or lipid by special stains helps to differentiate these cells from other sources of signet-ring cells such as mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas and Krukenberg tumors.", "contents": "Signet-ring cell stromal tumor of ovary cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy. The cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy from a benign signet-ring cell tumor of ovarian stroma are presented. The aspirate is characterized by the presence of many cells with large vacuoles in their cytoplasm giving them the signet-ring appearance. The lack of malignant criteria in the nuclei and the failure to demonstrate mucin or lipid by special stains helps to differentiate these cells from other sources of signet-ring cells such as mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas and Krukenberg tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:264748", "title": "The results of some cytochemical reactions in metastatic malignant tumor cells in pleural and peritoneal effusions.", "content": "The cytomorphologic and cytochemical investigation of 59 samples of pleural and peritoneal effusions with malignant tumor cells was performed and the results were compared. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically in most cases. The cytomorphologic method gave very good results not only in the determination of malignant tumor cells but also in the differentiation of various kinds of tumors. A diagnosis was made of differentiated carcinoma (adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma) in 40 cases, undifferentiated carcinoma in five, sarcoma or hemoblastosis in nine and undifferentiated malignant tumor in five cases. The results of cytochemical reactions investigated demonstrated a significant difference between the cells of carcinoma and sarcoma, and in various kinds of carcinoma the most important difference was found between the positive reaction of the alkaline phosphatase and negative reaction of the acid phosphatase in the cells of ovarina and uterine carcinoma. Although we consider the morphologic examination of effusions the most important for the diagnosis of malignancy, the cytochemical methods can sometimes be helpful in a more precise differentiation.", "contents": "The results of some cytochemical reactions in metastatic malignant tumor cells in pleural and peritoneal effusions. The cytomorphologic and cytochemical investigation of 59 samples of pleural and peritoneal effusions with malignant tumor cells was performed and the results were compared. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically in most cases. The cytomorphologic method gave very good results not only in the determination of malignant tumor cells but also in the differentiation of various kinds of tumors. A diagnosis was made of differentiated carcinoma (adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma) in 40 cases, undifferentiated carcinoma in five, sarcoma or hemoblastosis in nine and undifferentiated malignant tumor in five cases. The results of cytochemical reactions investigated demonstrated a significant difference between the cells of carcinoma and sarcoma, and in various kinds of carcinoma the most important difference was found between the positive reaction of the alkaline phosphatase and negative reaction of the acid phosphatase in the cells of ovarina and uterine carcinoma. Although we consider the morphologic examination of effusions the most important for the diagnosis of malignancy, the cytochemical methods can sometimes be helpful in a more precise differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:264749", "title": "Decay of methyl green-pyroninophilia in Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "The spontaneous decay of methyl green-pyroninophilia in Burkitt's lymphoma was studied at four temperatures (0 degrees C to 56 degrees C) in four biopsies using Kurnick's method. The decay is temperature and time related and is presumably due to intrinsic enzymatic action, probably ribonuclease. Imprints from tumor tissue preserved at 0 degrees C lose pyroninophilia by six hours; from tumor preserved at room temperature pyroninophilia, in most instances, would have been lost by three hours, from tumor tissue maintained at 37 degrees C, by two hours in most instances and by 15 minutes at 56 degrees C in most instances. The absence of pyroninophilia after these intervals at the appropriate temperatures should not detract from the diagnosis of Burkitt's Lymphoma.", "contents": "Decay of methyl green-pyroninophilia in Burkitt's lymphoma. The spontaneous decay of methyl green-pyroninophilia in Burkitt's lymphoma was studied at four temperatures (0 degrees C to 56 degrees C) in four biopsies using Kurnick's method. The decay is temperature and time related and is presumably due to intrinsic enzymatic action, probably ribonuclease. Imprints from tumor tissue preserved at 0 degrees C lose pyroninophilia by six hours; from tumor preserved at room temperature pyroninophilia, in most instances, would have been lost by three hours, from tumor tissue maintained at 37 degrees C, by two hours in most instances and by 15 minutes at 56 degrees C in most instances. The absence of pyroninophilia after these intervals at the appropriate temperatures should not detract from the diagnosis of Burkitt's Lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:264746", "title": "Cytologic effects of adriamycin on human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Preliminary data show adriamycin (AM) induces chromosomal structural changes and division delay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Cells treated for one hour with 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.10 mug/ml AM show chromatid lesions mainly breaks and deletions. Chromosome type lesions and chromatid exchanges were less frequent even in cells with the highest percentage of aberrations. Dicentric chromosomes were very rare and were scored only in cells treated with higher concentrations (0.10 mug/ml) and recovered 24 hour post-treatment. Based solely on cytologic evidence G1 and S phase cells appear to be more sensitive to adriamycin than G2 phase cells.", "contents": "Cytologic effects of adriamycin on human peripheral lymphocytes. Preliminary data show adriamycin (AM) induces chromosomal structural changes and division delay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Cells treated for one hour with 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.10 mug/ml AM show chromatid lesions mainly breaks and deletions. Chromosome type lesions and chromatid exchanges were less frequent even in cells with the highest percentage of aberrations. Dicentric chromosomes were very rare and were scored only in cells treated with higher concentrations (0.10 mug/ml) and recovered 24 hour post-treatment. Based solely on cytologic evidence G1 and S phase cells appear to be more sensitive to adriamycin than G2 phase cells."}
{"id": "PMID:264750", "title": "Colon cytology simplified using enteric coated encapsulated polyurethane foam as a cellular collecting agent. A preliminary report.", "content": "The advantage of the method lies in the relative ease of obtaining cellular material. The patient requires some instruction but need not be medically supervised. The major disadvantage is in fecal contamination and frequently cell preservation that may not be comparable to that of other cytologic approaches. The success of the test depends upon harvesting mucus. It is essential that the laxative action be as mild as possible and that after the initial clearing of the colon an adequate rest period is allowed to permit adequate mucus regeneration.", "contents": "Colon cytology simplified using enteric coated encapsulated polyurethane foam as a cellular collecting agent. A preliminary report. The advantage of the method lies in the relative ease of obtaining cellular material. The patient requires some instruction but need not be medically supervised. The major disadvantage is in fecal contamination and frequently cell preservation that may not be comparable to that of other cytologic approaches. The success of the test depends upon harvesting mucus. It is essential that the laxative action be as mild as possible and that after the initial clearing of the colon an adequate rest period is allowed to permit adequate mucus regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:264751", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with brain tumors; a simple method using the cell culture technique.", "content": "A simplified cytologic method using the cell culture technique was employed in 71 cases with brain tumor. Neoplasitc cells were demonstrated in 17 cases (24%), that is in 11 out of 30 cases of glioma, four out of ten cases of metastatic brain tumor, and two out of 17 cases of meningioma. None of 14 other miscellaneous tumors proved positive. Identification of glioma cells could be easily made because they usually showed characteristic morphology and good proliferation in vitro. However, for other types of tumor, conventional methods were considered to be superior to the culture method because their exfoliated cells usually underwent rapid degeneration without showing characteristic morphology during the culture. Some of the illustrative cases were presented.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with brain tumors; a simple method using the cell culture technique. A simplified cytologic method using the cell culture technique was employed in 71 cases with brain tumor. Neoplasitc cells were demonstrated in 17 cases (24%), that is in 11 out of 30 cases of glioma, four out of ten cases of metastatic brain tumor, and two out of 17 cases of meningioma. None of 14 other miscellaneous tumors proved positive. Identification of glioma cells could be easily made because they usually showed characteristic morphology and good proliferation in vitro. However, for other types of tumor, conventional methods were considered to be superior to the culture method because their exfoliated cells usually underwent rapid degeneration without showing characteristic morphology during the culture. Some of the illustrative cases were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:264752", "title": "Vaginal cytology in the postmenopause. A study into some correlates.", "content": "A considerable number of women continue to have proliferative vaginal smears indicating a certain level of endogenous estrogen production. Some correlates of this were studied. No significant correlation was found with age since menopause or with overweight. No correlation was found between the proliferation of the vaginal smear and climacteric complaints, circulatory or nervous. The implications of a proliferative smear for the postmenopausal woman and of the postmenopausal estrone production are briefly discussed. They appear at least to be ambiguous, because, although they protect against some facets of the estrogen deficiency syndrome, the factors which are correlated to a high level of endogenous estrone production are known as risk factors, predisposing for a higher incidence of uterine bleedings and perhaps malignant degeneration of some target cell tissues.", "contents": "Vaginal cytology in the postmenopause. A study into some correlates. A considerable number of women continue to have proliferative vaginal smears indicating a certain level of endogenous estrogen production. Some correlates of this were studied. No significant correlation was found with age since menopause or with overweight. No correlation was found between the proliferation of the vaginal smear and climacteric complaints, circulatory or nervous. The implications of a proliferative smear for the postmenopausal woman and of the postmenopausal estrone production are briefly discussed. They appear at least to be ambiguous, because, although they protect against some facets of the estrogen deficiency syndrome, the factors which are correlated to a high level of endogenous estrone production are known as risk factors, predisposing for a higher incidence of uterine bleedings and perhaps malignant degeneration of some target cell tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:264753", "title": "Vaginal cytology and the human menopausal gonadotropin-test (HMG-cytohoromonal-test) in cases of gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Cytohormonal investigations and HMG-cytohormonal-test were carried out in 15 patients suffering from gonadal dysgenesis and the results were compared with the histology of the gonad, the karyotype and the clinical appearance. All patients were primary amenorrhoeic. According to the gonad histology and the phenotype the term \"gonadal dysgenesis\" was subdivided into Turner's syndrome, pure gonadal-dysgenesis and syndrome of ovarian hypoplasia. For the HMG-cytohormonal-test Humegon was administrated three times in weekly intervals (one amp. 75. i.u. in the first, two amp. in the second and three amp. in the third week). The gonadal response to Humegon was detected by vaginal cytology taken on the first, second, fourth and sixth days, after each injection of Humegon. Smears in patients with streak gonads irrespective of their phenotype were completely atrophic and did not change following Humegon administration. This finding seems to be characteristic and the HMG-cytohormonal-test is a simple way to diagnose the presence of the streak gonad. Cytohormonal patterns in the syndrome of ovarian hypoplasia accompanied by primary amenorrhoea consisted of mostly intermediate cells although superficial cells in five to 20 per cent and parabasal cells in five per cent also occurred. Following Humegon administration there were no or slight changes in the smears, much less marked than those in secondary ovarian failure.", "contents": "Vaginal cytology and the human menopausal gonadotropin-test (HMG-cytohoromonal-test) in cases of gonadal dysgenesis. Cytohormonal investigations and HMG-cytohormonal-test were carried out in 15 patients suffering from gonadal dysgenesis and the results were compared with the histology of the gonad, the karyotype and the clinical appearance. All patients were primary amenorrhoeic. According to the gonad histology and the phenotype the term \"gonadal dysgenesis\" was subdivided into Turner's syndrome, pure gonadal-dysgenesis and syndrome of ovarian hypoplasia. For the HMG-cytohormonal-test Humegon was administrated three times in weekly intervals (one amp. 75. i.u. in the first, two amp. in the second and three amp. in the third week). The gonadal response to Humegon was detected by vaginal cytology taken on the first, second, fourth and sixth days, after each injection of Humegon. Smears in patients with streak gonads irrespective of their phenotype were completely atrophic and did not change following Humegon administration. This finding seems to be characteristic and the HMG-cytohormonal-test is a simple way to diagnose the presence of the streak gonad. Cytohormonal patterns in the syndrome of ovarian hypoplasia accompanied by primary amenorrhoea consisted of mostly intermediate cells although superficial cells in five to 20 per cent and parabasal cells in five per cent also occurred. Following Humegon administration there were no or slight changes in the smears, much less marked than those in secondary ovarian failure."}
{"id": "PMID:264754", "title": "Cytology of gynecologic condyloma acuminatum.", "content": "The morphology of certain cell types often encountered in vaginal and cervical smears of condyloma patients are described. These cells, considered to be exfoliated from epithelium affected by condyloma virus, were found in 60 per cent of the smears obtained from 192 women with condylomatat acuminata. Dysplasia of the cervical and vaginal epithelium is frequently associated with condyloma. Structural features typical of the condylomatous epithelium were common in these dysplasias. These lesions are probably also due to infection by condyloma virus, yet their significance is unknown and the possibility of a precancerous status cannot be ruled out except by a very long term follow-up study which is in progress. It may be assumed that this virus may affect the cervical and vaginal epithelium without any typical papillary condylomatous lesions resulting. Even in the absence of typical condylomatous papillary formations, the cytologic findings may reveal condyloma infection.", "contents": "Cytology of gynecologic condyloma acuminatum. The morphology of certain cell types often encountered in vaginal and cervical smears of condyloma patients are described. These cells, considered to be exfoliated from epithelium affected by condyloma virus, were found in 60 per cent of the smears obtained from 192 women with condylomatat acuminata. Dysplasia of the cervical and vaginal epithelium is frequently associated with condyloma. Structural features typical of the condylomatous epithelium were common in these dysplasias. These lesions are probably also due to infection by condyloma virus, yet their significance is unknown and the possibility of a precancerous status cannot be ruled out except by a very long term follow-up study which is in progress. It may be assumed that this virus may affect the cervical and vaginal epithelium without any typical papillary condylomatous lesions resulting. Even in the absence of typical condylomatous papillary formations, the cytologic findings may reveal condyloma infection."}
{"id": "PMID:264757", "title": "Cytology of primary neoplasms of the central nervous system.", "content": "The case histories of 273 patients with primary neoplasms of the central nervous system seen in The New York Hospital and Memorial Hospital during the years 1968 through 1973 were reviewed. Neoplastic cells were identified in cytologic preparations obtained from 76 patients. These include patients with meningioma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, pineoblastoma, and pituitary adenoma. It is concluded that there are certain suggestive cellular features of these neoplasms in cytologic preparations, but additional studies are needed to establish the cytomorphologic characteristics which may aid in the differential diagnosis of primary intracranial neoplasms from extracranial neoplasms which are metastatic to the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cytology of primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. The case histories of 273 patients with primary neoplasms of the central nervous system seen in The New York Hospital and Memorial Hospital during the years 1968 through 1973 were reviewed. Neoplastic cells were identified in cytologic preparations obtained from 76 patients. These include patients with meningioma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, pineoblastoma, and pituitary adenoma. It is concluded that there are certain suggestive cellular features of these neoplasms in cytologic preparations, but additional studies are needed to establish the cytomorphologic characteristics which may aid in the differential diagnosis of primary intracranial neoplasms from extracranial neoplasms which are metastatic to the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:264763", "title": "Rapid correction of anemia with partial exchange transfusion.", "content": "Six pediatric patients have recently undergone eight partial exchange transfusions for anemias complicated by other clinical conditions. The procedure was well tolerated, and those patients who were in congestive heart failure exhibited good clinical improvement. This technique is particularly useful in situations where the patient is unable to tolerate the increased blood volume produced by other methods of RBC-transfusion therapy. We present a formula for estimation of partial exchange transfusion volume and suggest indications for partial exchange transfusion.", "contents": "Rapid correction of anemia with partial exchange transfusion. Six pediatric patients have recently undergone eight partial exchange transfusions for anemias complicated by other clinical conditions. The procedure was well tolerated, and those patients who were in congestive heart failure exhibited good clinical improvement. This technique is particularly useful in situations where the patient is unable to tolerate the increased blood volume produced by other methods of RBC-transfusion therapy. We present a formula for estimation of partial exchange transfusion volume and suggest indications for partial exchange transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:264764", "title": "Neutropenia, fever, and infection in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the relationship between neutropenia (absolute granulocyte count less than 1,000/cu mm), infection, and disease status, 20 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were observed for a total of 34 patient-years. Febrile episodes occurred with much greater frequency in patients during the course of treatment induction (0.9/mo), or while in relapse (2.46/mo) than while in remission (0.19/mo). A cause for fever was identified much more frequently in patients in remission, both when neutropenic and nonneutropenic. When absolute granulocyte counts fell below 200/cu mm, a cause for fever was generally identified regardless of disease status. We propose that the majority of febrile episodes in patients at the time of induction of treatment or in relapse with neutrophil counts of more than 200/cu mm are caused by the disease process rather than secondary to a diagnosable infection.", "contents": "Neutropenia, fever, and infection in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In an attempt to determine the relationship between neutropenia (absolute granulocyte count less than 1,000/cu mm), infection, and disease status, 20 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were observed for a total of 34 patient-years. Febrile episodes occurred with much greater frequency in patients during the course of treatment induction (0.9/mo), or while in relapse (2.46/mo) than while in remission (0.19/mo). A cause for fever was identified much more frequently in patients in remission, both when neutropenic and nonneutropenic. When absolute granulocyte counts fell below 200/cu mm, a cause for fever was generally identified regardless of disease status. We propose that the majority of febrile episodes in patients at the time of induction of treatment or in relapse with neutrophil counts of more than 200/cu mm are caused by the disease process rather than secondary to a diagnosable infection."}
{"id": "PMID:264758", "title": "The cytologic diagnosis of gastric carcinoma related to the histologic type.", "content": "In gastric smears obtained by direct vision fiberoptic brush technique from 78 patients with carcinoma of the stomach, an attempt was made to recognize cytologically the histologic type of the tumor with reference to Lauren's classification. The cytologic diagnosis of intestinal type carcinoma was made in 36/45 positive cases on the basis of an abundant cellularity and the presence of rather large pleomorphic cohesive cells often arranged in sheets with a moderately increased N/C ratio. One case of intramucous and two of \"early\" invasive carcinoma revealed malignant cells which did not differ from those of the advanced cases. In these cases as well as in some of the advanced ones, atypical epithelial cells were found in addition to the malignant ones; these cells could have derived from the histologic areas of atypical hyperplasia of the gastric mucosa surrounding the carcinoma. 14/15 cases of advanced diffuse carcinoma of the stomach could be cytologically identified on the basis of a scanty cellularity and the presence of rather small, monomorphic poorly differentiated cells with a high N/C ratio. The cytologic diagnosis of the mixed-type carcinoma was made in 2/5 positive cases on the basis of the presence of an admixture of both cell types described above. In two cases of the mixed-type carcinoma, only intestinal type cells were found. In the smears of nine cases of intestinal type carcinoma, one of which was intramucous, and of one case of mixed-type carcinoma, the tumor cells could not be specified. 13/78 cases (16.7%) showed negative cytology. The overall accuracy rate was 83.3 per cent. The statistical analysis of a number of cytologic parameters indicated that morphologic differences between Type I and Type D carcinomas of the stomach do exist and that they can be evaluated for differential diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "The cytologic diagnosis of gastric carcinoma related to the histologic type. In gastric smears obtained by direct vision fiberoptic brush technique from 78 patients with carcinoma of the stomach, an attempt was made to recognize cytologically the histologic type of the tumor with reference to Lauren's classification. The cytologic diagnosis of intestinal type carcinoma was made in 36/45 positive cases on the basis of an abundant cellularity and the presence of rather large pleomorphic cohesive cells often arranged in sheets with a moderately increased N/C ratio. One case of intramucous and two of \"early\" invasive carcinoma revealed malignant cells which did not differ from those of the advanced cases. In these cases as well as in some of the advanced ones, atypical epithelial cells were found in addition to the malignant ones; these cells could have derived from the histologic areas of atypical hyperplasia of the gastric mucosa surrounding the carcinoma. 14/15 cases of advanced diffuse carcinoma of the stomach could be cytologically identified on the basis of a scanty cellularity and the presence of rather small, monomorphic poorly differentiated cells with a high N/C ratio. The cytologic diagnosis of the mixed-type carcinoma was made in 2/5 positive cases on the basis of the presence of an admixture of both cell types described above. In two cases of the mixed-type carcinoma, only intestinal type cells were found. In the smears of nine cases of intestinal type carcinoma, one of which was intramucous, and of one case of mixed-type carcinoma, the tumor cells could not be specified. 13/78 cases (16.7%) showed negative cytology. The overall accuracy rate was 83.3 per cent. The statistical analysis of a number of cytologic parameters indicated that morphologic differences between Type I and Type D carcinomas of the stomach do exist and that they can be evaluated for differential diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:264760", "title": "Reliability of the cyto-radio-clinical triplet in breast pathology diagnosis.", "content": "1. Two hundred and twenty-two cases of cytologic breast specimens were correlated with clinical and radiological findings. 2. False negative and no-cell incidence were respectively 2.7 and 2.2 per cent. 3. By means of a thorough clinical and radiological approach the cytologic failures (misdiagnosed and acellular smears) could be corrected: no cancer escaped diagnosis. 4. Cytology diagnosed three clinical and radiological undetected breast cancers, an incidence of 1.3 per cent. 5. Any suspicion of malignancy, either on cytologic clinical or mammography examinations, must be further investigated by means of biopsy. 6. In our experience, evidence of necrosis, even without other cytologic evidence of malignancy, has proved coincidental with mammary cancer.", "contents": "Reliability of the cyto-radio-clinical triplet in breast pathology diagnosis. 1. Two hundred and twenty-two cases of cytologic breast specimens were correlated with clinical and radiological findings. 2. False negative and no-cell incidence were respectively 2.7 and 2.2 per cent. 3. By means of a thorough clinical and radiological approach the cytologic failures (misdiagnosed and acellular smears) could be corrected: no cancer escaped diagnosis. 4. Cytology diagnosed three clinical and radiological undetected breast cancers, an incidence of 1.3 per cent. 5. Any suspicion of malignancy, either on cytologic clinical or mammography examinations, must be further investigated by means of biopsy. 6. In our experience, evidence of necrosis, even without other cytologic evidence of malignancy, has proved coincidental with mammary cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:264759", "title": "Trends in mortality from uterine cancer in relation to mass screening.", "content": "Mortality rates from cancer of the cervix uteri, as well as for all uterine cancer, have shown a remarkable decrease in recent years in Louisville, Kentucky. For women ages 30-39 the decrease was 70.8 per cent, and for ages 50-59, 69 per cent. No change in rates was noted for women ages 70 years and over. These changes correlate well with the success of recruitment for screening of women according to age. The high degree of success in screening the low socioeconomic quartile is thought to be of prime importance. The average annual age adjusted mortality for uterine cancer other than cervix also fell impressively. In contrast to Louisville, mortality from cervical cancer in England and Wales, with the exception of the younger age group, has remained fairly constant over the past decade. Denmark showed no mortality decline between 1961 and 1971. Like England and Wales and unlike Louisville, screening there had not achieved high population coverage and the screening as does exist was not commenced as early.", "contents": "Trends in mortality from uterine cancer in relation to mass screening. Mortality rates from cancer of the cervix uteri, as well as for all uterine cancer, have shown a remarkable decrease in recent years in Louisville, Kentucky. For women ages 30-39 the decrease was 70.8 per cent, and for ages 50-59, 69 per cent. No change in rates was noted for women ages 70 years and over. These changes correlate well with the success of recruitment for screening of women according to age. The high degree of success in screening the low socioeconomic quartile is thought to be of prime importance. The average annual age adjusted mortality for uterine cancer other than cervix also fell impressively. In contrast to Louisville, mortality from cervical cancer in England and Wales, with the exception of the younger age group, has remained fairly constant over the past decade. Denmark showed no mortality decline between 1961 and 1971. Like England and Wales and unlike Louisville, screening there had not achieved high population coverage and the screening as does exist was not commenced as early."}
{"id": "PMID:264762", "title": "The permeability of the lymphocyte membrane: applying a particle size analyzer and a hybrid computer to measure rapid changes in cell volume.", "content": "In summary, this method is ten to twenty times more sensitive than the densimeter method as presently employed. This is not to say that densimeter methods may not be feasible if suitably modified. For example, modern flow systems such as those used at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories, which measure light transmittance and scattering on an individual cell-by-cell basis, could probably be modified and adapted to summate individual pulses as the population responds to an osmotic gradient prior to entry into the analyzer. Nevertheless, with our present method, we are able to measure the permeability profile of lymphocyte populations from peripheral blood. It should be readily applicable to isolated populations from aspirated bone marrow.", "contents": "The permeability of the lymphocyte membrane: applying a particle size analyzer and a hybrid computer to measure rapid changes in cell volume. In summary, this method is ten to twenty times more sensitive than the densimeter method as presently employed. This is not to say that densimeter methods may not be feasible if suitably modified. For example, modern flow systems such as those used at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories, which measure light transmittance and scattering on an individual cell-by-cell basis, could probably be modified and adapted to summate individual pulses as the population responds to an osmotic gradient prior to entry into the analyzer. Nevertheless, with our present method, we are able to measure the permeability profile of lymphocyte populations from peripheral blood. It should be readily applicable to isolated populations from aspirated bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:264761", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of cotton swab smears from ectocervix. A methodological study.", "content": "A method for scanning electron microscopic examination of exfoliated ectocervical cells smeared with a cotton swab is described. It is concluded that this technique has advantages over techniques in which cell samples are collected from the portio by washing, scraping, or adherence to membranes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of cotton swab smears from ectocervix. A methodological study. A method for scanning electron microscopic examination of exfoliated ectocervical cells smeared with a cotton swab is described. It is concluded that this technique has advantages over techniques in which cell samples are collected from the portio by washing, scraping, or adherence to membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:264767", "title": "The borderline patient and conservative treatment in the late mixed dentition.", "content": "1. The possibilities for successful conservative treatment of mild lower arch length deficiencies (2 to 5 mm.) are explored for twenty growing patients in the late mixed dentition. 2. Methods of case selection and treatment particulars are presented. 3. Each patient should be considered as an individual with regard to cephalometric norms for the optimal position of the incisors, in determining the size of the leeway space at the lower second deciduous molar position, in evaluating the feasibility of distal uprighting the lower first permanent molars, and in formulating a reasonable treatment plan. 4. It is postulated that oversized lower second deiduous molars may be an etiologic factor in some mild lower arch length deficiencies (r = 0.4; P less than 0.05). 5. The amount that the lower first premolars and lower canines can be distally retracted into the leeway space in these conservatively treated cases is directly related to retraction of the lower incisors (r = 0.7; P less than 0.01). In the present cases uprighting the lower incisors allows the upper teeth to be treated well and together this enables functional and esthetic improvement and tooth stability.", "contents": "The borderline patient and conservative treatment in the late mixed dentition. 1. The possibilities for successful conservative treatment of mild lower arch length deficiencies (2 to 5 mm.) are explored for twenty growing patients in the late mixed dentition. 2. Methods of case selection and treatment particulars are presented. 3. Each patient should be considered as an individual with regard to cephalometric norms for the optimal position of the incisors, in determining the size of the leeway space at the lower second deciduous molar position, in evaluating the feasibility of distal uprighting the lower first permanent molars, and in formulating a reasonable treatment plan. 4. It is postulated that oversized lower second deiduous molars may be an etiologic factor in some mild lower arch length deficiencies (r = 0.4; P less than 0.05). 5. The amount that the lower first premolars and lower canines can be distally retracted into the leeway space in these conservatively treated cases is directly related to retraction of the lower incisors (r = 0.7; P less than 0.01). In the present cases uprighting the lower incisors allows the upper teeth to be treated well and together this enables functional and esthetic improvement and tooth stability."}
{"id": "PMID:264769", "title": "Thumb- and pacifier-sucking habits.", "content": "The prevalence of thumb- and pacifier-sucking children was studied in two \"kibbutz\" settlements and city nurseries. The variables considered were age, sex, duration of breast feeding, and family size. Data on 333 children were collected by interviewing the parents, and nurses (in kindegartens and nurseries). Differences in prevalence were found between the three groups. Among the city children, 95 per cent sucked and 89 per cent and 69 per cent of the kibbutz children had sucking habits. In Group A, from whom pacifiers were withheld, most children sucked their fingers. With the increase in age, the prevalence was lower in all groups. No difference was found between the sexes. A reverse association was found between finger and pacifier sucking. No association was found between the habit and the duration of breast feeding. The prevalence was highest in single children. It is suggested that the pacifier may be a substitute of choice for thumb sucking.", "contents": "Thumb- and pacifier-sucking habits. The prevalence of thumb- and pacifier-sucking children was studied in two \"kibbutz\" settlements and city nurseries. The variables considered were age, sex, duration of breast feeding, and family size. Data on 333 children were collected by interviewing the parents, and nurses (in kindegartens and nurseries). Differences in prevalence were found between the three groups. Among the city children, 95 per cent sucked and 89 per cent and 69 per cent of the kibbutz children had sucking habits. In Group A, from whom pacifiers were withheld, most children sucked their fingers. With the increase in age, the prevalence was lower in all groups. No difference was found between the sexes. A reverse association was found between finger and pacifier sucking. No association was found between the habit and the duration of breast feeding. The prevalence was highest in single children. It is suggested that the pacifier may be a substitute of choice for thumb sucking."}
{"id": "PMID:264771", "title": "The use of methylphenidate and imipramine in Gilles de la Tourette's disease in children.", "content": "The authors treated two children with Gilles de la Tourette's disease and one child with a probable combination of Gilles de la Tourette's disease and minimal brain dysfunction with methylphenidate, which resulted in exacerbation of symptoms. One child was briefly treated with imipramine, with similar results. The authors suggest that these pharmacologic agents should be used cautiously in treating patients with possible movement disorders (tics) and conclude that their findings lend support to the catecholamine hypothesis of the etiology of Gilles de la Tourette's disease.", "contents": "The use of methylphenidate and imipramine in Gilles de la Tourette's disease in children. The authors treated two children with Gilles de la Tourette's disease and one child with a probable combination of Gilles de la Tourette's disease and minimal brain dysfunction with methylphenidate, which resulted in exacerbation of symptoms. One child was briefly treated with imipramine, with similar results. The authors suggest that these pharmacologic agents should be used cautiously in treating patients with possible movement disorders (tics) and conclude that their findings lend support to the catecholamine hypothesis of the etiology of Gilles de la Tourette's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:264772", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the spleen of the rat in an acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The spleens of rats were studied by light and electron microscopy during the course of an acute myelogenous leukemia, with special reference to infiltration of leukemic myeloblasts in the spleens and to the correlation of leukemic cell infiltration with splenic hematopoiesis and splenomegaly. Leukemic myeloblasts infiltrated the cordal space of the red pulp. Many of them appeared in groups. Even in spleens which were heavily infiltrated, leukemic myeloblasts did not penetrate the while pulp. Massive infiltration and proliferation of the leukemic myeloblasts in the red pulp resulted in splenomegaly. The spleen increased its hematopoietic activity, while the medullary hematopoiesis diminished due to the invasion of leukemic myeloblasts in the bone marrow. Compensatory splenic hematopoiesis occurred in most of the leukemic spleens, but diminished in spleens which were very heavily infiltrated with leukemic myeloblasts. Thus, the degree of splenomegaly and splenic hematopoiesis did not necessarily correspond to the percentage of leukemic myeloblasts in the bone marrow, but rather related to the number of leukemic myeloblasts present in the spleen. A possible role for the splenic sinus walls in promoting compensatory hematopoiesis in the spleen is discussed. A consistent association of type \"C\" virus particles with leukemic myeloblasts was observed.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the spleen of the rat in an acute myelogenous leukemia. The spleens of rats were studied by light and electron microscopy during the course of an acute myelogenous leukemia, with special reference to infiltration of leukemic myeloblasts in the spleens and to the correlation of leukemic cell infiltration with splenic hematopoiesis and splenomegaly. Leukemic myeloblasts infiltrated the cordal space of the red pulp. Many of them appeared in groups. Even in spleens which were heavily infiltrated, leukemic myeloblasts did not penetrate the while pulp. Massive infiltration and proliferation of the leukemic myeloblasts in the red pulp resulted in splenomegaly. The spleen increased its hematopoietic activity, while the medullary hematopoiesis diminished due to the invasion of leukemic myeloblasts in the bone marrow. Compensatory splenic hematopoiesis occurred in most of the leukemic spleens, but diminished in spleens which were very heavily infiltrated with leukemic myeloblasts. Thus, the degree of splenomegaly and splenic hematopoiesis did not necessarily correspond to the percentage of leukemic myeloblasts in the bone marrow, but rather related to the number of leukemic myeloblasts present in the spleen. A possible role for the splenic sinus walls in promoting compensatory hematopoiesis in the spleen is discussed. A consistent association of type \"C\" virus particles with leukemic myeloblasts was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:264773", "title": "Thyroid radiation dose during panoramic and cephalometric dental x-ray examinations.", "content": "Radiation exposure from panoramic equipment can be reduced significantly by use of smaller film, adjustment of the beam height to the height of the smaller film, and careful positioning of patients. These techniques have no adverse effect on the quality of the diagnostic information needed in dentistry. In addition to describing methods of reducing exposures from panoramic machines, this study demonstrates that the use of a barrier collar during static, cephalometric examinations can appreciably reduce thyroid exposure. Since the objective is to obtain diagnostic information from the film without irradiating the thyroid, the application of a lead-impregnated collar is a minor inconvenience, easily borne by the patient and operator. It should be noted that the use of the collar during panoramic examinations affords little or no protection since the relative motion of the panoramic machine places the axis of movement inside the head and neck of the patient. While the evolution of diagnostic radiology may have reached a high level of technical refinement of equipment and film the clinician still must avoid unnecessary exposure for X-ray examinations and must carefully select the best type of examination to be used for each patient. For example, a complete panoramic examination to determine the position of a known unerupted third molar tooth is probably not an exercise of good judgment since other examinations, such as periapical, could yield the same information with less exposure. Decisions must be made with good judgment, value being placed on relative risks versus the benefits of diagnostic yield.", "contents": "Thyroid radiation dose during panoramic and cephalometric dental x-ray examinations. Radiation exposure from panoramic equipment can be reduced significantly by use of smaller film, adjustment of the beam height to the height of the smaller film, and careful positioning of patients. These techniques have no adverse effect on the quality of the diagnostic information needed in dentistry. In addition to describing methods of reducing exposures from panoramic machines, this study demonstrates that the use of a barrier collar during static, cephalometric examinations can appreciably reduce thyroid exposure. Since the objective is to obtain diagnostic information from the film without irradiating the thyroid, the application of a lead-impregnated collar is a minor inconvenience, easily borne by the patient and operator. It should be noted that the use of the collar during panoramic examinations affords little or no protection since the relative motion of the panoramic machine places the axis of movement inside the head and neck of the patient. While the evolution of diagnostic radiology may have reached a high level of technical refinement of equipment and film the clinician still must avoid unnecessary exposure for X-ray examinations and must carefully select the best type of examination to be used for each patient. For example, a complete panoramic examination to determine the position of a known unerupted third molar tooth is probably not an exercise of good judgment since other examinations, such as periapical, could yield the same information with less exposure. Decisions must be made with good judgment, value being placed on relative risks versus the benefits of diagnostic yield."}
{"id": "PMID:264774", "title": "The effect of bite plane use on terminal hinge axis location.", "content": "The effect of bite phase therapy on the location of hinge axis was observed and compared in a sample of normal subjects and a group of individuals with TMJ dysfunction. The normal group displayed a mean change of 1.0 mm with a range of 0.3 mm to 3.4 mm between bite plane use and its absence. The direction of change with bite plane use was anterior with a tendency for superior component. The same group utilized the bite plane a second time and the axis location was compared with the original determined with bite plane use. This procedure was done to test the reproducibility of hinge axis on normal subjects. The mean change between the two bite plane uses was .87 mm with a range of 0.0 mm to 3.0 mm. The symptomatic patients changed a mean of 1.46 mm with a range of 0.0 to 3.3 mm. The direction of change was definitely posterior following therapy with a strong tendency for a superior component. This study seems to emphasize the need for a relaxed and asymptomatic muscular pattern for individuals on whom occlusal adjustments are to be made. In the presence of erroneous maxillomandibular skeletal relationships inaccuracy is inherent for occlusal equilibration.", "contents": "The effect of bite plane use on terminal hinge axis location. The effect of bite phase therapy on the location of hinge axis was observed and compared in a sample of normal subjects and a group of individuals with TMJ dysfunction. The normal group displayed a mean change of 1.0 mm with a range of 0.3 mm to 3.4 mm between bite plane use and its absence. The direction of change with bite plane use was anterior with a tendency for superior component. The same group utilized the bite plane a second time and the axis location was compared with the original determined with bite plane use. This procedure was done to test the reproducibility of hinge axis on normal subjects. The mean change between the two bite plane uses was .87 mm with a range of 0.0 mm to 3.0 mm. The symptomatic patients changed a mean of 1.46 mm with a range of 0.0 to 3.3 mm. The direction of change was definitely posterior following therapy with a strong tendency for a superior component. This study seems to emphasize the need for a relaxed and asymptomatic muscular pattern for individuals on whom occlusal adjustments are to be made. In the presence of erroneous maxillomandibular skeletal relationships inaccuracy is inherent for occlusal equilibration."}
{"id": "PMID:264775", "title": "Effects of Von Langenbeck palatoplasty on facial growth.", "content": "The conclusion derived from this study is that the Von Langenbeck palastoplasty as performed on the cleft individuals evaluated here did not produce gross discrepancies in the dento-facial structures or relations examined. On the average, the skeletal and profile relations of the maxilla to the mandible can be considered within the acceptable range. With this in mind, speech becomes a more crucial parameter in evaluating the over-all results of this procedure. Other dental parameters, e.g., incidence of crossbite, arch collapse, etc., need to be examined if a complete evaluation of the results of palatal surgery is described. This should be done after all orthodontic treatment has been completed and all retainers removed.", "contents": "Effects of Von Langenbeck palatoplasty on facial growth. The conclusion derived from this study is that the Von Langenbeck palastoplasty as performed on the cleft individuals evaluated here did not produce gross discrepancies in the dento-facial structures or relations examined. On the average, the skeletal and profile relations of the maxilla to the mandible can be considered within the acceptable range. With this in mind, speech becomes a more crucial parameter in evaluating the over-all results of this procedure. Other dental parameters, e.g., incidence of crossbite, arch collapse, etc., need to be examined if a complete evaluation of the results of palatal surgery is described. This should be done after all orthodontic treatment has been completed and all retainers removed."}
{"id": "PMID:264777", "title": "The saddle angle: constancy or change?", "content": "Serial cephalometric radiographs of 165 children have been used to analyze age-associated changes in the saddle angle (Ba-S-N). There are mean decreases in this angle of about 5 degrees from birth to 2 years in those with either a Class I or a Class II occlusion; later changes are slight. The mean values tend to be slightly smaller in Class I boys than in those with Class II. Generally, the means are slightly larger in boys than girls but in adults this sex difference is in the reverse direction while remaining slight. It is reasonable to conclude that change is dominant in the first two years. Even after pubescence the angle is not constant but the changes are much smaller. The variability of the angle is greater for Class II than Class I individuals and its variability is greater in girls than boys after 12 years. Almost all the median increments are negative; that is, the flexure of the cranial base decreases with age particularly if the increments begin at the first available radigraph. This tendency is more marked in Class II then Class I occlusion. The increments are markedly variable in each occlusion group with large changes occurring in some individuals. Correlations between the saddle angles at different ages are high; this shows a marked constancy of the relative levels for individuals. The correlations between increments are small; presumably this reflects the small sizes of these increments relative to error terms. In the present group the saddle angle is positively correlated with Ba-N length, but the correlation between the saddle angle and either cranial vault length of stature are near zero. These findings show that there is marked constancy within individuals after the age of 2 years although, as noted earlier, there is marked variability in the size of the angle at particular ages and the serial data for some unusual individuals show large changes that are generally decreases.", "contents": "The saddle angle: constancy or change? Serial cephalometric radiographs of 165 children have been used to analyze age-associated changes in the saddle angle (Ba-S-N). There are mean decreases in this angle of about 5 degrees from birth to 2 years in those with either a Class I or a Class II occlusion; later changes are slight. The mean values tend to be slightly smaller in Class I boys than in those with Class II. Generally, the means are slightly larger in boys than girls but in adults this sex difference is in the reverse direction while remaining slight. It is reasonable to conclude that change is dominant in the first two years. Even after pubescence the angle is not constant but the changes are much smaller. The variability of the angle is greater for Class II than Class I individuals and its variability is greater in girls than boys after 12 years. Almost all the median increments are negative; that is, the flexure of the cranial base decreases with age particularly if the increments begin at the first available radigraph. This tendency is more marked in Class II then Class I occlusion. The increments are markedly variable in each occlusion group with large changes occurring in some individuals. Correlations between the saddle angles at different ages are high; this shows a marked constancy of the relative levels for individuals. The correlations between increments are small; presumably this reflects the small sizes of these increments relative to error terms. In the present group the saddle angle is positively correlated with Ba-N length, but the correlation between the saddle angle and either cranial vault length of stature are near zero. These findings show that there is marked constancy within individuals after the age of 2 years although, as noted earlier, there is marked variability in the size of the angle at particular ages and the serial data for some unusual individuals show large changes that are generally decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:264778", "title": "Effects on lower third molars after extraction of second molars.", "content": "The material consisted of 78 cases, 44 males and 34 females of the ages of 10-15 years. The orthodontic treatment followed the diagnosis of Class II malocclusion with crowding in the lower jaw. In addition to extraction of lower second molar the treatment consisted of distal driving of lower first molars in different ways. The treated cases were assessed by use of study models and lateral oblique X-rays. No third molars were treated in any cases. The results showed that in the majority of cases the third molars were adequate substitutes for the extracted second molars.", "contents": "Effects on lower third molars after extraction of second molars. The material consisted of 78 cases, 44 males and 34 females of the ages of 10-15 years. The orthodontic treatment followed the diagnosis of Class II malocclusion with crowding in the lower jaw. In addition to extraction of lower second molar the treatment consisted of distal driving of lower first molars in different ways. The treated cases were assessed by use of study models and lateral oblique X-rays. No third molars were treated in any cases. The results showed that in the majority of cases the third molars were adequate substitutes for the extracted second molars."}
{"id": "PMID:264779", "title": "Caries experience in orthodontically treated individuals.", "content": "The caries ecperience in 26 girls and 26 boys living on an island outside. Bergen, who had received orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, was examined 1.5 to 2 years after the end of treatment. The children were then between 1l and 17 years old. The remaining children of the same age group, 58 girls and 53 boys, served as controls. The orthodontic patients had received repeated hygiene instructions during the treatment period and were expected to rinse their mouth with 0.05% sodium fluoride daily. The percentage distribution of DMF-surfaces indicated somewhat less caries experience in the treated group. A chi-square test showed significantly more intact surfaces on the maxillary first molars, second premolars, canines and central incisors, and mandibular molars and second premolars in treated than in untreated children, and also demonstrated significantly fewer new lesions in the upper second molars at the time of examination in the treated groups. A comparison of the caries experience of the different surfaces revealed significantly more intact surfaces in the treated group and significantly fewer new lesions on the mesial and distal surfaces in treated in untreated children at the time of examination.", "contents": "Caries experience in orthodontically treated individuals. The caries ecperience in 26 girls and 26 boys living on an island outside. Bergen, who had received orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, was examined 1.5 to 2 years after the end of treatment. The children were then between 1l and 17 years old. The remaining children of the same age group, 58 girls and 53 boys, served as controls. The orthodontic patients had received repeated hygiene instructions during the treatment period and were expected to rinse their mouth with 0.05% sodium fluoride daily. The percentage distribution of DMF-surfaces indicated somewhat less caries experience in the treated group. A chi-square test showed significantly more intact surfaces on the maxillary first molars, second premolars, canines and central incisors, and mandibular molars and second premolars in treated than in untreated children, and also demonstrated significantly fewer new lesions in the upper second molars at the time of examination in the treated groups. A comparison of the caries experience of the different surfaces revealed significantly more intact surfaces in the treated group and significantly fewer new lesions on the mesial and distal surfaces in treated in untreated children at the time of examination."}
{"id": "PMID:264783", "title": "Amphotericin B induction of sensitivity to adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) plus cyclophosphamide in human neoplasia.", "content": "Seven patients with metastatic tumors resistant to therapy with adriamycin, BCNU, plus cyclophosphamide received the same chemotherapy combined with amphotericin B. One complete response (acute myelomonocytic leukemia), two partial responses (carcinoma of the breast and multiple myeloma), and one case with objective improvement (carcinoma of the breast) were observed in seven evaluable trials. Myelosuppression was not consistently changed by addition of amphotericin B. Fever and chills were common after amphotericin B. Bronchospasm and hypotension occurred twice. Amphotericin B reverses resistance to adriamycin-containing chemotherapy regimens in some patients.", "contents": "Amphotericin B induction of sensitivity to adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) plus cyclophosphamide in human neoplasia. Seven patients with metastatic tumors resistant to therapy with adriamycin, BCNU, plus cyclophosphamide received the same chemotherapy combined with amphotericin B. One complete response (acute myelomonocytic leukemia), two partial responses (carcinoma of the breast and multiple myeloma), and one case with objective improvement (carcinoma of the breast) were observed in seven evaluable trials. Myelosuppression was not consistently changed by addition of amphotericin B. Fever and chills were common after amphotericin B. Bronchospasm and hypotension occurred twice. Amphotericin B reverses resistance to adriamycin-containing chemotherapy regimens in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:264785", "title": "Myelomonocytic leukaemia with a preleukaemic syndrome and Ph1 chromosome in monozygotic twins.", "content": "A case of monozygotic twins with a preleukaemic phase of 3 1/2 years is reported. The final haematological picture was that of myelomonocytic leukaemia. The karyotype investigated in one twin during the final period of the disease showed a Ph1 chromosome.", "contents": "Myelomonocytic leukaemia with a preleukaemic syndrome and Ph1 chromosome in monozygotic twins. A case of monozygotic twins with a preleukaemic phase of 3 1/2 years is reported. The final haematological picture was that of myelomonocytic leukaemia. The karyotype investigated in one twin during the final period of the disease showed a Ph1 chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:264786", "title": "Anesthesia and postoperative care for cardiac operations.", "content": "Almost three decades have passed since the establishment of open-heart surgery, and in such a short life span the specialty has established itself scientifically and reached a certain maturity. New techniques, better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac problems, and the effective use of new drugs constantly improve the results of operation. Greater experience in anesthetic management and improved postoperative care will contribute much to the success of this youngest surgical specialty. This review outlines the current principles of anesthesia and postoperative care of patients undergoing cardiac operations. Preanesthetic evaluation provides guidance for anesthetic management, supportive techniques, and postoperative care. During operations, light anesthesia is usually sufficient for patients with cardiac disease and minimizes myocardial depression. Monitoring must provide data on the physiological changes that are taking place from moment to moment during and after operations. Perfusion produces a highly abnormal state, and the severity of complications varies with its duration. Introduction of new drugs has also facilitated hemodynamic management during and after operations. Postoperative care is based on careful observation of the patient and early detection of trends, both of which lead to preventive rather than curative treatment wheneven possible.", "contents": "Anesthesia and postoperative care for cardiac operations. Almost three decades have passed since the establishment of open-heart surgery, and in such a short life span the specialty has established itself scientifically and reached a certain maturity. New techniques, better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac problems, and the effective use of new drugs constantly improve the results of operation. Greater experience in anesthetic management and improved postoperative care will contribute much to the success of this youngest surgical specialty. This review outlines the current principles of anesthesia and postoperative care of patients undergoing cardiac operations. Preanesthetic evaluation provides guidance for anesthetic management, supportive techniques, and postoperative care. During operations, light anesthesia is usually sufficient for patients with cardiac disease and minimizes myocardial depression. Monitoring must provide data on the physiological changes that are taking place from moment to moment during and after operations. Perfusion produces a highly abnormal state, and the severity of complications varies with its duration. Introduction of new drugs has also facilitated hemodynamic management during and after operations. Postoperative care is based on careful observation of the patient and early detection of trends, both of which lead to preventive rather than curative treatment wheneven possible."}
{"id": "PMID:264787", "title": "Does allergy play a role in fibrositis?", "content": "Twenty patients with active fibrositis and no underlying disease (and with normal electromyographic findings) were evaluated for the possible role of an active allergic process in their conditions. A definite atopic history was obtained in just fewer than 50% of the patients, and an allergic diathesis in slightly more than 50% of the patients' families. Serum immunoglobulin E levels and eosinophil counts for all 20 patients fell within the normal range. Thus the traditional allergic reaction (type I hypersensitivity) would seem unlikely as a mediator of fibrositis.", "contents": "Does allergy play a role in fibrositis? Twenty patients with active fibrositis and no underlying disease (and with normal electromyographic findings) were evaluated for the possible role of an active allergic process in their conditions. A definite atopic history was obtained in just fewer than 50% of the patients, and an allergic diathesis in slightly more than 50% of the patients' families. Serum immunoglobulin E levels and eosinophil counts for all 20 patients fell within the normal range. Thus the traditional allergic reaction (type I hypersensitivity) would seem unlikely as a mediator of fibrositis."}
{"id": "PMID:264790", "title": "Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia.", "content": "Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.", "contents": "Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:264791", "title": "Changing erythrocyte populations in juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia: evidence for disordered regulation.", "content": "Fetal and adult erythrocyte characteristics were studied serially in a 30-mo-old female with juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia. On presentation the erythrocytes exhibited predominantly fetal characteristics as indicated by 69% hemoglobin F (HbF), 1.1% hemoglobin A2 (HbA2), absent I antigen, and fetal levels of the erythrocyte enzymes, carbonic anhydrase I and II, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase; 100% of the erythrocytes present contained HbF. However, Orskov-Jacobs-Stewart hemolysis demonstrated that at least one adult characteristic was present. Seven months later HbF was 17%; I antigen and carbonic anhydrase I had increased to adult levels. The number of cells containing HbF had decreased to 30%. Further studies indicated that at least three new populations of red cells were present after 7 mo which had not previously been detected. Two of these populations exhibited a mixture of both fetal and adult characteristics. Such findings suggested that an ongoing disturbance of regulatory mechanisms was responsible for the variable expression of fetal versus adult erythrocyte characteristics.", "contents": "Changing erythrocyte populations in juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia: evidence for disordered regulation. Fetal and adult erythrocyte characteristics were studied serially in a 30-mo-old female with juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia. On presentation the erythrocytes exhibited predominantly fetal characteristics as indicated by 69% hemoglobin F (HbF), 1.1% hemoglobin A2 (HbA2), absent I antigen, and fetal levels of the erythrocyte enzymes, carbonic anhydrase I and II, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase; 100% of the erythrocytes present contained HbF. However, Orskov-Jacobs-Stewart hemolysis demonstrated that at least one adult characteristic was present. Seven months later HbF was 17%; I antigen and carbonic anhydrase I had increased to adult levels. The number of cells containing HbF had decreased to 30%. Further studies indicated that at least three new populations of red cells were present after 7 mo which had not previously been detected. Two of these populations exhibited a mixture of both fetal and adult characteristics. Such findings suggested that an ongoing disturbance of regulatory mechanisms was responsible for the variable expression of fetal versus adult erythrocyte characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:264792", "title": "The Philadelphia chromosome in human macrophages.", "content": "Three patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia in different phases of the natural history of the disease were studied. Their bone marrow cells were cultured under conditions favoring macrophage proliferation, and parallel cytogenetic and cytochemical studies were performed. All cell metaphases examined contained the Ph1 chromosome at a time when more than 80% of these metaphases were in identifiable macrophages. We conclude that the mononuclear phagocyte cell line contains the abnormal chromosome in Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "The Philadelphia chromosome in human macrophages. Three patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia in different phases of the natural history of the disease were studied. Their bone marrow cells were cultured under conditions favoring macrophage proliferation, and parallel cytogenetic and cytochemical studies were performed. All cell metaphases examined contained the Ph1 chromosome at a time when more than 80% of these metaphases were in identifiable macrophages. We conclude that the mononuclear phagocyte cell line contains the abnormal chromosome in Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:264797", "title": "Repeated chlorpromazine administration increases a behavioural response of rats to 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation.", "content": "1 The hyperactivity syndrome produced in rats by administration of tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg i.p.) followed 30 min later by L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg i.p.) is generally considered to be due to increased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) functional activity. It is inhibited by chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg i.p.) injected 60 min before the tranylcypromine. However, chlorpromazine injection for 4 days either at a dose of 30 mg/kg once daily or 5 mg/kg twice daily results in an enhanced hyperactivity response to tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan administration 24 h after the final dose of chlorpromazine. 2 One injection of chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) did not produce enhancement 24 h later and the inhibition of the tranylcypromine/L-tryptophan hyperactivity observed after acute chlorpromazine injection was seen if the rats were given tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan 1 h after the fourth chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) dose. 3 Chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) once daily or 5 mg/kg twice daily for 4 days resulted in rats displaying enhanced behavioral responses to the suggested 5-HT agonist 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg) on day 5. 4 Chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) once daily for 4 days produces a slight increase in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration on day 5, but no difference in the rate of brain 5-HT synthesis or the rate of 5-HT accumulation after tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan administration. 5. There is some evidence that chlorpromazine blocks 5-HT receptors. It has also been observed that several other neuroleptic drugs do not produce enhanced 5-HT responses after repeated administration. It is suggested therefore that the enhanced behavioural response to 5-HT receptor stimulation following repeated chlorpromazine administration may be because this drug blocks 5-HT receptors.", "contents": "Repeated chlorpromazine administration increases a behavioural response of rats to 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation. 1 The hyperactivity syndrome produced in rats by administration of tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg i.p.) followed 30 min later by L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg i.p.) is generally considered to be due to increased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) functional activity. It is inhibited by chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg i.p.) injected 60 min before the tranylcypromine. However, chlorpromazine injection for 4 days either at a dose of 30 mg/kg once daily or 5 mg/kg twice daily results in an enhanced hyperactivity response to tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan administration 24 h after the final dose of chlorpromazine. 2 One injection of chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) did not produce enhancement 24 h later and the inhibition of the tranylcypromine/L-tryptophan hyperactivity observed after acute chlorpromazine injection was seen if the rats were given tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan 1 h after the fourth chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) dose. 3 Chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) once daily or 5 mg/kg twice daily for 4 days resulted in rats displaying enhanced behavioral responses to the suggested 5-HT agonist 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg) on day 5. 4 Chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg) once daily for 4 days produces a slight increase in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration on day 5, but no difference in the rate of brain 5-HT synthesis or the rate of 5-HT accumulation after tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan administration. 5. There is some evidence that chlorpromazine blocks 5-HT receptors. It has also been observed that several other neuroleptic drugs do not produce enhanced 5-HT responses after repeated administration. It is suggested therefore that the enhanced behavioural response to 5-HT receptor stimulation following repeated chlorpromazine administration may be because this drug blocks 5-HT receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:264798", "title": "Radiotherapy in leukemia and lymphoma of children.", "content": "Radiotherapy is important in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma of children. In acute lymphocytic leukemia administration of cranial irradiation early during chemotherapy-induced remission prevents initial meningeal relapse. When cranial irradiation is combined with a 3-year course of multiple drug systemic chemotherapy approximately one-half of the children remain in complete remission for 5 years or more and are at little risk of relapse. Preventive cranial irradiation is effective in children with acute myelocytic leukemia, also, but this does not affect survival because of the inadequacy of chemotherapy in controlling bone marrow disease. Low dose palliative irradiation can be helpful in caring for some children with obstructive, painful or disabling leukemic lesions. In Hodgkin's disease of children radiotherapy is effective in curing stages IA, IIA, and IIIA disease and contributes to chemotherapy control of stages IIIB and IV disease. The role of radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is less clear. Children with T-lymphoblastic lymphoma tend to have rapid dissemination to bone marrow and meninges and appear to benefit more from multiple agent chemotherapy and preventive meningeal irradiation. Children with B-lymphoblastic lymphoma usually benefit from cyclophosphamide therapy; the value of irradiation is yet to be established. However, radiotherapy is frequently curative in stage I B-lymphocytic nodular and histiocytic lymphomas. The indications for radiotherapy in children with leukemia and lymphoma are constantly changing. Before each child is treated the multi disciplinary evaluation and treatment team must consider the rationale in relation to the specific child and current knowledge.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in leukemia and lymphoma of children. Radiotherapy is important in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma of children. In acute lymphocytic leukemia administration of cranial irradiation early during chemotherapy-induced remission prevents initial meningeal relapse. When cranial irradiation is combined with a 3-year course of multiple drug systemic chemotherapy approximately one-half of the children remain in complete remission for 5 years or more and are at little risk of relapse. Preventive cranial irradiation is effective in children with acute myelocytic leukemia, also, but this does not affect survival because of the inadequacy of chemotherapy in controlling bone marrow disease. Low dose palliative irradiation can be helpful in caring for some children with obstructive, painful or disabling leukemic lesions. In Hodgkin's disease of children radiotherapy is effective in curing stages IA, IIA, and IIIA disease and contributes to chemotherapy control of stages IIIB and IV disease. The role of radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is less clear. Children with T-lymphoblastic lymphoma tend to have rapid dissemination to bone marrow and meninges and appear to benefit more from multiple agent chemotherapy and preventive meningeal irradiation. Children with B-lymphoblastic lymphoma usually benefit from cyclophosphamide therapy; the value of irradiation is yet to be established. However, radiotherapy is frequently curative in stage I B-lymphocytic nodular and histiocytic lymphomas. The indications for radiotherapy in children with leukemia and lymphoma are constantly changing. Before each child is treated the multi disciplinary evaluation and treatment team must consider the rationale in relation to the specific child and current knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:264799", "title": "Role of radiation therapy in management of adult leukemia.", "content": "There are both defined and evolving roles for radiation therapy in the management of adult leukemias. For the acute leukemias, emphasis presently is on adjuvant irradiation of local manifestations including CNS \"prophylaxis\" for subclinical meningeal involvement. In chronic myelocytic leukemia, local palliative radiotherapy is complemented by the use of splenic irradiation for its systemic effect. Recently, total body irradiation has been shown to influence the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For the first time, it has been possible to achieve remissions that prolong survival as well as improve the quality of life. Future exploitation or radiotherapy in adults with leukemia will be dependent upon improved communication and cooperation between the various medical specialists concerned with patient care in these diseases.", "contents": "Role of radiation therapy in management of adult leukemia. There are both defined and evolving roles for radiation therapy in the management of adult leukemias. For the acute leukemias, emphasis presently is on adjuvant irradiation of local manifestations including CNS \"prophylaxis\" for subclinical meningeal involvement. In chronic myelocytic leukemia, local palliative radiotherapy is complemented by the use of splenic irradiation for its systemic effect. Recently, total body irradiation has been shown to influence the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For the first time, it has been possible to achieve remissions that prolong survival as well as improve the quality of life. Future exploitation or radiotherapy in adults with leukemia will be dependent upon improved communication and cooperation between the various medical specialists concerned with patient care in these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:264808", "title": "Deanol in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: a preliminary investigation.", "content": "On the basis of its pharmacologic action Deanol (dimethyl aminoethanol) was hypothesized to be of benefit in the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. In one case report the addition of Deanol to perphenazine did not result in an improvement of uncontrollable movements or involuntary speech utterances. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome is a condition combining organic and psychogenic features existing in the interface between two etiologies. Classically the disease begins in childhood and is characterized by the appearance of sudden involuntary movements, involuntary speech utterances frequently consisting of curse words (coprolalia), and imitative phenomena such as echolalia and echopraxia. Neurotic symptomatology such as anxiety and obsessive thinking have also been reported. This condition is regarded neuropharmacologically as a dopaminergic state that responds to drugs with antidopaminergic activity e.g. the phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Deanol (dimethyl aminoethanol) is a putative cholinergic agonist and has reported effectiveness in conditions where there is a predominance of dopaminergic versus cholinergic activity, e.g. levodopa-induced dyskinesias, neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia, and Huntington's chorea. Because of its effectiveness in dopaminergic states it was hypothesized that Deanol could also be of benefit in the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome.", "contents": "Deanol in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: a preliminary investigation. On the basis of its pharmacologic action Deanol (dimethyl aminoethanol) was hypothesized to be of benefit in the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. In one case report the addition of Deanol to perphenazine did not result in an improvement of uncontrollable movements or involuntary speech utterances. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome is a condition combining organic and psychogenic features existing in the interface between two etiologies. Classically the disease begins in childhood and is characterized by the appearance of sudden involuntary movements, involuntary speech utterances frequently consisting of curse words (coprolalia), and imitative phenomena such as echolalia and echopraxia. Neurotic symptomatology such as anxiety and obsessive thinking have also been reported. This condition is regarded neuropharmacologically as a dopaminergic state that responds to drugs with antidopaminergic activity e.g. the phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Deanol (dimethyl aminoethanol) is a putative cholinergic agonist and has reported effectiveness in conditions where there is a predominance of dopaminergic versus cholinergic activity, e.g. levodopa-induced dyskinesias, neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia, and Huntington's chorea. Because of its effectiveness in dopaminergic states it was hypothesized that Deanol could also be of benefit in the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:264806", "title": "Characteristics of osteosarcoma cells in culture.", "content": "Osteosarcoma cells (BFO cell line) were successfully maintained in tissue culture for 3 years. BFO cells showed 100 per cent tumorigenicity by the isologous implantation, and almost the same histological features as the original BF osteosarcoma. BFO cells synthesize and secrete large quantities of alkaline phosphatase both in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (tumor bearing mice). BFO cells showed a suppression in synthesizing the osteoinductive factor in vitro, but regained the capacity to synthesize it when implanted back into an isologous host. The cells showed rapid growth, a serum requirement, and no contact inhibition. Doubling time was 8.6 hours in a logarithmic growth phase. Cell cycle analyses by pulse labeling of 3H-thymidine was performed after synchronization of the cells by double treatment with an excess thymidine.", "contents": "Characteristics of osteosarcoma cells in culture. Osteosarcoma cells (BFO cell line) were successfully maintained in tissue culture for 3 years. BFO cells showed 100 per cent tumorigenicity by the isologous implantation, and almost the same histological features as the original BF osteosarcoma. BFO cells synthesize and secrete large quantities of alkaline phosphatase both in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (tumor bearing mice). BFO cells showed a suppression in synthesizing the osteoinductive factor in vitro, but regained the capacity to synthesize it when implanted back into an isologous host. The cells showed rapid growth, a serum requirement, and no contact inhibition. Doubling time was 8.6 hours in a logarithmic growth phase. Cell cycle analyses by pulse labeling of 3H-thymidine was performed after synchronization of the cells by double treatment with an excess thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:264846", "title": "[Altered platelet surface glycoproteins in chronic myeloid leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The present status of knowledge about the platelet membrane components suggests that glycoproteins (GP) are involved in the intercellular platelet specific reactions, such as adhesion and aggregation. Normal human platelets and platelet membranes solubilized under dissociating conditions produce characteristic polypeptide and GP electrophoretic patterns (PAGE). Platelets and isolated platelet membranes from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) presented dissimilarities of their glycoconjugates as compared to the normal platelets. The modification of the electrophoretic banding visualized by the periodic acid-Schiff's reagent (PAS) consisted in the decrease of the 155,000 GP L, the presence of two PAS positive bands in the area of the 135,000 normal PAS positive GP LL and a variable decrease of the 100,000 GP LLL (Apparent mol. wt. are indicated). In addition, preliminary data showed an increased catalytic transfer of the labelled galactosyl and N acetygalactosaminyl residues from exogenous nucleotide 14C-sugar precursors onto the CML-platelet endogenous sugar acceptors. These firstly reported data on molecular abnormalities of the platelet membrane GP in CML, suggested their possible relationship with the impaired platelet adhesion and aggregation occurring in this disease or the ability of leukemic platelets to express modified surface membrane components.", "contents": "[Altered platelet surface glycoproteins in chronic myeloid leukemia (author's transl)]. The present status of knowledge about the platelet membrane components suggests that glycoproteins (GP) are involved in the intercellular platelet specific reactions, such as adhesion and aggregation. Normal human platelets and platelet membranes solubilized under dissociating conditions produce characteristic polypeptide and GP electrophoretic patterns (PAGE). Platelets and isolated platelet membranes from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) presented dissimilarities of their glycoconjugates as compared to the normal platelets. The modification of the electrophoretic banding visualized by the periodic acid-Schiff's reagent (PAS) consisted in the decrease of the 155,000 GP L, the presence of two PAS positive bands in the area of the 135,000 normal PAS positive GP LL and a variable decrease of the 100,000 GP LLL (Apparent mol. wt. are indicated). In addition, preliminary data showed an increased catalytic transfer of the labelled galactosyl and N acetygalactosaminyl residues from exogenous nucleotide 14C-sugar precursors onto the CML-platelet endogenous sugar acceptors. These firstly reported data on molecular abnormalities of the platelet membrane GP in CML, suggested their possible relationship with the impaired platelet adhesion and aggregation occurring in this disease or the ability of leukemic platelets to express modified surface membrane components."}
{"id": "PMID:264857", "title": "Cytochemical detection of histamine in the human granulopoietic series of healthy subjects and of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukaemia. A spectrophotofluorimetric test for checking OPT-induced fluorescence in isolated cells.", "content": "Cellular histamine in blood and bone marrow has been identified histochemically using an o-phthaldialdehyde fluorescence reaction. The specificity of the reaction was tested by a spectrofluorometric analysis of cell extracts. In normal blood, the basophils emit a bright yellow fluorescence, whereas neutrophils, eosinophils and platelets react less consistently and when they do, they give off a less intense yellow or blue emission. In normal marrow, basophils react strongly whereas the metamyelocytes and later granular cells show only a weak yellow or blue fluorescence. In chronic myeloid leukaemia, cells of the granular series emit a strong yellow fluorescence at all stages of development, although still less intense than the basophils. During remission, the fluorescence pattern of cells from leukaemic subjects reverts to that of normal cells.", "contents": "Cytochemical detection of histamine in the human granulopoietic series of healthy subjects and of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukaemia. A spectrophotofluorimetric test for checking OPT-induced fluorescence in isolated cells. Cellular histamine in blood and bone marrow has been identified histochemically using an o-phthaldialdehyde fluorescence reaction. The specificity of the reaction was tested by a spectrofluorometric analysis of cell extracts. In normal blood, the basophils emit a bright yellow fluorescence, whereas neutrophils, eosinophils and platelets react less consistently and when they do, they give off a less intense yellow or blue emission. In normal marrow, basophils react strongly whereas the metamyelocytes and later granular cells show only a weak yellow or blue fluorescence. In chronic myeloid leukaemia, cells of the granular series emit a strong yellow fluorescence at all stages of development, although still less intense than the basophils. During remission, the fluorescence pattern of cells from leukaemic subjects reverts to that of normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:264858", "title": "Regional intrapulmonary gas distribution in awake and anesthetized-paralyzed man.", "content": "Intrapulmonary distribution of ventilation/unit lung volume was studied in 28 volunteers in the sitting, supine, or right lateral decubitus position, either awake or anesthetized-paralyzed and mechanically ventilated. We found significant differences between the awake state and anesthesia-paralysis with mechanical ventilation in 1) intrapulmonary gas distribution, and 2) the vertical gradient of regional functional residual capacities for the subjects in the lateral decubitus position, but not for those in the sitting and supine positions. The effect of increasing the tidal volume on distribution of ventilation was significantly different 1) between the three body positions for a given state, and 2) between the two states for a given body position. The data suggest thoracoabdominal mechanics are different in the three body positions and that anesthesia-paralysis and mechanical ventilation may cause a different pattern of expansion of the respiratory system than spontaneous breathing in the awake state.", "contents": "Regional intrapulmonary gas distribution in awake and anesthetized-paralyzed man. Intrapulmonary distribution of ventilation/unit lung volume was studied in 28 volunteers in the sitting, supine, or right lateral decubitus position, either awake or anesthetized-paralyzed and mechanically ventilated. We found significant differences between the awake state and anesthesia-paralysis with mechanical ventilation in 1) intrapulmonary gas distribution, and 2) the vertical gradient of regional functional residual capacities for the subjects in the lateral decubitus position, but not for those in the sitting and supine positions. The effect of increasing the tidal volume on distribution of ventilation was significantly different 1) between the three body positions for a given state, and 2) between the two states for a given body position. The data suggest thoracoabdominal mechanics are different in the three body positions and that anesthesia-paralysis and mechanical ventilation may cause a different pattern of expansion of the respiratory system than spontaneous breathing in the awake state."}
{"id": "PMID:264859", "title": "Dental plaque and dietary intakes in schoolchildren in Hawaii.", "content": "Plaque formation on the teeth as measured by the number of teeth with a heavy plaque accumulation was found to be influenced by diet. Accumulation of plaque was enhanced by the frequent consumption of food items such as sweet rolls, sweet breads, manapua, and poi. All of these are characterized by their sucrose content and stickiness. However, fruit drinks were shown to have a retarding effect on plaque growth. The information on the amount of plaque had little relationship with the dental caries status of the subjects, whereas it was significantly associated with periodontal health.", "contents": "Dental plaque and dietary intakes in schoolchildren in Hawaii. Plaque formation on the teeth as measured by the number of teeth with a heavy plaque accumulation was found to be influenced by diet. Accumulation of plaque was enhanced by the frequent consumption of food items such as sweet rolls, sweet breads, manapua, and poi. All of these are characterized by their sucrose content and stickiness. However, fruit drinks were shown to have a retarding effect on plaque growth. The information on the amount of plaque had little relationship with the dental caries status of the subjects, whereas it was significantly associated with periodontal health."}
{"id": "PMID:264860", "title": "Effect of multiple dental floss-SnF2 treatment on Streptococcus mutans in interproximal plaque.", "content": "Samples of dental plaque obtained from the interproximal tooth surfaces of seven young men showed considerable variation in the prevalence and anatomic site distribution of the potentially cariogenic microorganism S mutans. Multiple application of 10% SnF2 topical solution and saline solution delivered to interproximal test sites with dental floss were evaluated as short-term measures for eliminating S mutans from these surfaces. A greater overall reduction in the number of positive S mutans sites was observed for the SNF2-treated sites than the saline solution-treated sites. Long term studies are required to evaluate the effect of the treatments on the incidence of dental caries.", "contents": "Effect of multiple dental floss-SnF2 treatment on Streptococcus mutans in interproximal plaque. Samples of dental plaque obtained from the interproximal tooth surfaces of seven young men showed considerable variation in the prevalence and anatomic site distribution of the potentially cariogenic microorganism S mutans. Multiple application of 10% SnF2 topical solution and saline solution delivered to interproximal test sites with dental floss were evaluated as short-term measures for eliminating S mutans from these surfaces. A greater overall reduction in the number of positive S mutans sites was observed for the SNF2-treated sites than the saline solution-treated sites. Long term studies are required to evaluate the effect of the treatments on the incidence of dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:264861", "title": "Diffusion of strontium from desensitizing agents into human dentin as determined by energy-dispersive analysis.", "content": "Strontium-containing desensitizing agents were applied to one set of tooth surfaces and were burnished onto another set of diametric surfaces. Concentration of strontium at dentin depth was determined by X-radiation dispersive analysis. Burnishing produced deeper strontium penetration. Fick's Second Law provided an estimate of relative effective time for equal strontium distributions by the two methods.", "contents": "Diffusion of strontium from desensitizing agents into human dentin as determined by energy-dispersive analysis. Strontium-containing desensitizing agents were applied to one set of tooth surfaces and were burnished onto another set of diametric surfaces. Concentration of strontium at dentin depth was determined by X-radiation dispersive analysis. Burnishing produced deeper strontium penetration. Fick's Second Law provided an estimate of relative effective time for equal strontium distributions by the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:264862", "title": "Creep and phase transformation in dental amalgam.", "content": "Creep measurements were performed on different types of amalgams as a function of heat treatment after specimen preparation before testing. The types of amalgams included lathecut, spherical, nonpreamalgamated amalgams, and an amalgam containing Ag-Cu particles. Heat treatment significantly reduced the creep of all alloy types studied. Creep reduction was associated with the phase and transformation gamma1 leads to beta1 (Ag-Hg), which was detected by metallographic and microprobe analysis.", "contents": "Creep and phase transformation in dental amalgam. Creep measurements were performed on different types of amalgams as a function of heat treatment after specimen preparation before testing. The types of amalgams included lathecut, spherical, nonpreamalgamated amalgams, and an amalgam containing Ag-Cu particles. Heat treatment significantly reduced the creep of all alloy types studied. Creep reduction was associated with the phase and transformation gamma1 leads to beta1 (Ag-Hg), which was detected by metallographic and microprobe analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:264863", "title": "Structure and effects of non-gamma-2 amalgam.", "content": "The metallurgical structure of a non-gamma-2 amalgam was investigated by using metallurgical microscopy, surface, point, and line analyses by an electron probe microanalyzer, and a microhardness test. Referring to these findings, their effects on clinical results were then discussed. Findings were as follows: The residual dispersant particle was less hard than the gamma 1 matrix, but the ring around it was much harder than the gamma 1 matrix or the residual gamma particle. The improved mechanical properties seem to be the result of the presence of this ring. The gamma 2 phase was absent in this amalgam. The absence of gamma 2 phase seems to improve chemical resistance, to prevent the deformation by mercuroscopic expansion of amalgam margins, and thus to decrease their fracture potential. The minute gamma 1 crystals found adjacent to the ring around the residual dispersant particle seem to indicate that they were late in crystallization, resulting in low early strength.", "contents": "Structure and effects of non-gamma-2 amalgam. The metallurgical structure of a non-gamma-2 amalgam was investigated by using metallurgical microscopy, surface, point, and line analyses by an electron probe microanalyzer, and a microhardness test. Referring to these findings, their effects on clinical results were then discussed. Findings were as follows: The residual dispersant particle was less hard than the gamma 1 matrix, but the ring around it was much harder than the gamma 1 matrix or the residual gamma particle. The improved mechanical properties seem to be the result of the presence of this ring. The gamma 2 phase was absent in this amalgam. The absence of gamma 2 phase seems to improve chemical resistance, to prevent the deformation by mercuroscopic expansion of amalgam margins, and thus to decrease their fracture potential. The minute gamma 1 crystals found adjacent to the ring around the residual dispersant particle seem to indicate that they were late in crystallization, resulting in low early strength."}
{"id": "PMID:264864", "title": "Effects of parathyroid extract on the rupture strength of intact skin of the rat.", "content": "Rats were injected with parathyroid extract (PTE) to search for possible effects on connective tissue of the skin. Rupture strength analysis of skin samples showed a significant increase in strength of skin from PTE-treated rats. The explanation for this effect is not understood at present.", "contents": "Effects of parathyroid extract on the rupture strength of intact skin of the rat. Rats were injected with parathyroid extract (PTE) to search for possible effects on connective tissue of the skin. Rupture strength analysis of skin samples showed a significant increase in strength of skin from PTE-treated rats. The explanation for this effect is not understood at present."}
{"id": "PMID:264865", "title": "In vitro strength of the human periodontal ligament.", "content": "The tensile properties of the human periodontal ligament were studied by direct loading and compression experiments. It was found that the ligament behaved in an elastic manner up to an elastic limit after which rupture occurred. The values obtained for the tensile strength of the ligament are in general agreement with those of other workers for similar tissues.", "contents": "In vitro strength of the human periodontal ligament. The tensile properties of the human periodontal ligament were studied by direct loading and compression experiments. It was found that the ligament behaved in an elastic manner up to an elastic limit after which rupture occurred. The values obtained for the tensile strength of the ligament are in general agreement with those of other workers for similar tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:264866", "title": "Distribution of Streptococcus mutans biotypes in five human populations.", "content": "The distribution of S mutans biotypes in five geographically separated human populations was investigated. Samples of dental plaque were obtained from recruits at the US Naval Training Center in Orlando, Fl (N=49) in San Diego, Calif (N=25), and in Great Lakes, Ill (N=194), and from a sample of Hawaiian school children (N=55) and Saudi Arabian Navy personnel (N-217). Cultural and biochemical methods were used for the isolation and identification of the five different biotypes of S mutans which correlate with Bratthall's serotypes a through e. Geographic differences in S mutans biotype distribution were most apparent when the Saudi Arabian sample was compared to the other four groups. Single and multiple biotypes were observed in each group. Multiple biotypes occurred most frequently in the Saudi Arabians. Biotypes a and b were rarely observed; c was the most common in each of the populations; and d and e were more prevalent in the Saudi Arabians than in the other groups. Because of the multifactorial nature of dental caries, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of population differences in caries experience that seem to be associated with differences in S mutans-type distribution.", "contents": "Distribution of Streptococcus mutans biotypes in five human populations. The distribution of S mutans biotypes in five geographically separated human populations was investigated. Samples of dental plaque were obtained from recruits at the US Naval Training Center in Orlando, Fl (N=49) in San Diego, Calif (N=25), and in Great Lakes, Ill (N=194), and from a sample of Hawaiian school children (N=55) and Saudi Arabian Navy personnel (N-217). Cultural and biochemical methods were used for the isolation and identification of the five different biotypes of S mutans which correlate with Bratthall's serotypes a through e. Geographic differences in S mutans biotype distribution were most apparent when the Saudi Arabian sample was compared to the other four groups. Single and multiple biotypes were observed in each group. Multiple biotypes occurred most frequently in the Saudi Arabians. Biotypes a and b were rarely observed; c was the most common in each of the populations; and d and e were more prevalent in the Saudi Arabians than in the other groups. Because of the multifactorial nature of dental caries, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of population differences in caries experience that seem to be associated with differences in S mutans-type distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:264867", "title": "Effect of topical application of fluoride on the healing rate of experimental calvarial defects in rats.", "content": "The effect of the local application of fluoride on the healing process of experimental calvarial defects in rats was studied. A total of 172 male rats, 6 weeks old, weighing 100 to to 160 gm, were used in the experiments. Two standard defects, each approximately 2.8 mm in diameter, were drilled through the parietal bones on either side of the sagittal suture. In one half of the rats that were operated on, a 20-minute topical application of 2% acidulated (0.1 M H3PO4) NaF solution was used. The control rats underwent the same local treatment with saline solution. Groups of 9 to 13 rats were killed at 4, 5, 7, 9, and 12 weeks after the operation. Radiographs of each calvarium demonstrated the healing area in the bone. Linear bone apposition was measured from histological sections. Fluoride content was determined in ashed calvaria with an Orion electrode. The results indicate that all fluoride-treated groups had increased bone gain compared with the control group. The histological examination revealed no major differences in the structure, number, and size of the cells of the newly formed bone in either group. The mean fluoride concecreased until completion of the experiment.", "contents": "Effect of topical application of fluoride on the healing rate of experimental calvarial defects in rats. The effect of the local application of fluoride on the healing process of experimental calvarial defects in rats was studied. A total of 172 male rats, 6 weeks old, weighing 100 to to 160 gm, were used in the experiments. Two standard defects, each approximately 2.8 mm in diameter, were drilled through the parietal bones on either side of the sagittal suture. In one half of the rats that were operated on, a 20-minute topical application of 2% acidulated (0.1 M H3PO4) NaF solution was used. The control rats underwent the same local treatment with saline solution. Groups of 9 to 13 rats were killed at 4, 5, 7, 9, and 12 weeks after the operation. Radiographs of each calvarium demonstrated the healing area in the bone. Linear bone apposition was measured from histological sections. Fluoride content was determined in ashed calvaria with an Orion electrode. The results indicate that all fluoride-treated groups had increased bone gain compared with the control group. The histological examination revealed no major differences in the structure, number, and size of the cells of the newly formed bone in either group. The mean fluoride concecreased until completion of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:264868", "title": "Lymphatic vessels of the human dental pulp.", "content": "Noncarious teeth obtained from individuals 15 to 50 years of age were used to study the lymphatic drainage of the human pulp. Thick sections (50 to 150 microns) were stained with iron hematoxylin for the demonstration of lymph and blood vessels. Lymph capillaries originated as blind sacs in the odontoblastic layer and in the pulp proper near the pulpo-odontoblastic border. They drained into small thin-walled collecting vessels that were irregular in shape and showed great variability in their drainage patterns. Communications between these vessels were very common. The larger conducting lymphatic vessels accompanied the blood vessels and nerves in their course through the pulp. They could be identified by their thin walls and small size. The large caliber lymphatic vessels contained valves, a structure not present in the veins of the same size. The conducting lymphatic vessels passed through the roots as individual units without draining into a large single vessel. The lymphatic vessels of the human pulp must be considered as a pathway for the removal of excessive tissue fluid in normal and diseased pulps.", "contents": "Lymphatic vessels of the human dental pulp. Noncarious teeth obtained from individuals 15 to 50 years of age were used to study the lymphatic drainage of the human pulp. Thick sections (50 to 150 microns) were stained with iron hematoxylin for the demonstration of lymph and blood vessels. Lymph capillaries originated as blind sacs in the odontoblastic layer and in the pulp proper near the pulpo-odontoblastic border. They drained into small thin-walled collecting vessels that were irregular in shape and showed great variability in their drainage patterns. Communications between these vessels were very common. The larger conducting lymphatic vessels accompanied the blood vessels and nerves in their course through the pulp. They could be identified by their thin walls and small size. The large caliber lymphatic vessels contained valves, a structure not present in the veins of the same size. The conducting lymphatic vessels passed through the roots as individual units without draining into a large single vessel. The lymphatic vessels of the human pulp must be considered as a pathway for the removal of excessive tissue fluid in normal and diseased pulps."}
{"id": "PMID:264869", "title": "Relation of body mass to oxygen consumption rate in dental pulp.", "content": "Oxygen consumption rates of dentinogenically active dental pulp at 38 C have been determined for 13 different species of mammals ranging from 18.6 gm to 800 kg in mean body mass. The QO2 is inversely related to body mass. The influence of body mass on the oxygen consumption rate seems to be about ten times greater in animals weighing less than 18 kg than it is in larger animals.", "contents": "Relation of body mass to oxygen consumption rate in dental pulp. Oxygen consumption rates of dentinogenically active dental pulp at 38 C have been determined for 13 different species of mammals ranging from 18.6 gm to 800 kg in mean body mass. The QO2 is inversely related to body mass. The influence of body mass on the oxygen consumption rate seems to be about ten times greater in animals weighing less than 18 kg than it is in larger animals."}
{"id": "PMID:264870", "title": "Rate of permeation of isotopes through human dentin, in vitro.", "content": "A simple in vitro method has been described for quantitatively measuring the rate at which isotopically labeled substances permeate through dentin in occlusal cavity preparations. The presence or absence of pulp tissue had only a minor effect on the kinetics of permeation. As the dentin was made thinner there was a resulting increase in the rate of iodide permeation. The relative rates of permeation were 3H2O greater than 131I greater than 99mTc greater than 14C-urea, a sequence that follows the molecular dimensions of these substances.", "contents": "Rate of permeation of isotopes through human dentin, in vitro. A simple in vitro method has been described for quantitatively measuring the rate at which isotopically labeled substances permeate through dentin in occlusal cavity preparations. The presence or absence of pulp tissue had only a minor effect on the kinetics of permeation. As the dentin was made thinner there was a resulting increase in the rate of iodide permeation. The relative rates of permeation were 3H2O greater than 131I greater than 99mTc greater than 14C-urea, a sequence that follows the molecular dimensions of these substances."}
{"id": "PMID:264876", "title": "HL-A histocompatibility antigens in recurrent aphthous ulceration.", "content": "The frequency of HL-A phenotypes has been investigated in 64 patients who had recurrent aphthous ulcers and 100 subjects who did not. The HL-A phenotypes were determined by a two-step microcytotoxicity test on peripheral blood lymphocytes, incubating these cells with a range of defined antiserums and complement and subsequently assessing lymphocyte viability by dye exclusion. There were no significant differences between the frequency of individual HL-A antigens in the patients with aphthous ulceration and those of subjects without aphthous ulceration. Similarly, no differences in numbers of shared antigens could be demonstrated. The distribution of HL-A antigens was essentially similar in subdivisions of patients with aphthous ulceration, grouped on the basis of sex, family history, age at onset, and maximum number of concurrent ulcers and their duration before healing.", "contents": "HL-A histocompatibility antigens in recurrent aphthous ulceration. The frequency of HL-A phenotypes has been investigated in 64 patients who had recurrent aphthous ulcers and 100 subjects who did not. The HL-A phenotypes were determined by a two-step microcytotoxicity test on peripheral blood lymphocytes, incubating these cells with a range of defined antiserums and complement and subsequently assessing lymphocyte viability by dye exclusion. There were no significant differences between the frequency of individual HL-A antigens in the patients with aphthous ulceration and those of subjects without aphthous ulceration. Similarly, no differences in numbers of shared antigens could be demonstrated. The distribution of HL-A antigens was essentially similar in subdivisions of patients with aphthous ulceration, grouped on the basis of sex, family history, age at onset, and maximum number of concurrent ulcers and their duration before healing."}
{"id": "PMID:264877", "title": "Color of gingival tissues of blacks and whites.", "content": "Value, chroma, and hue of gingiva of 100 black and 100 white patients were measured clinically with Munsell color tabs under fluorescent light and under simulated daylight. The color of uniformly pigmented attached gingiva of both blacks and whites was described most often by a value between 5/ and 7/, a chroma of /4, and a range of hues from 2.5R to 7.5R when determined under fluorescent light. The color of gingiva pigmented by melanin in 61 black patients was lower in value (3/ to 4/) and chroma (/1 to /2) but had a similar range of hues compared with uniformly pigmented gingiva. The use of a simulated daylight source instead of a fluorescent light present in the clinic resulted in a modest change in color described by an I of no more than 3.6.", "contents": "Color of gingival tissues of blacks and whites. Value, chroma, and hue of gingiva of 100 black and 100 white patients were measured clinically with Munsell color tabs under fluorescent light and under simulated daylight. The color of uniformly pigmented attached gingiva of both blacks and whites was described most often by a value between 5/ and 7/, a chroma of /4, and a range of hues from 2.5R to 7.5R when determined under fluorescent light. The color of gingiva pigmented by melanin in 61 black patients was lower in value (3/ to 4/) and chroma (/1 to /2) but had a similar range of hues compared with uniformly pigmented gingiva. The use of a simulated daylight source instead of a fluorescent light present in the clinic resulted in a modest change in color described by an I of no more than 3.6."}
{"id": "PMID:264878", "title": "Dental condition of two tribes of Taiwan aborigines--Ami and Atayal.", "content": "This is a study of dental and oral conditions of Taiwan aborigines from the epidemiological and anthropological points of view. A total of 166 Ami and 128 Atayal adolescents were included from their original living area, the Hwa-Lien Hsin and Wa-Lai District, Taiwan, Republic of China. Oral examination was done carefully and caries incidence, periodontal index, and Angle's Classification combined with OFI were included. After that, hydrocolloid impressions were taken, and dental casts were immediately made. The mesiodistal and buccloingual crown diameters and also the arch depth and width were measured using a sliding caliper. Dental morphological traits, such as shovel-shaped incisors, Carabelli's cusp, protostylid, and upper and lower molar groove patterns were observed and classified, and the results are given with statistical analysis. The aborigines have a quite low incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease which may be related to their dietary habits, good oral hygiene, and good dental occlusion. With regard to the differences between the Ami and Atayal, most of the date show no statistical significance except in the dental occlusion. The Atayal's occlusion is better than that of the differences of genetics or other factors. There are no sex differences in all the date in the dental survey, but there are sex differences in both the misiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters of both the Ami and Atayal tribes (the tooth crown of the male subjects is invariably broader and larger than that of females). In the dental arch dimensions, most of the data show no sex diffreence, except in the breadth of the upper and lower dental arch of the Atayal. Anthropologically, there are no statistical differences,  in  mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and most of the data of dental arch dimesions, but there is a difference in arch depth in Ami and Atayal adolescents. The Atayal have a deeper dental arch than do the Ami. As for dental morphologi, the Taiwan aborigines have a high frequency of shovel-shaped incisors and Carabelli's trait but a relatively low frequency of protostylid.  There are no definite differences between races in the occlusal pattern of maxillary first molars, but there are differences in the maxillary second molars. The usual pattern is 4-- for the upper first and second molars of the Taiwan aborigines as well as for thedibular occlusal pattern, the first molar tends to follow the primitive \"dryopithecus\" pattern of 5 cusps and Y configuration, but in the second molar there are varying degrees of departure from Y5 to the more advanced +4 pattern with +5 and Y4 as intermediates.", "contents": "Dental condition of two tribes of Taiwan aborigines--Ami and Atayal. This is a study of dental and oral conditions of Taiwan aborigines from the epidemiological and anthropological points of view. A total of 166 Ami and 128 Atayal adolescents were included from their original living area, the Hwa-Lien Hsin and Wa-Lai District, Taiwan, Republic of China. Oral examination was done carefully and caries incidence, periodontal index, and Angle's Classification combined with OFI were included. After that, hydrocolloid impressions were taken, and dental casts were immediately made. The mesiodistal and buccloingual crown diameters and also the arch depth and width were measured using a sliding caliper. Dental morphological traits, such as shovel-shaped incisors, Carabelli's cusp, protostylid, and upper and lower molar groove patterns were observed and classified, and the results are given with statistical analysis. The aborigines have a quite low incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease which may be related to their dietary habits, good oral hygiene, and good dental occlusion. With regard to the differences between the Ami and Atayal, most of the date show no statistical significance except in the dental occlusion. The Atayal's occlusion is better than that of the differences of genetics or other factors. There are no sex differences in all the date in the dental survey, but there are sex differences in both the misiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters of both the Ami and Atayal tribes (the tooth crown of the male subjects is invariably broader and larger than that of females). In the dental arch dimensions, most of the data show no sex diffreence, except in the breadth of the upper and lower dental arch of the Atayal. Anthropologically, there are no statistical differences,  in  mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and most of the data of dental arch dimesions, but there is a difference in arch depth in Ami and Atayal adolescents. The Atayal have a deeper dental arch than do the Ami. As for dental morphologi, the Taiwan aborigines have a high frequency of shovel-shaped incisors and Carabelli's trait but a relatively low frequency of protostylid.  There are no definite differences between races in the occlusal pattern of maxillary first molars, but there are differences in the maxillary second molars. The usual pattern is 4-- for the upper first and second molars of the Taiwan aborigines as well as for thedibular occlusal pattern, the first molar tends to follow the primitive \"dryopithecus\" pattern of 5 cusps and Y configuration, but in the second molar there are varying degrees of departure from Y5 to the more advanced +4 pattern with +5 and Y4 as intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:264879", "title": "Role of attrition and occlusal contact in the physiology of the rat incisor: XL Kinetics of inner enamel epithelium during severely impeded eruption.", "content": "Under conditions of high impediment, the rate of eruption of the rat incisor decreases considerably as does the rate of cell production of the inner enamel epithelium (IEE). The latter is acomplished by a decrease in the size of the proliferative compartment and an increase in the generation time. A linear relation exists between IEE cell production and tooth eruption, and cell production can be estimated from eruption measurements.", "contents": "Role of attrition and occlusal contact in the physiology of the rat incisor: XL Kinetics of inner enamel epithelium during severely impeded eruption. Under conditions of high impediment, the rate of eruption of the rat incisor decreases considerably as does the rate of cell production of the inner enamel epithelium (IEE). The latter is acomplished by a decrease in the size of the proliferative compartment and an increase in the generation time. A linear relation exists between IEE cell production and tooth eruption, and cell production can be estimated from eruption measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:264880", "title": "Proteolipid and calculus matrix calcification in vitro.", "content": "The initiator of calculus matrix calcification, in vitro, was isolated. Crude phospholipid, known to contain the factor, was separated into five fractions by column chromatography. A single protein-containing fraction induced apatite formation during incubation. The nucleating fraction was indentified as a proteolipid.", "contents": "Proteolipid and calculus matrix calcification in vitro. The initiator of calculus matrix calcification, in vitro, was isolated. Crude phospholipid, known to contain the factor, was separated into five fractions by column chromatography. A single protein-containing fraction induced apatite formation during incubation. The nucleating fraction was indentified as a proteolipid."}
{"id": "PMID:264881", "title": "Pore size measurements and some age-related changes in human alveolar bone and rat femur.", "content": "Bone pore volume of pores ranging from 0.1 to 77 mum in diameter was unchanged in alveolar bone from patients with periodontal disease compared with control subjects, a finding that is inconsistent with the involvement of systemic factors in alveolar bone loss in this disease. Bone density was decreased in alveolar bone from patients with periodontal disease. Bone density of normal alveolar bone increased with age. A similar finding was obtained in rat diaphyseal bone, suggesting that this is a general phenomenon in aging bone. This could be significant inasmuch as high density bone would be expected to be more brittle. In contrast to these findings in normal alveolar bone, bone density decreased rather than increased in the 50- to 59-year-old age group in patients with periodontal disease. The cause of  decreased bone density remains to be established.", "contents": "Pore size measurements and some age-related changes in human alveolar bone and rat femur. Bone pore volume of pores ranging from 0.1 to 77 mum in diameter was unchanged in alveolar bone from patients with periodontal disease compared with control subjects, a finding that is inconsistent with the involvement of systemic factors in alveolar bone loss in this disease. Bone density was decreased in alveolar bone from patients with periodontal disease. Bone density of normal alveolar bone increased with age. A similar finding was obtained in rat diaphyseal bone, suggesting that this is a general phenomenon in aging bone. This could be significant inasmuch as high density bone would be expected to be more brittle. In contrast to these findings in normal alveolar bone, bone density decreased rather than increased in the 50- to 59-year-old age group in patients with periodontal disease. The cause of  decreased bone density remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:264882", "title": "Ceramic hydroxylapatite as a plaque growth and drug screening substrate.", "content": "A new polycrystalline form of hydroxylapatite, CHA, has been shown to closely mimic dental enamel, in vitro, in regard to rate and degree of plaque formation and effectiveness of antiplaque drugs. The material has successfully been exploited as a standardized hydroxylapatite plaque growth substrate in conjuntion with a mass antidental plaque drug screening program.", "contents": "Ceramic hydroxylapatite as a plaque growth and drug screening substrate. A new polycrystalline form of hydroxylapatite, CHA, has been shown to closely mimic dental enamel, in vitro, in regard to rate and degree of plaque formation and effectiveness of antiplaque drugs. The material has successfully been exploited as a standardized hydroxylapatite plaque growth substrate in conjuntion with a mass antidental plaque drug screening program."}
{"id": "PMID:264883", "title": "Competitive binding among oral strptococci to hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The relative affinity of various oral streptococci for hydroxyapatite (HA) differed widely. Streptococcus mutans affinity for dextran-coated HA was the highest of all the streptococci to any HA coating. S salivarius had the lowest affinity, and S sanguis affnity was higher then S miteor for saliva-coated HA. Competition for binding sites on saliva-dextran-coated, dextran-coated HA. Hhwever, competition between this pair was not for the same binding site but for closely associated sites.", "contents": "Competitive binding among oral strptococci to hydroxyapatite. The relative affinity of various oral streptococci for hydroxyapatite (HA) differed widely. Streptococcus mutans affinity for dextran-coated HA was the highest of all the streptococci to any HA coating. S salivarius had the lowest affinity, and S sanguis affnity was higher then S miteor for saliva-coated HA. Competition for binding sites on saliva-dextran-coated, dextran-coated HA. Hhwever, competition between this pair was not for the same binding site but for closely associated sites."}
{"id": "PMID:264884", "title": "Isoproterenol and G2 acinar cells in the developing rat parotid gland.", "content": "In the present study, premitotic period (G2)-delayed or blocked acinar cells were identified in the parotid gland of the neonatal rat. The noncycling G2 cells retain the potential to divide and respond to administration of the sympathomimetic amine, isoproterenol (IPR). The effects of IPR on suckling and weaned rats were compared. Both groups showed the presence of G2-acinar cells with a possible age-related change occurring after weaning.", "contents": "Isoproterenol and G2 acinar cells in the developing rat parotid gland. In the present study, premitotic period (G2)-delayed or blocked acinar cells were identified in the parotid gland of the neonatal rat. The noncycling G2 cells retain the potential to divide and respond to administration of the sympathomimetic amine, isoproterenol (IPR). The effects of IPR on suckling and weaned rats were compared. Both groups showed the presence of G2-acinar cells with a possible age-related change occurring after weaning."}
{"id": "PMID:264889", "title": "Prevention of xerostomia-related dental caries in irradiated cancer patients.", "content": "Three caries preventative regimens: oral hygiene; oral hygiene and topical fluoride; and oral hygiene, typical fluoride, and sucrose restriction were evaluated in patients with cancer given xerostomia-producing radiotherapy. The oral hygiene-fluoride gel combination was remarkably effective in protecting these high risk patients from caries, regardless of the cariogenicity of the diet.", "contents": "Prevention of xerostomia-related dental caries in irradiated cancer patients. Three caries preventative regimens: oral hygiene; oral hygiene and topical fluoride; and oral hygiene, typical fluoride, and sucrose restriction were evaluated in patients with cancer given xerostomia-producing radiotherapy. The oral hygiene-fluoride gel combination was remarkably effective in protecting these high risk patients from caries, regardless of the cariogenicity of the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:264892", "title": "An expanded model for extramural dental clinics.", "content": "The extramural program at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry is described. The program is designed to facilitate the students' transition from a school clinic to dental practice after graduation. Management skills are taught by providing supervised experience in a model practice setting. Five major facilities are described along with the curriculum modifications made to permit all students to spend eight four-day weeks in these remote sites. The quality control mechanism is discussed as well as four key concepts developed in the six-year experience of operating this program.", "contents": "An expanded model for extramural dental clinics. The extramural program at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry is described. The program is designed to facilitate the students' transition from a school clinic to dental practice after graduation. Management skills are taught by providing supervised experience in a model practice setting. Five major facilities are described along with the curriculum modifications made to permit all students to spend eight four-day weeks in these remote sites. The quality control mechanism is discussed as well as four key concepts developed in the six-year experience of operating this program."}
{"id": "PMID:264893", "title": "An outreach cancer education program: a model for continuing education in the dental office.", "content": "During the period 1970-1973, only 2.5 percent of the dentists practicing in Kentucky attended cancer continuing education courses offered by the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry. In the fall of 1973 a different approach to cancer education was launched: Learn about Oral Cancer in Your Office. Self-instructional materials, developed in the College of Dentistry, were taken to the dentist's office on an appointment basis. This method had great appeal and significantly increased the number of dentists involved in cancer continuing education. Other positive results of this approach were a greater awareness on the part of the dentist of his role in cancer detection, a desire amont the participants to alter the pattern of practice to include cancer detection techniques, and exposure of dental auxiliary personnel to cancer education material.", "contents": "An outreach cancer education program: a model for continuing education in the dental office. During the period 1970-1973, only 2.5 percent of the dentists practicing in Kentucky attended cancer continuing education courses offered by the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry. In the fall of 1973 a different approach to cancer education was launched: Learn about Oral Cancer in Your Office. Self-instructional materials, developed in the College of Dentistry, were taken to the dentist's office on an appointment basis. This method had great appeal and significantly increased the number of dentists involved in cancer continuing education. Other positive results of this approach were a greater awareness on the part of the dentist of his role in cancer detection, a desire amont the participants to alter the pattern of practice to include cancer detection techniques, and exposure of dental auxiliary personnel to cancer education material."}
{"id": "PMID:264919", "title": "Characterization of airborne particles from irreversible hydrocolloids.", "content": "Airborne particles of irreversible hydrocolloid powders were monitored and characterized. Ten to fifteen percent of the particles were siliceous fibers with dimensions of less than 3mum in diameter and more than 20mum in length. These dimensions conform closely to the dimensions of  the fibrogenic and carcinogenic fibres of asbestos, glass, and aluminum oxide. With almost daily utilization of irreversible hydrocolloid materials in the dental office, the improper handling of the materials could be hazardous to the health of dental personnel. It is recommended that inhalation of aerosols arising from irreversible hydrocolloid powders be avoided.", "contents": "Characterization of airborne particles from irreversible hydrocolloids. Airborne particles of irreversible hydrocolloid powders were monitored and characterized. Ten to fifteen percent of the particles were siliceous fibers with dimensions of less than 3mum in diameter and more than 20mum in length. These dimensions conform closely to the dimensions of  the fibrogenic and carcinogenic fibres of asbestos, glass, and aluminum oxide. With almost daily utilization of irreversible hydrocolloid materials in the dental office, the improper handling of the materials could be hazardous to the health of dental personnel. It is recommended that inhalation of aerosols arising from irreversible hydrocolloid powders be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:264920", "title": "Repair and restoration of a fractured, pulpally involved anterior tooth: report of case.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy was hit on the maxillary central incisor with a rock, resulting in a diagonal fracture and exposure of the pulp. After endodontic treatment, the fragment was joined to the tooth and the tooth restored using pins, a cold-curing composite, and an ultraviolet-light-activated material. This is a useful technique in cases were preparation of a fractured tooth is impossible or undesirable.", "contents": "Repair and restoration of a fractured, pulpally involved anterior tooth: report of case. An 8-year-old boy was hit on the maxillary central incisor with a rock, resulting in a diagonal fracture and exposure of the pulp. After endodontic treatment, the fragment was joined to the tooth and the tooth restored using pins, a cold-curing composite, and an ultraviolet-light-activated material. This is a useful technique in cases were preparation of a fractured tooth is impossible or undesirable."}
{"id": "PMID:264921", "title": "Hepatitis B prevalence within a dental student population.", "content": "In this descriptive epidemiologic study, prevalence rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among fourth-year dental students and second-year dental hygiene students were found to be comparable to those of a control population and a local age-adjusted blood donor group. This observation contrasts with the rates reported for practicing dentists, especially oral surgeons, and indicates that the increased risk experienced by dentists after dental school may be attributable to potentially greater exposure to the hepatitis B virus resulting from an expanded patient load. No significant correlation was found between a positive serologic response and several potential risk factors: previous liver disease, prior contact with hepatitis patients, parenteral injections, facial hair, and punctures sustained during dental procedures. In contrast, prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was increased significantly among black students.", "contents": "Hepatitis B prevalence within a dental student population. In this descriptive epidemiologic study, prevalence rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among fourth-year dental students and second-year dental hygiene students were found to be comparable to those of a control population and a local age-adjusted blood donor group. This observation contrasts with the rates reported for practicing dentists, especially oral surgeons, and indicates that the increased risk experienced by dentists after dental school may be attributable to potentially greater exposure to the hepatitis B virus resulting from an expanded patient load. No significant correlation was found between a positive serologic response and several potential risk factors: previous liver disease, prior contact with hepatitis patients, parenteral injections, facial hair, and punctures sustained during dental procedures. In contrast, prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was increased significantly among black students."}
{"id": "PMID:264922", "title": "Effects of an alexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis in humans over a six-month period.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of alexidine in the control of plaque and gingivitis in humans. For six months, 207 persons who continued their usual oral hygiene procedures rinsed twice daily with 15 ml of either alexidine (0.035% or a placebo solution. At the 30-day examination and for the remainder of the study, a statistically significant reduction in plaque between the two groups was recorded. Gingivitis was reduced in persons in both the test and placebo groups (the former always had the greater reduction), and a statistically significant difference was found at the 30-day and 90- day examinations. The preponderance of data indicates that, under the described experimental conditions, the alexidine rinse was effective in reducing both indicators of oral health and it may have important therapeutic potentials.", "contents": "Effects of an alexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis in humans over a six-month period. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of alexidine in the control of plaque and gingivitis in humans. For six months, 207 persons who continued their usual oral hygiene procedures rinsed twice daily with 15 ml of either alexidine (0.035% or a placebo solution. At the 30-day examination and for the remainder of the study, a statistically significant reduction in plaque between the two groups was recorded. Gingivitis was reduced in persons in both the test and placebo groups (the former always had the greater reduction), and a statistically significant difference was found at the 30-day and 90- day examinations. The preponderance of data indicates that, under the described experimental conditions, the alexidine rinse was effective in reducing both indicators of oral health and it may have important therapeutic potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:264923", "title": "Effect of acidulated phosphate-fluoride chewable tablets in schoolchildren: results after 55 months.", "content": "Two groups of children initially in the first and second grades chewed, rinsed with, and swallowed an acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablet containing 1 mg of fluoride either once or twice a day in school. A control group of children followed the procedure once a day using a placebo tablet. An interim evaluation after 55 months showed that the children receiving two fluoride tablets daily had a significant reduction in incremental caries on early erupting teeth, which received primarily topical exposure to the fluoride, as well as on late erupting teeth, which received mainly preeruptive, systemic exposure. The findings also suggested that the use of a single fluoride table daily may reduce dental caries, although the presence of a benefit was less definitive than it was for the two-tablet procedure.", "contents": "Effect of acidulated phosphate-fluoride chewable tablets in schoolchildren: results after 55 months. Two groups of children initially in the first and second grades chewed, rinsed with, and swallowed an acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablet containing 1 mg of fluoride either once or twice a day in school. A control group of children followed the procedure once a day using a placebo tablet. An interim evaluation after 55 months showed that the children receiving two fluoride tablets daily had a significant reduction in incremental caries on early erupting teeth, which received primarily topical exposure to the fluoride, as well as on late erupting teeth, which received mainly preeruptive, systemic exposure. The findings also suggested that the use of a single fluoride table daily may reduce dental caries, although the presence of a benefit was less definitive than it was for the two-tablet procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:264924", "title": "Transposition: orthodontic treatment.", "content": "Case reports of three brothers, a father, and cousin portray a genetic influence relative to transposed teeth, congenitally missing teeth, and pershaped incisors. Orthodontic treatment, the associated problems, and the appliance used in treatment were discussed.", "contents": "Transposition: orthodontic treatment. Case reports of three brothers, a father, and cousin portray a genetic influence relative to transposed teeth, congenitally missing teeth, and pershaped incisors. Orthodontic treatment, the associated problems, and the appliance used in treatment were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264925", "title": "Eagle's syndrome: diagnostic considerations and report of case.", "content": "Orofacial pain, as well as other neurologic symptoms, can result from the presence of an elongated styloid process. These symptoms are familiar to dentists and can indicate a broad range of dental conditions. Eagle's syndrome of the type, symptomatic elongated styloid process, has been described and a case presented. We believe that the simple diagnostic procedure of palpation of the tonsillar fossa should be routine during oral examination. Eagel's syndrome must be considered as a differential diagnosis of hemifacial pain of obscure causation.", "contents": "Eagle's syndrome: diagnostic considerations and report of case. Orofacial pain, as well as other neurologic symptoms, can result from the presence of an elongated styloid process. These symptoms are familiar to dentists and can indicate a broad range of dental conditions. Eagle's syndrome of the type, symptomatic elongated styloid process, has been described and a case presented. We believe that the simple diagnostic procedure of palpation of the tonsillar fossa should be routine during oral examination. Eagel's syndrome must be considered as a differential diagnosis of hemifacial pain of obscure causation."}
{"id": "PMID:264945", "title": "High condylectomy for treatment of arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "A review of 55 high condylectomies is presented with a discussion of diagnosis, rationale, technique, some simultaneous problems, and complications. An average two-year follow-up shows good results, and the procedure is thought to be useful when indicated. Many of our respondents, who classified themselves as improved, were actually cured of their arthritis, but had a previously diagnosed synergistic disorder. Muscle spasms and anxiety syndromes frequently required continued treatment after a 6- to 12-month interval. Despite the difficulty in diagnosis and the frequent occurrence of simultaneous disorders there is a definite place for the high condylectomy. Its use, however, is still restricted at this institution to that group of patients with persistent pain in the TMJ or severe functional disorders caused by actual pathologic conditions of the condyle. After surgery, all patients should be followed for at least two years for recurrence of any TMJ-related disorder.", "contents": "High condylectomy for treatment of arthritis of the temporomandibular joint. A review of 55 high condylectomies is presented with a discussion of diagnosis, rationale, technique, some simultaneous problems, and complications. An average two-year follow-up shows good results, and the procedure is thought to be useful when indicated. Many of our respondents, who classified themselves as improved, were actually cured of their arthritis, but had a previously diagnosed synergistic disorder. Muscle spasms and anxiety syndromes frequently required continued treatment after a 6- to 12-month interval. Despite the difficulty in diagnosis and the frequent occurrence of simultaneous disorders there is a definite place for the high condylectomy. Its use, however, is still restricted at this institution to that group of patients with persistent pain in the TMJ or severe functional disorders caused by actual pathologic conditions of the condyle. After surgery, all patients should be followed for at least two years for recurrence of any TMJ-related disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:264946", "title": "Cryotherapy in the treatment of ameloblastoma of the mandible: report of cases.", "content": "Two cases of ameloblastoma treated in part by cryotherapy have been presented. The first case was of particular interest because of the extensive intraoral involvement and history of recurrences. The second case evolved as an example of the rare peripheral ameloblastoma. In both cases, cryotherapy was used as an adjunctive modality to conserve mandibular bone without compromising the primary objective of adequately treating the tumor. We contend that the judicious use of cryotherapy offers the advantage of treating a broad area of bone without destruction of the basic structural matrix of this tissue.", "contents": "Cryotherapy in the treatment of ameloblastoma of the mandible: report of cases. Two cases of ameloblastoma treated in part by cryotherapy have been presented. The first case was of particular interest because of the extensive intraoral involvement and history of recurrences. The second case evolved as an example of the rare peripheral ameloblastoma. In both cases, cryotherapy was used as an adjunctive modality to conserve mandibular bone without compromising the primary objective of adequately treating the tumor. We contend that the judicious use of cryotherapy offers the advantage of treating a broad area of bone without destruction of the basic structural matrix of this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:264948", "title": "Parotid sialocele and fistula after mandibular osteotomy.", "content": "Two cases are presented that show the progression to sialocele or salivary fistula, or both, after a modified Risdon approach is used for mandibular subcondylar osteotomy. Use of antisialogogues and conservative management is recommended.", "contents": "Parotid sialocele and fistula after mandibular osteotomy. Two cases are presented that show the progression to sialocele or salivary fistula, or both, after a modified Risdon approach is used for mandibular subcondylar osteotomy. Use of antisialogogues and conservative management is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:264950", "title": "Gustatory sweating caused by blunt trauma.", "content": "A case of gustatory sweating after blunt trauma to the left side of the face has been discussed. In addition to a fibular fracture, the patient sustained multiple mandibular fractures as well as paralysis of the left facial nerve, which disappeared within five weeks. Three months after the trauma, the patient had gustatory sweating, which was controlled with topical applications of scopolamine hydrobromide.", "contents": "Gustatory sweating caused by blunt trauma. A case of gustatory sweating after blunt trauma to the left side of the face has been discussed. In addition to a fibular fracture, the patient sustained multiple mandibular fractures as well as paralysis of the left facial nerve, which disappeared within five weeks. Three months after the trauma, the patient had gustatory sweating, which was controlled with topical applications of scopolamine hydrobromide."}
{"id": "PMID:264952", "title": "Intraoral extranodal Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A case of extranodal Hodgkin's disease that was limited to the maxillary alveolus has been presented. A team approach was used to diagnose and treat the lesion. After appropriate staging procedures, treatment consisted of local excision and cobalt teletherapy. Follow-up examinations for the past three years have failed to disclose recurrent or new disease.", "contents": "Intraoral extranodal Hodgkin's disease. A case of extranodal Hodgkin's disease that was limited to the maxillary alveolus has been presented. A team approach was used to diagnose and treat the lesion. After appropriate staging procedures, treatment consisted of local excision and cobalt teletherapy. Follow-up examinations for the past three years have failed to disclose recurrent or new disease."}
{"id": "PMID:264953", "title": "Congenital fibromyxoma: report of case.", "content": "We have reported the clinical behavior and histochemical patterns of a congenital fibromyxoma in the soft tissues. The tumor was excised without difficulty; one year postoperatively, no recurrence was seen by clinical and radiographic examinations. There were no findings to suggest that the myxoma is a true neoplasm derived from the so-called myxoblast.", "contents": "Congenital fibromyxoma: report of case. We have reported the clinical behavior and histochemical patterns of a congenital fibromyxoma in the soft tissues. The tumor was excised without difficulty; one year postoperatively, no recurrence was seen by clinical and radiographic examinations. There were no findings to suggest that the myxoma is a true neoplasm derived from the so-called myxoblast."}
{"id": "PMID:264954", "title": "Leiomyoma of the tongue: report of case.", "content": "An instance of leiomyoma of the tongue has been reported. The theories of origin of smooth muscle tumors within the oral cavity have been reviewed. The necessity for differentiation of leiomyomas from other spindle-cell tumors and the need for thorough examination of the specimen have been discussed. Complete surgical excision of these tumors is the preferred treatment.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the tongue: report of case. An instance of leiomyoma of the tongue has been reported. The theories of origin of smooth muscle tumors within the oral cavity have been reviewed. The necessity for differentiation of leiomyomas from other spindle-cell tumors and the need for thorough examination of the specimen have been discussed. Complete surgical excision of these tumors is the preferred treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:264955", "title": "Photocephalography for evaluation of tissue relations in mandibular surgery.", "content": "A technique permitting evaluation of the relation of the facial soft tissues to the mandible is presented. This procedure can be used both preoperatively and postoperatively in patients having orthognathic surgery.", "contents": "Photocephalography for evaluation of tissue relations in mandibular surgery. A technique permitting evaluation of the relation of the facial soft tissues to the mandible is presented. This procedure can be used both preoperatively and postoperatively in patients having orthognathic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:264956", "title": "Lateral coronoid approach for intraoral reduction of fractures of the zygomatic arch.", "content": "A technique for reduction of fractures of the zygomatic arch with use of a more direct anatomical approach is presented. This method obviates the potential difficulty of coronoid interposition and elevation of an isolated fragment encountered with use of the old Keen approach.", "contents": "Lateral coronoid approach for intraoral reduction of fractures of the zygomatic arch. A technique for reduction of fractures of the zygomatic arch with use of a more direct anatomical approach is presented. This method obviates the potential difficulty of coronoid interposition and elevation of an isolated fragment encountered with use of the old Keen approach."}
{"id": "PMID:264960", "title": "Subgingival plaque and loss of attachment in periodontosis as evaluated on extracted teeth.", "content": "The correlation between downgrowth of subgingival plaque and loss of attachment was evaluated on 27 teeth which had to be extracted because of advanced bone loss in 16 patients between ages 12 and 22. The diagnostic criteria were those used for periodontosis. The teeth were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. There was a very high degree of congruence between the subgingival plaque front and the line of lost attachment on all the teeth, thus showing that plaque is strongly involved in the destruction of the attachment apparatus. On some of the vestibular and lingual surfaces where efficient supragingival plaque control had been maintained, there was no subgingival plaque and no loss of attachment, showing that subgingival plaque develops from supragingival plaque. The highest speed of apical growth of the subgingival plaque front in any one case was estimated to be about 5 mu per day, or about 1,8 mm per year. Such an unusually rapid advancement must be the combined effect of an extremely high invasiveness of some inhabitants of the plaque and some deficiency in the host's defense mechanism against the same organisms. The subgingival plaque was found to be very thin and only occasionally calcified to form calculus. Symptoms of inflammation, if any, were only seen at the gingival margin, giving the clinical impression of a noninflamatory, degenerative condition. This explains why the concept of diffuse atrophy has developed. The observations made in this material indicate that what has been diagnosed as periodontosis, in fact is a highly destructive juvenile periodontitis which should be so named. The high destructiveness depends on a host parasite imbalance rather than on a degenerative condition.", "contents": "Subgingival plaque and loss of attachment in periodontosis as evaluated on extracted teeth. The correlation between downgrowth of subgingival plaque and loss of attachment was evaluated on 27 teeth which had to be extracted because of advanced bone loss in 16 patients between ages 12 and 22. The diagnostic criteria were those used for periodontosis. The teeth were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. There was a very high degree of congruence between the subgingival plaque front and the line of lost attachment on all the teeth, thus showing that plaque is strongly involved in the destruction of the attachment apparatus. On some of the vestibular and lingual surfaces where efficient supragingival plaque control had been maintained, there was no subgingival plaque and no loss of attachment, showing that subgingival plaque develops from supragingival plaque. The highest speed of apical growth of the subgingival plaque front in any one case was estimated to be about 5 mu per day, or about 1,8 mm per year. Such an unusually rapid advancement must be the combined effect of an extremely high invasiveness of some inhabitants of the plaque and some deficiency in the host's defense mechanism against the same organisms. The subgingival plaque was found to be very thin and only occasionally calcified to form calculus. Symptoms of inflammation, if any, were only seen at the gingival margin, giving the clinical impression of a noninflamatory, degenerative condition. This explains why the concept of diffuse atrophy has developed. The observations made in this material indicate that what has been diagnosed as periodontosis, in fact is a highly destructive juvenile periodontitis which should be so named. The high destructiveness depends on a host parasite imbalance rather than on a degenerative condition."}
{"id": "PMID:264961", "title": "Short term results of three modalities of periodontal treatment.", "content": "Short term data were obtained from 74 patients who recieved comprehensive periodontal treatment using a split mouth approach to test three variables; subgingival curettage, pocket elimination surgery, and modified Widman flap procedure. The patients initially had an average interproximal loss of attachment of 3.2 mm and an average interproximal pocket depth of 3.9 mm. Evaluation of the data indicate that after 4 to 6 weeks: 1. All three surgical procedures reduce pocket depths. In order of effectiveness they are: pocket elimination surgery, modified Widman flap, and subgingival curettage. 2. Pocket elimination surgery reduces pockets more than subgingival curettage on the buccal, lingual and interproximal, and more than the modified Widman flap on the lingual. The modified Widman flap procedure reduces pockets more interproximally than subgingival curettage. 3. Subgingival curettage results in a gain of attachment interproximally, and on the lingual side, while the modified Widman flap resulted in a gain of attachment interproximally only. 4 Pocket elimination surgery resulted in a loss of attachment buccally. 5 Subgingival curettage results in a more favorable postoperative attachment level on all surfaces than did pocket elimination surgery.", "contents": "Short term results of three modalities of periodontal treatment. Short term data were obtained from 74 patients who recieved comprehensive periodontal treatment using a split mouth approach to test three variables; subgingival curettage, pocket elimination surgery, and modified Widman flap procedure. The patients initially had an average interproximal loss of attachment of 3.2 mm and an average interproximal pocket depth of 3.9 mm. Evaluation of the data indicate that after 4 to 6 weeks: 1. All three surgical procedures reduce pocket depths. In order of effectiveness they are: pocket elimination surgery, modified Widman flap, and subgingival curettage. 2. Pocket elimination surgery reduces pockets more than subgingival curettage on the buccal, lingual and interproximal, and more than the modified Widman flap on the lingual. The modified Widman flap procedure reduces pockets more interproximally than subgingival curettage. 3. Subgingival curettage results in a gain of attachment interproximally, and on the lingual side, while the modified Widman flap resulted in a gain of attachment interproximally only. 4 Pocket elimination surgery resulted in a loss of attachment buccally. 5 Subgingival curettage results in a more favorable postoperative attachment level on all surfaces than did pocket elimination surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:264962", "title": "The remodeling of human gingival tissues following gingivectomy.", "content": "A total of 30 facial gingivectomies were carried out for reduction of suprabony pockets (mean +/- S.D. preoperative pocket depth 2.8 mm +/- 0.3 mm). Remodeling of the gingival margin was monitored by clinical measurements. The following techniques were utilized: A polyvinyl stent was constructed for each surgical quadrant. This stent covered the occlusal margins of the involved teeth and contained the fixed point of reference. Preoperatively, the following measurements were taken: the distance from the fixed point to (a) the height of the free gingival margin, and (b) the base of the clinical pocket. For control purposes similar measurements were taken at the facial surface of an adjacent tooth. A standard gingivectomy to the base of the clinical pocket was then performed and a periodontal dressing was applied for 1 week. Utilizing the stent (fixed point of reference), measurements were taken of the healing margin and control sites inn the same manner as preoperatively; 1,4,8 and 12 weeks after surgery. Our findings indicate that 12 weeks after gingivectomy, the newly formed free gingival margin was located coronally to the line of incision in all cases. The mean pocket depth at 12 weeks after surgery was 0.7 mm +/- 0.2 mm. However, the mean gain in coronal marginal height was 1.2 mm +/- 0.3 mm. Thus, a clinical coronal pocket closure of about 0.5 mm seemed to have taken place at the soft tissue-tooth interface. Measurements at the nonoperated control site showed no significant variations in crevicular depth during the experimental period. We therefore conclude that the excisional reduction of a crevice to 0 mm depth was altered by gingival remodeling during the healing phase. In our experience, this remodeling took place within 3 months after surgery and clinically appeared as a limited coronal pocket closure and gain of marginal height.", "contents": "The remodeling of human gingival tissues following gingivectomy. A total of 30 facial gingivectomies were carried out for reduction of suprabony pockets (mean +/- S.D. preoperative pocket depth 2.8 mm +/- 0.3 mm). Remodeling of the gingival margin was monitored by clinical measurements. The following techniques were utilized: A polyvinyl stent was constructed for each surgical quadrant. This stent covered the occlusal margins of the involved teeth and contained the fixed point of reference. Preoperatively, the following measurements were taken: the distance from the fixed point to (a) the height of the free gingival margin, and (b) the base of the clinical pocket. For control purposes similar measurements were taken at the facial surface of an adjacent tooth. A standard gingivectomy to the base of the clinical pocket was then performed and a periodontal dressing was applied for 1 week. Utilizing the stent (fixed point of reference), measurements were taken of the healing margin and control sites inn the same manner as preoperatively; 1,4,8 and 12 weeks after surgery. Our findings indicate that 12 weeks after gingivectomy, the newly formed free gingival margin was located coronally to the line of incision in all cases. The mean pocket depth at 12 weeks after surgery was 0.7 mm +/- 0.2 mm. However, the mean gain in coronal marginal height was 1.2 mm +/- 0.3 mm. Thus, a clinical coronal pocket closure of about 0.5 mm seemed to have taken place at the soft tissue-tooth interface. Measurements at the nonoperated control site showed no significant variations in crevicular depth during the experimental period. We therefore conclude that the excisional reduction of a crevice to 0 mm depth was altered by gingival remodeling during the healing phase. In our experience, this remodeling took place within 3 months after surgery and clinically appeared as a limited coronal pocket closure and gain of marginal height."}
{"id": "PMID:264963", "title": "Coronal positioning of a previously placed autogenous gingival graft.", "content": "A procedure has been presented, with indications and necessary precautions, for predictably covering the denuded root surfaces of canines and premolars. The results of treating other areas with this technique have been less predictable. An alternate technique for covering denude root surfaces of the same teeth has been described. The alternate technique is more difficult to carry out and the results achieved are not as favorable.", "contents": "Coronal positioning of a previously placed autogenous gingival graft. A procedure has been presented, with indications and necessary precautions, for predictably covering the denuded root surfaces of canines and premolars. The results of treating other areas with this technique have been less predictable. An alternate technique for covering denude root surfaces of the same teeth has been described. The alternate technique is more difficult to carry out and the results achieved are not as favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:264964", "title": "In vitro antiplaque effects of antiseptic phenols.", "content": "Several phenols known to be antiseptics were tested in vitro for their ability to adsorb to saliva-coated enamel and subsequently inhibit plaque formation. 3,5,4'-tribromosalicylanilide was found to be effective against growth and plaque formation of A viscosus, A naeslundii, S mutans and S sanguis. Dibromsalicil was effective against A viscosus. The other phenols (hexylresorcinol, thymol, phenylphenol and zinc phenolsulfonate) did not inhibit in vitro growth or plaque formation.", "contents": "In vitro antiplaque effects of antiseptic phenols. Several phenols known to be antiseptics were tested in vitro for their ability to adsorb to saliva-coated enamel and subsequently inhibit plaque formation. 3,5,4'-tribromosalicylanilide was found to be effective against growth and plaque formation of A viscosus, A naeslundii, S mutans and S sanguis. Dibromsalicil was effective against A viscosus. The other phenols (hexylresorcinol, thymol, phenylphenol and zinc phenolsulfonate) did not inhibit in vitro growth or plaque formation."}
{"id": "PMID:264967", "title": "A new semiadjustable articulator. Part III. An investigation of the capability of the Hanau XP-51 articulator.", "content": "A new semiadjustable articulator, the Hanau XP-51, was investigated by comparing its movements at the cusp level to those of a Stuart articulator when guided by straight condylar elements. No clinical trial was undertaken in this investigation, and no mandibular movements were registered on the Stuart articulator for transfer to the Hanau XP-51 articulator. A method of comparison and mathematical formulae were described whereby specific angles were calculated for both articulators. All tabulated angles were correlated by determining the least-squares slope of the observed angular variation as a function of the three independent variables in a computerized program. The standard deviation from these was calculated for each articulator, and the differences were found to be very small. It was concluded that the experimental Hanau XP-51 articulator could reproduce specific movements made by the Stuart articulator. Further, the adjustable posterior wall within the condylar housing was found to compensate for the lack of an adjustable intercondylar distance on this articulator.", "contents": "A new semiadjustable articulator. Part III. An investigation of the capability of the Hanau XP-51 articulator. A new semiadjustable articulator, the Hanau XP-51, was investigated by comparing its movements at the cusp level to those of a Stuart articulator when guided by straight condylar elements. No clinical trial was undertaken in this investigation, and no mandibular movements were registered on the Stuart articulator for transfer to the Hanau XP-51 articulator. A method of comparison and mathematical formulae were described whereby specific angles were calculated for both articulators. All tabulated angles were correlated by determining the least-squares slope of the observed angular variation as a function of the three independent variables in a computerized program. The standard deviation from these was calculated for each articulator, and the differences were found to be very small. It was concluded that the experimental Hanau XP-51 articulator could reproduce specific movements made by the Stuart articulator. Further, the adjustable posterior wall within the condylar housing was found to compensate for the lack of an adjustable intercondylar distance on this articulator."}
{"id": "PMID:264978", "title": "Effect of xenogeneic immune RNA on normal human lymphocytes against human osteosarcoma cells in vitro.", "content": "New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with whole-cell suspensions of TE-85 cells (from a human osteosarcoma) maintained in tissue culture. RNA was extracted from the lymphoid tissues of the immunized animals. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were pretreated with both the whole-cell immune RNA (IRNA) and the Sephadex column-eluted fractions of the whole-cell IRNA. Significant stimulation of the cytotoxic effect of the lymphocytes was observed following whole-cell IRNA pretreatment and pretreatment with peak III fractions eluted from the column. This increase in inhibition was observed whether the target cells were TE-85 (the immunizing cells), L.M. and M.Mc. (two unrelated osteosarcoma primary cell cultures), or TE-85-M-MSV cells (a cell line capable of producing a human osteosarcoma in immunosuppressed hamsters). No inhibition was observed when cells from other types of human tumors were used as target cells. The results suggested that the transferred immunity was directed against tumor-specific osteosarcoma antigens.", "contents": "Effect of xenogeneic immune RNA on normal human lymphocytes against human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with whole-cell suspensions of TE-85 cells (from a human osteosarcoma) maintained in tissue culture. RNA was extracted from the lymphoid tissues of the immunized animals. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were pretreated with both the whole-cell immune RNA (IRNA) and the Sephadex column-eluted fractions of the whole-cell IRNA. Significant stimulation of the cytotoxic effect of the lymphocytes was observed following whole-cell IRNA pretreatment and pretreatment with peak III fractions eluted from the column. This increase in inhibition was observed whether the target cells were TE-85 (the immunizing cells), L.M. and M.Mc. (two unrelated osteosarcoma primary cell cultures), or TE-85-M-MSV cells (a cell line capable of producing a human osteosarcoma in immunosuppressed hamsters). No inhibition was observed when cells from other types of human tumors were used as target cells. The results suggested that the transferred immunity was directed against tumor-specific osteosarcoma antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:264979", "title": "Therapeutic embolization of symptomatic secondary renal tumors.", "content": "A patient with colic and hematuria from renal involvement with osteogenic sarcoma who was palliated by percutaneous arterial embolization is described. While there has been much experience with embolization of primary renal tumors, this represents the first reported case of therapeutic embolization of a secondary renal tumor. Embolization is recommended as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the poor-risk patient with a symptomatic secondary renal tumor.", "contents": "Therapeutic embolization of symptomatic secondary renal tumors. A patient with colic and hematuria from renal involvement with osteogenic sarcoma who was palliated by percutaneous arterial embolization is described. While there has been much experience with embolization of primary renal tumors, this represents the first reported case of therapeutic embolization of a secondary renal tumor. Embolization is recommended as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the poor-risk patient with a symptomatic secondary renal tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:264982", "title": "[The fundamental and clinical studies on clindamycin-2-phosphate in the otorhinolaryngologic field (author's transl)].", "content": "Fundamental and clinical investigation with a new antibiotic, clindamycin-2-phosphate, were performed with the results which may lead to following conclusions. 1) Concentration in blood: The blood level of clindamycin-2-phosphate in healthy adults who were given 300 mg by intramuscular injection reached a peak level of 4.3 mug/ml one hour after injection. Even after 6 hours, clinically effective serum concentration of 0.5 mug/ml was still demonstrable. 2) Concentration in tissues: Clindamycin-2-phosphate activity was demonstrable at the concentrations of 1.6 approximately 2.3 mug/g in human palatine and mucous membrane of maxillary specimen one hour after the intramuscular injection of 300 mg. Further the concentration was 2.9 approximately 5.4 mug/ml. 3) Results of clinical treatment: When clindamycin-2-phosphate was injected intramuscularly in 30 cases of representative infections in the otorhinolaryngolgic field, it was excellent in 12 cases, good in 12 cases, fair in 4 cases and poor in 2 cases. Excellent and good results were obtained in 24 cases, being the effectiveness 80 per cent. 4) Side effect: No side effect was shown with the intramuscular injection of clindamycin-2-phosphate. The comparative examination of hepatic function, electrolyte and auditory acuity before and after injection showed no significant disturbance.", "contents": "[The fundamental and clinical studies on clindamycin-2-phosphate in the otorhinolaryngologic field (author's transl)]. Fundamental and clinical investigation with a new antibiotic, clindamycin-2-phosphate, were performed with the results which may lead to following conclusions. 1) Concentration in blood: The blood level of clindamycin-2-phosphate in healthy adults who were given 300 mg by intramuscular injection reached a peak level of 4.3 mug/ml one hour after injection. Even after 6 hours, clinically effective serum concentration of 0.5 mug/ml was still demonstrable. 2) Concentration in tissues: Clindamycin-2-phosphate activity was demonstrable at the concentrations of 1.6 approximately 2.3 mug/g in human palatine and mucous membrane of maxillary specimen one hour after the intramuscular injection of 300 mg. Further the concentration was 2.9 approximately 5.4 mug/ml. 3) Results of clinical treatment: When clindamycin-2-phosphate was injected intramuscularly in 30 cases of representative infections in the otorhinolaryngolgic field, it was excellent in 12 cases, good in 12 cases, fair in 4 cases and poor in 2 cases. Excellent and good results were obtained in 24 cases, being the effectiveness 80 per cent. 4) Side effect: No side effect was shown with the intramuscular injection of clindamycin-2-phosphate. The comparative examination of hepatic function, electrolyte and auditory acuity before and after injection showed no significant disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:264983", "title": "[Fundamental and clinical investigation of clindamycin-2-phosphate in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)].", "content": "Some laboratory examinations were made with clindamycin-2-phosphate (CLDM-2-phos.). The drug was applied clinically to several otorhinolaryngological infections and the good results were obtained as follows. 1) Observing by biophotometer, the growth of Staphbylococcus aureus FDA 209P was inhibited well by the serum (diluted 10-fold) 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 hours after 300 mg of CLDM-2-PHOS. were injected intramuscularly. 2) Serum concentration was determined by thin-layer method with Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 as the test organism. The peak of serum level was obtained at 1 hour after a single intramuscular injection of 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg dosis of CLDM-2-phosphate. The peak of blood concentration was 5.4 mug/ml, 5.6 mug/ml respectively. 3) CLDM-2-phosphate concentration in tissues was estimated one hour after intramuscular injection of CLDM-2-Phosphate. The concentrations in blood and palatine tonsilla were 5.0 mug/ml and 2.9 mug/ml respectively after the intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg. The concentrations in blood and mucous membrane of maxillar sinusitis were 4.1 mug/ml and 2.5 mug/ml respectively after the intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg. 4) CLDM-2-phosphate was administered by intramuscular injection into 30 cases with various infections in otorhinolaryngological field. The clinical results were excellent in 22 cases (73.3%), effective in 3 cases (10.0%) and ineffective in 5 cases (16.7%). The effectiveness was 83.3%. 5) No side effects were observed in 30 cases.", "contents": "[Fundamental and clinical investigation of clindamycin-2-phosphate in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)]. Some laboratory examinations were made with clindamycin-2-phosphate (CLDM-2-phos.). The drug was applied clinically to several otorhinolaryngological infections and the good results were obtained as follows. 1) Observing by biophotometer, the growth of Staphbylococcus aureus FDA 209P was inhibited well by the serum (diluted 10-fold) 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 hours after 300 mg of CLDM-2-PHOS. were injected intramuscularly. 2) Serum concentration was determined by thin-layer method with Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 as the test organism. The peak of serum level was obtained at 1 hour after a single intramuscular injection of 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg dosis of CLDM-2-phosphate. The peak of blood concentration was 5.4 mug/ml, 5.6 mug/ml respectively. 3) CLDM-2-phosphate concentration in tissues was estimated one hour after intramuscular injection of CLDM-2-Phosphate. The concentrations in blood and palatine tonsilla were 5.0 mug/ml and 2.9 mug/ml respectively after the intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg. The concentrations in blood and mucous membrane of maxillar sinusitis were 4.1 mug/ml and 2.5 mug/ml respectively after the intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg. 4) CLDM-2-phosphate was administered by intramuscular injection into 30 cases with various infections in otorhinolaryngological field. The clinical results were excellent in 22 cases (73.3%), effective in 3 cases (10.0%) and ineffective in 5 cases (16.7%). The effectiveness was 83.3%. 5) No side effects were observed in 30 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:264984", "title": "[Cytological classification and nomenclature of leukaemias in childhood. Present situation of the cytomorphological and cytochemical differentiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The classification and nomenclature of leukaemias in childhood under cytomorphological and cytochemical criteria is presented base on our own longstanding studies as well as on literature. Particular consideration is given to clinically relevant subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemias (CML). The more subtle differentiation leads to a more reliable diagnosis, a better estimation of the individual prognosis and is of immediate importance for the therapeutical decisions. We show the necessity of diagnosis centralisation in cooperative prospective therapy studies and in a risk dependant therapeutical approach.", "contents": "[Cytological classification and nomenclature of leukaemias in childhood. Present situation of the cytomorphological and cytochemical differentiation (author's transl)]. The classification and nomenclature of leukaemias in childhood under cytomorphological and cytochemical criteria is presented base on our own longstanding studies as well as on literature. Particular consideration is given to clinically relevant subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemias (CML). The more subtle differentiation leads to a more reliable diagnosis, a better estimation of the individual prognosis and is of immediate importance for the therapeutical decisions. We show the necessity of diagnosis centralisation in cooperative prospective therapy studies and in a risk dependant therapeutical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:264985", "title": "[Clinical significance of cytochemical findings of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The initial bone marrow smeasrs of 821 children with ALL have been cytochemically analysed. (PAS-, acid phosphatase-(SPH), peroxydase-(POX), alpha-N-esterase-(EST)reaction) with regard to presenting clinical data and course of disease. Granular reactions of PAS and SPH were not meaningful in this respect. The paranuclear SPH-reaction was associated with high incidence of mediastinal mass, high peripheral blas count and male preponderance. All 5 patients with histories of more than 12 weeks duration belongs to the PAS-type of ALL (cloddy reaction). The PAS-type showed a higher incidence of CNS-leukaemia and generally a less favorable prognosis as compared to the UND-type. Thereby a high proportion of PAS positive cells, independently of other risk factors, indicates a better prognosis. The highterto neglected weak EST-reaction (Grad I and II according to L\u00f6ffler) seems to signalise a clincally distinct subtype of ALL with a younger age distribution maximum as compared to the UND-type, low incidence of risk factors, high rate of remissions lasting more than 2 years but unfavorable endprognosis.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of cytochemical findings of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. The initial bone marrow smeasrs of 821 children with ALL have been cytochemically analysed. (PAS-, acid phosphatase-(SPH), peroxydase-(POX), alpha-N-esterase-(EST)reaction) with regard to presenting clinical data and course of disease. Granular reactions of PAS and SPH were not meaningful in this respect. The paranuclear SPH-reaction was associated with high incidence of mediastinal mass, high peripheral blas count and male preponderance. All 5 patients with histories of more than 12 weeks duration belongs to the PAS-type of ALL (cloddy reaction). The PAS-type showed a higher incidence of CNS-leukaemia and generally a less favorable prognosis as compared to the UND-type. Thereby a high proportion of PAS positive cells, independently of other risk factors, indicates a better prognosis. The highterto neglected weak EST-reaction (Grad I and II according to L\u00f6ffler) seems to signalise a clincally distinct subtype of ALL with a younger age distribution maximum as compared to the UND-type, low incidence of risk factors, high rate of remissions lasting more than 2 years but unfavorable endprognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:264986", "title": "[Necrosis of the caput femoris in complete remission of lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of necrosis of caput femoris in children are reported. In both of them the lesion developed three years after diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but during complete remission. Possible relations of the necrosis to ALL, Prednisone-therapy or constitutional factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Necrosis of the caput femoris in complete remission of lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Two cases of necrosis of caput femoris in children are reported. In both of them the lesion developed three years after diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but during complete remission. Possible relations of the necrosis to ALL, Prednisone-therapy or constitutional factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:264987", "title": "[Concepts in therapy of the first relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: experience with 28 children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 out of 15 children with first relapse of ALL complete remission could be achieved by a combination of Adriamycin + Methylprednisolon followed by Asparaginase + Methylprednisolon. Median remission duration was 24 weeks. The results of this regimen proved superior to other regimens tested.", "contents": "[Concepts in therapy of the first relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: experience with 28 children (author's transl)]. In 10 out of 15 children with first relapse of ALL complete remission could be achieved by a combination of Adriamycin + Methylprednisolon followed by Asparaginase + Methylprednisolon. Median remission duration was 24 weeks. The results of this regimen proved superior to other regimens tested."}
{"id": "PMID:264989", "title": "[Conservative induction treamtment at bone marrow relapse (author's transl)(proceedings)].", "content": "5 patients with ALL under protocol Freiburg 71 suffered bone marrow relapse. They received a conservative reinduction treatment with vincristine-prednisone +/- daunorubicin, followed in one case by L-asparaginase. Complete remission was achieved in 4, partial remission in 1. The duration of complete remissions was 1 to 11+ months.", "contents": "[Conservative induction treamtment at bone marrow relapse (author's transl)(proceedings)]. 5 patients with ALL under protocol Freiburg 71 suffered bone marrow relapse. They received a conservative reinduction treatment with vincristine-prednisone +/- daunorubicin, followed in one case by L-asparaginase. Complete remission was achieved in 4, partial remission in 1. The duration of complete remissions was 1 to 11+ months."}
{"id": "PMID:264990", "title": "[Treatment and results of the first relapse of acute lymphatic leukemia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In our experience the prognosis of hematological relapse in patients with acute lymphatic leukemia treated according to the Pinkel programme is very bad. It may be a little better for patients in whom relapse occurred after the end of therapy and who were submitted to intensified cytostatic treatment. The chances for achieving a second long-term remission, if the relapse is confined to the CNS, are also better. This is true particularly for those patients who in addition were given radiotherapy. In recurrence in the testes radiotherapy alone will not suffice and additional intensified cytosatic treatment should be considered.", "contents": "[Treatment and results of the first relapse of acute lymphatic leukemia in childhood (author's transl)]. In our experience the prognosis of hematological relapse in patients with acute lymphatic leukemia treated according to the Pinkel programme is very bad. It may be a little better for patients in whom relapse occurred after the end of therapy and who were submitted to intensified cytostatic treatment. The chances for achieving a second long-term remission, if the relapse is confined to the CNS, are also better. This is true particularly for those patients who in addition were given radiotherapy. In recurrence in the testes radiotherapy alone will not suffice and additional intensified cytosatic treatment should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:264991", "title": "[Therapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment results 1971-75 in 78 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "From December 1971 until July 1973 44 children with ALL have been treated according to branch A of the randomised DAL study series of June 3rd 1972 (1/71), which is a slight modification of study VII of Memphis. Afterwards until July 1975 34 patients received a somewhat intensified initial therapy (11/73). The results of 1/71 with a 3-year-remission rate of 39% and an expected 5-year-remission rate of 32% are comparable to those of study VII. The results of 11/73 with an expected 3-year-remission rate of 54% seems clearly superior and unterline the importance of an intensive initial therapy, like it is introduced now in a still more aggressive manner in our running protocol III/75. Therapy mortality was found to be about 5% and seemed to be dependant on the staff's experience. Cytosin-arabinoside orally proved effective as a prophylactic measure during incubation as well as a therapeutic agent in manifest varicalla/zoster infections.", "contents": "[Therapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment results 1971-75 in 78 patients (author's transl)]. From December 1971 until July 1973 44 children with ALL have been treated according to branch A of the randomised DAL study series of June 3rd 1972 (1/71), which is a slight modification of study VII of Memphis. Afterwards until July 1975 34 patients received a somewhat intensified initial therapy (11/73). The results of 1/71 with a 3-year-remission rate of 39% and an expected 5-year-remission rate of 32% are comparable to those of study VII. The results of 11/73 with an expected 3-year-remission rate of 54% seems clearly superior and unterline the importance of an intensive initial therapy, like it is introduced now in a still more aggressive manner in our running protocol III/75. Therapy mortality was found to be about 5% and seemed to be dependant on the staff's experience. Cytosin-arabinoside orally proved effective as a prophylactic measure during incubation as well as a therapeutic agent in manifest varicalla/zoster infections."}
{"id": "PMID:264994", "title": "Recent progress in chemotherapy and immunotherapy of sarcomas of bony origin, both as primary and adjunctive therapy.", "content": "Treatment for primary malignant tumors of bone, in the past several decades, has yielded uniformly poor results. Recent progress in chemotherapy and immunotherapy are detailed. An important advance in treating osteogenic sarcoma has been the application of adjuvant chemotherapy after initial amputation. CONPADRI-I and COMPADRI-II chemotherapy (a multiple drug approach) is discussed. Adriamycin in combination or alone has proved effective in treating osteogenic sarcoma. Ewing's tumor is showing increased survival rates from radiation therapy alone, as well as by use of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy combined with local radiation. Adjuvant triple chemotherapy with radiotherapy has resulted in pronounced improvement in survival. Chondrosarcomas are largely chemotherapy-resistant. Immunotherapy in bone tumors still is in the experimental stage and investigations with immunotherapy are preliminary. It appears, however, that the immunological status of a patient definitely relates to prognosis. Through increased sophistication in specific chemotherapy and magnitude of treatment, further advances in treatment of primary malignant bone tumors may be expected.", "contents": "Recent progress in chemotherapy and immunotherapy of sarcomas of bony origin, both as primary and adjunctive therapy. Treatment for primary malignant tumors of bone, in the past several decades, has yielded uniformly poor results. Recent progress in chemotherapy and immunotherapy are detailed. An important advance in treating osteogenic sarcoma has been the application of adjuvant chemotherapy after initial amputation. CONPADRI-I and COMPADRI-II chemotherapy (a multiple drug approach) is discussed. Adriamycin in combination or alone has proved effective in treating osteogenic sarcoma. Ewing's tumor is showing increased survival rates from radiation therapy alone, as well as by use of systemic adjuvant chemotherapy combined with local radiation. Adjuvant triple chemotherapy with radiotherapy has resulted in pronounced improvement in survival. Chondrosarcomas are largely chemotherapy-resistant. Immunotherapy in bone tumors still is in the experimental stage and investigations with immunotherapy are preliminary. It appears, however, that the immunological status of a patient definitely relates to prognosis. Through increased sophistication in specific chemotherapy and magnitude of treatment, further advances in treatment of primary malignant bone tumors may be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:264999", "title": "Remission maintenance of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "This report describes the results of a study of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis and combination chemotherapy for the maintenance of remission in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who achieved complete remission were treated with 2,400 rads cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate for CNS prophylaxis followed by continuation systemic chemotherapy with oral methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide. There were no CNS relapses following treatment. One-half of the patients relapsed within 11 months, with 5 patients remaining in remission for 27+ to 31+ months. The toxicity was acceptable with no treatment-related deaths. This regimen is capable of producing long remissions in a significant proportion of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and appears to be effective in reducing the incidence of CNS relapse. It has the additional advantage of ease of administration and can be largely administered in the community.", "contents": "Remission maintenance of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This report describes the results of a study of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis and combination chemotherapy for the maintenance of remission in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who achieved complete remission were treated with 2,400 rads cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate for CNS prophylaxis followed by continuation systemic chemotherapy with oral methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide. There were no CNS relapses following treatment. One-half of the patients relapsed within 11 months, with 5 patients remaining in remission for 27+ to 31+ months. The toxicity was acceptable with no treatment-related deaths. This regimen is capable of producing long remissions in a significant proportion of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and appears to be effective in reducing the incidence of CNS relapse. It has the additional advantage of ease of administration and can be largely administered in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:265000", "title": "Variable duration of vincristine-induced metaphase block in leukemic and nornal bone marrow cells of children.", "content": "In four children with previously untreated acute leukemia the stathmokinetic effect of a single IV dose of vincristine (in two children with AML), or of a single IV dose of vincristine combined with daily prednisone (in one child with AMMoL and one with ALL), were investigated. The kinetics of bone marrow blast cells from all patients, and of red cell precursors from the patient with ALL, were studied by conventional methods (determinations of mitotic index and pro-+metaphase/ana-+telophase ratios). In two of the four patients (one AML and one AMMoL) the progression of cells through S, the incorporation pattern of tritiated thymidine, and the nuclear projection area changes during S were analyzed by a combination of autoradiographic and cytophotometric techniques. The results suggest that the doses of vincristine used (0.05 and 0.075mg/kg body weight) did not influence the progression of cells from G0/G1 into S nor from S into G2, and had no effect on the incorporation pattern of tritiated thymidine or on the nuclear projection area changes during S. The results suggests, however, that the duration of the metaphase block induced by vincristine varied from one cell system to another. Differences in the time course of regeneration processes in neoplastic and normal cell systems might be one of the mechanisms responsible for the anti-neoplastic effect of vincristine in man.", "contents": "Variable duration of vincristine-induced metaphase block in leukemic and nornal bone marrow cells of children. In four children with previously untreated acute leukemia the stathmokinetic effect of a single IV dose of vincristine (in two children with AML), or of a single IV dose of vincristine combined with daily prednisone (in one child with AMMoL and one with ALL), were investigated. The kinetics of bone marrow blast cells from all patients, and of red cell precursors from the patient with ALL, were studied by conventional methods (determinations of mitotic index and pro-+metaphase/ana-+telophase ratios). In two of the four patients (one AML and one AMMoL) the progression of cells through S, the incorporation pattern of tritiated thymidine, and the nuclear projection area changes during S were analyzed by a combination of autoradiographic and cytophotometric techniques. The results suggest that the doses of vincristine used (0.05 and 0.075mg/kg body weight) did not influence the progression of cells from G0/G1 into S nor from S into G2, and had no effect on the incorporation pattern of tritiated thymidine or on the nuclear projection area changes during S. The results suggests, however, that the duration of the metaphase block induced by vincristine varied from one cell system to another. Differences in the time course of regeneration processes in neoplastic and normal cell systems might be one of the mechanisms responsible for the anti-neoplastic effect of vincristine in man."}
{"id": "PMID:265001", "title": "Intermittent chemotherapy and BCG in continuation therapy of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Continuation therapy using intermittent chemotherapy and BCG inoculation was commenced in 28 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) immediately after remission induction and \"CNS prophylaxis.\" At a median followup time of 17 months, 71% remain in total remission and 86% in bone marrow remission. Complications of the therapy were minimal. Major infections occurred on two occasions and there were no deaths in remission. Neutropenia, \"minor\" infections and postponement of chemotherapy occurred most often during the first three courses of treatment. There were no local or systemic BCG infections. Tuberculin sensitivity was tested in 25 patients. It was positive in 17 of 18 patients in total remission and all four patients with only CNS relapse, and was negative prior to relapse in three patients who developed bone marrow disease.", "contents": "Intermittent chemotherapy and BCG in continuation therapy of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Continuation therapy using intermittent chemotherapy and BCG inoculation was commenced in 28 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) immediately after remission induction and \"CNS prophylaxis.\" At a median followup time of 17 months, 71% remain in total remission and 86% in bone marrow remission. Complications of the therapy were minimal. Major infections occurred on two occasions and there were no deaths in remission. Neutropenia, \"minor\" infections and postponement of chemotherapy occurred most often during the first three courses of treatment. There were no local or systemic BCG infections. Tuberculin sensitivity was tested in 25 patients. It was positive in 17 of 18 patients in total remission and all four patients with only CNS relapse, and was negative prior to relapse in three patients who developed bone marrow disease."}
{"id": "PMID:265035", "title": "Correction of maxillary excess by anterior maxillary osteotomy. A review of three basic procedures.", "content": "With proper planning, execution, and follow-up care, the anterior maxilla can be surgically repositioned in selected cases to correct the anteroposterior, vertical, and horizontal manifestations of maxillary excess. The technical problems in planning and design for the necessary bony and soft-tissue incisions for three basic anterior maxillary osteotomy techniques are discussed and illustrated. Selection of the most appropriate procedure is based upon the type of positional change that is planned.", "contents": "Correction of maxillary excess by anterior maxillary osteotomy. A review of three basic procedures. With proper planning, execution, and follow-up care, the anterior maxilla can be surgically repositioned in selected cases to correct the anteroposterior, vertical, and horizontal manifestations of maxillary excess. The technical problems in planning and design for the necessary bony and soft-tissue incisions for three basic anterior maxillary osteotomy techniques are discussed and illustrated. Selection of the most appropriate procedure is based upon the type of positional change that is planned."}
{"id": "PMID:265036", "title": "How critical is the interval between extractions and irradiation in patients with head and neck malignancy?", "content": "A total of sixty-two patients with head and neck malignancy who had teeth extracted prior to irradiation therapy were studied. Only one in this group of sixty-two patients developed posttherapy necrosis, and this instance was in no way related to the pre-irradiation extractions. Our experience with patients who have undergone extractions prior to radiotherapy indicates that exodontia may not be, within itself, associated with increased serious postirradiation sequelae. The incidence of osteoradionecrosis in these patients is extremely low. Further, our data do not indicate a critical time period for healing of extraction sockets prior to initiation of radiotherapy. When the state of the underlying disease allows, a healing time of 10 to 14 days should be granted when teeth are extracted prior to irradiation. This recommended interval is only a guideline, since a shorter healing time does not entail a significantly greater risk and should therefore not be arbitrarily classified as inappropriate.", "contents": "How critical is the interval between extractions and irradiation in patients with head and neck malignancy? A total of sixty-two patients with head and neck malignancy who had teeth extracted prior to irradiation therapy were studied. Only one in this group of sixty-two patients developed posttherapy necrosis, and this instance was in no way related to the pre-irradiation extractions. Our experience with patients who have undergone extractions prior to radiotherapy indicates that exodontia may not be, within itself, associated with increased serious postirradiation sequelae. The incidence of osteoradionecrosis in these patients is extremely low. Further, our data do not indicate a critical time period for healing of extraction sockets prior to initiation of radiotherapy. When the state of the underlying disease allows, a healing time of 10 to 14 days should be granted when teeth are extracted prior to irradiation. This recommended interval is only a guideline, since a shorter healing time does not entail a significantly greater risk and should therefore not be arbitrarily classified as inappropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:265037", "title": "Atypical facial pain.", "content": "\"Atypical facial pain\" is the current label for a possibly heterogeneous group of discomforts localized in the lower half of the head and often confused with dental disease. As illustrated in seventeen cases reviewed here, the condition occurs mostly in women, and there are often neurotic problems in addition to the pain. The pain is dull or burning, incessant, and, in contrast to trigeminal neuralgia, relatively poorly relieved by carbamazepine or diphenylhydantoin sodium; antidepressants and psychotropic agents are worth considering. Although local pathology can occasionally be detected, in this condition the entire state of the patient and the emotional concomitants of the illness require particular attention.", "contents": "Atypical facial pain. \"Atypical facial pain\" is the current label for a possibly heterogeneous group of discomforts localized in the lower half of the head and often confused with dental disease. As illustrated in seventeen cases reviewed here, the condition occurs mostly in women, and there are often neurotic problems in addition to the pain. The pain is dull or burning, incessant, and, in contrast to trigeminal neuralgia, relatively poorly relieved by carbamazepine or diphenylhydantoin sodium; antidepressants and psychotropic agents are worth considering. Although local pathology can occasionally be detected, in this condition the entire state of the patient and the emotional concomitants of the illness require particular attention."}
{"id": "PMID:265038", "title": "Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses is an infrequently reported disease which can occur in two forms: (1) a noninvasive form that can clinically mimic nonspecific chronic sinusitis and (2) an invasive form that can simulate malignant disease of the sinuses. The disease occurs without known predisposing systemic disease. Primary treatment consists of surgical eradication of infected tissue. The question of whether concomitant antifungal chemotherapy should be used in the noninvasive form of aspergillosis has not been definitely resolved. Presented is a review of the literature, the report of a case, and a discussion of possible pathogenic mechanisms.", "contents": "Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus. Review of the literature and report of a case. Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses is an infrequently reported disease which can occur in two forms: (1) a noninvasive form that can clinically mimic nonspecific chronic sinusitis and (2) an invasive form that can simulate malignant disease of the sinuses. The disease occurs without known predisposing systemic disease. Primary treatment consists of surgical eradication of infected tissue. The question of whether concomitant antifungal chemotherapy should be used in the noninvasive form of aspergillosis has not been definitely resolved. Presented is a review of the literature, the report of a case, and a discussion of possible pathogenic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:265039", "title": "Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Histologic and histochemical findings.", "content": "The histologic features of chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible were studied. Four different types of tissue reaction were found to be characteristic of the disease. Histochemical recordings were used in an attempt to facilitate differential diagnosis. Similar types of fibro-osseous lesions and biopsy technique are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Histologic and histochemical findings. The histologic features of chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible were studied. Four different types of tissue reaction were found to be characteristic of the disease. Histochemical recordings were used in an attempt to facilitate differential diagnosis. Similar types of fibro-osseous lesions and biopsy technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265040", "title": "Oral manifestations of pachyonychia congenita. Report of a case.", "content": "Few cases of pachyonychia congenita are reported in the dental and medical literature because of the rarity of the disease. This article presents a review of the literature and adds a new case history. Examination of a 4-year-old boy revealed the presence of the disease, which was also present in the mother and a newborn sibling.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of pachyonychia congenita. Report of a case. Few cases of pachyonychia congenita are reported in the dental and medical literature because of the rarity of the disease. This article presents a review of the literature and adds a new case history. Examination of a 4-year-old boy revealed the presence of the disease, which was also present in the mother and a newborn sibling."}
{"id": "PMID:265041", "title": "Chronic staphylococcal stomatitis resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, with evidence of local immune response. Report of a case apparently precipitated by toothbrushing trauma.", "content": "Described is a case of chronic staphylococcal stomatitis, apparently precipitated by toothbrushing, which persisted for almost 6 months. The implicated organism, Staphylococcus aureus, was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline but sensitive to erythromycin. Recovery finally occurred after antibiotic therapy combined with surgical excision of some small persistent ulcers. Ther sera from a paired set of blood specimens failed to show a significant agglutinating titer, but the samples of saliva collected at the same times gave evidence of specific secretory Iga and showed relatively high agglutinating titer.", "contents": "Chronic staphylococcal stomatitis resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, with evidence of local immune response. Report of a case apparently precipitated by toothbrushing trauma. Described is a case of chronic staphylococcal stomatitis, apparently precipitated by toothbrushing, which persisted for almost 6 months. The implicated organism, Staphylococcus aureus, was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline but sensitive to erythromycin. Recovery finally occurred after antibiotic therapy combined with surgical excision of some small persistent ulcers. Ther sera from a paired set of blood specimens failed to show a significant agglutinating titer, but the samples of saliva collected at the same times gave evidence of specific secretory Iga and showed relatively high agglutinating titer."}
{"id": "PMID:265042", "title": "A follow-up study of sixty-one oral dysplastic precancerous lesions in Indian villagers.", "content": "In a 7-year follow-up study of 107 cases of oral epithelial dysplastic precancerous lesions in Indian villagers, 6.6 per cent were found to develop into carcinomas. A clinical spontaneous regression occurred in 14.8 per cent. Follow-up biopsies showed histologic regression of dysplasia in six cases.", "contents": "A follow-up study of sixty-one oral dysplastic precancerous lesions in Indian villagers. In a 7-year follow-up study of 107 cases of oral epithelial dysplastic precancerous lesions in Indian villagers, 6.6 per cent were found to develop into carcinomas. A clinical spontaneous regression occurred in 14.8 per cent. Follow-up biopsies showed histologic regression of dysplasia in six cases."}
{"id": "PMID:265043", "title": "Malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Two cases of malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibro-odontomas are presented, along with a review of the literature on ameloblastic fibrosarcomas. The occurrence of this malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibromas, ameloblastic odontomas, and ameloblastic fibro-odontomas appears to be more frequent than previously thought. This potential transformation alone does not justify radical treatment of all these benign lesions. If there is recurrence accompanied by a histologic pattern change toward a more unorganized fibrous stroma with displacement of the epithelial component, however, then more extensive treatment procedures appear to be indicated.", "contents": "Malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. Two cases of malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibro-odontomas are presented, along with a review of the literature on ameloblastic fibrosarcomas. The occurrence of this malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibromas, ameloblastic odontomas, and ameloblastic fibro-odontomas appears to be more frequent than previously thought. This potential transformation alone does not justify radical treatment of all these benign lesions. If there is recurrence accompanied by a histologic pattern change toward a more unorganized fibrous stroma with displacement of the epithelial component, however, then more extensive treatment procedures appear to be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:265044", "title": "Oral leiomyosarcoma. Report of a case and review of the literature pertaining to smooth-muscle tumors of the oral cavity.", "content": "Primary malignant smooth-muscle tumors of the mouth have rarely been reported. A review of the literature has yielded only eleven cases; to these, a new case is added. The age, sex, and site distribution of oral leiomyosarcomas are compared with those of oral leiomyomas.", "contents": "Oral leiomyosarcoma. Report of a case and review of the literature pertaining to smooth-muscle tumors of the oral cavity. Primary malignant smooth-muscle tumors of the mouth have rarely been reported. A review of the literature has yielded only eleven cases; to these, a new case is added. The age, sex, and site distribution of oral leiomyosarcomas are compared with those of oral leiomyomas."}
{"id": "PMID:265045", "title": "Smoking habits of 611 patients with oral lichen planus.", "content": "The smoking habits of 611 patients (68 per cent females and 32 per cent males) with oral lichen planus were studied. Forty-six per cent were daily smokers, 4 per cent smoked only at social events, and 50 per cent were nonsmokers. In comparison with the nonsmokers, the daily smokers showed significantly lower prevalences of reticular and atrophic types of oral lichen planus lesions and a significantly higher prevelance of the plaque type (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that these findings depend on a mechanism whereby original atrophic and reticular types of lesions are altered into the plaque type of lesions under the influence of smoking. The question arises whether such plaque type of lesion can be regarded as leukoplakias which have been superimposed on the oral mucosa affected by lichen planus.", "contents": "Smoking habits of 611 patients with oral lichen planus. The smoking habits of 611 patients (68 per cent females and 32 per cent males) with oral lichen planus were studied. Forty-six per cent were daily smokers, 4 per cent smoked only at social events, and 50 per cent were nonsmokers. In comparison with the nonsmokers, the daily smokers showed significantly lower prevalences of reticular and atrophic types of oral lichen planus lesions and a significantly higher prevelance of the plaque type (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that these findings depend on a mechanism whereby original atrophic and reticular types of lesions are altered into the plaque type of lesions under the influence of smoking. The question arises whether such plaque type of lesion can be regarded as leukoplakias which have been superimposed on the oral mucosa affected by lichen planus."}
{"id": "PMID:265046", "title": "Root amputation as a predictable procedure. Report of a case.", "content": "The diagnostic procedures required to arrive at an accurate treatment plan when one is confronted with severe periodontal and endodontic involvement in the same tooth are reviewed. A case report is presented, relating these techniques to the clinical situation. The clinical management of the \"combined lesion,\" once the diagnosis and treatment plan have been determined, is described, with emphasis on methods which will improve the predictability of these difficult cases.", "contents": "Root amputation as a predictable procedure. Report of a case. The diagnostic procedures required to arrive at an accurate treatment plan when one is confronted with severe periodontal and endodontic involvement in the same tooth are reviewed. A case report is presented, relating these techniques to the clinical situation. The clinical management of the \"combined lesion,\" once the diagnosis and treatment plan have been determined, is described, with emphasis on methods which will improve the predictability of these difficult cases."}
{"id": "PMID:265048", "title": "Endodontic procedures must never be performed without the rubber dam.", "content": "The rubber dam is an absolute essential in all endodontic procedures. In documentation of that fact, we have presented the case of a 50-year-old man who swallowed an endodontic broach during endodontic treatment; the instrument passed through the gastrointestinal tract without difficulty.", "contents": "Endodontic procedures must never be performed without the rubber dam. The rubber dam is an absolute essential in all endodontic procedures. In documentation of that fact, we have presented the case of a 50-year-old man who swallowed an endodontic broach during endodontic treatment; the instrument passed through the gastrointestinal tract without difficulty."}
{"id": "PMID:265049", "title": "Densitometric evaluation of quick x-ray developing solutions.", "content": "1. A 1:2 dilution is the most effective concentration when Kodak developer-replenisher is used as a quick processing solution. 2. Clayton solution used at the manufacturer's recommended concentration with rapid processing times produces radiographs with greater densities than Kodak developer-replenisher or Dry-X-Sol. 3. Clayton, Dry-X-Sol, and concentrated Kodak developer-replenisher used as rapid developers produce radiographs with less image densities than standard Kodak developing solution used at conventional processing times. 4. Radiographic contrast is slightly less when rapid processing is utilized.", "contents": "Densitometric evaluation of quick x-ray developing solutions. 1. A 1:2 dilution is the most effective concentration when Kodak developer-replenisher is used as a quick processing solution. 2. Clayton solution used at the manufacturer's recommended concentration with rapid processing times produces radiographs with greater densities than Kodak developer-replenisher or Dry-X-Sol. 3. Clayton, Dry-X-Sol, and concentrated Kodak developer-replenisher used as rapid developers produce radiographs with less image densities than standard Kodak developing solution used at conventional processing times. 4. Radiographic contrast is slightly less when rapid processing is utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:265051", "title": "Radiographic changes of the mandible related to oral contraceptives.", "content": "This study tested a hypothesis that some radiopacities on radiographic surveys, specifically in the alveolar bone of the mandible from first molar to first molar, not related to the teeth by position or by pathosis, were related to the taking of oral contraceptives. The random sample included 218 adults entering consecutively for full-mouth radiographic surveys at the Radiology Department. All female patients were asked pertinent questions regarding their use of oral contraceptives. Those not responding (fourteen) were not included in the final tabulations. Radiographs were viewed without regard to sex by two persons at the same time, and an interpretation was made concerning the presence (positive) or absence (negative) of the radiopacities in question. Results were based on 204 patients (112 women and 92 men). Positive radiographic findings were significantly more frequent in women (45/112 versus 14/92; chi-square = 14.12; df = 1; p less than 0.001). Positive radiographs were significantly more likely in women using oral contraceptives (28/45 versus 5/67; chi-square = 36.25; df = 1; p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Radiographic changes of the mandible related to oral contraceptives. This study tested a hypothesis that some radiopacities on radiographic surveys, specifically in the alveolar bone of the mandible from first molar to first molar, not related to the teeth by position or by pathosis, were related to the taking of oral contraceptives. The random sample included 218 adults entering consecutively for full-mouth radiographic surveys at the Radiology Department. All female patients were asked pertinent questions regarding their use of oral contraceptives. Those not responding (fourteen) were not included in the final tabulations. Radiographs were viewed without regard to sex by two persons at the same time, and an interpretation was made concerning the presence (positive) or absence (negative) of the radiopacities in question. Results were based on 204 patients (112 women and 92 men). Positive radiographic findings were significantly more frequent in women (45/112 versus 14/92; chi-square = 14.12; df = 1; p less than 0.001). Positive radiographs were significantly more likely in women using oral contraceptives (28/45 versus 5/67; chi-square = 36.25; df = 1; p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:265060", "title": "[Permanent identification team of the central criminal police bureau and its requirements for dentists].", "content": "The Norwegian Department of Justice has by Order in Council in 1975 established an identification team under the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Police Bureau. The team has four members: two police officers, one expert in forensic medicin and one in forensic dentistry. Deputy members of the team are also appointed and those for forensic medicine and forensic dentistry are residents of the three largest cities of Norway, viz. Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. The responsibility of the team is to identify victims of mass disasters, and to assist in other difficult identifications both in Norway and in foreign countries when Norwegian interests are involved. Each member of the team shall sign the identification report and will thus have a veto in uncertain cases. Consquently the dentist in the team must also evaluate the entire material in each case. For identification purposes, the dentists are urged to comply with some requirements as to dental charts, radiographs and treatment. Each patient must have a clear and readable dental chart containing his name, address and date of birth. Dental characteristics should be noted. Radiographic status should be made of the teeth of regular patients and of special teeth when extensive treatment is required. The radiograms must be kept in file and identified by the name of the patient and the date of exposure. Patients wearing dental prosthesis should be offered denture marking, and the dentures should be recorded in detail on the chart. For flying personell radiographic status is regarded mandatory, and recording of all resotrations are recommended. The aviation company should be informed of the name of the dentists of their crew. Wehn a dentist is asked for assistance in an identification case, the original dental chart, all radiograms models etc. are requested to be delivered. Additions or explantations may also be valuable.", "contents": "[Permanent identification team of the central criminal police bureau and its requirements for dentists]. The Norwegian Department of Justice has by Order in Council in 1975 established an identification team under the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Police Bureau. The team has four members: two police officers, one expert in forensic medicin and one in forensic dentistry. Deputy members of the team are also appointed and those for forensic medicine and forensic dentistry are residents of the three largest cities of Norway, viz. Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. The responsibility of the team is to identify victims of mass disasters, and to assist in other difficult identifications both in Norway and in foreign countries when Norwegian interests are involved. Each member of the team shall sign the identification report and will thus have a veto in uncertain cases. Consquently the dentist in the team must also evaluate the entire material in each case. For identification purposes, the dentists are urged to comply with some requirements as to dental charts, radiographs and treatment. Each patient must have a clear and readable dental chart containing his name, address and date of birth. Dental characteristics should be noted. Radiographic status should be made of the teeth of regular patients and of special teeth when extensive treatment is required. The radiograms must be kept in file and identified by the name of the patient and the date of exposure. Patients wearing dental prosthesis should be offered denture marking, and the dentures should be recorded in detail on the chart. For flying personell radiographic status is regarded mandatory, and recording of all resotrations are recommended. The aviation company should be informed of the name of the dentists of their crew. Wehn a dentist is asked for assistance in an identification case, the original dental chart, all radiograms models etc. are requested to be delivered. Additions or explantations may also be valuable."}
{"id": "PMID:265064", "title": "[Study of living conditions, 1973. Some odontological results].", "content": "The central Bureau of Statistics has conducted an interview survey of the level of living in Norway in 1973. The level of living is made up of many welfare components such as: Employment, working conditions, income and consumption, housing conditions, health, education, etc. The purpose of this publication is to inform about results concerning dental health. A sample of 3874 persons born 1957 or earlier was drawn among persons in 4707 households which made up the sample in the survey of consumption expenditure 1973. The sample was a stratified, self-weighting two stage sample drawn among all private households in the country. The material and methods are described in English in the preface of the publication (Levek\u00e5rsunders\u00f8kelsen 1973 1975). Because of the way of coding answers for time since last visit to dentist, the group: \"During the last year\" covers a period of 10-14 months. Very few had never been to a dentist and included only men in age group 67 years and more.Fifty-five percent of the total sample had been to a dentist within the last year in the south-eastern part of Norway. This was longer travelling time to the dentist in the sparsely populated middle and northern part of Norway. Almost equally many people had visited a dentist regardless of whether their self-assessed condition of their teeth was: Few fillings and restorations or many fillings and resotrations. The role of age is uncertain in these findings. The role of age is uncertain in these findings. One half of the persons with natural teeth said that they had few cavities and fillings.", "contents": "[Study of living conditions, 1973. Some odontological results]. The central Bureau of Statistics has conducted an interview survey of the level of living in Norway in 1973. The level of living is made up of many welfare components such as: Employment, working conditions, income and consumption, housing conditions, health, education, etc. The purpose of this publication is to inform about results concerning dental health. A sample of 3874 persons born 1957 or earlier was drawn among persons in 4707 households which made up the sample in the survey of consumption expenditure 1973. The sample was a stratified, self-weighting two stage sample drawn among all private households in the country. The material and methods are described in English in the preface of the publication (Levek\u00e5rsunders\u00f8kelsen 1973 1975). Because of the way of coding answers for time since last visit to dentist, the group: \"During the last year\" covers a period of 10-14 months. Very few had never been to a dentist and included only men in age group 67 years and more.Fifty-five percent of the total sample had been to a dentist within the last year in the south-eastern part of Norway. This was longer travelling time to the dentist in the sparsely populated middle and northern part of Norway. Almost equally many people had visited a dentist regardless of whether their self-assessed condition of their teeth was: Few fillings and restorations or many fillings and resotrations. The role of age is uncertain in these findings. The role of age is uncertain in these findings. One half of the persons with natural teeth said that they had few cavities and fillings."}
{"id": "PMID:265067", "title": "[Changes in the level of various amino acids in leukemia].", "content": "The determination of blood amino-acids by column chromatography has been carried out on 53 patients, 17 with acute myeloid leukemia, 22 with chronic myeloid leukemia. A comparison was made with 25 normal subjects. These determination has shown a significant increase in glycin, cystin and a non significant increase of tryptophan. A positive relationship may exist between uricemia and content of glycin and glutamin, both amino-acids which are messengers of uric acid. A positive correlation has been found between glycin tryptophan and the number of myeloblasts.", "contents": "[Changes in the level of various amino acids in leukemia]. The determination of blood amino-acids by column chromatography has been carried out on 53 patients, 17 with acute myeloid leukemia, 22 with chronic myeloid leukemia. A comparison was made with 25 normal subjects. These determination has shown a significant increase in glycin, cystin and a non significant increase of tryptophan. A positive relationship may exist between uricemia and content of glycin and glutamin, both amino-acids which are messengers of uric acid. A positive correlation has been found between glycin tryptophan and the number of myeloblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:265072", "title": "Aspects of the dosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides in bone with particular emphasis on 226Ra and 239Pu.", "content": "The dosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides in bone is discussed. Results are presented for average dose rates to tissues close to endosteal surfaces and to haematopoietic bone marrow from thin plane sources of radionuclides buried to different depths in bone and emitting alpha-particles with energies in the range 3-8 MeV. These results are used to demonstrate that on an activity basis 239Pu is unlikely to be more than fifteen times as toxic as 226Ra with respect to osteosarcoma and leukaemia induction in man.", "contents": "Aspects of the dosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides in bone with particular emphasis on 226Ra and 239Pu. The dosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides in bone is discussed. Results are presented for average dose rates to tissues close to endosteal surfaces and to haematopoietic bone marrow from thin plane sources of radionuclides buried to different depths in bone and emitting alpha-particles with energies in the range 3-8 MeV. These results are used to demonstrate that on an activity basis 239Pu is unlikely to be more than fifteen times as toxic as 226Ra with respect to osteosarcoma and leukaemia induction in man."}
{"id": "PMID:265078", "title": "WHO's accent on prevention.", "content": "It is widely recognized that oral health has its major obstacles in the form of dental caries and periodontal diseases and that in many populations each of these disease areas attacks nearly 100% of the population during the normal life span. Furthermore, there are clear signs of sharp increases in the dental caries problem in populations which previously benefited by a near absence or low prevalence of the disease. For highly developed countries dental caries and periodontal disease are responsible for an ever increasing economic burden which could easily become intolerable for even the richest of economies. In developing countries where dental caries prevalence is increasing the extreme lack of manpower resources is the first barrier, any response to which will encounter the second and associated economic constraint. It is essential for both situations that greater emphasis be given to prevention of oral diseases both by methods already proven, such as fluoridation of water supplies and other uses of fluorides, by oral hygiene programs, and by coordinated research to develop complementary or other methods. The WHO program in oral health has now developed a priority activity to promote and guide such endeavors.", "contents": "WHO's accent on prevention. It is widely recognized that oral health has its major obstacles in the form of dental caries and periodontal diseases and that in many populations each of these disease areas attacks nearly 100% of the population during the normal life span. Furthermore, there are clear signs of sharp increases in the dental caries problem in populations which previously benefited by a near absence or low prevalence of the disease. For highly developed countries dental caries and periodontal disease are responsible for an ever increasing economic burden which could easily become intolerable for even the richest of economies. In developing countries where dental caries prevalence is increasing the extreme lack of manpower resources is the first barrier, any response to which will encounter the second and associated economic constraint. It is essential for both situations that greater emphasis be given to prevention of oral diseases both by methods already proven, such as fluoridation of water supplies and other uses of fluorides, by oral hygiene programs, and by coordinated research to develop complementary or other methods. The WHO program in oral health has now developed a priority activity to promote and guide such endeavors."}
{"id": "PMID:265079", "title": "Fluoride concentrations in saliva after single oral doses and their relation to plasma fluoride.", "content": "The saliva and plasma fluoride (F) concentrations following intake of different doses of fluoride tablets were studied in six subjects. There was a close relationship between saliva F and plasma F and the ratio was 0.64 +/- 0.01 (s.e.). The plasma half life of F was 4-16 h. This results indicate that saliva F may be a useful substitute for blood sampling in studies concerning the pharmacokinetics of fluoride.", "contents": "Fluoride concentrations in saliva after single oral doses and their relation to plasma fluoride. The saliva and plasma fluoride (F) concentrations following intake of different doses of fluoride tablets were studied in six subjects. There was a close relationship between saliva F and plasma F and the ratio was 0.64 +/- 0.01 (s.e.). The plasma half life of F was 4-16 h. This results indicate that saliva F may be a useful substitute for blood sampling in studies concerning the pharmacokinetics of fluoride."}
{"id": "PMID:265080", "title": "SIMS study of element concentration profiles in enamel and dentin.", "content": "The ion probe technique has been employed for the determination of the concentrations of P, F, Cl, C, Na, K, Mg, Sr, Al, and Si at different depths in human tooth. The applicability of the method depends selectively on the element's position in the periodic table, but may be regarded as good for a wide range of microelements of dental interest.", "contents": "SIMS study of element concentration profiles in enamel and dentin. The ion probe technique has been employed for the determination of the concentrations of P, F, Cl, C, Na, K, Mg, Sr, Al, and Si at different depths in human tooth. The applicability of the method depends selectively on the element's position in the periodic table, but may be regarded as good for a wide range of microelements of dental interest."}
{"id": "PMID:265081", "title": "Early supply of fluoride and enamel fluorosis.", "content": "A study of enamel fluorosis in 1,094 children was carried out in areas with a water fluoride content of from less than 0.2 mg/l with and without supplementary fluoride, to 2.75 mg/l. The fluorosis was correlated with different infants diets and also with the calculated supply per kilo body weight. As in cattle, 0.1 mg F/kg body weight daily appears to cause fluorosis. This dose may for example be reached with water-diluted gruel powder in low-weight infants with high consumption in low F areas, in normal weight infants in 0.8 areas, and also in high-weight infants in 1.2-1.5 areas. The resultant fluorosis is very mild or mild and not disfiguring. Enamel fluorosis can be avoided or minimized in areas with up to at least 1.2 mgF/l water if F-supply, e.g. water-diluted gruel and/or supplementary fluoride, is not commenced until 6 months of age when body weight is higher. With a water fluoride content of 2.75 mg F/l a very mild fluorosis is difficult to avoid also with normal water consumption during the 1st year of life.", "contents": "Early supply of fluoride and enamel fluorosis. A study of enamel fluorosis in 1,094 children was carried out in areas with a water fluoride content of from less than 0.2 mg/l with and without supplementary fluoride, to 2.75 mg/l. The fluorosis was correlated with different infants diets and also with the calculated supply per kilo body weight. As in cattle, 0.1 mg F/kg body weight daily appears to cause fluorosis. This dose may for example be reached with water-diluted gruel powder in low-weight infants with high consumption in low F areas, in normal weight infants in 0.8 areas, and also in high-weight infants in 1.2-1.5 areas. The resultant fluorosis is very mild or mild and not disfiguring. Enamel fluorosis can be avoided or minimized in areas with up to at least 1.2 mgF/l water if F-supply, e.g. water-diluted gruel and/or supplementary fluoride, is not commenced until 6 months of age when body weight is higher. With a water fluoride content of 2.75 mg F/l a very mild fluorosis is difficult to avoid also with normal water consumption during the 1st year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:265077", "title": "Ph1-positive polycythemia vera.", "content": "The rare presence of the ph1 chromosome in chronic myeloproliferative disorders other than chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), i.e. polycythemia vera (PV), myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis (MMM) and hemorrhagic thrombocytopenia (HT) raised the question whether or not the Ph1 chromosome is peculiar to CGL. In an attempt to answer this question, the authors reports six cases of positive-Ph1 of which two are from their personal experience and four from the literature. Three of these six cases converted to CGL. The authors conclude that the cases of Ph1-positive PV and HT are transition forms to CGL, and the cases of Ph1-positive MMM are in fact secondary forms derived from CGL.", "contents": "Ph1-positive polycythemia vera. The rare presence of the ph1 chromosome in chronic myeloproliferative disorders other than chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), i.e. polycythemia vera (PV), myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis (MMM) and hemorrhagic thrombocytopenia (HT) raised the question whether or not the Ph1 chromosome is peculiar to CGL. In an attempt to answer this question, the authors reports six cases of positive-Ph1 of which two are from their personal experience and four from the literature. Three of these six cases converted to CGL. The authors conclude that the cases of Ph1-positive PV and HT are transition forms to CGL, and the cases of Ph1-positive MMM are in fact secondary forms derived from CGL."}
{"id": "PMID:265082", "title": "Fortnightly fluoride rinsing combined with topical painting of fluoride solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions.", "content": "The possibility of achieving a caries-reducing effect by a combination of fortnightly mouthrinsings with 0.2% NaF-solutions and topical painting with solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions was examined in a 4-year clinical study. In addition to the fluoride rinses one of two randomized groups was given three paintings per year with a 0.2% NaF-solution. The other group was painted three times per year with a potassium fluoride solution containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions. This group developed significantly less caries during the study than the NaF-group. The results indicate that certain metal ions can enhance the caries-prophylactic action of the fluoride ions.", "contents": "Fortnightly fluoride rinsing combined with topical painting of fluoride solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions. The possibility of achieving a caries-reducing effect by a combination of fortnightly mouthrinsings with 0.2% NaF-solutions and topical painting with solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions was examined in a 4-year clinical study. In addition to the fluoride rinses one of two randomized groups was given three paintings per year with a 0.2% NaF-solution. The other group was painted three times per year with a potassium fluoride solution containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions. This group developed significantly less caries during the study than the NaF-group. The results indicate that certain metal ions can enhance the caries-prophylactic action of the fluoride ions."}
{"id": "PMID:265083", "title": "Quantification of dental plaque through planimetric analysis.", "content": "The aim of this study was to develop a planimetric, automatic method for evaluation of the extension and volume of plaque. Series of color macrophotographs of stained plaque were analyzed with a digitizer entering Cartesian coordinate data from the graphic records in a calculator. Estimations were carried out on the reproducibility, discriminatory power, and time required for the planimetric analysis. In addition, the ratios between values obtained before and after reproducible cleansing were interpreted as measurement of the adhesion of plaque in vivo.", "contents": "Quantification of dental plaque through planimetric analysis. The aim of this study was to develop a planimetric, automatic method for evaluation of the extension and volume of plaque. Series of color macrophotographs of stained plaque were analyzed with a digitizer entering Cartesian coordinate data from the graphic records in a calculator. Estimations were carried out on the reproducibility, discriminatory power, and time required for the planimetric analysis. In addition, the ratios between values obtained before and after reproducible cleansing were interpreted as measurement of the adhesion of plaque in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:265084", "title": "The relation between betel chewing and dental caries.", "content": "In the eastern part of Java and on the island of Bali betel chewing is a very common habit confined principally to females. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of betel chewing on the prevalence of dental caries. The study, which is based upon 982 villagers, indicates a strong inverse relationship between the prevalence of dental caries and the intensity of betel chewing. The possible mechanisms whereby betel chewing may have a caries-inhibiting effect are discussed.", "contents": "The relation between betel chewing and dental caries. In the eastern part of Java and on the island of Bali betel chewing is a very common habit confined principally to females. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of betel chewing on the prevalence of dental caries. The study, which is based upon 982 villagers, indicates a strong inverse relationship between the prevalence of dental caries and the intensity of betel chewing. The possible mechanisms whereby betel chewing may have a caries-inhibiting effect are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265085", "title": "Sucrolytic enzymes from human dental plaque in saliva.", "content": "The total effect of sucrose-splitting activity from three sucrose metabolizing enzymes has been investigated in \"resting\" saliva in contact with dental plaque material in 356 military recruits. Invertase effect is defined as the splitting of sucrose into equimolar quantities of glucose and fructose, dextransucrase as a glucosyl-transferase producing glucan and free fructose, and levansucrase as a fructosyl-transferase producing fructan and free glucose. Total monohexose and glucose production as well were determined quantitatively in each subject. Monohexose production was related to specific oral conditions, and a difference in tooth decay significant at a 5% level was found between samples with high and low enzyme content. The production of free glucose was lower than that of free fructose, significant at less than a 1% level. This may indicate that more glucose is bound to form with a high level enzyme content a slight increase in relative effect of dextranscrase was found. This was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Sucrolytic enzymes from human dental plaque in saliva. The total effect of sucrose-splitting activity from three sucrose metabolizing enzymes has been investigated in \"resting\" saliva in contact with dental plaque material in 356 military recruits. Invertase effect is defined as the splitting of sucrose into equimolar quantities of glucose and fructose, dextransucrase as a glucosyl-transferase producing glucan and free fructose, and levansucrase as a fructosyl-transferase producing fructan and free glucose. Total monohexose and glucose production as well were determined quantitatively in each subject. Monohexose production was related to specific oral conditions, and a difference in tooth decay significant at a 5% level was found between samples with high and low enzyme content. The production of free glucose was lower than that of free fructose, significant at less than a 1% level. This may indicate that more glucose is bound to form with a high level enzyme content a slight increase in relative effect of dextranscrase was found. This was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:265086", "title": "Identification and quantitation of carbohydrates in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts.", "content": "Glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, and fucose were detected by paper or thin-layer chromatography, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) was identified by absorption spectroscopy in acid hydrolysates of pooled cyst fluid. Quantitation of these monosaccharides in 37 frozen-stored cyst fluids and autologous sera showed that the average content of hexoses, hexosamine, and sialic acid in cyst fluid approximated that in serum, whereas cyst fluid contained significantly more fucose than did serum. Fifteen of the cyst fluids and samples of autologous serum were also analyzed for free glucose. A mean cyst fluid to serum concentration ratio of 0.48 was found. The results show that the sugar components bound to proteins are the same in cyst fluid and serum. High levels of fucose in cyst fluid indicate the presence of fucomucins.", "contents": "Identification and quantitation of carbohydrates in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts. Glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, and fucose were detected by paper or thin-layer chromatography, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) was identified by absorption spectroscopy in acid hydrolysates of pooled cyst fluid. Quantitation of these monosaccharides in 37 frozen-stored cyst fluids and autologous sera showed that the average content of hexoses, hexosamine, and sialic acid in cyst fluid approximated that in serum, whereas cyst fluid contained significantly more fucose than did serum. Fifteen of the cyst fluids and samples of autologous serum were also analyzed for free glucose. A mean cyst fluid to serum concentration ratio of 0.48 was found. The results show that the sugar components bound to proteins are the same in cyst fluid and serum. High levels of fucose in cyst fluid indicate the presence of fucomucins."}
{"id": "PMID:265091", "title": "Leukaemia-associated antigen (LAA) in proliferative blood disorders.", "content": "Serum leukaemia associated antigen (LAA) was found in 41-75% of patients with acute leukaemia or chronic myelogenous leukaemia, but in only 12% of persons suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. LAA was present in detectable amounts in 1% of healthy blood donors. Thus LAA is truly leukaemia associated rather than leukaemia specific. Occurrence of LAA in the serum of a leukaemia patient may signal a serious turn of the disease.", "contents": "Leukaemia-associated antigen (LAA) in proliferative blood disorders. Serum leukaemia associated antigen (LAA) was found in 41-75% of patients with acute leukaemia or chronic myelogenous leukaemia, but in only 12% of persons suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. LAA was present in detectable amounts in 1% of healthy blood donors. Thus LAA is truly leukaemia associated rather than leukaemia specific. Occurrence of LAA in the serum of a leukaemia patient may signal a serious turn of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:265087", "title": "Concentration of fluoride in plaque - a possible mechanism.", "content": "A mechanism of concentration of fluoride (and phosphate) ions in plaque is suggested: calcium ions from saliva are bound to fixed acidic groups in the plaque, and fluoride (or phosphate) ions are attracted to the bound calcium as counterions. The principle was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis of calcium-treated acidic ionic exchange material (Sephadex SP and CM) against 1 part/10(6) of fluoride. A part of the fluoride was found to be bound under these conditions.", "contents": "Concentration of fluoride in plaque - a possible mechanism. A mechanism of concentration of fluoride (and phosphate) ions in plaque is suggested: calcium ions from saliva are bound to fixed acidic groups in the plaque, and fluoride (or phosphate) ions are attracted to the bound calcium as counterions. The principle was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis of calcium-treated acidic ionic exchange material (Sephadex SP and CM) against 1 part/10(6) of fluoride. A part of the fluoride was found to be bound under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:265088", "title": "Electromyographic activity in digastric muscles and opening force of mandible during static and dynamic conditions.", "content": "A method is presented for simultaneous recording of the integrated electrical activity in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the force developed at the chin during static and dynamic conditions of opening. A linear relationship was demonstrated between force and integrated electrical activity during isometric contraction.", "contents": "Electromyographic activity in digastric muscles and opening force of mandible during static and dynamic conditions. A method is presented for simultaneous recording of the integrated electrical activity in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the force developed at the chin during static and dynamic conditions of opening. A linear relationship was demonstrated between force and integrated electrical activity during isometric contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:265089", "title": "Mineral composition of enamel and dentin of primary and permanent teeth in Finland.", "content": "The concentrations of 12 different elements were measured in dentin and enamel of primary and permanent teeth collected in six different localities in Finland. Na, Cl, Al, Mn, Ca, and P were determined by neutron activation analysis, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe by the atomic absorption method, and F with the fluoride-specific electrode. Most elements were present in higher concentrations in the enamel than in the dentin: Mg, however, was higher in the dentin. Compared with the permanent teeth, the primary teeth contained more K and Mn in enamel and K and Mg in dentin, but less Na and Zn in enamel. Differences between the six localities were significant for F, Cl, K, Zn, Na, and Mn. Fe, Cu, and Mn contents of teeth were much lower in Finland than elsewhere; in the typical Finnish diet the contents of Fe and Cu are relatively low and iron deficiency anemia is usually common in Finland.", "contents": "Mineral composition of enamel and dentin of primary and permanent teeth in Finland. The concentrations of 12 different elements were measured in dentin and enamel of primary and permanent teeth collected in six different localities in Finland. Na, Cl, Al, Mn, Ca, and P were determined by neutron activation analysis, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe by the atomic absorption method, and F with the fluoride-specific electrode. Most elements were present in higher concentrations in the enamel than in the dentin: Mg, however, was higher in the dentin. Compared with the permanent teeth, the primary teeth contained more K and Mn in enamel and K and Mg in dentin, but less Na and Zn in enamel. Differences between the six localities were significant for F, Cl, K, Zn, Na, and Mn. Fe, Cu, and Mn contents of teeth were much lower in Finland than elsewhere; in the typical Finnish diet the contents of Fe and Cu are relatively low and iron deficiency anemia is usually common in Finland."}
{"id": "PMID:265092", "title": "Syndrome of Shwachman and leukaemia.", "content": "The syndrome of Shwachman is characterized by pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction, usually manifesting itself as neutropenia. The pancreas shows replacement of the exocrine glands by adipose tissue; sweat electrolytes are normal. A 23-year-old male who was known to suffer from neutropenia and pancreatic dysfunction from early childhood, presented with fever, acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly (of the polymorphonuclear granulocytes) and sideroblastic anaemia, a combination of symptoms suggestive of preleukaemia. A few months later he died of acute myeloblastic leukaemia and autopsy showed a dystrophic pancreas. Considering this case history it seems possible that the haematological anomalies of Shwachman's syndrome are signs of preleukaemia. Careful follow-up of patients suffering from Shwachman's syndrome seems warranted.", "contents": "Syndrome of Shwachman and leukaemia. The syndrome of Shwachman is characterized by pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction, usually manifesting itself as neutropenia. The pancreas shows replacement of the exocrine glands by adipose tissue; sweat electrolytes are normal. A 23-year-old male who was known to suffer from neutropenia and pancreatic dysfunction from early childhood, presented with fever, acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly (of the polymorphonuclear granulocytes) and sideroblastic anaemia, a combination of symptoms suggestive of preleukaemia. A few months later he died of acute myeloblastic leukaemia and autopsy showed a dystrophic pancreas. Considering this case history it seems possible that the haematological anomalies of Shwachman's syndrome are signs of preleukaemia. Careful follow-up of patients suffering from Shwachman's syndrome seems warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:265093", "title": "The peripheral blood in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Study of 50 untreated Philadelphia-positive cases.", "content": "The haematological findings in the peripheral blood of 50 patients in whom the diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) had been made in the haematology laboratory, and who were subsequently shown to be Philadelphia-chromosome-positive, have been reviewed. The differential leucocyte counts were performed by 3 observers, examining a total of 1,500 cells in each patient. The degree of anaemia at diagnosis was unrelated to sex and correlated poorly with leucocyte count; thrombocytopenia seemed unrelated to leucocytosis. A differential luecocyte count which included a complete spectrum of granulocytic cells, with prominent peaks in the percentages of myelocytes and neutrophils, was an invariable finding. Absolute basophilia occurred  in all patients and absolute eosinophilia in 92%. In 54% of the patients there was an absolute lymphocytosis. Unlike the finding in normal subjects, there was no linear relationship between the numbers of circulating neutrophils and monocytes. Application of these findings should improve the accuracy of the haematological diagnosis of CGL, while study of the rare cases which possess the above features but are Ph1-negative may throw further light on the role of the Philadelphia chromosome in the natural history of CGL.", "contents": "The peripheral blood in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Study of 50 untreated Philadelphia-positive cases. The haematological findings in the peripheral blood of 50 patients in whom the diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) had been made in the haematology laboratory, and who were subsequently shown to be Philadelphia-chromosome-positive, have been reviewed. The differential leucocyte counts were performed by 3 observers, examining a total of 1,500 cells in each patient. The degree of anaemia at diagnosis was unrelated to sex and correlated poorly with leucocyte count; thrombocytopenia seemed unrelated to leucocytosis. A differential luecocyte count which included a complete spectrum of granulocytic cells, with prominent peaks in the percentages of myelocytes and neutrophils, was an invariable finding. Absolute basophilia occurred  in all patients and absolute eosinophilia in 92%. In 54% of the patients there was an absolute lymphocytosis. Unlike the finding in normal subjects, there was no linear relationship between the numbers of circulating neutrophils and monocytes. Application of these findings should improve the accuracy of the haematological diagnosis of CGL, while study of the rare cases which possess the above features but are Ph1-negative may throw further light on the role of the Philadelphia chromosome in the natural history of CGL."}
{"id": "PMID:265090", "title": "Assessment of dental restorative status.", "content": "Class I and Class II restorations on selected teeth of children aged 7-13 years were recorded in order to find which types of restorations were suitable for clinical evaluation of amalgam restorations with regard to frequency and anticipated observation period. Restorations suited for amalgam evaluation were found to be MO type restoration on all first molars and occlusal, palatal, and occlusal/palatal restorations on maxillary first molars and buccal pit restorations on mandibllar first molars. For the age group 7-11 years, the MO type restoration in the first molars will reflect the caries situation; the DO type restoration on maxillary first molars will serve this purpose for an age group approximately 2-4 years older. Thus selected recording of restorations must be considered age dependent in order to give a representative reflection of the caries experience. The most striking difference between the groups with high and low restoration frequency was a 2-year delay in the group with low frequency as compared with the group with high restoration frequency.", "contents": "Assessment of dental restorative status. Class I and Class II restorations on selected teeth of children aged 7-13 years were recorded in order to find which types of restorations were suitable for clinical evaluation of amalgam restorations with regard to frequency and anticipated observation period. Restorations suited for amalgam evaluation were found to be MO type restoration on all first molars and occlusal, palatal, and occlusal/palatal restorations on maxillary first molars and buccal pit restorations on mandibllar first molars. For the age group 7-11 years, the MO type restoration in the first molars will reflect the caries situation; the DO type restoration on maxillary first molars will serve this purpose for an age group approximately 2-4 years older. Thus selected recording of restorations must be considered age dependent in order to give a representative reflection of the caries experience. The most striking difference between the groups with high and low restoration frequency was a 2-year delay in the group with low frequency as compared with the group with high restoration frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:265094", "title": "Trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukaemia: A non-random event. Lack of correlation with prognosis and cytokinetic parameters.", "content": "6 cases of AML with a supernumerary chromosome 8 as the only aberration in practically all bone marrow mitoses and 10 cases with a normal chromosome composition of the marrow cells were investigated in order to evaluate the possible influence of trisomy 8 on some clinical and cytokinetic parameters. No significant differences between the groups were found. In our laboratory a supernumerary chromosome 8 is present in 36% of AML cases with chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukaemia: A non-random event. Lack of correlation with prognosis and cytokinetic parameters. 6 cases of AML with a supernumerary chromosome 8 as the only aberration in practically all bone marrow mitoses and 10 cases with a normal chromosome composition of the marrow cells were investigated in order to evaluate the possible influence of trisomy 8 on some clinical and cytokinetic parameters. No significant differences between the groups were found. In our laboratory a supernumerary chromosome 8 is present in 36% of AML cases with chromosomal aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:265101", "title": "Acute leukaemia.", "content": "Current concepts underlying the treatment of the acute leukaemias are presented. Improved drug regimens and ancillary services have been developed and their role in the management of acute leukaemia is reviewed.", "contents": "Acute leukaemia. Current concepts underlying the treatment of the acute leukaemias are presented. Improved drug regimens and ancillary services have been developed and their role in the management of acute leukaemia is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:265131", "title": "[Neuroblastoma: diagnosis, therapy and prognosis on the basis of 56 cases (author 's transl)].", "content": "Within the last 20 years 56 children with neuroblastoma were seen at the Paediatric Departments of the University Hospitals of Graz, Innsbruck and Vienna. Case histories, clinical details and diagnostic procedures are discussed. The poor prognosis (only 18 out of the 56 children i.e. 32% are still alive) is due to the high incidence of metastasis (55% of the patients were admitted in stage IV of the disease). Diagnosis within the first year of life, mediastinal localization and histological differentialtion to ganglioneuroblastoma are good prognostic features, whereas therapeutic measures are of less importance. Radical surgery still provides the patient with the best chance of survival, but is rarely feasible (complete primary removal was possible in only 7 out of the 56 patients; in futher 2 patients the tumour proved to be resectable at a 2nd look operation). Cytostatic therapy has not really increased the survival rate. At present improvement in prognosis can only be expected in case of early diagnosis of the tumour.", "contents": "[Neuroblastoma: diagnosis, therapy and prognosis on the basis of 56 cases (author 's transl)]. Within the last 20 years 56 children with neuroblastoma were seen at the Paediatric Departments of the University Hospitals of Graz, Innsbruck and Vienna. Case histories, clinical details and diagnostic procedures are discussed. The poor prognosis (only 18 out of the 56 children i.e. 32% are still alive) is due to the high incidence of metastasis (55% of the patients were admitted in stage IV of the disease). Diagnosis within the first year of life, mediastinal localization and histological differentialtion to ganglioneuroblastoma are good prognostic features, whereas therapeutic measures are of less importance. Radical surgery still provides the patient with the best chance of survival, but is rarely feasible (complete primary removal was possible in only 7 out of the 56 patients; in futher 2 patients the tumour proved to be resectable at a 2nd look operation). Cytostatic therapy has not really increased the survival rate. At present improvement in prognosis can only be expected in case of early diagnosis of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:265132", "title": "[Radiotherapy of neuroblastoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The indication for radiotherapy in neuroblastoma depends on the stage of the disease; the irradiation dosage depends on the age of the child. The tumour is radiosensitive, but tends to recur if the irradiation dosage is inadequate. Irradiation of the tumour may induce coversion to a more differentiated tumor pattern. Radiotherapy can reduce the tumour volume, thereby rendering previously inoperable tumours resectable. Since 1959 11 out of 16 children with neuroblastoma undergoing treatment at the Paediatric Department of the University of Vienna were subjected to radiotherapy. Out of 9 children with suprarenal origin of the tumour only one child is still alive (survival time to date-26 months since diagnosis). Out of 7 children with extraadrenal tumour localization 70% have survived for more than 2 years. The side effects of radiotherapy survived for more than 2 years. The side effects of radiotherapy were: 1 case of quadripelgia, 1 case of symmetric growth delay of the pelvis and 1 case of scoliosis.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of neuroblastoma (author's transl)]. The indication for radiotherapy in neuroblastoma depends on the stage of the disease; the irradiation dosage depends on the age of the child. The tumour is radiosensitive, but tends to recur if the irradiation dosage is inadequate. Irradiation of the tumour may induce coversion to a more differentiated tumor pattern. Radiotherapy can reduce the tumour volume, thereby rendering previously inoperable tumours resectable. Since 1959 11 out of 16 children with neuroblastoma undergoing treatment at the Paediatric Department of the University of Vienna were subjected to radiotherapy. Out of 9 children with suprarenal origin of the tumour only one child is still alive (survival time to date-26 months since diagnosis). Out of 7 children with extraadrenal tumour localization 70% have survived for more than 2 years. The side effects of radiotherapy survived for more than 2 years. The side effects of radiotherapy were: 1 case of quadripelgia, 1 case of symmetric growth delay of the pelvis and 1 case of scoliosis."}
{"id": "PMID:265133", "title": "Insulin and growth hormone secretion in a leukaemic girl with hypothalamic syndrome.", "content": "The authors report a girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting hypothalamic syndrome characterized by meningeal leukaemia, hyperphagia and obesity. Insulin and growth hormone secretion, studied with arginine and insulin stimulation tests, showed a high peak of serum insulin and no response of growth hormone. Insulin and growth hormone responses to these tests reverted to normal after intrathecal methotrexate.", "contents": "Insulin and growth hormone secretion in a leukaemic girl with hypothalamic syndrome. The authors report a girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting hypothalamic syndrome characterized by meningeal leukaemia, hyperphagia and obesity. Insulin and growth hormone secretion, studied with arginine and insulin stimulation tests, showed a high peak of serum insulin and no response of growth hormone. Insulin and growth hormone responses to these tests reverted to normal after intrathecal methotrexate."}
{"id": "PMID:265135", "title": "Hemoglobin A2 levels in health and various hematologic disorders.", "content": "Using a method involving elution of hemoglobin bands from cellulose acetate strips following electrophoresis of hemolysates, hemoglobin A2 (Ab A2) was quantitated in bloods from 300 healthy individuals and 904 patients. The percentage of Hb A2 was elevated in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes and some patients who had megaloblastic anemia. In the latter, the highest Hb A2 levels were observed in patients with the most severe anemia. Low Hb A2 percentages were found in iron-deficiency anemia, hereditary persistance of fetal hemoglobin, and Hb H disease. In iron-deficiency anemia, the lowest levels of Hb A2 were observed in association with the most severe anemia. Iron and folate deficiency each suppressed Hb A2 levels in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes; however, vitamin B12 deficiency did not alter the percentage of Hb A2 in thalassemia. Malignant tumors, renal and hepatic insufficiency, chronic infections and inflammation, hemolytic disease, lead poisoning, aplastic anemia, leukemia, myelofibrosis, and hypothyroidism did not change Hb A2 levels. The pathogenesis of altered Hb A2 levels and their clinical significance in various diseases are discussed.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A2 levels in health and various hematologic disorders. Using a method involving elution of hemoglobin bands from cellulose acetate strips following electrophoresis of hemolysates, hemoglobin A2 (Ab A2) was quantitated in bloods from 300 healthy individuals and 904 patients. The percentage of Hb A2 was elevated in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes and some patients who had megaloblastic anemia. In the latter, the highest Hb A2 levels were observed in patients with the most severe anemia. Low Hb A2 percentages were found in iron-deficiency anemia, hereditary persistance of fetal hemoglobin, and Hb H disease. In iron-deficiency anemia, the lowest levels of Hb A2 were observed in association with the most severe anemia. Iron and folate deficiency each suppressed Hb A2 levels in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes; however, vitamin B12 deficiency did not alter the percentage of Hb A2 in thalassemia. Malignant tumors, renal and hepatic insufficiency, chronic infections and inflammation, hemolytic disease, lead poisoning, aplastic anemia, leukemia, myelofibrosis, and hypothyroidism did not change Hb A2 levels. The pathogenesis of altered Hb A2 levels and their clinical significance in various diseases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265137", "title": "Surgical-orthodontic correction of open-bite deformity.", "content": "The combined simultaneous anterior and posterior maxillary ostectomy has proved to be a useful method of treating skeletal open-bite. It is indicated primarily in patients with lip incompetence, excessive exposure of maxillary anterior teeth, long lower-face height, contour-deficient chin, and Class II malocclusion. Primary contraindications are the Class III skeletal open-bite and lip competence. We have used the procedure as routine treatment for many open-bites over the past 5 years since we first described it. Clinically, the results have been most gratifying, with marked improvement in facial appearance and stability of the open-bite correction. A preliminary study of stability following this procedure indicated good stability with regard to the vertical repositioning of the maxillary segments. A recently completed study by us on thirty-two patients treated with this procedure and followed for an average of 1.5 years showed excellent stability. This is by no means the only method by which open-bite may be successfully treated, but it is one more method to add to our armamentarium. The surgical procedure must be carefully planned and executed to attain the best possible results. Furthermore, the orthodontic procedures, particularly those involving vertical forces, must be provided at the proper time so that the surgical results are not compromised. Nevertheless, with proper planning, attention to detail, and meticulous execution, the results are rewarding.", "contents": "Surgical-orthodontic correction of open-bite deformity. The combined simultaneous anterior and posterior maxillary ostectomy has proved to be a useful method of treating skeletal open-bite. It is indicated primarily in patients with lip incompetence, excessive exposure of maxillary anterior teeth, long lower-face height, contour-deficient chin, and Class II malocclusion. Primary contraindications are the Class III skeletal open-bite and lip competence. We have used the procedure as routine treatment for many open-bites over the past 5 years since we first described it. Clinically, the results have been most gratifying, with marked improvement in facial appearance and stability of the open-bite correction. A preliminary study of stability following this procedure indicated good stability with regard to the vertical repositioning of the maxillary segments. A recently completed study by us on thirty-two patients treated with this procedure and followed for an average of 1.5 years showed excellent stability. This is by no means the only method by which open-bite may be successfully treated, but it is one more method to add to our armamentarium. The surgical procedure must be carefully planned and executed to attain the best possible results. Furthermore, the orthodontic procedures, particularly those involving vertical forces, must be provided at the proper time so that the surgical results are not compromised. Nevertheless, with proper planning, attention to detail, and meticulous execution, the results are rewarding."}
{"id": "PMID:265141", "title": "Catecholamine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.", "content": "Abnormal central catecholamine neurotransmission has been suggested in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The authors evaluated the sympathetic nervous system in both the basal state and in its responsivity to postural and exercise stress. Plasma norepinephrine and the activities of its synthetic and degradative enzymes were not different in 33 Tourette patients, a control group of unaffected relatives, and another control group of unrelated healthy volunteers. This finding suggests that these patients have neither a generalized dysfunction of norepinephrine metabolism nor a defect in the central control of sympathetic function.", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Abnormal central catecholamine neurotransmission has been suggested in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The authors evaluated the sympathetic nervous system in both the basal state and in its responsivity to postural and exercise stress. Plasma norepinephrine and the activities of its synthetic and degradative enzymes were not different in 33 Tourette patients, a control group of unaffected relatives, and another control group of unrelated healthy volunteers. This finding suggests that these patients have neither a generalized dysfunction of norepinephrine metabolism nor a defect in the central control of sympathetic function."}
{"id": "PMID:265143", "title": "[Blood gas studies on the efficiency of narkosepiromat 650 (dr\u00e4ger) (author's transl)].", "content": "Efficiency of ventilation of Spiromat 650 (Dr\u00e4ger) has been examined in 54 patients under general anaesthesia and relaxation during normoventilation and hyperventilation of 15 and 30% degree. Changes in the acid-base status of arterial blood were used as criteria. There was a tendency to metabolic acidosis in all kinds of ventilation-probably as a consequence of surgical trauma-which was covered by an respiratory alkalosis. In all groups arterial PCO2 was reduced about 25%, without any significant difference between results of normo- 15%-and 20% hyperventilation. Using the Spiromat 650 (Drger) as  respirator to normovolemic ventialtion is recommanded for clinical use.", "contents": "[Blood gas studies on the efficiency of narkosepiromat 650 (dr\u00e4ger) (author's transl)]. Efficiency of ventilation of Spiromat 650 (Dr\u00e4ger) has been examined in 54 patients under general anaesthesia and relaxation during normoventilation and hyperventilation of 15 and 30% degree. Changes in the acid-base status of arterial blood were used as criteria. There was a tendency to metabolic acidosis in all kinds of ventilation-probably as a consequence of surgical trauma-which was covered by an respiratory alkalosis. In all groups arterial PCO2 was reduced about 25%, without any significant difference between results of normo- 15%-and 20% hyperventilation. Using the Spiromat 650 (Drger) as  respirator to normovolemic ventialtion is recommanded for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:265162", "title": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula accompanying facial trauma.", "content": "The development of a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula is an uncommon complication of a maxillo-facial injury. A case report in which this developed within three days of injury is described, and the aetiology and incidence of the condition discussed.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula accompanying facial trauma. The development of a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula is an uncommon complication of a maxillo-facial injury. A case report in which this developed within three days of injury is described, and the aetiology and incidence of the condition discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265163", "title": "Plastic bullet injury: a case report.", "content": "Plastic bullets have been introduced into Northern Ireland for use by the Security Forces in riot control. They are alleged to be more accurate in flight than the rubber bullet and are cheaper to produce. The injuries to a patient caused by a plastic bullet are described.", "contents": "Plastic bullet injury: a case report. Plastic bullets have been introduced into Northern Ireland for use by the Security Forces in riot control. They are alleged to be more accurate in flight than the rubber bullet and are cheaper to produce. The injuries to a patient caused by a plastic bullet are described."}
{"id": "PMID:265164", "title": "A method of internal splinting for unstable nasal fractures.", "content": "A method of intra-nasal splinting has been outlined which revives principles and improves on methods established particularly well by two French Stomatologists at the beginning of this century. It uses a simple splint, carefully chosen from a range of sizes, that requires precise insertion, and has proved to have several advantages over more commonly employed techniques.", "contents": "A method of internal splinting for unstable nasal fractures. A method of intra-nasal splinting has been outlined which revives principles and improves on methods established particularly well by two French Stomatologists at the beginning of this century. It uses a simple splint, carefully chosen from a range of sizes, that requires precise insertion, and has proved to have several advantages over more commonly employed techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:265165", "title": "The button wire as an aid to fixation.", "content": "A new aid to intermaxillary fixation in the treatment of fractures of the jaws is described. It has all the advantages of eyelet wiring while simplifying some of the difficulties connected with that technique.", "contents": "The button wire as an aid to fixation. A new aid to intermaxillary fixation in the treatment of fractures of the jaws is described. It has all the advantages of eyelet wiring while simplifying some of the difficulties connected with that technique."}
{"id": "PMID:265167", "title": "A semi-precision cast splint for fixation following segmental osteotomies.", "content": "A method of fixation following intra-oral segmental osteotomies is presented. Immobilisation is obtained by a three-part cast splint connected by a semi-precision horizontal pin attachment. The advantages of this method are discussed.", "contents": "A semi-precision cast splint for fixation following segmental osteotomies. A method of fixation following intra-oral segmental osteotomies is presented. Immobilisation is obtained by a three-part cast splint connected by a semi-precision horizontal pin attachment. The advantages of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265168", "title": "Fractures of the genial tubercles: two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of fractures of the genial tubercles are reported. The differential diagnosis and possible aetiology is discussed and it is shown that no treatment is required for this condition.", "contents": "Fractures of the genial tubercles: two cases and a review of the literature. Two cases of fractures of the genial tubercles are reported. The differential diagnosis and possible aetiology is discussed and it is shown that no treatment is required for this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:265169", "title": "Delayed facial paralysis after a condylar fracture.", "content": "Facial paralysis following facial injuries during childhood is rare. The literature is reviewed and the mechanisms of facial nerve injuries are discussed. The case of a five-year-old boy with facial paralysis 48 hours after a condylar fracture is presented. The surgical and conservative treatment of traumatic facial paralysis is discussed.", "contents": "Delayed facial paralysis after a condylar fracture. Facial paralysis following facial injuries during childhood is rare. The literature is reviewed and the mechanisms of facial nerve injuries are discussed. The case of a five-year-old boy with facial paralysis 48 hours after a condylar fracture is presented. The surgical and conservative treatment of traumatic facial paralysis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265171", "title": "Recurrent dislocation of the mandible: treatment of seven cases by a simple surgical method.", "content": "Hypermobility of the tempero-mandibular joint is a fairly common condition. It can arise from acute or chronic trauma or be present naturally as a result of a lax capsular structure. It can lead on to chronic subluxation and in rare instances to recurrent dislocation. Recurrent dislocation becomes a problem to the patient as he has to seek medical help. A variety of treatment methods have been described in the literature to deal with this problem. These methods are briefly discussed and perhaps the simplest and most effective of these methods is that described as capsular plication. Seven cases have been treated by this method over the last five years and the results of this experience are presented.", "contents": "Recurrent dislocation of the mandible: treatment of seven cases by a simple surgical method. Hypermobility of the tempero-mandibular joint is a fairly common condition. It can arise from acute or chronic trauma or be present naturally as a result of a lax capsular structure. It can lead on to chronic subluxation and in rare instances to recurrent dislocation. Recurrent dislocation becomes a problem to the patient as he has to seek medical help. A variety of treatment methods have been described in the literature to deal with this problem. These methods are briefly discussed and perhaps the simplest and most effective of these methods is that described as capsular plication. Seven cases have been treated by this method over the last five years and the results of this experience are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:265172", "title": "Mucosal petechiometry: a reliable method for the measurement of capillary resistance.", "content": "The method of mucosal petechiometry, as described by Kozam (1968), was investigated and found to be a valid technique for investigating capillary resistance. Recommendations are made on the use of this technique as a research method.", "contents": "Mucosal petechiometry: a reliable method for the measurement of capillary resistance. The method of mucosal petechiometry, as described by Kozam (1968), was investigated and found to be a valid technique for investigating capillary resistance. Recommendations are made on the use of this technique as a research method."}
{"id": "PMID:265174", "title": "Lipodystrophy: a case report of partial lipodystrophy of the face.", "content": "Lipodystrophy is a disorder of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It can occur in two forms--partial and total. Gorlin and Goldman (1970) suggested that facial lipodystrophy can only occur bilaterally, and should it occur unilaterally, then it is hemifacial atrophy. A case is reported to illustrate that partial lipodystrophy can occur unilaterally.", "contents": "Lipodystrophy: a case report of partial lipodystrophy of the face. Lipodystrophy is a disorder of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It can occur in two forms--partial and total. Gorlin and Goldman (1970) suggested that facial lipodystrophy can only occur bilaterally, and should it occur unilaterally, then it is hemifacial atrophy. A case is reported to illustrate that partial lipodystrophy can occur unilaterally."}
{"id": "PMID:265175", "title": "Suppurative cervical adenitis caused by opportunist mycobacterium.", "content": "Of 45 consecutive submandibular abscesses treated by external drainage in a district oral surgery unit, four cases, representing nearly 9% of the sample, were caused by opportunist Mycobacterium avian-intracellulare, an organism known to give a poor response to all known antimycobacterial chemotherapeutic agents. Treatment by excision of the diseased tissue is indicated in these cases. The diagnosis and management of these conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Suppurative cervical adenitis caused by opportunist mycobacterium. Of 45 consecutive submandibular abscesses treated by external drainage in a district oral surgery unit, four cases, representing nearly 9% of the sample, were caused by opportunist Mycobacterium avian-intracellulare, an organism known to give a poor response to all known antimycobacterial chemotherapeutic agents. Treatment by excision of the diseased tissue is indicated in these cases. The diagnosis and management of these conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265177", "title": "Ph1-positive childhood leukemias: spectrum of lymphoid-myeloid expressions.", "content": "Two children presented with Ph1-positive leukemia, confirmed by Giemsa banding as 22q-. One child showed an initial presentation characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, followed by development of chronic myelocytic leukemia 2 yr later. A second child presented in blast crisis. Both patients showed blast cells possessing both lymphoid and myeloid characteristics, as demonstrated by histochemical, biochemical, or surface receptor properties of each cell series. The evidence provided supports the assumption of mixed lymphoid-myeloid properties of blast cells in chronic myelocytic leukemia in children. Detailed study of the leukemic cells may aid in the understanding of complex stem cell relationships and suggest more effective therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Ph1-positive childhood leukemias: spectrum of lymphoid-myeloid expressions. Two children presented with Ph1-positive leukemia, confirmed by Giemsa banding as 22q-. One child showed an initial presentation characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, followed by development of chronic myelocytic leukemia 2 yr later. A second child presented in blast crisis. Both patients showed blast cells possessing both lymphoid and myeloid characteristics, as demonstrated by histochemical, biochemical, or surface receptor properties of each cell series. The evidence provided supports the assumption of mixed lymphoid-myeloid properties of blast cells in chronic myelocytic leukemia in children. Detailed study of the leukemic cells may aid in the understanding of complex stem cell relationships and suggest more effective therapeutic approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:265178", "title": "Treatment of juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia with sequential subcutaneous cytarabine and oral mercaptopurine.", "content": "Three cases of the juvenile type of chronic myeloid leukemia are described, all of which have shown a clinical and hematologic response to repeated cycles of sequential subcutaneous cytarabine and oral mercaptopurine. It appears that this regime, as described, may afford some control of a disease process previously supposed to be unresponsive to chemotherapy. This control, however, is likely to be reflected in an improvement in well-being, rather than overall survival time. Patient 1 survived 26 mo from diagnosis, and patients 2 and 3 are alive and well 12 and 9 mo from diagnosis, respectively.", "contents": "Treatment of juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia with sequential subcutaneous cytarabine and oral mercaptopurine. Three cases of the juvenile type of chronic myeloid leukemia are described, all of which have shown a clinical and hematologic response to repeated cycles of sequential subcutaneous cytarabine and oral mercaptopurine. It appears that this regime, as described, may afford some control of a disease process previously supposed to be unresponsive to chemotherapy. This control, however, is likely to be reflected in an improvement in well-being, rather than overall survival time. Patient 1 survived 26 mo from diagnosis, and patients 2 and 3 are alive and well 12 and 9 mo from diagnosis, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:265185", "title": "Clearance of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from normal and tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Yeast phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was administered i.p. to normal and tumor-bearing mice, and its clearance from plasma was studied. Single and multiple weekly injections at dosages of 10,20,50 and 100 units/kg were administered to C57BL female, C57BL X DBA/2F1 male, and A/J female mice. L5178Y murine lymphoblastic leukemia, B16 melanoma, BW10232 adenocarcinoma, and 15091A anaplastic carcinoma were implanted 7 to 11 days prior to enzyme injection in the appropriate host. After a single injection, the average plasma half-lives of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were 18 to 24 hr in all groups studied. While the other tumors had no effect on the plasma level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase after a single injection, L5178Y murine lymphoblastic leukemia and 15091A anaplastic carcinoma significantly depressed the maximal level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase attained in the plasma. After repeated injections of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the initial plasma enzyme level was significantly reduced when 20 units/kg were administered, and the clearance of the enzyme from the plasma was greatly accelerated regardless of the amount administered. Furthermore, in tumor-bearing mice, the rate of clearance was significantly more rapid than in the appropriate non-tumor-bearing control.", "contents": "Clearance of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from normal and tumor-bearing mice. Yeast phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was administered i.p. to normal and tumor-bearing mice, and its clearance from plasma was studied. Single and multiple weekly injections at dosages of 10,20,50 and 100 units/kg were administered to C57BL female, C57BL X DBA/2F1 male, and A/J female mice. L5178Y murine lymphoblastic leukemia, B16 melanoma, BW10232 adenocarcinoma, and 15091A anaplastic carcinoma were implanted 7 to 11 days prior to enzyme injection in the appropriate host. After a single injection, the average plasma half-lives of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were 18 to 24 hr in all groups studied. While the other tumors had no effect on the plasma level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase after a single injection, L5178Y murine lymphoblastic leukemia and 15091A anaplastic carcinoma significantly depressed the maximal level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase attained in the plasma. After repeated injections of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the initial plasma enzyme level was significantly reduced when 20 units/kg were administered, and the clearance of the enzyme from the plasma was greatly accelerated regardless of the amount administered. Furthermore, in tumor-bearing mice, the rate of clearance was significantly more rapid than in the appropriate non-tumor-bearing control."}
{"id": "PMID:265190", "title": "A preliminary study of the predictive value of the IPAT.", "content": "Articulation test scores for 278 subjects with cleft palate were compared with the normative data of Templin and Darley on the Iowa Pressure Articulation Test and the Templin-Darley Screening test of Articulation. In addition the predictive value of the Iowa Pressure Articulation Test in relation to the need for secondary management was examined. The results indicate that, at no age level between four and ten years, do more than 9% of the subjects achieve the mean on the IPAT without secondary management. Examination of the data in regard to \"risk rates\" indicates that the IPAT is very useful in predicting the need for secondary management. Subjects who obtained scores of zero on the IPAT at four and one-half years of age had a 96% risk of requiring secondary palatal management.", "contents": "A preliminary study of the predictive value of the IPAT. Articulation test scores for 278 subjects with cleft palate were compared with the normative data of Templin and Darley on the Iowa Pressure Articulation Test and the Templin-Darley Screening test of Articulation. In addition the predictive value of the Iowa Pressure Articulation Test in relation to the need for secondary management was examined. The results indicate that, at no age level between four and ten years, do more than 9% of the subjects achieve the mean on the IPAT without secondary management. Examination of the data in regard to \"risk rates\" indicates that the IPAT is very useful in predicting the need for secondary management. Subjects who obtained scores of zero on the IPAT at four and one-half years of age had a 96% risk of requiring secondary palatal management."}
{"id": "PMID:265191", "title": "Post-fusion cleft of the fetal rat palate.", "content": "Several hypotheses of post-fusion rupture of the previously intact palate as a cause of cleft palate have been advanced but with minimal supportive experimental evidence. In this investigation an animal model was evolved in which the intact palates of 19 1/2 day Sprague Dawley rat fetuses were surgically ruptured. Fetuses were grossly and histologically examined at 0.24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. The operation resulted in a range of clefts including complete cleft of the hard and soft palate, isolated cleft of the hard palate and submucous cleft palate. There were no associated defects, and the fetal mortality was low. The various hypotheses of post-fusion rupture were reviewed, and it was concluded that this model supports the hypothesis that isolated clefts of the hard palate may result from post-fusion rupture and submucous cleft from late disturbances in palatal mesenchyme.", "contents": "Post-fusion cleft of the fetal rat palate. Several hypotheses of post-fusion rupture of the previously intact palate as a cause of cleft palate have been advanced but with minimal supportive experimental evidence. In this investigation an animal model was evolved in which the intact palates of 19 1/2 day Sprague Dawley rat fetuses were surgically ruptured. Fetuses were grossly and histologically examined at 0.24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. The operation resulted in a range of clefts including complete cleft of the hard and soft palate, isolated cleft of the hard palate and submucous cleft palate. There were no associated defects, and the fetal mortality was low. The various hypotheses of post-fusion rupture were reviewed, and it was concluded that this model supports the hypothesis that isolated clefts of the hard palate may result from post-fusion rupture and submucous cleft from late disturbances in palatal mesenchyme."}
{"id": "PMID:265192", "title": "Mental, motor, and social behavior of infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate.", "content": "This is a report of analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of the mental, motor, and social behavior of children with cleft lip and/or palate as measured by the Bayley Scales for Infant Development. Seventy-five patients of the Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic were the subjects for the sample. The longitudinal sample consisted of 28 of these Ss for whom there were complete data at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in mental and motor functioning. In both analyses, the social behavior of patients with oral-facial clefts was more passive than the Bayley normative sample. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Mental, motor, and social behavior of infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. This is a report of analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of the mental, motor, and social behavior of children with cleft lip and/or palate as measured by the Bayley Scales for Infant Development. Seventy-five patients of the Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic were the subjects for the sample. The longitudinal sample consisted of 28 of these Ss for whom there were complete data at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in mental and motor functioning. In both analyses, the social behavior of patients with oral-facial clefts was more passive than the Bayley normative sample. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265193", "title": "Incongruous movements of the velum and lateral pharyngeal walls.", "content": "Five patients evaluated via multi-view videofluoroscopy were found to have incongruous movements between the velum and lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls. All five patients had velopharyngeal insufficiency resulting from either absent lateral pharyngeal wall motion in the presence of velar mobility or absent velar mobility in the presence of lateral pharyngeal wall motion. The data indicates that these valving patterns are not rare phenomena of velopharyngeal valving. Treatment by pharyngeal flap or other methods for velopharyngeal insufficiency must be suited to these peculiar valving patterns based on adequate diagnostic information.", "contents": "Incongruous movements of the velum and lateral pharyngeal walls. Five patients evaluated via multi-view videofluoroscopy were found to have incongruous movements between the velum and lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls. All five patients had velopharyngeal insufficiency resulting from either absent lateral pharyngeal wall motion in the presence of velar mobility or absent velar mobility in the presence of lateral pharyngeal wall motion. The data indicates that these valving patterns are not rare phenomena of velopharyngeal valving. Treatment by pharyngeal flap or other methods for velopharyngeal insufficiency must be suited to these peculiar valving patterns based on adequate diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:265194", "title": "The timing of height and weight deficits in twins discordant for cleft of the lip and/or palate.", "content": "The concept that clefting is associated with diminished height and weight was examined in a cross-sectional sample of 45 pairs of twins discordant for cleft of the lip and/or palate from three to 17 years of age. Contrary to expectation, a remarkable similarity between cleft and non-cleft twins was found from three to 10 years of age. It was only from 10 to 17 years of age that the expected diminution in height and weight was observed. Average heights and weights at two-year intervals were compared with population norms for the age range in question for cleft and non-cleft twins. For both height and weight, the \"over 10\" decrease below the population norms was attributable to the DZ cleft twins. The MZ cleft twins remained very close to the norms while their non-cleft matched siblings exceeded the norm after 10 years of age. In addition, the decreased weight for cleft twins was seen to occur earlier for girls than for boys, suggesting a relationship with the onset of puberty. This was not seen for height. It is, therefore, proposed that the endocrine controls of maturation at puberty are linked in some fashion to cleft of the lip and/or palate.", "contents": "The timing of height and weight deficits in twins discordant for cleft of the lip and/or palate. The concept that clefting is associated with diminished height and weight was examined in a cross-sectional sample of 45 pairs of twins discordant for cleft of the lip and/or palate from three to 17 years of age. Contrary to expectation, a remarkable similarity between cleft and non-cleft twins was found from three to 10 years of age. It was only from 10 to 17 years of age that the expected diminution in height and weight was observed. Average heights and weights at two-year intervals were compared with population norms for the age range in question for cleft and non-cleft twins. For both height and weight, the \"over 10\" decrease below the population norms was attributable to the DZ cleft twins. The MZ cleft twins remained very close to the norms while their non-cleft matched siblings exceeded the norm after 10 years of age. In addition, the decreased weight for cleft twins was seen to occur earlier for girls than for boys, suggesting a relationship with the onset of puberty. This was not seen for height. It is, therefore, proposed that the endocrine controls of maturation at puberty are linked in some fashion to cleft of the lip and/or palate."}
{"id": "PMID:265195", "title": "Correction of poor speech due to a low pharyngeal flap attachment by a V-Y advancement procedure.", "content": "Four post cleft palate patients with persistent hypernasality resulting from low superiorly based pharyngeal flap attachments were operated on using a V-Y Advancement procedure. In each patient, the tethering effect of the flap on the soft palate was overcome. Gratifying correction of hypernasality was achieved and articulation ability considerably improved. Long-term follow-up results are not yet available as our experience with this procedure extends over a period of only two years in all.", "contents": "Correction of poor speech due to a low pharyngeal flap attachment by a V-Y advancement procedure. Four post cleft palate patients with persistent hypernasality resulting from low superiorly based pharyngeal flap attachments were operated on using a V-Y Advancement procedure. In each patient, the tethering effect of the flap on the soft palate was overcome. Gratifying correction of hypernasality was achieved and articulation ability considerably improved. Long-term follow-up results are not yet available as our experience with this procedure extends over a period of only two years in all."}
{"id": "PMID:265196", "title": "Velopharyngeal insufficiency after maxillary advancement.", "content": "This paper reports velopharyngeal insufficiency after maxillary advancement in a 16-year-old boy. It underlines the need for systematic, quantitative investigation of the effects of this new operation on speech and velopharyngeal function.", "contents": "Velopharyngeal insufficiency after maxillary advancement. This paper reports velopharyngeal insufficiency after maxillary advancement in a 16-year-old boy. It underlines the need for systematic, quantitative investigation of the effects of this new operation on speech and velopharyngeal function."}
{"id": "PMID:265197", "title": "Electrophoresis of lysozyme into Microscoccus-containing agarose gel: quantitative and analytical applications.", "content": "Electrophoresis of lysozyme into agarose gel containing Micrococcus lysodeikticus causes lysis of the microorganism, allowing the development of two methods, one for quantitation (\"lyso-rocket electrophoresis\") and the other for electrophoretic characterization (\"crossed lyso-electrophoresis\") of lysozyme. The lyso-rocket technique provides an alternative to the method currently used for quantitative assay. By the use of crossed lyso-electrophoresis we have provided evidence, for the first time, of the electrophoretic heterogeneity of urinary lysozyme from patients with monocytic leukemia. We halve also documented the influence of concentration on the electrophoretic  mobility of lysozyme.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of lysozyme into Microscoccus-containing agarose gel: quantitative and analytical applications. Electrophoresis of lysozyme into agarose gel containing Micrococcus lysodeikticus causes lysis of the microorganism, allowing the development of two methods, one for quantitation (\"lyso-rocket electrophoresis\") and the other for electrophoretic characterization (\"crossed lyso-electrophoresis\") of lysozyme. The lyso-rocket technique provides an alternative to the method currently used for quantitative assay. By the use of crossed lyso-electrophoresis we have provided evidence, for the first time, of the electrophoretic heterogeneity of urinary lysozyme from patients with monocytic leukemia. We halve also documented the influence of concentration on the electrophoretic  mobility of lysozyme."}
{"id": "PMID:265198", "title": "Tentative analysis of the efficiency of fissure sealant in a public program in London.", "content": "A tentative analysis was made of the efficiency of allocating resources to fissure sealing, rather than to restorative care, in a public dental program. Data for the study were taken from a 2-year clinical trial in London. The analysis is necessarily tentative because the clinical trial employed the half-mouth design, which does not represent a true-life situation. Over the 2 years of the study, it was found that sealing the population of study teeth took from 24.9% to 33.8% more time than treating the lesions which developed in the control teeth would have. Reasons are given why this finding cannot be accepted as conclusive; rather, it is presented to raise questions and to stimulate additional studies into the efficiency of preventive programs. Guidelines for such studies, which should be conducted in different populations with varying caries prevalence, are suggested.", "contents": "Tentative analysis of the efficiency of fissure sealant in a public program in London. A tentative analysis was made of the efficiency of allocating resources to fissure sealing, rather than to restorative care, in a public dental program. Data for the study were taken from a 2-year clinical trial in London. The analysis is necessarily tentative because the clinical trial employed the half-mouth design, which does not represent a true-life situation. Over the 2 years of the study, it was found that sealing the population of study teeth took from 24.9% to 33.8% more time than treating the lesions which developed in the control teeth would have. Reasons are given why this finding cannot be accepted as conclusive; rather, it is presented to raise questions and to stimulate additional studies into the efficiency of preventive programs. Guidelines for such studies, which should be conducted in different populations with varying caries prevalence, are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:265199", "title": "Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Barnsley Area, England.", "content": "It is important that baseline studies of dental caries prevalence are available prior to the introduction of community water fluoridation. This survey was carried out during the winter of 1975/76 in the low-fluoride Barnsley Area (F= 0.1 parts/10(6)). Caries prevalence is in accord with that of other low-fluoride areas. The mean dmf was 4.5. For the group of children with rampant dental caries, the mean dmf value was much greater (11.3).", "contents": "Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Barnsley Area, England. It is important that baseline studies of dental caries prevalence are available prior to the introduction of community water fluoridation. This survey was carried out during the winter of 1975/76 in the low-fluoride Barnsley Area (F= 0.1 parts/10(6)). Caries prevalence is in accord with that of other low-fluoride areas. The mean dmf was 4.5. For the group of children with rampant dental caries, the mean dmf value was much greater (11.3)."}
{"id": "PMID:265200", "title": "Prevalence of upper lip posture and incisor overjet.", "content": "1,159 children (612 girls and 547 boys) aged 11-12 years were examined to determine the range and mean overjet values in four defined upper lip-maxillary central incisor relationships. No clinically significant differences were found on comparison of the data relative to each upper lip position. The findings suggest that upper lip posture is adaptive to the maxillary central incisor angulation and that the upper lip musculature is unlikely to influence the development of the incisor occlusion.", "contents": "Prevalence of upper lip posture and incisor overjet. 1,159 children (612 girls and 547 boys) aged 11-12 years were examined to determine the range and mean overjet values in four defined upper lip-maxillary central incisor relationships. No clinically significant differences were found on comparison of the data relative to each upper lip position. The findings suggest that upper lip posture is adaptive to the maxillary central incisor angulation and that the upper lip musculature is unlikely to influence the development of the incisor occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:265201", "title": "Observer variation in the clinical diagnosis of mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "In preparation for a survey to investigate the prevalence of mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS) in a non-hospital group of individuals, the measure of agreement obtained by two observers when recording signs and symptoms of MDS in the same subjects was investigated. The criteria used for this purpose are defined. Two groups of subjects, 50 MDS patients and 50 individuals not complaining of the condition, were examined independently. Considerably more agreement between the two observers was reached with regard to patients than contrast subjects. Both observers showed more agreement in assessment during the opening movement of the mandible. It was suggested, therefore, that in order to reduce the observer error inevitably present during a survey, the signs and symptoms which manifest themselves during the opening movement of the mandible should be used to diagnose MDS rather than a more elaborate time-consuming technique.", "contents": "Observer variation in the clinical diagnosis of mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome. In preparation for a survey to investigate the prevalence of mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS) in a non-hospital group of individuals, the measure of agreement obtained by two observers when recording signs and symptoms of MDS in the same subjects was investigated. The criteria used for this purpose are defined. Two groups of subjects, 50 MDS patients and 50 individuals not complaining of the condition, were examined independently. Considerably more agreement between the two observers was reached with regard to patients than contrast subjects. Both observers showed more agreement in assessment during the opening movement of the mandible. It was suggested, therefore, that in order to reduce the observer error inevitably present during a survey, the signs and symptoms which manifest themselves during the opening movement of the mandible should be used to diagnose MDS rather than a more elaborate time-consuming technique."}
{"id": "PMID:265202", "title": "Constancy of clinical signs in patients with mandibular dysfunction.", "content": "Repeated clinical examinations were performed 6 weeks apart on 34 patients with mandibular dysfunction to estimate the consistancy of clinical signs. The clinical examination of the patients included the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the mandibular movement capacity. The clinical dysfunction index (Di) was calculated as a measure of the degree of mandibular dysfunction. The highest agreement between examinations was found for maximal mouth opening and protrusion. The agreement for palpation tenderness of the masticatory muscles and TMJ, limited movement of the TMJ, TMJ sounds, and pain during movement was considerably lower. The lowest agreement within 6 weeks was found for the clinical dysfunction index. No statistically significant difference could be detected between the two examinations for any of the clinical signs, as a result of given information and counseling before the 6-week period. It was concluded that all clinical signs, except maximal mouth opening and maximal protrusion, showed low consistancy.", "contents": "Constancy of clinical signs in patients with mandibular dysfunction. Repeated clinical examinations were performed 6 weeks apart on 34 patients with mandibular dysfunction to estimate the consistancy of clinical signs. The clinical examination of the patients included the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the mandibular movement capacity. The clinical dysfunction index (Di) was calculated as a measure of the degree of mandibular dysfunction. The highest agreement between examinations was found for maximal mouth opening and protrusion. The agreement for palpation tenderness of the masticatory muscles and TMJ, limited movement of the TMJ, TMJ sounds, and pain during movement was considerably lower. The lowest agreement within 6 weeks was found for the clinical dysfunction index. No statistically significant difference could be detected between the two examinations for any of the clinical signs, as a result of given information and counseling before the 6-week period. It was concluded that all clinical signs, except maximal mouth opening and maximal protrusion, showed low consistancy."}
{"id": "PMID:265203", "title": "A new transport ventilator: an evaluation.", "content": "Transportation of patients requiring continuous ventilatory support and increased inspired oxygen concentrations may be cumbersome, inefficient, and dangerous. We evaluated a new time-cycled transport ventilator, which provided simple operation, ample inspired oxygen concentration, and adequate minute ventilation in every patient tested.", "contents": "A new transport ventilator: an evaluation. Transportation of patients requiring continuous ventilatory support and increased inspired oxygen concentrations may be cumbersome, inefficient, and dangerous. We evaluated a new time-cycled transport ventilator, which provided simple operation, ample inspired oxygen concentration, and adequate minute ventilation in every patient tested."}
{"id": "PMID:265228", "title": "[Clinically undiagnosed glycogen storage disease type I as cause of postoperative death (author's transl)].", "content": "A 30-year-old patient was admitted to hospital for cholecystectomy with a diagnosis of complete obstruction of the cystic duct. The preoperative clinical and chemical findings were normal. Following cholecystectomy the patient recovered normally from the anaesthetic. Three hours later sudden cardiac arrest occurred. Necropsy revealed glycogen storage disease type I. Hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis had probably led to hypokalaemia which is considered as the cause of cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Clinically undiagnosed glycogen storage disease type I as cause of postoperative death (author's transl)]. A 30-year-old patient was admitted to hospital for cholecystectomy with a diagnosis of complete obstruction of the cystic duct. The preoperative clinical and chemical findings were normal. Following cholecystectomy the patient recovered normally from the anaesthetic. Three hours later sudden cardiac arrest occurred. Necropsy revealed glycogen storage disease type I. Hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis had probably led to hypokalaemia which is considered as the cause of cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:265229", "title": "[Rapid intra-operative histological diagnosis of bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The main deficiency of rapid intra-operative histological diagnosis of bone tumours is the possibility of biopsy error. If this is avoided, rapid sections can be made from tumour biopsy specimens either with the simple freeze-microtome or a cryostat. The specially thin cryostat sections are particularly suitable for revealing cytological details and may be superior even to paraffin sections. On the other hand, cell-deficient tumours with a great deal of intercellular substance or carcinoma metastases can be diagnosed more reliably from usual frozen section than cryostat section. Considerable experience is required to avoid misdiagnosis. One of the most difficult problems is the diagnosis of chondromas of the long bones and the pelvis. The term \"semimalignancy\" is a suitable one for many forms of those giant-cell tumours which have special tendency towards recurrence even after years. Dangers and limitations of the rapid diagnosis of bone tumour are demonstrated most clearly on purely histomorphological assessment, without knowledge of history, clinical findings or X-ray diagnosis. This is especially striking in the case of fracture callus which may be misdiagnosed as osteosarcoma.", "contents": "[Rapid intra-operative histological diagnosis of bone tumours (author's transl)]. The main deficiency of rapid intra-operative histological diagnosis of bone tumours is the possibility of biopsy error. If this is avoided, rapid sections can be made from tumour biopsy specimens either with the simple freeze-microtome or a cryostat. The specially thin cryostat sections are particularly suitable for revealing cytological details and may be superior even to paraffin sections. On the other hand, cell-deficient tumours with a great deal of intercellular substance or carcinoma metastases can be diagnosed more reliably from usual frozen section than cryostat section. Considerable experience is required to avoid misdiagnosis. One of the most difficult problems is the diagnosis of chondromas of the long bones and the pelvis. The term \"semimalignancy\" is a suitable one for many forms of those giant-cell tumours which have special tendency towards recurrence even after years. Dangers and limitations of the rapid diagnosis of bone tumour are demonstrated most clearly on purely histomorphological assessment, without knowledge of history, clinical findings or X-ray diagnosis. This is especially striking in the case of fracture callus which may be misdiagnosed as osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:265235", "title": "[Electronic studies of the 3-dimensional movement of the mandible].", "content": "With an improved electronic test arrangement, mandibular movement is recorded three-dimensionally as a function of distance and time and simultaneously as a kind of movement. The movement patterns registered by Posselt are, in principle, confirmed. As parameters for the further analysis of the mandibular movement, the characteristic function curves of the sagittal, vertical and lateral movements are presented as distance-time functions.", "contents": "[Electronic studies of the 3-dimensional movement of the mandible]. With an improved electronic test arrangement, mandibular movement is recorded three-dimensionally as a function of distance and time and simultaneously as a kind of movement. The movement patterns registered by Posselt are, in principle, confirmed. As parameters for the further analysis of the mandibular movement, the characteristic function curves of the sagittal, vertical and lateral movements are presented as distance-time functions."}
{"id": "PMID:265237", "title": "[The reproducibility of occlusal contacts in the Dentatus and Stuart articulators].", "content": "The reproducibility of occlusal contacts of 30 subjects was tested in the Dentatus and Stuart articulators. Primary contacts in the terminal hinge axis position were reliably reproducible in both articulators. Contacts in habitual intercuspidation were reproduced only approximately by both devices. Contacts in eccentric occlusion were satisfactorily reproduced in the Stuart articulator only. The findings show that doubts are indicated about the simulating capacity of semi-adjustable articulators which is frequently rated too high.", "contents": "[The reproducibility of occlusal contacts in the Dentatus and Stuart articulators]. The reproducibility of occlusal contacts of 30 subjects was tested in the Dentatus and Stuart articulators. Primary contacts in the terminal hinge axis position were reliably reproducible in both articulators. Contacts in habitual intercuspidation were reproduced only approximately by both devices. Contacts in eccentric occlusion were satisfactorily reproduced in the Stuart articulator only. The findings show that doubts are indicated about the simulating capacity of semi-adjustable articulators which is frequently rated too high."}
{"id": "PMID:265238", "title": "[Methods of registration and the position of the mandible].", "content": "Various methods of checkbite may lead to displacement of the condyles by about 0.5 mm. Repetition of the method used two weeks later, may show dispersions comparable to the results of other checkbite methods. The condyles tend to change their position primarily in a vertical direction. Given normal compressive load, this suggests that the ligaments are not extended by the load during positional relation registration. The shift is rather due to compression or distraction of the condyles in the temporor-mandibular joint.", "contents": "[Methods of registration and the position of the mandible]. Various methods of checkbite may lead to displacement of the condyles by about 0.5 mm. Repetition of the method used two weeks later, may show dispersions comparable to the results of other checkbite methods. The condyles tend to change their position primarily in a vertical direction. Given normal compressive load, this suggests that the ligaments are not extended by the load during positional relation registration. The shift is rather due to compression or distraction of the condyles in the temporor-mandibular joint."}
{"id": "PMID:265240", "title": "[The shaping of the margin in cast objects in oral rehabilitation].", "content": "Various preparations of margins in cast replacements as well as their insertion and finishing are studied and measured by means of radioactive isotopes. It was found, in particular, that the conventional preparation of cavity margins and the finishing of cast margins of tightly cemented cast replacements should be discontinued.", "contents": "[The shaping of the margin in cast objects in oral rehabilitation]. Various preparations of margins in cast replacements as well as their insertion and finishing are studied and measured by means of radioactive isotopes. It was found, in particular, that the conventional preparation of cavity margins and the finishing of cast margins of tightly cemented cast replacements should be discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:265241", "title": "[The dentist's responsibility in the oral rehabilitation of patients with chronic kidney diseases].", "content": "It is important that the dentist knows about disturbances of blood coagulation during and after hemo-dialysis, so that he avoids administration of platelet-inhibiting medication like aspirin and that he recognizes radiologically visible signs of insufficient dialysis in the jaws. Because of the reduced protection from infections, antibiotic prophylaxis should be carried out before every dental operation, the medication of choice being penicillin. Due to the high rate of infection by the hepatitis B virus, adequate protection is required.", "contents": "[The dentist's responsibility in the oral rehabilitation of patients with chronic kidney diseases]. It is important that the dentist knows about disturbances of blood coagulation during and after hemo-dialysis, so that he avoids administration of platelet-inhibiting medication like aspirin and that he recognizes radiologically visible signs of insufficient dialysis in the jaws. Because of the reduced protection from infections, antibiotic prophylaxis should be carried out before every dental operation, the medication of choice being penicillin. Due to the high rate of infection by the hepatitis B virus, adequate protection is required."}
{"id": "PMID:265243", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery on the temporomandibular joint within the framework of oral rehabilitation].", "content": "After conservative functional therapy has failed, two operating methods are applied for oral rehabilitation: 1. Extraarticular bolting of the temporo-mandibular joint (indication: recurrent dislocation/habitual partial dislocation). 2. Reconstructive arthroplasty with a cartilage/bone graft (indication: loss or serious deformation of the mandibular condyle). Functional analysis with a detailed examining method showed a high rate of success with regard to improvement of function and freedom from symptoms.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery on the temporomandibular joint within the framework of oral rehabilitation]. After conservative functional therapy has failed, two operating methods are applied for oral rehabilitation: 1. Extraarticular bolting of the temporo-mandibular joint (indication: recurrent dislocation/habitual partial dislocation). 2. Reconstructive arthroplasty with a cartilage/bone graft (indication: loss or serious deformation of the mandibular condyle). Functional analysis with a detailed examining method showed a high rate of success with regard to improvement of function and freedom from symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:265244", "title": "[Surgical treatment of old alveolar process fractures for the rehabilitation of mastication].", "content": "Surgical therapy of old fractures of the alveolar ridge is indicated if masticatory disturbances exist or are expected. Bony fragments of the alveolar ridge which carry teeth and are consolidated in dislocation are osteotomized, repositioned and fixed by dental splints for more than eight weeks. The guidelines for segmental and en bloc osteotomy in orthodontic surgery are applicable. Defects of the alveolar ridge are treated by vestibuloplasty or reconstructive surgery. It is also possible to combine the two methods. For the reconstruction of the alveolus, recently almost exclusively homologous transplants preserved in Cialit are used. Following reconstruction, additional vestibuloplasty may be carried out three months after the transplantation of bone or cartilage.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of old alveolar process fractures for the rehabilitation of mastication]. Surgical therapy of old fractures of the alveolar ridge is indicated if masticatory disturbances exist or are expected. Bony fragments of the alveolar ridge which carry teeth and are consolidated in dislocation are osteotomized, repositioned and fixed by dental splints for more than eight weeks. The guidelines for segmental and en bloc osteotomy in orthodontic surgery are applicable. Defects of the alveolar ridge are treated by vestibuloplasty or reconstructive surgery. It is also possible to combine the two methods. For the reconstruction of the alveolus, recently almost exclusively homologous transplants preserved in Cialit are used. Following reconstruction, additional vestibuloplasty may be carried out three months after the transplantation of bone or cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:265246", "title": "[The value of orthodontics in oral rehabilitation].", "content": "Orthodontic measures can create improved functional conditions for optimum rehabilitation of the masticatory system. Prerestorative orthodontics involve relatively great efforts, but the results of consistent treatment justify them. The range of indication of such treatment should, therefore, be very restricted and the patient must be instructed in detail and thoroughly motivated.", "contents": "[The value of orthodontics in oral rehabilitation]. Orthodontic measures can create improved functional conditions for optimum rehabilitation of the masticatory system. Prerestorative orthodontics involve relatively great efforts, but the results of consistent treatment justify them. The range of indication of such treatment should, therefore, be very restricted and the patient must be instructed in detail and thoroughly motivated."}
{"id": "PMID:265251", "title": "[External-internal tooth resorption as a delayed effect of thorium X (Ra224)].", "content": "Twenty-five years after treatment with thorium X (Ra 224), we found unusual, multifocal dental resorptions in four patients. The results of gamma-spectrographic, auto-radiographic and histological examinations suggest that Ra 224 caused such changes.", "contents": "[External-internal tooth resorption as a delayed effect of thorium X (Ra224)]. Twenty-five years after treatment with thorium X (Ra 224), we found unusual, multifocal dental resorptions in four patients. The results of gamma-spectrographic, auto-radiographic and histological examinations suggest that Ra 224 caused such changes."}
{"id": "PMID:265252", "title": "[Growth of the jaw after preoperative orthodontic treatment of cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "In 48 patients a systematized therapeutic model plan for the preoperative and postoperative orthodontic treatment of patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lips and palates is pursued. In addition to stimulation and growth control of the maxillary alveolar segments in a transverse direction and at the segment poles, increasing sagittal development is observed in a later developmental phase.", "contents": "[Growth of the jaw after preoperative orthodontic treatment of cleft lip and cleft palate]. In 48 patients a systematized therapeutic model plan for the preoperative and postoperative orthodontic treatment of patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lips and palates is pursued. In addition to stimulation and growth control of the maxillary alveolar segments in a transverse direction and at the segment poles, increasing sagittal development is observed in a later developmental phase."}
{"id": "PMID:265253", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the prevention of cleft palate and other malformations in the region of the head].", "content": "In fetuses of eight-week old female Swiss mice, teratogenic effects were produced by cyclophosphamid on different days of pregnancy. Frequently and combinations of malformation of a positive control group (30 mg/kg b.w. on the 11.5th day of pregnancy) were compared with \"prophylaxis\" groups. Pyrithioxin (Encephabol) significantly reduces the number of some malformations. The goal, i.e. to obtain normal fetuses without malformations, was not achieved, however. The best effect was obtained with 1/160 LD50 of Encephabol administered in four doses prior to Endoxan.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the prevention of cleft palate and other malformations in the region of the head]. In fetuses of eight-week old female Swiss mice, teratogenic effects were produced by cyclophosphamid on different days of pregnancy. Frequently and combinations of malformation of a positive control group (30 mg/kg b.w. on the 11.5th day of pregnancy) were compared with \"prophylaxis\" groups. Pyrithioxin (Encephabol) significantly reduces the number of some malformations. The goal, i.e. to obtain normal fetuses without malformations, was not achieved, however. The best effect was obtained with 1/160 LD50 of Encephabol administered in four doses prior to Endoxan."}
{"id": "PMID:265254", "title": "[Treatment of an orbital defect with an eye prosthesis with an electronically controlled eyelid, synchronous to the intact eye].", "content": "For the treatment of an orbital defect after exenteratio orbitae, an eye prosthesis with flexible upper eyelid was developed. The artificial eyelid moves synchronously with the natural contralateral upper eyelid by electronic control. The electric signal of a light barrier mounted on to a spectable frame in front of the intact eye is intensified and transmitted to an electromagnet. The electromagnet is located in the obturator prosthesis and lifts the artificial eyelid.", "contents": "[Treatment of an orbital defect with an eye prosthesis with an electronically controlled eyelid, synchronous to the intact eye]. For the treatment of an orbital defect after exenteratio orbitae, an eye prosthesis with flexible upper eyelid was developed. The artificial eyelid moves synchronously with the natural contralateral upper eyelid by electronic control. The electric signal of a light barrier mounted on to a spectable frame in front of the intact eye is intensified and transmitted to an electromagnet. The electromagnet is located in the obturator prosthesis and lifts the artificial eyelid."}
{"id": "PMID:265255", "title": "[Globodontia--a new familial tooth abnormality].", "content": "A new, congenital anomaly of tooth form transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait was found in a father and two of his three sons. While the incisors appeared unchanged, the posterior teeth have characteristic massive globe-shaped crowns with irregularly arranged, rounded cusps. The occlusal surfaces resemble in their extreme form the underside of a tomato. The relation to the otodental syndrome is not clear as yet.", "contents": "[Globodontia--a new familial tooth abnormality]. A new, congenital anomaly of tooth form transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait was found in a father and two of his three sons. While the incisors appeared unchanged, the posterior teeth have characteristic massive globe-shaped crowns with irregularly arranged, rounded cusps. The occlusal surfaces resemble in their extreme form the underside of a tomato. The relation to the otodental syndrome is not clear as yet."}
{"id": "PMID:265256", "title": "[Functional analysis in stomatology].", "content": "A survey of diagnostic details is made on which functional analysis is based. Symptoms connected with the temporo-mandibular joint, muscle palpation, radiological demonstration of the temporo-mandibular joint, and registration of the positional jaw relation are especially dealt with. The methods of examination which are prerequisite to a safe diagnosis are critically evaluated.", "contents": "[Functional analysis in stomatology]. A survey of diagnostic details is made on which functional analysis is based. Symptoms connected with the temporo-mandibular joint, muscle palpation, radiological demonstration of the temporo-mandibular joint, and registration of the positional jaw relation are especially dealt with. The methods of examination which are prerequisite to a safe diagnosis are critically evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:265257", "title": "[Functional analysis in orthodontics and pedodontics].", "content": "The special examination of occlusion in the gnathological sense is less important for functional analysis in orthodontics and pedodontics. At the beginning of and during therapy, simple clinical examinations and observations provide the necessary diagnostic and prognostic information on the functioning of the individual parts of the masticatory system or their relation to each other. The clinical relevance of these findings was tested by electromyographic examinations, electronic pressure and volume measurements and tele- and cineradiographic tests. In the retention period, i.e. after therapy had been concluded, a gnathological examination was made in some cases in addition to the general functional analysis. The examination mainly centered on anatomic regions: lips, tongue, masticatory muscles, and temporomandibular joint. The following functions were examined: closing of the mouth, breathing, swallowing, speech, mandibular movements and the relation of rest position to habitual occlusion. In addition, general posture and habits like suckling and nibbling were studied.", "contents": "[Functional analysis in orthodontics and pedodontics]. The special examination of occlusion in the gnathological sense is less important for functional analysis in orthodontics and pedodontics. At the beginning of and during therapy, simple clinical examinations and observations provide the necessary diagnostic and prognostic information on the functioning of the individual parts of the masticatory system or their relation to each other. The clinical relevance of these findings was tested by electromyographic examinations, electronic pressure and volume measurements and tele- and cineradiographic tests. In the retention period, i.e. after therapy had been concluded, a gnathological examination was made in some cases in addition to the general functional analysis. The examination mainly centered on anatomic regions: lips, tongue, masticatory muscles, and temporomandibular joint. The following functions were examined: closing of the mouth, breathing, swallowing, speech, mandibular movements and the relation of rest position to habitual occlusion. In addition, general posture and habits like suckling and nibbling were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:265258", "title": "[Functional analysis in orthodontics].", "content": "After completed orthodontic treatment, clinical functional analysis and instrumental occlusal analysis were carried out in 60 patients, with the Stuart pantograph and the Stuart articulator. The results of the functional analysis were put into relation with orthodontic qualification and the technique used.", "contents": "[Functional analysis in orthodontics]. After completed orthodontic treatment, clinical functional analysis and instrumental occlusal analysis were carried out in 60 patients, with the Stuart pantograph and the Stuart articulator. The results of the functional analysis were put into relation with orthodontic qualification and the technique used."}
{"id": "PMID:265259", "title": "[Pantographic studies in orthodontics].", "content": "The temporo-mandibular joint situation was pantographically examined in class 1, class II and class III cases who had or had not been submitted to functional orthodontic therapy. The adaptation of the temporomandibular joint appears to be less complete in treated class II cases than in treated class III cases. The present investigation in 115 subjects also showed that pantography is a suitable means of analyzing the temporo-mandibular development in adolescents and the temporo-mandibular reaction to orthodontic measures.", "contents": "[Pantographic studies in orthodontics]. The temporo-mandibular joint situation was pantographically examined in class 1, class II and class III cases who had or had not been submitted to functional orthodontic therapy. The adaptation of the temporomandibular joint appears to be less complete in treated class II cases than in treated class III cases. The present investigation in 115 subjects also showed that pantography is a suitable means of analyzing the temporo-mandibular development in adolescents and the temporo-mandibular reaction to orthodontic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:265260", "title": "[Functional analytic studies on mandibular motility after fractures of the mandibular condyle].", "content": "In 42 patients, the mandibular protrusion and lateral excursions after fractures of the mandibular condyles were recorded using the \"arrow-angle\" registration method. The opening of the mouth was measured directly. The restriction of the mandibular mobility did not always correspond to fracture-mechanical expectations. Mobility improved as the time passed after the trauma, without the movement pattern changing.", "contents": "[Functional analytic studies on mandibular motility after fractures of the mandibular condyle]. In 42 patients, the mandibular protrusion and lateral excursions after fractures of the mandibular condyles were recorded using the \"arrow-angle\" registration method. The opening of the mouth was measured directly. The restriction of the mandibular mobility did not always correspond to fracture-mechanical expectations. Mobility improved as the time passed after the trauma, without the movement pattern changing."}
{"id": "PMID:265261", "title": "[Functional analysis and reproducible technic for the radiography of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "An improved x-ray machine is presented with which it is possible, for the first time, to take and exactly reproduce roentgenograms of the temporo-mandibular joint focussed bilaterally on to the transverse hinge-axis. This technique permits the accurate radiological comparisons required for diagnosis and therapy, in the asymmetric skull.", "contents": "[Functional analysis and reproducible technic for the radiography of the temporomandibular joint]. An improved x-ray machine is presented with which it is possible, for the first time, to take and exactly reproduce roentgenograms of the temporo-mandibular joint focussed bilaterally on to the transverse hinge-axis. This technique permits the accurate radiological comparisons required for diagnosis and therapy, in the asymmetric skull."}
{"id": "PMID:265262", "title": "[Tooth mobility in relation to the stress on functional facetes].", "content": "By means of inductive motion recorders not in contact with the teeth, tooth movements in buccal and lingual directions were recorded with load being exerted on the different individual functional facets. When loading the retrusion facets the maxillary tooth is displaced lingually and the mandibular tooth buccally. This is significant for grinding-in.", "contents": "[Tooth mobility in relation to the stress on functional facetes]. By means of inductive motion recorders not in contact with the teeth, tooth movements in buccal and lingual directions were recorded with load being exerted on the different individual functional facets. When loading the retrusion facets the maxillary tooth is displaced lingually and the mandibular tooth buccally. This is significant for grinding-in."}
{"id": "PMID:265263", "title": "[Do pin guides have any effect on the limits of mandibular movements?].", "content": "In the Denar and Stuart pantographs, the movement limits in one subject using 12 different tracing pin guides were recorded and evaluated. No changes in the movement of the terminal hinge axis were found. By means of a registration device fixed to the Denar articulator it was found that the tracing pin guide has an influence on the inclination of the functional facets of the teeth: the flatter or more convex the tracing pin guide, the flatter the occlusal structures.", "contents": "[Do pin guides have any effect on the limits of mandibular movements?]. In the Denar and Stuart pantographs, the movement limits in one subject using 12 different tracing pin guides were recorded and evaluated. No changes in the movement of the terminal hinge axis were found. By means of a registration device fixed to the Denar articulator it was found that the tracing pin guide has an influence on the inclination of the functional facets of the teeth: the flatter or more convex the tracing pin guide, the flatter the occlusal structures."}
{"id": "PMID:265264", "title": "[Quantitative interpretation of registrations on the Stuart pantograph I. the method].", "content": "Stuart pantography records the extreme movements of the mandible. A modified reproducible method is described which furnishes comparable graphs, if the apparatus is mounted and the pantographic records are made in a standardized way corresponding to the geometric relations. This standardized method is presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative interpretation of registrations on the Stuart pantograph I. the method]. Stuart pantography records the extreme movements of the mandible. A modified reproducible method is described which furnishes comparable graphs, if the apparatus is mounted and the pantographic records are made in a standardized way corresponding to the geometric relations. This standardized method is presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265265", "title": "[Technical requirements for taking radiograms of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "The technical possibilities for taking roentgenograms of the temporo-mandibular joint according to Sch\u00fcler's projection are analyzed. This study also includes intraoral x-ray sources. The latter is usable for temporo-mandibular joint radiograms to a very limited degree only.", "contents": "[Technical requirements for taking radiograms of the temporomandibular joint]. The technical possibilities for taking roentgenograms of the temporo-mandibular joint according to Sch\u00fcler's projection are analyzed. This study also includes intraoral x-ray sources. The latter is usable for temporo-mandibular joint radiograms to a very limited degree only."}
{"id": "PMID:265266", "title": "[The caries inhibiting action of fluoride gels in animal experiments].", "content": "In a short-term animal test, 70 rats were classified into five groups, two fluoride gel groups with and without phosphate addition, one Elmex Gel\u00e9e group and one placebo gel group. Another group served as a control group. The results found in the active substance groups were statistically significant, as compared to the placebo and control groups. The question as to why the phosphate addition used inhibited caries more successfully, could not be answered.", "contents": "[The caries inhibiting action of fluoride gels in animal experiments]. In a short-term animal test, 70 rats were classified into five groups, two fluoride gel groups with and without phosphate addition, one Elmex Gel\u00e9e group and one placebo gel group. Another group served as a control group. The results found in the active substance groups were statistically significant, as compared to the placebo and control groups. The question as to why the phosphate addition used inhibited caries more successfully, could not be answered."}
{"id": "PMID:265267", "title": "[Recording of the surface topography of teeth and ground dental surfaces by means of a mechano-electric measuring device of high resolving capacity].", "content": "Arrangement and functioning of a measuring equipment are described by means of which it is possible to scan and record the microstructure of plane and slightly curved surfaces with a mechano-electric transformer. Accuracy, resolving power and possible errors of the method are explained.", "contents": "[Recording of the surface topography of teeth and ground dental surfaces by means of a mechano-electric measuring device of high resolving capacity]. Arrangement and functioning of a measuring equipment are described by means of which it is possible to scan and record the microstructure of plane and slightly curved surfaces with a mechano-electric transformer. Accuracy, resolving power and possible errors of the method are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:265269", "title": "[A particular type of dominant hereditary enamel dysplasia?].", "content": "An enamel dysplasia which is obviously transmitted as a dominant trait, is observed in various members of one family over three generations. The picture of affected and non-affected teeth of both dentitions is different from the usual behavior of generalized enamel hypoplasia, as only a delimited period of enamel formation is affected. Findings of exogenous inflammatory changes in enamel make the nature of this hereditary odontopathia more understandable. The origin of this enamel hypoplasia is supposed to be a genetic phase-specific process in the stage of maximum metabolic activity (enamel formation). In different age groups, this disorder shows different degrees of severity, suggesting the existence of modifying factors. Among the subjects, the male sex is predominant, while the females exhibit more marked hypoplasias. Whether this is a new variant of hereditary dusturbance of enamel formation can be confirmed by examination of other large families.", "contents": "[A particular type of dominant hereditary enamel dysplasia?]. An enamel dysplasia which is obviously transmitted as a dominant trait, is observed in various members of one family over three generations. The picture of affected and non-affected teeth of both dentitions is different from the usual behavior of generalized enamel hypoplasia, as only a delimited period of enamel formation is affected. Findings of exogenous inflammatory changes in enamel make the nature of this hereditary odontopathia more understandable. The origin of this enamel hypoplasia is supposed to be a genetic phase-specific process in the stage of maximum metabolic activity (enamel formation). In different age groups, this disorder shows different degrees of severity, suggesting the existence of modifying factors. Among the subjects, the male sex is predominant, while the females exhibit more marked hypoplasias. Whether this is a new variant of hereditary dusturbance of enamel formation can be confirmed by examination of other large families."}
{"id": "PMID:265270", "title": "[Radiation monitoring in the area of metallic dental replacement during cobalt 60 gamma radiation and in electron radiation of oral tumors].", "content": "In the radiotherapy of malignant tumors of the oral cavity, the exact distribution of radiation dosage in the neighborhood of metallic dental replacement has been uncertain so far. Many authors therefore asked that crowns and bridges be removed before radiotherapy. By means of lithium fluoride thermo-luminescence dosimetry, punctate measurements of doses are possible for the first time. In view of the dose values obtained, removal of metallic dental replacement before the beginning of radiotherapy as a prophylactic measure to prevent radioosteomyelitis appears not to be necessary.", "contents": "[Radiation monitoring in the area of metallic dental replacement during cobalt 60 gamma radiation and in electron radiation of oral tumors]. In the radiotherapy of malignant tumors of the oral cavity, the exact distribution of radiation dosage in the neighborhood of metallic dental replacement has been uncertain so far. Many authors therefore asked that crowns and bridges be removed before radiotherapy. By means of lithium fluoride thermo-luminescence dosimetry, punctate measurements of doses are possible for the first time. In view of the dose values obtained, removal of metallic dental replacement before the beginning of radiotherapy as a prophylactic measure to prevent radioosteomyelitis appears not to be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:265274", "title": "Cell-free granulocyte colony inhibiting activity derived from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "Human PMN (non-adherent: density greater than 1.070 g/cm3) were used to prepare cell-free colony inhibiting activity (CIA). Intact PMN, PMN conditioned media (serum-free or serum-containing) and supernatant from immediately lysed PMN equally reduced the numbers of spontaneous bone marrow (density less than 1.070 g/cm3; depleted of PMN) colonies and clusters. Addition of CIA reproducibly reduced colony and/or cluster numbers by 35-70%. CIA was heat labile being inactivated at 37 degrees C. Daily additions of CIA reduced colony numbers even further; inhibition was dependent on [PMN] used to prepare CIA and on the potency of stimulation produced by colony stimulating cells (CSC). PMN from some patients with leukemia were inactive as inhibitors and did not condition media with CIA. All experiments were thereafter controlled by parallel assessment of supernatant of lysed PMN not demonstrating any CIA. CIA appears to be not only stored in PMN but released from viable, as well as degranulating PMN. Although not species-specific, CIA was specific in its nontoxic action on CSC; colony forming cells and cell-free colony stimulating activity were not affected. The influence of CIA on CSC could be reversed within 10 minutes, but not within 35 minutes of incubation. CIA may have possible physiological relevance.", "contents": "Cell-free granulocyte colony inhibiting activity derived from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Human PMN (non-adherent: density greater than 1.070 g/cm3) were used to prepare cell-free colony inhibiting activity (CIA). Intact PMN, PMN conditioned media (serum-free or serum-containing) and supernatant from immediately lysed PMN equally reduced the numbers of spontaneous bone marrow (density less than 1.070 g/cm3; depleted of PMN) colonies and clusters. Addition of CIA reproducibly reduced colony and/or cluster numbers by 35-70%. CIA was heat labile being inactivated at 37 degrees C. Daily additions of CIA reduced colony numbers even further; inhibition was dependent on [PMN] used to prepare CIA and on the potency of stimulation produced by colony stimulating cells (CSC). PMN from some patients with leukemia were inactive as inhibitors and did not condition media with CIA. All experiments were thereafter controlled by parallel assessment of supernatant of lysed PMN not demonstrating any CIA. CIA appears to be not only stored in PMN but released from viable, as well as degranulating PMN. Although not species-specific, CIA was specific in its nontoxic action on CSC; colony forming cells and cell-free colony stimulating activity were not affected. The influence of CIA on CSC could be reversed within 10 minutes, but not within 35 minutes of incubation. CIA may have possible physiological relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:265289", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment planning.", "content": "A diagnosis based upon a haphazard examination is an invitation to failure. A thorough diagnostic service is essential for optimal results. Successful resolution of the complete denture problem depends upon many factors. The dentist's knowledge, possession of the necessary technical skills, sound clinical judgment, experience, and psychological management of the case, combined with the patient's willingness and capacity to persevere and master the use of well constructed dentures, are factors of major consideration which are vital to the ultimate result.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment planning. A diagnosis based upon a haphazard examination is an invitation to failure. A thorough diagnostic service is essential for optimal results. Successful resolution of the complete denture problem depends upon many factors. The dentist's knowledge, possession of the necessary technical skills, sound clinical judgment, experience, and psychological management of the case, combined with the patient's willingness and capacity to persevere and master the use of well constructed dentures, are factors of major consideration which are vital to the ultimate result."}
{"id": "PMID:265290", "title": "Use of tissue conditioners and resilient liners.", "content": "The application of elastomer polymers in the prevention and treatment of chronic tissue irritation from dentures is an excellent alternative to the use of hard polymer resins and it is useful for preserving the health of the remaining denture-supporting tissues. Wider applications will be found in the future once the present shortcomings of the available materials are overcome, whether by improving these materials or by developing new ones. Specific uses for these materials have been outlined with an awareness that the readers may be able to add other applications to the list. At the same time, it is not the intent of this article to imply that the use of elastomer polymers is the panacea for all prosthodontic problems or that fundamental principles can be neglected.", "contents": "Use of tissue conditioners and resilient liners. The application of elastomer polymers in the prevention and treatment of chronic tissue irritation from dentures is an excellent alternative to the use of hard polymer resins and it is useful for preserving the health of the remaining denture-supporting tissues. Wider applications will be found in the future once the present shortcomings of the available materials are overcome, whether by improving these materials or by developing new ones. Specific uses for these materials have been outlined with an awareness that the readers may be able to add other applications to the list. At the same time, it is not the intent of this article to imply that the use of elastomer polymers is the panacea for all prosthodontic problems or that fundamental principles can be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:265291", "title": "Recording edentulous jaw relationships.", "content": "An attempt has been made to present a practical method of transferring interocclusal records to an articulator. More complicated methods and fully adjustable articulators are available if desired. The Whip-Mix articulator and Quick Mount face bow is a combination that is very adequate in the fabrication of complete dentures. There is little excuse for not using a face bow. There is much to be gained and it is relatively easy to use. An effort has been made to give reasons for the steps outlined in that the why is an important as the how in technical procedures. If the reader is stimulated to pursue the subject, the texts listed in the references are recommended.", "contents": "Recording edentulous jaw relationships. An attempt has been made to present a practical method of transferring interocclusal records to an articulator. More complicated methods and fully adjustable articulators are available if desired. The Whip-Mix articulator and Quick Mount face bow is a combination that is very adequate in the fabrication of complete dentures. There is little excuse for not using a face bow. There is much to be gained and it is relatively easy to use. An effort has been made to give reasons for the steps outlined in that the why is an important as the how in technical procedures. If the reader is stimulated to pursue the subject, the texts listed in the references are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:265292", "title": "Biological properties of denture base resins.", "content": "The biocompatibility and clinical efficacy of dental materials have been and continue to be a major concern of the dental profession. There are some cases of dental materials that have demonstrated problems with biocompatibility, for example, silicone soft liners. Although rare, allergic stomatitis caused by denture base resin is another example. High purity, very large polymer size, and nonoccurrence in nature significantly contribute to the acceptance of polymers used as biomaterials. New Federal Food and Drug Administration law and requirements of the specification and testing program of the American Dental Association will control the biocompatibility and clinical efficacy of dental biomaterials presently available to the dental profession.", "contents": "Biological properties of denture base resins. The biocompatibility and clinical efficacy of dental materials have been and continue to be a major concern of the dental profession. There are some cases of dental materials that have demonstrated problems with biocompatibility, for example, silicone soft liners. Although rare, allergic stomatitis caused by denture base resin is another example. High purity, very large polymer size, and nonoccurrence in nature significantly contribute to the acceptance of polymers used as biomaterials. New Federal Food and Drug Administration law and requirements of the specification and testing program of the American Dental Association will control the biocompatibility and clinical efficacy of dental biomaterials presently available to the dental profession."}
{"id": "PMID:265296", "title": "[Neutral factors in gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "The study of the relationship between gastroenterologic diseases and/or symptoms and mental factors still presents serious problems both to internal medicine and to neuropsychiatry. According to recent findings, the influence of psychological factors is not essential in the etiology and pathogenesis. However, it seems to play an important role on the levels of syndrome formation and of the situational interaction system. Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences are discussed, with special emphasis on the diagnostic problem of patients with endogenous depression who complain mainly of gastroenterologic symptoms.", "contents": "[Neutral factors in gastrointestinal diseases]. The study of the relationship between gastroenterologic diseases and/or symptoms and mental factors still presents serious problems both to internal medicine and to neuropsychiatry. According to recent findings, the influence of psychological factors is not essential in the etiology and pathogenesis. However, it seems to play an important role on the levels of syndrome formation and of the situational interaction system. Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences are discussed, with special emphasis on the diagnostic problem of patients with endogenous depression who complain mainly of gastroenterologic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:265297", "title": "Effect of human leukocyte interferon on the growth of human osteosarcoma cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Nine osteosarcoma cell lines, originally developed from six osteosarcoma tumours in five patients, and two cell lines of non-tumour origin (glia and fibroblast) were grown in vitro in the presence of human leukocyte interferon (L-IF). L-IF exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of growth in all these lines. The inhibitory activity displayed characteristics typical of interferons. Inhibition of cell growth occurred at a much lower L-IF concentration for the osteosarcoma than for the non-tumour-derived lines. Inhibition of tumour cell growth was observed at concentrations obtained in the serum of osteosarcoma patients treated with interferon.", "contents": "Effect of human leukocyte interferon on the growth of human osteosarcoma cells in tissue culture. Nine osteosarcoma cell lines, originally developed from six osteosarcoma tumours in five patients, and two cell lines of non-tumour origin (glia and fibroblast) were grown in vitro in the presence of human leukocyte interferon (L-IF). L-IF exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of growth in all these lines. The inhibitory activity displayed characteristics typical of interferons. Inhibition of cell growth occurred at a much lower L-IF concentration for the osteosarcoma than for the non-tumour-derived lines. Inhibition of tumour cell growth was observed at concentrations obtained in the serum of osteosarcoma patients treated with interferon."}
{"id": "PMID:265298", "title": "Characterization of human cells transformed in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Human osteosarcoma (HOS) clonal cells transformed in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were characterized, and compared to non-producer HOS cells transformed by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV). The MNNG- and virus-transformed cells grew in the aggregate form above an agar base, grew in soft agar, and had a high fibrinolytic activity. When inoculated into nude mice, all the chemically or virally altered cells produced tumors or tumor nodules. When transplanted into ATS-treated hamsters, the cells transformed by MNNG (0.01 mug/ml) and Ki-MSV produced tumors but MNNG (0.1 mug/ml) transformed cells did not produce tumors. The control HOS cells did not grow in the aggregate form but formed colonies in soft agar, and had low fibrinolytic activity and no capacity to form tumors in nude mice and ATS-treated hamsters. However, one of the control clonal lines had a high level of fibrinolytic activity. Cellular aggregation properties of human transformed cells did appear to correlate with tumorigenicity in nude mice.", "contents": "Characterization of human cells transformed in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Human osteosarcoma (HOS) clonal cells transformed in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were characterized, and compared to non-producer HOS cells transformed by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV). The MNNG- and virus-transformed cells grew in the aggregate form above an agar base, grew in soft agar, and had a high fibrinolytic activity. When inoculated into nude mice, all the chemically or virally altered cells produced tumors or tumor nodules. When transplanted into ATS-treated hamsters, the cells transformed by MNNG (0.01 mug/ml) and Ki-MSV produced tumors but MNNG (0.1 mug/ml) transformed cells did not produce tumors. The control HOS cells did not grow in the aggregate form but formed colonies in soft agar, and had low fibrinolytic activity and no capacity to form tumors in nude mice and ATS-treated hamsters. However, one of the control clonal lines had a high level of fibrinolytic activity. Cellular aggregation properties of human transformed cells did appear to correlate with tumorigenicity in nude mice."}
{"id": "PMID:265300", "title": "[Study of a non-collagen protein fraction of dentin during minerlization].", "content": "A protein fraction of mineralizing porcine dentine was analysed after E.D.T.A. demineralization. This fraction of heterogeneous composition had a high content of phosphorus. Its acid character, deductible from the amino acid analysis, was confirmed by electrophoresis. After Sephadex gel filtration, five fractions were obtained. They could be characterized by amino acid analysis and phosphorus dosage. Two fractions contained phosphorus and were very rich in aspartic acid and serine. The three other fractions were characterized by their very high content of glycine.", "contents": "[Study of a non-collagen protein fraction of dentin during minerlization]. A protein fraction of mineralizing porcine dentine was analysed after E.D.T.A. demineralization. This fraction of heterogeneous composition had a high content of phosphorus. Its acid character, deductible from the amino acid analysis, was confirmed by electrophoresis. After Sephadex gel filtration, five fractions were obtained. They could be characterized by amino acid analysis and phosphorus dosage. Two fractions contained phosphorus and were very rich in aspartic acid and serine. The three other fractions were characterized by their very high content of glycine."}
{"id": "PMID:265301", "title": "Affinity of a sulphated rabbit submandibular glycoprotein for hydroxyapatite in vitro.", "content": "The sulphated rabbit salivary glycoprotein had a high affinity for hydroxyapatite in vitro and could be eluted by phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Such substances may have an enamel-protecting effect by providing an organic matrix for repair and remineralization of the tooth surface.", "contents": "Affinity of a sulphated rabbit submandibular glycoprotein for hydroxyapatite in vitro. The sulphated rabbit salivary glycoprotein had a high affinity for hydroxyapatite in vitro and could be eluted by phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Such substances may have an enamel-protecting effect by providing an organic matrix for repair and remineralization of the tooth surface."}
{"id": "PMID:265302", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the ligamental surface of the rat alveolar process].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the alveolar bone surface of adult rat molars has shown the presence of resting, developing and resorbing areas. Intermediary, tight and gap junctions were observed between the cell processes of osteoblasts and osteocytes. In developing zones, the progressive differentiation of bone lacunae was followed. In resting zones, fibroblast-like cells with large intercellular spaces were observed. The ultrastructure of the osteocytes and the organic periosteocytic space was variable. The osteoclastic resorption showed an initial mineral attack followed by a collagen breakdown. Some observations suggested a relationship between the osteocytes and the origin of the osteoclast.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the ligamental surface of the rat alveolar process]. The ultrastructural study of the alveolar bone surface of adult rat molars has shown the presence of resting, developing and resorbing areas. Intermediary, tight and gap junctions were observed between the cell processes of osteoblasts and osteocytes. In developing zones, the progressive differentiation of bone lacunae was followed. In resting zones, fibroblast-like cells with large intercellular spaces were observed. The ultrastructure of the osteocytes and the organic periosteocytic space was variable. The osteoclastic resorption showed an initial mineral attack followed by a collagen breakdown. Some observations suggested a relationship between the osteocytes and the origin of the osteoclast."}
{"id": "PMID:265303", "title": "[Semiquantitative study of periodontolysis and experimental bone repair in the golden hamster].", "content": "80 golden hamsters received Keyes high carbohydrate diet 2 000 and a therapy with the unsaponified fraction of corn germ oil extract (UCOE). 40 hemialveolar molar sockets were preserved and a quantitative study was carried out with the scanning electron microscope and the use of two statistical methods. The effects of UCOED are: a reduction of resorption areas, a decrease in size of resorption lacunae and an increase in the attachment surface of periodontal fibres. These results are connected to the quantity of UCOED ingested. Further, the quantifying of the resorption areas indicates that the periodontal lesions induced by Keyes diet 2 000 are balanced by the ingestion of 20 mg/kg/per day of UCOED, whereas the ingestion of 50 mg/kg/per day induced a larger increase in bone apposition.", "contents": "[Semiquantitative study of periodontolysis and experimental bone repair in the golden hamster]. 80 golden hamsters received Keyes high carbohydrate diet 2 000 and a therapy with the unsaponified fraction of corn germ oil extract (UCOE). 40 hemialveolar molar sockets were preserved and a quantitative study was carried out with the scanning electron microscope and the use of two statistical methods. The effects of UCOED are: a reduction of resorption areas, a decrease in size of resorption lacunae and an increase in the attachment surface of periodontal fibres. These results are connected to the quantity of UCOED ingested. Further, the quantifying of the resorption areas indicates that the periodontal lesions induced by Keyes diet 2 000 are balanced by the ingestion of 20 mg/kg/per day of UCOED, whereas the ingestion of 50 mg/kg/per day induced a larger increase in bone apposition."}
{"id": "PMID:265304", "title": "[Factor analysis of correspondances applied to a study on oral hygiene].", "content": "A global analysis method (the factorial analysis of correspondances) was applied to a study of oral hygiene. This first trial showed that this method of analysis is valid in this field confirming the relationship \"absence of hygiene\"--\"periodontal disease\" and the antogonism between the presence of caries and periodontal diseases in young subjects on military duty.", "contents": "[Factor analysis of correspondances applied to a study on oral hygiene]. A global analysis method (the factorial analysis of correspondances) was applied to a study of oral hygiene. This first trial showed that this method of analysis is valid in this field confirming the relationship \"absence of hygiene\"--\"periodontal disease\" and the antogonism between the presence of caries and periodontal diseases in young subjects on military duty."}
{"id": "PMID:265307", "title": "Megakaryoblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. An electron microscopy and cytochemial study.", "content": "Morphological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural electron microscopic (EM) studies were performed on blood and bone-marrow cells of case of Ph1-positive chronic ganulocytic leukaemia in megakaryocytic acute transformation. The entire leukaemic cell population was found to consist and of megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytes. Intermediate stages of maturation between blasts and micromegakaryocytes were observed at EM level.", "contents": "Megakaryoblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. An electron microscopy and cytochemial study. Morphological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural electron microscopic (EM) studies were performed on blood and bone-marrow cells of case of Ph1-positive chronic ganulocytic leukaemia in megakaryocytic acute transformation. The entire leukaemic cell population was found to consist and of megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytes. Intermediate stages of maturation between blasts and micromegakaryocytes were observed at EM level."}
{"id": "PMID:265308", "title": "Plaque control in the treatment of juvenile periodontitis.", "content": "With the purpose of establishing to what extent \"periodontosis\" responds to total plaque control, 21 such patients were observed over periods ranging from 8 to 34 years. Total plaque control in the present context means complete removal of all supragingival plaque by the patient and complete removal of all subgingival plaque by the dentist. The results were evaluated in terms of the number of lost teeth and the percentage of lost attachment during the observation period. It was observed that \"periodontosis\" cases responded to total plaque control in the same way as do ordinary cases, but with periodontosis, incomplete plaque control on any teeth led to extremely rapid bone loss and eventually to extraction. The reason for this is the unusually rapid apical migration of the subgingival plaque which is the most typical feature of the juvenile periodontitis. Some attachment and some teeth were lost in most of the patients, but a sufficient number of teeth with a sufficient amount of supporting tissue were maintained to provide a set of natural teeth that functioned well. This study shows that the reduced resistance to the invasion of subgingival plaque can be compensated for by a correspondingly strong emphasis on total plaque control. The term \"periodontosis\" is misleading, and should be replaced by the name \"juvenile periodontitis\" as suggested by Lehner et al. (1974).", "contents": "Plaque control in the treatment of juvenile periodontitis. With the purpose of establishing to what extent \"periodontosis\" responds to total plaque control, 21 such patients were observed over periods ranging from 8 to 34 years. Total plaque control in the present context means complete removal of all supragingival plaque by the patient and complete removal of all subgingival plaque by the dentist. The results were evaluated in terms of the number of lost teeth and the percentage of lost attachment during the observation period. It was observed that \"periodontosis\" cases responded to total plaque control in the same way as do ordinary cases, but with periodontosis, incomplete plaque control on any teeth led to extremely rapid bone loss and eventually to extraction. The reason for this is the unusually rapid apical migration of the subgingival plaque which is the most typical feature of the juvenile periodontitis. Some attachment and some teeth were lost in most of the patients, but a sufficient number of teeth with a sufficient amount of supporting tissue were maintained to provide a set of natural teeth that functioned well. This study shows that the reduced resistance to the invasion of subgingival plaque can be compensated for by a correspondingly strong emphasis on total plaque control. The term \"periodontosis\" is misleading, and should be replaced by the name \"juvenile periodontitis\" as suggested by Lehner et al. (1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:265309", "title": "The effect of partial dentures and chlorhexidine gluconate gel on plaque accumulation in the absence of oral hygiene.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of wearing partial dentures upon plaque accumulation in a group of 24 partial denture wearers, when oral hygiene procedures were withdrawn. The modifying effect of a 1% chlorhexidine gluconate gel on this plaque accumulation was measured. Plaque accumulation was measured at the end of four different denture-wearing regimens each 3 days in length. The wearing of a partial denture either day only or day and night, significantly increased plaque accumulation over not wearing a denture. There was no significant difference between plaque accumulation with day wear and day and night wear. The increase in plaque accumulation with day and night wear resulted from an equal and significant increase in both buccal and lingual plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine gluconate in the form of a gel significantly reduced plaque accumulation during daytime wear. These results tend to confirm that plaque control is a major factor in determining the long-term effects of partial dentures upon the periodontal structures and emphasize the importance of oral hygiene in partial denture wearers.", "contents": "The effect of partial dentures and chlorhexidine gluconate gel on plaque accumulation in the absence of oral hygiene. A study was made of the effect of wearing partial dentures upon plaque accumulation in a group of 24 partial denture wearers, when oral hygiene procedures were withdrawn. The modifying effect of a 1% chlorhexidine gluconate gel on this plaque accumulation was measured. Plaque accumulation was measured at the end of four different denture-wearing regimens each 3 days in length. The wearing of a partial denture either day only or day and night, significantly increased plaque accumulation over not wearing a denture. There was no significant difference between plaque accumulation with day wear and day and night wear. The increase in plaque accumulation with day and night wear resulted from an equal and significant increase in both buccal and lingual plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine gluconate in the form of a gel significantly reduced plaque accumulation during daytime wear. These results tend to confirm that plaque control is a major factor in determining the long-term effects of partial dentures upon the periodontal structures and emphasize the importance of oral hygiene in partial denture wearers."}
{"id": "PMID:265327", "title": "Endodontic classification.", "content": "Clinical and histopathologic findings are mixed in current endodontic classifications. A new system, based on symptomatology, may be more useful in clincial practice. The classifications are vital asymptomatic, hypersensitive dentin, inflamed-reversible, inflamed/dengenerating without area-irreversible, inflamed/degenerating with area-irreversible, necrotic without area, and necrotic with area.", "contents": "Endodontic classification. Clinical and histopathologic findings are mixed in current endodontic classifications. A new system, based on symptomatology, may be more useful in clincial practice. The classifications are vital asymptomatic, hypersensitive dentin, inflamed-reversible, inflamed/dengenerating without area-irreversible, inflamed/degenerating with area-irreversible, necrotic without area, and necrotic with area."}
{"id": "PMID:265328", "title": "Permeability and wetting properties of four cavity liners.", "content": "Four commercially available cavity liners were evaluated as to their permeability characteristics. The contact angle measurement of each liner also was calculated. S. S. White liner was found to have the lowest contact angle and permeability values with a better wetting property. Copalite, on the other hand, was found to have the highest contact angle and permeability values with a poor wetting property. Caulk varnish and Polyvar had values lying between the two materials. Copalite is the preferred material in decreasing marginal leakage because of its high contact angle, whereas the S. S. White liner is preferred in pulpal and axial surface protection because of its good wetting properties.", "contents": "Permeability and wetting properties of four cavity liners. Four commercially available cavity liners were evaluated as to their permeability characteristics. The contact angle measurement of each liner also was calculated. S. S. White liner was found to have the lowest contact angle and permeability values with a better wetting property. Copalite, on the other hand, was found to have the highest contact angle and permeability values with a poor wetting property. Caulk varnish and Polyvar had values lying between the two materials. Copalite is the preferred material in decreasing marginal leakage because of its high contact angle, whereas the S. S. White liner is preferred in pulpal and axial surface protection because of its good wetting properties."}
{"id": "PMID:265330", "title": "Relationship between formocresol pulpotomies on primary teeth and enamel defects on their permanent successors.", "content": "Twenty-five permanent premolars were evaluated for enamel defects. The primary molars that they succeeded had been successfully treated with a formocresol pulpotomy. A relationship between the enamel defects and the pulpotomy procedures has been found.", "contents": "Relationship between formocresol pulpotomies on primary teeth and enamel defects on their permanent successors. Twenty-five permanent premolars were evaluated for enamel defects. The primary molars that they succeeded had been successfully treated with a formocresol pulpotomy. A relationship between the enamel defects and the pulpotomy procedures has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:265332", "title": "Speech screening of children in the dental office.", "content": "Screening for speech problems in the dental office involves less than five minutes. Procedures include the sampling of a child's pronunciations in counting activities, word responses to pictures or questions, and conversational speech situations. Use of a normative sound development chart will help judge each child's pronunciation skills. Oral diadochokinetic testing provides a means of evaluating the maturational level of the neuromotor components of the oral structures used in support of sound production. Finally, the child's ability to modify sound production after stimulation, that is, his \"stimulability,\" adds important data for determining the child's potential for outgrowing his problem. The screening assessment of these several characteristics of speech performance, then, provides sufficient diagnostic criteria for the dentist to recommend those children for speech therapy whose error productions will not likely improve through maturation alone. In instances where examination indicates that maturation should cause spontaneous improvement of speech, the dentist would then be able to inform the parents.", "contents": "Speech screening of children in the dental office. Screening for speech problems in the dental office involves less than five minutes. Procedures include the sampling of a child's pronunciations in counting activities, word responses to pictures or questions, and conversational speech situations. Use of a normative sound development chart will help judge each child's pronunciation skills. Oral diadochokinetic testing provides a means of evaluating the maturational level of the neuromotor components of the oral structures used in support of sound production. Finally, the child's ability to modify sound production after stimulation, that is, his \"stimulability,\" adds important data for determining the child's potential for outgrowing his problem. The screening assessment of these several characteristics of speech performance, then, provides sufficient diagnostic criteria for the dentist to recommend those children for speech therapy whose error productions will not likely improve through maturation alone. In instances where examination indicates that maturation should cause spontaneous improvement of speech, the dentist would then be able to inform the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:265333", "title": "New Jersey dentists' opinions on women as associates.", "content": "This survey sampled a small population in a small area. Results showed that, with minor exception, sex of an individual had no bearing on employement possibilities. Perhaps the unreturned 139 questionnaires would have been negative, but this cannot be assumed. I hope this study will stimulate similar efforts in other geographical areas.", "contents": "New Jersey dentists' opinions on women as associates. This survey sampled a small population in a small area. Results showed that, with minor exception, sex of an individual had no bearing on employement possibilities. Perhaps the unreturned 139 questionnaires would have been negative, but this cannot be assumed. I hope this study will stimulate similar efforts in other geographical areas."}
{"id": "PMID:265335", "title": "Scanning microscopy of cervical erosion.", "content": "The dentitions of 900 dentists were examined for the presence of cervical erosion. Of these, 48 individuals of 5.3% had obserable erosion. Silicone impressions were made of the eroded labial surfaces in a typical quadrant, and epoxy resin models were constructed. These were examined in the scanning electron microscope. Cross sections of the replicas were examined in the light microscopy. Of the 48 replicas (24 of the maxilla and 24 of the mandible), the most severe erosion was found on the first premolars in 62% of the individuals, on second premolars in 19% on cuspids in 12%, and on first molars in 6%. The margin of the defect toward the gingiva was level with or just below and parallel to the gingival crest. The erosion pattern was distinguished by two shapes--an angular lesion with a flattened floor associated with deep lesions (68%), and a rounded, smaller defect with no sharp interior angles and less tooth damage (32%). It is postulated that cervical erosion may result from two different mechanisms--a more common, destructive process, angular and deep; and a less severe, shallow process with rounded form.", "contents": "Scanning microscopy of cervical erosion. The dentitions of 900 dentists were examined for the presence of cervical erosion. Of these, 48 individuals of 5.3% had obserable erosion. Silicone impressions were made of the eroded labial surfaces in a typical quadrant, and epoxy resin models were constructed. These were examined in the scanning electron microscope. Cross sections of the replicas were examined in the light microscopy. Of the 48 replicas (24 of the maxilla and 24 of the mandible), the most severe erosion was found on the first premolars in 62% of the individuals, on second premolars in 19% on cuspids in 12%, and on first molars in 6%. The margin of the defect toward the gingiva was level with or just below and parallel to the gingival crest. The erosion pattern was distinguished by two shapes--an angular lesion with a flattened floor associated with deep lesions (68%), and a rounded, smaller defect with no sharp interior angles and less tooth damage (32%). It is postulated that cervical erosion may result from two different mechanisms--a more common, destructive process, angular and deep; and a less severe, shallow process with rounded form."}
{"id": "PMID:265336", "title": "Survey of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome and pathologic bruxing habits among dentists.", "content": "A survey of the presence of MPD syndrome and bruxing habits among 899 dentists was carried out at the 1973 ADA annual session. The findings reported here suggest that MPD syndrome occurs less frequently in dentists than in dental patients, and there is no difference in the incidence of pathologic bruxing habits between dentists and non-dentists. Of additional interest was the observation that dentists tend not to seek treatment for the relief of MPD. The most frequent form of treatment for both MPD and bruxing habits was occlusal equilibration.", "contents": "Survey of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome and pathologic bruxing habits among dentists. A survey of the presence of MPD syndrome and bruxing habits among 899 dentists was carried out at the 1973 ADA annual session. The findings reported here suggest that MPD syndrome occurs less frequently in dentists than in dental patients, and there is no difference in the incidence of pathologic bruxing habits between dentists and non-dentists. Of additional interest was the observation that dentists tend not to seek treatment for the relief of MPD. The most frequent form of treatment for both MPD and bruxing habits was occlusal equilibration."}
{"id": "PMID:265338", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata infections in Singapore: a 4-year study.", "content": "During the period 1971-4, Torulopsis glabrata formed 42% of yeasts isolated from 5677 clinical specimens from patients with cancers, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, pregnacy or major surgical operations complicated by mycotic infections. The significance of T. glabrata in these patients is discussed.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata infections in Singapore: a 4-year study. During the period 1971-4, Torulopsis glabrata formed 42% of yeasts isolated from 5677 clinical specimens from patients with cancers, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, pregnacy or major surgical operations complicated by mycotic infections. The significance of T. glabrata in these patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265339", "title": "Path analysis: application in an epidemiological study of echinococcosis in New Zealand.", "content": "The method of path analysis is described in detail. Application of this analyogical systems is demonstrated using data from an epidemiological study of echinococcosis in New Zealand. The results identified the major causal pathways determining Echinococcus granulosus prevalence in dogs, based on multiple regression analysis of a linear causal model constructed from prior biological and epidemiological knowledge. Only ethnic and sheep husbandry variables had important direct effect on prevalence in the North Island of New Zealand, with some climate factors (maximum temperature and relative humidity) and soil porosity acting indirectly through animal husbandry practices. It is suggested that path analysis, by permitting interaction between epidemiological theory and statistical analysis, provides a valuable additional tool to epidemiologists for the study of causal relationships among variables in multivariates systems.", "contents": "Path analysis: application in an epidemiological study of echinococcosis in New Zealand. The method of path analysis is described in detail. Application of this analyogical systems is demonstrated using data from an epidemiological study of echinococcosis in New Zealand. The results identified the major causal pathways determining Echinococcus granulosus prevalence in dogs, based on multiple regression analysis of a linear causal model constructed from prior biological and epidemiological knowledge. Only ethnic and sheep husbandry variables had important direct effect on prevalence in the North Island of New Zealand, with some climate factors (maximum temperature and relative humidity) and soil porosity acting indirectly through animal husbandry practices. It is suggested that path analysis, by permitting interaction between epidemiological theory and statistical analysis, provides a valuable additional tool to epidemiologists for the study of causal relationships among variables in multivariates systems."}
{"id": "PMID:265340", "title": "Epidemiological analysis of factors influencing rate of progress in Echinococcus granulosus control in New Zealand.", "content": "The factors influencing the rate of progress in Echinococcus granulosus control in New Zealand were analysed by hydatid control area using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The results indicated that the rate of progress was related positively to initial E. granulosus prevalence in dogs and the efficiency with which local authorities implemented national control policy, and negatively to the Maori proportion in the local population and the number of dogs per owner. Problems in analysis of the New Zealand data are discussed and improved methods of monitoring progress in hydatid disease control programmes are described.", "contents": "Epidemiological analysis of factors influencing rate of progress in Echinococcus granulosus control in New Zealand. The factors influencing the rate of progress in Echinococcus granulosus control in New Zealand were analysed by hydatid control area using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The results indicated that the rate of progress was related positively to initial E. granulosus prevalence in dogs and the efficiency with which local authorities implemented national control policy, and negatively to the Maori proportion in the local population and the number of dogs per owner. Problems in analysis of the New Zealand data are discussed and improved methods of monitoring progress in hydatid disease control programmes are described."}
{"id": "PMID:265341", "title": "Survival of aerosolized bacteriophage phi X174 in air containing ozone--olefin mixtures.", "content": "The effects of ozone and ozonized olefins on aerosol survival of bacteriophage phiX174 were studied. The ozone concentrations used were between 0 and 110 parts/10(9), giving decay rates up to 0-03 min-1. The olefins used were trans-2-butene and cyclohexene in concentrations of 500 parts/10(9) and 2-4 parts/10(6), respectively. Olefins alone have no effect, whereas in combination with ozone, decay rates of 0-1 min-1 and higher were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to the viricidal effect of open air.", "contents": "Survival of aerosolized bacteriophage phi X174 in air containing ozone--olefin mixtures. The effects of ozone and ozonized olefins on aerosol survival of bacteriophage phiX174 were studied. The ozone concentrations used were between 0 and 110 parts/10(9), giving decay rates up to 0-03 min-1. The olefins used were trans-2-butene and cyclohexene in concentrations of 500 parts/10(9) and 2-4 parts/10(6), respectively. Olefins alone have no effect, whereas in combination with ozone, decay rates of 0-1 min-1 and higher were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to the viricidal effect of open air."}
{"id": "PMID:265342", "title": "Mechanisms of inactivation of bacteriophage phiX174 and its DNA in aerosols by ozone and ozonized cyclohexene.", "content": "The mechanisms of inactivation of aerosolized bacteriophage phiX174 in atmospheres containing ozone, cyclohexene, or ozonized cyclohexene were studied by using 32P-labelled phage. The inactivation of the aerosolized phage in clear air or in air containing cyclohexene is due to damage of the protein coat since the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from the inactivated phage retains its biological activity. Inactivation of the phage in air containing ozonized cyclohexene is due both to protein and DNA damage. Sucrose gradient analysis shows that aerosolized inactivated phiX174 releases unbroken DNA. In contrast, the DNA from phage phiX174 inactivated by ozonized cyclohexene is broken. The inactivation of aerosolized phage phiX174-DNA was studied in the same atmospheres using 32P-labelled DNA. phiX174-DNA aerosolized in clear air or air containing cyclohexene at 75% r.h. is inactivated by a factor of 2 in 30 min. The inactivated DNA is broken. Ozone as well as ozonized cyclohexene inactivates KNA very fast causing breaks in the molecule. This is in contrast with the intact bacteriophage in which ozone does not produce breaks in the DNA.", "contents": "Mechanisms of inactivation of bacteriophage phiX174 and its DNA in aerosols by ozone and ozonized cyclohexene. The mechanisms of inactivation of aerosolized bacteriophage phiX174 in atmospheres containing ozone, cyclohexene, or ozonized cyclohexene were studied by using 32P-labelled phage. The inactivation of the aerosolized phage in clear air or in air containing cyclohexene is due to damage of the protein coat since the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from the inactivated phage retains its biological activity. Inactivation of the phage in air containing ozonized cyclohexene is due both to protein and DNA damage. Sucrose gradient analysis shows that aerosolized inactivated phiX174 releases unbroken DNA. In contrast, the DNA from phage phiX174 inactivated by ozonized cyclohexene is broken. The inactivation of aerosolized phage phiX174-DNA was studied in the same atmospheres using 32P-labelled DNA. phiX174-DNA aerosolized in clear air or air containing cyclohexene at 75% r.h. is inactivated by a factor of 2 in 30 min. The inactivated DNA is broken. Ozone as well as ozonized cyclohexene inactivates KNA very fast causing breaks in the molecule. This is in contrast with the intact bacteriophage in which ozone does not produce breaks in the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:265343", "title": "Influenza A neuraminidase antibodies in children and young adults studied by serum absorption.", "content": "A study is described of influenza A anti-neuraminidase antibodies in the sera of young people of three different groups. Each serum was individually absorbed with viruses containing the N2 neuraminidases of 1957, 1968 and 1972. Rabbit antisera prepared against the viruses were similarly absorbed. Results obtained with the animal sera suggested that these neuraminidases were antigenically distinct, but the human sera had a broader range of anti-neuraminidase activity and gave indication of asymmetric antigenic relationships. Earlier workers who surveyed anti-haemagglutinin antibodies reported that the virus of primary infection absorbed all antibodies, and the virus of secondary infection only those directed against itself. We too found that the virus of secondary infection absorbed only homologous anti-neuraminidase antibody. However, although the primary infecting virus did absorb some secondary antibody, this absorption was incomplete and it lessened with the lengthening of the time interval between the primary and secondary infecting viruses. A similar pattern was seen with anti-haemagglutinin antibodies. Absorption of anti-neuraminidase antibodies from human sera proved much more difficult than absorption of anti-haemagglutinin antibodies particularly after repeated influenza virus infections. The relative rarity of antigenic shift in the neuraminidase subunit also creates problems in the interpretation of results of serum neuraminidase antibody surveys.", "contents": "Influenza A neuraminidase antibodies in children and young adults studied by serum absorption. A study is described of influenza A anti-neuraminidase antibodies in the sera of young people of three different groups. Each serum was individually absorbed with viruses containing the N2 neuraminidases of 1957, 1968 and 1972. Rabbit antisera prepared against the viruses were similarly absorbed. Results obtained with the animal sera suggested that these neuraminidases were antigenically distinct, but the human sera had a broader range of anti-neuraminidase activity and gave indication of asymmetric antigenic relationships. Earlier workers who surveyed anti-haemagglutinin antibodies reported that the virus of primary infection absorbed all antibodies, and the virus of secondary infection only those directed against itself. We too found that the virus of secondary infection absorbed only homologous anti-neuraminidase antibody. However, although the primary infecting virus did absorb some secondary antibody, this absorption was incomplete and it lessened with the lengthening of the time interval between the primary and secondary infecting viruses. A similar pattern was seen with anti-haemagglutinin antibodies. Absorption of anti-neuraminidase antibodies from human sera proved much more difficult than absorption of anti-haemagglutinin antibodies particularly after repeated influenza virus infections. The relative rarity of antigenic shift in the neuraminidase subunit also creates problems in the interpretation of results of serum neuraminidase antibody surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:265344", "title": "Influenza surveillance 1972-75. By the Public Health Laboratory Service Standing Advisory Committee on Influenza.", "content": "The surveillance programme described in an earlier report was used to monitor outbreaks of influenza in three successive winters. Influenza virus A was active in all of them, but the only major outbreak of influenza B was in 1973--4. The highest incidence of influenza A was in the 0--4 age group in all three winters, but schoolchildren bore the brunt of infections by influenza virus B.", "contents": "Influenza surveillance 1972-75. By the Public Health Laboratory Service Standing Advisory Committee on Influenza. The surveillance programme described in an earlier report was used to monitor outbreaks of influenza in three successive winters. Influenza virus A was active in all of them, but the only major outbreak of influenza B was in 1973--4. The highest incidence of influenza A was in the 0--4 age group in all three winters, but schoolchildren bore the brunt of infections by influenza virus B."}
{"id": "PMID:265345", "title": "Salmonella in pig carcasses for human consumption in Hong Kong: a study on the mode of contamination.", "content": "A very high proportion (75%) of the pigs slaughtered in Hong Kong were found to be infected with salmonellas. Seven serotypes including Salmonella choleraesuis were isolated but the majority (91%) were S. anatum and S. derby. These serotypes, especially S. anatum and S. derby, had been isolated frequently from clinical cases, symptomless carries and in this study from abattoir workers, suggesting that the pig was a significant source for human salmonella infection. The majority of pigs slaughtered are imported and the high level of apparent infection was thought to be due to cross-infection during transport of the pigs under stress. S. anatum and S. derby were also isolated from pigs at 60 degreesC for 5 min caused no great reduction in the degree of superficial contamination. The two predominant serotypes were isolated from the tank and from drain swabs, and also from the latter held under scalding tank conditions. Thus, in spite of the introduction of hygienic slaughter under modernized conditions employing an automatic conveyance system 55% of the carcases were superficially contaminated after dressing before despatch to customers. Control of infection before slaughtering would appear crucial and a more thorough rinsing or washing of the dressed carcasses desirable.", "contents": "Salmonella in pig carcasses for human consumption in Hong Kong: a study on the mode of contamination. A very high proportion (75%) of the pigs slaughtered in Hong Kong were found to be infected with salmonellas. Seven serotypes including Salmonella choleraesuis were isolated but the majority (91%) were S. anatum and S. derby. These serotypes, especially S. anatum and S. derby, had been isolated frequently from clinical cases, symptomless carries and in this study from abattoir workers, suggesting that the pig was a significant source for human salmonella infection. The majority of pigs slaughtered are imported and the high level of apparent infection was thought to be due to cross-infection during transport of the pigs under stress. S. anatum and S. derby were also isolated from pigs at 60 degreesC for 5 min caused no great reduction in the degree of superficial contamination. The two predominant serotypes were isolated from the tank and from drain swabs, and also from the latter held under scalding tank conditions. Thus, in spite of the introduction of hygienic slaughter under modernized conditions employing an automatic conveyance system 55% of the carcases were superficially contaminated after dressing before despatch to customers. Control of infection before slaughtering would appear crucial and a more thorough rinsing or washing of the dressed carcasses desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:265346", "title": "The prevalence and epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Ontario.", "content": "The results of testing 7060 human serum specimens obtained in the Province of Ontario, Canada, were analysed for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Of these samples 38% were serologically positive at a titre of 1/16 or greater. The age-specific rates climbed from 2.7% in infants between 6 months and 1 year of age, to about 50% in individuals aged 25 years or over. Variations in prevalence were noted between different areas within the province and evidence is put forward to show that an inverse relation exists between urban size and toxoplasma prevalence. Seasonal and annual variations were not shown to be significant. On the basis of a very small sample of specimens, cat ownership not appear to cause a significant increase in the risk of acquiring this infection.", "contents": "The prevalence and epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Ontario. The results of testing 7060 human serum specimens obtained in the Province of Ontario, Canada, were analysed for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Of these samples 38% were serologically positive at a titre of 1/16 or greater. The age-specific rates climbed from 2.7% in infants between 6 months and 1 year of age, to about 50% in individuals aged 25 years or over. Variations in prevalence were noted between different areas within the province and evidence is put forward to show that an inverse relation exists between urban size and toxoplasma prevalence. Seasonal and annual variations were not shown to be significant. On the basis of a very small sample of specimens, cat ownership not appear to cause a significant increase in the risk of acquiring this infection."}
{"id": "PMID:265347", "title": "Effect of tongue reduction on the orthodontic and surgical treatment of dysgnathia.", "content": "The results of reduction of tongue size in connection with orthodontic and surgical correction of prognathic anomalies of the jaws are presented. It is shown that reduction of the tongue size combined with orthodontic treatment arrests of tendency to prognathic growth when it is performed early. The results further indicate that the effect of prophylactic reduction of tongue size to check relapse following surgical correction of prognathism or open bite can only be confirmed in cases of genuine macroglossia. Since there was only one relapse in our cases without reduction of tongue size, the indication for preoperative prophylactic reduction of the tongue is limited. Personal results and experience have been compared with the findings published in the current literature.", "contents": "Effect of tongue reduction on the orthodontic and surgical treatment of dysgnathia. The results of reduction of tongue size in connection with orthodontic and surgical correction of prognathic anomalies of the jaws are presented. It is shown that reduction of the tongue size combined with orthodontic treatment arrests of tendency to prognathic growth when it is performed early. The results further indicate that the effect of prophylactic reduction of tongue size to check relapse following surgical correction of prognathism or open bite can only be confirmed in cases of genuine macroglossia. Since there was only one relapse in our cases without reduction of tongue size, the indication for preoperative prophylactic reduction of the tongue is limited. Personal results and experience have been compared with the findings published in the current literature."}
{"id": "PMID:265348", "title": "Changes in nasal profile after maxillary advancement in cleft and non-cleft patients.", "content": "Based on 25 cases with unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate with retromaxillism (CLAP) and 25 cases with pure retromaxillism (RM) the effect on the nose of advancing the maxilla by a Le Fort I osteotomy is analyzed. It can be shown that on average the base of the nose which is at the same time the base of the upper lip, follows the base of the maxilla in the ratio of 4 : 7 while the nasal tip is advanced in a ratio of 2 : 7. This means that to achieve a specified advancement of the nasal base, the maxilla has to be brought forward about twice this amount. A planned advancement of the tip of the nose can, on average, only be obtained by an advancement of the maxilla by three times this amount. The tangent to the columella is tilted considerably forewards and upwards. The movement is a little more marked in CLAP than in RM. The amount of maxillary advancement influences the ratios very little. It seems that they are slightly better after significant advancement. Leaving the nasal spine intact and tilting the maxilla forwards and upwards have a favourable influence on the advancement of the nasal tip. There is no satisfactory explanation of why the extremes in all groups for all measurements are placed so very far apart. As was found in the evaluation of lip movements (Freihofer 1976) this leads to the conclusion that in spite of careful planning the result in the individual case can differ considerably from that expected.", "contents": "Changes in nasal profile after maxillary advancement in cleft and non-cleft patients. Based on 25 cases with unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate with retromaxillism (CLAP) and 25 cases with pure retromaxillism (RM) the effect on the nose of advancing the maxilla by a Le Fort I osteotomy is analyzed. It can be shown that on average the base of the nose which is at the same time the base of the upper lip, follows the base of the maxilla in the ratio of 4 : 7 while the nasal tip is advanced in a ratio of 2 : 7. This means that to achieve a specified advancement of the nasal base, the maxilla has to be brought forward about twice this amount. A planned advancement of the tip of the nose can, on average, only be obtained by an advancement of the maxilla by three times this amount. The tangent to the columella is tilted considerably forewards and upwards. The movement is a little more marked in CLAP than in RM. The amount of maxillary advancement influences the ratios very little. It seems that they are slightly better after significant advancement. Leaving the nasal spine intact and tilting the maxilla forwards and upwards have a favourable influence on the advancement of the nasal tip. There is no satisfactory explanation of why the extremes in all groups for all measurements are placed so very far apart. As was found in the evaluation of lip movements (Freihofer 1976) this leads to the conclusion that in spite of careful planning the result in the individual case can differ considerably from that expected."}
{"id": "PMID:265349", "title": "Masseteric muscle hypertrophy and its intraoral surgical correction.", "content": "Seventeen patients with masseteric muscle hypertrophy (MMH) were surgically treated at the Maxillo-facial Surgery Clinic at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, during the past ten years. Etiology and symptomatology of MMH in these patients were recorded. A modified surgical procedure is presented which provides for the intraoral resection of a portion of the masseteric muscle, as well as the removal of the bone spurs on the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible. It is emphasized that the bony spurs must be removed down to cancellous bone for a pleasant esthetic result. The necessary postoperative treatment is described.", "contents": "Masseteric muscle hypertrophy and its intraoral surgical correction. Seventeen patients with masseteric muscle hypertrophy (MMH) were surgically treated at the Maxillo-facial Surgery Clinic at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, during the past ten years. Etiology and symptomatology of MMH in these patients were recorded. A modified surgical procedure is presented which provides for the intraoral resection of a portion of the masseteric muscle, as well as the removal of the bone spurs on the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible. It is emphasized that the bony spurs must be removed down to cancellous bone for a pleasant esthetic result. The necessary postoperative treatment is described."}
{"id": "PMID:265350", "title": "A modified anterior maxillary ostectomy.", "content": "Two basic operative approaches for anterior maxillary ostectomy have been used by most surgeons; the Wassmund (1935) and Wunderer (1962) techniques. Both have been clinically and experimentally tested and found to be sound procedures (Bell 1969, Jensen et al. 1976, Sokoloski et al. 1976). The author has developed and used for the last five years a modified surgical procedure for anterior maxillary ostectomy which has some technical advantages. The purpose of this paper is to describe this technique. No significant complications have occurred with this procedure in over eighty cases.", "contents": "A modified anterior maxillary ostectomy. Two basic operative approaches for anterior maxillary ostectomy have been used by most surgeons; the Wassmund (1935) and Wunderer (1962) techniques. Both have been clinically and experimentally tested and found to be sound procedures (Bell 1969, Jensen et al. 1976, Sokoloski et al. 1976). The author has developed and used for the last five years a modified surgical procedure for anterior maxillary ostectomy which has some technical advantages. The purpose of this paper is to describe this technique. No significant complications have occurred with this procedure in over eighty cases."}
{"id": "PMID:265351", "title": "Correction of myopathic face associated with myotonic muscular dystrophy. A case report.", "content": "Two cases of myotonic muscular dystrophy manifested oro-facial disharmony and dento-labial dysfunction. Le Fort I osteotomy, sagittal osteotomy of the mandible, genioplasty and wedge excisions of the mucosa of the lower lip were performed on both patients. The desired results with regard to oro-facial appearance and dento-labial function were achieved in both patients after follow-up periods of six and twelve months.", "contents": "Correction of myopathic face associated with myotonic muscular dystrophy. A case report. Two cases of myotonic muscular dystrophy manifested oro-facial disharmony and dento-labial dysfunction. Le Fort I osteotomy, sagittal osteotomy of the mandible, genioplasty and wedge excisions of the mucosa of the lower lip were performed on both patients. The desired results with regard to oro-facial appearance and dento-labial function were achieved in both patients after follow-up periods of six and twelve months."}
{"id": "PMID:265352", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) rhinorrhoea without frontobasal fractures.", "content": "C.S.F. Rhinorrhoea must not be considered only in conjunction with fronto-basal fractures. If the patient's history provides no indication of a traumatic cause, various intracranial and extracranial changes must be taken into consideration and a comprehensive diagnostic investigation of the base of the skull instituted. C.S.F. Rhinorroea may also be caused by fractures of the posterior and middle fossae of the skull. Possible forensic difficulties should be taken into consideration by carrying out a complete diagnostic investigation at the earliest possible time and involving all the appropriate specialities.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) rhinorrhoea without frontobasal fractures. C.S.F. Rhinorrhoea must not be considered only in conjunction with fronto-basal fractures. If the patient's history provides no indication of a traumatic cause, various intracranial and extracranial changes must be taken into consideration and a comprehensive diagnostic investigation of the base of the skull instituted. C.S.F. Rhinorroea may also be caused by fractures of the posterior and middle fossae of the skull. Possible forensic difficulties should be taken into consideration by carrying out a complete diagnostic investigation at the earliest possible time and involving all the appropriate specialities."}
{"id": "PMID:265353", "title": "The use of lyophilized dura in reconstruction of the orbital floor.", "content": "The results and experiences with the use of lyophilised human dura in 52 cases are reported. Experimental work carried out on rabbits demonstrate that human lyodura is replaced by a layer of connective tissue. Both, the results of animal experiments as well as those experienced in 52 clinical cases suggest that lyodura is an excellent material for the reconstruction of defects of the orbital floor.", "contents": "The use of lyophilized dura in reconstruction of the orbital floor. The results and experiences with the use of lyophilised human dura in 52 cases are reported. Experimental work carried out on rabbits demonstrate that human lyodura is replaced by a layer of connective tissue. Both, the results of animal experiments as well as those experienced in 52 clinical cases suggest that lyodura is an excellent material for the reconstruction of defects of the orbital floor."}
{"id": "PMID:265354", "title": "Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia.", "content": "Follow-up examinations of 670 patients with oral leukoplakia during a 30-year-period showed cancer development in 40 cases, i.e. 6%. Dysplasia was observed in 24% of the histologically examined leukoplakia cases; 13% of the dysplasia cases subsequently showed development of carcinoma. The age distribution revealed the prevalence of leukoplakia in the age-group 51-60 years; that of carcinoma in the age-group of 61-70 years. The sex distribution showed a male-female ratio of 3.2 : 1 in the leukoplakia-group, and a 1.9 : 1 ratio in the carcinoma-group. The tongue and the lips were the site of predilection for malignant transformation and for dysplasia. Among aetiological factors, Candida albicans infection and the simultaneous existence of several aetiological factors seemed to play a role in malignant transformation. Erosive leukoplakia showed the highest risk, developing in 25.9% of the cases into cancer.", "contents": "Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia. Follow-up examinations of 670 patients with oral leukoplakia during a 30-year-period showed cancer development in 40 cases, i.e. 6%. Dysplasia was observed in 24% of the histologically examined leukoplakia cases; 13% of the dysplasia cases subsequently showed development of carcinoma. The age distribution revealed the prevalence of leukoplakia in the age-group 51-60 years; that of carcinoma in the age-group of 61-70 years. The sex distribution showed a male-female ratio of 3.2 : 1 in the leukoplakia-group, and a 1.9 : 1 ratio in the carcinoma-group. The tongue and the lips were the site of predilection for malignant transformation and for dysplasia. Among aetiological factors, Candida albicans infection and the simultaneous existence of several aetiological factors seemed to play a role in malignant transformation. Erosive leukoplakia showed the highest risk, developing in 25.9% of the cases into cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:265355", "title": "The benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands. A case report.", "content": "The literature on the so-called benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands is reviewed. A case is reported demonstrating progression to malignant lymphoma (lympho-sarcoma) over two years. Other examples of autoimmune disorders developing malignant lymphoma are recalled.", "contents": "The benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands. A case report. The literature on the so-called benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary glands is reviewed. A case is reported demonstrating progression to malignant lymphoma (lympho-sarcoma) over two years. Other examples of autoimmune disorders developing malignant lymphoma are recalled."}
{"id": "PMID:265359", "title": "Short-term changes in the perception of comfortable mandibular occlusal positions.", "content": "In search of a new clinical method for determining the occlusal height of full dentures, the perception of the comfortable zone was studied in fifteen edentulous patients. In each experimental session perceptual changes were recorded from forty-four consecutive applications of a screw jack per subject. Two stages in perceptual acuity were found. An initial stage, in which only minor variations occurred among the final screw adjustments which the subjects made when they assessed the borders of the comfortable zone. In the ensuing stage greater variations emerged, indicating a deterioration in the ability of the subjects to discriminate.", "contents": "Short-term changes in the perception of comfortable mandibular occlusal positions. In search of a new clinical method for determining the occlusal height of full dentures, the perception of the comfortable zone was studied in fifteen edentulous patients. In each experimental session perceptual changes were recorded from forty-four consecutive applications of a screw jack per subject. Two stages in perceptual acuity were found. An initial stage, in which only minor variations occurred among the final screw adjustments which the subjects made when they assessed the borders of the comfortable zone. In the ensuing stage greater variations emerged, indicating a deterioration in the ability of the subjects to discriminate."}
{"id": "PMID:265360", "title": "A galvanic study of different amalgams.", "content": "Due to the difference in open circuit potential (OCP) versus SCE for Aristaloy amalgam (-969 mV) and Dispersalloy amalgam (-549 mV) in Ringer's solution at 25 degrees C, a galvanic cell was created with Dispersalloy amalgam as cathode and Aristaloy amalgam as anode. The galvanic corrosion current was studied as a function of time for the above cell as well as for a cell of type III dental gold (OCP is +0-5 mV) versus Aristaloy amalgam. The initial corrosion current of the latter cell (105 micronA) is about twice that for the cell of Aristaloy amalgam versus Dispersalloy amalgam (54 micronA), however, their passivating behaviour is quite similar. Also, an interrupted galvanic corrosion test simulating the oral 'make and break' situation was performed. A much higher corrosion current than the steady state was found when the two electrodes resumed contact.", "contents": "A galvanic study of different amalgams. Due to the difference in open circuit potential (OCP) versus SCE for Aristaloy amalgam (-969 mV) and Dispersalloy amalgam (-549 mV) in Ringer's solution at 25 degrees C, a galvanic cell was created with Dispersalloy amalgam as cathode and Aristaloy amalgam as anode. The galvanic corrosion current was studied as a function of time for the above cell as well as for a cell of type III dental gold (OCP is +0-5 mV) versus Aristaloy amalgam. The initial corrosion current of the latter cell (105 micronA) is about twice that for the cell of Aristaloy amalgam versus Dispersalloy amalgam (54 micronA), however, their passivating behaviour is quite similar. Also, an interrupted galvanic corrosion test simulating the oral 'make and break' situation was performed. A much higher corrosion current than the steady state was found when the two electrodes resumed contact."}
{"id": "PMID:265361", "title": "The role of retro-disclusion in the treatment of the TMJ-patient.", "content": "A clinical procedure is described for treatment of patients with condylar malposition. The method of construction of the occlusal splint used is outlined and its mode of action discussed.", "contents": "The role of retro-disclusion in the treatment of the TMJ-patient. A clinical procedure is described for treatment of patients with condylar malposition. The method of construction of the occlusal splint used is outlined and its mode of action discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265362", "title": "Oral rehabilitation of adult class II, division 1 malocclusion complicated by collapse of posterior occlusion.", "content": "The complications and limitations in rehabilitating an adult woman with class II, division 1 malocclusion and posterior occlusal collapse is described with special consideration given to the aspects of time, the patient's personality and socio-economic situation. Fixed restorations were chosen for optimum function, comfort and to enhance the patient's emotional security. The importance of an individual treatment approach is stressed.", "contents": "Oral rehabilitation of adult class II, division 1 malocclusion complicated by collapse of posterior occlusion. The complications and limitations in rehabilitating an adult woman with class II, division 1 malocclusion and posterior occlusal collapse is described with special consideration given to the aspects of time, the patient's personality and socio-economic situation. Fixed restorations were chosen for optimum function, comfort and to enhance the patient's emotional security. The importance of an individual treatment approach is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:265363", "title": "The need-demand problem in patients with oro-mandibular functional disorders.", "content": "General conditions and facts concerning need-demand will be discussed and applied to oro-mandibular functional disorders. The balance between demand for treatment and offer of treatment will be considered and with this the importance of prevention, attention to the risk groups and early treatment will be shown.", "contents": "The need-demand problem in patients with oro-mandibular functional disorders. General conditions and facts concerning need-demand will be discussed and applied to oro-mandibular functional disorders. The balance between demand for treatment and offer of treatment will be considered and with this the importance of prevention, attention to the risk groups and early treatment will be shown."}
{"id": "PMID:265364", "title": "An application of potentiostatic current--time transients to study the corrosion of dental amalgams.", "content": "Potentiostatic current-time transients obtained during anodic polarization of a conventional dental amalgam and its component phases have been analysed to characterize the possible electrochemical reactions involved in amalgam corrosion. These reactions involve such surface phenomena as adsorption, anodic film formation, film dissolution, etc. which are well reflected in current-time transients. The analysis of these transients from the standpoint of thermodynamics, suggests that the saline corrosion of dental amalgam may occur through the dissolution of the passive anodic films on Sn7Hg(gamma2) and Cu6Sn5 (eta') and the dissolution reaction appears to be related to the formation of tin-oxychloride.", "contents": "An application of potentiostatic current--time transients to study the corrosion of dental amalgams. Potentiostatic current-time transients obtained during anodic polarization of a conventional dental amalgam and its component phases have been analysed to characterize the possible electrochemical reactions involved in amalgam corrosion. These reactions involve such surface phenomena as adsorption, anodic film formation, film dissolution, etc. which are well reflected in current-time transients. The analysis of these transients from the standpoint of thermodynamics, suggests that the saline corrosion of dental amalgam may occur through the dissolution of the passive anodic films on Sn7Hg(gamma2) and Cu6Sn5 (eta') and the dissolution reaction appears to be related to the formation of tin-oxychloride."}
{"id": "PMID:265365", "title": "Bruxism and its effect on the teeth.", "content": "This study presents the progress of tooth wear and the change in structural morphology on individual teeth of bruxist subjects, compared with non-bruxers. From the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the tooth wear progressed faster in bruxers than in non-bruxers. Scanning electron microscope investigations revealed in 10 teeth the same pattern of deep grooves and striations on the wear-facets of active bruxers.", "contents": "Bruxism and its effect on the teeth. This study presents the progress of tooth wear and the change in structural morphology on individual teeth of bruxist subjects, compared with non-bruxers. From the results of this investigation it can be concluded that the tooth wear progressed faster in bruxers than in non-bruxers. Scanning electron microscope investigations revealed in 10 teeth the same pattern of deep grooves and striations on the wear-facets of active bruxers."}
{"id": "PMID:265366", "title": "The variation in contact angle of fissure sealant on enamel surfaces.", "content": "For strong adhesion of ultraviolet initiated polymeric fissure sealants to dental enamel, a well-formed tag structure is necessary. This requires that the unpolymerized sealant must be able to flow quickly into the etched surface before polymerization is initiated. The variation in contact angle, O, with time (the spreading ability) of unpolymerized Nuva-Seal has been measured on unetched, etched and moist enamel surfaces. This spreading ability varies with the condition of the surface. It is estimated that, in the system investigated, the roughness of the enamel surface is increased by up to 13% on etching, but is reduced again if moisture is present, due to condensation into the etch pits. An etched, moisture free enamel surface is therfore necessary for strong adhesion of polymeric materials.", "contents": "The variation in contact angle of fissure sealant on enamel surfaces. For strong adhesion of ultraviolet initiated polymeric fissure sealants to dental enamel, a well-formed tag structure is necessary. This requires that the unpolymerized sealant must be able to flow quickly into the etched surface before polymerization is initiated. The variation in contact angle, O, with time (the spreading ability) of unpolymerized Nuva-Seal has been measured on unetched, etched and moist enamel surfaces. This spreading ability varies with the condition of the surface. It is estimated that, in the system investigated, the roughness of the enamel surface is increased by up to 13% on etching, but is reduced again if moisture is present, due to condensation into the etch pits. An etched, moisture free enamel surface is therfore necessary for strong adhesion of polymeric materials."}
{"id": "PMID:265367", "title": "The relationship between the metacarpal index and the rate of mandibular ridge resorption.", "content": "This study tried to determine whether a relationship exists between the degree of alveolar resorption of the edentulous mandible and the degree of osteoporosis, as expressed by the metacarpal index. Eighty patients were examined. Each had a radiograph of the left hand to show the second metacarpal, and a standard pan-oral radiograph. A morphological measurement of the metacarpal bone, which is a good indication of the mineral content of the skeleton, was made on each hand radiograph. Alveolar resorption was estimated on the pan-oral radiograph by taking the original height of the alveolar process as being three times the distance from the inferior border of the madible to the inferior edge of the mental foramen. The regression analysis revealed no relationship between osteoporosis, as measured by the metacarpal index, and the amount of alveolar bone resorption.", "contents": "The relationship between the metacarpal index and the rate of mandibular ridge resorption. This study tried to determine whether a relationship exists between the degree of alveolar resorption of the edentulous mandible and the degree of osteoporosis, as expressed by the metacarpal index. Eighty patients were examined. Each had a radiograph of the left hand to show the second metacarpal, and a standard pan-oral radiograph. A morphological measurement of the metacarpal bone, which is a good indication of the mineral content of the skeleton, was made on each hand radiograph. Alveolar resorption was estimated on the pan-oral radiograph by taking the original height of the alveolar process as being three times the distance from the inferior border of the madible to the inferior edge of the mental foramen. The regression analysis revealed no relationship between osteoporosis, as measured by the metacarpal index, and the amount of alveolar bone resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:265368", "title": "Long-term changes in the perception of comfortable mandibular occlusal positions.", "content": "The aim of this study was to disclose, whether use of a screw jack device to set the distance between the jaws, would contribute towards a stabilization of the magnitude and position of a comfortable zone of mandibular positions or even eliminate it. Thirteen subjects participated in each of fifteen experimental sessions distributed over a 3-week period. Throughout the investigation the zone prevailed at an average width of 1-3 mm. The gap shrank 0-08 mm on average per experimental session. Although this latter value was found to be significant statistically, it can hardly be of clinical importance, considering the time needed for a total contraction of 0-8 mm to develop.", "contents": "Long-term changes in the perception of comfortable mandibular occlusal positions. The aim of this study was to disclose, whether use of a screw jack device to set the distance between the jaws, would contribute towards a stabilization of the magnitude and position of a comfortable zone of mandibular positions or even eliminate it. Thirteen subjects participated in each of fifteen experimental sessions distributed over a 3-week period. Throughout the investigation the zone prevailed at an average width of 1-3 mm. The gap shrank 0-08 mm on average per experimental session. Although this latter value was found to be significant statistically, it can hardly be of clinical importance, considering the time needed for a total contraction of 0-8 mm to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:265369", "title": "High temperature behaviour of hydroxy- and fluorapatite. Crystalchemical implications of laser effects on dental enamel.", "content": "The application of laser rays for caries prevention as for restorative purposes in oral rehabilitation causes severe changes in the structural and textural assembly of the dental hard tissue. Electron microscopical and X-ray investigations of the new calcium phosphate phases which arise demonstrate a deterioration of the affected tooth regions.", "contents": "High temperature behaviour of hydroxy- and fluorapatite. Crystalchemical implications of laser effects on dental enamel. The application of laser rays for caries prevention as for restorative purposes in oral rehabilitation causes severe changes in the structural and textural assembly of the dental hard tissue. Electron microscopical and X-ray investigations of the new calcium phosphate phases which arise demonstrate a deterioration of the affected tooth regions."}
{"id": "PMID:265374", "title": "Incidence of epithelial atypia in radicular cysts: a preliminary investigation.", "content": "Histologic sections of 100 radicular cysts were scored for epithelial atypia, inflammation, and presence of other histologic features. No atypia was found in 32 cases. In 34 cases, atypia occurred in epithelium that was heavily infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells. There were 26 cases of slight atypia, six cases of moderate atypia, one case of severe atypia, and one case that appeared to be carcinoma arising in a cyst wall. There was no evidence that inflammation in the connective tissues occurred more frequently or was more severe in cases that exhibited greater degrees of atypia.", "contents": "Incidence of epithelial atypia in radicular cysts: a preliminary investigation. Histologic sections of 100 radicular cysts were scored for epithelial atypia, inflammation, and presence of other histologic features. No atypia was found in 32 cases. In 34 cases, atypia occurred in epithelium that was heavily infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells. There were 26 cases of slight atypia, six cases of moderate atypia, one case of severe atypia, and one case that appeared to be carcinoma arising in a cyst wall. There was no evidence that inflammation in the connective tissues occurred more frequently or was more severe in cases that exhibited greater degrees of atypia."}
{"id": "PMID:265375", "title": "Comparative study of healing and remodeling in various bones.", "content": "The effects of normal physiologic stimuli on healing and remodeling in various bones of different embryogenic origin in the rabbit and dog were compared. The findings disclosed that the healing and remodeling of the tibia and mandible were consistent with the magnitude of the forces that act on these bones; namely, the tension created by muscle contraction and the compression exerted by body weight in the tibia, and masticatory compression in the mandible. The slower healing and remodeling in the maxilla was attributed to the selection of the excision of bone in the edentulous site with minimal masticatory compression and muscle-pull tension. The excision of the bone in the skull appeared to heal by fibrous tissue with no evidence of remodeling, which is consistent with the minimal external forces that act on this bone.", "contents": "Comparative study of healing and remodeling in various bones. The effects of normal physiologic stimuli on healing and remodeling in various bones of different embryogenic origin in the rabbit and dog were compared. The findings disclosed that the healing and remodeling of the tibia and mandible were consistent with the magnitude of the forces that act on these bones; namely, the tension created by muscle contraction and the compression exerted by body weight in the tibia, and masticatory compression in the mandible. The slower healing and remodeling in the maxilla was attributed to the selection of the excision of bone in the edentulous site with minimal masticatory compression and muscle-pull tension. The excision of the bone in the skull appeared to heal by fibrous tissue with no evidence of remodeling, which is consistent with the minimal external forces that act on this bone."}
{"id": "PMID:265376", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of a potentially lethal arteriovenous malformation of the right side of the mandible has been presented. Procedures that may be helpful in diagnosing the lesion have been discussed, and a protocol for treatment of these lesions in the mandible has been proposed. Research of the cause and management of these lesions is greatly needed.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: report of case. A case of a potentially lethal arteriovenous malformation of the right side of the mandible has been presented. Procedures that may be helpful in diagnosing the lesion have been discussed, and a protocol for treatment of these lesions in the mandible has been proposed. Research of the cause and management of these lesions is greatly needed."}
{"id": "PMID:265377", "title": "Reconstruction of the temporomandibular joints in a patient with renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The pathophysiology and medical management of renal osteodystrophy are discussed and the surgical reconstruction of the TMJs in a patient with this problem is presented. The necessity of close postoperative supervision is emphasized.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the temporomandibular joints in a patient with renal osteodystrophy. The pathophysiology and medical management of renal osteodystrophy are discussed and the surgical reconstruction of the TMJs in a patient with this problem is presented. The necessity of close postoperative supervision is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:265378", "title": "A ganglion associated with the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "A ganglion that occurred as a preauricular mass was reported. A review of the literature disclosed no previous report of a ganglion in this area. Although a ganglion is an innocuous lesion, its presence in the preauricular region must be considered a remote possibility in the differential diagnoses of masses in this area.", "contents": "A ganglion associated with the temporomandibular joint. A ganglion that occurred as a preauricular mass was reported. A review of the literature disclosed no previous report of a ganglion in this area. Although a ganglion is an innocuous lesion, its presence in the preauricular region must be considered a remote possibility in the differential diagnoses of masses in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:265379", "title": "Transoral resection of a condylar osteochondroma: report of case.", "content": "A rare case of osteochondroma (osteocartilaginous exostosis) of the mandibular condyle is described; this represents the seventh documented case in the English language literature. Treatment consisted of transoral surgical resection which maintained condylar integrity. No maxillomandibular fixation was placed and the patient's mandibular function was undisturbed. Postoperatively, mandibular deviation was minimal.", "contents": "Transoral resection of a condylar osteochondroma: report of case. A rare case of osteochondroma (osteocartilaginous exostosis) of the mandibular condyle is described; this represents the seventh documented case in the English language literature. Treatment consisted of transoral surgical resection which maintained condylar integrity. No maxillomandibular fixation was placed and the patient's mandibular function was undisturbed. Postoperatively, mandibular deviation was minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:265380", "title": "Monomorphic adenoma, canalicular variant: report of case.", "content": "A case of monomorphic adenoma, canalicular variant, has been presented. This lesion is a rare benign neoplasm most often found in the minor salivary glands of the upper lip. This appears to be the first reported case of the lesion in a non-Caucasian.", "contents": "Monomorphic adenoma, canalicular variant: report of case. A case of monomorphic adenoma, canalicular variant, has been presented. This lesion is a rare benign neoplasm most often found in the minor salivary glands of the upper lip. This appears to be the first reported case of the lesion in a non-Caucasian."}
{"id": "PMID:265381", "title": "Erysipelas: facial lymphangitis.", "content": "Two cases of facial lymphangitis have been described, and the pathophysiology of erysipelas has been discussed. Now rarely observed by hospital residents, this potentially serious infection can create considerable diagnostic confusion in medical as well as dental services. Rapid response of erysipelas to penicillin therapy is the modern expectation.", "contents": "Erysipelas: facial lymphangitis. Two cases of facial lymphangitis have been described, and the pathophysiology of erysipelas has been discussed. Now rarely observed by hospital residents, this potentially serious infection can create considerable diagnostic confusion in medical as well as dental services. Rapid response of erysipelas to penicillin therapy is the modern expectation."}
{"id": "PMID:265385", "title": "Vascular responses in the human periodontal ligament and alveolar bone detected by photoelectric plethysmography: the effect of force application to the tooth.", "content": "A modification of the technique of photoelectric plethysmography has been developed to monitor changes in the microcirculation of the human periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone, whereby detection is made of light reflected from or transmitted through a tissue during alterations in blood volume, flow or distribution. Light is conducted to and from the periodontal tissues via miniature fiberoptics placed within the root canals of endodontically treated teeth, or illuminated through the external surface of the gingiva towards the root. Circulatory activity was monitored both with the teeth at rest and under forces up to 480 gm. Horizontal and axial forces were found to produce a decrease in blood volume in the area of the periodontal tissue under compression. In an area under tension, an initial increase in blood volume was followed by a decrease as the magnitude of force rose above the critical 90 to 180 gm level. The pulse volume, however, was increased during both phases. Analysis of the biphasic and pulse volume changes suggests that autoregulation of blood vessel tone occurs in the periodontal tissues as a result of alteration in extravascular tissue pressure when the root is moved relative to the alveolus. It is proposed that this autoregulatory mechanism may play a role in alveolar bone metabolism by producing alteration in local tissue oxygen tension.", "contents": "Vascular responses in the human periodontal ligament and alveolar bone detected by photoelectric plethysmography: the effect of force application to the tooth. A modification of the technique of photoelectric plethysmography has been developed to monitor changes in the microcirculation of the human periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone, whereby detection is made of light reflected from or transmitted through a tissue during alterations in blood volume, flow or distribution. Light is conducted to and from the periodontal tissues via miniature fiberoptics placed within the root canals of endodontically treated teeth, or illuminated through the external surface of the gingiva towards the root. Circulatory activity was monitored both with the teeth at rest and under forces up to 480 gm. Horizontal and axial forces were found to produce a decrease in blood volume in the area of the periodontal tissue under compression. In an area under tension, an initial increase in blood volume was followed by a decrease as the magnitude of force rose above the critical 90 to 180 gm level. The pulse volume, however, was increased during both phases. Analysis of the biphasic and pulse volume changes suggests that autoregulation of blood vessel tone occurs in the periodontal tissues as a result of alteration in extravascular tissue pressure when the root is moved relative to the alveolus. It is proposed that this autoregulatory mechanism may play a role in alveolar bone metabolism by producing alteration in local tissue oxygen tension."}
{"id": "PMID:265386", "title": "Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. I. Changes of plaque formation and body weight.", "content": "New strains of ODU plaque-susceptible and resistant rats have been developed starting from litter mating at our laboratory, in 1972. Those strains were selected and mated for further generations. ODU plaque-susceptible and resistant rats are those that show the presence or absence of plaque formation in their gingiva of lower incisors after they are fed a commercially available powder diet. Experiments were started when rats weighing 75 to 85 gm were about 5 weeks old being fed with 20 gm of a powder diet a day. Almost every 4 days, plaque formation was observed in terms of 5 degrees from zero to 4 degrees and body weight. As a result, plaque formation in plaque-susceptible and resistant rats clearly showed their quality in their 3rd generation. Those qualities will be further emphasized as the generation advances. In the 3rd generation of plaque-susceptible rats, no difference was found in growth between those ingested with a powder diet and those with a solid diet of the same ingredients. But in the first 2 months, male plaque-resistant rats of the 3rd generation grew more quickly than susceptible rats.", "contents": "Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. I. Changes of plaque formation and body weight. New strains of ODU plaque-susceptible and resistant rats have been developed starting from litter mating at our laboratory, in 1972. Those strains were selected and mated for further generations. ODU plaque-susceptible and resistant rats are those that show the presence or absence of plaque formation in their gingiva of lower incisors after they are fed a commercially available powder diet. Experiments were started when rats weighing 75 to 85 gm were about 5 weeks old being fed with 20 gm of a powder diet a day. Almost every 4 days, plaque formation was observed in terms of 5 degrees from zero to 4 degrees and body weight. As a result, plaque formation in plaque-susceptible and resistant rats clearly showed their quality in their 3rd generation. Those qualities will be further emphasized as the generation advances. In the 3rd generation of plaque-susceptible rats, no difference was found in growth between those ingested with a powder diet and those with a solid diet of the same ingredients. But in the first 2 months, male plaque-resistant rats of the 3rd generation grew more quickly than susceptible rats."}
{"id": "PMID:265387", "title": "Gingivitis, bacterial plaque, and Streptococcus mutans in naval recruits from Saudi Arabia.", "content": "Gingivitis, dental caries, bacterial plaque, and the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in plaque were studied in a group of 52 naval recruits from Saudi Arabia at the Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois. Gingivitis and bacterial plaque were found at higher levels in Arabian navy men, compared to American navy men, but with similar relationships. The dental caries experience of the Arabians was low, and the prevalence of S. mutans in the bacterial plaque had no clear relationship to gingival inflammation.", "contents": "Gingivitis, bacterial plaque, and Streptococcus mutans in naval recruits from Saudi Arabia. Gingivitis, dental caries, bacterial plaque, and the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in plaque were studied in a group of 52 naval recruits from Saudi Arabia at the Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois. Gingivitis and bacterial plaque were found at higher levels in Arabian navy men, compared to American navy men, but with similar relationships. The dental caries experience of the Arabians was low, and the prevalence of S. mutans in the bacterial plaque had no clear relationship to gingival inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:265388", "title": "Cytopathologic effects of chlorhexidine on human cells.", "content": "Exposure of human cells in culture to chlorhexidine at concentrations equal to or greater than 0.004% resulted in impaired cellular function and/or cell death. Release of membrane bound 51Cr, inhibition of protein synthesis as measured by incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein-like material, and staining by trypan blue were seen as sequellae to exposure to 0.006% chlorhexidine for 3 hours. Lower doses were capable of inhibiting protein synthesis and releasing 51Cr, but did not result in staining of cells by trypan blue. Exposure of cells to 0.2% chlorhexidine for 30 seconds produced maximal suppression of protein synthesis and release of 51Cr.", "contents": "Cytopathologic effects of chlorhexidine on human cells. Exposure of human cells in culture to chlorhexidine at concentrations equal to or greater than 0.004% resulted in impaired cellular function and/or cell death. Release of membrane bound 51Cr, inhibition of protein synthesis as measured by incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein-like material, and staining by trypan blue were seen as sequellae to exposure to 0.006% chlorhexidine for 3 hours. Lower doses were capable of inhibiting protein synthesis and releasing 51Cr, but did not result in staining of cells by trypan blue. Exposure of cells to 0.2% chlorhexidine for 30 seconds produced maximal suppression of protein synthesis and release of 51Cr."}
{"id": "PMID:265389", "title": "The effect of an alexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis.", "content": "The alexidine mouthrinse used in this study (CP-101) is effective in reducing plaque. There was a reduction in gingivitis after 6-months use but not at a statistically significant level. An extrinsic brown stain occurred at a significant level on the teeth of participants using the active mouthrinse. Blood and urine laboratory results indicated that alexidine can be safely used over a 6-month period.", "contents": "The effect of an alexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis. The alexidine mouthrinse used in this study (CP-101) is effective in reducing plaque. There was a reduction in gingivitis after 6-months use but not at a statistically significant level. An extrinsic brown stain occurred at a significant level on the teeth of participants using the active mouthrinse. Blood and urine laboratory results indicated that alexidine can be safely used over a 6-month period."}
{"id": "PMID:265390", "title": "Oral hygiene in a group of supervised patients with fixed prostheses.", "content": "The oral hygiene, the gingival condition, pocket depth, and the incidence of caries on crowned teeth were studied during a period of 5 years in a group of patients (114) who had been treated with fixed dental prostheses. Prior to the prosthetic treatment, the patients received periodontal treatment. During the study, the subjects participated in an oral hygiene program. Crown margins were located sub-gingivally, at the gingiva and supra-gingivally. When the crown margins were located sub-gingivally, there was an increase in Gingival Index scores 2, and in pocket depth, compared to supra-gingival placement. An improvement of gingival health was recorded where the crown margins were located supra-gingivally. Caries lesions developed on 3.5% of the tooth surfaces which had recieved crowns.", "contents": "Oral hygiene in a group of supervised patients with fixed prostheses. The oral hygiene, the gingival condition, pocket depth, and the incidence of caries on crowned teeth were studied during a period of 5 years in a group of patients (114) who had been treated with fixed dental prostheses. Prior to the prosthetic treatment, the patients received periodontal treatment. During the study, the subjects participated in an oral hygiene program. Crown margins were located sub-gingivally, at the gingiva and supra-gingivally. When the crown margins were located sub-gingivally, there was an increase in Gingival Index scores 2, and in pocket depth, compared to supra-gingival placement. An improvement of gingival health was recorded where the crown margins were located supra-gingivally. Caries lesions developed on 3.5% of the tooth surfaces which had recieved crowns."}
{"id": "PMID:265391", "title": "Gingival fenestration.", "content": "A pathologic entity, the gingival fenestration, has been described. The lesion is seen infrequently in clinical practice, probably due to the short time span of its existence and the lack of acute symptoms. It is possible that it occurs with greater frequency than generally realized. A hypothesis is presented as to the method of formation of the gingival fenestration and it is suggested that the area should be treated as gingival recession extending to the apical border of the fenestration.", "contents": "Gingival fenestration. A pathologic entity, the gingival fenestration, has been described. The lesion is seen infrequently in clinical practice, probably due to the short time span of its existence and the lack of acute symptoms. It is possible that it occurs with greater frequency than generally realized. A hypothesis is presented as to the method of formation of the gingival fenestration and it is suggested that the area should be treated as gingival recession extending to the apical border of the fenestration."}
{"id": "PMID:265392", "title": "Acute toxicity testing of erythrosine and sodium fluorescein in mice and rats.", "content": "Erythrosine and sodium fluorescein, two colors used as a dental plaque disclosing agents, have similar chemical structures differing only in that erythrosine has four iodine atoms in the molecule while sodium fluorescein has no iodine. A comparative toxicological profile was made on both compounds employing oral dose ranges and acute oral toxicity tests in mice and rats. The results show erythrosine to be approximately twice as toxic as sodium fluorescein with LD50 values of 2558 +/- 1.35 mg/kg in mice and 2891 +/- 1.02 mg/kg in rats for erythrosine and 4738 +/- 1.23 mg/kg in mice and 6721 +/- 1.26 mg/kg in rats for sodium fluorescein. The major toxic manifestations of both compounds were those indicative of central nervous system depression.", "contents": "Acute toxicity testing of erythrosine and sodium fluorescein in mice and rats. Erythrosine and sodium fluorescein, two colors used as a dental plaque disclosing agents, have similar chemical structures differing only in that erythrosine has four iodine atoms in the molecule while sodium fluorescein has no iodine. A comparative toxicological profile was made on both compounds employing oral dose ranges and acute oral toxicity tests in mice and rats. The results show erythrosine to be approximately twice as toxic as sodium fluorescein with LD50 values of 2558 +/- 1.35 mg/kg in mice and 2891 +/- 1.02 mg/kg in rats for erythrosine and 4738 +/- 1.23 mg/kg in mice and 6721 +/- 1.26 mg/kg in rats for sodium fluorescein. The major toxic manifestations of both compounds were those indicative of central nervous system depression."}
{"id": "PMID:265393", "title": "Occurrence and distribution of interdental gingival clefts following orthodontic movement into bicuspid extraction sites.", "content": "Forty patients in active retention following orthodontic tooth movement into premolar extraction sites were examined for the occurrence and distribution of interdental gingival clefts, defined as an invagination of interproximal tissue with definite mesial and distal peaks having a depth of at least 1 mm. Fourteen of the forty orthodontic patients demonstrated clefts in one or more of the premolar extraction sites. No clefts were observed in premolar areas of orthodontic patients who did not require premolar extraction or in patients without previous orthodontic treatment. Interdental clefts occurred most frequently at the buccal aspect of mandibular first premolar extraction sites. The presence of the cleft appears to have clinical implications, both in terms of orthodontic relapse, and maintenance of gingival health.", "contents": "Occurrence and distribution of interdental gingival clefts following orthodontic movement into bicuspid extraction sites. Forty patients in active retention following orthodontic tooth movement into premolar extraction sites were examined for the occurrence and distribution of interdental gingival clefts, defined as an invagination of interproximal tissue with definite mesial and distal peaks having a depth of at least 1 mm. Fourteen of the forty orthodontic patients demonstrated clefts in one or more of the premolar extraction sites. No clefts were observed in premolar areas of orthodontic patients who did not require premolar extraction or in patients without previous orthodontic treatment. Interdental clefts occurred most frequently at the buccal aspect of mandibular first premolar extraction sites. The presence of the cleft appears to have clinical implications, both in terms of orthodontic relapse, and maintenance of gingival health."}
{"id": "PMID:265394", "title": "Antibiotics and the intraoral abscess.", "content": "Sensitivity tests were administered to determine the effectiveness of several antibiotics in the management of the oral abscess. Cultures were taken from 13 patients who were diagnosed as having either a periodontal or periapical abscess. Results revealed the following 1. The most effective antibiotic was Chloromycetin. Yet it was felt that its medical contraindications far outweigh its use by the dental practitioner. 2. Tetracycline was the least effective antibiotic. 3. Penicillin, because of its high potency against microorganisms of the dental abscess, should be considered the drug of choice. Its use, however, must be restricted to patients who give a negative history to allergies and/or asthma; when such a history is positive, erythromycin should be used. 4. Appropriate culture and sensitivity tests should be performed to determine the susceptibility of the causative organism(s) to the drug of choice.", "contents": "Antibiotics and the intraoral abscess. Sensitivity tests were administered to determine the effectiveness of several antibiotics in the management of the oral abscess. Cultures were taken from 13 patients who were diagnosed as having either a periodontal or periapical abscess. Results revealed the following 1. The most effective antibiotic was Chloromycetin. Yet it was felt that its medical contraindications far outweigh its use by the dental practitioner. 2. Tetracycline was the least effective antibiotic. 3. Penicillin, because of its high potency against microorganisms of the dental abscess, should be considered the drug of choice. Its use, however, must be restricted to patients who give a negative history to allergies and/or asthma; when such a history is positive, erythromycin should be used. 4. Appropriate culture and sensitivity tests should be performed to determine the susceptibility of the causative organism(s) to the drug of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:265396", "title": "A new articulator emphasizing centric occlusion and the anterior determinants.", "content": "A new articulator is described which has the advantages of the rigidity of a simple articulator in the upper member and the flexibility of an adjustable articulator in the lower member. A link between the members and the frame along with the posterior controls establishes a full range of functional chewing movements and defines the extreme lateral or border paths. The articulator has condylar element controls which permit releasing and remounting the mandibular cast in a manner that serves the same function as the split-cast technique, but this method is faster and shows the amount of discrepancy. The condylar element control is an improvement over existing devices for comparing interocclusal records in that it not only indicates differences in position but it also provides quick remounting of the casts in a working articulator. Other features of the articulator are: (1) a condylar lock mechanism which is activated by only a half turn, (2) adjustable spring tension, (3) precise long centric and wide centric controls, (4) an incisal pain which can be removed and replaced on the articulator without changing its setting, (5) a Bennett movement carefully selected to avoid the complication of a pantograph type of face-bow, and (6) a new sponge wall type of mounting plate which supports both casts for simultaneous mounting.", "contents": "A new articulator emphasizing centric occlusion and the anterior determinants. A new articulator is described which has the advantages of the rigidity of a simple articulator in the upper member and the flexibility of an adjustable articulator in the lower member. A link between the members and the frame along with the posterior controls establishes a full range of functional chewing movements and defines the extreme lateral or border paths. The articulator has condylar element controls which permit releasing and remounting the mandibular cast in a manner that serves the same function as the split-cast technique, but this method is faster and shows the amount of discrepancy. The condylar element control is an improvement over existing devices for comparing interocclusal records in that it not only indicates differences in position but it also provides quick remounting of the casts in a working articulator. Other features of the articulator are: (1) a condylar lock mechanism which is activated by only a half turn, (2) adjustable spring tension, (3) precise long centric and wide centric controls, (4) an incisal pain which can be removed and replaced on the articulator without changing its setting, (5) a Bennett movement carefully selected to avoid the complication of a pantograph type of face-bow, and (6) a new sponge wall type of mounting plate which supports both casts for simultaneous mounting."}
{"id": "PMID:265397", "title": "Interocclusal distance: a comparison between American Caucasians and Negroes.", "content": "Cephalometric analyses were performed on groups of American Negro and Caucasian subjects to establish whether or not there were differences in interocclusal distance attributable to ethnic origin. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean interocclusal distances of the two treatment groups, supporting the hypothesis that American Negroes have an average interocclusal distance which is less than that of Caucasians. The findings of this study support the concept that fixing the interocclusal distance at 3 mm. for all complete and partial denture patients is not justified.", "contents": "Interocclusal distance: a comparison between American Caucasians and Negroes. Cephalometric analyses were performed on groups of American Negro and Caucasian subjects to establish whether or not there were differences in interocclusal distance attributable to ethnic origin. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean interocclusal distances of the two treatment groups, supporting the hypothesis that American Negroes have an average interocclusal distance which is less than that of Caucasians. The findings of this study support the concept that fixing the interocclusal distance at 3 mm. for all complete and partial denture patients is not justified."}
{"id": "PMID:265399", "title": "Maintenance procedures for patients after complete fixed prosthodontics.", "content": "The philosophy of dental disease control has been discussed. Various devices used in the elimination of plaque have been listed and discussed. These include dentifrices, brushes, flosses, devices for holding and carrying floss, stimulating devices, disclosing solutions, and water irrigating devices. The responsibility for complete and thorough restorative therapy is shared by both dentist and patient. The treatment is not final when the restoration or prosthesis is inserted. Ongoing physiotherapy in the form of a rigid plaque-control program will influence the ultimate success or failure of any restorative treatment.", "contents": "Maintenance procedures for patients after complete fixed prosthodontics. The philosophy of dental disease control has been discussed. Various devices used in the elimination of plaque have been listed and discussed. These include dentifrices, brushes, flosses, devices for holding and carrying floss, stimulating devices, disclosing solutions, and water irrigating devices. The responsibility for complete and thorough restorative therapy is shared by both dentist and patient. The treatment is not final when the restoration or prosthesis is inserted. Ongoing physiotherapy in the form of a rigid plaque-control program will influence the ultimate success or failure of any restorative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:265400", "title": "Intermaxillary fixation following mandibular resection.", "content": "This report concerns 14 patients who were treated by use of immediate intermaxillary fixation after segmental resection of the mandible to eradicate cancerous lesions. Mandibular resection usually produces problems in surgical and prosthetic reconstruction. The use of intermaxillary fixation during the first 6 postoperative weeks will reduce the degree of deviation. In mandibular resection for edentulous patients, the original dentures were used postoperatively with slight modification or no modification at all. With fixation and encouragement of early functional movement of the mandible, the dentulous patients showed a lesser degree of deviation. Some of the patients of the latter group used guide flange prostheses during the postoperative period to return the mandible to the centric position. Edentulous patients who deviated slightly were fitted with a maxillary ramp which guided the mandibular segment, after the initial contact, into the proper centric relation.", "contents": "Intermaxillary fixation following mandibular resection. This report concerns 14 patients who were treated by use of immediate intermaxillary fixation after segmental resection of the mandible to eradicate cancerous lesions. Mandibular resection usually produces problems in surgical and prosthetic reconstruction. The use of intermaxillary fixation during the first 6 postoperative weeks will reduce the degree of deviation. In mandibular resection for edentulous patients, the original dentures were used postoperatively with slight modification or no modification at all. With fixation and encouragement of early functional movement of the mandible, the dentulous patients showed a lesser degree of deviation. Some of the patients of the latter group used guide flange prostheses during the postoperative period to return the mandible to the centric position. Edentulous patients who deviated slightly were fitted with a maxillary ramp which guided the mandibular segment, after the initial contact, into the proper centric relation."}
{"id": "PMID:265402", "title": "A study of the variability of setting a fully adjustable gnathologic articulator to a pantographic tracing.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the variability encountered in setting a fully adjustable articulator to a pantographic tracing produced by the same articulator. It was shown that adjustments for top wall, vertical axis, and rear wall were of the greatest magnitude. The practical significance of this investigation lies in the data base that it provides for further analysis of tracings produced in a similar manner. The results show an inherent system variability and that mechanical and operator errors were involved only in the actual setting of the instrument. This problem deserves further research into the exact causes of the variability and the effects that the various adjustments have upon one another. Continued efforts in this vein can only lead to further elucidation of the complexities involved in mandibular movement and capture of such movements by mechanical means.", "contents": "A study of the variability of setting a fully adjustable gnathologic articulator to a pantographic tracing. The purpose of this study was to determine the variability encountered in setting a fully adjustable articulator to a pantographic tracing produced by the same articulator. It was shown that adjustments for top wall, vertical axis, and rear wall were of the greatest magnitude. The practical significance of this investigation lies in the data base that it provides for further analysis of tracings produced in a similar manner. The results show an inherent system variability and that mechanical and operator errors were involved only in the actual setting of the instrument. This problem deserves further research into the exact causes of the variability and the effects that the various adjustments have upon one another. Continued efforts in this vein can only lead to further elucidation of the complexities involved in mandibular movement and capture of such movements by mechanical means."}
{"id": "PMID:265405", "title": "Panoramic radiography in the examination of edentulous patients.", "content": "A radiologic survey covering 4 years and using orthopantomography was made of 287 edentulous patients prior to denture construction. Orthopantomographs revealed 155 significant lesions in 41 per cent of the patients examined. Therefore, the use of panoramic radiography before any prosthetic procedure is undertaken seems justified. Surgery would be indicated where cysts (residual and follicular), visible root fragments, and sequestra are detected. In most situations, such as deeply imbedded impactions, localized sclerotic bone, or foreign bodies, surgery would not be justified for elderly patients because of the possible unfavorable aftereffects. When this decision is made, the patient should be informed of the possibility of future surgical and prosthetic procedures.", "contents": "Panoramic radiography in the examination of edentulous patients. A radiologic survey covering 4 years and using orthopantomography was made of 287 edentulous patients prior to denture construction. Orthopantomographs revealed 155 significant lesions in 41 per cent of the patients examined. Therefore, the use of panoramic radiography before any prosthetic procedure is undertaken seems justified. Surgery would be indicated where cysts (residual and follicular), visible root fragments, and sequestra are detected. In most situations, such as deeply imbedded impactions, localized sclerotic bone, or foreign bodies, surgery would not be justified for elderly patients because of the possible unfavorable aftereffects. When this decision is made, the patient should be informed of the possibility of future surgical and prosthetic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:265406", "title": "A temporary space maintainer using acrylic resin teeth and a composite resin.", "content": "A one-session technique for preparing a temporary space maintainer has been described. The technique consists of attaching an acrylic resin pontic to etched surfaces of natural adjacent teeth by means of a composite resin. The main advantages of this technique are elimination of premature tooth preparation, good esthetics, fair strength, low cost, and rapid completion of the restoration without the need of a dental laboratory.", "contents": "A temporary space maintainer using acrylic resin teeth and a composite resin. A one-session technique for preparing a temporary space maintainer has been described. The technique consists of attaching an acrylic resin pontic to etched surfaces of natural adjacent teeth by means of a composite resin. The main advantages of this technique are elimination of premature tooth preparation, good esthetics, fair strength, low cost, and rapid completion of the restoration without the need of a dental laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:265408", "title": "TMJ dysfunction--principles of the clinical examination.", "content": "Determining if head pain is related to occlusal disharmony can be a challenge. A brief outline of the clinical examination of these patients was presented. Gross interceptive occlusal contacts should be corrected in all patients. The evaluation of signs and symptoms is the basis for determining whether to \"adjust\" the asymptomatic patient. Consideration should be given to the intensity of the occlusal disharmony, the level of anxiety, and the patient's adaptive response.", "contents": "TMJ dysfunction--principles of the clinical examination. Determining if head pain is related to occlusal disharmony can be a challenge. A brief outline of the clinical examination of these patients was presented. Gross interceptive occlusal contacts should be corrected in all patients. The evaluation of signs and symptoms is the basis for determining whether to \"adjust\" the asymptomatic patient. Consideration should be given to the intensity of the occlusal disharmony, the level of anxiety, and the patient's adaptive response."}
{"id": "PMID:265409", "title": "Posterior unilateral condylar displacement: its diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The treatment procedure for posterior unilateral condylar displacement has been described. An acrylic resin repositioning prosthesis may be used to decrease trismus. Occlusal adjustment permits lateral freedom for mandibular movement to the opposite side which provides a dual, or a therapeutic, centric occlusion as well as the existing dysfunctional centric relation. This permits the patient's physiologic adaptive mechanism to choose between the existing dysfunctional centric relation, which resulted in unilateral condylar retrusion and pain, or a therapeutic centric occlusion which is aimed at anterior unilateral condylar repositioning. Over long period of time, muscle reprogramming produces maximum intercuspation of teeth in the planned therapeutic centric occlusion rather than in the original dysfunctional position. No explanation has been established for this phenomenon. It is important, however, to provide a technique that permits physiologic adaptability over a period of time. It should be emphasized that this is not TMJ \"remodeling\" but a functional change in the position of the jaw. The treatment objectives of bilateral and unilateral posterior condylar displacement are similar, but the clinical techniques are completely different. In either instance, TMJ radiographs are necessary to establish the diagnosis and treatment, as well as to document the postoperative results.", "contents": "Posterior unilateral condylar displacement: its diagnosis and treatment. The treatment procedure for posterior unilateral condylar displacement has been described. An acrylic resin repositioning prosthesis may be used to decrease trismus. Occlusal adjustment permits lateral freedom for mandibular movement to the opposite side which provides a dual, or a therapeutic, centric occlusion as well as the existing dysfunctional centric relation. This permits the patient's physiologic adaptive mechanism to choose between the existing dysfunctional centric relation, which resulted in unilateral condylar retrusion and pain, or a therapeutic centric occlusion which is aimed at anterior unilateral condylar repositioning. Over long period of time, muscle reprogramming produces maximum intercuspation of teeth in the planned therapeutic centric occlusion rather than in the original dysfunctional position. No explanation has been established for this phenomenon. It is important, however, to provide a technique that permits physiologic adaptability over a period of time. It should be emphasized that this is not TMJ \"remodeling\" but a functional change in the position of the jaw. The treatment objectives of bilateral and unilateral posterior condylar displacement are similar, but the clinical techniques are completely different. In either instance, TMJ radiographs are necessary to establish the diagnosis and treatment, as well as to document the postoperative results."}
{"id": "PMID:265410", "title": "A simplified acrylic resin cast technique.", "content": "A simple technique for construction of acrylic resin casts has been described. This procedure utilizes inexpensive and standard supplies found in a dental office.", "contents": "A simplified acrylic resin cast technique. A simple technique for construction of acrylic resin casts has been described. This procedure utilizes inexpensive and standard supplies found in a dental office."}
{"id": "PMID:265415", "title": "Central nervous system (CNS) relapse following chemotherapy of WF rat acute myelogenous leukemia: a model for human CNS leukemia.", "content": "The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) presents a serious therapeutic dilemma. In an attempt to study the pathophysiology of this diseases in an animal model, the incidence and sites of detection of CNS leukemia were evaluated in inbred rats receiving chemotherapy for the transplantable WF AML. Eight of 100 rats with untreated WF AML demonstrated CNS leukemia at death with concomitant widespread visceral infiltrates, ascites, bone marrow involvement, and peripheral blood leukemia. Similarly, 6 of 120 rats (5%) failing to attain a complete remission following adriamycin. Cytoxan, or cytosine arabinoside chemotherapy demonstrated CNS leukemia in addition to systemic disease at death. In contrast, 70 of 75 rats (93.3%) achieving a complete remission subsequently relapsed in the CNS, either in combination with widespread systemic disease in 48 (64.0%) or with minimal evidence of systemic relapse in 22 (29.3%). There was a greater frequency of detectable cerebral compared to spinal cord infiltrates in relapsing rats. The WF AML appears to be a valuable model for study of the mechanism and ultimately the prevention of CNS relapse following chemotherapy in human AML.", "contents": "Central nervous system (CNS) relapse following chemotherapy of WF rat acute myelogenous leukemia: a model for human CNS leukemia. The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) presents a serious therapeutic dilemma. In an attempt to study the pathophysiology of this diseases in an animal model, the incidence and sites of detection of CNS leukemia were evaluated in inbred rats receiving chemotherapy for the transplantable WF AML. Eight of 100 rats with untreated WF AML demonstrated CNS leukemia at death with concomitant widespread visceral infiltrates, ascites, bone marrow involvement, and peripheral blood leukemia. Similarly, 6 of 120 rats (5%) failing to attain a complete remission following adriamycin. Cytoxan, or cytosine arabinoside chemotherapy demonstrated CNS leukemia in addition to systemic disease at death. In contrast, 70 of 75 rats (93.3%) achieving a complete remission subsequently relapsed in the CNS, either in combination with widespread systemic disease in 48 (64.0%) or with minimal evidence of systemic relapse in 22 (29.3%). There was a greater frequency of detectable cerebral compared to spinal cord infiltrates in relapsing rats. The WF AML appears to be a valuable model for study of the mechanism and ultimately the prevention of CNS relapse following chemotherapy in human AML."}
{"id": "PMID:265416", "title": "Survival of human cells in the aggregate form: potential index of in vitro cell transformation.", "content": "The ability of cell populations to survive in the aggregate form was compared to colony formation in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Nontumorigenic human osteogenic sarcoma (HOS) cells, which formed colonies in soft agar, could not survive in the aggregate form. Tumorigenic HOS cell lines, which also formed colonies in soft agar, survived and proliferated in the aggregate form. Other cell types were tested with the same results. This approach, based on cell survival in the aggregate form, may provide an additional, reliable method for predicting the tumorigenic status of a cell population.", "contents": "Survival of human cells in the aggregate form: potential index of in vitro cell transformation. The ability of cell populations to survive in the aggregate form was compared to colony formation in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Nontumorigenic human osteogenic sarcoma (HOS) cells, which formed colonies in soft agar, could not survive in the aggregate form. Tumorigenic HOS cell lines, which also formed colonies in soft agar, survived and proliferated in the aggregate form. Other cell types were tested with the same results. This approach, based on cell survival in the aggregate form, may provide an additional, reliable method for predicting the tumorigenic status of a cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:265445", "title": "Skin testing in the assessment of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity may be assessed by measuring the response to subcutaneous injection of a battery of recall antigens. The finding of cutaneous anergy (the failure to respond to testing) is strong evidence of either major pathology or a significant immunosuppressive event. A protocol for skin testing is presented together with some preliminary results, including normal values for a New Zealand population. Consideration of its adoption is urged.", "contents": "Skin testing in the assessment of cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity may be assessed by measuring the response to subcutaneous injection of a battery of recall antigens. The finding of cutaneous anergy (the failure to respond to testing) is strong evidence of either major pathology or a significant immunosuppressive event. A protocol for skin testing is presented together with some preliminary results, including normal values for a New Zealand population. Consideration of its adoption is urged."}
{"id": "PMID:265446", "title": "Otolaryngeal allergy in Wellington. 1971-1975.", "content": "Two thousand and twenty-nine patients received allergic therapy 1971-1975. Nine hundred and eighty-nine were followed up six to 24 months later. All received Rinkel's inhalant skin titration method. The first group 1971-1972 of 309 patients were investigated with Lee's food provocation method and useful relief of symptoms occurred in 27.6 per cent of patients. The second group 1973-1975 of 680 patients were investigated with Bryan's cytotoxic food test, 60 percent reported very good relief and 26 percent useful relief of symptoms. Successfully treated patients were able to curtail or abandon drug therapy and the frequency of surgery was decreased. The authors believe allergic symptoms are of common occurrence in patients frequently seeking medical attention.", "contents": "Otolaryngeal allergy in Wellington. 1971-1975. Two thousand and twenty-nine patients received allergic therapy 1971-1975. Nine hundred and eighty-nine were followed up six to 24 months later. All received Rinkel's inhalant skin titration method. The first group 1971-1972 of 309 patients were investigated with Lee's food provocation method and useful relief of symptoms occurred in 27.6 per cent of patients. The second group 1973-1975 of 680 patients were investigated with Bryan's cytotoxic food test, 60 percent reported very good relief and 26 percent useful relief of symptoms. Successfully treated patients were able to curtail or abandon drug therapy and the frequency of surgery was decreased. The authors believe allergic symptoms are of common occurrence in patients frequently seeking medical attention."}
{"id": "PMID:265447", "title": "The nutritional status of Auckland children.", "content": "The nutritional status of children (and hence the community) was assessed in the five major races in Auckland by height, weight, and head circumference measurements. Under the age of two years Samoan children were significnatly taller and heavier than Europeans and Maori children. No significant racial differences occurred in children between ages two and 13 years. No racial variation in head circumference between races was noted at any age. More children of lower socio-economic class had weights about the 97th percentile especially in Samoan, Cook Island and Niuean children's groups, suggesting they are particularly vulnerable to obesity. Heal circumference of children of low socio-economic status was smaller than that of other children. Similarly non-breast fed children had smaller heads than breast fed children. This suggests these children may have impaired brain growth.", "contents": "The nutritional status of Auckland children. The nutritional status of children (and hence the community) was assessed in the five major races in Auckland by height, weight, and head circumference measurements. Under the age of two years Samoan children were significnatly taller and heavier than Europeans and Maori children. No significant racial differences occurred in children between ages two and 13 years. No racial variation in head circumference between races was noted at any age. More children of lower socio-economic class had weights about the 97th percentile especially in Samoan, Cook Island and Niuean children's groups, suggesting they are particularly vulnerable to obesity. Heal circumference of children of low socio-economic status was smaller than that of other children. Similarly non-breast fed children had smaller heads than breast fed children. This suggests these children may have impaired brain growth."}
{"id": "PMID:265448", "title": "Endemic amoebic abscess.", "content": "An unusual case of endemic amoebic abscess of the liver in a New Zealand is presented. The clinical manifestations and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Endemic amoebic abscess. An unusual case of endemic amoebic abscess of the liver in a New Zealand is presented. The clinical manifestations and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265449", "title": "Death from massive hepatic necrosis in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A case is reported of a 19-year-old youth who developed infectious mononucleosis and died 17 days after the onset of the illness. At autopsy massive hepatic necrosis was found, associated with enlargement of the liver.", "contents": "Death from massive hepatic necrosis in infectious mononucleosis. A case is reported of a 19-year-old youth who developed infectious mononucleosis and died 17 days after the onset of the illness. At autopsy massive hepatic necrosis was found, associated with enlargement of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:265474", "title": "The use of freeze-dried bone as a biologic crib for ridge augmentation. A preliminary report.", "content": "Freeze-dried bank bone has been used as a biologic crib, packed with autogenous cancellous bone from the iliac crest, to augment mandibular and maxillary ridges. This technique entails little morbidity. It has been used in six patients, with good clinical success. Three of the patients who underwent mandibular augmentations began wearing dentures within 3 months after augmentation surgery. One patient had a soft-tissue breakdown overlying a graft to the maxilla and subsequently lost a portion (less than one third) of the graft; the other two patients are currently ungoing denture construction. Secondary procedures, such as vestibuloplasty, have been necessary in only two of the six patients. Long-term follow-up is needed, but clinical and radiographic evidence to date demonstrates good results.", "contents": "The use of freeze-dried bone as a biologic crib for ridge augmentation. A preliminary report. Freeze-dried bank bone has been used as a biologic crib, packed with autogenous cancellous bone from the iliac crest, to augment mandibular and maxillary ridges. This technique entails little morbidity. It has been used in six patients, with good clinical success. Three of the patients who underwent mandibular augmentations began wearing dentures within 3 months after augmentation surgery. One patient had a soft-tissue breakdown overlying a graft to the maxilla and subsequently lost a portion (less than one third) of the graft; the other two patients are currently ungoing denture construction. Secondary procedures, such as vestibuloplasty, have been necessary in only two of the six patients. Long-term follow-up is needed, but clinical and radiographic evidence to date demonstrates good results."}
{"id": "PMID:265475", "title": "Comparative study of vitreous carbon, pyrolytic carbon, pyrolytic graphite/silicon-carbide, and titanium implants in rabbit mandibles.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the biocompatibility of vitreous carbon, pyrolytic carbon, and pyrolytic graphite/silicon-carbide with rabbit mandibular tissues. Titanium was employed as the control material. Twelve New Zealand albino rabbits were implanted with each of the four materials described. Groups of four animals each were killed at 14 days, 45 days, and 90 days. Block sections containing the implants were then removed from the rabbit mandibles, and representative sections were evaluated histologically. All of the implants elicited similar reactions, including fibrous connective tissue capsule formation, multinucleated phagocytic cells, a mild inflammatory infiltrate, and reactive bone. On the basis of these findings, it appears that further detailed investigations are necessary to elucidate the biologic ramifications of the implantation of carbons in mammalian tissues.", "contents": "Comparative study of vitreous carbon, pyrolytic carbon, pyrolytic graphite/silicon-carbide, and titanium implants in rabbit mandibles. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the biocompatibility of vitreous carbon, pyrolytic carbon, and pyrolytic graphite/silicon-carbide with rabbit mandibular tissues. Titanium was employed as the control material. Twelve New Zealand albino rabbits were implanted with each of the four materials described. Groups of four animals each were killed at 14 days, 45 days, and 90 days. Block sections containing the implants were then removed from the rabbit mandibles, and representative sections were evaluated histologically. All of the implants elicited similar reactions, including fibrous connective tissue capsule formation, multinucleated phagocytic cells, a mild inflammatory infiltrate, and reactive bone. On the basis of these findings, it appears that further detailed investigations are necessary to elucidate the biologic ramifications of the implantation of carbons in mammalian tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:265476", "title": "Postoperative physiotherapy device for mandibular hypomobility.", "content": "The most difficult problem in the treatment of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is to maintain the immediate jaw mobility gained by surgery over a long period of time. This article describes a spring-loaded device for physiotherapy which provides an active opening force from the mandibular splint, distributed against a splint on the maxillary teeth and hard palate. Because the force is continuous and broadly distributed, patients have been able to exercise with minimal discomfort, and they have been able to maintain their initial postoperative mobility.", "contents": "Postoperative physiotherapy device for mandibular hypomobility. The most difficult problem in the treatment of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is to maintain the immediate jaw mobility gained by surgery over a long period of time. This article describes a spring-loaded device for physiotherapy which provides an active opening force from the mandibular splint, distributed against a splint on the maxillary teeth and hard palate. Because the force is continuous and broadly distributed, patients have been able to exercise with minimal discomfort, and they have been able to maintain their initial postoperative mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:265477", "title": "Spread of epidermoid carcinoma of the lip along the inferior alveolar nerve.", "content": "Reported is a case of epidermoid carcinoma of the lower lip that spread along the inferior alveolar nerve to the cranium. Early clinical symptoms are correlated with radiographic and histopathologic findings, and attention is again called to the fact that carcinomas of the head and neck may occasionally spread along nerve pathways.", "contents": "Spread of epidermoid carcinoma of the lip along the inferior alveolar nerve. Reported is a case of epidermoid carcinoma of the lower lip that spread along the inferior alveolar nerve to the cranium. Early clinical symptoms are correlated with radiographic and histopathologic findings, and attention is again called to the fact that carcinomas of the head and neck may occasionally spread along nerve pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:265478", "title": "Double primary carcinoma of the lips.", "content": "The case of a 40-year-old man who was a moderate smoker with two squamous-cell carcinomas on the lips has been presented. The importance of follow-up in such cases has been stressed. When oral cancer develops, all mucous membrane surfaces must be considered to be highly susceptible to future malignant change. Exfoliative cytology, biopsies, and histologic studies should be employed for the early detection of precancerous conditions and, if possible, to prevent the development of subsequent oral carcinomas. It is necessary to insist on frequent and regular follow-up examinations, so that any second primary lesion may be detected and treated in its early stages. It is also necessary to initiate appropriate prophylactic measures to eliminate any possible sources of carcinogenic irritation.", "contents": "Double primary carcinoma of the lips. The case of a 40-year-old man who was a moderate smoker with two squamous-cell carcinomas on the lips has been presented. The importance of follow-up in such cases has been stressed. When oral cancer develops, all mucous membrane surfaces must be considered to be highly susceptible to future malignant change. Exfoliative cytology, biopsies, and histologic studies should be employed for the early detection of precancerous conditions and, if possible, to prevent the development of subsequent oral carcinomas. It is necessary to insist on frequent and regular follow-up examinations, so that any second primary lesion may be detected and treated in its early stages. It is also necessary to initiate appropriate prophylactic measures to eliminate any possible sources of carcinogenic irritation."}
{"id": "PMID:265479", "title": "Dens in dente: an unusual sequela. Abbreviated case report.", "content": "Dens in dente is the result of an invagination of the enamel organ into the developing dental papilla. The full pathologic potential of this lesion is often not fully appreciated. A case is reported in which a cyst resulting from a dens in dente obliterated the maxillary sinus and necessitated root canal therapy and apicoectomies in four adjacent teeth.", "contents": "Dens in dente: an unusual sequela. Abbreviated case report. Dens in dente is the result of an invagination of the enamel organ into the developing dental papilla. The full pathologic potential of this lesion is often not fully appreciated. A case is reported in which a cyst resulting from a dens in dente obliterated the maxillary sinus and necessitated root canal therapy and apicoectomies in four adjacent teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:265480", "title": "A retrospective study of the prevalence and incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in a professional population, 1958-1971.", "content": "A 12-year retrospective investigation of 1,788 professional school students from the University of Pennsylvania was conducted. Because of changes in profession, location, marital status, and names, only 651 proband subjected were available for the follow-up investigation. Techniques of subjective evaluation of disease status (mailed schedules describing disease and color photographs) were used in making an assessment of RAU, including both current disease and histories of prior disease. The data presented suggested a trend toward decreased RAU prevalence and severity among physicians, dentists, veterinarians, and nurses as compared with 12 years previously when they were professional school students. The prevalence rate, however, was still very high, indicating that 48.3 per cent of the men and 57.2 per cent of the women had RAU at the time. It has been suggested that the student years may represent the highest levels of RAU and that special features of the life patterns of the student favor disease expression; the data from study support this hypothesis, since reduction in severity was observed in all groups.", "contents": "A retrospective study of the prevalence and incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in a professional population, 1958-1971. A 12-year retrospective investigation of 1,788 professional school students from the University of Pennsylvania was conducted. Because of changes in profession, location, marital status, and names, only 651 proband subjected were available for the follow-up investigation. Techniques of subjective evaluation of disease status (mailed schedules describing disease and color photographs) were used in making an assessment of RAU, including both current disease and histories of prior disease. The data presented suggested a trend toward decreased RAU prevalence and severity among physicians, dentists, veterinarians, and nurses as compared with 12 years previously when they were professional school students. The prevalence rate, however, was still very high, indicating that 48.3 per cent of the men and 57.2 per cent of the women had RAU at the time. It has been suggested that the student years may represent the highest levels of RAU and that special features of the life patterns of the student favor disease expression; the data from study support this hypothesis, since reduction in severity was observed in all groups."}
{"id": "PMID:265481", "title": "Differential diagnosis of some simple osseous lesions associated with sickle-cell anemia.", "content": "Sickle-cell disease is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, rapid destruction of defective erythrocytes, with consequent circulatory disturbances. Thromboses and infarctions with resultant osseous manifestations tend to be localized in the ends of the long bones or in the medullary area, the latter often becoming apparent in the jaws. Three case reports are presented to illustrate osseous changes observed in the jaws of these sickle-cell patients. The radiographic findings demonstrate the adaptive mechanisms of bone metabolism in response to vascular infarction, infection, or both in some sickle-cell anemia patients. A differential diagnosis is suggested for osseous lesions observed in the jaws of these patients.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of some simple osseous lesions associated with sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell disease is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, rapid destruction of defective erythrocytes, with consequent circulatory disturbances. Thromboses and infarctions with resultant osseous manifestations tend to be localized in the ends of the long bones or in the medullary area, the latter often becoming apparent in the jaws. Three case reports are presented to illustrate osseous changes observed in the jaws of these sickle-cell patients. The radiographic findings demonstrate the adaptive mechanisms of bone metabolism in response to vascular infarction, infection, or both in some sickle-cell anemia patients. A differential diagnosis is suggested for osseous lesions observed in the jaws of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:265482", "title": "Glucose intolerance associated with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "In order to eliminate any disease process, it is necessary to identify and eliminate etiologic factors associated with the disease process. Reactive hypoglycemia, a common and easily treated disorder, may be a significant factor associated with development of the TMJ syndrome. Five case histories have been presented of patients who exhibited reactive hypoglycemia associated with the TMJ syndrome and who were treated with a combination of occlusal therapy and dietotherapy. Dietotherapy may have reduced the \"psychic tension\" associated with the TMJ symdrome.", "contents": "Glucose intolerance associated with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. In order to eliminate any disease process, it is necessary to identify and eliminate etiologic factors associated with the disease process. Reactive hypoglycemia, a common and easily treated disorder, may be a significant factor associated with development of the TMJ syndrome. Five case histories have been presented of patients who exhibited reactive hypoglycemia associated with the TMJ syndrome and who were treated with a combination of occlusal therapy and dietotherapy. Dietotherapy may have reduced the \"psychic tension\" associated with the TMJ symdrome."}
{"id": "PMID:265483", "title": "Nuclear characteristics of buccal mucosa cells in sickle-cell anemia.", "content": "Exfoliative cytology smears from the buccal mucosa of patients with sickle-cell anemia, selected controls, and patients with other diagnosed anemias were studied for nuclear aberrations. A filar micrometer eyepiece was used to count the number of nuclei larger than 14 microns in mean diameter in a 500 cell count on each slide. Use of the Scheffe method of paired comparisons, disclosed that the number of cells larger than 14 microns in mean diameter, was significantly smaller in the control subjects, patients with microcytic anemia, and subjects with sickle-cell anemia than in the patients with megaloblastic anemia. Serum folate-deficient subjects had significantly more nuclei, per 500 cells, larger than 14 microns than control subjects or subjects on folate therapy. An explanation for the enlarged nuclei in smears from sickle-cell anemia patients is given. The possible use of this counting procedure to evaluate tissue folate status is suggested.", "contents": "Nuclear characteristics of buccal mucosa cells in sickle-cell anemia. Exfoliative cytology smears from the buccal mucosa of patients with sickle-cell anemia, selected controls, and patients with other diagnosed anemias were studied for nuclear aberrations. A filar micrometer eyepiece was used to count the number of nuclei larger than 14 microns in mean diameter in a 500 cell count on each slide. Use of the Scheffe method of paired comparisons, disclosed that the number of cells larger than 14 microns in mean diameter, was significantly smaller in the control subjects, patients with microcytic anemia, and subjects with sickle-cell anemia than in the patients with megaloblastic anemia. Serum folate-deficient subjects had significantly more nuclei, per 500 cells, larger than 14 microns than control subjects or subjects on folate therapy. An explanation for the enlarged nuclei in smears from sickle-cell anemia patients is given. The possible use of this counting procedure to evaluate tissue folate status is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:265484", "title": "Aging of tissues of the roots of nonfunctional human teeth (impacted canines).", "content": "In order to examine the aging of dentin and cementum, seventy-two impacted human canines, nonfunctional and not affected by external factors, such as attrition, abrasion, caries, etc., were surgically extracted. Ground sections were prepared and the areas of sclerotic dentin and cementum were measured with the aid of a planimeter and expressed as a percentage of the total root area. It was found that there is a significant increase in sclerotic dentin and apposition of cementum with an increase in age.", "contents": "Aging of tissues of the roots of nonfunctional human teeth (impacted canines). In order to examine the aging of dentin and cementum, seventy-two impacted human canines, nonfunctional and not affected by external factors, such as attrition, abrasion, caries, etc., were surgically extracted. Ground sections were prepared and the areas of sclerotic dentin and cementum were measured with the aid of a planimeter and expressed as a percentage of the total root area. It was found that there is a significant increase in sclerotic dentin and apposition of cementum with an increase in age."}
{"id": "PMID:265485", "title": "Survey of tissue diagnostic services in United States dental schools, 1953-1975.", "content": "A survey of tissue diagnostic services in United States dental schools was conducted, covering the services' activities during 1975. This survey was compared to similar surveys made in 1953, 1958, and 1969. Most significantly, many more biopsies are being processed, with a great increase in the number of malignant specimens. As could be expected, higher fees are being charged by the schools for processing specimens.", "contents": "Survey of tissue diagnostic services in United States dental schools, 1953-1975. A survey of tissue diagnostic services in United States dental schools was conducted, covering the services' activities during 1975. This survey was compared to similar surveys made in 1953, 1958, and 1969. Most significantly, many more biopsies are being processed, with a great increase in the number of malignant specimens. As could be expected, higher fees are being charged by the schools for processing specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:265487", "title": "A clinical and histologic observation of enamel hypoplasia in a case of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria.", "content": "The nature of the enamel defects in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria dystrophica was observed by light microscopy, microradiography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) so that by these means more detailed information could be obtained. The random distribution of the round shape of the hypoplastic defects of enamel with hypomineralization, in which there is a continuity of the incremental lines, suggested the possibility that some ameloblasts maintained hypoactivity of their secretory function during their total life span.", "contents": "A clinical and histologic observation of enamel hypoplasia in a case of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. The nature of the enamel defects in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria dystrophica was observed by light microscopy, microradiography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) so that by these means more detailed information could be obtained. The random distribution of the round shape of the hypoplastic defects of enamel with hypomineralization, in which there is a continuity of the incremental lines, suggested the possibility that some ameloblasts maintained hypoactivity of their secretory function during their total life span."}
{"id": "PMID:265488", "title": "Central leiomyoma of the mandible.", "content": "A case of central leiomyoma of the mandible is reported, along with ultrastructural confirmation of the diagnosis. The pertinent literature is reviewed. It is probable that this lesion arose from the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second report of a leiomyoma central in bone.", "contents": "Central leiomyoma of the mandible. A case of central leiomyoma of the mandible is reported, along with ultrastructural confirmation of the diagnosis. The pertinent literature is reviewed. It is probable that this lesion arose from the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second report of a leiomyoma central in bone."}
{"id": "PMID:265489", "title": "Rationalization of electric pulp-testing methods.", "content": "A new electric pulp-testing system, the Testark, was developed in order to assess the potential of a different way of testing pulp sensitivity, thus making this electric pulp test more dependable than the conventional electric pulp-testing method. A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of the Testark system in comparison with a commercially available pulp tester. This pilot study consisted of application of three different desensitizing agents (sodium fluoride, test product. 'A', and test product 'B') to the cervical areas of hypersensitive teeth. The results were recorded with both the Testark and  the conventional pulp tester simultaneously, and the sodium fluoride and test product 'B' proved  to yield a beneficial effect by desensitizing the teeth after a single application. The level of desensitization with these agents was higher than the level obtained with the test product 'A' paste, which was utilized daily for 14 days. The results obtained with the conventional pulp tester differed by way of interpretation from those obtained with the Testark system. The Testark system proved to be easy to use and highly accurate in the data readings because of its high resolution. The Testark systemwas found to be more dependable than the commerical pulp tester, since it reduced the subjective errors which are inevitable when a commerical pulp tester is used. The Testark system is being developed further, and more studies are being conducted at the present time, in order to assess the full potential of the instrument.", "contents": "Rationalization of electric pulp-testing methods. A new electric pulp-testing system, the Testark, was developed in order to assess the potential of a different way of testing pulp sensitivity, thus making this electric pulp test more dependable than the conventional electric pulp-testing method. A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of the Testark system in comparison with a commercially available pulp tester. This pilot study consisted of application of three different desensitizing agents (sodium fluoride, test product. 'A', and test product 'B') to the cervical areas of hypersensitive teeth. The results were recorded with both the Testark and  the conventional pulp tester simultaneously, and the sodium fluoride and test product 'B' proved  to yield a beneficial effect by desensitizing the teeth after a single application. The level of desensitization with these agents was higher than the level obtained with the test product 'A' paste, which was utilized daily for 14 days. The results obtained with the conventional pulp tester differed by way of interpretation from those obtained with the Testark system. The Testark system proved to be easy to use and highly accurate in the data readings because of its high resolution. The Testark systemwas found to be more dependable than the commerical pulp tester, since it reduced the subjective errors which are inevitable when a commerical pulp tester is used. The Testark system is being developed further, and more studies are being conducted at the present time, in order to assess the full potential of the instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:265490", "title": "In vivo study of temporary filling materials used in endodontics in anterior teeth.", "content": "The sealing efficacy of temporary endodontic filling materials was tested in vivo. The following materials were studied: Cavit, Caviton, gutta-percha, three types of zinc phosphate cement, and zinc oxide and eugenol. All the materials were tested in the access cavity of the same anterior tooth in ten different patients for a minimum of 1 week. Seepage was determined bacteriologically by culturing a cotton pellet which was sealed into the access cavity. On the basis of the quantity of microorganisms grown anaerobically, differentiation was made between no leakage, minor leakage, and gross leakage. Findings with Cavit and Caviton are essentially the same and show no or minor leakage in the vast majority of tests. Gutta-percha showed gross leakage in six out of eight tests. Phosphate cements showed no leakage in more than two thirds of the tests.", "contents": "In vivo study of temporary filling materials used in endodontics in anterior teeth. The sealing efficacy of temporary endodontic filling materials was tested in vivo. The following materials were studied: Cavit, Caviton, gutta-percha, three types of zinc phosphate cement, and zinc oxide and eugenol. All the materials were tested in the access cavity of the same anterior tooth in ten different patients for a minimum of 1 week. Seepage was determined bacteriologically by culturing a cotton pellet which was sealed into the access cavity. On the basis of the quantity of microorganisms grown anaerobically, differentiation was made between no leakage, minor leakage, and gross leakage. Findings with Cavit and Caviton are essentially the same and show no or minor leakage in the vast majority of tests. Gutta-percha showed gross leakage in six out of eight tests. Phosphate cements showed no leakage in more than two thirds of the tests."}
{"id": "PMID:265491", "title": "Retrograde root filling with amalgam and Cavit.", "content": "In a 3-year review of 218 teeth with retrograde root filling with amalgam orCavit, the results obtained with the former proved significantly better than those obtained with the latter. The difference seemed to be due to a better obliteration of the canal by amalgam. The obliterating effect of amalgam probably eliminates the need for revision of incomplete othograde root filling, for example, in cases with a post in the root canal. Irrespective of type of filling materials, the results were less good in cases with marginal bone loss.", "contents": "Retrograde root filling with amalgam and Cavit. In a 3-year review of 218 teeth with retrograde root filling with amalgam orCavit, the results obtained with the former proved significantly better than those obtained with the latter. The difference seemed to be due to a better obliteration of the canal by amalgam. The obliterating effect of amalgam probably eliminates the need for revision of incomplete othograde root filling, for example, in cases with a post in the root canal. Irrespective of type of filling materials, the results were less good in cases with marginal bone loss."}
{"id": "PMID:265492", "title": "Fine structure of the Panorex image.", "content": "The plane of focus free of blur margin, as well as the rate of increase of blur margin both medial and lateral to the plane of focus, has been described in the Panorex panoramic x-ray machine by means of a continuous phantom. The average of readings made at ninety-eight separate film positions yields a focaltrough thickness of 4.3 mm. if a blur margin of 10 per cent of the phantom's film image is accepted, the percentage blur increasing directly with trough thickness. The factor enlargement of objects at the plane of focus is uniform at 1.25 and increases along with percentage blur more rapidly for objects medial to the plane of focus than for objects lateral to it.", "contents": "Fine structure of the Panorex image. The plane of focus free of blur margin, as well as the rate of increase of blur margin both medial and lateral to the plane of focus, has been described in the Panorex panoramic x-ray machine by means of a continuous phantom. The average of readings made at ninety-eight separate film positions yields a focaltrough thickness of 4.3 mm. if a blur margin of 10 per cent of the phantom's film image is accepted, the percentage blur increasing directly with trough thickness. The factor enlargement of objects at the plane of focus is uniform at 1.25 and increases along with percentage blur more rapidly for objects medial to the plane of focus than for objects lateral to it."}
{"id": "PMID:265493", "title": "Sclerotic mandibular bone lesion.", "content": "A case of a sclerotic mandibular bone lesion interpreted as a true osteoma has been described, along with the differential diagnosis and treatment. Because the radiographic appearance is not specific for any one lesion, microscopic examination is essential to establish the definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Sclerotic mandibular bone lesion. A case of a sclerotic mandibular bone lesion interpreted as a true osteoma has been described, along with the differential diagnosis and treatment. Because the radiographic appearance is not specific for any one lesion, microscopic examination is essential to establish the definitive diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:265500", "title": "[Lateral periodontal cysts].", "content": "The lateral periodontal cyst is a rather infrequently reported odontogenic cyst. The cyst seems to develop in direct contact to the periodontal membrane of an erupted vital tooth. This type of cyst should not be confused with a radicular cyst in a lateral position developing as a consequence of inflammation from an infected or necrotic branch of the pulp canal. Several authors do not differentiate between the lateral periodontal cyst and the gingival cyst, but it seems justified to consider the lateral periodontal cysts as a separate entity of odontogenic cysts. In this origin of the lateral periodontal cyst is reviewed and several possibilities are discussed. It is concluded that the epithelial lining of this type of cysts most probably originates from the cell rests of Malassez. Case report of one lateral periodontal cyst is presented.", "contents": "[Lateral periodontal cysts]. The lateral periodontal cyst is a rather infrequently reported odontogenic cyst. The cyst seems to develop in direct contact to the periodontal membrane of an erupted vital tooth. This type of cyst should not be confused with a radicular cyst in a lateral position developing as a consequence of inflammation from an infected or necrotic branch of the pulp canal. Several authors do not differentiate between the lateral periodontal cyst and the gingival cyst, but it seems justified to consider the lateral periodontal cysts as a separate entity of odontogenic cysts. In this origin of the lateral periodontal cyst is reviewed and several possibilities are discussed. It is concluded that the epithelial lining of this type of cysts most probably originates from the cell rests of Malassez. Case report of one lateral periodontal cyst is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:265502", "title": "[Range of systematic local treatment with fluorides in school dental health care in 1973/74 and in public health dentistry in 1974].", "content": "In 1975 data were collected on the extent to which children and teenages elible for free dental care in the School Dental Service and the Public Dental Services particpated in programmes consisting of self- or professionally administered topical applications of fluoride solutions. Results apply to the school year 1973/74 for the School Dental Service and the calendar year 1974 for the Public Dental Services. Of the reported number of persons 6--17 years of age who were eligible for free systematic dental care under School Dental Service and Public Dental Services 70 and 67 per cent respectively, rinsed, brushed or had fluoride solutions professionally applied to their teeth. Participation was greatest among children 7--13 years of age, namely 87--89 per cent. 61 to 80 per cent of those participating in a programme brushed their teeth with fluoride solutions under supervision at school while 14--38 per cent received fluoride rinses. Professionally administered topical applications were reported for 8--12 per cent of participants in these preventive programmes. Comparisons with results of a similar survey 2 years earlier suggest increasing systematic use of topical fluoride applications in mass prophylactic programmes. Information about preventive activities is not included in the routine reports on the work carried out in the School Dental Service and the Public Dental Service. On the basis of the experience gained from this survey, it is proposed that data on preventive activities should be collected routinely as an integral part of a public dental services monitoring system.", "contents": "[Range of systematic local treatment with fluorides in school dental health care in 1973/74 and in public health dentistry in 1974]. In 1975 data were collected on the extent to which children and teenages elible for free dental care in the School Dental Service and the Public Dental Services particpated in programmes consisting of self- or professionally administered topical applications of fluoride solutions. Results apply to the school year 1973/74 for the School Dental Service and the calendar year 1974 for the Public Dental Services. Of the reported number of persons 6--17 years of age who were eligible for free systematic dental care under School Dental Service and Public Dental Services 70 and 67 per cent respectively, rinsed, brushed or had fluoride solutions professionally applied to their teeth. Participation was greatest among children 7--13 years of age, namely 87--89 per cent. 61 to 80 per cent of those participating in a programme brushed their teeth with fluoride solutions under supervision at school while 14--38 per cent received fluoride rinses. Professionally administered topical applications were reported for 8--12 per cent of participants in these preventive programmes. Comparisons with results of a similar survey 2 years earlier suggest increasing systematic use of topical fluoride applications in mass prophylactic programmes. Information about preventive activities is not included in the routine reports on the work carried out in the School Dental Service and the Public Dental Service. On the basis of the experience gained from this survey, it is proposed that data on preventive activities should be collected routinely as an integral part of a public dental services monitoring system."}
{"id": "PMID:265507", "title": "[Recurrence with gonadic localization of acute leukemia. 113 cases].", "content": "Amongst 1500 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, affecting both sexes, the authors noted 111 testicular recurrences and 2 ovarian recurrences, i.e. an incidence of 16 percent. Clinical diagnosis is easy and testicular needle biopsy was reserved for doubtful cases only. Amongst 12 lymphographies, only one showed lumbar node involvement. Testicular involvement may exist before, after or in association with a bone marrow or a meningeal relapse. In 47 cases the first signal recurrence was a testicular tumour. The majority of these recurrences occured during the first two years of the disease, but late recurrences affecting the gonads are possible. Mean survival after an isolated testicular recurrence was 14 months, identical with meningeal recurrences. General chemotherapy and local radiotherapy were in general followed by an in situ or contralateral recurrence. Bilateral irradiation at a dose of 2400 rads is the best local treatment. However, in the light of the frequency of bone marrow recurrences a short time after, intensification of general treatment is necessary.", "contents": "[Recurrence with gonadic localization of acute leukemia. 113 cases]. Amongst 1500 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, affecting both sexes, the authors noted 111 testicular recurrences and 2 ovarian recurrences, i.e. an incidence of 16 percent. Clinical diagnosis is easy and testicular needle biopsy was reserved for doubtful cases only. Amongst 12 lymphographies, only one showed lumbar node involvement. Testicular involvement may exist before, after or in association with a bone marrow or a meningeal relapse. In 47 cases the first signal recurrence was a testicular tumour. The majority of these recurrences occured during the first two years of the disease, but late recurrences affecting the gonads are possible. Mean survival after an isolated testicular recurrence was 14 months, identical with meningeal recurrences. General chemotherapy and local radiotherapy were in general followed by an in situ or contralateral recurrence. Bilateral irradiation at a dose of 2400 rads is the best local treatment. However, in the light of the frequency of bone marrow recurrences a short time after, intensification of general treatment is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:265510", "title": "Magnetic properties of oxyhemoglobin.", "content": "When the magnetic susceptibility of frozen aqueous solutions of human oxyhemoglobin was measured in the range between 25 and 250 K, it showed a temperature-dependent behavior typical of a thermal equilibrium between a ground singlet state and an excited triplet state for two electrons per heme, the energy separation being [2J] = 146 cm-1. By contrast, within the same temperature range, carboxyhemoglobin was found to be diamagnetic, as already reported.", "contents": "Magnetic properties of oxyhemoglobin. When the magnetic susceptibility of frozen aqueous solutions of human oxyhemoglobin was measured in the range between 25 and 250 K, it showed a temperature-dependent behavior typical of a thermal equilibrium between a ground singlet state and an excited triplet state for two electrons per heme, the energy separation being [2J] = 146 cm-1. By contrast, within the same temperature range, carboxyhemoglobin was found to be diamagnetic, as already reported."}
{"id": "PMID:265511", "title": "Kinetic polarization deficiency in electrolyte solutions.", "content": "The prediction and experimental confirmation of a previously unsuspected kinetic effect occurring in electrolyte solutions are presented herein. Kinetic polarization deficiency may be described as a reduction, with respect to the pure solvent, in the static permittivity of the solution; the decrement in epsilon0 is shown to be proportional to the product of the dielectric relaxation time of the solvent and the low frequency conductivity of the solution. The kinetic ion-solvent interaction affects the capacitive admittance in two closely related ways: as an ion migrates, the surrounding volume elements of the liquid tend to rotate according to the laws of hydrodynamics, and although dielectric relaxation tends to restore an equilibrium polarization appropriate to the local electric field, this adjustment is not instantaneous; rather it lags behind by the dielectric relaxation time. Conversely, the force that an external field exerts on an ion does not develop its full strength instantly because the ion is driven partly by the external field and partly by the polarization that develops in response to the applied field, the polarization field evolving with a time constant that is the relaxation time for the orientation of solvent dipoles.", "contents": "Kinetic polarization deficiency in electrolyte solutions. The prediction and experimental confirmation of a previously unsuspected kinetic effect occurring in electrolyte solutions are presented herein. Kinetic polarization deficiency may be described as a reduction, with respect to the pure solvent, in the static permittivity of the solution; the decrement in epsilon0 is shown to be proportional to the product of the dielectric relaxation time of the solvent and the low frequency conductivity of the solution. The kinetic ion-solvent interaction affects the capacitive admittance in two closely related ways: as an ion migrates, the surrounding volume elements of the liquid tend to rotate according to the laws of hydrodynamics, and although dielectric relaxation tends to restore an equilibrium polarization appropriate to the local electric field, this adjustment is not instantaneous; rather it lags behind by the dielectric relaxation time. Conversely, the force that an external field exerts on an ion does not develop its full strength instantly because the ion is driven partly by the external field and partly by the polarization that develops in response to the applied field, the polarization field evolving with a time constant that is the relaxation time for the orientation of solvent dipoles."}
{"id": "PMID:265512", "title": "Chemiluminescent reactions and electrophilic oxygen donating ability of 4a-hydroperoxyflavins: general synthetic method for the preparation of N5-alkyl-1,5-dihydroflavins.", "content": "The synthesis of N5-methyl- and N5-ethyl-1,5-dihydroflavin mononucleotides is reported. These compounds show no bioluminescence activity with bacterial luciferase. This feature is interpreted in terms of steric hindrance between the N5-alkyl group and a hydrogen bonding group at the active site of the luciferase. The chemiluminescence observed on reaction of N5-alkyl-1,5-dihydroflavins with oxygen and aldehydes has been shown to occur via formation of a mixed peroxide of flavin and aldehyde and to be associated with a primary deuterium isotope effect when [1-2H]aldehyde is substituted for aldehyde. The time course for light emission has been compared for aldehyde and ketone substrates. The suggestion is entertained that the peroxide bond of 4a-hydroperoxyflavin is sufficiently polarized to allow this species to act as the oxidant per se at the active site of mixed function oxidases. The second-order rate constants for reaction of hydroperoxides with thioxane and I- are compared. 4a-Hydroperoxy-3,5-dimethyllumiflavin is shown to convert thioxane to its sulfoxide 1.8 X 10(5) times faster than t-butyl hydroperoxide.", "contents": "Chemiluminescent reactions and electrophilic oxygen donating ability of 4a-hydroperoxyflavins: general synthetic method for the preparation of N5-alkyl-1,5-dihydroflavins. The synthesis of N5-methyl- and N5-ethyl-1,5-dihydroflavin mononucleotides is reported. These compounds show no bioluminescence activity with bacterial luciferase. This feature is interpreted in terms of steric hindrance between the N5-alkyl group and a hydrogen bonding group at the active site of the luciferase. The chemiluminescence observed on reaction of N5-alkyl-1,5-dihydroflavins with oxygen and aldehydes has been shown to occur via formation of a mixed peroxide of flavin and aldehyde and to be associated with a primary deuterium isotope effect when [1-2H]aldehyde is substituted for aldehyde. The time course for light emission has been compared for aldehyde and ketone substrates. The suggestion is entertained that the peroxide bond of 4a-hydroperoxyflavin is sufficiently polarized to allow this species to act as the oxidant per se at the active site of mixed function oxidases. The second-order rate constants for reaction of hydroperoxides with thioxane and I- are compared. 4a-Hydroperoxy-3,5-dimethyllumiflavin is shown to convert thioxane to its sulfoxide 1.8 X 10(5) times faster than t-butyl hydroperoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:265513", "title": "Enkephalin: conformational analysis by means of empirical energy calculations.", "content": "Low-energy conformations of methionine-enkephalin were generated by means of an empirical method of computation. Many compact conformations, including those containing various standard bends, were of comparable energy. However, one conformation was found to have a potential energy about 5 kcal/mol (21 X 10(3) J/mol) below that of the large group of compact conformations. In this conformation, the 3-glycyl and 4-phenylalanyl residues form a bend of type II'. The conformation is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the OH group of the 1-tyrosine side chain and the C==O group of 3-glycine or 4-phenylalanine. The phenylalanine and methionine side chains are relatively unrestricted. The conformation is consistent with published nuclear magnetic resonance parameters--coupling constants, temperature dependence of the chemical shift, and spin-lattice relaxation times. It is likely that the molecule undergoes a conformational change when it is bound to the receptor. Leucine-enkephalin appears to have the same conformation as its methionine homolog.", "contents": "Enkephalin: conformational analysis by means of empirical energy calculations. Low-energy conformations of methionine-enkephalin were generated by means of an empirical method of computation. Many compact conformations, including those containing various standard bends, were of comparable energy. However, one conformation was found to have a potential energy about 5 kcal/mol (21 X 10(3) J/mol) below that of the large group of compact conformations. In this conformation, the 3-glycyl and 4-phenylalanyl residues form a bend of type II'. The conformation is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the OH group of the 1-tyrosine side chain and the C==O group of 3-glycine or 4-phenylalanine. The phenylalanine and methionine side chains are relatively unrestricted. The conformation is consistent with published nuclear magnetic resonance parameters--coupling constants, temperature dependence of the chemical shift, and spin-lattice relaxation times. It is likely that the molecule undergoes a conformational change when it is bound to the receptor. Leucine-enkephalin appears to have the same conformation as its methionine homolog."}
{"id": "PMID:265514", "title": "Characterization and synthesis of volatile compounds from the defensive secretions of some \"daddy longlets\" (Arachnida: Opiliones: Leiobunum spp.).", "content": "Analyses of the chief volatile constituents of the defensive secretions of three oplionids were carried out. Leiobunum nigripalpi produces three closely related C7 compounds: E-4-methyl-4-hexen-3-one(I), 4-methylhexan-3-one(II), and 4-methylhexan-3-ol(III), along with E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dienal(IX), and a minor, unidentified component. L. leiopenis secretion contains E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), 4-methylheptan-3-one(V), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII), and E,E-2,4-dimethylhepta-2,4-dien-1-ol(VIII). L. calcar yields chiefly E-4,6-dimethyl-6-octen-3-one(VI) and E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII). Six of these compounds are new natural products. The structures of these compounds, which can be regarded either as polyketide-derived or as modified isoprenoids, raise interesting biosynthetic questions.", "contents": "Characterization and synthesis of volatile compounds from the defensive secretions of some \"daddy longlets\" (Arachnida: Opiliones: Leiobunum spp.). Analyses of the chief volatile constituents of the defensive secretions of three oplionids were carried out. Leiobunum nigripalpi produces three closely related C7 compounds: E-4-methyl-4-hexen-3-one(I), 4-methylhexan-3-one(II), and 4-methylhexan-3-ol(III), along with E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dienal(IX), and a minor, unidentified component. L. leiopenis secretion contains E-4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one(IV), 4-methylheptan-3-one(V), E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII), and E,E-2,4-dimethylhepta-2,4-dien-1-ol(VIII). L. calcar yields chiefly E-4,6-dimethyl-6-octen-3-one(VI) and E,E-2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-dien-1-ol(VII). Six of these compounds are new natural products. The structures of these compounds, which can be regarded either as polyketide-derived or as modified isoprenoids, raise interesting biosynthetic questions."}
{"id": "PMID:265515", "title": "Functional acetylcholine receptor--electroplax membrane microsacs (vesicles): purification and characterization.", "content": "Kinetic analysis of the flux of sodium ions in a heterogeneous population of acetylcholine receptor-rich microsacs (vesicles) formed by membrane fragments of electroplax indicated that functional microsacs, which on average comprise only 15% of the preparation, can be filled with 190 mM sodium chloride while nonfunctional microsacs are filled by 190 mM cesium chloride. The functional microsacs have then been successfully separated from nonfunctional microsacs on the basis of their density differences with a continuous sucrose-190 mM cesium chloride density gradient. In the presence of acetylcholine analogs all the internal sodium ions in these microsacs rapidly exchange with external ions. The efflux of sodium ions follows a single exponential decay. The isolation of functional microsacs opens up at least two new avenues of investigation of the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated processes. The first deals with the efficiency of the process, and the second with the characterization of membrane components important in this process. The conclusions reached so far are: (i) The efficiency of the receptor-mediated process that allows inorganic ions to equilibrate across the membranes of the microsacs can adequately account for electrophysiological results obtained with muscle and nerve cells. (ii) In the receptor-rich heterogeneous population of microsacs the concentration of receptor sites in functional and nonfunctional microsacs is about the same and is therefore not the only factor determining functionality. Significant differences between functional and nonfunctional microsacs have been found so far in the concentrations of acetylcholinesterase and Na+-K+ ATPase.", "contents": "Functional acetylcholine receptor--electroplax membrane microsacs (vesicles): purification and characterization. Kinetic analysis of the flux of sodium ions in a heterogeneous population of acetylcholine receptor-rich microsacs (vesicles) formed by membrane fragments of electroplax indicated that functional microsacs, which on average comprise only 15% of the preparation, can be filled with 190 mM sodium chloride while nonfunctional microsacs are filled by 190 mM cesium chloride. The functional microsacs have then been successfully separated from nonfunctional microsacs on the basis of their density differences with a continuous sucrose-190 mM cesium chloride density gradient. In the presence of acetylcholine analogs all the internal sodium ions in these microsacs rapidly exchange with external ions. The efflux of sodium ions follows a single exponential decay. The isolation of functional microsacs opens up at least two new avenues of investigation of the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated processes. The first deals with the efficiency of the process, and the second with the characterization of membrane components important in this process. The conclusions reached so far are: (i) The efficiency of the receptor-mediated process that allows inorganic ions to equilibrate across the membranes of the microsacs can adequately account for electrophysiological results obtained with muscle and nerve cells. (ii) In the receptor-rich heterogeneous population of microsacs the concentration of receptor sites in functional and nonfunctional microsacs is about the same and is therefore not the only factor determining functionality. Significant differences between functional and nonfunctional microsacs have been found so far in the concentrations of acetylcholinesterase and Na+-K+ ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:265516", "title": "Kinetic evidence for an intermediate in the deacetylation of monoacetyl-chymotrypsin.", "content": "Mono[14C]acetyl-chymotrypsin was prepared by treating alpha-chymotrypsin with a 10-fold molar excess of p-nitrophenyl[14C]acetate at pH 5, and the acetylated enzyme was isolated free of excess reagents by gel filtration. Deacetylation at pH 6.0 was followed by observing the decrease in acid-precipitable radioactivity and provided a first-order rate constant of 0.02 +/- 0.008 min-1. Reactivation of the acetylated protein was followed by continuously monitoring the appearance of esterolytic activity towards alpha-N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester. Reactivation at pH 6.0 occurred exponentially with a first-order rate constant of 0.2 +/- 0.015 min-1, the reactivated enzyme exhibiting an apparent catalytic contant (k' cat) of 1200 +/- 60 min-1, which decreased to a value of 945 +/- 15 min-1 by an apparent first-order process with a rate constant of 0.025 +/- 0.006 min-1. These results are interpreted in terms of a two-step deacetylation of monoacetyl-chymotrypsin involving an acetylated intermediate with esterase activity.", "contents": "Kinetic evidence for an intermediate in the deacetylation of monoacetyl-chymotrypsin. Mono[14C]acetyl-chymotrypsin was prepared by treating alpha-chymotrypsin with a 10-fold molar excess of p-nitrophenyl[14C]acetate at pH 5, and the acetylated enzyme was isolated free of excess reagents by gel filtration. Deacetylation at pH 6.0 was followed by observing the decrease in acid-precipitable radioactivity and provided a first-order rate constant of 0.02 +/- 0.008 min-1. Reactivation of the acetylated protein was followed by continuously monitoring the appearance of esterolytic activity towards alpha-N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester. Reactivation at pH 6.0 occurred exponentially with a first-order rate constant of 0.2 +/- 0.015 min-1, the reactivated enzyme exhibiting an apparent catalytic contant (k' cat) of 1200 +/- 60 min-1, which decreased to a value of 945 +/- 15 min-1 by an apparent first-order process with a rate constant of 0.025 +/- 0.006 min-1. These results are interpreted in terms of a two-step deacetylation of monoacetyl-chymotrypsin involving an acetylated intermediate with esterase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:265517", "title": "Charge shift electrophoresis: simple method for distinguishing between amphiphilic and hydrophilic proteins in detergent solution.", "content": "Seventeen hydrophilic proteins and five amphiphilic membrane proteins were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of a nonionic detergent (Triton X-100), a mixture of anonionic and an anionic detergent (Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate), and a mixture of a nonionic and a cationic detergent (Triton X-100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). The electrophoretic mobility of the hydrophilic proteins was unaffected in the three detergent mixtures. However, the mobility of the amphiphilic proteins shifted anodally in the Triton X-100-deoxycholate system and cathodally in the Triton X-100-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide system when compared to the mobility in Triton X-100 alone. The detergent-induced shift in mobility provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for distinguishing between hydrophilic and amphiphilic proteins.", "contents": "Charge shift electrophoresis: simple method for distinguishing between amphiphilic and hydrophilic proteins in detergent solution. Seventeen hydrophilic proteins and five amphiphilic membrane proteins were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of a nonionic detergent (Triton X-100), a mixture of anonionic and an anionic detergent (Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate), and a mixture of a nonionic and a cationic detergent (Triton X-100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). The electrophoretic mobility of the hydrophilic proteins was unaffected in the three detergent mixtures. However, the mobility of the amphiphilic proteins shifted anodally in the Triton X-100-deoxycholate system and cathodally in the Triton X-100-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide system when compared to the mobility in Triton X-100 alone. The detergent-induced shift in mobility provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for distinguishing between hydrophilic and amphiphilic proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:265518", "title": "A thermostable sequence-specific endonuclease from Thermus aquaticus.", "content": "A sequence-specific endonuclease, Taq I, of novel specificity has been partially purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus aquaticus. The enzyme cleaves bacteriophage lambda DNA at many (greater than 30) sites and bacteriophage psiX174 RF DNA at 10 sites. The enzyme is active at temperatures up to 70 degrees. The cleavage sites on psiX174 RF DNA have been mapped. The sequence recognized and cleaved by Taq I has been shown to be the symmetrical tetranucleotide: (formula: see text).", "contents": "A thermostable sequence-specific endonuclease from Thermus aquaticus. A sequence-specific endonuclease, Taq I, of novel specificity has been partially purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus aquaticus. The enzyme cleaves bacteriophage lambda DNA at many (greater than 30) sites and bacteriophage psiX174 RF DNA at 10 sites. The enzyme is active at temperatures up to 70 degrees. The cleavage sites on psiX174 RF DNA have been mapped. The sequence recognized and cleaved by Taq I has been shown to be the symmetrical tetranucleotide: (formula: see text)."}
{"id": "PMID:265519", "title": "Identification of the iron-sulfur center in trimethylamine dehydrogenase.", "content": "Trimethylamine dehydrogenase [trimethylamine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating), EC 1.5.99.7] from a facultative methylotroph bacterium has a molecular weight of 147,000 and contains two types of prosthetic groups, one a covalently bound organic chromophore of uncertain structure and the other containing iron and labile sulfur (S*). The structure of the Fe-S* center has been investigated by reactions of the enzyme with sodium mersalyl, o-xylyl-alpha,alpha'-dithiol, and p-methoxybenzenethiol in a 4:1 vol/vol hexamethylphosphoramide/water reaction medium, which destabilizes tertiary structure. Mersalyl treatment results in reduction of visible absorbance consistent with the presence of a 4-Fe center of the ferredoxin type. Reaction with thiols effects partial bleaching of the organic chromophore, as established by separate studies of a detached chromophore peptide, and results in removal (extrusion) of the core unit of the Fe-s* center in the form of the complexes [Fe4S*4(S2-o-xylyl)2]n2n- and [Fe4S*4(SC6H4OMe)4]2-, which were identified by absorption spectra. These results, in conjunction with control extrusion reactions of oxidized ferredoxins from spinach and Clostridium pasteurianum, establish that trimethylamine dehydrogenase contains one Fe4S*4 core unit most probably present as a ferredoxin-type, cysteinate-ligated cluster [Fe4S*4(S-Cys)4].", "contents": "Identification of the iron-sulfur center in trimethylamine dehydrogenase. Trimethylamine dehydrogenase [trimethylamine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating), EC 1.5.99.7] from a facultative methylotroph bacterium has a molecular weight of 147,000 and contains two types of prosthetic groups, one a covalently bound organic chromophore of uncertain structure and the other containing iron and labile sulfur (S*). The structure of the Fe-S* center has been investigated by reactions of the enzyme with sodium mersalyl, o-xylyl-alpha,alpha'-dithiol, and p-methoxybenzenethiol in a 4:1 vol/vol hexamethylphosphoramide/water reaction medium, which destabilizes tertiary structure. Mersalyl treatment results in reduction of visible absorbance consistent with the presence of a 4-Fe center of the ferredoxin type. Reaction with thiols effects partial bleaching of the organic chromophore, as established by separate studies of a detached chromophore peptide, and results in removal (extrusion) of the core unit of the Fe-s* center in the form of the complexes [Fe4S*4(S2-o-xylyl)2]n2n- and [Fe4S*4(SC6H4OMe)4]2-, which were identified by absorption spectra. These results, in conjunction with control extrusion reactions of oxidized ferredoxins from spinach and Clostridium pasteurianum, establish that trimethylamine dehydrogenase contains one Fe4S*4 core unit most probably present as a ferredoxin-type, cysteinate-ligated cluster [Fe4S*4(S-Cys)4]."}
{"id": "PMID:265520", "title": "Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro: elongation of partially reconstituted RNA.", "content": "It was reported that the rate of elongation of partially reconstituted RNA, if prepared without centrifugation, showed dependency upon the state of protein aggregation like that found when free RNA was used as the nucleic acid source [Butler, P. J. G. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 82, 333-341]. Butler concluded from this result that disks are the kinetically favored protein source for the elongation of the tobacco mosaic virus rod. We show that partially reconstituted RNA prepared without centrifugation always contains a significant amount of free RNA and conclude that the dependency of its elongation rate upon the state of protein aggregation is due to contamination of his partially reconstituted RNA preparation by free RNA. The elongation rate of partially reconstituted RNA, which had been pelleted and contained no free RNA, was found to be about the same regardless of the state of aggregation of the added protein.", "contents": "Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro: elongation of partially reconstituted RNA. It was reported that the rate of elongation of partially reconstituted RNA, if prepared without centrifugation, showed dependency upon the state of protein aggregation like that found when free RNA was used as the nucleic acid source [Butler, P. J. G. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 82, 333-341]. Butler concluded from this result that disks are the kinetically favored protein source for the elongation of the tobacco mosaic virus rod. We show that partially reconstituted RNA prepared without centrifugation always contains a significant amount of free RNA and conclude that the dependency of its elongation rate upon the state of protein aggregation is due to contamination of his partially reconstituted RNA preparation by free RNA. The elongation rate of partially reconstituted RNA, which had been pelleted and contained no free RNA, was found to be about the same regardless of the state of aggregation of the added protein."}
{"id": "PMID:265521", "title": "A new method for sequencing DNA.", "content": "DNA can be sequenced by a chemical procedure that breaks a terminally labeled DNA molecule partially at each repetition of a base. The lengths of the labeled fragments then identify the positions of that base. We describe reactions that cleave DNA preferentially at guanines, at adenines, at cytosines and thymines equally, and at cytosines alone. When the products of these four reactions are resolved by size, by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel, the DNA sequence can be read from the pattern of radioactive bands. The technique will permit sequencing of at least 100 bases from the point of labeling.", "contents": "A new method for sequencing DNA. DNA can be sequenced by a chemical procedure that breaks a terminally labeled DNA molecule partially at each repetition of a base. The lengths of the labeled fragments then identify the positions of that base. We describe reactions that cleave DNA preferentially at guanines, at adenines, at cytosines and thymines equally, and at cytosines alone. When the products of these four reactions are resolved by size, by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel, the DNA sequence can be read from the pattern of radioactive bands. The technique will permit sequencing of at least 100 bases from the point of labeling."}
{"id": "PMID:265522", "title": "Nerve growth factor receptors on human melanoma cells in culture.", "content": "Purified mouse nerve growth factor (NGF)radiolabeled with 125I was tested for its ability to bind to a variety of different cultured cells. NGF binds readily to human and hamster melanoma cells but does not bind to many other cell lines. The three cell lines with the highest number of NGF receptors were derived from metastatic melanomas. One of these lines, A875, was studied in detail and was shown to have approximately 7x10(5) NGF receptors per cell with an association constant of 1.0x10(9) liters/mole. The use of these cells in competition binding assays permits the detection of 0.25 ng of NGF in various biologic fluids. NGF can be shown to increase the survival, but not the division, of melanoma cells maintained in medium depleted of serum growth factors. This effect of NGF as a specific \"survival factor\" appears analogous to its effect on cultured sympathetic ganglion cells and on other cells derived from the neural crest.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor receptors on human melanoma cells in culture. Purified mouse nerve growth factor (NGF)radiolabeled with 125I was tested for its ability to bind to a variety of different cultured cells. NGF binds readily to human and hamster melanoma cells but does not bind to many other cell lines. The three cell lines with the highest number of NGF receptors were derived from metastatic melanomas. One of these lines, A875, was studied in detail and was shown to have approximately 7x10(5) NGF receptors per cell with an association constant of 1.0x10(9) liters/mole. The use of these cells in competition binding assays permits the detection of 0.25 ng of NGF in various biologic fluids. NGF can be shown to increase the survival, but not the division, of melanoma cells maintained in medium depleted of serum growth factors. This effect of NGF as a specific \"survival factor\" appears analogous to its effect on cultured sympathetic ganglion cells and on other cells derived from the neural crest."}
{"id": "PMID:265523", "title": "Identification of chlorophyll b in extracts of prokaryotic algae by fluorescence spectroscopy.", "content": "Solvent extracts of three different prokaryotic algae from three species of didemnid ascidians contained pigments identified, on the basis of their fluorescence excitation (E)and fluorescence emission (F)spectral maxima (measured in nm) at 77K, as chlorophyll a (E 449, F 678) and chlorophyll b (E 478, F 658). The release of algae on cutting or freezing Diplosoma virens was accompanied by a strong unidentified acid that converted these pigments to pheophytins. This unexpected finding provided further confirmation of the identity of the chlorophylls on the basis of the fluorescence spectra at 77K of pheophytin a (E 415, F 669) and pheophytin b (E 439, F 655). There was no evidence for the presence of the fluorescent bilin pigments found in other prokaryotic blue-green algae. Chlorophyll a/b ratios ranged from 2.6 to 12.0 in algae from different ascidians. The photosynthetic membranes were not organized into appressed thylakoids or grana in the algae from any of the three species of ascidians. The relationship between these observations and those in higher eukaryotic organisms is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of chlorophyll b in extracts of prokaryotic algae by fluorescence spectroscopy. Solvent extracts of three different prokaryotic algae from three species of didemnid ascidians contained pigments identified, on the basis of their fluorescence excitation (E)and fluorescence emission (F)spectral maxima (measured in nm) at 77K, as chlorophyll a (E 449, F 678) and chlorophyll b (E 478, F 658). The release of algae on cutting or freezing Diplosoma virens was accompanied by a strong unidentified acid that converted these pigments to pheophytins. This unexpected finding provided further confirmation of the identity of the chlorophylls on the basis of the fluorescence spectra at 77K of pheophytin a (E 415, F 669) and pheophytin b (E 439, F 655). There was no evidence for the presence of the fluorescent bilin pigments found in other prokaryotic blue-green algae. Chlorophyll a/b ratios ranged from 2.6 to 12.0 in algae from different ascidians. The photosynthetic membranes were not organized into appressed thylakoids or grana in the algae from any of the three species of ascidians. The relationship between these observations and those in higher eukaryotic organisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265524", "title": "Chemical transformation of rat cells infected with xenotropic type-C RNA virus and its suppression by virus-specific antiserum.", "content": "Fischer rat embryo cells infected with xenotropic mouse type-C RNA viruses isolated from either NIH Swiss mice or C57L inbred mice were transformed by 4-nitroquinoline oxide or 3-methylcholanthrene under conditions in which neither treatment alone sufficed to induce transformation. Transformation was dependent on the presence of actively growing virus at the time of chemical treatment. Specific antibody to xenotropic virus neutralized the virus and inhibited malignant transformation by 3-methylcholanthrene.", "contents": "Chemical transformation of rat cells infected with xenotropic type-C RNA virus and its suppression by virus-specific antiserum. Fischer rat embryo cells infected with xenotropic mouse type-C RNA viruses isolated from either NIH Swiss mice or C57L inbred mice were transformed by 4-nitroquinoline oxide or 3-methylcholanthrene under conditions in which neither treatment alone sufficed to induce transformation. Transformation was dependent on the presence of actively growing virus at the time of chemical treatment. Specific antibody to xenotropic virus neutralized the virus and inhibited malignant transformation by 3-methylcholanthrene."}
{"id": "PMID:265525", "title": "Pterin-6-aldehyde, a cancer cell catabolite: identification and application in diagnosis and treatment of human cancer.", "content": "Active folic acid degradation with the formation pterin-6-aldehyde is a previously undescribed characteristic of cancer cells in tissue culture. Neither normal adult epithelial and fibroblastic cells nor human amniotic cells nor mouse embryonic fibroblasts degrade folic acid to a measurable degree. Twenty-nine patients whose diagnoses were not revealed until after the test of their first morning urine for pterin-6-aldehyde was completed were studied for the presence or absence of pterin-6-aldehyde by thin-layer chromatography. Pterin-6-aldehyde was found in the urine at about 300 nmol/ml or greater only in those 13 patients with a tissue diagnosis of cancer. When the cancer was totally resected, the pterin-6-aldehyde was no longer found in the urine postoperatively. Pterin-6-aldehyde is not found in the urine of healthy patients at this level of detection unless their diets are supplemented with folic acid.", "contents": "Pterin-6-aldehyde, a cancer cell catabolite: identification and application in diagnosis and treatment of human cancer. Active folic acid degradation with the formation pterin-6-aldehyde is a previously undescribed characteristic of cancer cells in tissue culture. Neither normal adult epithelial and fibroblastic cells nor human amniotic cells nor mouse embryonic fibroblasts degrade folic acid to a measurable degree. Twenty-nine patients whose diagnoses were not revealed until after the test of their first morning urine for pterin-6-aldehyde was completed were studied for the presence or absence of pterin-6-aldehyde by thin-layer chromatography. Pterin-6-aldehyde was found in the urine at about 300 nmol/ml or greater only in those 13 patients with a tissue diagnosis of cancer. When the cancer was totally resected, the pterin-6-aldehyde was no longer found in the urine postoperatively. Pterin-6-aldehyde is not found in the urine of healthy patients at this level of detection unless their diets are supplemented with folic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:265526", "title": "A rapid procedure for selective enrichment of photosynthetic electron transport mutants.", "content": "Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-l-ethanol) is shown to be effective for the selective enrichment of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that posses impaired photosynthetic electron transport. More than 99.9% of wild-type cells are killed when incubated in the presence of 6-10 mM metronidazole for 24 hr under illumination of 7500 lux. Survival of wild-type cells in darkness and of mutants that are blocked at different steps in photosynthetic electron transport is nearly 100% when incubated in the presence of the drug under identical conditions. The toxicity of metronidazole is demonstrated to depend upon its reduction by photosynthetic electron transport. Light-dependent oxygen uptake mediated by metronidazole is shown to require active photosystem l in vitro and in vivo. Ferredoxin is necessary for metronidazole reduction by thylakoid membrane fractions enriched in photosystem l activity. We propose that the toxicity of metronidazole is due to the formation of lethal derivatives of the drug or to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, which could occur upon autooxidation of metronidazole reduced by one electron. The results indicate that mutants of C. reinhardtii, and probably other photosynthetic organisms, with any lesion in photosynthetic electron transport from the oxidizing side of photosystem ll to ferredoxin can be isolated by metronidazole treatment of mutagenized cultures.", "contents": "A rapid procedure for selective enrichment of photosynthetic electron transport mutants. Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-l-ethanol) is shown to be effective for the selective enrichment of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that posses impaired photosynthetic electron transport. More than 99.9% of wild-type cells are killed when incubated in the presence of 6-10 mM metronidazole for 24 hr under illumination of 7500 lux. Survival of wild-type cells in darkness and of mutants that are blocked at different steps in photosynthetic electron transport is nearly 100% when incubated in the presence of the drug under identical conditions. The toxicity of metronidazole is demonstrated to depend upon its reduction by photosynthetic electron transport. Light-dependent oxygen uptake mediated by metronidazole is shown to require active photosystem l in vitro and in vivo. Ferredoxin is necessary for metronidazole reduction by thylakoid membrane fractions enriched in photosystem l activity. We propose that the toxicity of metronidazole is due to the formation of lethal derivatives of the drug or to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, which could occur upon autooxidation of metronidazole reduced by one electron. The results indicate that mutants of C. reinhardtii, and probably other photosynthetic organisms, with any lesion in photosynthetic electron transport from the oxidizing side of photosystem ll to ferredoxin can be isolated by metronidazole treatment of mutagenized cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:265527", "title": "Secretion of alpha-ecdysone by crab Y-organs in vitro.", "content": "The cultured molting glands (Y-organs) from two species of crabs secrete a product whose behavior in several chromatographic systems and whose mass spectrum are identical with those of authentic alpha-ecdysone. It appears that alpha-ecdysone is the only molting hormone secreted by the Y-organ, and that the Y-organ is the sole source of alpha-ecdysone in these animals.", "contents": "Secretion of alpha-ecdysone by crab Y-organs in vitro. The cultured molting glands (Y-organs) from two species of crabs secrete a product whose behavior in several chromatographic systems and whose mass spectrum are identical with those of authentic alpha-ecdysone. It appears that alpha-ecdysone is the only molting hormone secreted by the Y-organ, and that the Y-organ is the sole source of alpha-ecdysone in these animals."}
{"id": "PMID:265528", "title": "Derepression of ATP sulfurylase by the sulfate analogs molybdate and selenate in cultured tobacco cells.", "content": "Molybdate and selenate are structural analogs of sulfate that inhibit synthesis of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate by ATP sulfurylase (sulfate adenylyltransferase, ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) in crude extracts of tobacco XD cells. Both of these anions derepress ATP sulfurylase in cells growing on sulfate, but not in cells growing on L-cysteine. However, the two anions appear to derepress by different mechanisms. Molybdate caused derepression only at concentrations that were in excess over sulfate and were sufficient to inhibit growth and protein accumulation, indicating that the derepression resulted from sulfur starvation. Selenate caused derepression at one-tenth the concentration of sulfate, a concentration of selenate that was subtoxic, while toxic levels of selenate produced far less derepression. The susceptibility of the tobacco cells to selenate toxicity was high under conditions of sulfur nutrition that derepress ATP sulfurylase, and low under conditions that repress ATP sulfurylase, in agreement with the idea that selenate acts via a functional sulfate assimilation pathway. Since it is known that selenate is incorporated into analogs of sulfur compounds, it is proposed that the tobacco cells synthesize the seleno-analog of the end product of the sulfate pathway responsible for repression, and the seleno-analog antagonizes the normal end product in the repression mechanism, the net result being derepression of ATP sulfurylase by selenate.", "contents": "Derepression of ATP sulfurylase by the sulfate analogs molybdate and selenate in cultured tobacco cells. Molybdate and selenate are structural analogs of sulfate that inhibit synthesis of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate by ATP sulfurylase (sulfate adenylyltransferase, ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) in crude extracts of tobacco XD cells. Both of these anions derepress ATP sulfurylase in cells growing on sulfate, but not in cells growing on L-cysteine. However, the two anions appear to derepress by different mechanisms. Molybdate caused derepression only at concentrations that were in excess over sulfate and were sufficient to inhibit growth and protein accumulation, indicating that the derepression resulted from sulfur starvation. Selenate caused derepression at one-tenth the concentration of sulfate, a concentration of selenate that was subtoxic, while toxic levels of selenate produced far less derepression. The susceptibility of the tobacco cells to selenate toxicity was high under conditions of sulfur nutrition that derepress ATP sulfurylase, and low under conditions that repress ATP sulfurylase, in agreement with the idea that selenate acts via a functional sulfate assimilation pathway. Since it is known that selenate is incorporated into analogs of sulfur compounds, it is proposed that the tobacco cells synthesize the seleno-analog of the end product of the sulfate pathway responsible for repression, and the seleno-analog antagonizes the normal end product in the repression mechanism, the net result being derepression of ATP sulfurylase by selenate."}
{"id": "PMID:265529", "title": "Appearance of a chromatin protein during the erythroid differentiation of Friend virus-transformed cells.", "content": "Chromatin proteins from erythroleukemia cells transformed by Friend virus were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A new chromosomal protein, apparent molecular weight 25,000, was shown to appear during erythroid differentiation of the cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylenebisacetamide. This protein is tightly bound to the chromatin and does not appear to be related to any of the known histones. It is also demonstrated that this protein is not induced in a dimethyl sulfoxide-resistant variant of these cells.", "contents": "Appearance of a chromatin protein during the erythroid differentiation of Friend virus-transformed cells. Chromatin proteins from erythroleukemia cells transformed by Friend virus were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A new chromosomal protein, apparent molecular weight 25,000, was shown to appear during erythroid differentiation of the cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylenebisacetamide. This protein is tightly bound to the chromatin and does not appear to be related to any of the known histones. It is also demonstrated that this protein is not induced in a dimethyl sulfoxide-resistant variant of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265530", "title": "Lymphocyte mitogenesis induced by a mammalian liver protein that specifically binds desialylated glycoproteins.", "content": "A purified rabbit liver membrane protein that binds desialylated glycoproteins has been shown to be a mitogen for human peripheral lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity is specific for desialylated thymus-derived (T)-cells. The loss of mitogenicity upon exposure of the binding protein to neuraminidase and the inhibitory potency of asialo-orosomucoid support the conclusion that the site involved in the binding of asialoglycoproteins is also responsible for the mitogenic effect on desialylated lymphocytes. The potential relevance of this phenomenon to the etiology of hepatocellular necrosis is considered.", "contents": "Lymphocyte mitogenesis induced by a mammalian liver protein that specifically binds desialylated glycoproteins. A purified rabbit liver membrane protein that binds desialylated glycoproteins has been shown to be a mitogen for human peripheral lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity is specific for desialylated thymus-derived (T)-cells. The loss of mitogenicity upon exposure of the binding protein to neuraminidase and the inhibitory potency of asialo-orosomucoid support the conclusion that the site involved in the binding of asialoglycoproteins is also responsible for the mitogenic effect on desialylated lymphocytes. The potential relevance of this phenomenon to the etiology of hepatocellular necrosis is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:265531", "title": "Suppression of production of mouse 28S ribosomal RNA in mouse-human hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes.", "content": "Mouse-human somatic cell hybrids that lose (segregate) human chromosomes produce only mouse 28S ribosomal RNA even when they retain copies of the human chromosomes that contain the genes for 28S ribosomal RNA. In contrast, mouse-human hybrid cells that segregate mouse chromosomes produce only human 28S ribosomal RNA even when they have retained copies of mouse chromosomes that contain the 28S ribosomal RNA genes.", "contents": "Suppression of production of mouse 28S ribosomal RNA in mouse-human hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes. Mouse-human somatic cell hybrids that lose (segregate) human chromosomes produce only mouse 28S ribosomal RNA even when they retain copies of the human chromosomes that contain the genes for 28S ribosomal RNA. In contrast, mouse-human hybrid cells that segregate mouse chromosomes produce only human 28S ribosomal RNA even when they have retained copies of mouse chromosomes that contain the 28S ribosomal RNA genes."}
{"id": "PMID:265532", "title": "Polymorphism and the subunit structure of enzymes: a contribution to the neutralist-selectionist controversy.", "content": "The occurrence of polymorphism in a series of 87 different loci coding for enzyme structure in human populations has been related to the size and the number of subunits in the corresponding enzymes. Polymorphic and nonpolymorphic enzymes did not differ on average in subunit size. However, multimeric enzymes showed a significantly lower incidence of polymorphism than didmonomeric enzymes. A particularly low incidence of polymorphism was noted among multimeric enzymes in which interlocus molecular hybrids occur. The findings are discussed in terms of the \"neutralist\" and \"selectionist\" hypotheses of polymorphism.", "contents": "Polymorphism and the subunit structure of enzymes: a contribution to the neutralist-selectionist controversy. The occurrence of polymorphism in a series of 87 different loci coding for enzyme structure in human populations has been related to the size and the number of subunits in the corresponding enzymes. Polymorphic and nonpolymorphic enzymes did not differ on average in subunit size. However, multimeric enzymes showed a significantly lower incidence of polymorphism than didmonomeric enzymes. A particularly low incidence of polymorphism was noted among multimeric enzymes in which interlocus molecular hybrids occur. The findings are discussed in terms of the \"neutralist\" and \"selectionist\" hypotheses of polymorphism."}
{"id": "PMID:265533", "title": "Enhanced antibody affinity in sublethally irradiated mice and bone marrow chimeras.", "content": "Sublethally irradiated mice primed with dinitrophenyl (Dnp)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin immediately after irradiation or 30 days later and subsequently boosted with a second injection of antigen displayed a secondary response to Dnp characterized by antibody affinity greater than that in unirradiated controls. Also, in radiation chimeras primed with Dnp-keyhole limpet hemocyanin 120 days after syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation the antibodies against Dnp produced after boosting were of higher affinity than the antibodies raised in normal mice. These findings are tentatively attributed to lack of suppressor thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) in sublethally irradiated mice and bone marrow chimeras, in which the enhanced ability to produce antibodies of high affinity may compensate for quantitative defects of the immune system.", "contents": "Enhanced antibody affinity in sublethally irradiated mice and bone marrow chimeras. Sublethally irradiated mice primed with dinitrophenyl (Dnp)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin immediately after irradiation or 30 days later and subsequently boosted with a second injection of antigen displayed a secondary response to Dnp characterized by antibody affinity greater than that in unirradiated controls. Also, in radiation chimeras primed with Dnp-keyhole limpet hemocyanin 120 days after syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation the antibodies against Dnp produced after boosting were of higher affinity than the antibodies raised in normal mice. These findings are tentatively attributed to lack of suppressor thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) in sublethally irradiated mice and bone marrow chimeras, in which the enhanced ability to produce antibodies of high affinity may compensate for quantitative defects of the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:265534", "title": "Inhibition of proliferative and plaque-forming cell responses by human bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes from peripheral blood by antisera to the p23, 30 antigen.", "content": "A recently described technique for the polyclonal induction of plaque-forming cells from human bone-marrow derived (B) lymphocytes of peripheral blood has been used to assess the role of a human Ia-like antigen (p23,30) in differentiation of human B cells. In particular, the effects of antisera to p23,30 on the plaque-forming cells and proliferative responses of human B cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen or soluble products of activated human thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) have been examined. Antisera to p23,30 eliminated the development of plaque-forming cells induced by both T cell products and pokeweed mitogen. While these antisera also abrogated B cell proliferation induced by T cell supernatants, the proliferative response generated by pokeweed mitogen was only partially reduced. It was also determined that while the p23,30 antigen continues to be expressed on fully differentiated plaque-forming cells, antisera to this determinant exert inhibitory effects on B cell differentiation only when present during the early stages of B cell cultures. These results lend further support to the analogy between p23,30 and murine Ia antigens. Moreover, they demonstrate a major role for this antigen in the early events involved in human B cell differentiation into antibody-forming cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of proliferative and plaque-forming cell responses by human bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes from peripheral blood by antisera to the p23, 30 antigen. A recently described technique for the polyclonal induction of plaque-forming cells from human bone-marrow derived (B) lymphocytes of peripheral blood has been used to assess the role of a human Ia-like antigen (p23,30) in differentiation of human B cells. In particular, the effects of antisera to p23,30 on the plaque-forming cells and proliferative responses of human B cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen or soluble products of activated human thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) have been examined. Antisera to p23,30 eliminated the development of plaque-forming cells induced by both T cell products and pokeweed mitogen. While these antisera also abrogated B cell proliferation induced by T cell supernatants, the proliferative response generated by pokeweed mitogen was only partially reduced. It was also determined that while the p23,30 antigen continues to be expressed on fully differentiated plaque-forming cells, antisera to this determinant exert inhibitory effects on B cell differentiation only when present during the early stages of B cell cultures. These results lend further support to the analogy between p23,30 and murine Ia antigens. Moreover, they demonstrate a major role for this antigen in the early events involved in human B cell differentiation into antibody-forming cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265535", "title": "Lymphocytes alloantigens associated with X-chromosome-linked immune response genes.", "content": "A new polymorphic alloantigen system controlled by loci on the X-chromosome has been identified by using antisera from F1 hybrid mice differing in their X-chromosome. These alloantigens are associated with the X-chromosome. These alloantigens are associated with the X-linked immune response genes controlling the immune response to the so-called \"thymus independent antigens\" such as type III pneumococcal polysaccharide, poly(I)-poly(C), and denatured DNA. They also show association with the histocompatibility locus present on the X-chromosome. They were mainly detected on a not yet characterized thymus-derived lymphocyte subpopulation. A certain similarity with the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse supports the possibility of additional I-like regions besides the I region of the histocompatibility-2 complex.", "contents": "Lymphocytes alloantigens associated with X-chromosome-linked immune response genes. A new polymorphic alloantigen system controlled by loci on the X-chromosome has been identified by using antisera from F1 hybrid mice differing in their X-chromosome. These alloantigens are associated with the X-chromosome. These alloantigens are associated with the X-linked immune response genes controlling the immune response to the so-called \"thymus independent antigens\" such as type III pneumococcal polysaccharide, poly(I)-poly(C), and denatured DNA. They also show association with the histocompatibility locus present on the X-chromosome. They were mainly detected on a not yet characterized thymus-derived lymphocyte subpopulation. A certain similarity with the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse supports the possibility of additional I-like regions besides the I region of the histocompatibility-2 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:265536", "title": "Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a biologically active polypeptide isolated from calf thymus, termed thymosin alpha1, has been determined. Thymosin alpha1 is a heat stable, highly acidic molecule composed of 28 amino acid residues. This peptide is one of several present in thymosin fraction 5 that may participate in the regulation, differentiation and function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells). A nomenclature for the family of polypeptides present in thymosin fraction 5 is suggested.", "contents": "Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of a biologically active polypeptide isolated from calf thymus, termed thymosin alpha1, has been determined. Thymosin alpha1 is a heat stable, highly acidic molecule composed of 28 amino acid residues. This peptide is one of several present in thymosin fraction 5 that may participate in the regulation, differentiation and function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells). A nomenclature for the family of polypeptides present in thymosin fraction 5 is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:265537", "title": "A sex-limited serum protein of Syrian hamsters: definition of female protein and regulation by testosterone.", "content": "Normal Syrian hamster females contain a serum protein not found by simple gel diffusion assay in normal adult males. This sex-limited protein was called female protein (FP). Low levels of FP were found in sera from normal weanling male hamsters. Adult male hamsters castrated or treated with diethylstilbestrol also developed serum FP, which could be suppressed by administration of testosterone. Exogenous testosterone also suppressed serum FP in adult females, and ovarian function did not appear to be critical for maintenance of serum FP. Although FP is present in significant amounts (1-2 mg/ml) in adult females, its function is presently unknown.", "contents": "A sex-limited serum protein of Syrian hamsters: definition of female protein and regulation by testosterone. Normal Syrian hamster females contain a serum protein not found by simple gel diffusion assay in normal adult males. This sex-limited protein was called female protein (FP). Low levels of FP were found in sera from normal weanling male hamsters. Adult male hamsters castrated or treated with diethylstilbestrol also developed serum FP, which could be suppressed by administration of testosterone. Exogenous testosterone also suppressed serum FP in adult females, and ovarian function did not appear to be critical for maintenance of serum FP. Although FP is present in significant amounts (1-2 mg/ml) in adult females, its function is presently unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:265538", "title": "Characterization of C-reactive protein and the complement subcomponent C1t as homologous proteins displaying cyclic pentameric symmetry (pentraxins).", "content": "Partial amino acid sequences of rabbit C-reactive protein, a peptide derived from human C-reactive protein by cyanogen bromide cleavage, and the C1t subcomponent of the human complement component C1 have been determined. Extensive sequence homology between these proteins establish their evolutionary relationships. In addition, examination of C-reactive proteins by negative-stain electron microscopy revealed that the protein is composed of five subunits arranged in cyclic symmetry. This structure is similar to that reported for both C1t and the amyloid P-component. The extensive structural relationship suggests similar or overlapping functions and the term pentraxin is proposed to describe these homologous proteins.", "contents": "Characterization of C-reactive protein and the complement subcomponent C1t as homologous proteins displaying cyclic pentameric symmetry (pentraxins). Partial amino acid sequences of rabbit C-reactive protein, a peptide derived from human C-reactive protein by cyanogen bromide cleavage, and the C1t subcomponent of the human complement component C1 have been determined. Extensive sequence homology between these proteins establish their evolutionary relationships. In addition, examination of C-reactive proteins by negative-stain electron microscopy revealed that the protein is composed of five subunits arranged in cyclic symmetry. This structure is similar to that reported for both C1t and the amyloid P-component. The extensive structural relationship suggests similar or overlapping functions and the term pentraxin is proposed to describe these homologous proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:265539", "title": "Growth of cultured cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease and transplantation into nude mice.", "content": "Long-term monolayer cell cultures have been prepared from tumor nodules in spleens removed from 28 patients with Hodgkin's disease and from 84 spleens that did not have tumors from Hodgkin's disease patients, normal adult spleens, and human fetal spleens and thymuses. After 5 to 20 serial passages in culture, cells from nine of the Hodgkin's disease monolayers underwent morphologic change in vitro with transition from a spindle and reticular pattern of replication to polygonal and round cells that propagated in mosaic arrays. Four of such Hodgkin's disease monolayer cell lines were injected subcutaneously into 43 nude, athymic mice. In 36 animals (84%), neoplasms developed at the inoculation site that werel ocally destructive, capable of pulmonary metastasis, and  eventually fatal to the recipients. Transplanted tumors were not observed in 18 athymic mice injected with cultures prepared from normal human adult spleen and fetal spleen and thymus, nor were tumors seen in 16 similar animals that received fresh, noncultured Hodgkin's disease tumor tissue. On microscopic examination, xenografts derived from Hodgkin's disease cultures were pleomorphic malignant neoplasms composed of large, undifferentiated cells, resembling reticulum cell sarcoma. These neoplasms did not involve the lymphoreticular organs of mice. Chromosome studies indicated that the transplanted neoplasms were composed of human cells with an aneuploid karyotype and that monolayer cultures prepared from the heterotransplants contained a karyotype similar to that of the cultured cells prior to passage in mice. The ability of these Hodgkin's disease cell lines to produce invasive tumors with human karyotypes in nude mice is evidence of the neoplastic nature of the monolayer cells and their relationship to the malignant cell of the human disorder.", "contents": "Growth of cultured cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease and transplantation into nude mice. Long-term monolayer cell cultures have been prepared from tumor nodules in spleens removed from 28 patients with Hodgkin's disease and from 84 spleens that did not have tumors from Hodgkin's disease patients, normal adult spleens, and human fetal spleens and thymuses. After 5 to 20 serial passages in culture, cells from nine of the Hodgkin's disease monolayers underwent morphologic change in vitro with transition from a spindle and reticular pattern of replication to polygonal and round cells that propagated in mosaic arrays. Four of such Hodgkin's disease monolayer cell lines were injected subcutaneously into 43 nude, athymic mice. In 36 animals (84%), neoplasms developed at the inoculation site that werel ocally destructive, capable of pulmonary metastasis, and  eventually fatal to the recipients. Transplanted tumors were not observed in 18 athymic mice injected with cultures prepared from normal human adult spleen and fetal spleen and thymus, nor were tumors seen in 16 similar animals that received fresh, noncultured Hodgkin's disease tumor tissue. On microscopic examination, xenografts derived from Hodgkin's disease cultures were pleomorphic malignant neoplasms composed of large, undifferentiated cells, resembling reticulum cell sarcoma. These neoplasms did not involve the lymphoreticular organs of mice. Chromosome studies indicated that the transplanted neoplasms were composed of human cells with an aneuploid karyotype and that monolayer cultures prepared from the heterotransplants contained a karyotype similar to that of the cultured cells prior to passage in mice. The ability of these Hodgkin's disease cell lines to produce invasive tumors with human karyotypes in nude mice is evidence of the neoplastic nature of the monolayer cells and their relationship to the malignant cell of the human disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:265540", "title": "Purification and characterization of the DNA polymerase of human breast cancer particles.", "content": "Previous studies have identified human breast tumor particles possessing many of the features characteristic of RNA tumor viruses. In addition to the expected size (600 S) and density (1.16 g/ml) these include possession of an outer membrane and an inner one surrounding a \"core\" containing a DNA polymerase and a large-molecular-weight (70S) RNA possessing detectable homology to the RNAs of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). We report here the purification and characterization of the DNA polymerase from the human breast cancer particles. Its key properties are very similar to those ofthe RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase (reverse transcriptase) found in MMTV and MPMV. Thus like these viral enzymes, the purified human breast cancer DNA polymerase exhibits the following three features that together distinguish the known viral reverse transcriptases from normal cellular DNA polymerases: (i) a strong preference for oligo(dT)-poly(rA) over oligo(dT)-poly(dA) as a template for the synthesis of poly(dT); (ii) the acceptance of the highly specific oligo(dG)-poly(rCm) as a template for the formation of poly(dG); (iii) the ability to use a viral RNA (AMV) as a template to fashion a faithful DNA complementary copy; and (iv) its preference for Mg++ over Mn++. In summary, the data described here on the enzyme of the human breast cancer particles add further evidence of similarities to the viral agents associated with the corresponding malignancies in the mouse and monkey models. To date, an enzyme with these properties has not been detected in normal breast tissues or in benign tumors of the breast.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the DNA polymerase of human breast cancer particles. Previous studies have identified human breast tumor particles possessing many of the features characteristic of RNA tumor viruses. In addition to the expected size (600 S) and density (1.16 g/ml) these include possession of an outer membrane and an inner one surrounding a \"core\" containing a DNA polymerase and a large-molecular-weight (70S) RNA possessing detectable homology to the RNAs of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). We report here the purification and characterization of the DNA polymerase from the human breast cancer particles. Its key properties are very similar to those ofthe RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase (reverse transcriptase) found in MMTV and MPMV. Thus like these viral enzymes, the purified human breast cancer DNA polymerase exhibits the following three features that together distinguish the known viral reverse transcriptases from normal cellular DNA polymerases: (i) a strong preference for oligo(dT)-poly(rA) over oligo(dT)-poly(dA) as a template for the synthesis of poly(dT); (ii) the acceptance of the highly specific oligo(dG)-poly(rCm) as a template for the formation of poly(dG); (iii) the ability to use a viral RNA (AMV) as a template to fashion a faithful DNA complementary copy; and (iv) its preference for Mg++ over Mn++. In summary, the data described here on the enzyme of the human breast cancer particles add further evidence of similarities to the viral agents associated with the corresponding malignancies in the mouse and monkey models. To date, an enzyme with these properties has not been detected in normal breast tissues or in benign tumors of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:265541", "title": "Opposing effects of dopaminergic to cholinergic compounds on a cerebral dopamine-activated adenylate cyclase.", "content": "In contrast to antipsychosis drugs which inhibit the dopamine-activated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] of caudate nucleus, dopaminergic drugs for treatment of Parkinson's disease stimulate this cyclase. Stimulants and inhibitors of cholinergic neurons inhibited this adenylate cyclase activity competitively and specifically. Thus, the mechanism by which dopaminergic medications ameliorate the effects of Parkinson's disease includes activation of the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Excessive activation might be present during the psychotic episodes seen in patients with parkinsonism who are overtreated. The enzymatic effects of the drugs that affect cholinergic mechanisms seem to be generally in keeping with the pharmacological reciprocity between psychoses and extrapyramidal function, except for the anticholinergic ones which inhibited this cyclase although they can be hallucinogenic.", "contents": "Opposing effects of dopaminergic to cholinergic compounds on a cerebral dopamine-activated adenylate cyclase. In contrast to antipsychosis drugs which inhibit the dopamine-activated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] of caudate nucleus, dopaminergic drugs for treatment of Parkinson's disease stimulate this cyclase. Stimulants and inhibitors of cholinergic neurons inhibited this adenylate cyclase activity competitively and specifically. Thus, the mechanism by which dopaminergic medications ameliorate the effects of Parkinson's disease includes activation of the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Excessive activation might be present during the psychotic episodes seen in patients with parkinsonism who are overtreated. The enzymatic effects of the drugs that affect cholinergic mechanisms seem to be generally in keeping with the pharmacological reciprocity between psychoses and extrapyramidal function, except for the anticholinergic ones which inhibited this cyclase although they can be hallucinogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:265542", "title": "beta-Endorphin: behavioral and analgesic activity in cats.", "content": "beta-Endorphin has been shown to possess potent behavioral and antinociceptive activities when administered intraventricularly in cats. On a molar basis, beta-endorphin is 72-96 times more potent than morphine and its actions are blocked by the specific opiate antagonist, naloxone.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin: behavioral and analgesic activity in cats. beta-Endorphin has been shown to possess potent behavioral and antinociceptive activities when administered intraventricularly in cats. On a molar basis, beta-endorphin is 72-96 times more potent than morphine and its actions are blocked by the specific opiate antagonist, naloxone."}
{"id": "PMID:265543", "title": "Persistence of type 5 adenovirus DNA in cells transformed by temperature-sensitive mutant, H5ts125.", "content": "The characteristic of H5ts125, a temperature-sensitive DNA-minus mutant, to transform 3 to 8 times more rat embryo cells than wild-type 5 adenovirus was correlated with the persistence of an increased proportion of the viral genome in cells independently transformed at the nonpermissive (39.5 degrees) or semipermissive (36 degrees) temperature. Reassociation kinetics of the hybridization of 32P-labeled,HindIII restriction fragments of the viral genome and excess unlabeled, transformed cell DNA was used to measure the quantity of the viral genome in transformed cells. Three of four cell lines independently transformed and maintained at 36 degrees contained all regions of the viral genome; one line transformed at 39.5 degrees contained multiple copies representing all of the viral DNA; and one line contained a large proportion of the viral genome. The cell line transformed and maintained at 32 degrees contained a quantity of viral genome consistent with that usually found in cells transformed by wild-type 5 adenovirus.", "contents": "Persistence of type 5 adenovirus DNA in cells transformed by temperature-sensitive mutant, H5ts125. The characteristic of H5ts125, a temperature-sensitive DNA-minus mutant, to transform 3 to 8 times more rat embryo cells than wild-type 5 adenovirus was correlated with the persistence of an increased proportion of the viral genome in cells independently transformed at the nonpermissive (39.5 degrees) or semipermissive (36 degrees) temperature. Reassociation kinetics of the hybridization of 32P-labeled,HindIII restriction fragments of the viral genome and excess unlabeled, transformed cell DNA was used to measure the quantity of the viral genome in transformed cells. Three of four cell lines independently transformed and maintained at 36 degrees contained all regions of the viral genome; one line transformed at 39.5 degrees contained multiple copies representing all of the viral DNA; and one line contained a large proportion of the viral genome. The cell line transformed and maintained at 32 degrees contained a quantity of viral genome consistent with that usually found in cells transformed by wild-type 5 adenovirus."}
{"id": "PMID:265544", "title": "Evidence for active role of cilia in sensory transduction.", "content": "Combined high-voltage electron-microscopic and electrophysiological studies strongly suggest that cilia play an active role in sensory transduction in the grasshopper proximal femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) a ciliated mechanoreceptor. The FCO of pro- and mesothoracic legs of Melanoplus bivittatus contains a group of several hundred chorodontal sensilla arranged in a near-parallel bundle and slung between the proximal femur and the knee joint. Both flexion and extension of the tibia stimulate the FCO, which appears to measure the femoro-tibial angle. The FCO's U-shaped response curve indicates that progressive flexion or extension from the resting joint angle of 90 degrees increases the response frequency of individual receptors and recruits additional units as well. Since the FCO is a purely tonic mechanoreceptor, it is possible to fix FCOs during maximum and minimum states of stimulation and electron-microscopically observed changes in the receptor's fine structure. The most conspicuous change is the production of a pronounced bend at the base of the sensory cilia in chordotonal sensilla of maximally stimulated femoral chordotonal organs.", "contents": "Evidence for active role of cilia in sensory transduction. Combined high-voltage electron-microscopic and electrophysiological studies strongly suggest that cilia play an active role in sensory transduction in the grasshopper proximal femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) a ciliated mechanoreceptor. The FCO of pro- and mesothoracic legs of Melanoplus bivittatus contains a group of several hundred chorodontal sensilla arranged in a near-parallel bundle and slung between the proximal femur and the knee joint. Both flexion and extension of the tibia stimulate the FCO, which appears to measure the femoro-tibial angle. The FCO's U-shaped response curve indicates that progressive flexion or extension from the resting joint angle of 90 degrees increases the response frequency of individual receptors and recruits additional units as well. Since the FCO is a purely tonic mechanoreceptor, it is possible to fix FCOs during maximum and minimum states of stimulation and electron-microscopically observed changes in the receptor's fine structure. The most conspicuous change is the production of a pronounced bend at the base of the sensory cilia in chordotonal sensilla of maximally stimulated femoral chordotonal organs."}
{"id": "PMID:265545", "title": "Human somatotropin: restoration of full biological activity by noncovalent interaction of a natural and a synthetic fragment of the hormone.", "content": "The recombinant hormone obtained by noncovalent interaction of the natural NH2-terminal fragment (consisting of 134 amino acid residues) with a synthetic COOH-terminal fragment of 52 amino acids of the reduced-carbamidomethylated human somatotropin molecule is found to exhibit full biological activity of the native hormone as evidenced by the tibia test. Radioimmunoassay data indicate that the semisynthetic recombinant hormone possesses essentially full immunoreactivity as compared to the native one. In addition, circular dichroism and fluorescence emission spectra of the semisynthetic recombinant are identical to that of the undisociated, plasmin modified, reduced-carbamidomethylated hormone.", "contents": "Human somatotropin: restoration of full biological activity by noncovalent interaction of a natural and a synthetic fragment of the hormone. The recombinant hormone obtained by noncovalent interaction of the natural NH2-terminal fragment (consisting of 134 amino acid residues) with a synthetic COOH-terminal fragment of 52 amino acids of the reduced-carbamidomethylated human somatotropin molecule is found to exhibit full biological activity of the native hormone as evidenced by the tibia test. Radioimmunoassay data indicate that the semisynthetic recombinant hormone possesses essentially full immunoreactivity as compared to the native one. In addition, circular dichroism and fluorescence emission spectra of the semisynthetic recombinant are identical to that of the undisociated, plasmin modified, reduced-carbamidomethylated hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:265546", "title": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: rate of hybridization of excess RNA with DNA, compared to the rate of DNA renaturation.", "content": "The rate of reaction of double-stranded replicative form (RF) [3H]DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 with excess (+)strand DNA and (+)strand RNA was measured by standard methods of hydroxyapatite chromatography. The reactions follow pseudo-first-order kinetics and the observed rate constant for the RNA-DNA reaction differs less than 25% from that of the DNA-DNA reaction. The pseudo-first-order rate constants are close to the value predicted on the basis of the second-order rate constant measured in the renaturation of the double-stranded phiX RF [3H]DNA.", "contents": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: rate of hybridization of excess RNA with DNA, compared to the rate of DNA renaturation. The rate of reaction of double-stranded replicative form (RF) [3H]DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 with excess (+)strand DNA and (+)strand RNA was measured by standard methods of hydroxyapatite chromatography. The reactions follow pseudo-first-order kinetics and the observed rate constant for the RNA-DNA reaction differs less than 25% from that of the DNA-DNA reaction. The pseudo-first-order rate constants are close to the value predicted on the basis of the second-order rate constant measured in the renaturation of the double-stranded phiX RF [3H]DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:265547", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lecithin bimolecular leaflets with incorporated fluorescent probes.", "content": "Pulse Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance techniques have been used to determine (i) the precise location of four membrane fluorescent probe molecules in lipid bilayer model membranes above the gel-to-liquid crystal transition temperature, tm; (ii) the dynamical perturbation of the host lipid molecules induced by incorporation of the probe into the bilayer. The regions of maximal perturbation induced by these probes do not necessarily coincide with their actual location in the bilayer.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lecithin bimolecular leaflets with incorporated fluorescent probes. Pulse Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance techniques have been used to determine (i) the precise location of four membrane fluorescent probe molecules in lipid bilayer model membranes above the gel-to-liquid crystal transition temperature, tm; (ii) the dynamical perturbation of the host lipid molecules induced by incorporation of the probe into the bilayer. The regions of maximal perturbation induced by these probes do not necessarily coincide with their actual location in the bilayer."}
{"id": "PMID:265548", "title": "Identification of a protein related to tubulin in the postsynaptic density.", "content": "The postsynaptic density is a unique subcellular organelle associated with the synaptic complex and appears as an electron-dense area immediately subjacent to the postsynaptic plasma membrane. The postsynaptic density was isolated from the synaptosomal fraction and the protein constituents were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides closely related to tubulin were identified as a major component of the postsynaptic density on the basis of molecular weight, subunit structure, and peptide map criteria.", "contents": "Identification of a protein related to tubulin in the postsynaptic density. The postsynaptic density is a unique subcellular organelle associated with the synaptic complex and appears as an electron-dense area immediately subjacent to the postsynaptic plasma membrane. The postsynaptic density was isolated from the synaptosomal fraction and the protein constituents were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides closely related to tubulin were identified as a major component of the postsynaptic density on the basis of molecular weight, subunit structure, and peptide map criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:265549", "title": "Anionic glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans synthesized by embryonic neural tube and neural crest.", "content": "Anionic glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans synthesized by embryonic neural tube (epithelium) and neural crest (mesenchymal outgrowth) developing in vitro were examined. The profile of surface glycopeptides is relatively simple (two major ones for neural crest; four major ones for neural tube). There is one major glycopeptide found in the medium which is present only in trace amounts on the cells. Both hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate are synthesized. Hyaluronate is predominantly cell associated; chondroitin sulfate is found predominantly in the medium. It is suggested that independent sorting of these relatively few glycopeptides can result in qualitative surface differences. Morphological state (epithelial or mesenchymal) and differentiated state may be related to these differences as well as to quantitative differences in surface glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Anionic glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans synthesized by embryonic neural tube and neural crest. Anionic glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans synthesized by embryonic neural tube (epithelium) and neural crest (mesenchymal outgrowth) developing in vitro were examined. The profile of surface glycopeptides is relatively simple (two major ones for neural crest; four major ones for neural tube). There is one major glycopeptide found in the medium which is present only in trace amounts on the cells. Both hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate are synthesized. Hyaluronate is predominantly cell associated; chondroitin sulfate is found predominantly in the medium. It is suggested that independent sorting of these relatively few glycopeptides can result in qualitative surface differences. Morphological state (epithelial or mesenchymal) and differentiated state may be related to these differences as well as to quantitative differences in surface glycosaminoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:265550", "title": "Changes in the composition of plasma membrane proteins during differentiation of embryonic chick erythroid cell.", "content": "Erythroid cells which are homogeneous with regard to stage of maturation are naturally available from the circulation of chick embryos at various times of development. This provides a convenient system for examining the changes in plasma membrane protein composition during red cell maturation. Plasma membranes are isolated from chick embryonic erythroid cells at various stages of maturation. Extensive characterization of the isolated membranes show that they are pure and their proteins undegraded. Analyses by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that both qualitative and quantitative changes occur in membrane protein composition during the early stage of erythroid differentiation. Specific proteins of red cell membrane such as \"spectrin\" and band three proteins are present in low levels in early erythroblasts but increase in their relative amounts with maturation. A steady-state membrane protein composition seems to be established by the late polychromatophilic erythroblast stage.", "contents": "Changes in the composition of plasma membrane proteins during differentiation of embryonic chick erythroid cell. Erythroid cells which are homogeneous with regard to stage of maturation are naturally available from the circulation of chick embryos at various times of development. This provides a convenient system for examining the changes in plasma membrane protein composition during red cell maturation. Plasma membranes are isolated from chick embryonic erythroid cells at various stages of maturation. Extensive characterization of the isolated membranes show that they are pure and their proteins undegraded. Analyses by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that both qualitative and quantitative changes occur in membrane protein composition during the early stage of erythroid differentiation. Specific proteins of red cell membrane such as \"spectrin\" and band three proteins are present in low levels in early erythroblasts but increase in their relative amounts with maturation. A steady-state membrane protein composition seems to be established by the late polychromatophilic erythroblast stage."}
{"id": "PMID:265551", "title": "Establishment and characterization of a strain of human adrenal tumor cells that secrete estrogen.", "content": "We report the establishment of a new cell line, designated Fang-8, which originated from a human adrenal adenocarcinoma. It has been continuously propagated during the past 20 months. The cells exhibit an epithelioid morphology, resembling the cell structure of the zona reticularis when viewed by electron microscopy. Since passage 12, the cells showed a characteristic ring-forming property in culture. The cells produce neither testosterone, mineralocorticosteroids, nor glucocorticosteroids; instead, they possess the unique function of estrogen production. Karyotypic analysis revealed a 100% aneuploid, unstable karyotype in the hyperdiploid stem line. Identification of the Y chromosome was uncertain. In view of these characteristics, Fang-8 represents a new human cell line, unlikely to be contaminated with HeLa strains, and different from another cell line derived from human adrenal cortex andenocarcinoma, namely SW-13(ATCC CCL 105).", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of a strain of human adrenal tumor cells that secrete estrogen. We report the establishment of a new cell line, designated Fang-8, which originated from a human adrenal adenocarcinoma. It has been continuously propagated during the past 20 months. The cells exhibit an epithelioid morphology, resembling the cell structure of the zona reticularis when viewed by electron microscopy. Since passage 12, the cells showed a characteristic ring-forming property in culture. The cells produce neither testosterone, mineralocorticosteroids, nor glucocorticosteroids; instead, they possess the unique function of estrogen production. Karyotypic analysis revealed a 100% aneuploid, unstable karyotype in the hyperdiploid stem line. Identification of the Y chromosome was uncertain. In view of these characteristics, Fang-8 represents a new human cell line, unlikely to be contaminated with HeLa strains, and different from another cell line derived from human adrenal cortex andenocarcinoma, namely SW-13(ATCC CCL 105)."}
{"id": "PMID:265552", "title": "Changes in membrane microviscosity associated with phagocytosis: effects of colchicine.", "content": "The effects of phagocytosis on plasma membrane microviscosity were studied by fluorescence depolarization techniques. It was shown that lipophilic probes are accumulated in intracellular vesicles to a significant degree in fibroblasts and neutrophils. Microviscosity was thus determined from the behavior of probes in isolated membranes. Phagocytosis of oil emulsions or polystyrene beads by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes induces a marked decrease in plasma membrane microviscosity that parallels the extent of phagocytosis. Liposomes made from extracts of membrane lipid show qualitatively the same changes, indicating that the alteration of microviscosity results at least in part from changes in lipid composition. The decrease in microviscosity is abolished when colchicine is present during phagocytosis. Addition of colchicine to membranes previously isolated from control or phagocytic cells has no effect on their microviscosity. The results suggest that phagocytosis is accompanied by a microtubule-dependent reorganization of membrane lipids.", "contents": "Changes in membrane microviscosity associated with phagocytosis: effects of colchicine. The effects of phagocytosis on plasma membrane microviscosity were studied by fluorescence depolarization techniques. It was shown that lipophilic probes are accumulated in intracellular vesicles to a significant degree in fibroblasts and neutrophils. Microviscosity was thus determined from the behavior of probes in isolated membranes. Phagocytosis of oil emulsions or polystyrene beads by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes induces a marked decrease in plasma membrane microviscosity that parallels the extent of phagocytosis. Liposomes made from extracts of membrane lipid show qualitatively the same changes, indicating that the alteration of microviscosity results at least in part from changes in lipid composition. The decrease in microviscosity is abolished when colchicine is present during phagocytosis. Addition of colchicine to membranes previously isolated from control or phagocytic cells has no effect on their microviscosity. The results suggest that phagocytosis is accompanied by a microtubule-dependent reorganization of membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:265553", "title": "Adhesive specificity of juvenile rat and chicken liver cells and membranes.", "content": "Liver cells, isolated from either juvenile rats or chickens by a collagenase perfusion technique, reaggregated when maintained in suspension. The cells exhibited marked adhesive specificity; when suspensions contained both cell types, the aggregates consisted primarily of either rat or chicken cells. Adhesive specificity was also observed with plasma membrane fractions isolated from rat liver homogenates, and with comparable fractions from chicken liver. These membranes stimulated aggregation of the homologous but not the heterologous cell type. Other membrane fractions had little or no effect on the aggregation of the homologous cell type. These and other properties of the liver cell and membrane preparations suggest that biochemical studies on cell-cell recognition and adhesion can most effectively be conducted with cells from juvenile and adult animals.", "contents": "Adhesive specificity of juvenile rat and chicken liver cells and membranes. Liver cells, isolated from either juvenile rats or chickens by a collagenase perfusion technique, reaggregated when maintained in suspension. The cells exhibited marked adhesive specificity; when suspensions contained both cell types, the aggregates consisted primarily of either rat or chicken cells. Adhesive specificity was also observed with plasma membrane fractions isolated from rat liver homogenates, and with comparable fractions from chicken liver. These membranes stimulated aggregation of the homologous but not the heterologous cell type. Other membrane fractions had little or no effect on the aggregation of the homologous cell type. These and other properties of the liver cell and membrane preparations suggest that biochemical studies on cell-cell recognition and adhesion can most effectively be conducted with cells from juvenile and adult animals."}
{"id": "PMID:265554", "title": "In vitro synthesis and processing of a putative precursor for the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Translation of polyadenylated mRNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a cell-free wheat germ system resulted in the synthesis of numerous discrete polypeptides. Among them was a species with molecular weight 20,000 that was immunoprecipitated specifically by antibodies raised against the authentic small subunit (16,500 daltons) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase(dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39]. Since the immunoprecipitated polypeptide has a larger molecular weight by approximately 3500 than the small subunit (S) it was identified as a putative biosynthetic precursor (pS). Post-translational conversion of pS by a specific endoprotease yielded two detectable products: one apparently identical in size to S and the other, a small peptide, presumably representing the remainder of pS. The endoprotease requires sulfhydryl groups for its activity and is present in a C. reinhardtii postribosomal supernatant as well as in a free polysome fraction. The latter could account for the observation that completion of nascent chains in free polysomes yielded S but not pS. We propose that pS is an extrachloroplastic form of S and that the small peptide portion plays a role in the transfer of S into the chloroplast.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis and processing of a putative precursor for the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Translation of polyadenylated mRNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a cell-free wheat germ system resulted in the synthesis of numerous discrete polypeptides. Among them was a species with molecular weight 20,000 that was immunoprecipitated specifically by antibodies raised against the authentic small subunit (16,500 daltons) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase(dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39]. Since the immunoprecipitated polypeptide has a larger molecular weight by approximately 3500 than the small subunit (S) it was identified as a putative biosynthetic precursor (pS). Post-translational conversion of pS by a specific endoprotease yielded two detectable products: one apparently identical in size to S and the other, a small peptide, presumably representing the remainder of pS. The endoprotease requires sulfhydryl groups for its activity and is present in a C. reinhardtii postribosomal supernatant as well as in a free polysome fraction. The latter could account for the observation that completion of nascent chains in free polysomes yielded S but not pS. We propose that pS is an extrachloroplastic form of S and that the small peptide portion plays a role in the transfer of S into the chloroplast."}
{"id": "PMID:265555", "title": "Differential effects of chemical inducers on expression of beta globin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemia cells are induced to erythrodifferentiate by polar compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide and hexamethylene bisacetamide as well as by fatty acids such as butyric acid and propionic acid. The effect of these inducers on the expression of two beta globin genes, betamaj and betamin, during the course of differentiation of the cells has been examined. After 4 days of culture with hexamethylene bisacetamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, the betamaj-containing hemoglobin (Hbmaj) predominates. By contrast, in the presence of butyric acid or propionic acid, after 4 days of culture, relatively equal amounts of Hbmaj and Hbmin are found. When cultured with dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylene bisacetamide, murine erythroleukemia cells synthesize more betamaj than betamin, while about equal amounts of the two globins are synthesized in the presence of butyric acid. When poly(A)-containing RNA from the cells exposed to different inducers is translated in a wheat germ cell-free system, the ratio of betamaj to betamin synthesized reflects that in whole cells. In a strain of murine erythroleukemia cells resistant to dimethyl sulfoxide (DR-10), the preferential stimulation of betamaj synthesis by hexamethylene bisacetamide of the betamin synthesis by butyric acid is more pronounced than with the dimethyl sulfoxide-sensitive cells (DS-19). These data suggest that polar compounds and fatty acids cause different expression of the betamaj and betamin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "contents": "Differential effects of chemical inducers on expression of beta globin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells. Murine erythroleukemia cells are induced to erythrodifferentiate by polar compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide and hexamethylene bisacetamide as well as by fatty acids such as butyric acid and propionic acid. The effect of these inducers on the expression of two beta globin genes, betamaj and betamin, during the course of differentiation of the cells has been examined. After 4 days of culture with hexamethylene bisacetamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, the betamaj-containing hemoglobin (Hbmaj) predominates. By contrast, in the presence of butyric acid or propionic acid, after 4 days of culture, relatively equal amounts of Hbmaj and Hbmin are found. When cultured with dimethyl sulfoxide or hexamethylene bisacetamide, murine erythroleukemia cells synthesize more betamaj than betamin, while about equal amounts of the two globins are synthesized in the presence of butyric acid. When poly(A)-containing RNA from the cells exposed to different inducers is translated in a wheat germ cell-free system, the ratio of betamaj to betamin synthesized reflects that in whole cells. In a strain of murine erythroleukemia cells resistant to dimethyl sulfoxide (DR-10), the preferential stimulation of betamaj synthesis by hexamethylene bisacetamide of the betamin synthesis by butyric acid is more pronounced than with the dimethyl sulfoxide-sensitive cells (DS-19). These data suggest that polar compounds and fatty acids cause different expression of the betamaj and betamin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265556", "title": "Characterization of an erythroid precursor cell of high proliferative capacity in normal human peripheral blood.", "content": "We have found that the peripheral blood of normal humans contains a significant number of committed erythroid stem cells of high proliferative capacity. These erythroid stem cells closely resemble the murine erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) with respect to proliferative capacity, colony morphology, and erythropoietin requirement. BFU-E were isolated from the peripheral blood of normal individuals by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation and cultured in vitro using the plasma culture technique. Macroscopic erythroid colonies of between 100 and 1000 cells were observed after 10-14 days of culture in the presence of either sheep or human erythropoietin at 0.5-4 units/ml. Individual colonies contained between 3 and 20 subcolonies and reached a maximum mean size of approximately 500 cells. Colony number was linearly related to the cell input, suggesting that a single cellular entity was precursor to each colony. The frequency of cells capable of giving rise to an erythroid colony was at least 100 per ml of blood in a number of individuals tested. The ability to assay significant numbers of erythroid precursor cells of high proliferative capacity from normal peripheral blood should facilitate the study of both normal erythropoiesis and of disease states affecting erythropoiesis in which marrow samples are not available on a routine basis.", "contents": "Characterization of an erythroid precursor cell of high proliferative capacity in normal human peripheral blood. We have found that the peripheral blood of normal humans contains a significant number of committed erythroid stem cells of high proliferative capacity. These erythroid stem cells closely resemble the murine erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) with respect to proliferative capacity, colony morphology, and erythropoietin requirement. BFU-E were isolated from the peripheral blood of normal individuals by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation and cultured in vitro using the plasma culture technique. Macroscopic erythroid colonies of between 100 and 1000 cells were observed after 10-14 days of culture in the presence of either sheep or human erythropoietin at 0.5-4 units/ml. Individual colonies contained between 3 and 20 subcolonies and reached a maximum mean size of approximately 500 cells. Colony number was linearly related to the cell input, suggesting that a single cellular entity was precursor to each colony. The frequency of cells capable of giving rise to an erythroid colony was at least 100 per ml of blood in a number of individuals tested. The ability to assay significant numbers of erythroid precursor cells of high proliferative capacity from normal peripheral blood should facilitate the study of both normal erythropoiesis and of disease states affecting erythropoiesis in which marrow samples are not available on a routine basis."}
{"id": "PMID:265557", "title": "Receptor diffusion on cell surfaces modulated by locally bound concanavalin A.", "content": "In order to test the anchorage modulation hypothesis, the fluorescence photobleaching recovery method was used to measure the global inhibition of cell surface receptor mobility induced in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts by local binding of platelets labeled with concanavalin A (Con A). By measuring the diffusion of antibody-labeled cell surface receptors at various points on the cell surface, two states, immobile and mobile, were distinguished in the receptor population. Bound Con A-platelets, occupying between 4% and 30% of the cell surface, decreased the diffusion coefficient of the mobile population by a factor of 6. The magnitude of this effect was independent of distance from the sites of the bound Con A-platelets, demonstrating the propagated and nonlocal properties of the modulation effect. The immobile fraction of the population was not changed by Con A-platelet binding. Modulation of the diffusion constant of mobile receptors was partially reversed by treatment with microtubule-disrupting agents such as Colcemid and Vinca alkaloids. High doses of soluble Con A induced even higher levels of modulation than Con A-platelets, but reversal by microtubule-disrupting drugs was observed. These experiments provide additional support for the anchorage modulation hypothesis and provide a measure of the nature and degree of mobility at the molecular level. They also put important constraints on the hypothesized interactions among submembranous components (microtubules and microfilaments) of surface modulating assemblies.", "contents": "Receptor diffusion on cell surfaces modulated by locally bound concanavalin A. In order to test the anchorage modulation hypothesis, the fluorescence photobleaching recovery method was used to measure the global inhibition of cell surface receptor mobility induced in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts by local binding of platelets labeled with concanavalin A (Con A). By measuring the diffusion of antibody-labeled cell surface receptors at various points on the cell surface, two states, immobile and mobile, were distinguished in the receptor population. Bound Con A-platelets, occupying between 4% and 30% of the cell surface, decreased the diffusion coefficient of the mobile population by a factor of 6. The magnitude of this effect was independent of distance from the sites of the bound Con A-platelets, demonstrating the propagated and nonlocal properties of the modulation effect. The immobile fraction of the population was not changed by Con A-platelet binding. Modulation of the diffusion constant of mobile receptors was partially reversed by treatment with microtubule-disrupting agents such as Colcemid and Vinca alkaloids. High doses of soluble Con A induced even higher levels of modulation than Con A-platelets, but reversal by microtubule-disrupting drugs was observed. These experiments provide additional support for the anchorage modulation hypothesis and provide a measure of the nature and degree of mobility at the molecular level. They also put important constraints on the hypothesized interactions among submembranous components (microtubules and microfilaments) of surface modulating assemblies."}
{"id": "PMID:265558", "title": "An extracellular inducer of asexual plasmodium formation in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Asexual conversion of amoebae to plasmodia was studied in the Colonia isolate of the myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum. When a culture of Colonia amoebae is grown on a bacterial lawn, a period of amoebic growth precedes the appearance of cells committed to the plasmodial state. The onset of plasmodium production appears to be related to amoebic nutrition since cultures supplied with fewer bacteria display earlier differentiation. For a period of time after differentiation is initiated, conversion of amoebae to plasmodia is rapid and proceeds as an exponential function of time. A filter-transmissible substance, apparently released by differentiating cells, is implicated in the control of this rapid conversion.", "contents": "An extracellular inducer of asexual plasmodium formation in Physarum polycephalum. Asexual conversion of amoebae to plasmodia was studied in the Colonia isolate of the myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum. When a culture of Colonia amoebae is grown on a bacterial lawn, a period of amoebic growth precedes the appearance of cells committed to the plasmodial state. The onset of plasmodium production appears to be related to amoebic nutrition since cultures supplied with fewer bacteria display earlier differentiation. For a period of time after differentiation is initiated, conversion of amoebae to plasmodia is rapid and proceeds as an exponential function of time. A filter-transmissible substance, apparently released by differentiating cells, is implicated in the control of this rapid conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:265559", "title": "Evolutionary consequences of parthogenesis: evidence from the Warramaba virgo complex.", "content": "Comparative quantitative analyses of variability in closely related parthenogenetic and sexually reproducing species have been lacking. This paper reports results of comparative analyses of relative variability carried out on the obligate thelytokous grasshopper Warramaba virgo (Key) and three closely related sexually reproducing species. Consistent patterns of differences in variability in 14 morphometric traits were found between clones and races of the parthenogenetic species which were absent in populations and species of the related sexual forms. When variability in the parthenogenetic and sexual species was compared, the parthenogenetic taxa were shown to be at least as variable as and often more variable than the sexual species.", "contents": "Evolutionary consequences of parthogenesis: evidence from the Warramaba virgo complex. Comparative quantitative analyses of variability in closely related parthenogenetic and sexually reproducing species have been lacking. This paper reports results of comparative analyses of relative variability carried out on the obligate thelytokous grasshopper Warramaba virgo (Key) and three closely related sexually reproducing species. Consistent patterns of differences in variability in 14 morphometric traits were found between clones and races of the parthenogenetic species which were absent in populations and species of the related sexual forms. When variability in the parthenogenetic and sexual species was compared, the parthenogenetic taxa were shown to be at least as variable as and often more variable than the sexual species."}
{"id": "PMID:265560", "title": "Dual origin of highly social behavior among bees.", "content": "A study of behavior and structure indicates that highly eusocial behavior arose twice in the bees--i.e., in the stingless bees (Meliponinae) and in the honeybees (Apinae). Morphological features demonstrate the distinctiveness of these two groups and the relationship of the latter to bumblebees (Bombini) and orchid bees (Euglossin). The social behaviors of the stingless bees and honeybees, while more or less equally elaborate, are so different as to support their independent origins. The primitive apids, along with the related Xylocopinae (in the Anthophoridae), appear to have had the potential for parasocial, subsocial, and primitively eusocial behavior and from such forms the two highly eusocial groups arose.", "contents": "Dual origin of highly social behavior among bees. A study of behavior and structure indicates that highly eusocial behavior arose twice in the bees--i.e., in the stingless bees (Meliponinae) and in the honeybees (Apinae). Morphological features demonstrate the distinctiveness of these two groups and the relationship of the latter to bumblebees (Bombini) and orchid bees (Euglossin). The social behaviors of the stingless bees and honeybees, while more or less equally elaborate, are so different as to support their independent origins. The primitive apids, along with the related Xylocopinae (in the Anthophoridae), appear to have had the potential for parasocial, subsocial, and primitively eusocial behavior and from such forms the two highly eusocial groups arose."}
{"id": "PMID:265561", "title": "Assignment of the major histocompatibility complex to a region of the short arm of human chromosome 6.", "content": "Interspecific cell hybrids containing defined parts of human chromosome 6 were used for regional mapping of gene loci previously assigned to chromosome 6: the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) region, phosphoglucomutase-3 (PGM3; alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) and malic enzyme-1 [malic dehydrogenase(decarboxylating) (NADP+), L-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40]. Human fibroblasts containing a balanced reciprocal translocation between the short arms of chromosome 1 and chromosome 6--designated t(1;6) (p3200;p2100)--were fused with an established line of Chinese hamster cells. Hybrid clones with segregating human chromosomes were studied for the presence of the translocation chromosomes 1T and 6T and their normal homologues 1 and 6. Six clones that had retained 1T, three clones with 6T, and three clones with 6 and 6T as controls, were analyzed by a microabsorption test for expression of the allelic antigens HLA-A2 and HLA-A3, both of which were present on the human parental cells. HLA-A2 segregated with the 1T translocation chromosome and HLA-A3 with the normal chromosome 6. Hybrid clones with 6T did not possess an HLA-A gene. In contrast, human PGM3 and malic enzyme-1 expression segregated with the 6T translocation chromosome. These results indicate the location of the major histocompatibility complex in region 6p2100 leads to 6pter of the short arm of chromosome 6. The genes for PGM2 and malic enzyme-1 map in region 6p2100 leads to 6qter. The HLA:PGM3 genetic map distance is 15 centimorgans in males, as established by family studies. This allows rather precise mapping of both loci because HLA is distal and PGM3 proximal to the translocation breakpoint in band 6p2100. The findings are consistent with earlier conclusions that HLA is proximal to 6p22. Quantitative correlation between the density of HLA antigens on the hybrid cell surface and the number of copies of the respective HLA gene-bearing chromosome suggests a gene dose effect for cell surface molecules, as it exists for intracellular gene products.", "contents": "Assignment of the major histocompatibility complex to a region of the short arm of human chromosome 6. Interspecific cell hybrids containing defined parts of human chromosome 6 were used for regional mapping of gene loci previously assigned to chromosome 6: the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) region, phosphoglucomutase-3 (PGM3; alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) and malic enzyme-1 [malic dehydrogenase(decarboxylating) (NADP+), L-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40]. Human fibroblasts containing a balanced reciprocal translocation between the short arms of chromosome 1 and chromosome 6--designated t(1;6) (p3200;p2100)--were fused with an established line of Chinese hamster cells. Hybrid clones with segregating human chromosomes were studied for the presence of the translocation chromosomes 1T and 6T and their normal homologues 1 and 6. Six clones that had retained 1T, three clones with 6T, and three clones with 6 and 6T as controls, were analyzed by a microabsorption test for expression of the allelic antigens HLA-A2 and HLA-A3, both of which were present on the human parental cells. HLA-A2 segregated with the 1T translocation chromosome and HLA-A3 with the normal chromosome 6. Hybrid clones with 6T did not possess an HLA-A gene. In contrast, human PGM3 and malic enzyme-1 expression segregated with the 6T translocation chromosome. These results indicate the location of the major histocompatibility complex in region 6p2100 leads to 6pter of the short arm of chromosome 6. The genes for PGM2 and malic enzyme-1 map in region 6p2100 leads to 6qter. The HLA:PGM3 genetic map distance is 15 centimorgans in males, as established by family studies. This allows rather precise mapping of both loci because HLA is distal and PGM3 proximal to the translocation breakpoint in band 6p2100. The findings are consistent with earlier conclusions that HLA is proximal to 6p22. Quantitative correlation between the density of HLA antigens on the hybrid cell surface and the number of copies of the respective HLA gene-bearing chromosome suggests a gene dose effect for cell surface molecules, as it exists for intracellular gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:265562", "title": "Levels of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen-I synthase, and protoporphyrin IX in erythrocytes from anemic mutant mice.", "content": "Levels of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase [ALA-dehydratase; porphobilinogen synthase; 5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing), EC 4.2.1.24], UROPORPHYRINOGEN-I synthase [Uro-synthase; porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase (polymerizing), EC 4.3;1.8], AND PROTOPORPHYRIN IX (Proto) were measured by sensitive semimicroassays using 2-5 mul of whole blood obtained from normal and anemic mutant mice. The levels of erythrocyte ALA-dehydratase and Uro-synthase showed marked developmental changes and ALA-dehydratase was influenced by the Lv gene. Mice with overt hemolytic diseases (ja/ja, sph/sph, nb/nb, ha/ha) had 10- to 20-fold increases in ALA-dehydratase, Uro-synthase, and Proto compared with their normal controls. Mice with an iron deficiency (mk/mk) and mice with hypoplastic anemias (W/Wv, Sl/Sld, an/an) had mild to moderate increases in these parameters. Elevated enzyme activities and Proto correlated well with the number of reticulocytes. Because all mice with anemias possessed elevated levels of ALA-dehydratase, Uro-synthase, and Proto independent of differences in their genotypes, the increase in these parameters is not likely to be the result of a specific gene defect. The increased enzyme activities and Proto concentration probably reflect increased frequency of young red cells that are still active in heme biosynthesis.", "contents": "Levels of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen-I synthase, and protoporphyrin IX in erythrocytes from anemic mutant mice. Levels of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase [ALA-dehydratase; porphobilinogen synthase; 5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing), EC 4.2.1.24], UROPORPHYRINOGEN-I synthase [Uro-synthase; porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase (polymerizing), EC 4.3;1.8], AND PROTOPORPHYRIN IX (Proto) were measured by sensitive semimicroassays using 2-5 mul of whole blood obtained from normal and anemic mutant mice. The levels of erythrocyte ALA-dehydratase and Uro-synthase showed marked developmental changes and ALA-dehydratase was influenced by the Lv gene. Mice with overt hemolytic diseases (ja/ja, sph/sph, nb/nb, ha/ha) had 10- to 20-fold increases in ALA-dehydratase, Uro-synthase, and Proto compared with their normal controls. Mice with an iron deficiency (mk/mk) and mice with hypoplastic anemias (W/Wv, Sl/Sld, an/an) had mild to moderate increases in these parameters. Elevated enzyme activities and Proto correlated well with the number of reticulocytes. Because all mice with anemias possessed elevated levels of ALA-dehydratase, Uro-synthase, and Proto independent of differences in their genotypes, the increase in these parameters is not likely to be the result of a specific gene defect. The increased enzyme activities and Proto concentration probably reflect increased frequency of young red cells that are still active in heme biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:265563", "title": "Specific receptor sites for chemotactic peptides on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Synthetic N-formylmethionyl peptides are chemotactic attractants for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The well-defined structure-activity relationship of these peptides in eliciting a chemotactic response suggests that the interaction of the peptides with a specific cellular binding site may initiate chemotaxis. By using tritiated N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe), a potent chemotactic peptide with high specific radioactivity, we have directly identified binding sites on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Binding of fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe to polymorphonuclear leukocytes is rapid (t1/2  less than 2 min) and reversible. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for the interaction of fMet-Leu-[3H-A1Phe with the binding site is 12-14 nM at 37 degrees. The number of binding sites is approximately 2000 per cell. The specificity of the binding sites for a series of N-formylmethionyl peptides exactly reflects the specificity of the chemotactic response to the peptides in that they compete for the binding sites and initiate chemotaxis with the same order of potency (fMet-Leu-Phe greater than fMet-Met-Met greater than fMet-Phe greater than fMet-Leu greater than fMet),fPhe-Met is a competitive antagonist of the chemotactic activity of N-formylmethionyl peptides and has a calculated KD of 6x10-5 M. FPhe-Met also half-maximally inhibits binding of fMet-Leu[3H]Phe binding was the highest in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. No binding of fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe to human erythrocytes could be detected. These data indicate that fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe can be used to identify binding sites for chemotactic peptides on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is likely that these binding sites initiate the specific response of motile cells to N-formylmethionyl peptides.", "contents": "Specific receptor sites for chemotactic peptides on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Synthetic N-formylmethionyl peptides are chemotactic attractants for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The well-defined structure-activity relationship of these peptides in eliciting a chemotactic response suggests that the interaction of the peptides with a specific cellular binding site may initiate chemotaxis. By using tritiated N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe), a potent chemotactic peptide with high specific radioactivity, we have directly identified binding sites on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Binding of fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe to polymorphonuclear leukocytes is rapid (t1/2  less than 2 min) and reversible. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for the interaction of fMet-Leu-[3H-A1Phe with the binding site is 12-14 nM at 37 degrees. The number of binding sites is approximately 2000 per cell. The specificity of the binding sites for a series of N-formylmethionyl peptides exactly reflects the specificity of the chemotactic response to the peptides in that they compete for the binding sites and initiate chemotaxis with the same order of potency (fMet-Leu-Phe greater than fMet-Met-Met greater than fMet-Phe greater than fMet-Leu greater than fMet),fPhe-Met is a competitive antagonist of the chemotactic activity of N-formylmethionyl peptides and has a calculated KD of 6x10-5 M. FPhe-Met also half-maximally inhibits binding of fMet-Leu[3H]Phe binding was the highest in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. No binding of fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe to human erythrocytes could be detected. These data indicate that fMet-Leu-[3H]Phe can be used to identify binding sites for chemotactic peptides on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is likely that these binding sites initiate the specific response of motile cells to N-formylmethionyl peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:265564", "title": "Multispecific lymphoid cell surface receptors.", "content": "When mice are sequentially immunized with two antigens to give an oligoclonal \"double-binding\" antibody response, there is a concomitant increase of \"double-binding\" cell surface receptors on their splenic lymphocytes. Competition studies suggest that the capacity to bind the two ligands, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22) and a 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivative, is a function of the same molecules. In ribo-nuclease-primed mice, an early response to bovine gamma globulin containing an average of 60 Dnp groups per molecule is the appearance of an increasing number of cells bearing surface receptors binding both ribonuclease and Dnp. Later, these double-binding cells are diluted by cells that bind Dnp, but not ribonuclease. The analogous phenomenon is observed when the two antigens are used in reverse order. While other reports suggest that there may be several different receptors in relatively undifferentiated cells from unimmunized mice, it seems likely that cells committed to antibody production carry a predominant multispecific cell surface immunoglobulin receptor.", "contents": "Multispecific lymphoid cell surface receptors. When mice are sequentially immunized with two antigens to give an oligoclonal \"double-binding\" antibody response, there is a concomitant increase of \"double-binding\" cell surface receptors on their splenic lymphocytes. Competition studies suggest that the capacity to bind the two ligands, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22) and a 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivative, is a function of the same molecules. In ribo-nuclease-primed mice, an early response to bovine gamma globulin containing an average of 60 Dnp groups per molecule is the appearance of an increasing number of cells bearing surface receptors binding both ribonuclease and Dnp. Later, these double-binding cells are diluted by cells that bind Dnp, but not ribonuclease. The analogous phenomenon is observed when the two antigens are used in reverse order. While other reports suggest that there may be several different receptors in relatively undifferentiated cells from unimmunized mice, it seems likely that cells committed to antibody production carry a predominant multispecific cell surface immunoglobulin receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:265565", "title": "Immunogenicity of liposomal model membranes in mice: dependence on phospholipid composition.", "content": "This investigation demonstrated that antigenic expression in liposomal model membranes may be markedly influenced by phospholipid composition. Incorporation of dinitrophenylaminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (Dnp-Cap-PE) into egg lecithin/cholesterol/dicetylphosphate bilayers did not significantly enhance the response of AKR mice to this synthetic amphipathic antigen. In contrast, the immunogenicity of Dnp-Cap-PE was increased (as measured by either plaque-forming cell frequency of hemagglutination titer) after its insertion into liposomes prepared with beef sphingomyelin instead of egg lecithin. We also show that the response to the Dnp-Cap determinant can be stimulated by the presence of lipid A in the same bilayers without altering the relative immunogenic potency of the sphingomyelin and lecithin liposomes; similarly, incorporation of this mitogen into sphingomyelin liposomes produced a greater polyclonal (nonspecific) response. The response to Dnp-Cap-PE-sensitized liposomes (with or without lipid A) prepared with a series of synthetic phosphatidylcholines (distearoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, dimyristoyl-, dilauroyl-, dioleoyl-) suggests a direct correlation between liposomal immunogenicity and transition temperature of the phospholipid.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of liposomal model membranes in mice: dependence on phospholipid composition. This investigation demonstrated that antigenic expression in liposomal model membranes may be markedly influenced by phospholipid composition. Incorporation of dinitrophenylaminocaproylphosphatidylethanolamine (Dnp-Cap-PE) into egg lecithin/cholesterol/dicetylphosphate bilayers did not significantly enhance the response of AKR mice to this synthetic amphipathic antigen. In contrast, the immunogenicity of Dnp-Cap-PE was increased (as measured by either plaque-forming cell frequency of hemagglutination titer) after its insertion into liposomes prepared with beef sphingomyelin instead of egg lecithin. We also show that the response to the Dnp-Cap determinant can be stimulated by the presence of lipid A in the same bilayers without altering the relative immunogenic potency of the sphingomyelin and lecithin liposomes; similarly, incorporation of this mitogen into sphingomyelin liposomes produced a greater polyclonal (nonspecific) response. The response to Dnp-Cap-PE-sensitized liposomes (with or without lipid A) prepared with a series of synthetic phosphatidylcholines (distearoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, dimyristoyl-, dilauroyl-, dioleoyl-) suggests a direct correlation between liposomal immunogenicity and transition temperature of the phospholipid."}
{"id": "PMID:265566", "title": "Quantitative correlation of dopamine-dependent adenylate cyclase with responses to levodopa in various mice.", "content": "We obtained 12 groups of mice with widely different neurological responses to levodopa by selecting them from different strains and submitting some of them to pretreatments. We scored the symptoms evoked by a standardized dose of levodopa in one subgroup from each group. We tested another subgroup for activation of an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] by a standardized dose of dopamine added to homogenates of the caudate nuclei of the brains of these mice. Both sets of tests were performed randomly. When the accruing two sets of data were plotted against each other there emerged a straight line which fitted the data with a coefficient of correlation of 0.97 (P less than 0.0001). The dopamine-dependent activity of the adenylate cyclase of the brain was thus shown to be a determinant of the neurological responses of intact animals to a dopaminergic drug.", "contents": "Quantitative correlation of dopamine-dependent adenylate cyclase with responses to levodopa in various mice. We obtained 12 groups of mice with widely different neurological responses to levodopa by selecting them from different strains and submitting some of them to pretreatments. We scored the symptoms evoked by a standardized dose of levodopa in one subgroup from each group. We tested another subgroup for activation of an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] by a standardized dose of dopamine added to homogenates of the caudate nuclei of the brains of these mice. Both sets of tests were performed randomly. When the accruing two sets of data were plotted against each other there emerged a straight line which fitted the data with a coefficient of correlation of 0.97 (P less than 0.0001). The dopamine-dependent activity of the adenylate cyclase of the brain was thus shown to be a determinant of the neurological responses of intact animals to a dopaminergic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:265567", "title": "Analysis of human Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA in chromosome variants.", "content": "A number of individuals with aberrant Y chromosomes have been tested for the presence of Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA. These studies locate Y-chromosome-specific reiterated sequences on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Correlation with phenotype and other known Y chromosome markers establish that the Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA discussed here has no evident role in male determination.", "contents": "Analysis of human Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA in chromosome variants. A number of individuals with aberrant Y chromosomes have been tested for the presence of Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA. These studies locate Y-chromosome-specific reiterated sequences on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Correlation with phenotype and other known Y chromosome markers establish that the Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA discussed here has no evident role in male determination."}
{"id": "PMID:265568", "title": "Ethylphenacemide and phenacemide: conformational similarities to diphenylhydantoin and stereochemical basis of anticonvulsant activity.", "content": "The three-dimensional molecular structures of the potent anticonvulsant agents phenacemide and ethylphenacemide have been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Although these compounds possess straight-chain acetylurea groupings, in the crystalline state both molecules adopt a pseudocyclic conformation of the acetylurea chain through amide...carbonyl oxygen intramolecular hydrogen bonding. This results in spatial positioning and relative orientation of two electron-donating functional groups in these molecules similar to those of comparable atoms in diphenylhydantoin and other heterocycle-containing anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Ethylphenacemide and phenacemide: conformational similarities to diphenylhydantoin and stereochemical basis of anticonvulsant activity. The three-dimensional molecular structures of the potent anticonvulsant agents phenacemide and ethylphenacemide have been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Although these compounds possess straight-chain acetylurea groupings, in the crystalline state both molecules adopt a pseudocyclic conformation of the acetylurea chain through amide...carbonyl oxygen intramolecular hydrogen bonding. This results in spatial positioning and relative orientation of two electron-donating functional groups in these molecules similar to those of comparable atoms in diphenylhydantoin and other heterocycle-containing anticonvulsants."}
{"id": "PMID:265569", "title": "Facilitation at neuromuscular junctions: contribution to habituation and dishabituation of the Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex.", "content": "The gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia has been used as a model for studying the neuronal mechanisms of habituation, a behavioral plasticity. We have assessed the contribution of neuromuscular facilitation, an elementary synaptic plasticity, during habituation of the reflex by recording gill muscle potentials, which we show are caused by excitatory junctional potentials. These potentials show systematic frequency-dependent changes in amplitude. The gill withdrawal evoked by central motor neuron firing during each habituation trial is determined by facilitation of the excitatory junctional potentials during the trial and the facilitated state of the initial excitatory junctional potential in a trial, determined by neuron activity prior to the trial. The neuromuscular junctions, therefore, act like a frequency-dependent amplifier of central motor activity. They are fully responsive to the dynamic changes of motor neuron firing that occurs during habituation and especially after dishabituation.", "contents": "Facilitation at neuromuscular junctions: contribution to habituation and dishabituation of the Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex. The gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia has been used as a model for studying the neuronal mechanisms of habituation, a behavioral plasticity. We have assessed the contribution of neuromuscular facilitation, an elementary synaptic plasticity, during habituation of the reflex by recording gill muscle potentials, which we show are caused by excitatory junctional potentials. These potentials show systematic frequency-dependent changes in amplitude. The gill withdrawal evoked by central motor neuron firing during each habituation trial is determined by facilitation of the excitatory junctional potentials during the trial and the facilitated state of the initial excitatory junctional potential in a trial, determined by neuron activity prior to the trial. The neuromuscular junctions, therefore, act like a frequency-dependent amplifier of central motor activity. They are fully responsive to the dynamic changes of motor neuron firing that occurs during habituation and especially after dishabituation."}
{"id": "PMID:265570", "title": "Effects of early experience upon orientation sensitivity and binocularity of neurons in visual cortex of cats.", "content": "The class of neurons within the visual cortex of normal adult cats that has the smallest receptive fields (less than or equal to 2.25 degrees2) and that responds only to low rates of stimulus motion (less than or equal to 50 degrees / sec) responds preferentially to lines oriented about either the horizontal axis (+/-22.5 degrees) or the vertical axis (+/-22.5 degrees). In animals reared without exposure to patterned visual stimulation, many of these cells display orientation preferences but are activated monocularly. In contrast, in normal animals, neurons that have larger receptive fields or that respond to higher rates of stimulus motion do not exhibit a similar bias in the distribution of their orientation preferences. Cells of this type, studied in animals reared without exposure to patterned visual stimuli, are activated binocularly but do not display orientation preferences.", "contents": "Effects of early experience upon orientation sensitivity and binocularity of neurons in visual cortex of cats. The class of neurons within the visual cortex of normal adult cats that has the smallest receptive fields (less than or equal to 2.25 degrees2) and that responds only to low rates of stimulus motion (less than or equal to 50 degrees / sec) responds preferentially to lines oriented about either the horizontal axis (+/-22.5 degrees) or the vertical axis (+/-22.5 degrees). In animals reared without exposure to patterned visual stimulation, many of these cells display orientation preferences but are activated monocularly. In contrast, in normal animals, neurons that have larger receptive fields or that respond to higher rates of stimulus motion do not exhibit a similar bias in the distribution of their orientation preferences. Cells of this type, studied in animals reared without exposure to patterned visual stimuli, are activated binocularly but do not display orientation preferences."}
{"id": "PMID:265571", "title": "Mutual entrainment of bilaterally distributed circadian pacemaker.", "content": "The interactions between the bilaterally distributed components of the circadin system that controls the locomotor activity rhythm of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae were investigated in a series of surgical lesion experiments. Complete excision of one optic lobe (either right or left) or its surgical isolation from the central nervous system had no effect on the animals' ability to free-run in constant darkness nor was there any indication, as judged by postoperative pi values of any difference between left and right lobe pacemakers. However, these surgical procedures consistently resulted in a significant increase in tau over preoperative value while optic nerve section had no effect on tau. The propostion is developed that the left and right pacemakers in the two optic lobes are mutally coupled and that the compound pacemaker's period is shorter than either of its constituent pacemakers. It was also found that the integrity of either compound eye is sufficient to assure entrainment of both left and right pacemakers.", "contents": "Mutual entrainment of bilaterally distributed circadian pacemaker. The interactions between the bilaterally distributed components of the circadin system that controls the locomotor activity rhythm of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae were investigated in a series of surgical lesion experiments. Complete excision of one optic lobe (either right or left) or its surgical isolation from the central nervous system had no effect on the animals' ability to free-run in constant darkness nor was there any indication, as judged by postoperative pi values of any difference between left and right lobe pacemakers. However, these surgical procedures consistently resulted in a significant increase in tau over preoperative value while optic nerve section had no effect on tau. The propostion is developed that the left and right pacemakers in the two optic lobes are mutally coupled and that the compound pacemaker's period is shorter than either of its constituent pacemakers. It was also found that the integrity of either compound eye is sufficient to assure entrainment of both left and right pacemakers."}
{"id": "PMID:265572", "title": "Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide.", "content": "A peptide that induces slow-wave (delta) and spindles electroencephalogram enhancement after intraventricular (brain) infusion has been isolated from rabbits and given the name delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP). Amino acid seqeunce: Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu. This compound, five possible metabolic products (containing residues  1--8, 2--9, 2--8, 1--4, and 5--9), two nonapeptide analogues with two amino acids exchanged, and a related tripeptide (Trp-Ser-Glu) were synthesized. All nine synthetic peptides were infused intraventricularly in rabbits under double-blind conditions. A total of 58 rabbits including controls were evaluated. The electroencephalogram leads from the neocortex and the archicortex were directly fast-Fourier transformed and analyzed by a Univac 1108 computer system. Only the delta-sleep-inducing peptide (snythetic) showed significant and specific enhancement/induction of delta and spindle electroencephalogram patterns.", "contents": "Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide. A peptide that induces slow-wave (delta) and spindles electroencephalogram enhancement after intraventricular (brain) infusion has been isolated from rabbits and given the name delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP). Amino acid seqeunce: Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu. This compound, five possible metabolic products (containing residues  1--8, 2--9, 2--8, 1--4, and 5--9), two nonapeptide analogues with two amino acids exchanged, and a related tripeptide (Trp-Ser-Glu) were synthesized. All nine synthetic peptides were infused intraventricularly in rabbits under double-blind conditions. A total of 58 rabbits including controls were evaluated. The electroencephalogram leads from the neocortex and the archicortex were directly fast-Fourier transformed and analyzed by a Univac 1108 computer system. Only the delta-sleep-inducing peptide (snythetic) showed significant and specific enhancement/induction of delta and spindle electroencephalogram patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:265573", "title": "Calcium modulation in brain extracellular microenvironment demonstrated with ion-selective micropipette.", "content": "Changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration were directly measured in the rat cerebellum, using an ion-selective micropipette. Extracellular K+ was measured simultaneously with a second ion-selective micropipette. The potential reference barrels of the ion electrodes also provided fast field and slow potentials. During repetitive stimulation of the parallel fiber--Purkinje cell cerebellar circuit, extracellular Ca2+ fell to about 80% of base line concentration. During the spreading depression of Le\u00e3o, extracellular Ca2+ fell to about 10% of base line; decreases of this magnitude also occurred during terminal anoxia. In all cases extracellular K+ increased substantially. These results show that extracellular Ca2+ is modulated during neuronal activity in the central nervous system and that under some conditions the Ca2+ change can be extreme. Given the well-established and antagonistic effects of reduce extracellular Ca2+ on axonal excitability and synaptic transmission, these results suggest that Ca2+ modulation in the brain cell microenvironment may be a significant parameter in the behavior of neuronal ensembles.", "contents": "Calcium modulation in brain extracellular microenvironment demonstrated with ion-selective micropipette. Changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration were directly measured in the rat cerebellum, using an ion-selective micropipette. Extracellular K+ was measured simultaneously with a second ion-selective micropipette. The potential reference barrels of the ion electrodes also provided fast field and slow potentials. During repetitive stimulation of the parallel fiber--Purkinje cell cerebellar circuit, extracellular Ca2+ fell to about 80% of base line concentration. During the spreading depression of Le\u00e3o, extracellular Ca2+ fell to about 10% of base line; decreases of this magnitude also occurred during terminal anoxia. In all cases extracellular K+ increased substantially. These results show that extracellular Ca2+ is modulated during neuronal activity in the central nervous system and that under some conditions the Ca2+ change can be extreme. Given the well-established and antagonistic effects of reduce extracellular Ca2+ on axonal excitability and synaptic transmission, these results suggest that Ca2+ modulation in the brain cell microenvironment may be a significant parameter in the behavior of neuronal ensembles."}
{"id": "PMID:265574", "title": "Heavy water as a tool for study of the forces that control length of period of the 24-hour clock of the hamster.", "content": "In alternating 12-hr periods of light and darkness, start of the dark period entrains the hamster's 24-hr clock. Blinding or constant darkness frees the clock of entrainment by allowing it to run faster or slower than 24 hr. Constant light frees the clock from entrainment and permits it to run slower than 24 hr--that is, lengthening its period. Heavy water given in drinking water linearly lengthens the period of the 24-hr clock of blinded hamsters or of hamsters kept in constant darkness in direct proportion to concentration of heavy water (1--50%). Heavy water (1-35%) has very different effects on length of the periods of the 24-hr clock when given under conditions of alternating 12-hr periods of light and darkness. Under these conditions, length of the period is controlled by three factors: (i) heavy water which slows the 24-hr clock; (ii) constant light which also slows the 24-hr clock; (iii) the counteracting effects of entrainment. It is thus possible to observe the effects of all three forces simultaneously in the same animal. The clock slowed by heavy water (1--20%) showed a strong tendency to return to a 24-hr entrainment whenever possible. On a 50% concentration of heavy water, the length of period of the clock became markedly lengthened but very constant and apparently independent of all external and internal disturbances.", "contents": "Heavy water as a tool for study of the forces that control length of period of the 24-hour clock of the hamster. In alternating 12-hr periods of light and darkness, start of the dark period entrains the hamster's 24-hr clock. Blinding or constant darkness frees the clock of entrainment by allowing it to run faster or slower than 24 hr. Constant light frees the clock from entrainment and permits it to run slower than 24 hr--that is, lengthening its period. Heavy water given in drinking water linearly lengthens the period of the 24-hr clock of blinded hamsters or of hamsters kept in constant darkness in direct proportion to concentration of heavy water (1--50%). Heavy water (1-35%) has very different effects on length of the periods of the 24-hr clock when given under conditions of alternating 12-hr periods of light and darkness. Under these conditions, length of the period is controlled by three factors: (i) heavy water which slows the 24-hr clock; (ii) constant light which also slows the 24-hr clock; (iii) the counteracting effects of entrainment. It is thus possible to observe the effects of all three forces simultaneously in the same animal. The clock slowed by heavy water (1--20%) showed a strong tendency to return to a 24-hr entrainment whenever possible. On a 50% concentration of heavy water, the length of period of the clock became markedly lengthened but very constant and apparently independent of all external and internal disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:265575", "title": "Mechanism of tertiary structural change in hemoglobin.", "content": "A reaction path is presented by which the effects of oxygen binding in hemoglobin are transmitted from a heme group to the surface of its subunit. Starting from the known deoxy geometry, it is shown by calculations with empirical energy functions and comparisons with available data how the change in heme geometry on ligation introduces a perturbation that leads to the tertiary structural alterations essential for cooperatively. It is found that there is little strain on the unliganded heme; instead, the reduced oxygen affinity of hemoglobin results from the strain on the liganded subunit in a tetramer with the deoxy quarternary structure.", "contents": "Mechanism of tertiary structural change in hemoglobin. A reaction path is presented by which the effects of oxygen binding in hemoglobin are transmitted from a heme group to the surface of its subunit. Starting from the known deoxy geometry, it is shown by calculations with empirical energy functions and comparisons with available data how the change in heme geometry on ligation introduces a perturbation that leads to the tertiary structural alterations essential for cooperatively. It is found that there is little strain on the unliganded heme; instead, the reduced oxygen affinity of hemoglobin results from the strain on the liganded subunit in a tetramer with the deoxy quarternary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:265576", "title": "A nucleotide sequence from a ribonuclease III processing site in bacteriophage T7 RNA.", "content": "Transcription of that portion of the bacteriophage T7 genome encoding early functions yields RNA molecules about 7500 nucleotides long representing this entire early region. These long transcripts can be cleaved in vitro by highly purified Escherichia coli ribonuclease III (endoribonuclease III; EC 3.1.4.24), yielding five messenger RNAs identical to those produced in vivo. During this reaction, a small RNA fragment called F5 RNA is released, which is specified by the region of the T7 genome between genes 1.1 and 1.3. The following sequence of 32P-labeled F5 RNA has been determined using standard RNA sequencing techniques: pU-A-A-G-G-U-C-G-C-U-C-U-C-U-A-G-G-A-G-U-G-G-C-C-U-U-A-G-Uoh. The relative contributions of sequence and structure to ribonuclease III processing signals are considered in light of these findings.", "contents": "A nucleotide sequence from a ribonuclease III processing site in bacteriophage T7 RNA. Transcription of that portion of the bacteriophage T7 genome encoding early functions yields RNA molecules about 7500 nucleotides long representing this entire early region. These long transcripts can be cleaved in vitro by highly purified Escherichia coli ribonuclease III (endoribonuclease III; EC 3.1.4.24), yielding five messenger RNAs identical to those produced in vivo. During this reaction, a small RNA fragment called F5 RNA is released, which is specified by the region of the T7 genome between genes 1.1 and 1.3. The following sequence of 32P-labeled F5 RNA has been determined using standard RNA sequencing techniques: pU-A-A-G-G-U-C-G-C-U-C-U-C-U-A-G-G-A-G-U-G-G-C-C-U-U-A-G-Uoh. The relative contributions of sequence and structure to ribonuclease III processing signals are considered in light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:265577", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a cholesterol-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "A sterol-requiring mutant has been isolated from mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells. This mutant grows normally only when cholesterol is present in the medium. Cell lysis occurs within 3 days in the absence of cholesterol. The frequency of reversion of this mutant to prototrophic growth is low (less than or equal to 10(-6). Whole cell pulse experiments with [14C]acetate or [3H]mevalonate indicate that the rate of synthesis of digitonin-precipitable material is greatly diminished in the mutant cells as compared to that in normal Chinese hamster ovary cells. Enzyme assays in vitro with crude cell extracts show that the biosynthetic conversion of mevalonate to squalene and the conversion of squalene to lanosterol are not impaired in the mutant cells. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of radioactive sterol composition after whole cell pulse experiments with [3H]squalene and with [3H]anosterol suggest that the fundamental enzymatic defect of the mutant is at the stage of lanosterol demethylation. When cells were grown in serum-free medium, lanosterol and dihydrolanosterol accumulated intracellularly in the mutant cells before cell lysis occurred; neither of these two intermediary sterols was detected in the wild-type cells grown under the same condition.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a cholesterol-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells. A sterol-requiring mutant has been isolated from mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells. This mutant grows normally only when cholesterol is present in the medium. Cell lysis occurs within 3 days in the absence of cholesterol. The frequency of reversion of this mutant to prototrophic growth is low (less than or equal to 10(-6). Whole cell pulse experiments with [14C]acetate or [3H]mevalonate indicate that the rate of synthesis of digitonin-precipitable material is greatly diminished in the mutant cells as compared to that in normal Chinese hamster ovary cells. Enzyme assays in vitro with crude cell extracts show that the biosynthetic conversion of mevalonate to squalene and the conversion of squalene to lanosterol are not impaired in the mutant cells. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of radioactive sterol composition after whole cell pulse experiments with [3H]squalene and with [3H]anosterol suggest that the fundamental enzymatic defect of the mutant is at the stage of lanosterol demethylation. When cells were grown in serum-free medium, lanosterol and dihydrolanosterol accumulated intracellularly in the mutant cells before cell lysis occurred; neither of these two intermediary sterols was detected in the wild-type cells grown under the same condition."}
{"id": "PMID:265578", "title": "Structure of human serum lipoproteins inferred from compositional analysis.", "content": "Analysis of the correlations between size and chemical composition of lipoproteins of normolipidemic human plasma shows that the structure of all circulating lipoproteins is consistent with a spherical model of radius r in which a spherical liquid core of cholesterol esters and triglycerides of radius = r --20.2 A is surrounded by a monolayer of cholesterol and phospholipids with closely hydrophobic ends on the surface of the core. The average molecular areas at this inner surface are Spl = 68.5 A2/molecule for phospholipids and Sc= 39.1 A2/molecule for cholesterol. The proteins are closely packed with the hydrophilic head groups of phospholipids at the outer surface of the particle, with S' pl = 62.7 A2/molecule for phospholipids and Saa = 15.6 A2/amino acid for proteins. The polar head group of free cholesterol does not participate in the packing of the outer layer and thus must be masked by proteins. Free cholesterol is distributed among the circulating lipoproteins--with the exception of very high density lipoprotein and perhaps chylomicrons--according to a thermodynamic equilibrium governed by the curvature of the surface of the particle.", "contents": "Structure of human serum lipoproteins inferred from compositional analysis. Analysis of the correlations between size and chemical composition of lipoproteins of normolipidemic human plasma shows that the structure of all circulating lipoproteins is consistent with a spherical model of radius r in which a spherical liquid core of cholesterol esters and triglycerides of radius = r --20.2 A is surrounded by a monolayer of cholesterol and phospholipids with closely hydrophobic ends on the surface of the core. The average molecular areas at this inner surface are Spl = 68.5 A2/molecule for phospholipids and Sc= 39.1 A2/molecule for cholesterol. The proteins are closely packed with the hydrophilic head groups of phospholipids at the outer surface of the particle, with S' pl = 62.7 A2/molecule for phospholipids and Saa = 15.6 A2/amino acid for proteins. The polar head group of free cholesterol does not participate in the packing of the outer layer and thus must be masked by proteins. Free cholesterol is distributed among the circulating lipoproteins--with the exception of very high density lipoprotein and perhaps chylomicrons--according to a thermodynamic equilibrium governed by the curvature of the surface of the particle."}
{"id": "PMID:265579", "title": "Embryonic chicken brain and mouse neuroblastoma cells N1E-115 and N-18 contain an inhibitor of acid deoxyribonuclease.", "content": "Activity of a trypsin-sensitive acid deoxyribonuclease (DNase) inhibitor has been detected in 13- to 21-day-old embryonic chicken brains and in clonal lines of neuroblastoma cells (adrenergic, N1E-115, and neurotransmitter-inactive, N-18) grown for 48 hr after subculture. The activities of purified porcine and bovine spleen DNases were inhibited 60--75% in the presence of the inhibitor, whereas less than 10% inhibition was observed with purified pancreatic DNase. Activities of an acidic DNase and its inhibitor reached maxima in 21-day-old embryonic chicken brain. The proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and affinity column chromatographic techniques. The pI values of the acid DNase and its inhibitor were 5.4 and 4.2, respectively.", "contents": "Embryonic chicken brain and mouse neuroblastoma cells N1E-115 and N-18 contain an inhibitor of acid deoxyribonuclease. Activity of a trypsin-sensitive acid deoxyribonuclease (DNase) inhibitor has been detected in 13- to 21-day-old embryonic chicken brains and in clonal lines of neuroblastoma cells (adrenergic, N1E-115, and neurotransmitter-inactive, N-18) grown for 48 hr after subculture. The activities of purified porcine and bovine spleen DNases were inhibited 60--75% in the presence of the inhibitor, whereas less than 10% inhibition was observed with purified pancreatic DNase. Activities of an acidic DNase and its inhibitor reached maxima in 21-day-old embryonic chicken brain. The proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and affinity column chromatographic techniques. The pI values of the acid DNase and its inhibitor were 5.4 and 4.2, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:265580", "title": "Chromatium hydrogenase.", "content": "Previous reports of a relatively air-stable soluble hydrogenase from the photosynthetic anaerobe, Chromatium vinosum, have been substantiated. The properties of this enzyme, as seen in highly purified samples prepared by procedures that permit improved yields, are described. A possible role for flavin mediation is noted.", "contents": "Chromatium hydrogenase. Previous reports of a relatively air-stable soluble hydrogenase from the photosynthetic anaerobe, Chromatium vinosum, have been substantiated. The properties of this enzyme, as seen in highly purified samples prepared by procedures that permit improved yields, are described. A possible role for flavin mediation is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:265581", "title": "Isopeptide linkage between nonhistone and histone 2A polypeptides of chromosomal conjugate-protein A24.", "content": "Chromosomal protein A24 has a unique structure inasmuch as it contains histone 2A and a nonhistone polypeptide the sequence of which has been partially determined. Comparative analysis of the ninhydrin-insensitive amino-terminal tryptic peptides of protein A24 and histone 2A and a quantitative analysis of their carboxyl-terminal amino acid indicated that protein A24 has two amino termini and one carboxyl terminus. The amino acid sequence analysis of tryptic peptide 17' of protein A24: (see text) showed it contains tryptic peptide 17 of histone 2A, Lys-Thr-Glu-Ser-His-His-Lys. Lysine 119, the amino terminus of this peptide, which is derived from the histone 2A portion of protein A24, is linked by an isopeptide bond to the carboxyl group of a glycine residue. Accordingly, the branched structure of protein A24 proposed is: (see text).", "contents": "Isopeptide linkage between nonhistone and histone 2A polypeptides of chromosomal conjugate-protein A24. Chromosomal protein A24 has a unique structure inasmuch as it contains histone 2A and a nonhistone polypeptide the sequence of which has been partially determined. Comparative analysis of the ninhydrin-insensitive amino-terminal tryptic peptides of protein A24 and histone 2A and a quantitative analysis of their carboxyl-terminal amino acid indicated that protein A24 has two amino termini and one carboxyl terminus. The amino acid sequence analysis of tryptic peptide 17' of protein A24: (see text) showed it contains tryptic peptide 17 of histone 2A, Lys-Thr-Glu-Ser-His-His-Lys. Lysine 119, the amino terminus of this peptide, which is derived from the histone 2A portion of protein A24, is linked by an isopeptide bond to the carboxyl group of a glycine residue. Accordingly, the branched structure of protein A24 proposed is: (see text)."}
{"id": "PMID:265582", "title": "Molecular weight and valence of the cell-surface receptor for immunoglobulin E.", "content": "The molecular weight of the active solubilized cell-surface receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured in nonionic detergent. The diffusion coefficient was estimated by gel filtration, the partial specific volume was estimated from the differential sedimentation in sucrose gradients prepared from H2O and D2O, and the sedimentation constant was estimated from the same centrifugation experiments. The receptor has an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. Its high partial specific volume (0.81 cm3/g) suggests that bound detergent contributes significantly to the mass. The molecular weights of the receptor-IgE complex and of unbound IgE determined similarly were 310,000 and 200,000 respectively, clearly showing that the receptor is univalent. The implications of these results for the subunit structure of the receptor, receptor-membrane integration, and a possible mechanism of receptor triggering are discussed.", "contents": "Molecular weight and valence of the cell-surface receptor for immunoglobulin E. The molecular weight of the active solubilized cell-surface receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured in nonionic detergent. The diffusion coefficient was estimated by gel filtration, the partial specific volume was estimated from the differential sedimentation in sucrose gradients prepared from H2O and D2O, and the sedimentation constant was estimated from the same centrifugation experiments. The receptor has an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. Its high partial specific volume (0.81 cm3/g) suggests that bound detergent contributes significantly to the mass. The molecular weights of the receptor-IgE complex and of unbound IgE determined similarly were 310,000 and 200,000 respectively, clearly showing that the receptor is univalent. The implications of these results for the subunit structure of the receptor, receptor-membrane integration, and a possible mechanism of receptor triggering are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265583", "title": "Specific gonadotropin binding to Pseudomonas maltophilia.", "content": "Binding of 125I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin to Pseudomonas maltophilia is dependent on time, temperature, and pH and the binding to this procaryotic species is hormone-specific and saturable. The equilibrium dissociation constant is 2.3 X 10(-9) M. There are no cooperative interactions between binding sites (Hill coefficient, 1.05). The number of sites is estimaated as 240 fmol/100 mug of protein. NaCl and KCl, at concentrations from 1 to 10 mM, have no effect on binding. Divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) and 1 mM EDTA inhibit hormone binding. Binding is destroyed by heat or by treatment with Pronase of alpha-chymotrypsin and is increased by phospholipase C. Binding of the labeled gonadotropin is not observed with other gram-negative organisms--e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas testosteroni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, or Enterobacter cloacae.", "contents": "Specific gonadotropin binding to Pseudomonas maltophilia. Binding of 125I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin to Pseudomonas maltophilia is dependent on time, temperature, and pH and the binding to this procaryotic species is hormone-specific and saturable. The equilibrium dissociation constant is 2.3 X 10(-9) M. There are no cooperative interactions between binding sites (Hill coefficient, 1.05). The number of sites is estimaated as 240 fmol/100 mug of protein. NaCl and KCl, at concentrations from 1 to 10 mM, have no effect on binding. Divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) and 1 mM EDTA inhibit hormone binding. Binding is destroyed by heat or by treatment with Pronase of alpha-chymotrypsin and is increased by phospholipase C. Binding of the labeled gonadotropin is not observed with other gram-negative organisms--e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas testosteroni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, or Enterobacter cloacae."}
{"id": "PMID:265584", "title": "Triple-helix formation on ribosome-bound nascent chains of procollagen: deuterium-hydrogen exchange studies.", "content": "Polyribosomes containing nascent [3H]proline-labeled collagen chains were isolated from chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. These nascent chains were nearly completely hydroxylated, as indicated by the presence of [3H]hydroxyproline and high hydroxyproline/proline ratios. The polyribosomes were suspended in D2O at 15 degrees and the infrared spectrum was determined using a reference cell containing collagen-depleted polyribosomes in D2O, matched to equal RNA content. The amide I and amide II bands were observed. When the polyribosomes were heated in D2O at 44 degrees in the infrared cells, the N--D amide II absorbance at 1480 cm-1 increased markedly, indicating that H leads to D exchange had occurred. Collagen-depleted polyribosomes showed no such changes in absorbance at 1450-1480 cm-1 upon heating. Polyribosomes recovered from the infrared cells after treatment at 44 degrees and cooling still contained collagen, as indicated by their [3H]hydroxyproline content. These data indicate that nascent collagen bound to the polyribosomes can assume a hydrogen-bonded structure. Taken with prior data showing that the nascent collagen was also resistant to pepsin digestion, it is suggested that the collagen examined is in triple-helix conformation. Because the nascent polyribosome-bound collagen is nearly fully hydroxylated, it must be considered that triple-helix formation can occur between nascent chains while they are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum surface and that chain association and triple-helix formation in vivo may well occur before rather than after release.", "contents": "Triple-helix formation on ribosome-bound nascent chains of procollagen: deuterium-hydrogen exchange studies. Polyribosomes containing nascent [3H]proline-labeled collagen chains were isolated from chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. These nascent chains were nearly completely hydroxylated, as indicated by the presence of [3H]hydroxyproline and high hydroxyproline/proline ratios. The polyribosomes were suspended in D2O at 15 degrees and the infrared spectrum was determined using a reference cell containing collagen-depleted polyribosomes in D2O, matched to equal RNA content. The amide I and amide II bands were observed. When the polyribosomes were heated in D2O at 44 degrees in the infrared cells, the N--D amide II absorbance at 1480 cm-1 increased markedly, indicating that H leads to D exchange had occurred. Collagen-depleted polyribosomes showed no such changes in absorbance at 1450-1480 cm-1 upon heating. Polyribosomes recovered from the infrared cells after treatment at 44 degrees and cooling still contained collagen, as indicated by their [3H]hydroxyproline content. These data indicate that nascent collagen bound to the polyribosomes can assume a hydrogen-bonded structure. Taken with prior data showing that the nascent collagen was also resistant to pepsin digestion, it is suggested that the collagen examined is in triple-helix conformation. Because the nascent polyribosome-bound collagen is nearly fully hydroxylated, it must be considered that triple-helix formation can occur between nascent chains while they are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum surface and that chain association and triple-helix formation in vivo may well occur before rather than after release."}
{"id": "PMID:265585", "title": "Assembly of biologically active proheads of bacteriophage lambda in vitro.", "content": "Bacteriophage lambda DNA can be packaged in vitro into preformed proheads to generate plaque-forming units. This complex set of reactions is initiated when lambda DNA is mixed with the product of the phage A gene, and proheads. Because proheads are an essential early reactant, the system has potential as an assay for the formation of biologically active proheads. When extracts of cells infected with certain lambda head mutants (for example, B--, C--, Nu3--, and E--) are used as the prohead donor, plaque-forming units are not produced. However, when extracts of E- - and Nu3- - infected cells are first reacted together the combination provides prohead-donor activity to the in vitro packaging system. In vitro assembled, biologically active proheads have the same sedimentation properties and electron micrsocopic appearance as \"wild-type\" proheads isolated from lambdaA-D- -infected cells. Centrifugation analysis shows that the Nu3- extract contributes gpE, the major capsid protein, to the reaction in the form of monomers or small polymers.", "contents": "Assembly of biologically active proheads of bacteriophage lambda in vitro. Bacteriophage lambda DNA can be packaged in vitro into preformed proheads to generate plaque-forming units. This complex set of reactions is initiated when lambda DNA is mixed with the product of the phage A gene, and proheads. Because proheads are an essential early reactant, the system has potential as an assay for the formation of biologically active proheads. When extracts of cells infected with certain lambda head mutants (for example, B--, C--, Nu3--, and E--) are used as the prohead donor, plaque-forming units are not produced. However, when extracts of E- - and Nu3- - infected cells are first reacted together the combination provides prohead-donor activity to the in vitro packaging system. In vitro assembled, biologically active proheads have the same sedimentation properties and electron micrsocopic appearance as \"wild-type\" proheads isolated from lambdaA-D- -infected cells. Centrifugation analysis shows that the Nu3- extract contributes gpE, the major capsid protein, to the reaction in the form of monomers or small polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:265586", "title": "Tryptic peptide analysis of normal and mutant forms of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from HeLa cells.", "content": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) can be purified 5-to 10,000-fold from extracts of HeLa (human) cells by a three-step procedure consisting of high-speed centrifugation, adsorption to Sepharose-conjugated HPRT antibody, and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified enzyme labeled in vivo with radioactive lysine, arginine, or methionine was digested with trypsin and the tryptic peptides were separated by column chromatography on Bio-Rad cation exchanger Aminex A-5. Less than 50 ng (2 pmol) of HPRT is required to produce a tryptic peptide pattern. A methionine-labeled peptide was identified as the COOH-terminus because it was not labeled with either lysine or arginine. We have compared the tryptic peptide patterns of normal HeLaHPRT and a crossreacting HPRT protein lacking enzyme activity from HeLa mutant H23 [Milman et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 4589--4593]. The mutant protein has a new lysine-labeled peptide, but the chromatography patterns of arginine- or methionine-labeled peptides appear identical to those of the normal protein. The appearance in the H23 mutant HPRT protein of a new tryptic peptide provides strong evidence for a mutation in the HPRT structural gene. The tryptic peptide patterns were used to determine the total number of residues of labeled amino acid in the protein, and the values are reasonably consistent with those determined by conventional amino acid analysis pf erythrocyte HPRT.", "contents": "Tryptic peptide analysis of normal and mutant forms of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from HeLa cells. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) can be purified 5-to 10,000-fold from extracts of HeLa (human) cells by a three-step procedure consisting of high-speed centrifugation, adsorption to Sepharose-conjugated HPRT antibody, and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified enzyme labeled in vivo with radioactive lysine, arginine, or methionine was digested with trypsin and the tryptic peptides were separated by column chromatography on Bio-Rad cation exchanger Aminex A-5. Less than 50 ng (2 pmol) of HPRT is required to produce a tryptic peptide pattern. A methionine-labeled peptide was identified as the COOH-terminus because it was not labeled with either lysine or arginine. We have compared the tryptic peptide patterns of normal HeLaHPRT and a crossreacting HPRT protein lacking enzyme activity from HeLa mutant H23 [Milman et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 4589--4593]. The mutant protein has a new lysine-labeled peptide, but the chromatography patterns of arginine- or methionine-labeled peptides appear identical to those of the normal protein. The appearance in the H23 mutant HPRT protein of a new tryptic peptide provides strong evidence for a mutation in the HPRT structural gene. The tryptic peptide patterns were used to determine the total number of residues of labeled amino acid in the protein, and the values are reasonably consistent with those determined by conventional amino acid analysis pf erythrocyte HPRT."}
{"id": "PMID:265587", "title": "Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by normal and leukemic (L2C) guinea pig lymphocytes.", "content": "The cholesterol production of guinea pig leukemic (L2C) lymphocytes preceeds at greater than 30 times the rate found in normal cells. Fatty acid biosynthesis is also enhanced in L2C cells. Exposure of L2C cells to cholesterol/lecithin liposomes does not depress their sterol biosynthesis, in contrast to the behavior of normal lymphocytes [Philippot, J.R., Cooper, A.G. & Wallach, D. F. H. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 406, 161-166]. However, 25-hydroxycholesterol, an inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) [mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterogenesis, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, a biologically potent form of vitamin D3, block sterol biosynthesis of both normal and L2C lymphocytes [Philippot, j.r., cooper, A.G. & Wallach, D.F.H. (1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72, 1035-1041]. Moreover, both cell types exchange cholesterol equivalently with cholesterol/lecithin liposomes. The only difference in sterol biosynthesis observed between the two cell types is in the temperature response of the enzyme. Arrhenius plots of this enzyme activity exhibit a prominent discontinuity at about 24 degrees in the case of normal cells, but none in the case of L2C. The activation energies for L2C cells and normal cells, above the normal cell transition temperature, were not significantly different. All of the data suggest that the regulatory defect in L2C lymphocytes arises from a deficiency in these cells' internal membranes.", "contents": "Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by normal and leukemic (L2C) guinea pig lymphocytes. The cholesterol production of guinea pig leukemic (L2C) lymphocytes preceeds at greater than 30 times the rate found in normal cells. Fatty acid biosynthesis is also enhanced in L2C cells. Exposure of L2C cells to cholesterol/lecithin liposomes does not depress their sterol biosynthesis, in contrast to the behavior of normal lymphocytes [Philippot, J.R., Cooper, A.G. & Wallach, D. F. H. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 406, 161-166]. However, 25-hydroxycholesterol, an inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) [mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterogenesis, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, a biologically potent form of vitamin D3, block sterol biosynthesis of both normal and L2C lymphocytes [Philippot, j.r., cooper, A.G. & Wallach, D.F.H. (1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72, 1035-1041]. Moreover, both cell types exchange cholesterol equivalently with cholesterol/lecithin liposomes. The only difference in sterol biosynthesis observed between the two cell types is in the temperature response of the enzyme. Arrhenius plots of this enzyme activity exhibit a prominent discontinuity at about 24 degrees in the case of normal cells, but none in the case of L2C. The activation energies for L2C cells and normal cells, above the normal cell transition temperature, were not significantly different. All of the data suggest that the regulatory defect in L2C lymphocytes arises from a deficiency in these cells' internal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:265588", "title": "Minimal length of the lactose operator sequence for the specific recognition by the lactose repressor.", "content": "A number of specific duplex DNA sequences which correspond to varying lengths of the lactose operator region have been synthesized by a combination of chemical and enzymatic methods. Repressor binding studies on these synthetic duplex operator molecules show that all the nucleotides essential for full lactose operator-repressor interactions are included in a 17-nucleotide-long duplex DNA that constitutes the minimal recognition sequence for this DNA-protein interaction.", "contents": "Minimal length of the lactose operator sequence for the specific recognition by the lactose repressor. A number of specific duplex DNA sequences which correspond to varying lengths of the lactose operator region have been synthesized by a combination of chemical and enzymatic methods. Repressor binding studies on these synthetic duplex operator molecules show that all the nucleotides essential for full lactose operator-repressor interactions are included in a 17-nucleotide-long duplex DNA that constitutes the minimal recognition sequence for this DNA-protein interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:265589", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of neurotoxin a from venom of the Philippines sea snake.", "content": "The crystal structure of neurotoxin a from the venom of Philippines sea snake Laticauda semifasciata has been determined at 2.5 A resolution by x-ray diffraction. Comparison with the structure of neurotoxin b from the same source indicates that the two toxins differ only by substitution at His 26. Earlier chemical work had suggested a difference in chain length and considerable differences in amino acid composition. The difference between our a and b toxins is the same as that reported from sequence analysis for the related erabutoxins a and b from Japanese sea snake, and suggests that the Philippines toxin may be identical to erabutoxin. The replacement of His 26 by a shorter side-chain in toxin a has no effect on the structure of the rest of the molecule. In particular, the protruding loop, which we believe interacts with the acetylcholine receptor, is not affected, even though His 26 is in the loop.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of neurotoxin a from venom of the Philippines sea snake. The crystal structure of neurotoxin a from the venom of Philippines sea snake Laticauda semifasciata has been determined at 2.5 A resolution by x-ray diffraction. Comparison with the structure of neurotoxin b from the same source indicates that the two toxins differ only by substitution at His 26. Earlier chemical work had suggested a difference in chain length and considerable differences in amino acid composition. The difference between our a and b toxins is the same as that reported from sequence analysis for the related erabutoxins a and b from Japanese sea snake, and suggests that the Philippines toxin may be identical to erabutoxin. The replacement of His 26 by a shorter side-chain in toxin a has no effect on the structure of the rest of the molecule. In particular, the protruding loop, which we believe interacts with the acetylcholine receptor, is not affected, even though His 26 is in the loop."}
{"id": "PMID:265590", "title": "Translation of melittin messenger RNA in vitro yields a product terminating with glutaminylglycine rather than with glutaminamide.", "content": "Melittin messenger RNA from queen bee venom glands has been translated in a cell-free system from wheat germ. A product larger than promelittin is formed which has the carboxy-terminal sequence-Gln-Gln-GlyCOOH. Melittin and promelittin from venom glands terminate in -Gln-GlnCONH2. The possible role of the extra glycine residue in the formation of a COOH-terminal amide via a transamidase-like reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Translation of melittin messenger RNA in vitro yields a product terminating with glutaminylglycine rather than with glutaminamide. Melittin messenger RNA from queen bee venom glands has been translated in a cell-free system from wheat germ. A product larger than promelittin is formed which has the carboxy-terminal sequence-Gln-Gln-GlyCOOH. Melittin and promelittin from venom glands terminate in -Gln-GlnCONH2. The possible role of the extra glycine residue in the formation of a COOH-terminal amide via a transamidase-like reaction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265591", "title": "Excision repair of benzo[a]pyrene-deoxyguanosine adducts in baby hamster kidney 21/C13 cells and in secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts C57BL/6J.", "content": "The formation and excision of benzo[a]pyrene-deoxyguanosine adducts in metabolizing baby hamster kidney cells (21/C13) and secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts (C57BL/6J) was investigated. Both diastereomeric adducts, N2-(10-(7beta,8alpha,9alpha-trihydroxy-7, 8, 9, 10 tetrahydrobenzo[a]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene)yl)deoxyguanosine, were detected in both cell lines and both cell lines were capable of excising these lesions, albeit with low efficiency.", "contents": "Excision repair of benzo[a]pyrene-deoxyguanosine adducts in baby hamster kidney 21/C13 cells and in secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts C57BL/6J. The formation and excision of benzo[a]pyrene-deoxyguanosine adducts in metabolizing baby hamster kidney cells (21/C13) and secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts (C57BL/6J) was investigated. Both diastereomeric adducts, N2-(10-(7beta,8alpha,9alpha-trihydroxy-7, 8, 9, 10 tetrahydrobenzo[a]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene)yl)deoxyguanosine, were detected in both cell lines and both cell lines were capable of excising these lesions, albeit with low efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:265592", "title": "Nucleotide sequence surrounding a ribonuclease III processing site in bacteriophage T7 RNA.", "content": "We have determined a nucleotide seuqence of 87 residues surrounding a ribonuclease III (endoribonuclease III; EC 3.1.4.24) processing site in the bacteriophage T7 intercistronic region between early genes 0.3 and 0.7. The structural requirements necessary for proper recognition and cleavage by RNase III are discussed. In addition, other structural features characteristic of this intercistronic boundary are described.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence surrounding a ribonuclease III processing site in bacteriophage T7 RNA. We have determined a nucleotide seuqence of 87 residues surrounding a ribonuclease III (endoribonuclease III; EC 3.1.4.24) processing site in the bacteriophage T7 intercistronic region between early genes 0.3 and 0.7. The structural requirements necessary for proper recognition and cleavage by RNase III are discussed. In addition, other structural features characteristic of this intercistronic boundary are described."}
{"id": "PMID:265607", "title": "Effect of topically applied neutrophil leukocyte extract on normal gingiva of dogs.", "content": "Seven beagle dogs were used to study the gingivitis-inducing potenial of a topically applied neutrophil leukocyte extract and to compare the vascular and cellular reactions with those induced by plaque extract applied in an identical manner. In four dogs neutrophil extract was applied onto the marginal gingiva in one jaw quadrant while Gey's medium was applied to the contralateral gingival units. In the remaining three dogs plaque extract and Gey's medium, respectively, were applied in the same way. After 6.5 h of topical application colloidal carbon (1 ml/kg bodyweight) was injected into a leg vein and after a further 1.5 h biopsies were obtained from the experimental regions. The results show that topical application of an extract from neutrophils induces both an increase in the number of crevicular leukocytes and an enhanced vascular permeability. As in previous studies plaque extract was found to promote the emigration of leukocytes and to alter the permeability of the dentogingival vessels. The vascular and cellular reactions were, however, more pronounced after application of plaque extract than after neutrophil extract.", "contents": "Effect of topically applied neutrophil leukocyte extract on normal gingiva of dogs. Seven beagle dogs were used to study the gingivitis-inducing potenial of a topically applied neutrophil leukocyte extract and to compare the vascular and cellular reactions with those induced by plaque extract applied in an identical manner. In four dogs neutrophil extract was applied onto the marginal gingiva in one jaw quadrant while Gey's medium was applied to the contralateral gingival units. In the remaining three dogs plaque extract and Gey's medium, respectively, were applied in the same way. After 6.5 h of topical application colloidal carbon (1 ml/kg bodyweight) was injected into a leg vein and after a further 1.5 h biopsies were obtained from the experimental regions. The results show that topical application of an extract from neutrophils induces both an increase in the number of crevicular leukocytes and an enhanced vascular permeability. As in previous studies plaque extract was found to promote the emigration of leukocytes and to alter the permeability of the dentogingival vessels. The vascular and cellular reactions were, however, more pronounced after application of plaque extract than after neutrophil extract."}
{"id": "PMID:265608", "title": "Histologic demonstration of bacteria subjacent to dental restorations.", "content": "Sections of demineralized teeth which had received experimentally inserted restorations using a variety of materials have been stained according to the Brown and Brenn technique. Conventional cavity preparations had been made in intact areas and the cavities were dried gently without additional treatment prior to restoration. Different restorative materials were used and the teeth were extracted after 3-117 days' observation. No bacteria could be demonstrated at the dentin/filling interface or in the dentin if zinc oxide/eugenol, Ca(OH)2 mixed with water or corticonsteroid/antibiotic preparations were employed as base or lining materials. A few bacteria were found subjacent to two of seven unlined amalgam fillings and subjacent to three silicate restorations which had been lined with a polymeric material.", "contents": "Histologic demonstration of bacteria subjacent to dental restorations. Sections of demineralized teeth which had received experimentally inserted restorations using a variety of materials have been stained according to the Brown and Brenn technique. Conventional cavity preparations had been made in intact areas and the cavities were dried gently without additional treatment prior to restoration. Different restorative materials were used and the teeth were extracted after 3-117 days' observation. No bacteria could be demonstrated at the dentin/filling interface or in the dentin if zinc oxide/eugenol, Ca(OH)2 mixed with water or corticonsteroid/antibiotic preparations were employed as base or lining materials. A few bacteria were found subjacent to two of seven unlined amalgam fillings and subjacent to three silicate restorations which had been lined with a polymeric material."}
{"id": "PMID:265609", "title": "Variable expressivity of Crouzon's syndrome within a family.", "content": "Three individuals in two generations affected with Crouzon's syndrome are reported. The proband, a 10-year-old boy, had been diagnosed until the age of 4. His 3-year-old sister had not been diagnosed previously and his mother was unaware of having the syndrome and had never received any genetic counseling. The individuals are reported with emphasis on clinical and roentgencephalometric variation. The ultimate goal in teratolgoy is prevention. Currently one of the most important factors related to prevention is genetic counseling in conditions with well-documented modes of inheritance. The present report describes how the variable expressivity of Crouzon's syndrome within a family had caused diagnostic problems and consequently had delayed genetic counseling.", "contents": "Variable expressivity of Crouzon's syndrome within a family. Three individuals in two generations affected with Crouzon's syndrome are reported. The proband, a 10-year-old boy, had been diagnosed until the age of 4. His 3-year-old sister had not been diagnosed previously and his mother was unaware of having the syndrome and had never received any genetic counseling. The individuals are reported with emphasis on clinical and roentgencephalometric variation. The ultimate goal in teratolgoy is prevention. Currently one of the most important factors related to prevention is genetic counseling in conditions with well-documented modes of inheritance. The present report describes how the variable expressivity of Crouzon's syndrome within a family had caused diagnostic problems and consequently had delayed genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:265610", "title": "Operational definitions of mandibular morphogenetic and positional rotations.", "content": "A material of 30 patients with metallic implants was used in a longitudinal study, based on lateral headplates, of the mandibular rotational pattern. The complexity of the rotational phenomenon in the mandibular rotation has necessitated the proposal of some operational definitions: morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible. A relationship has been established between the variation of the gonial angle and the variation of both morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible. A relationship has been established between the variation of the condylar growth direction and the variation of both morphogenetc and positional rotations of the mandible: this relationship is the strongest when the morphogenetic rotation of the corpus is considered.", "contents": "Operational definitions of mandibular morphogenetic and positional rotations. A material of 30 patients with metallic implants was used in a longitudinal study, based on lateral headplates, of the mandibular rotational pattern. The complexity of the rotational phenomenon in the mandibular rotation has necessitated the proposal of some operational definitions: morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible. A relationship has been established between the variation of the gonial angle and the variation of both morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible. A relationship has been established between the variation of the condylar growth direction and the variation of both morphogenetc and positional rotations of the mandible: this relationship is the strongest when the morphogenetic rotation of the corpus is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:265611", "title": "Direction and intensity of mandibular rotation in the sagittal adjustment during growth of the jaws.", "content": "A material of 22 patients with metallic implants in both jaws has been used to study, longitudinally on lateral headplates, the relationship between the degree of mandibular rotation, the difference in amount of growth of both jaws, represented by the value (E), and the sagittal intermaxillary relationship (G). It has been established that the variation of sagittal intermaxillary relationship and the variation of the degree of mandibular rotation are two phenomena presenting a \"balance mechanism\" when related to the value (E). The different combinations of these three variables during mandibular growth are proposed, represented in diagrams. This study reveals that several possible mandibular responses correspond to a single given initial condition.", "contents": "Direction and intensity of mandibular rotation in the sagittal adjustment during growth of the jaws. A material of 22 patients with metallic implants in both jaws has been used to study, longitudinally on lateral headplates, the relationship between the degree of mandibular rotation, the difference in amount of growth of both jaws, represented by the value (E), and the sagittal intermaxillary relationship (G). It has been established that the variation of sagittal intermaxillary relationship and the variation of the degree of mandibular rotation are two phenomena presenting a \"balance mechanism\" when related to the value (E). The different combinations of these three variables during mandibular growth are proposed, represented in diagrams. This study reveals that several possible mandibular responses correspond to a single given initial condition."}
{"id": "PMID:265612", "title": "Bite force and oral function in patients with osseointegrated oral implants.", "content": "The function of the masticatory system was analyzed in 19 patients (13 women and 6 men), aged 39 to 68, randomly selected from a group of 165 patients who had been treated with osseointegrated oral implants within the last 7 years (average 3.5 years). The patients were well satisfied with the functional capacity of their implant reconstructions, especially compared with the poor function before treatment. According to the clinical examination, all but one patient had no or only mild symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system. Three bite-force levels were recorded. The mean value for gentle biting was 15.7 N, for biting as when chewing 50.1 N, AND FOR MAXIMAL BITING 144.4 N. The patients could thus well discriminate between the different bite-force levels, and the maximal values are much higher than those in persons with removable dentures.", "contents": "Bite force and oral function in patients with osseointegrated oral implants. The function of the masticatory system was analyzed in 19 patients (13 women and 6 men), aged 39 to 68, randomly selected from a group of 165 patients who had been treated with osseointegrated oral implants within the last 7 years (average 3.5 years). The patients were well satisfied with the functional capacity of their implant reconstructions, especially compared with the poor function before treatment. According to the clinical examination, all but one patient had no or only mild symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system. Three bite-force levels were recorded. The mean value for gentle biting was 15.7 N, for biting as when chewing 50.1 N, AND FOR MAXIMAL BITING 144.4 N. The patients could thus well discriminate between the different bite-force levels, and the maximal values are much higher than those in persons with removable dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:265613", "title": "The incidence and characteristics of acute myeloid leukaemia arising in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In 201 consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease treated from 1964 through 1975 with intensive irradiation and/or combination chemotherapy 3 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia were observed. The observed number of cases was 75 times over the expected (P less than 0.01). An analysis of 47 reported cases of acute myeloid leukaemia arising in Hodgkin's disease shows that these cases differ considerably from 'spontaneous' cases of acute myeloid leukaemia by appearing in a much younger age group, by a very poor response to anti-leukaemic chemotherapy, and by a relatively low male/female ratio (0.84). The intensification of radiotherapy and cytostatic therapy of Hodgkin's disease during the last decade is considered the explanation of the increased incidence of acute myeloid leukaemia in these patients.", "contents": "The incidence and characteristics of acute myeloid leukaemia arising in Hodgkin's disease. In 201 consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease treated from 1964 through 1975 with intensive irradiation and/or combination chemotherapy 3 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia were observed. The observed number of cases was 75 times over the expected (P less than 0.01). An analysis of 47 reported cases of acute myeloid leukaemia arising in Hodgkin's disease shows that these cases differ considerably from 'spontaneous' cases of acute myeloid leukaemia by appearing in a much younger age group, by a very poor response to anti-leukaemic chemotherapy, and by a relatively low male/female ratio (0.84). The intensification of radiotherapy and cytostatic therapy of Hodgkin's disease during the last decade is considered the explanation of the increased incidence of acute myeloid leukaemia in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:265614", "title": "[Follow-up studies on 15-month-old adhesive fillings].", "content": "Clinically, 450 Adhesive Restorations have been reexamined 15 months after insertion. Several of these restorations were also evaluated by SEM. The principles of cavity preparation for adhesive fillings deviate from those postulated by G.V. Black. They aim at a micromethanical retention of the restorative material to the tooth structure. A considerable amount of sound tooth structure can be saved. The combination of cavity design with enamel conditioning and the use of a low viscosity sealant prior to the insertion of the composite (Caulk Nuva System) resulted in restorations showing no microleakage and a perfect marginal adaptation. Their retentive strength seems to be sufficient as well as the durability of their excellent marginal properties. Pulpal responses to the application of etching agents were avoided by covering the dentin with an acid resistant base. Splinting of teeth using a strictly adhesive method without cavity preparations failed in more than 50%. The high rate of composite discoloration (43%) was probably due to factors inherent in the restorative material itself.", "contents": "[Follow-up studies on 15-month-old adhesive fillings]. Clinically, 450 Adhesive Restorations have been reexamined 15 months after insertion. Several of these restorations were also evaluated by SEM. The principles of cavity preparation for adhesive fillings deviate from those postulated by G.V. Black. They aim at a micromethanical retention of the restorative material to the tooth structure. A considerable amount of sound tooth structure can be saved. The combination of cavity design with enamel conditioning and the use of a low viscosity sealant prior to the insertion of the composite (Caulk Nuva System) resulted in restorations showing no microleakage and a perfect marginal adaptation. Their retentive strength seems to be sufficient as well as the durability of their excellent marginal properties. Pulpal responses to the application of etching agents were avoided by covering the dentin with an acid resistant base. Splinting of teeth using a strictly adhesive method without cavity preparations failed in more than 50%. The high rate of composite discoloration (43%) was probably due to factors inherent in the restorative material itself."}
{"id": "PMID:265615", "title": "[A small anchor screw for active elongation treatment of impacted teeth].", "content": "A small anchoring screw is described. Its purpose is to anchor a point of traction on a tooth about to be moved orthodontically when impacted, if circumstances forbid to sling the traction wire around it.", "contents": "[A small anchor screw for active elongation treatment of impacted teeth]. A small anchoring screw is described. Its purpose is to anchor a point of traction on a tooth about to be moved orthodontically when impacted, if circumstances forbid to sling the traction wire around it."}
{"id": "PMID:265616", "title": "[Total frequency of dental caries in the Canton of Vaud after the transition from fluoride tablets to fluoridation of table salt].", "content": "This report shows results of a survey on dental caries in the canton of Vaud in the years 1970 and 1974. In this canton fluoridation was carried out by means of fluoride tablets distributed at school until 1969/70 and in subsequent years by adding 250 mg F/kg fluoride to domestic salt. For comparison, results from adjoining and other cantons are also presented. In 1970 the 3 communities in the canton of Vaud (Moudon, Grandson and Vevey) showed a remarkably low overall caries level due to the distribution of fluoride tablets, supplemented in Grandson with regular brushings with fluoride solutions. When the fluoride tablets were discontinued in 1968/70 and fluoridated domestic salt containing 250 mg F/kg NaCl was introduced, caries incidence reached an even lower level. In these 3 communities caries prevalence fell to the lowest level reached, so far, by means preventive measures in Bettlach (canton of Solothurn, toothbrushing with fluoride solutions 6 times per year combined with information, fluoride tablets on every school day, and in addition consumption of table salt fluoridated at a suboptimal level of 90 ppm). The children in the control communities Romont (canton of Fribourg), St-Aubin (canton of Neuch\u00e2tel) and Ch\u00e2tel-St-Denis (canton of Fribourg) also showed decreases of caries levels from 1970 to 1974. This decrease is attributed to the distribution of fluoride tablets started at the schools of this community in the late sixties. Caries incidence in the age spans 8 to 12 and 10 to 14 years was estimated. Children from the canton of Vaud where fluoridated table salt was practically the only preventive measure showed a smaller DMF increase than those from the cantons of Fribourg and Neuch\u00e2tel. By means of a method combining DMF means of various age groups it was possible to obtain sufficiently large numbers of children for a study of the caries prevalence in each community. All communities showed a decrease of caries levels. In the canton of Vaud this reduction started in 1970 at an already low level and in 1974 reached consistently lower values than those of the control communities of the cantons of Fribourg and Neuch\u00e2tel.", "contents": "[Total frequency of dental caries in the Canton of Vaud after the transition from fluoride tablets to fluoridation of table salt]. This report shows results of a survey on dental caries in the canton of Vaud in the years 1970 and 1974. In this canton fluoridation was carried out by means of fluoride tablets distributed at school until 1969/70 and in subsequent years by adding 250 mg F/kg fluoride to domestic salt. For comparison, results from adjoining and other cantons are also presented. In 1970 the 3 communities in the canton of Vaud (Moudon, Grandson and Vevey) showed a remarkably low overall caries level due to the distribution of fluoride tablets, supplemented in Grandson with regular brushings with fluoride solutions. When the fluoride tablets were discontinued in 1968/70 and fluoridated domestic salt containing 250 mg F/kg NaCl was introduced, caries incidence reached an even lower level. In these 3 communities caries prevalence fell to the lowest level reached, so far, by means preventive measures in Bettlach (canton of Solothurn, toothbrushing with fluoride solutions 6 times per year combined with information, fluoride tablets on every school day, and in addition consumption of table salt fluoridated at a suboptimal level of 90 ppm). The children in the control communities Romont (canton of Fribourg), St-Aubin (canton of Neuch\u00e2tel) and Ch\u00e2tel-St-Denis (canton of Fribourg) also showed decreases of caries levels from 1970 to 1974. This decrease is attributed to the distribution of fluoride tablets started at the schools of this community in the late sixties. Caries incidence in the age spans 8 to 12 and 10 to 14 years was estimated. Children from the canton of Vaud where fluoridated table salt was practically the only preventive measure showed a smaller DMF increase than those from the cantons of Fribourg and Neuch\u00e2tel. By means of a method combining DMF means of various age groups it was possible to obtain sufficiently large numbers of children for a study of the caries prevalence in each community. All communities showed a decrease of caries levels. In the canton of Vaud this reduction started in 1970 at an already low level and in 1974 reached consistently lower values than those of the control communities of the cantons of Fribourg and Neuch\u00e2tel."}
{"id": "PMID:265618", "title": "[The occlusal bite splint and its effect on the centric relation of the maximal opening and closing movement in cases of temporomandibular joint syndrome].", "content": "Nine patients presenting temporo-mandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome were treated with occlusal bite splints made of acrylic resin, which eliminated premature contacts and occlusal interferences. Results were obtained with an extra-oral apparatus, of personal conception, which allowed to amplify and register maximum opening and lateral deviation in the frontal plane. The study has shown that this treatment brings: - an elimination of pain and muscle spasms - an increase in maximum opening - a decrease in lateral deviation - a marked but partial decrease in articular noises.", "contents": "[The occlusal bite splint and its effect on the centric relation of the maximal opening and closing movement in cases of temporomandibular joint syndrome]. Nine patients presenting temporo-mandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome were treated with occlusal bite splints made of acrylic resin, which eliminated premature contacts and occlusal interferences. Results were obtained with an extra-oral apparatus, of personal conception, which allowed to amplify and register maximum opening and lateral deviation in the frontal plane. The study has shown that this treatment brings: - an elimination of pain and muscle spasms - an increase in maximum opening - a decrease in lateral deviation - a marked but partial decrease in articular noises."}
{"id": "PMID:265619", "title": "[Sterilization in the daily dental practice].", "content": "The author's paper, published p. 395, 1976, has been the subject of discussion. He clarifies his standpoint. Sterilization by heat of dental instruments is but an element in the chain of manipulations destined to avoid infection in the operative field. While for the current instrumentation the heat treatment at 140 degrees C for 90 minutes may be considered to be sufficient, autoclave treatment is indispensable for surgical treatments.", "contents": "[Sterilization in the daily dental practice]. The author's paper, published p. 395, 1976, has been the subject of discussion. He clarifies his standpoint. Sterilization by heat of dental instruments is but an element in the chain of manipulations destined to avoid infection in the operative field. While for the current instrumentation the heat treatment at 140 degrees C for 90 minutes may be considered to be sufficient, autoclave treatment is indispensable for surgical treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:265620", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of lichen ruber planus of the mouth mucosa and leukoplakia].", "content": "Lichen ruber planus of the oral mucosa is shown in a few examples. Differential diagnosis to leucoplakia can usually be obtained clinically and is confirmed histologically. Treatment consists of the elimination of irritation factors, polyvitamin preparations and local application of beta methason.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of lichen ruber planus of the mouth mucosa and leukoplakia]. Lichen ruber planus of the oral mucosa is shown in a few examples. Differential diagnosis to leucoplakia can usually be obtained clinically and is confirmed histologically. Treatment consists of the elimination of irritation factors, polyvitamin preparations and local application of beta methason."}
{"id": "PMID:265621", "title": "[Lead content in alginates].", "content": "Alginates containing a high level of lead may lead to health damages in dentists and their personnel. Walter and S\u00f6remark have pointed out these hazards. The author's investigations with the Perkin-Elmer absorption-photospectrometer shall show how high the lead content of the 25 brands of alginate sold in this country is. Ca 37, Protex and Algihard S contain sizeable amounts of lead. Recommendations are given towards the protection of dentist and assistant.", "contents": "[Lead content in alginates]. Alginates containing a high level of lead may lead to health damages in dentists and their personnel. Walter and S\u00f6remark have pointed out these hazards. The author's investigations with the Perkin-Elmer absorption-photospectrometer shall show how high the lead content of the 25 brands of alginate sold in this country is. Ca 37, Protex and Algihard S contain sizeable amounts of lead. Recommendations are given towards the protection of dentist and assistant."}
{"id": "PMID:265622", "title": "[Functional analysis in orthodontics: diagnosis of mandibular positions and movements].", "content": "Conventional gnathological concepts concerning border movements, intermaxillary relations and terminal hinge movement of the mandible have been complemented by definitions obtained from observations in children, particularly orthodontic patients. While gnathologists tend to prefer the hand guided technique for diagnostic centric relation to the unguided method, the orthodontists on the other hand do not attribute the necessary importance to the guidance of the mandible into centric relation. By prevention or elimination of occlusal interferences, RCP/IP discrepancies, of balancing and particularly hyperbalance contacts, by possibly creating a type of occlusion as conceived by gnathology, the orthodontist may--within certain limits--be able to prevent TMJ disturbances and/or peridontal disease. Hopefully it may be at the same time possible to obtain more stable results of successful orthodontic treatment. The described functional analysis is designed to invite a more dynamic concept of the masticatory system.", "contents": "[Functional analysis in orthodontics: diagnosis of mandibular positions and movements]. Conventional gnathological concepts concerning border movements, intermaxillary relations and terminal hinge movement of the mandible have been complemented by definitions obtained from observations in children, particularly orthodontic patients. While gnathologists tend to prefer the hand guided technique for diagnostic centric relation to the unguided method, the orthodontists on the other hand do not attribute the necessary importance to the guidance of the mandible into centric relation. By prevention or elimination of occlusal interferences, RCP/IP discrepancies, of balancing and particularly hyperbalance contacts, by possibly creating a type of occlusion as conceived by gnathology, the orthodontist may--within certain limits--be able to prevent TMJ disturbances and/or peridontal disease. Hopefully it may be at the same time possible to obtain more stable results of successful orthodontic treatment. The described functional analysis is designed to invite a more dynamic concept of the masticatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:265623", "title": "[Heredity of the shape of the facial skull and growth prognosis. The value of family history in class III cases].", "content": "Investigations about the genetic determination of cephalometrical characteristics and about the accuracy of prognostication indicate that those data which best define the genotype of an individual are also the best basis for a prognosis of future growth behaviour. In this respect, the initial cephalometric findings are unsurpassed so far. Evaluation of the family does not provide a substantial improvement in the prognosticating process. It does, however, help to clarify the etiology of a malocclusion by revealing the genetic factors which might impose limitations on successful nonsurgical treatment.", "contents": "[Heredity of the shape of the facial skull and growth prognosis. The value of family history in class III cases]. Investigations about the genetic determination of cephalometrical characteristics and about the accuracy of prognostication indicate that those data which best define the genotype of an individual are also the best basis for a prognosis of future growth behaviour. In this respect, the initial cephalometric findings are unsurpassed so far. Evaluation of the family does not provide a substantial improvement in the prognosticating process. It does, however, help to clarify the etiology of a malocclusion by revealing the genetic factors which might impose limitations on successful nonsurgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:265624", "title": "[Therapeutic methods in class III cases].", "content": "Mandibular overjet is caused by one or a series of genetic and environmental factors. Control of mandibular growth seems to be questionable, multilocal compensation within certain limits, therefore, remains an instrument of attacking the problem in cases which can be treated by orthodontic means. The totality of the different compensating procedures, referring to the various functional, skeletal and dentoalveolar aspects can lead to considerable corrective effects.", "contents": "[Therapeutic methods in class III cases]. Mandibular overjet is caused by one or a series of genetic and environmental factors. Control of mandibular growth seems to be questionable, multilocal compensation within certain limits, therefore, remains an instrument of attacking the problem in cases which can be treated by orthodontic means. The totality of the different compensating procedures, referring to the various functional, skeletal and dentoalveolar aspects can lead to considerable corrective effects."}
{"id": "PMID:265625", "title": "[Choice of the point of attack in the light of the differential diagnosis in class III cases].", "content": "The author points out that therapy has to be based upon a highly qualified differential diagnosis. In three class III-cases the consecutive steps--differential diagnosis, location of therapeutic attack, adequate design of the appliance--are demonstrated. On the basis of the treatment result the initial treatment goal is discussed.", "contents": "[Choice of the point of attack in the light of the differential diagnosis in class III cases]. The author points out that therapy has to be based upon a highly qualified differential diagnosis. In three class III-cases the consecutive steps--differential diagnosis, location of therapeutic attack, adequate design of the appliance--are demonstrated. On the basis of the treatment result the initial treatment goal is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265630", "title": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy in children.", "content": "A prospective study of 45 granulocyte transfusions in children using continuous flow centrifugation is reported. During 13 episodes of proven or presumed infection, only two children failed to show a favorable response to granulocyte transfusion. The neutropenic child shows a significantly increased absolute granulocyte count one hour after transfusion. The granulocyte counts at one hour after transfusion are inversely proportional to the child's size. A child with chronic granulomatous disease who had documented Nocardia asteroides sepsis and pneumonia exhibited complete recovery following granulocyte transfusion. Dramatic responses to the nonrandom use of granulocyte transfusion have been observed in children with major gram-negative bacterial infections. Endorsement of granulocyte transfusion for instances of presumed, but unproven, infection in the neutropenic child will require randomization to control the variables of antibiotic therapy and bone marrow remission.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusion therapy in children. A prospective study of 45 granulocyte transfusions in children using continuous flow centrifugation is reported. During 13 episodes of proven or presumed infection, only two children failed to show a favorable response to granulocyte transfusion. The neutropenic child shows a significantly increased absolute granulocyte count one hour after transfusion. The granulocyte counts at one hour after transfusion are inversely proportional to the child's size. A child with chronic granulomatous disease who had documented Nocardia asteroides sepsis and pneumonia exhibited complete recovery following granulocyte transfusion. Dramatic responses to the nonrandom use of granulocyte transfusion have been observed in children with major gram-negative bacterial infections. Endorsement of granulocyte transfusion for instances of presumed, but unproven, infection in the neutropenic child will require randomization to control the variables of antibiotic therapy and bone marrow remission."}
{"id": "PMID:265636", "title": "[Design, function and advantage of a centralized suction device based on the principle of a fluid-ring vacuum pump].", "content": "The authors describe a centralized suction device worked on the fluid-ring pump principle. The advantages offered by this multi-phase unit, which works in a watery milieu, to stomatological practice are presented in the light of 18 months of clinical use.", "contents": "[Design, function and advantage of a centralized suction device based on the principle of a fluid-ring vacuum pump]. The authors describe a centralized suction device worked on the fluid-ring pump principle. The advantages offered by this multi-phase unit, which works in a watery milieu, to stomatological practice are presented in the light of 18 months of clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:265637", "title": "[A combination cabinet for the orthodontic office].", "content": "The author describes a combined bureau and instrument cabinet that is suited for clinical use as well as for measuring and planning work in orthodontic practice.", "contents": "[A combination cabinet for the orthodontic office]. The author describes a combined bureau and instrument cabinet that is suited for clinical use as well as for measuring and planning work in orthodontic practice."}
{"id": "PMID:265638", "title": "[Decisive factors in the indication for pulp and peridontal treatment].", "content": "The explanation of the goal of pulp-periodontium treatment is followed by guidelines concerning the indication for the methods of pulp preservation (indirect capping, direct capping, pulpitis  treatment by means of anaesthetics), of partial pulp preservation (vital amputation) and for pulpectomy (vital and non-vital techniques). The different passages of the paper terminate with conclusions for practice.", "contents": "[Decisive factors in the indication for pulp and peridontal treatment]. The explanation of the goal of pulp-periodontium treatment is followed by guidelines concerning the indication for the methods of pulp preservation (indirect capping, direct capping, pulpitis  treatment by means of anaesthetics), of partial pulp preservation (vital amputation) and for pulpectomy (vital and non-vital techniques). The different passages of the paper terminate with conclusions for practice."}
{"id": "PMID:265639", "title": "[A method for health education of school children by dental students].", "content": "To familiarize in a practice-oriented way the students with the problems of health education, a practical course in the form of a Pioneers' afternoon with the subject \"Preservation of Dental Health\" was inaugurated at the Section of Stomatology of the Humboldt University in 1974. This course is described in the present paper. Due to the encouraging echo in the school children and the students, and due to the positive effects on the further course of the study of stomatology, it is recommended to introduce this form of practical course also into the curriculum of other universities.", "contents": "[A method for health education of school children by dental students]. To familiarize in a practice-oriented way the students with the problems of health education, a practical course in the form of a Pioneers' afternoon with the subject \"Preservation of Dental Health\" was inaugurated at the Section of Stomatology of the Humboldt University in 1974. This course is described in the present paper. Due to the encouraging echo in the school children and the students, and due to the positive effects on the further course of the study of stomatology, it is recommended to introduce this form of practical course also into the curriculum of other universities."}
{"id": "PMID:265641", "title": "[The dental hygienist].", "content": "On the basis of a literature study, the author outlines the international development of the career of dental hygienist and deals with her possible uses. Then follows a description of the development and of the actual tasks in the GDR, starting from the objectives of the socialist health service.", "contents": "[The dental hygienist]. On the basis of a literature study, the author outlines the international development of the career of dental hygienist and deals with her possible uses. Then follows a description of the development and of the actual tasks in the GDR, starting from the objectives of the socialist health service."}
{"id": "PMID:265643", "title": "[In vivo studies on the effect of alpha chymotrypsin on hemostasis].", "content": "In some cases we observed after-bleeding subsequent to the postoperative prescription of alpha-chymotrypsin. In contrast to this, several authors have pointed out that haemostasis is not affected by therapeutical doses. In vitro studies on 10 individuals (test methods: hirudin tolerance test and euglobulin lysis estimation) showed increased fibrinolytic activity. It is, therefore, dissuaded from administering alpha-chymotrypsin to outpatients for the prevention of postoperative oedema and haematoma formation.", "contents": "[In vivo studies on the effect of alpha chymotrypsin on hemostasis]. In some cases we observed after-bleeding subsequent to the postoperative prescription of alpha-chymotrypsin. In contrast to this, several authors have pointed out that haemostasis is not affected by therapeutical doses. In vitro studies on 10 individuals (test methods: hirudin tolerance test and euglobulin lysis estimation) showed increased fibrinolytic activity. It is, therefore, dissuaded from administering alpha-chymotrypsin to outpatients for the prevention of postoperative oedema and haematoma formation."}
{"id": "PMID:265644", "title": "[Use of the tray system in dental practice].", "content": "The present account of experience presents the commercial trya assemblage and illustrates some important possiblities of using it. It is emphasized that trays should be introduced only after individual work analysies. In this connexion, it is concluded that any tray assemblage must be in individual one.", "contents": "[Use of the tray system in dental practice]. The present account of experience presents the commercial trya assemblage and illustrates some important possiblities of using it. It is emphasized that trays should be introduced only after individual work analysies. In this connexion, it is concluded that any tray assemblage must be in individual one."}
{"id": "PMID:265651", "title": "[Systemic manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. A multivariate analysis of 122 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study the case reports of 122 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), were analyzed by computer with respect to systemic manifestations and the possible relationship of these manifestations to clinical findings. Bromsulphthalein retention, lung and kidney function were studied in other smaller unselected groups of RA patients and the results compared with the relevant clinical data. It was observed that nearly all systems can be involved in RA. High rheumatoid factor titres seem to be of great importance with regard to prognosis, but the duration and activity of the disease do, however, also influence the occurrence of systemic complications. Functional impairment of the different organs investigated was found in a high percentage of RA patients. Usually these disturbances are subclinical and not of great significance to the patient. Effects of antirheumatic drug therapy are difficult to evaluate, but they obviously do play an important role in the aetiology of the observed functional disturbances. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that the detection of systemic manifestations and functional disorders at the earliest possible stage of the disease is needed in the determination of the therapy of choice and is of great prognostic importance, thereby justifying detailed and often costly investigation.", "contents": "[Systemic manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. A multivariate analysis of 122 patients (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study the case reports of 122 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), were analyzed by computer with respect to systemic manifestations and the possible relationship of these manifestations to clinical findings. Bromsulphthalein retention, lung and kidney function were studied in other smaller unselected groups of RA patients and the results compared with the relevant clinical data. It was observed that nearly all systems can be involved in RA. High rheumatoid factor titres seem to be of great importance with regard to prognosis, but the duration and activity of the disease do, however, also influence the occurrence of systemic complications. Functional impairment of the different organs investigated was found in a high percentage of RA patients. Usually these disturbances are subclinical and not of great significance to the patient. Effects of antirheumatic drug therapy are difficult to evaluate, but they obviously do play an important role in the aetiology of the observed functional disturbances. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that the detection of systemic manifestations and functional disorders at the earliest possible stage of the disease is needed in the determination of the therapy of choice and is of great prognostic importance, thereby justifying detailed and often costly investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:265659", "title": "[Neurologic-psychiatric follow-up studies of reanimated tetanus patients (author's transl)].", "content": "During a study of sequela of intensive care therapy eight patients with longterm respirator treatment for severe tetanus infection were studied by neurologic-psychiatric examination two years or more after discharge from the hospital. Two out of four patients with permanent damage suffered from ankylosis of the hip joint caused by myositis ossificans. One patient showed hyperaesthetic-emotional syndrom and IQ-reduction caused by cardiac arrest. Two further patients were resuscitated from cardiac arrest without persisting psycho-physiological injury. A 70 year old man suffered from cardiopulmonary injury, lack of initiative and fatigability. None of the patients complained of depressing memories and all emphazised their pleasure of being alive. The permanent damage fation and not to the tetanus toxin per se. Improved techniques for tetanus patients on curare and artificial respiration may result in better therapeutical results in the future.", "contents": "[Neurologic-psychiatric follow-up studies of reanimated tetanus patients (author's transl)]. During a study of sequela of intensive care therapy eight patients with longterm respirator treatment for severe tetanus infection were studied by neurologic-psychiatric examination two years or more after discharge from the hospital. Two out of four patients with permanent damage suffered from ankylosis of the hip joint caused by myositis ossificans. One patient showed hyperaesthetic-emotional syndrom and IQ-reduction caused by cardiac arrest. Two further patients were resuscitated from cardiac arrest without persisting psycho-physiological injury. A 70 year old man suffered from cardiopulmonary injury, lack of initiative and fatigability. None of the patients complained of depressing memories and all emphazised their pleasure of being alive. The permanent damage fation and not to the tetanus toxin per se. Improved techniques for tetanus patients on curare and artificial respiration may result in better therapeutical results in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:265663", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The blastogenic response of MS lymphocytes to a group of paramyxovirus antigens and to phytohemagglutinin was investigated. Comparative studies were performed in a selected group of patients before and after transfer factor therapy. There was no blastogenic response of lymphocytes to the paramyxovirus antigens tested in MS patients and normal controls, as measured by the incorporation of 14C thymidine. The stimulation index was below 2.5 even after transfer factor therapy. Lymphocyte transformation induced by PHA appeared significantly depressed in the MS patient group before transfer factor therapy when compared with the normal control group. The presence of serum factors that may depress PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation were looked for and not found. Following transfer factor therapy, an increase of the PHA response was observed in the MS group, such that a statistically significant difference in response compared with the normal control group was no longer present.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in multiple sclerosis. The blastogenic response of MS lymphocytes to a group of paramyxovirus antigens and to phytohemagglutinin was investigated. Comparative studies were performed in a selected group of patients before and after transfer factor therapy. There was no blastogenic response of lymphocytes to the paramyxovirus antigens tested in MS patients and normal controls, as measured by the incorporation of 14C thymidine. The stimulation index was below 2.5 even after transfer factor therapy. Lymphocyte transformation induced by PHA appeared significantly depressed in the MS patient group before transfer factor therapy when compared with the normal control group. The presence of serum factors that may depress PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation were looked for and not found. Following transfer factor therapy, an increase of the PHA response was observed in the MS group, such that a statistically significant difference in response compared with the normal control group was no longer present."}
{"id": "PMID:265661", "title": "[Free amino acids in leukemic leukocytes].", "content": "Using the method of ion-exchange chromatography in automatic analyser the level of free amino acids was determined in peripheral blood leucocytes of 14 healthy blood donors and 36 patients with various types of leukaemia. In comparison with granulocytes the concentration of free amino acids in lymphocytes was reduced. The concentration of free amino acids in lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukemia was not essentially changed. The leucocytes in chronic myeloid leukemia showed a rise in the concentration of most free amino acids. In the blast cells of patients with acute myeloid the concentration of free amino acids was reduced in relation to DNA contents while in relation to proteins this concentration was raised.", "contents": "[Free amino acids in leukemic leukocytes]. Using the method of ion-exchange chromatography in automatic analyser the level of free amino acids was determined in peripheral blood leucocytes of 14 healthy blood donors and 36 patients with various types of leukaemia. In comparison with granulocytes the concentration of free amino acids in lymphocytes was reduced. The concentration of free amino acids in lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukemia was not essentially changed. The leucocytes in chronic myeloid leukemia showed a rise in the concentration of most free amino acids. In the blast cells of patients with acute myeloid the concentration of free amino acids was reduced in relation to DNA contents while in relation to proteins this concentration was raised."}
{"id": "PMID:265662", "title": "[Sucrose test in leukemias].", "content": "In 29 patients with blood diseases, in 40 with other diseases and 22 healthy blood donors sucrose test for presence of plasma haemolytic factor was performed by the method of Hartmann et al. in the modification of Hansen. The percent index of haemolysis of erythrocytes after incubation with serum in 10% sucrose solution was calculated. The results were evaluated in 4 variants: 1) positive sucrose test for presence of SHF against own erythrocytes, 2) positive sucrose test for presence of SHF against foreign erythrocytes, 3) authohaemolysis in 10% sucrose and 0.9% NaCl solution, 4) haemolysis of foreign erythrocytes in 10% sucrose and 0.9% NaCl. The test was usually negative in healthy controls and patients with non-haematological diseases and in patients with leukemia it was positive in 17%.", "contents": "[Sucrose test in leukemias]. In 29 patients with blood diseases, in 40 with other diseases and 22 healthy blood donors sucrose test for presence of plasma haemolytic factor was performed by the method of Hartmann et al. in the modification of Hansen. The percent index of haemolysis of erythrocytes after incubation with serum in 10% sucrose solution was calculated. The results were evaluated in 4 variants: 1) positive sucrose test for presence of SHF against own erythrocytes, 2) positive sucrose test for presence of SHF against foreign erythrocytes, 3) authohaemolysis in 10% sucrose and 0.9% NaCl solution, 4) haemolysis of foreign erythrocytes in 10% sucrose and 0.9% NaCl. The test was usually negative in healthy controls and patients with non-haematological diseases and in patients with leukemia it was positive in 17%."}
{"id": "PMID:265666", "title": "Virus antibody levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with optic neuritis.", "content": "Virus antibody levels in serum specimens from 77 patients with optic neuritis (ON) were compared with those in healthy controls which had been matched with regard to sex, age and place of residence. A group of 58 patients with various neurological diseases other than multiple sclerosis (MS) or infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) served as a second control group. The ON patients had significantly higher measles antibody titers in serum than the two control groups in both measles HI and HLI tests. Tests of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens revealed similar differences between ON patients and controls. Tests for antibodies to other viruses showed no statistically significant differences between ON patients and controls. There were several ON patients with normal serum/CSF albumin ratios but low serum/CSF IgG and measles antibody ratios. An increase in measles antibody CSF titers was observed during the study time in two ON patients. The results support the hypothesis that local production of measles antibodies takes place in the CNS of some patients with ON as has been earlier suggested to occur in patients with MS.", "contents": "Virus antibody levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with optic neuritis. Virus antibody levels in serum specimens from 77 patients with optic neuritis (ON) were compared with those in healthy controls which had been matched with regard to sex, age and place of residence. A group of 58 patients with various neurological diseases other than multiple sclerosis (MS) or infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) served as a second control group. The ON patients had significantly higher measles antibody titers in serum than the two control groups in both measles HI and HLI tests. Tests of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens revealed similar differences between ON patients and controls. Tests for antibodies to other viruses showed no statistically significant differences between ON patients and controls. There were several ON patients with normal serum/CSF albumin ratios but low serum/CSF IgG and measles antibody ratios. An increase in measles antibody CSF titers was observed during the study time in two ON patients. The results support the hypothesis that local production of measles antibodies takes place in the CNS of some patients with ON as has been earlier suggested to occur in patients with MS."}
{"id": "PMID:265667", "title": "Use of a radioimmune assay in detection of measles antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum.", "content": "Evidence that different structural components of the measles virus may act as antigens has been demonstrated by the serologic methods of hemagglutination inhibition, hemolysin inhibition and nucleocapsid complement fixation. Using radioiodinated measles viral antigens, an immune precipitation assay has been designed which is capable of discriminating varying reactivities to measles viral structural components in serum or CSF and of differentiating whether IgG and IgM antibody is involved. This technic has been applied to the study of measles antibodies in CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases. From data presented here, it is found that both groups of patients have individual reactivity to measles proteins, present in CSF  and serum, while three normal CSF sample were not found to have such antibodies.", "contents": "Use of a radioimmune assay in detection of measles antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Evidence that different structural components of the measles virus may act as antigens has been demonstrated by the serologic methods of hemagglutination inhibition, hemolysin inhibition and nucleocapsid complement fixation. Using radioiodinated measles viral antigens, an immune precipitation assay has been designed which is capable of discriminating varying reactivities to measles viral structural components in serum or CSF and of differentiating whether IgG and IgM antibody is involved. This technic has been applied to the study of measles antibodies in CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases. From data presented here, it is found that both groups of patients have individual reactivity to measles proteins, present in CSF  and serum, while three normal CSF sample were not found to have such antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:265668", "title": "Immunotherapy in infectious disease, autoimmunity and cancer.", "content": "The clinical and immunologic effects of transfer factor and of levamisole were evaluated in over 200 patients with a variety of diseases. With transfer factor, the most encouraging results were observed in patients with the Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, Behcet's disease and malignant melanoma. With levamisole, the most promising results were observed in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and herpes simplex infections, especially ocular herpes. Immunologically, transfer factor usually caused conversion of skin test reactivity and conversion of in vitro tests of cellular immunity as well, whereas levamisole caused increases in skin test reactivity without a parallel change in in vitro para meters, suggesting that the two agents may have different mechanisms of action. In a limited number of patients with multiple sclerosis, reactivity to three viral antigens was found to be lower than that in normal subjects, as measured by lymphocyte stimulation. Following levamisole therapy, this reactivity increased to normal levels, but the patients did not show clinical benefit.", "contents": "Immunotherapy in infectious disease, autoimmunity and cancer. The clinical and immunologic effects of transfer factor and of levamisole were evaluated in over 200 patients with a variety of diseases. With transfer factor, the most encouraging results were observed in patients with the Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, Behcet's disease and malignant melanoma. With levamisole, the most promising results were observed in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and herpes simplex infections, especially ocular herpes. Immunologically, transfer factor usually caused conversion of skin test reactivity and conversion of in vitro tests of cellular immunity as well, whereas levamisole caused increases in skin test reactivity without a parallel change in in vitro para meters, suggesting that the two agents may have different mechanisms of action. In a limited number of patients with multiple sclerosis, reactivity to three viral antigens was found to be lower than that in normal subjects, as measured by lymphocyte stimulation. Following levamisole therapy, this reactivity increased to normal levels, but the patients did not show clinical benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:265673", "title": "Maxillary rotation during human growth: annual variation and correlations with mandibular rotation. A metal implant study.", "content": "For a longitudinal study of the maxillary rotation, based on lateral headplates, a material of 22 patients with metallic implants in both jaws has been used. It has been established that the degree of maxillary rotation shows variations in direction and in intensity each year. It is smaller, in absolute value, than the degree of mandibular rotation. Due to the fact the direction of the maxillary and mandibular rotations are not always the same, it appears that the interaction between the maxillary and mandibular rotations plays an important role in the vertical and sagittal relationships of both jaws.", "contents": "Maxillary rotation during human growth: annual variation and correlations with mandibular rotation. A metal implant study. For a longitudinal study of the maxillary rotation, based on lateral headplates, a material of 22 patients with metallic implants in both jaws has been used. It has been established that the degree of maxillary rotation shows variations in direction and in intensity each year. It is smaller, in absolute value, than the degree of mandibular rotation. Due to the fact the direction of the maxillary and mandibular rotations are not always the same, it appears that the interaction between the maxillary and mandibular rotations plays an important role in the vertical and sagittal relationships of both jaws."}
{"id": "PMID:265674", "title": "Human saliva kallikrein. Biological properties of saliva kallikrein isolated by use of affinity chromatography.", "content": "Kallikrein purified from whole human saliva was studied for its influence on leucocyte migration and kinin generating capacity. The kallikrein had a leucotactic effect on neutrophil leucocytes in the presence of 2% serum albumin. This leucotactic effect could be inhibited by Trasylol. The study showed that kallikrein liberated kinin from the precursor kininogen in dog plasma. Maximal release of kinin was achieved after 4 min of incubation. The kinin generating capacity of the enzyme was studied at different concentrations of kininogen. A maximum kinin release at 11.2 mug bradykinin per mg enzyme per minute was found.", "contents": "Human saliva kallikrein. Biological properties of saliva kallikrein isolated by use of affinity chromatography. Kallikrein purified from whole human saliva was studied for its influence on leucocyte migration and kinin generating capacity. The kallikrein had a leucotactic effect on neutrophil leucocytes in the presence of 2% serum albumin. This leucotactic effect could be inhibited by Trasylol. The study showed that kallikrein liberated kinin from the precursor kininogen in dog plasma. Maximal release of kinin was achieved after 4 min of incubation. The kinin generating capacity of the enzyme was studied at different concentrations of kininogen. A maximum kinin release at 11.2 mug bradykinin per mg enzyme per minute was found."}
{"id": "PMID:265675", "title": "Taste acuity of the human palate. I. Studies with electrogustometry and taste solutions on young adults.", "content": "The purposes of the study were to determine whether or not taste perception was present in the area which would have been covered by the base plate of a full upper denture and, if taste perception was present there, to compare its strength to that of the remainder of the soft palate and of the apex and base of the tongue. The taste acuity of 32 dental students was measured at the apex and base of the tongue and on the hard and soft palate using two methods, an electric current and sweet, salty, sour and bitter test solutions, the latter in order to determine whether or not there exist differences in the perception of the different taste modalities in these areas. No taste perception could be demonstrated on the hard palate except in the region close to the border between the hard and soft palate, where the threshold values were very high compared with those for the soft palate immediately behind this border and for the tongue. The inter-individual range of the threshold values for the soft palate was very large. Further studies on the taste acuity of the human palate and its role in the total perception of taste are indicated.", "contents": "Taste acuity of the human palate. I. Studies with electrogustometry and taste solutions on young adults. The purposes of the study were to determine whether or not taste perception was present in the area which would have been covered by the base plate of a full upper denture and, if taste perception was present there, to compare its strength to that of the remainder of the soft palate and of the apex and base of the tongue. The taste acuity of 32 dental students was measured at the apex and base of the tongue and on the hard and soft palate using two methods, an electric current and sweet, salty, sour and bitter test solutions, the latter in order to determine whether or not there exist differences in the perception of the different taste modalities in these areas. No taste perception could be demonstrated on the hard palate except in the region close to the border between the hard and soft palate, where the threshold values were very high compared with those for the soft palate immediately behind this border and for the tongue. The inter-individual range of the threshold values for the soft palate was very large. Further studies on the taste acuity of the human palate and its role in the total perception of taste are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:265676", "title": "Aspiration in local anesthesis. Comparison between disposable self-aspirating and usual syringes.", "content": "The positive aspirations obtained with a self-aspirating syringe (Astra, Sweden) were compared with those obtained when aspiration  was performed manually (Uniject syringe, Hoechst, West Germany). The subjects were 1186 army recruits, to whom 2348 injections of local anesthetic were given in connection with dental treatment. When aspiration was performed manually, the results were positive in 4.7% of the cases; with the self-aspirating syringe, they were positive in 1.1% of the cases. The total frequency of positive aspirations was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) with the manual aspiration  technique than with the self-aspirating syringe was due to the fact that the value did not include aspiration occurring when the injection needle ruptured small blood vessels.", "contents": "Aspiration in local anesthesis. Comparison between disposable self-aspirating and usual syringes. The positive aspirations obtained with a self-aspirating syringe (Astra, Sweden) were compared with those obtained when aspiration  was performed manually (Uniject syringe, Hoechst, West Germany). The subjects were 1186 army recruits, to whom 2348 injections of local anesthetic were given in connection with dental treatment. When aspiration was performed manually, the results were positive in 4.7% of the cases; with the self-aspirating syringe, they were positive in 1.1% of the cases. The total frequency of positive aspirations was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) with the manual aspiration  technique than with the self-aspirating syringe was due to the fact that the value did not include aspiration occurring when the injection needle ruptured small blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:265678", "title": "Amoeboid movement configuration in tumour cells of bone marrow smears from patients with leukaemia. Incidence and significance.", "content": "The incidence of amoeboid movement configuration (AMC), a cell shape suggestive of cell locomotion at the moment of fixation, has been studied in the tumour cells of bone marrow smears from leukaemia patients at the time of diagnosis. The groups of patients with CML (n = 8), ALL (n = 5) and CLL (n = 9) were small, and the incidences of AMC were close to those found in the corresponding cell lines from healthy probands. In 39 patients with AML, the incidence of AMC was higher than in the other cell lines investigated. A positive skew distribution of AMC values and a positive significant correlation between incidence of AMC were found at the time of diagnosis and subsequent survival of the patients with AML, in spite of differences in treatment. It is suggested that this positive correlation may be due to an immune reaction of the patients against their tumour cells.", "contents": "Amoeboid movement configuration in tumour cells of bone marrow smears from patients with leukaemia. Incidence and significance. The incidence of amoeboid movement configuration (AMC), a cell shape suggestive of cell locomotion at the moment of fixation, has been studied in the tumour cells of bone marrow smears from leukaemia patients at the time of diagnosis. The groups of patients with CML (n = 8), ALL (n = 5) and CLL (n = 9) were small, and the incidences of AMC were close to those found in the corresponding cell lines from healthy probands. In 39 patients with AML, the incidence of AMC was higher than in the other cell lines investigated. A positive skew distribution of AMC values and a positive significant correlation between incidence of AMC were found at the time of diagnosis and subsequent survival of the patients with AML, in spite of differences in treatment. It is suggested that this positive correlation may be due to an immune reaction of the patients against their tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265679", "title": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: an ultrastructural study by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The hematologic findings in three cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia are presented, with results of ultrastructural studies by transmission and scanning electron microscopy on two of the cases. In the peripheral blood there was a dual, non-lymphocytic, markedly increased population of granulocytes and monocytes. The granulocytes showed marked nuclear abnormality and nuclear cytoplasmic organelle asynchrony. In the marrow the majority of the cells appeared granulocytic but atypical forms and intermediate difficult to distinguish from monocyte precursors were evident by electron microscopy. The ultrastructural findings lend some support to the concept that the neoplastic granulocytes and monocytes having a common precursor.", "contents": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: an ultrastructural study by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The hematologic findings in three cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia are presented, with results of ultrastructural studies by transmission and scanning electron microscopy on two of the cases. In the peripheral blood there was a dual, non-lymphocytic, markedly increased population of granulocytes and monocytes. The granulocytes showed marked nuclear abnormality and nuclear cytoplasmic organelle asynchrony. In the marrow the majority of the cells appeared granulocytic but atypical forms and intermediate difficult to distinguish from monocyte precursors were evident by electron microscopy. The ultrastructural findings lend some support to the concept that the neoplastic granulocytes and monocytes having a common precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:265680", "title": "Esterase activity in erythroleukemia.", "content": "Specific esterase activity, a property generally ascribed to cells of granulocytic origin, was found in abnormal erythroid precursors obtained from the bone marrows of six patients with untreated erythroleukemia. These erythroblasts also showed nonspecific esterase activity. Neither specific nor nonspecific esterase activity was detected in erythroid precursors obtained from the bone marrows of ten presumed normal individuals. The implications of finding specific esterase activity in the erythroblasts of erythroleukemia are discussed.", "contents": "Esterase activity in erythroleukemia. Specific esterase activity, a property generally ascribed to cells of granulocytic origin, was found in abnormal erythroid precursors obtained from the bone marrows of six patients with untreated erythroleukemia. These erythroblasts also showed nonspecific esterase activity. Neither specific nor nonspecific esterase activity was detected in erythroid precursors obtained from the bone marrows of ten presumed normal individuals. The implications of finding specific esterase activity in the erythroblasts of erythroleukemia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265681", "title": "Periodic acid-schiff-positive megaloblasts in pernicious anemia.", "content": "Periodic acid-Schiff-positive material representing glycogen was found in bone marrow megaloblasts at all stages of maturation from 11 patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia. This accumulation of glycogen in megaloblasts, which are known to have disordered biosynthesis of DNA, RNA, and histones, suggests that carbohydrate metabolism may also be abnormal in vitamin B12 deficiency, perhaps as a result of an abnormality in the enzyme amylophosphorylase.", "contents": "Periodic acid-schiff-positive megaloblasts in pernicious anemia. Periodic acid-Schiff-positive material representing glycogen was found in bone marrow megaloblasts at all stages of maturation from 11 patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia. This accumulation of glycogen in megaloblasts, which are known to have disordered biosynthesis of DNA, RNA, and histones, suggests that carbohydrate metabolism may also be abnormal in vitamin B12 deficiency, perhaps as a result of an abnormality in the enzyme amylophosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:265682", "title": "Renal failure secondary to leukemic infiltration of the kidneys.", "content": "Leukemic infiltration of the kidneys is a very rare cause of renal failure. A woman with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presented with nonliguric renal failure and was found to have massively enlarged kidneys. The size of the kidneys was dramatically reduced through the combined effects of local radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy. Because this rapid shrinkage of the kidneys was associated with improvement in renal function, the uremia was ascribed to leukemic infiltration. As a consequence of rapid tumor lysis in the presence of renal failure, marked hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia developed. The literature experience with renal failure secondary to leukemic infiltration of the kidneys is reviewed.", "contents": "Renal failure secondary to leukemic infiltration of the kidneys. Leukemic infiltration of the kidneys is a very rare cause of renal failure. A woman with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presented with nonliguric renal failure and was found to have massively enlarged kidneys. The size of the kidneys was dramatically reduced through the combined effects of local radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy. Because this rapid shrinkage of the kidneys was associated with improvement in renal function, the uremia was ascribed to leukemic infiltration. As a consequence of rapid tumor lysis in the presence of renal failure, marked hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia developed. The literature experience with renal failure secondary to leukemic infiltration of the kidneys is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:265683", "title": "Management of cases with upper incisors missing.", "content": "A problem often confronting the orthodontist is that of missing upper incisors. In evaluation of the individual case, the dicision as to space closure or space regaining and eventual prosthetic reconstruction can be perplexing. Various diagnostic criteria, such as skeletal relation, arch-length analysis, inclination of teeth, and dental esthetics, must be evaluated. On the basis of this diagnostic information, treatment alternative is chosen to correct the malocclusion. The solution may be found in maintaining space, necessitating postorthodontic prosthetic replacement, or closing space and thus avoiding the need for artificial teeth. Four cases are shown to illustrate different approaches to the treatment of patients with upper incisors missing. Other solutions are possible anc correct. Each case must be weighed on its own merits.", "contents": "Management of cases with upper incisors missing. A problem often confronting the orthodontist is that of missing upper incisors. In evaluation of the individual case, the dicision as to space closure or space regaining and eventual prosthetic reconstruction can be perplexing. Various diagnostic criteria, such as skeletal relation, arch-length analysis, inclination of teeth, and dental esthetics, must be evaluated. On the basis of this diagnostic information, treatment alternative is chosen to correct the malocclusion. The solution may be found in maintaining space, necessitating postorthodontic prosthetic replacement, or closing space and thus avoiding the need for artificial teeth. Four cases are shown to illustrate different approaches to the treatment of patients with upper incisors missing. Other solutions are possible anc correct. Each case must be weighed on its own merits."}
{"id": "PMID:265684", "title": "Craniofacial templates for orthodontic case analysis.", "content": "1. Age-, sex-, and growth-type-specific craniofacial templates represent a practical approach to orthodontic case analyses and craniofacial growth. 2. The Burlington Growth Centre Cephalometric Analysis is a practical adjunct to treatment planning. 3. This cephalometric analysis, which combines many analyses, is an assessment of the relative proportions of the face in length, width, and height (static analysis) and an estimation of the future changes (dynamic analysis). 4. As an aid in diagnosis, the template and/or analysis in conjunction with a cephalogram, with provide information pertaining to (q) cranial base length angle, (b) upper and lower face height and maxillary and mandibular height, (c) size and proportions of the facial bones, both anteroposteriorly and in width, (d) denture relationship, both anteroposteriorly and in width, and (e) expected general growth changes.", "contents": "Craniofacial templates for orthodontic case analysis. 1. Age-, sex-, and growth-type-specific craniofacial templates represent a practical approach to orthodontic case analyses and craniofacial growth. 2. The Burlington Growth Centre Cephalometric Analysis is a practical adjunct to treatment planning. 3. This cephalometric analysis, which combines many analyses, is an assessment of the relative proportions of the face in length, width, and height (static analysis) and an estimation of the future changes (dynamic analysis). 4. As an aid in diagnosis, the template and/or analysis in conjunction with a cephalogram, with provide information pertaining to (q) cranial base length angle, (b) upper and lower face height and maxillary and mandibular height, (c) size and proportions of the facial bones, both anteroposteriorly and in width, (d) denture relationship, both anteroposteriorly and in width, and (e) expected general growth changes."}
{"id": "PMID:265685", "title": "Prediction of abnormal growth in class III malocclusions.", "content": "Four significant factors have been identified in the lateral cephalometric head film which would indicate the likelihood of the patient growing in an abnormal Class III manner. The normal person grows approximately the same amount from nasion to nasion as he does on the corpus axis of the mandible. The abnormal Class III syndrome grows greater increments on the mandible than at the cranial base. For the purpose of determining the accuracy of computer prediction of abnormal growth, fourteen skeletal Class III cases were selected from the files of the Hokkaido University Orthodontic Department. A significant relationship was shown between abnormal growth and the sum of the standard deviation from the normal of the four cephalometric \"predictor measurements.\" These data would give the clinician insight as to which patients might require early orthopedic treatment (chin cup), conventional orthodontic treatment, or surgical orthodontic correction after growth is complete. This is the first published demonstration of computerized cephalometric methods showing the ability to distinguish between normal and abnormal growth in a particular patient type. It is hoped that, through the comparison of thousands of predictions with actual data, more recognizable abnormal growth patterns will appear in the future.", "contents": "Prediction of abnormal growth in class III malocclusions. Four significant factors have been identified in the lateral cephalometric head film which would indicate the likelihood of the patient growing in an abnormal Class III manner. The normal person grows approximately the same amount from nasion to nasion as he does on the corpus axis of the mandible. The abnormal Class III syndrome grows greater increments on the mandible than at the cranial base. For the purpose of determining the accuracy of computer prediction of abnormal growth, fourteen skeletal Class III cases were selected from the files of the Hokkaido University Orthodontic Department. A significant relationship was shown between abnormal growth and the sum of the standard deviation from the normal of the four cephalometric \"predictor measurements.\" These data would give the clinician insight as to which patients might require early orthopedic treatment (chin cup), conventional orthodontic treatment, or surgical orthodontic correction after growth is complete. This is the first published demonstration of computerized cephalometric methods showing the ability to distinguish between normal and abnormal growth in a particular patient type. It is hoped that, through the comparison of thousands of predictions with actual data, more recognizable abnormal growth patterns will appear in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:265691", "title": "A new generation of anaesthetic ventilators. The Pneupac and Penlon A-P.", "content": "A new range of ventilators which can be used during anaesthesia for infants, children and adults is described. The ventilators work on the moving-part fluid logic principle and are simple, inexpensive and robust; the patient valve can be autoclaved at standard temperatures (140 degrees C). There are facilities for providing PEEP, attachment of a scavenging system and for relief of over-pressure. The unit is 'fail-safe'. The ventilators, being constant flow generators, have a high specification and equal the performance of other machines which are five times the cost. The weight and size are such that servicing can be provided on a replacement exchange basis through the post.", "contents": "A new generation of anaesthetic ventilators. The Pneupac and Penlon A-P. A new range of ventilators which can be used during anaesthesia for infants, children and adults is described. The ventilators work on the moving-part fluid logic principle and are simple, inexpensive and robust; the patient valve can be autoclaved at standard temperatures (140 degrees C). There are facilities for providing PEEP, attachment of a scavenging system and for relief of over-pressure. The unit is 'fail-safe'. The ventilators, being constant flow generators, have a high specification and equal the performance of other machines which are five times the cost. The weight and size are such that servicing can be provided on a replacement exchange basis through the post."}
{"id": "PMID:265692", "title": "The Bain circuit. Prevention of anaesthetic mixture dilution when using mechanical ventilators delivering non-anaesthetic gases.", "content": "Experiments using a lung performance analyser demonstrate that if a 1 m length of corrugated 22 mm diameter anaesthetic breathing how (volume 530 ml) is interposed between a lung ventilator delivering air, and the Penlon  Bain-type co-axial anaesthetic circuit and valve (volume 660 ml), air-dilution of the respired gas mixture is effectively prevented under conditions likely to be used in clinical practice.", "contents": "The Bain circuit. Prevention of anaesthetic mixture dilution when using mechanical ventilators delivering non-anaesthetic gases. Experiments using a lung performance analyser demonstrate that if a 1 m length of corrugated 22 mm diameter anaesthetic breathing how (volume 530 ml) is interposed between a lung ventilator delivering air, and the Penlon  Bain-type co-axial anaesthetic circuit and valve (volume 660 ml), air-dilution of the respired gas mixture is effectively prevented under conditions likely to be used in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:265693", "title": "An adaptor for coaxial circuits.", "content": "An adaptor for the conversion of a standard bag mount for coaxial circuits is described.", "contents": "An adaptor for coaxial circuits. An adaptor for the conversion of a standard bag mount for coaxial circuits is described."}
{"id": "PMID:265696", "title": "Pathogenesis of central nervous system infiltration in acute leukemia.", "content": "The distribution pattern of leukemic infiltrates was studied in 31 cases of acute leukemia with CNS involvement. Dura mater involvement was found in 93% (29/31) of the cases; arachnoid, 71% (22/31); perivascular cuffing, 37% (17/31); parenchymatous, 16% (5/31). Dura matter infiltrates were the sole manifestation in nine cases; Infiltration of the arachnoid in the absence of dural infiltration was rare (9%). The anatomic evidence supports the concept that leukemic cells infiltrate by way of perivenous adventitial tissue connecting the dura mater and subarachnoid space. It is likely that this pathway leads directly from the bones of the skull into the brain parenchyma.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of central nervous system infiltration in acute leukemia. The distribution pattern of leukemic infiltrates was studied in 31 cases of acute leukemia with CNS involvement. Dura mater involvement was found in 93% (29/31) of the cases; arachnoid, 71% (22/31); perivascular cuffing, 37% (17/31); parenchymatous, 16% (5/31). Dura matter infiltrates were the sole manifestation in nine cases; Infiltration of the arachnoid in the absence of dural infiltration was rare (9%). The anatomic evidence supports the concept that leukemic cells infiltrate by way of perivenous adventitial tissue connecting the dura mater and subarachnoid space. It is likely that this pathway leads directly from the bones of the skull into the brain parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:265697", "title": "Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe disease).", "content": "At least three varieties of type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe disease) have been described, the most severe of which is an infantile form. The relationship between clinical manifestations, glycogen accumulation, and tissue damage has not been established. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK [EC 2.7.3.2 adenosine triphosphate:creatine phosphotransferase]) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH [EC 1.1.1.27 L-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase]) and their isoenzyme fractions were used to identify and monitor myocardial damage in this study of an infant with type 2 glycogenosis diagnosed by light microscopy and tissue enzyme assay.", "contents": "Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe disease). At least three varieties of type 2 glycogenosis (Pompe disease) have been described, the most severe of which is an infantile form. The relationship between clinical manifestations, glycogen accumulation, and tissue damage has not been established. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK [EC 2.7.3.2 adenosine triphosphate:creatine phosphotransferase]) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH [EC 1.1.1.27 L-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase]) and their isoenzyme fractions were used to identify and monitor myocardial damage in this study of an infant with type 2 glycogenosis diagnosed by light microscopy and tissue enzyme assay."}
{"id": "PMID:265695", "title": "[Cytotoxic antibodies to leukemia cells in normal human sera].", "content": "Antibodies cytotoxic for human leukemia cells were demonstrated in 7 parents of leukemia children and in 2 normal donors whose blood had induced a partial remission in leukemia and lymphoma patients. None of these sera were cytotoxic to remission cells nor to normal lymphocytes. These sera appear to be relatively specific for acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells; however, several antigenic specificities appear to be detected by these sera.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic antibodies to leukemia cells in normal human sera]. Antibodies cytotoxic for human leukemia cells were demonstrated in 7 parents of leukemia children and in 2 normal donors whose blood had induced a partial remission in leukemia and lymphoma patients. None of these sera were cytotoxic to remission cells nor to normal lymphocytes. These sera appear to be relatively specific for acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells; however, several antigenic specificities appear to be detected by these sera."}
{"id": "PMID:265730", "title": "Cytotoxic antibody in acute myeloblastic leukaemia during immunotherapy: lack of tumour specificity.", "content": "Cytotoxic antibodies to antigens specific for leukaemic myeloblasts have been sought in the serum of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia treated by immunotherapy with irradiated allogeneic myeloblasts and BCG. Assays of complement- and K-cell-mediated activity were used. Cytotoxicity to allogeneic myeloblasts was detected in both assays. When sera from 15 patients, taken at various times during immunotherapy, were systematically tested against a panel of 5 myeloblasts, the following patterns emerged: 1. No antibody was cytotoxic against all myeloblasts of the panel in either the K-cell or complement-dependent assay. However, all myeloblasts of the panel were lysed by a number of sera. 2. Cytotoxic antibody was detected as often against a panel of lymphocytes from healthy donors as against the panel of allogeneic myeloblasts. 3. Fresh and cryopreserved myeloblasts were equally susceptible to lysis in both assays. 4. Experiments failed to demonstrate any deterioration of cytotoxic antibody on storage. 5. The number of K-cell-revealed cytotoxic antisera increased with length of immunotherapy. This pattern was not apparent for antibodies revealed by complement. 6. No instance of cytotoxicity in either assay was seen when serum was tested against 12 autologous myeloblasts. It is considered that cytotoxic antibody detected with allogeneic myeloblasts is probably directed against HLA antigens common to immunizing and test target myeloblasts and target lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibody in acute myeloblastic leukaemia during immunotherapy: lack of tumour specificity. Cytotoxic antibodies to antigens specific for leukaemic myeloblasts have been sought in the serum of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia treated by immunotherapy with irradiated allogeneic myeloblasts and BCG. Assays of complement- and K-cell-mediated activity were used. Cytotoxicity to allogeneic myeloblasts was detected in both assays. When sera from 15 patients, taken at various times during immunotherapy, were systematically tested against a panel of 5 myeloblasts, the following patterns emerged: 1. No antibody was cytotoxic against all myeloblasts of the panel in either the K-cell or complement-dependent assay. However, all myeloblasts of the panel were lysed by a number of sera. 2. Cytotoxic antibody was detected as often against a panel of lymphocytes from healthy donors as against the panel of allogeneic myeloblasts. 3. Fresh and cryopreserved myeloblasts were equally susceptible to lysis in both assays. 4. Experiments failed to demonstrate any deterioration of cytotoxic antibody on storage. 5. The number of K-cell-revealed cytotoxic antisera increased with length of immunotherapy. This pattern was not apparent for antibodies revealed by complement. 6. No instance of cytotoxicity in either assay was seen when serum was tested against 12 autologous myeloblasts. It is considered that cytotoxic antibody detected with allogeneic myeloblasts is probably directed against HLA antigens common to immunizing and test target myeloblasts and target lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:265731", "title": "Early central nervous system involvement in adults with acute non-myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "Of 47 consecutive patients aged 15-60 years with acute non-myelogenous leukaemia (ANML) (40 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL); 5 acute Burkitt-like leukaemia (ABLL), 2 acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL) treated with a standard chemotherapy protocol (OPAL), 31 achieved complete remission (28/40(70%) of patients with ALL). CNS leukaemia occurred in 4/16 non-remitters, and in 6 patients who achieved complete remission (CR). CNS leukaemia occurred in all 5 patients with acute Burkitt-like leukaemia. 4/28 patients with ALL achieving CR had evidence of CSF involvement on cytocentrifuge examination shortly after CR. The apparent risk of early CNS disease suggests that prophylactic CNS therapy should be given early in the treatment of acute non-myelogenous leukaemia.", "contents": "Early central nervous system involvement in adults with acute non-myelogenous leukaemia. Of 47 consecutive patients aged 15-60 years with acute non-myelogenous leukaemia (ANML) (40 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL); 5 acute Burkitt-like leukaemia (ABLL), 2 acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL) treated with a standard chemotherapy protocol (OPAL), 31 achieved complete remission (28/40(70%) of patients with ALL). CNS leukaemia occurred in 4/16 non-remitters, and in 6 patients who achieved complete remission (CR). CNS leukaemia occurred in all 5 patients with acute Burkitt-like leukaemia. 4/28 patients with ALL achieving CR had evidence of CSF involvement on cytocentrifuge examination shortly after CR. The apparent risk of early CNS disease suggests that prophylactic CNS therapy should be given early in the treatment of acute non-myelogenous leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:265733", "title": "Bone marrow culture studies in refractory cytopenia and 'smouldering leukaemia'.", "content": "As an adjunct to conventional haematological and cytogenetic data, 22 cases of refractory cytopenia, and five with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, (CMML) were studied by bone marrow culture. Cultures from II such patients without an excess of marrow myeloblasts usually showed low, or undetectable, numbers of cells capable of giving rise to colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages (CFUc) but near-normal numbers of cluster-forming cells and cells capable of forming erythroid colonies (CFUE). Those with similar blood pictures, but in whom the marrow contained a slight excess of myeloblasts (II cases), showed a more profound defect in growth patterns: low or undetectable numbers of CFUC, clusters and CFUE, results similar to those found in acute myeloblastic leukaemia, into which three of this group evolved. The patients with CMML gave comparatively normal CFUC, cluster and CFUE growth patterns.", "contents": "Bone marrow culture studies in refractory cytopenia and 'smouldering leukaemia'. As an adjunct to conventional haematological and cytogenetic data, 22 cases of refractory cytopenia, and five with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, (CMML) were studied by bone marrow culture. Cultures from II such patients without an excess of marrow myeloblasts usually showed low, or undetectable, numbers of cells capable of giving rise to colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages (CFUc) but near-normal numbers of cluster-forming cells and cells capable of forming erythroid colonies (CFUE). Those with similar blood pictures, but in whom the marrow contained a slight excess of myeloblasts (II cases), showed a more profound defect in growth patterns: low or undetectable numbers of CFUC, clusters and CFUE, results similar to those found in acute myeloblastic leukaemia, into which three of this group evolved. The patients with CMML gave comparatively normal CFUC, cluster and CFUE growth patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:265734", "title": "The early detection of remission in acute myelogenous leukaemia by in vitro cultures.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of acute myeloid leukaemia without normal myeloid colony growth in vitro were serially cultured by an in vitro agar culture method during remission induction therapy. Colony formation frequently returned before morphological evidence of remission. Without early return of colony formation drug induced aplasia was prolonged and fatal. Analysis of the pattern of return of in vitro colony forming cells may be of value in designing the chemotherapy schedule.", "contents": "The early detection of remission in acute myelogenous leukaemia by in vitro cultures. Twenty-eight cases of acute myeloid leukaemia without normal myeloid colony growth in vitro were serially cultured by an in vitro agar culture method during remission induction therapy. Colony formation frequently returned before morphological evidence of remission. Without early return of colony formation drug induced aplasia was prolonged and fatal. Analysis of the pattern of return of in vitro colony forming cells may be of value in designing the chemotherapy schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:265735", "title": "Human deoxycytidine kinase. Purification and characterization of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia patients.", "content": "A procedure for purifying human cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxycytidine kinase (NTP:deoxycytidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.74) was developed. Both purified isozymes have a similar molecular weight, activation energy and catalyze the reaction by a sequential mechanism. These two isozymes differ with respect to their substrate specificities. With cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase, ATP, GTP and TTP have the highest reaction velocity. Pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates have higher affinity but lower V than purine nucleoside triphosphates. Cytidine and arabinosylcytidine can serve as substrates. With mitochondrial isozyme only ATP gives the highest reaction velocity. ATP and dATP have the same Km but different V values. Besides deoxycytidine, also deoxythymidine but not cytidine or arabinosylcytidine can serve as substrates. There are also differences between these two isozymes with respect to their sensitivity to inhibition. For cytoplasmic enzyme, Br5dCyd and Iodo5dCyd are not inhibitory. Both dCTP and UTP are competitive inhibitors (Ki 0.25 and 0.5 micronM, respectively) with respect to ATP. For mitochondrial isozyme both Br5dCyd and Iodo5dCyd are inhibitory and dCTP and TTP are competitive inhibitors (Ki 2 and 10 micronM, respectively) with respect to ATP.", "contents": "Human deoxycytidine kinase. Purification and characterization of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia patients. A procedure for purifying human cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxycytidine kinase (NTP:deoxycytidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.74) was developed. Both purified isozymes have a similar molecular weight, activation energy and catalyze the reaction by a sequential mechanism. These two isozymes differ with respect to their substrate specificities. With cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase, ATP, GTP and TTP have the highest reaction velocity. Pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates have higher affinity but lower V than purine nucleoside triphosphates. Cytidine and arabinosylcytidine can serve as substrates. With mitochondrial isozyme only ATP gives the highest reaction velocity. ATP and dATP have the same Km but different V values. Besides deoxycytidine, also deoxythymidine but not cytidine or arabinosylcytidine can serve as substrates. There are also differences between these two isozymes with respect to their sensitivity to inhibition. For cytoplasmic enzyme, Br5dCyd and Iodo5dCyd are not inhibitory. Both dCTP and UTP are competitive inhibitors (Ki 0.25 and 0.5 micronM, respectively) with respect to ATP. For mitochondrial isozyme both Br5dCyd and Iodo5dCyd are inhibitory and dCTP and TTP are competitive inhibitors (Ki 2 and 10 micronM, respectively) with respect to ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:265736", "title": "[Effect of serotonin on smooth muscle].", "content": "Serotonin caused contracion of the smooth muscles of the deferent duct and of the strip of rat stomach, acting upon the D-serotonin receptors. Only a small portion of its contractile effect (about 10--14%) was caused by the release of endogenous catecholamines. The action of serotonin on the strip of the rat stomach was accompanied by an increase of its entrance into the cells of Ca45 and Na22 isotopes. The concentration turn of the concentration-effect curve of serotonin on the stomach strip was connected with the accumulation of sodium ions in the cells.", "contents": "[Effect of serotonin on smooth muscle]. Serotonin caused contracion of the smooth muscles of the deferent duct and of the strip of rat stomach, acting upon the D-serotonin receptors. Only a small portion of its contractile effect (about 10--14%) was caused by the release of endogenous catecholamines. The action of serotonin on the strip of the rat stomach was accompanied by an increase of its entrance into the cells of Ca45 and Na22 isotopes. The concentration turn of the concentration-effect curve of serotonin on the stomach strip was connected with the accumulation of sodium ions in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265737", "title": "Characteristics of blast crisis in chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "The terminal phase of most patients with Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia (i.e., blast crisis) resembles acute leukemia. The clinical and hematologic features of blast crisis in 73 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia have been reviewed. Two major morphological subgroups, lymphoblastic and myeloblastic, were identified. The lymphoblastic group in general had more profound thrombocytopenia and a greater number of blasts, while the myeloblastic group had more severa anemia. Extramedullary leukemia was documented in 27 patients. In 12 patients extramedullary leukemia preceded or occurred simultaneously with blast crisis in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. On the basis of this study we present hematologic criteria for the diagnosis of blast crisis and emphasize the importance of extramedullary leukemia in heralding the onset of blast crisis.", "contents": "Characteristics of blast crisis in chronic granulocytic leukemia. The terminal phase of most patients with Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia (i.e., blast crisis) resembles acute leukemia. The clinical and hematologic features of blast crisis in 73 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia have been reviewed. Two major morphological subgroups, lymphoblastic and myeloblastic, were identified. The lymphoblastic group in general had more profound thrombocytopenia and a greater number of blasts, while the myeloblastic group had more severa anemia. Extramedullary leukemia was documented in 27 patients. In 12 patients extramedullary leukemia preceded or occurred simultaneously with blast crisis in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. On the basis of this study we present hematologic criteria for the diagnosis of blast crisis and emphasize the importance of extramedullary leukemia in heralding the onset of blast crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:265744", "title": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia simulating chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A 5-year illness of a child, characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and abnormal results of nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction tests, was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease but the illness terminated in overt myeloid leukemia. During this progression studies of leukocyte structure and metabolic activity revealed abnormalities that suggested the existence of a \"preleukemic\" state.", "contents": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia simulating chronic granulomatous disease. A 5-year illness of a child, characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and abnormal results of nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction tests, was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease but the illness terminated in overt myeloid leukemia. During this progression studies of leukocyte structure and metabolic activity revealed abnormalities that suggested the existence of a \"preleukemic\" state."}
{"id": "PMID:265745", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the brain.", "content": "An unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the parenchyma of the brain occurring in a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia in remission is described and the literature reviewed. The patient presented with an intracranial mass without clinical evidence of meningeal involvement. The value of 99mTc scan in CNS leukemia is shown.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the brain. An unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the parenchyma of the brain occurring in a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia in remission is described and the literature reviewed. The patient presented with an intracranial mass without clinical evidence of meningeal involvement. The value of 99mTc scan in CNS leukemia is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:265746", "title": "Prognotic significance of pretreatment proliferative activity in adult acute leukemia.", "content": "A statistical analysis of the prognostic significance of eight pretreatment variables was undertaken for 71 previously untreated adult patients with acute leukemia seen at M.D. Anderson Hospital over a 5 1/2-year period. None of the patients had received any prior therapy. Nearly all of the patients (68 of the 71) were treated with 4- or 5-day courses of arabinosyl-cytosine alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine (oncovin) and prednisone (COAP). The pretreatment variables studied were age at diagnosis, the percent labeling index of the bone marrow leukemic cells, diagnosis, the highest temperature prior to start of treatment, the marrow clot section cellularity and smear differential percent of blasts, percent absolute marrow leukemic cell infiltrate and absolute number of blasts X 10(3)/mm3 in the peripheral blood. Fifty-one patients had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and 20 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using a statistical regression model approach, the only variables found to be of significant prognostic importance with respect to the probability of complete remission for AML patients were the pretreatment percent labeling index, the age of the patient and the highest temperature prior to start of treatment. Unlike AML, the initial percent labeling index did not appear to be of prognostic significance for ALL patients. AML patients with high labeling indices (larger than or equal to 9%) and young patients in general (especially those less than 40 years old) had the best remission rates. With respect to the length of complete remission and survival for all patients, the only important variables were the pretreatment percent labeling index and the age of the patient, respectively. Once in complete remission, an initially high labeling index was an unfavorable sign with respect to length of remission, regardless of the patient's diagnosis. The results of this study are supportive of studies in experimental systems demonstrating the importance of cytokinetic factors in the administration of chemotherapy and suggest that such factors may be of clinical importance in selecting approaches to therapy.", "contents": "Prognotic significance of pretreatment proliferative activity in adult acute leukemia. A statistical analysis of the prognostic significance of eight pretreatment variables was undertaken for 71 previously untreated adult patients with acute leukemia seen at M.D. Anderson Hospital over a 5 1/2-year period. None of the patients had received any prior therapy. Nearly all of the patients (68 of the 71) were treated with 4- or 5-day courses of arabinosyl-cytosine alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine (oncovin) and prednisone (COAP). The pretreatment variables studied were age at diagnosis, the percent labeling index of the bone marrow leukemic cells, diagnosis, the highest temperature prior to start of treatment, the marrow clot section cellularity and smear differential percent of blasts, percent absolute marrow leukemic cell infiltrate and absolute number of blasts X 10(3)/mm3 in the peripheral blood. Fifty-one patients had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and 20 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using a statistical regression model approach, the only variables found to be of significant prognostic importance with respect to the probability of complete remission for AML patients were the pretreatment percent labeling index, the age of the patient and the highest temperature prior to start of treatment. Unlike AML, the initial percent labeling index did not appear to be of prognostic significance for ALL patients. AML patients with high labeling indices (larger than or equal to 9%) and young patients in general (especially those less than 40 years old) had the best remission rates. With respect to the length of complete remission and survival for all patients, the only important variables were the pretreatment percent labeling index and the age of the patient, respectively. Once in complete remission, an initially high labeling index was an unfavorable sign with respect to length of remission, regardless of the patient's diagnosis. The results of this study are supportive of studies in experimental systems demonstrating the importance of cytokinetic factors in the administration of chemotherapy and suggest that such factors may be of clinical importance in selecting approaches to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:265747", "title": "Leukocytic fibrinolysis in myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "A case of myelomonocytic leukemia is described in which an increase in primary fibrinolytic activity produced a severe hemorrhagic diathesis. The leukemic cells were demonstrated to be the source of the fibrinolytic activity. Utilizing a fibrin coated slide technique, the intact leukemic cells were shown to release their fibrinolytic activity and to induce local lysis. Intact leukocytes from normal subjects and other patients with acute leukemia of varied cell types were unable to release fibrinolytic activity although in some of the leukemic preparations, increased fibrinolytic activity was demonstrated after in vitro disruption of the cells.", "contents": "Leukocytic fibrinolysis in myelomonocytic leukemia. A case of myelomonocytic leukemia is described in which an increase in primary fibrinolytic activity produced a severe hemorrhagic diathesis. The leukemic cells were demonstrated to be the source of the fibrinolytic activity. Utilizing a fibrin coated slide technique, the intact leukemic cells were shown to release their fibrinolytic activity and to induce local lysis. Intact leukocytes from normal subjects and other patients with acute leukemia of varied cell types were unable to release fibrinolytic activity although in some of the leukemic preparations, increased fibrinolytic activity was demonstrated after in vitro disruption of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265748", "title": "Early deaths in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "In a series of 84 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, 24 died within 6 weeks of starting treatment. Twenty of the 24 patients had failed to achieve remission at the time of death. Death was due to infection in 20 patients and in 17 of these to septicemia; but whereas severe local infection with septicemia accounted for 12 deaths, only five patients died of septicemia without local infection. Bleeding was the direct cause of death in only four patients and an associated terminal event in another three; of these four patients three had disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Surprisingly, in this group of patients age and overall clinical status at the time of admission were of no prognostic value in the first 6-week period. The importance of drug resistent disease associated with intractable local infection as a major cause of early death is emphasized.", "contents": "Early deaths in acute myelogenous leukemia. In a series of 84 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, 24 died within 6 weeks of starting treatment. Twenty of the 24 patients had failed to achieve remission at the time of death. Death was due to infection in 20 patients and in 17 of these to septicemia; but whereas severe local infection with septicemia accounted for 12 deaths, only five patients died of septicemia without local infection. Bleeding was the direct cause of death in only four patients and an associated terminal event in another three; of these four patients three had disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Surprisingly, in this group of patients age and overall clinical status at the time of admission were of no prognostic value in the first 6-week period. The importance of drug resistent disease associated with intractable local infection as a major cause of early death is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:265749", "title": "Cytogenetics of juvenile type chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells from three patients with juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) showed 46,XX,3p-,11p+ ,t(11p:3p) in one case, 45XY,-E in another, and 45X(X),-C/47,XX,+G in the third. The case with the translocated chromosome originally presented like an acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). TAn overt clinical picture of juvenile CGL emerged two and a half years later. Serial study of this case revealed no cytogenetic abnormalities until two years after the diagnosis of ALL, when the translocated chromosome was first observed. Unlike the Ph1 chromosome in adult type CGL, chromosomal abnormalities in juvenile CGL lack specificity, resembling ALL in this respect.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of juvenile type chronic granulocytic leukemia. Cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells from three patients with juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) showed 46,XX,3p-,11p+ ,t(11p:3p) in one case, 45XY,-E in another, and 45X(X),-C/47,XX,+G in the third. The case with the translocated chromosome originally presented like an acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). TAn overt clinical picture of juvenile CGL emerged two and a half years later. Serial study of this case revealed no cytogenetic abnormalities until two years after the diagnosis of ALL, when the translocated chromosome was first observed. Unlike the Ph1 chromosome in adult type CGL, chromosomal abnormalities in juvenile CGL lack specificity, resembling ALL in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:265750", "title": "Ultrastructure of osteoblastoma.", "content": "The ultrastructure of three cases of osteoblastoma is described. The osteoblasts resemble normal osteoblasts with a few exceptions: irregular, indented nuclei, and occasional mitochondria with curved cristae and electron-lucent areas. The osteocytes and osteoclasts basically resemble their normal counterparts. There are also osteoprogenitor cells in different stages of maturation, some containing glycogen. The ultrastructure of an additional case histologically classified as aggressive osteoblastoma is described. It is essentially similar to the previous three cases of typical osteoblastoma. The only exception is the presence of osteoblasts with electron-lucent nuclei and less prominent organelles than the typical osteoblastoma cells have markedly indented and multilobed nuclei, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. However, these differences from osteoblastoma cells are not pathognomonic. The final diagnosis of osteoblastic tumors rests at the light microscopy level.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of osteoblastoma. The ultrastructure of three cases of osteoblastoma is described. The osteoblasts resemble normal osteoblasts with a few exceptions: irregular, indented nuclei, and occasional mitochondria with curved cristae and electron-lucent areas. The osteocytes and osteoclasts basically resemble their normal counterparts. There are also osteoprogenitor cells in different stages of maturation, some containing glycogen. The ultrastructure of an additional case histologically classified as aggressive osteoblastoma is described. It is essentially similar to the previous three cases of typical osteoblastoma. The only exception is the presence of osteoblasts with electron-lucent nuclei and less prominent organelles than the typical osteoblastoma cells have markedly indented and multilobed nuclei, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. However, these differences from osteoblastoma cells are not pathognomonic. The final diagnosis of osteoblastic tumors rests at the light microscopy level."}
{"id": "PMID:265751", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cysts: a clinicopathological study of 105 cases.", "content": "A clinicopathological review of 105 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst is reported. Age and sex distribution and localization were in agreement with two previously reported large series. Recurrence occurred in 30.5% of all the cases and in 34.2% of those treated by curettage. Proved incompleteness of surgical removal was an important factor in recurrence (12 out of 17 cases or 70.6%). The recurrence rate was significantly (P2 less than 0.01) higher in cases with a mitotic index of seven or more per 50 fields (X 750) than in those with a lower mitotic index. In relation to the recurrence rate, no statistically significant differences were found between the age groups less than or equal to 15 and greater than 15 years, between the combination age and lesion size, or between four localization groups. The cyst wall and the septa consist of a superficial layer of cellular fibroblastic and histiocytic tissue in which multinuclear giant cells are present, covering a deeper situated zone of less cellular fibrous tissue. This typical layered architecture was found at one or more places in 93 (88.6%) out of 105 cases. However, layered architecture may also be found in cases of teleangiectatic osteosarcoma. It is suggested that the group with a high risk of recurrence be treated more radically, i.e., with cryosurgery.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cysts: a clinicopathological study of 105 cases. A clinicopathological review of 105 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst is reported. Age and sex distribution and localization were in agreement with two previously reported large series. Recurrence occurred in 30.5% of all the cases and in 34.2% of those treated by curettage. Proved incompleteness of surgical removal was an important factor in recurrence (12 out of 17 cases or 70.6%). The recurrence rate was significantly (P2 less than 0.01) higher in cases with a mitotic index of seven or more per 50 fields (X 750) than in those with a lower mitotic index. In relation to the recurrence rate, no statistically significant differences were found between the age groups less than or equal to 15 and greater than 15 years, between the combination age and lesion size, or between four localization groups. The cyst wall and the septa consist of a superficial layer of cellular fibroblastic and histiocytic tissue in which multinuclear giant cells are present, covering a deeper situated zone of less cellular fibrous tissue. This typical layered architecture was found at one or more places in 93 (88.6%) out of 105 cases. However, layered architecture may also be found in cases of teleangiectatic osteosarcoma. It is suggested that the group with a high risk of recurrence be treated more radically, i.e., with cryosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:265752", "title": "Cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia following therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a large tumor burden is presented. Following successful chemotherapy, the patient experienced a cardiac arrest presumably due to hyperkalemia in association with hyperuricemia. The implication of these findings for patients with responsive hematological malignancies is discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia following therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a large tumor burden is presented. Following successful chemotherapy, the patient experienced a cardiac arrest presumably due to hyperkalemia in association with hyperuricemia. The implication of these findings for patients with responsive hematological malignancies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265753", "title": "Utilization of long-chain free fatty acids and glucose by human leukemic blast cells.", "content": "We have studied the utilization of free fatty acid and glucose by human leukemic blast cells. Palmitate was both incorporated into complex cellular lipids, primarily phospholipids and triglycerides, and oxidized to CO2. The predominant phospholipid synthesized was phosphatidylcholine. Only a small proportion of the incoming fatty acid was modified structurally before incorporation into lipid esters. After incubation with [1-14 C]palmitate, 91% of the radioactivity recovered in cell lipids remained in fatty acids containing 16 carbon atoms. Studies with labeled glucose revealed little de novo synthesis of fatty acid, and the majority of the radioactivity from glucose was located in the water-soluble fraction after saponification of the esters. We conclude that the free fatty acids contained in the extracellular fluid provide much of the fatty acid for required cellular lipid synthesis in human leukemic blast cells. Since there is little elongation of incoming palmitate before incorporation into cellular lipids, it may be possible to alter the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids by changing the proportion of the various free fatty acids available to the leukemic cells.", "contents": "Utilization of long-chain free fatty acids and glucose by human leukemic blast cells. We have studied the utilization of free fatty acid and glucose by human leukemic blast cells. Palmitate was both incorporated into complex cellular lipids, primarily phospholipids and triglycerides, and oxidized to CO2. The predominant phospholipid synthesized was phosphatidylcholine. Only a small proportion of the incoming fatty acid was modified structurally before incorporation into lipid esters. After incubation with [1-14 C]palmitate, 91% of the radioactivity recovered in cell lipids remained in fatty acids containing 16 carbon atoms. Studies with labeled glucose revealed little de novo synthesis of fatty acid, and the majority of the radioactivity from glucose was located in the water-soluble fraction after saponification of the esters. We conclude that the free fatty acids contained in the extracellular fluid provide much of the fatty acid for required cellular lipid synthesis in human leukemic blast cells. Since there is little elongation of incoming palmitate before incorporation into cellular lipids, it may be possible to alter the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids by changing the proportion of the various free fatty acids available to the leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:265754", "title": "External surface membrane proteins in normal and neoplastic murine erythroid cells.", "content": "The development pattern of one class of plasma membrane proteins, the external surface proteins, was examined in neoplastic and nonneoplastic differentiating murine erythroid cells. Neoplastic erythroid precusor cells were obtained from spleens of CD-1 mice after infection with Friend erythroleukemia virus while the nonneoplastic ellls were obtained from spleens of mice with phenylhydrazine-stimulated erythroid hyperplasia. Erythroid precursors at different stages of development were isolated from these erythroid cell populations by sedimentation at unit gravity. The surface proteins were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient gel electrophoresis. Multiple labeled bands were found at all stages of neoplastic and nonneoplastic erythroid differentiation examined. The pattern of external membrane proteins labeled in nonneoplastic erythrocytes and in reticulocytes from peripheral blood were qualitatively similar and not altered by infection with Friend virus. The nucleated precursor cells from noninfected mice exhibited distinct differences from erythrocytes, and with increaseing differentiation an evolutionary pattern of several minor proteins was seen. Clear-cut differences in lactoperoxidast-reactive proteins were also observed between neoplastic and nonneoplastic precursors. The most marked differences were observed between the most immature cells. The youngest neoplastic cells from CD-1 mice possessed a protein with a molecular weight of 8000 not seen in normal erythroid cells. Additionally, there was an absence of a normally occurring protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 and increased amounts of a protein with a molecular weight of 140,000. With increasing maturation of the neoplastic cells, labeling of the protein with a molecular weight of 8,000 decreased while the protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 became apparent, so that a labeling pattern similar to that of nonneoplastic cells was obtained. These studies deomnstrate both distinct alterations of lactoperoxidase-reactive surface membrane proteins in nonneoplastic erythroid cells druring cell maturation in neoplastic erythroid cells as compared with nonneoplastic erythroid cells at similar stages of development.", "contents": "External surface membrane proteins in normal and neoplastic murine erythroid cells. The development pattern of one class of plasma membrane proteins, the external surface proteins, was examined in neoplastic and nonneoplastic differentiating murine erythroid cells. Neoplastic erythroid precusor cells were obtained from spleens of CD-1 mice after infection with Friend erythroleukemia virus while the nonneoplastic ellls were obtained from spleens of mice with phenylhydrazine-stimulated erythroid hyperplasia. Erythroid precursors at different stages of development were isolated from these erythroid cell populations by sedimentation at unit gravity. The surface proteins were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient gel electrophoresis. Multiple labeled bands were found at all stages of neoplastic and nonneoplastic erythroid differentiation examined. The pattern of external membrane proteins labeled in nonneoplastic erythrocytes and in reticulocytes from peripheral blood were qualitatively similar and not altered by infection with Friend virus. The nucleated precursor cells from noninfected mice exhibited distinct differences from erythrocytes, and with increaseing differentiation an evolutionary pattern of several minor proteins was seen. Clear-cut differences in lactoperoxidast-reactive proteins were also observed between neoplastic and nonneoplastic precursors. The most marked differences were observed between the most immature cells. The youngest neoplastic cells from CD-1 mice possessed a protein with a molecular weight of 8000 not seen in normal erythroid cells. Additionally, there was an absence of a normally occurring protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 and increased amounts of a protein with a molecular weight of 140,000. With increasing maturation of the neoplastic cells, labeling of the protein with a molecular weight of 8,000 decreased while the protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 became apparent, so that a labeling pattern similar to that of nonneoplastic cells was obtained. These studies deomnstrate both distinct alterations of lactoperoxidase-reactive surface membrane proteins in nonneoplastic erythroid cells druring cell maturation in neoplastic erythroid cells as compared with nonneoplastic erythroid cells at similar stages of development."}
{"id": "PMID:265769", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand II. Record of four species of Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae).", "content": "As for the genus Lucilia, only one species, Lucilia papuensis Macquart, has been recorded by R. Senior-White el al. in Thailand. During our survey in Thailand in 1975, we found newly 3 more species belonging to the genus Lucilia. These are L. cuprina (Wiedemann), L. porphyrina (Walker) and L. sinensis Aubertin. The female of L. sinensis has never been reported. Therefore, the female genitalia of L. sinensis are illustrated in this paper and compared with those of L. papuensis. The male genitalia of L. sinensis and L. papuensis are also illustrated in this paper.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand II. Record of four species of Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae). As for the genus Lucilia, only one species, Lucilia papuensis Macquart, has been recorded by R. Senior-White el al. in Thailand. During our survey in Thailand in 1975, we found newly 3 more species belonging to the genus Lucilia. These are L. cuprina (Wiedemann), L. porphyrina (Walker) and L. sinensis Aubertin. The female of L. sinensis has never been reported. Therefore, the female genitalia of L. sinensis are illustrated in this paper and compared with those of L. papuensis. The male genitalia of L. sinensis and L. papuensis are also illustrated in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:265770", "title": "An electron microscopic observation on cells found in bone resorption area incident to experimental tooth movement.", "content": "For the purpose of investigating many of the cells in the bone resorption area incident to experimental tooth movement and characterizing the role of these cells for the periodontal tissue resorption at the ultrastructural level, orthodontic force was applied to 24 male rats. Orthodontic elastics were inserted into the interproximal space of the upper first and second molars. The mesial side of the interradicular septum of the second molar was observed. The electron micrsocopic findings were as follows: 1. Cell cohorts were found in the undermining bone resorption area. They are mainly composed of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, undifferentiated cells, macrophages and several kinds of osteoclasts. 2. Four different kinds of osteoclasts could be recognized from the morphological features: a) small osteoclasts situated apart from the bone surface, b) large osteoclasts rich in rough ER, c) classic large osteoclasts and d) degenerating osteoclasts. 3. Two different types of undifferentiated cells were observed in these area. One was a spindle-shaped bright cell rich in rough ER and the other was a round-shaped dark cell with numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes. 4. Macrophages showing phagocytosis were also found in the bone resorption area.", "contents": "An electron microscopic observation on cells found in bone resorption area incident to experimental tooth movement. For the purpose of investigating many of the cells in the bone resorption area incident to experimental tooth movement and characterizing the role of these cells for the periodontal tissue resorption at the ultrastructural level, orthodontic force was applied to 24 male rats. Orthodontic elastics were inserted into the interproximal space of the upper first and second molars. The mesial side of the interradicular septum of the second molar was observed. The electron micrsocopic findings were as follows: 1. Cell cohorts were found in the undermining bone resorption area. They are mainly composed of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, undifferentiated cells, macrophages and several kinds of osteoclasts. 2. Four different kinds of osteoclasts could be recognized from the morphological features: a) small osteoclasts situated apart from the bone surface, b) large osteoclasts rich in rough ER, c) classic large osteoclasts and d) degenerating osteoclasts. 3. Two different types of undifferentiated cells were observed in these area. One was a spindle-shaped bright cell rich in rough ER and the other was a round-shaped dark cell with numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes. 4. Macrophages showing phagocytosis were also found in the bone resorption area."}
{"id": "PMID:265771", "title": "Studies on the retrograde pancreatography in autopsy specimens.", "content": "In order to study the normal and aged anatomical structure of the duct system of human pancreas, retrograde pancreatography was performed. Pancreas from 33 cadavers of non-pancreatic disease, aged from 0 to 81 years, was examined. Silicone rubber was injected through the canal of Wirsung, radiographs were taken, and microstereoscopic observation was done after clearing in methyl salicylate. The main duct tapered gradually toward the tail, branching off about 56 second term ducts at a regular interval. The eighth term branch became the centroacinar ductules in the peripheral region, and the fourth and fifth term branch did it in the proximal region. In aged cases, prominently over 60 years, the main duct became large in caliber and showed irregular dilatation and narrowing like beads. The second term ducts were visualized as irregular patterns. The figure of distortions like a corkscrew was also seen in smaller ductules of the aged cases over 50 years. The histological findings of these sites were not the pancreatitic lesions but only the increase of fibrous tissues and decrease of a cellular component in the ductal wall itself.", "contents": "Studies on the retrograde pancreatography in autopsy specimens. In order to study the normal and aged anatomical structure of the duct system of human pancreas, retrograde pancreatography was performed. Pancreas from 33 cadavers of non-pancreatic disease, aged from 0 to 81 years, was examined. Silicone rubber was injected through the canal of Wirsung, radiographs were taken, and microstereoscopic observation was done after clearing in methyl salicylate. The main duct tapered gradually toward the tail, branching off about 56 second term ducts at a regular interval. The eighth term branch became the centroacinar ductules in the peripheral region, and the fourth and fifth term branch did it in the proximal region. In aged cases, prominently over 60 years, the main duct became large in caliber and showed irregular dilatation and narrowing like beads. The second term ducts were visualized as irregular patterns. The figure of distortions like a corkscrew was also seen in smaller ductules of the aged cases over 50 years. The histological findings of these sites were not the pancreatitic lesions but only the increase of fibrous tissues and decrease of a cellular component in the ductal wall itself."}
{"id": "PMID:265772", "title": "Studies on the microvasculature of human myocardium.", "content": "The microvasculature of human myocardium was examined stereoscopically after the injection of Silicone rubber. Material were 40 normal hearts, three of infants, one of child, and 36 of adults, ranging in age from 27 to 79 years. Three types of arteries, subepicardial, branching, and straight type arteries, were confirmed. The microvascular pattern of left ventricular free wall, the posterior wall of the left ventricle, interventricular septum, right ventricular free wall, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, infant heart, and aged heart were also examined. The present study revealed that the inner one-third zone was supplied by the terminal branches of both branching and straight type arteries. In infant heart, the inner zone was wider than that of the adult. In the aged cases, reduction in filling with patchy deficit often appeared in this inner zone. The finding of the aged change was probably caused by the characteristic microvascular pattern, and this suggested that the same anatomical mechanism might commit myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Studies on the microvasculature of human myocardium. The microvasculature of human myocardium was examined stereoscopically after the injection of Silicone rubber. Material were 40 normal hearts, three of infants, one of child, and 36 of adults, ranging in age from 27 to 79 years. Three types of arteries, subepicardial, branching, and straight type arteries, were confirmed. The microvascular pattern of left ventricular free wall, the posterior wall of the left ventricle, interventricular septum, right ventricular free wall, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, infant heart, and aged heart were also examined. The present study revealed that the inner one-third zone was supplied by the terminal branches of both branching and straight type arteries. In infant heart, the inner zone was wider than that of the adult. In the aged cases, reduction in filling with patchy deficit often appeared in this inner zone. The finding of the aged change was probably caused by the characteristic microvascular pattern, and this suggested that the same anatomical mechanism might commit myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:265773", "title": "Endogenous carbon monoxide production in alloxanized rats.", "content": "The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (Vco) in thirty-three diabetic rats induced by alloxan and in fifteen normal rats was measured by serial determinations of the expired carbon monoxide and of the increase of carbon monoxide in the blood during rebreathing in a closed system. Vco (mean +/- S.E., micronl/250g/hr) in the group of alloxanized rats 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and over 144 hours after the alloxan injection was 6.2 +/- 2.9, 8.4 +/- 2.1, +/- 1.8, 10.7 +/- 3.5, 16.4 +/- 2.0 and 16.5 +/- 2.2, respectively, whereas it was 5.9 +/- 0.4 for the control. This indicates that the alloxanized group maintaining a high blood sugar level for over 120 hours has a three-fold higher Vco than the control.", "contents": "Endogenous carbon monoxide production in alloxanized rats. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (Vco) in thirty-three diabetic rats induced by alloxan and in fifteen normal rats was measured by serial determinations of the expired carbon monoxide and of the increase of carbon monoxide in the blood during rebreathing in a closed system. Vco (mean +/- S.E., micronl/250g/hr) in the group of alloxanized rats 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and over 144 hours after the alloxan injection was 6.2 +/- 2.9, 8.4 +/- 2.1, +/- 1.8, 10.7 +/- 3.5, 16.4 +/- 2.0 and 16.5 +/- 2.2, respectively, whereas it was 5.9 +/- 0.4 for the control. This indicates that the alloxanized group maintaining a high blood sugar level for over 120 hours has a three-fold higher Vco than the control."}
{"id": "PMID:265774", "title": "Structure and hardness of four types of amalgam.", "content": "Three non-gamma2 and one conventional amalgams were compared for their structure and hardness. The Ag-Cu dispersants hardened the amalgam by generating hard Cu-Sn halos and diminishing the gamma2 phase. The Ag-Sn-Cu-In single composition alloy produced the hardest amalgam by its high hardness and the Cu-Sn reaction phase scattered as minute granules.", "contents": "Structure and hardness of four types of amalgam. Three non-gamma2 and one conventional amalgams were compared for their structure and hardness. The Ag-Cu dispersants hardened the amalgam by generating hard Cu-Sn halos and diminishing the gamma2 phase. The Ag-Sn-Cu-In single composition alloy produced the hardest amalgam by its high hardness and the Cu-Sn reaction phase scattered as minute granules."}
{"id": "PMID:265775", "title": "Mechanical behavior of tooth, periodontal membrane, and mandibular bone by the finite element method.", "content": "Simulation of the human tooth, periodontal membrane, and mandibular bone was attempted basing on the anatomical form and dimension, and the experimental data of each component were examined by the two-dimensional finite element method. Following problems were investigated: (1) Which of two factors, elastic modulus or Poisson's rate, in periodontal membrane played an important role for supporting the tooth, and (2) Characteristics of tooth and alveolar bone displacement, and stress distribution in periodontal membrane and mandibular bone were investigated under a definite condition. It is clarified that Poisson's ratio plays a much important role than the elastic modulus and this method is more suitable for simulating the model equivalent to human body and for examining the internal stress and it's displacement than the strain gauge and photoelastic method.", "contents": "Mechanical behavior of tooth, periodontal membrane, and mandibular bone by the finite element method. Simulation of the human tooth, periodontal membrane, and mandibular bone was attempted basing on the anatomical form and dimension, and the experimental data of each component were examined by the two-dimensional finite element method. Following problems were investigated: (1) Which of two factors, elastic modulus or Poisson's rate, in periodontal membrane played an important role for supporting the tooth, and (2) Characteristics of tooth and alveolar bone displacement, and stress distribution in periodontal membrane and mandibular bone were investigated under a definite condition. It is clarified that Poisson's ratio plays a much important role than the elastic modulus and this method is more suitable for simulating the model equivalent to human body and for examining the internal stress and it's displacement than the strain gauge and photoelastic method."}
{"id": "PMID:265776", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study on the differences between newly erupted teeth and old teeth with reference to fissure enamel surfaces and contents.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of the fissure enamel surfaces of newly erupted permanent teeth and old sound teeth long-standing against caries demonstrated two distinct features; prismatic enamel and prismless enamel. Prismatic enamel was commonly found on the walls of fissures of newly erupted teeth and rarely found on both sides of fissures of old teeth. Prismless enamel was usually found on both sides of fissures of old teeth. Various types of calcified contents were almost confined on the prismless enamel surfaces of the occlusal orifice of fissures of old teeth, while organic materials and bacterial contents were found on the prismatic enamel surfaces of newly erupted teeth.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study on the differences between newly erupted teeth and old teeth with reference to fissure enamel surfaces and contents. Scanning electron microscopy of the fissure enamel surfaces of newly erupted permanent teeth and old sound teeth long-standing against caries demonstrated two distinct features; prismatic enamel and prismless enamel. Prismatic enamel was commonly found on the walls of fissures of newly erupted teeth and rarely found on both sides of fissures of old teeth. Prismless enamel was usually found on both sides of fissures of old teeth. Various types of calcified contents were almost confined on the prismless enamel surfaces of the occlusal orifice of fissures of old teeth, while organic materials and bacterial contents were found on the prismatic enamel surfaces of newly erupted teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:265777", "title": "The protective effect of propranolol on ischemic myocardium: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The protective effect of propranolol on ischemic myocardium was studied experimentally and clinically by electron microscope. In an animal experiment, ischemic changes were produced in the posterior papillary muscle of the rabbit following 3, 15, 30 minutes of occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. Propranolol (0.25 mg/kg) was injected into the left atrial cavity before occlusion of the artery. The posterior papillary muscle was excised and examined by electron microscope. In clinical experience, propranolol (20 microng/kg) was given intravenously to 6 patients who underwent open heart surgery. Transmural left ventricular myocardial biopsy was performed after the anoxic cardic arrest and the material, particularly the subendocardium, was examined by electron microscope. It was shown that propranolol was effective, both in the experiment and in the clinical experience, in preserving ischemic myocardium. The possible mechanisms through which propranolol might act were considered to be (1) indirect effect of altered oxygen supply vs. demand, effect by reducing heart rate and reducing cardiac output due to the drug's function as a beta blocker, (2) direct cellular effect, i.e., reducing myocardial substrate metabolism along with stabilization of cellular structure, and (3) increase collateral circulation to the subendocardium.", "contents": "The protective effect of propranolol on ischemic myocardium: an electron microscopic study. The protective effect of propranolol on ischemic myocardium was studied experimentally and clinically by electron microscope. In an animal experiment, ischemic changes were produced in the posterior papillary muscle of the rabbit following 3, 15, 30 minutes of occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. Propranolol (0.25 mg/kg) was injected into the left atrial cavity before occlusion of the artery. The posterior papillary muscle was excised and examined by electron microscope. In clinical experience, propranolol (20 microng/kg) was given intravenously to 6 patients who underwent open heart surgery. Transmural left ventricular myocardial biopsy was performed after the anoxic cardic arrest and the material, particularly the subendocardium, was examined by electron microscope. It was shown that propranolol was effective, both in the experiment and in the clinical experience, in preserving ischemic myocardium. The possible mechanisms through which propranolol might act were considered to be (1) indirect effect of altered oxygen supply vs. demand, effect by reducing heart rate and reducing cardiac output due to the drug's function as a beta blocker, (2) direct cellular effect, i.e., reducing myocardial substrate metabolism along with stabilization of cellular structure, and (3) increase collateral circulation to the subendocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:265925", "title": "[Disorders of the sleep-wakefulness function].", "content": "Disorders of sleep belong to the most frequent troubles. A lot of different factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of sleep disorders. Modern sleep research has opened important views into the structure of sleep and the pathophysiology of sleep disorders. In a narrower sense sleep disorders mean a deficiency of sleep (hyposomnia). This may concern the induction of sleep or its maintenance. Sleep disorders without underlying disease may be differentiated from those caused by different diseases. Hypersomnia may occur as a symptom of various cerebral dysfunctions and processes, as an episodic disorder (Kleine-Levin-syndrome) or as a part of the Pickwick-syndrome. In narcolepsy characteristic symptoms are sleep attacks, kataplexy (emotionally induced loss of muscle tone) and transient pareses during awakening. Disturbances linked with sleep are snoring, somnambulism, speaking and grinding of the teeth during sleep and nocturnal enuresis. They may constitute idiopathic disorders. On the other hand, there may be similarities between epileptic phenomena and these disorders. Some epilepsies demonstrate relations to the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness which become evident in the manifestation of seizures and epileptiform EEG activity at certain stages of vigilance.", "contents": "[Disorders of the sleep-wakefulness function]. Disorders of sleep belong to the most frequent troubles. A lot of different factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of sleep disorders. Modern sleep research has opened important views into the structure of sleep and the pathophysiology of sleep disorders. In a narrower sense sleep disorders mean a deficiency of sleep (hyposomnia). This may concern the induction of sleep or its maintenance. Sleep disorders without underlying disease may be differentiated from those caused by different diseases. Hypersomnia may occur as a symptom of various cerebral dysfunctions and processes, as an episodic disorder (Kleine-Levin-syndrome) or as a part of the Pickwick-syndrome. In narcolepsy characteristic symptoms are sleep attacks, kataplexy (emotionally induced loss of muscle tone) and transient pareses during awakening. Disturbances linked with sleep are snoring, somnambulism, speaking and grinding of the teeth during sleep and nocturnal enuresis. They may constitute idiopathic disorders. On the other hand, there may be similarities between epileptic phenomena and these disorders. Some epilepsies demonstrate relations to the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness which become evident in the manifestation of seizures and epileptiform EEG activity at certain stages of vigilance."}
{"id": "PMID:265926", "title": "[The myelogenous nature of the so-called juvenile \"acute paraleukoblastic leukosis\"].", "content": "Following a critical review of todays predominating opinion on the morphological definition of leukosis cells in severe paraleukoblastic leukosis three cases of the so-called aleukemic from of severe leukosis are described. Such rare cases, in which -- as it is known -- the peripheral blood remains normal while bone marrow shows a paraleukoblastic metaplasia seem to be good evidence for the myelogenic nature of the cells during severe paraleukoblastic leukosis.", "contents": "[The myelogenous nature of the so-called juvenile \"acute paraleukoblastic leukosis\"]. Following a critical review of todays predominating opinion on the morphological definition of leukosis cells in severe paraleukoblastic leukosis three cases of the so-called aleukemic from of severe leukosis are described. Such rare cases, in which -- as it is known -- the peripheral blood remains normal while bone marrow shows a paraleukoblastic metaplasia seem to be good evidence for the myelogenic nature of the cells during severe paraleukoblastic leukosis."}
{"id": "PMID:265934", "title": "Dental education in relation to the needs of the South African community.", "content": "The dental needs of a heterogeneous South African community are not being fully met because the majority of the already deficient dentist population is in private practice, mostly in urban areas, where they are rendering services to a small minority of the population who can afford comprehensive dental care. Contrary to public health services in general, public dental services are inadequate in extent and provide a limited range of treatment to some eighty-five per cent of the population. Millions of under-privileged people, particularly in rural areas, are not within range of any professional dental care whatsoever. Organized community preventive programmes and dental health education on a national basis are non-existent. Water fluoridation has not yet become a reality. Realizing the shortcomings in community dental services the Government recently adopted a national dental health policy which is aimed at limiting and preventing dental diseases and also at expanding the public dental service to bring it within reach of all sections of the community. In order to meet the dental needs of the community and also to give momentum to the national dental health policy, the following steps are being taken as far as dental education is concerned: (i) The Department of Health is planning to assist universities to establish departments of community dentistry with the object of promoting extended education in community dentistry at under-graduate and post-graduate level. (ii) Consideration is being given to a scheme whereby dental students will have to do one year compulsory intership. (iii) Additional dental schools are being established to enable more non-White dentists to qualify. (iv) With the extended education in community dentistry it is hoped to draw more dentists into community dental services. (v) Dental therapists are being educated to perform duties such as extractions, simple fillings, prevention and dental health education, under the supervision of dentists, in areas where the shortage of dentists is most crucial.", "contents": "Dental education in relation to the needs of the South African community. The dental needs of a heterogeneous South African community are not being fully met because the majority of the already deficient dentist population is in private practice, mostly in urban areas, where they are rendering services to a small minority of the population who can afford comprehensive dental care. Contrary to public health services in general, public dental services are inadequate in extent and provide a limited range of treatment to some eighty-five per cent of the population. Millions of under-privileged people, particularly in rural areas, are not within range of any professional dental care whatsoever. Organized community preventive programmes and dental health education on a national basis are non-existent. Water fluoridation has not yet become a reality. Realizing the shortcomings in community dental services the Government recently adopted a national dental health policy which is aimed at limiting and preventing dental diseases and also at expanding the public dental service to bring it within reach of all sections of the community. In order to meet the dental needs of the community and also to give momentum to the national dental health policy, the following steps are being taken as far as dental education is concerned: (i) The Department of Health is planning to assist universities to establish departments of community dentistry with the object of promoting extended education in community dentistry at under-graduate and post-graduate level. (ii) Consideration is being given to a scheme whereby dental students will have to do one year compulsory intership. (iii) Additional dental schools are being established to enable more non-White dentists to qualify. (iv) With the extended education in community dentistry it is hoped to draw more dentists into community dental services. (v) Dental therapists are being educated to perform duties such as extractions, simple fillings, prevention and dental health education, under the supervision of dentists, in areas where the shortage of dentists is most crucial."}
{"id": "PMID:265935", "title": "Changing patterns in dental education in Latin America.", "content": "The unsatisfactory dental health situation in the majority of the Latin American population, presently not covered by existing dental services, led to a serious questioning of the educational process directed to prepare human resources in dentistry. At the present time, many dental schools in Latin America are trying to find and implement new teaching methods, different curriculum patterns, and even seeking to define new professional and non-professional profiles, in order to meet the tremendous challenge that requires the formation of a different type of dental health personnel capable of introducing definite changes in the way dentistry is conceived and performed in order to cover the needs of a constantly growing population.", "contents": "Changing patterns in dental education in Latin America. The unsatisfactory dental health situation in the majority of the Latin American population, presently not covered by existing dental services, led to a serious questioning of the educational process directed to prepare human resources in dentistry. At the present time, many dental schools in Latin America are trying to find and implement new teaching methods, different curriculum patterns, and even seeking to define new professional and non-professional profiles, in order to meet the tremendous challenge that requires the formation of a different type of dental health personnel capable of introducing definite changes in the way dentistry is conceived and performed in order to cover the needs of a constantly growing population."}
{"id": "PMID:265936", "title": "Dental education in the developing countries and the role of WHO.", "content": "The present picture of Dental Manpower in the world is reviewed. The Dentist/Population ratio in 1972 in each of the WHO regions was as follows: African Region 1:96,391, American Region 1:2892, Eastern Mediterranean Region 1:26,188, European Region 1:2948, South East Asia Region 1:81,606, Western Pacific Region 1:4533. There was wide variation of this ratio between individual countries within each region. The present approach to the dental education of all types of dental personnel in the developing countries is described. The activity of WHO in organizing seminars and conference on the needs of the regions in relation to types of dental personnel and their training is discussed. Attention is drawn to the strong recommendation of WHO to plan the dental health manpower training in close conformity with a country's Oral Health needs. The importance of integration of the training programmes for the various categories of dental personnel is stressed.", "contents": "Dental education in the developing countries and the role of WHO. The present picture of Dental Manpower in the world is reviewed. The Dentist/Population ratio in 1972 in each of the WHO regions was as follows: African Region 1:96,391, American Region 1:2892, Eastern Mediterranean Region 1:26,188, European Region 1:2948, South East Asia Region 1:81,606, Western Pacific Region 1:4533. There was wide variation of this ratio between individual countries within each region. The present approach to the dental education of all types of dental personnel in the developing countries is described. The activity of WHO in organizing seminars and conference on the needs of the regions in relation to types of dental personnel and their training is discussed. Attention is drawn to the strong recommendation of WHO to plan the dental health manpower training in close conformity with a country's Oral Health needs. The importance of integration of the training programmes for the various categories of dental personnel is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:265937", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies of oral cancer.", "content": "Increasing attempts are now being made to measure and to assess the relative importance of histologic features in oral premalignant and malignant conditions in order to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis. Though certain individual features, such as DNA content of cell nuclei, or stereological parameters like nuclear : cytoplasmic ration or desmosome density can be very accurately quantified, no single feature can completely characterize the neoplastic process. Multifactorial studies are thus of great importance, even though it is not practicable to measure all the parameters included with the sam accuracy; in such studies retrospective computation of the relative importance of individual parameters is of greater value than arbitarily assigned weights. So far as early prediction of malignant transformation in oral premalignant lesions is concerned, great interest is now being shown in the reactivity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in epithelial cells. For predicting the prognosis of patients with established squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth, it is now realized that thenature and intensity of the host immune inflammatory response seen in the connective tissue within the surrounding the tumour and in affected regional lymph nodes, is at least as important as are the features of the tumour cells themselves.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies of oral cancer. Increasing attempts are now being made to measure and to assess the relative importance of histologic features in oral premalignant and malignant conditions in order to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis. Though certain individual features, such as DNA content of cell nuclei, or stereological parameters like nuclear : cytoplasmic ration or desmosome density can be very accurately quantified, no single feature can completely characterize the neoplastic process. Multifactorial studies are thus of great importance, even though it is not practicable to measure all the parameters included with the sam accuracy; in such studies retrospective computation of the relative importance of individual parameters is of greater value than arbitarily assigned weights. So far as early prediction of malignant transformation in oral premalignant lesions is concerned, great interest is now being shown in the reactivity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in epithelial cells. For predicting the prognosis of patients with established squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth, it is now realized that thenature and intensity of the host immune inflammatory response seen in the connective tissue within the surrounding the tumour and in affected regional lymph nodes, is at least as important as are the features of the tumour cells themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:265938", "title": "Critical review of biopsy and cytologic examination of oral cancer.", "content": "The value of cytologic diagnosis has been highly estimated since Papanicolaou introduced cytologic study into various clinical fields as a diagnostic tool. In this paper the causes of errors in diagnosis, particularly the false negative case which occurs more frequently than false positive cases are critically reviewed. Four false negative cases, including one case subsequently diagnosed as positive by a direct imprint smear taken from its biopsy section, are presented in detail and possible causative factors for misinterpretation discussed and summarized, comparing the results with those previously reported by Watanabe et al (1959) and Watanabe (1968). In the 24 cases reviewed in this article false negative diagnoses were made in 12-5 per cent and in summarizing the results with the previous reports they averaged 14-5 per cent. False negative cases could be reduced by careful attention to the elimination of the causative factors which have been described.", "contents": "Critical review of biopsy and cytologic examination of oral cancer. The value of cytologic diagnosis has been highly estimated since Papanicolaou introduced cytologic study into various clinical fields as a diagnostic tool. In this paper the causes of errors in diagnosis, particularly the false negative case which occurs more frequently than false positive cases are critically reviewed. Four false negative cases, including one case subsequently diagnosed as positive by a direct imprint smear taken from its biopsy section, are presented in detail and possible causative factors for misinterpretation discussed and summarized, comparing the results with those previously reported by Watanabe et al (1959) and Watanabe (1968). In the 24 cases reviewed in this article false negative diagnoses were made in 12-5 per cent and in summarizing the results with the previous reports they averaged 14-5 per cent. False negative cases could be reduced by careful attention to the elimination of the causative factors which have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:265943", "title": "Endocrine function after antineoplastic therapy in 22 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "In 22 children who were in complete remission after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia endocrinological investigations were performed 5-12 weeks after cessation of therapy. The children had received central nervous system irradiation (tele-Co60, 850-1800 rad), and long term, aggressive cytostatic drug therapy during 21 to 36 months. Growth hormone, TSH, thyroxine, LH, FSH, cortisol secretion, and urinary concentrating capacity were found to be normal, with a few exceptions where borderline results were obtained.", "contents": "Endocrine function after antineoplastic therapy in 22 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In 22 children who were in complete remission after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia endocrinological investigations were performed 5-12 weeks after cessation of therapy. The children had received central nervous system irradiation (tele-Co60, 850-1800 rad), and long term, aggressive cytostatic drug therapy during 21 to 36 months. Growth hormone, TSH, thyroxine, LH, FSH, cortisol secretion, and urinary concentrating capacity were found to be normal, with a few exceptions where borderline results were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:265944", "title": "Early and late volume changes during erythroid differentiation of cultured Friend leukemic cells.", "content": "Friend erythroleukemic cells (FLC) can be induced to differentiate in vitro by addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). We have studied the kinetics of induction by measuring cell volume, volume coefficient of variation and cell doubling time. Two distinct volume changes (early and late) are observed after the addition of the inducing agent. The early change occurs after ten hours and consist of a 10-20% decrease in volume compared to an untreated control population. This shift persists for two days and its magnitude is proportional to both the concentration of DMSO and the number of differentiated cells seen on day 5. FLC lines which induce weakly or not all with DMSO exhibit a reduced or absent early volume shift. Inclusion of a local anaesthetic in the culture prevents the appearance of differentiated cells and also counteracts the early volume shift. The exact time of the early volume change is a function of cell growth rate and appears to be cell cycle related. Synchronized cell populations exposed to DMSO during G2 and S phase undergo one round of mitosis before expression of the volume change whereas cells in G2-M express the change only after a second mitosis. A later, more gradual decrease in volume is observed in those cultures which begin to produce hemoglobin. It occurs after approximately five doubling times and coincides with the first appearance of hemoglobin-containing cells. Volume distribution parameters indicate that only a proportion of the population becomes smaller in size.", "contents": "Early and late volume changes during erythroid differentiation of cultured Friend leukemic cells. Friend erythroleukemic cells (FLC) can be induced to differentiate in vitro by addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). We have studied the kinetics of induction by measuring cell volume, volume coefficient of variation and cell doubling time. Two distinct volume changes (early and late) are observed after the addition of the inducing agent. The early change occurs after ten hours and consist of a 10-20% decrease in volume compared to an untreated control population. This shift persists for two days and its magnitude is proportional to both the concentration of DMSO and the number of differentiated cells seen on day 5. FLC lines which induce weakly or not all with DMSO exhibit a reduced or absent early volume shift. Inclusion of a local anaesthetic in the culture prevents the appearance of differentiated cells and also counteracts the early volume shift. The exact time of the early volume change is a function of cell growth rate and appears to be cell cycle related. Synchronized cell populations exposed to DMSO during G2 and S phase undergo one round of mitosis before expression of the volume change whereas cells in G2-M express the change only after a second mitosis. A later, more gradual decrease in volume is observed in those cultures which begin to produce hemoglobin. It occurs after approximately five doubling times and coincides with the first appearance of hemoglobin-containing cells. Volume distribution parameters indicate that only a proportion of the population becomes smaller in size."}
{"id": "PMID:265945", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase distribution in neoplastic and hematopoietic cells.", "content": "In the present study, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase was examined in the peripheral blood and (or) bone marrow of 115 children with a variety of neoplastic, hematologic, and other unrelated disorders. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity was present at 4.08+/-0.74 U/108 cells in 23 morphologicall normal bone marrow samples from childhood controls. Terminal transferase was present at greater than 23 U/108 nucleated cells and at greater than31 U/108 blasts in the bone marrow of all children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia studied at initial diagnosis and at disease relapse. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase was detectable at low levels, less than 7.5 U/108 cells, in all remission marrow smaples. Bone marrow terminal transferase activity was markedly elevated in all untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, whereas low levels which were difficult to interpret were present in the peripheral blood samples of two patients at diagnosis and six patients at relapse who had low absolute lymphoblast counts. Because of greater variation in the lymphoblast content of peripheral blood, bone marrow assays are more reliable in detecting disease activity. Marrow terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase values obtained during the active phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia were significantly greater than those found in other types of leukemia, bone marrow malignancies, and hematologic disorders. Terminal transferase determinations in blast cells of two patients with leukemic conversion of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in tumor cells from one patient with Burkitt's lymphoma were within the control range. These dat further define the usefulness of terminal deoxynucleotidyltrnasferase assay in the differentiation and classication of hematologic malignancies.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase distribution in neoplastic and hematopoietic cells. In the present study, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase was examined in the peripheral blood and (or) bone marrow of 115 children with a variety of neoplastic, hematologic, and other unrelated disorders. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity was present at 4.08+/-0.74 U/108 cells in 23 morphologicall normal bone marrow samples from childhood controls. Terminal transferase was present at greater than 23 U/108 nucleated cells and at greater than31 U/108 blasts in the bone marrow of all children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia studied at initial diagnosis and at disease relapse. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase was detectable at low levels, less than 7.5 U/108 cells, in all remission marrow smaples. Bone marrow terminal transferase activity was markedly elevated in all untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, whereas low levels which were difficult to interpret were present in the peripheral blood samples of two patients at diagnosis and six patients at relapse who had low absolute lymphoblast counts. Because of greater variation in the lymphoblast content of peripheral blood, bone marrow assays are more reliable in detecting disease activity. Marrow terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase values obtained during the active phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia were significantly greater than those found in other types of leukemia, bone marrow malignancies, and hematologic disorders. Terminal transferase determinations in blast cells of two patients with leukemic conversion of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in tumor cells from one patient with Burkitt's lymphoma were within the control range. These dat further define the usefulness of terminal deoxynucleotidyltrnasferase assay in the differentiation and classication of hematologic malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:265950", "title": "Immune dysfunction and dental caries: a preliminary report.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to correlate the immune status of persons with various types of immune dysfunctions with the incidence of dental caries. Preliminary data on caries experience and the microbial composition of plaque in these individuals are presented. The findings suggest that persons with immunoglobulin dysfunctions have a greater susceptibility to dental caries and have a greater frequency of harboring S mutans than do normal persons.", "contents": "Immune dysfunction and dental caries: a preliminary report. This study was undertaken in order to correlate the immune status of persons with various types of immune dysfunctions with the incidence of dental caries. Preliminary data on caries experience and the microbial composition of plaque in these individuals are presented. The findings suggest that persons with immunoglobulin dysfunctions have a greater susceptibility to dental caries and have a greater frequency of harboring S mutans than do normal persons."}
{"id": "PMID:265951", "title": "Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: an antibiotic-suppressed rat model for studies of pathogenesis.", "content": "This investigation describes a simple and effective method of antibiotic suppression of the total indigenous microbiol flora of rats. Specifically, the results of this study demonstrate that: (1) antibiotics which inhibit microbial growth of oral and fecal cultures from individual rats are effective in suppressing the indigenous flora of 95% of these rats when provided as dietary supplements; (2) S mutans 6715 colonized 95% of the antibiotic-suppressed animals while only 50% of the untreated rat pups yielded S mutans following challenge with a single inoculum of this micro-organism; and (3) significant smooth surface caries developed in S mutans-infected rats within 20 days when provided caries-promoting Diet 305, while noninfected, antibiotic-suppppressed offspring remained essentially caries-free.", "contents": "Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: an antibiotic-suppressed rat model for studies of pathogenesis. This investigation describes a simple and effective method of antibiotic suppression of the total indigenous microbiol flora of rats. Specifically, the results of this study demonstrate that: (1) antibiotics which inhibit microbial growth of oral and fecal cultures from individual rats are effective in suppressing the indigenous flora of 95% of these rats when provided as dietary supplements; (2) S mutans 6715 colonized 95% of the antibiotic-suppressed animals while only 50% of the untreated rat pups yielded S mutans following challenge with a single inoculum of this micro-organism; and (3) significant smooth surface caries developed in S mutans-infected rats within 20 days when provided caries-promoting Diet 305, while noninfected, antibiotic-suppppressed offspring remained essentially caries-free."}
{"id": "PMID:265952", "title": "Combined effects of sucrose and fluoride on experimental caries and on the associated microbial plaque.", "content": "In an experimental model, slabs of sound and presoftened bovine enamel were worn in the human mouth for seven days except for periodic removal for in vitro exposure to experimental variables. Supplementation with 3% sucrose for 10 minutes, four times daily for seven days yielded predicted levels of experimental caries. Parallel exposure to 3% sucrose containing 100 ppm fluoride sharply reduced or negated the resultant caries in originally sound enamel, and reversed the simulated pre-experimental caries in most samples of presoftened enamel. Serial layers of test enamel surfaces showed high levels of fluoride accumulated in the originally sound enamel, and even higher levels in the presoftened enamel that had been suppemented with sucrose-fluoride solution. Quantitation of the plaqye microbial flora showed that the fluoride ion exerted no detectable influence. Consistent with the findings in previous studies, some correlation appeared to exist between the degree of experimental caries and that proportion of total plaque that was comprised of S salivarius. S mutans, or lactobacilli.", "contents": "Combined effects of sucrose and fluoride on experimental caries and on the associated microbial plaque. In an experimental model, slabs of sound and presoftened bovine enamel were worn in the human mouth for seven days except for periodic removal for in vitro exposure to experimental variables. Supplementation with 3% sucrose for 10 minutes, four times daily for seven days yielded predicted levels of experimental caries. Parallel exposure to 3% sucrose containing 100 ppm fluoride sharply reduced or negated the resultant caries in originally sound enamel, and reversed the simulated pre-experimental caries in most samples of presoftened enamel. Serial layers of test enamel surfaces showed high levels of fluoride accumulated in the originally sound enamel, and even higher levels in the presoftened enamel that had been suppemented with sucrose-fluoride solution. Quantitation of the plaqye microbial flora showed that the fluoride ion exerted no detectable influence. Consistent with the findings in previous studies, some correlation appeared to exist between the degree of experimental caries and that proportion of total plaque that was comprised of S salivarius. S mutans, or lactobacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:265953", "title": "Sources of variability in rat caries studies: weaning age and diet fed during tooth eruption.", "content": "A factorial design (2x2) was used to study the caries effect of two diets (starch based versus stock) fed to rat dams and their litters, and also of variations in the weaning age (19 versus 25 days). Higher and reproducible caries scores were obtained in rats which were fed a purified starch-based diet, weaned at 19 days of age, and subsequently given a cariogenic challenge.", "contents": "Sources of variability in rat caries studies: weaning age and diet fed during tooth eruption. A factorial design (2x2) was used to study the caries effect of two diets (starch based versus stock) fed to rat dams and their litters, and also of variations in the weaning age (19 versus 25 days). Higher and reproducible caries scores were obtained in rats which were fed a purified starch-based diet, weaned at 19 days of age, and subsequently given a cariogenic challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:265954", "title": "Noncollagenous proteins of a rat dentin matrix possessing bone morphogenetic activity.", "content": "An insoluble preparation of rat dentin matrix was shown to possess bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity, i.e. the capacity to induce the formation of catilage and bone when implanted intramuscularly. Since BMP activity was previously attributed to noncollagenous proteins (NCP) of bone and dentin, the nature of NCP of the rat dentin was examined. After treatment of the matrix with purified bacterial collagenase, three NCP were solubilized concomitantly with digestion of the dentin collagen to smaller peptides. The three proteins were separated by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Two of the NCP were rich in asparate, glutamate, glycine, serine, and alanine, and thus displayed compositions similar to acidic proteins of other connective tissues. The third NCP was shown by amino acid composition to be the aspartate, serine-rich phosphoprotein, which occurs mostly in a soluble form in rat dentin. This observation supports the view that a portion of dentin phosphotprotein is firmly bound.", "contents": "Noncollagenous proteins of a rat dentin matrix possessing bone morphogenetic activity. An insoluble preparation of rat dentin matrix was shown to possess bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity, i.e. the capacity to induce the formation of catilage and bone when implanted intramuscularly. Since BMP activity was previously attributed to noncollagenous proteins (NCP) of bone and dentin, the nature of NCP of the rat dentin was examined. After treatment of the matrix with purified bacterial collagenase, three NCP were solubilized concomitantly with digestion of the dentin collagen to smaller peptides. The three proteins were separated by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Two of the NCP were rich in asparate, glutamate, glycine, serine, and alanine, and thus displayed compositions similar to acidic proteins of other connective tissues. The third NCP was shown by amino acid composition to be the aspartate, serine-rich phosphoprotein, which occurs mostly in a soluble form in rat dentin. This observation supports the view that a portion of dentin phosphotprotein is firmly bound."}
{"id": "PMID:265955", "title": "The phosphoprotein of rabbit in cisors.", "content": "The phosphoprotein of continually erupting rabbit incisors was extracted from decalcified teeth and purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Chemical characterization revealed that its composition was very similar to that of rat incisor and bovine molar phosphoproteins. The presence of similar acidic proteins in the dentin of various mammals is consistent with the suggestion that they are involved in the mineralization process.", "contents": "The phosphoprotein of rabbit in cisors. The phosphoprotein of continually erupting rabbit incisors was extracted from decalcified teeth and purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Chemical characterization revealed that its composition was very similar to that of rat incisor and bovine molar phosphoproteins. The presence of similar acidic proteins in the dentin of various mammals is consistent with the suggestion that they are involved in the mineralization process."}
{"id": "PMID:265956", "title": "Biochemical and morphological studies of rat submandibular gland: III. effects of testosterone treatment on proteins of granule-rickch fraction.", "content": "Mature adult male rats and castrated and testosterone-treated castrated adult rats were injected with pilocarpine HCl and 3-H-lysine and sacrificed sequentially over an eight-hour time period. Following homogenization and differential centrifugation, three subcellular fractions from each group of animals were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and liquid scintillation. Two proteins in the granule-rich fraction appeared in larger amounts on the densitometric scans and appeared to represent a larger proportion of newly synthesized proteins than the other proteins.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphological studies of rat submandibular gland: III. effects of testosterone treatment on proteins of granule-rickch fraction. Mature adult male rats and castrated and testosterone-treated castrated adult rats were injected with pilocarpine HCl and 3-H-lysine and sacrificed sequentially over an eight-hour time period. Following homogenization and differential centrifugation, three subcellular fractions from each group of animals were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and liquid scintillation. Two proteins in the granule-rich fraction appeared in larger amounts on the densitometric scans and appeared to represent a larger proportion of newly synthesized proteins than the other proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:265957", "title": "Electromyographic silent periods and jaw motion parameters: quantitative measures of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to compare, in the subjects, the duration of the EMG silent period with jaw motion error. The results indicate that both jaw motion error and silent period duration are large in patients with TMJ-muscle-pain dysfunction, both are small in normal subjects, and both are small in successfully treated patients. There is a statistically significant correlation (r=0.91; P less than 0.01) between the two diagnostic parameters of TMJ-muscle-pain dysfunction.", "contents": "Electromyographic silent periods and jaw motion parameters: quantitative measures of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The purpose of this research was to compare, in the subjects, the duration of the EMG silent period with jaw motion error. The results indicate that both jaw motion error and silent period duration are large in patients with TMJ-muscle-pain dysfunction, both are small in normal subjects, and both are small in successfully treated patients. There is a statistically significant correlation (r=0.91; P less than 0.01) between the two diagnostic parameters of TMJ-muscle-pain dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:265958", "title": "Age and race as factors in craniofacial growth and development.", "content": "Large samples of adult American black and white males are being studied to determine the extent to which age and race are important factors in craniofacial mophology and growth. It is shown that a number of dentofaical dimensions continue to change throughout adulthood and that the amount and direction of these changes may be race-specific. Applications in orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry are indicated.", "contents": "Age and race as factors in craniofacial growth and development. Large samples of adult American black and white males are being studied to determine the extent to which age and race are important factors in craniofacial mophology and growth. It is shown that a number of dentofaical dimensions continue to change throughout adulthood and that the amount and direction of these changes may be race-specific. Applications in orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:265959", "title": "Changes in rat parotid salivary proteins induced by chronic isoproterenol administration.", "content": "Changes  in the rat parotid gland and its secretion, brought about by chronic isoproterenol administration, were studied. In addition to the expected enlargement, morphological and biochemical analyses of the glands showed evidence of changes in the secretory components. Chromatographic and electrophoretic experiments revealed both qualitative and quantitative changes in the secretory proteins.", "contents": "Changes in rat parotid salivary proteins induced by chronic isoproterenol administration. Changes  in the rat parotid gland and its secretion, brought about by chronic isoproterenol administration, were studied. In addition to the expected enlargement, morphological and biochemical analyses of the glands showed evidence of changes in the secretory components. Chromatographic and electrophoretic experiments revealed both qualitative and quantitative changes in the secretory proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:265960", "title": "Stimulation of bone formation and bone resorption by fluoride in thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "In sham-operated and TPTX animals, F treatment did not affect final body weight, or serum Ca and P. In sham-treated rats, serum iPTH was not affected by F treatment. At the periosteum, F increased bone formation rate and bone and matrix apposition rates. At the endosteum, F treatment decreased forming surface, bone formation rate, bone and matrix apposition rates, and osteoid maturation rate; and increased endosteal resorbing surface and medullary area. The above-described F effects on bone were observed in TPTX as well as sham-treated animals. The effect of F treatment to stimulate periosteal matrix apposition was enchanced by TPTX. These results indicate that bone changes seen in animals treated with large amounts of F are not due to increased parathyroid activity.", "contents": "Stimulation of bone formation and bone resorption by fluoride in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. In sham-operated and TPTX animals, F treatment did not affect final body weight, or serum Ca and P. In sham-treated rats, serum iPTH was not affected by F treatment. At the periosteum, F increased bone formation rate and bone and matrix apposition rates. At the endosteum, F treatment decreased forming surface, bone formation rate, bone and matrix apposition rates, and osteoid maturation rate; and increased endosteal resorbing surface and medullary area. The above-described F effects on bone were observed in TPTX as well as sham-treated animals. The effect of F treatment to stimulate periosteal matrix apposition was enchanced by TPTX. These results indicate that bone changes seen in animals treated with large amounts of F are not due to increased parathyroid activity."}
{"id": "PMID:265961", "title": "In vitro study of cellular influence on 45Ca uptake in developing rat enamel.", "content": "The in vitro method for culture of molar teeth from eight-day-old rats, as reported in this study, appeared to sustain reasonably normal activity in the cells of the enamel organ and pulp through culture periods of four to eight hours. Inhibition of metabolic activity in the explants by addition of 5 mM iodoacetate or 2,4-dinitrophenol to the culture medium, or by heating at 70 C for 10 minutes, did not appear to affect the intensity or pattern of 45Ca uptake in the more advanced, rapidly mineralizing areas of the enamel. Neither did stripping of the enamel organ from the surface of the enamel have a demonstrable effect in those areas. However, metabolic inhibition with 2,4-dinitrophenol, heat killing or stripping of the enamel organ resulted in increased 45Ca uptake in newly formed enamel adjacent to the secreting ameloblasts. It is hypothesized that calcium flux into newly formed enamel matrix is controlled, in part, by movement of the calcium, which diffuses between the ameloblasts toward the enamel surface, away from the enamel through the ameloblasts.", "contents": "In vitro study of cellular influence on 45Ca uptake in developing rat enamel. The in vitro method for culture of molar teeth from eight-day-old rats, as reported in this study, appeared to sustain reasonably normal activity in the cells of the enamel organ and pulp through culture periods of four to eight hours. Inhibition of metabolic activity in the explants by addition of 5 mM iodoacetate or 2,4-dinitrophenol to the culture medium, or by heating at 70 C for 10 minutes, did not appear to affect the intensity or pattern of 45Ca uptake in the more advanced, rapidly mineralizing areas of the enamel. Neither did stripping of the enamel organ from the surface of the enamel have a demonstrable effect in those areas. However, metabolic inhibition with 2,4-dinitrophenol, heat killing or stripping of the enamel organ resulted in increased 45Ca uptake in newly formed enamel adjacent to the secreting ameloblasts. It is hypothesized that calcium flux into newly formed enamel matrix is controlled, in part, by movement of the calcium, which diffuses between the ameloblasts toward the enamel surface, away from the enamel through the ameloblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:265962", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of deoxyribonuclease I from bovine parotid gland.", "content": "Deoxyribonuclease I has been purified from bovine parotid gland. The purification procedure utilizes an acid extraction of minced parotid gland, salt fractionation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The last step, chromatography on Sulfopropyl-Sephadex, resolves the enzymatic activity into several fractions. The major fraction, designated DNase A, was subjected to further investigation. This enzyme has, as expected, an alkaline pH optimum and an obligate requirement for divalent cations. The presence of calcium chloride protects DNase A from inactivation by proteolytic enzymes. Despite the previously described immunologic dissimilarity, there appears to be a large amount of homology between the parotid and pancreatic DNase's.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of deoxyribonuclease I from bovine parotid gland. Deoxyribonuclease I has been purified from bovine parotid gland. The purification procedure utilizes an acid extraction of minced parotid gland, salt fractionation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The last step, chromatography on Sulfopropyl-Sephadex, resolves the enzymatic activity into several fractions. The major fraction, designated DNase A, was subjected to further investigation. This enzyme has, as expected, an alkaline pH optimum and an obligate requirement for divalent cations. The presence of calcium chloride protects DNase A from inactivation by proteolytic enzymes. Despite the previously described immunologic dissimilarity, there appears to be a large amount of homology between the parotid and pancreatic DNase's."}
{"id": "PMID:265963", "title": "In vitro metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione by human submaxillary gland homogenates.", "content": "Tritiated 4-androstene-3,17-dione was incubated with human submaxillary gland homogenates. In 180-minute incubations, human submaxillary gland converted 4-androstene-3,17-dione predominately to testosterone and to a lesser extent, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and androsterone.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione by human submaxillary gland homogenates. Tritiated 4-androstene-3,17-dione was incubated with human submaxillary gland homogenates. In 180-minute incubations, human submaxillary gland converted 4-androstene-3,17-dione predominately to testosterone and to a lesser extent, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol and androsterone."}
{"id": "PMID:265964", "title": "Hardening of gold-based alloys.", "content": "The relationships between composition, heat treatment, hardness, and microstructure have been investigated for a number of commercial dental casting alloys and for several series of experimental gold-silver-copper compositions. The hardnesses and typical microstructures found are reported. The results indicate that at least two distinct hardening mechanisms must occur in these alloys. The ternary alloys outside the two-phasr region of the gold-silver-copper system harden by ordering. The commercial alloys and those within the two-phase region may harden in part by ordering, but some other mechanism in required to explain the observed hardening. This mechanism is not due to the observed grain boundary precipitates. It may be associated with the intragranular needlelike structures seen, but reasons exist to question the sufficiency of that structure as an explantation of the hardening.", "contents": "Hardening of gold-based alloys. The relationships between composition, heat treatment, hardness, and microstructure have been investigated for a number of commercial dental casting alloys and for several series of experimental gold-silver-copper compositions. The hardnesses and typical microstructures found are reported. The results indicate that at least two distinct hardening mechanisms must occur in these alloys. The ternary alloys outside the two-phasr region of the gold-silver-copper system harden by ordering. The commercial alloys and those within the two-phase region may harden in part by ordering, but some other mechanism in required to explain the observed hardening. This mechanism is not due to the observed grain boundary precipitates. It may be associated with the intragranular needlelike structures seen, but reasons exist to question the sufficiency of that structure as an explantation of the hardening."}
{"id": "PMID:265965", "title": "Research and development contracting at the National Institute of Dental Research.", "content": "Government contracting for biomedical research and development is a cooperative venture of high public visibility. It must be soundly conceived, openly instituted, and skillfully managed. Because of the cooperative nature of contract activities, it is important for the scientific community to understand the contract mechanism and the concepts upon which its use is based. Therefore, these concepts are described and how this mechanism serves as an aid in accomplishing the mission of the National Institute of Dental Research is discussed.", "contents": "Research and development contracting at the National Institute of Dental Research. Government contracting for biomedical research and development is a cooperative venture of high public visibility. It must be soundly conceived, openly instituted, and skillfully managed. Because of the cooperative nature of contract activities, it is important for the scientific community to understand the contract mechanism and the concepts upon which its use is based. Therefore, these concepts are described and how this mechanism serves as an aid in accomplishing the mission of the National Institute of Dental Research is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:265966", "title": "Relationship of Streptococcus mutans biotypes to dental caries prevalence in Saudi Arabian naval men.", "content": "A group of 217 Saudi Arabian naval recruits were examined clinically, radiographically, and microbiologically for the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans. Caries experience was considerably lower than in US recruits of comparable age and showed a significant positive correlation with the prevalence of S mutans in dental plaque samples. The distribution of S mutans biotypes and their relationship to dental caries in the Saudi Arabians were studied.", "contents": "Relationship of Streptococcus mutans biotypes to dental caries prevalence in Saudi Arabian naval men. A group of 217 Saudi Arabian naval recruits were examined clinically, radiographically, and microbiologically for the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans. Caries experience was considerably lower than in US recruits of comparable age and showed a significant positive correlation with the prevalence of S mutans in dental plaque samples. The distribution of S mutans biotypes and their relationship to dental caries in the Saudi Arabians were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:265967", "title": "Stress in dental patients undergoing routine procedures.", "content": "A method was devised to record graphically the stress that patients experience during routine dental procedures. Heart rate was used as the indicator and the variations in it showed which parts of the treatment provoked the maximum stress reactions. This pilot study indicated that by using this method it is possible to study specific dental problems and methods for treating them.", "contents": "Stress in dental patients undergoing routine procedures. A method was devised to record graphically the stress that patients experience during routine dental procedures. Heart rate was used as the indicator and the variations in it showed which parts of the treatment provoked the maximum stress reactions. This pilot study indicated that by using this method it is possible to study specific dental problems and methods for treating them."}
{"id": "PMID:265968", "title": "Microprobe analysis of a high Cu amalgam alloy.", "content": "A new amalgam alloy consisting of spherical particles having a composition of 60% Ag, 27% Sn, and 13% Cu was investigated by microprobe and X-ray diffraction analysis. The alloy seemed to consist of minute dispersion of Cu3Sn, gamma(Ag3Sn), and beta(Ag-Sn). Amalgam made from this alloy exhibited a matrix of gamma1(Ag-Hg) with small reaction phase areas of Cu6Sn5. No gamma2(Sn-Hg) was observed.", "contents": "Microprobe analysis of a high Cu amalgam alloy. A new amalgam alloy consisting of spherical particles having a composition of 60% Ag, 27% Sn, and 13% Cu was investigated by microprobe and X-ray diffraction analysis. The alloy seemed to consist of minute dispersion of Cu3Sn, gamma(Ag3Sn), and beta(Ag-Sn). Amalgam made from this alloy exhibited a matrix of gamma1(Ag-Hg) with small reaction phase areas of Cu6Sn5. No gamma2(Sn-Hg) was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:265969", "title": "Fabrication and characterization of porous-rooted polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dental implants.", "content": "A comparative-agglomeration fabrication technique has been developed to produce polymethylmethacrylate dental implants having a porous coating on the root portion. This process allows control of pore structure enabling ingrowth of either bone or fibrous tissue. The relationships between mechanical properties and pore microstructure have been determined for materials produced by this process. The mechanical properties of the porous coating can be estimated from these relationships.", "contents": "Fabrication and characterization of porous-rooted polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dental implants. A comparative-agglomeration fabrication technique has been developed to produce polymethylmethacrylate dental implants having a porous coating on the root portion. This process allows control of pore structure enabling ingrowth of either bone or fibrous tissue. The relationships between mechanical properties and pore microstructure have been determined for materials produced by this process. The mechanical properties of the porous coating can be estimated from these relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:265970", "title": "Synchronized crystal dissolution behavior for tooth enamel and synthetic (NBS) hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The synchronized cyrstal dissolution hypothesis previously proposed to explain the unusual dissolution behavior of human dental enamel and hydroxyapatite in partially saturated acidic media has been critically examined with dissolution-dialysis transport experiments. The findings are in accord with the hypothesis. A model based upon a variable effective solubility for the hydroxyapatite crystal is proposed.", "contents": "Synchronized crystal dissolution behavior for tooth enamel and synthetic (NBS) hydroxyapatite. The synchronized cyrstal dissolution hypothesis previously proposed to explain the unusual dissolution behavior of human dental enamel and hydroxyapatite in partially saturated acidic media has been critically examined with dissolution-dialysis transport experiments. The findings are in accord with the hypothesis. A model based upon a variable effective solubility for the hydroxyapatite crystal is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:265971", "title": "Collagenolysis by human gingival fibroblast cell lines.", "content": "Human gingival fibroblast cell lines were initiated in flask cultures from four periodontal patients with the diagnoses of periodontitis (two patients), fibromatosis, and Dilantin hyperplasia. The collagenolytic propensity of these fibroblasts cultivated on collagen-coated cover slips and the inhibitory effect of serum were evaluated by direct microscopic observations.", "contents": "Collagenolysis by human gingival fibroblast cell lines. Human gingival fibroblast cell lines were initiated in flask cultures from four periodontal patients with the diagnoses of periodontitis (two patients), fibromatosis, and Dilantin hyperplasia. The collagenolytic propensity of these fibroblasts cultivated on collagen-coated cover slips and the inhibitory effect of serum were evaluated by direct microscopic observations."}
{"id": "PMID:265972", "title": "Diurnal variation in epithelial cell population kinetics of young mouse tongue.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a  diurnal variation in the DNA synthesis pattern of epithelial basal cells in the dorsum of the mouse tongue between infancy and preadult ages. The pattern of DNA synthesis in the basal cells of mouse tongue in 24-hour periods for different age groups was studied by isotope labeling and radioautography. A strong diurnal variation was found in the pattern of DNA synthesis with the degree of variation dependent on the age of the experimental groups.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in epithelial cell population kinetics of young mouse tongue. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a  diurnal variation in the DNA synthesis pattern of epithelial basal cells in the dorsum of the mouse tongue between infancy and preadult ages. The pattern of DNA synthesis in the basal cells of mouse tongue in 24-hour periods for different age groups was studied by isotope labeling and radioautography. A strong diurnal variation was found in the pattern of DNA synthesis with the degree of variation dependent on the age of the experimental groups."}
{"id": "PMID:265973", "title": "The turnover of collagen in the dental pulp of rat incisors.", "content": "The turnover of collagen in the dental pulp was studied using H3-proline and microchemical techniques. The incorporation of label into the whole tissue was very high, with most of the label being incorporated into the noncollagenous substances. The rate of disappearance of label from collagen approximated the disappearance of label from noncollagenous components, suggesting that the whole pulp was undergoing rapid remodeling. There seems to be more than one metabolic pool of collagen.", "contents": "The turnover of collagen in the dental pulp of rat incisors. The turnover of collagen in the dental pulp was studied using H3-proline and microchemical techniques. The incorporation of label into the whole tissue was very high, with most of the label being incorporated into the noncollagenous substances. The rate of disappearance of label from collagen approximated the disappearance of label from noncollagenous components, suggesting that the whole pulp was undergoing rapid remodeling. There seems to be more than one metabolic pool of collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:265982", "title": "A training model for alternative teaching methods for a school of dentistry.", "content": "In the summer of 1974 the University of Louisville contracted with an educational consulting team to develop a training program to build alternative teaching methods for the school's educational program. A four-stage model consonant with the goals and objectives of the administration, the faculty, and the consultants was established. The uniqueness of the model was its personalization to individual faculty members' needs and educational interests. While other intervention processes which address the cognitive aspects of education have been developed, this model focused upon the real day-to-day problems faced by faculty. The model addressed itself to people rather than to theory and dealt with interpersonal behavior, communication skills, and classroom dynamics in education. This paper described the four phases of the training model developed for the University of Louisville and discusses the results of using the model.", "contents": "A training model for alternative teaching methods for a school of dentistry. In the summer of 1974 the University of Louisville contracted with an educational consulting team to develop a training program to build alternative teaching methods for the school's educational program. A four-stage model consonant with the goals and objectives of the administration, the faculty, and the consultants was established. The uniqueness of the model was its personalization to individual faculty members' needs and educational interests. While other intervention processes which address the cognitive aspects of education have been developed, this model focused upon the real day-to-day problems faced by faculty. The model addressed itself to people rather than to theory and dealt with interpersonal behavior, communication skills, and classroom dynamics in education. This paper described the four phases of the training model developed for the University of Louisville and discusses the results of using the model."}
{"id": "PMID:265983", "title": "An evaluation system for preclinical and clinical endodontics.", "content": "One of the most difficult tasks, facing the dental educator is the evaluation of students' preclinical and clinical performance. This article describes the development of an evaluation system that eliminates some of the problems associated with the assessment of psychomotor skills including rater subjectivity and the validity of evaluation instruments. The evaluation system discussed is currently being used by the Department of Endodontics at the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry for both preclinical and clinical endodontics. The article focuses on the development of the system, use of the clinical rating scale, and an assessment of the system's effectiveness.", "contents": "An evaluation system for preclinical and clinical endodontics. One of the most difficult tasks, facing the dental educator is the evaluation of students' preclinical and clinical performance. This article describes the development of an evaluation system that eliminates some of the problems associated with the assessment of psychomotor skills including rater subjectivity and the validity of evaluation instruments. The evaluation system discussed is currently being used by the Department of Endodontics at the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry for both preclinical and clinical endodontics. The article focuses on the development of the system, use of the clinical rating scale, and an assessment of the system's effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:265984", "title": "Dental practice management game: a new tool for teaching practice management.", "content": "This paper describes the structure of a dental practice management game. The game covers a wide spectrum of management decisions in setting up and in running a dental practice. The decisions considered include practice location, the form of practice, staffing mix, salaries, and the purchasing or leasing of equipment. The game also covers major daily, monthly, and yearly decisions including forecasting patient load, economic analysis, and scheduling of patients, workers, and operatories. The paper also discusses the cost and time required to run the game. Many sample printouts are included.", "contents": "Dental practice management game: a new tool for teaching practice management. This paper describes the structure of a dental practice management game. The game covers a wide spectrum of management decisions in setting up and in running a dental practice. The decisions considered include practice location, the form of practice, staffing mix, salaries, and the purchasing or leasing of equipment. The game also covers major daily, monthly, and yearly decisions including forecasting patient load, economic analysis, and scheduling of patients, workers, and operatories. The paper also discusses the cost and time required to run the game. Many sample printouts are included."}
{"id": "PMID:265996", "title": "Dental student attrition.", "content": "In summary, the attrition rate for the recent dental school freshman classes has been reduced to 3 1/2 %. The national freshman enrollment of US dental schools can be expected to have approximately a 7% attrition rate by the time of graduation. The reasons for student withdrawal are evenly divided between personal and academic problems. The academic problems are experienced with slightly more frequency in nonclinical courses than in technique courses, both areas of difficulty being predicted significantly by DAT scores. Finally, the attrition rate for women is higher than for men, which has been true to a significant degree in the first-year classes during the past two years, as well as for all four years of dental school. However, no specific reason has been identified for this difference.", "contents": "Dental student attrition. In summary, the attrition rate for the recent dental school freshman classes has been reduced to 3 1/2 %. The national freshman enrollment of US dental schools can be expected to have approximately a 7% attrition rate by the time of graduation. The reasons for student withdrawal are evenly divided between personal and academic problems. The academic problems are experienced with slightly more frequency in nonclinical courses than in technique courses, both areas of difficulty being predicted significantly by DAT scores. Finally, the attrition rate for women is higher than for men, which has been true to a significant degree in the first-year classes during the past two years, as well as for all four years of dental school. However, no specific reason has been identified for this difference."}
{"id": "PMID:265997", "title": "Factors influencing the choice of practice location for recent dental graduates.", "content": "A survey of factors that influenced the selection of practice location was carried out among 1971 dental school graduates. The decision process involved in this selection is a complex phenomenon that involves many personal and community value judgments. The two most important stated reasons appear to be geographic preference and recreational and cultural advantages. As in previous surveys of this type, the place of rearing seems to exert a strong influence, although less than 25% of the respondents indicated this in their three choices of most influential factors. In point of fact, however, 47% of the respondents did locate their practice near their place of rearing. This is further reinforced by the place of rearing of their spouses, if they were married. The respondent's father's occupation had some influence, but this was less significant than the other factors. Choice of specialty in all areas except dental public health, oral pathology, and orthodontics strongly influenced the respondent toward an urban practice. More rural dentists, as one would expect, were self-employed and without a partner.", "contents": "Factors influencing the choice of practice location for recent dental graduates. A survey of factors that influenced the selection of practice location was carried out among 1971 dental school graduates. The decision process involved in this selection is a complex phenomenon that involves many personal and community value judgments. The two most important stated reasons appear to be geographic preference and recreational and cultural advantages. As in previous surveys of this type, the place of rearing seems to exert a strong influence, although less than 25% of the respondents indicated this in their three choices of most influential factors. In point of fact, however, 47% of the respondents did locate their practice near their place of rearing. This is further reinforced by the place of rearing of their spouses, if they were married. The respondent's father's occupation had some influence, but this was less significant than the other factors. Choice of specialty in all areas except dental public health, oral pathology, and orthodontics strongly influenced the respondent toward an urban practice. More rural dentists, as one would expect, were self-employed and without a partner."}
{"id": "PMID:266000", "title": "A survey of 4,793 oral lesions with emphasis on neoplasia and premalignancy.", "content": "A survey was taken of a selected group of 4,793 oral lesions submitted to the oral pathology biopsy service between 1950 and 1970. About two thirds of all the specimens examined microscopically were classified as inflammatory, infectious, or reactive hyperplasia. Of the 12.6% of the sample classified as neoplasms, one of every five was malignant. Three of every four of the malignant neoplasms were microscopically diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas. Benign neoplasms were most common in ages 40 to 60, whereas premalignancies and malignancies were most commonly discovered in the slightly older age group of 50 to 70. Although malignant neoplasms were found more often in men than women, there was a striking increase in the incidence of malignancies in women in the second ten-year period of the study. There were unexplainably few malignant neoplasms found in blacks. Patients should be taught to recognize the early signs of oral premalignancy and malignancy through the use of a simple method of self-examination at home. They should be discouraged from the frequent use of tobacco and alcohol, which have long been known to be predisposing factors in the production of oral squamous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "A survey of 4,793 oral lesions with emphasis on neoplasia and premalignancy. A survey was taken of a selected group of 4,793 oral lesions submitted to the oral pathology biopsy service between 1950 and 1970. About two thirds of all the specimens examined microscopically were classified as inflammatory, infectious, or reactive hyperplasia. Of the 12.6% of the sample classified as neoplasms, one of every five was malignant. Three of every four of the malignant neoplasms were microscopically diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas. Benign neoplasms were most common in ages 40 to 60, whereas premalignancies and malignancies were most commonly discovered in the slightly older age group of 50 to 70. Although malignant neoplasms were found more often in men than women, there was a striking increase in the incidence of malignancies in women in the second ten-year period of the study. There were unexplainably few malignant neoplasms found in blacks. Patients should be taught to recognize the early signs of oral premalignancy and malignancy through the use of a simple method of self-examination at home. They should be discouraged from the frequent use of tobacco and alcohol, which have long been known to be predisposing factors in the production of oral squamous cell carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:266001", "title": "Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones with formocresol vapors.", "content": "Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones was accomplished by exposing them to formocresol vapors for 16 hours. The data obtained from this in vitro study indicate that gaseous sterilization with formocresol vapors is effective against a variety of gram-positive, gram-negative, and spore-forming microorganisms.", "contents": "Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones with formocresol vapors. Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones was accomplished by exposing them to formocresol vapors for 16 hours. The data obtained from this in vitro study indicate that gaseous sterilization with formocresol vapors is effective against a variety of gram-positive, gram-negative, and spore-forming microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:266002", "title": "Surface properties of dental amalgam: roughness produced by setting reaction.", "content": "During the setting of dental amalgam, silver-mercury (gamma1) and tin mercury (gamma2) intermetallic compounds (phases) are formed. Since these compounds have distinct crystalline forms, they may be discerned on the surface of a setting sample. Visual identification of these phases on polished and etched samples is often difficult and, hence, surface morphology studies have an advantage in following the stages of the setting reaction. The purpose of this investigation was to use high-resolution light microscopy to follow the course of the setting reaction. Amalgam specimens were triturated and condensed against glass plates under pressure. The sample surfaces were then photographed under a high-resolution metallographic microscope using oblique illumination. The roughness of four samples for each alloy type was determined with a surface profile analyzer at times between ten minutes and 23 hours after trituration. An electron microprobe was used to identify the gamma1 and gamma2 phases. The gamma1 phase had a polyhedramorphology, and the gamma2 crystals formed intermeshed smooth areas. During the setting reaction, the average times for the roughness to reach 95% of the final value were 189, 227, 96, 65, and 116 minutes after trituration for the various amalgam types studied. All alloys tested required polishing several hours after trituration.", "contents": "Surface properties of dental amalgam: roughness produced by setting reaction. During the setting of dental amalgam, silver-mercury (gamma1) and tin mercury (gamma2) intermetallic compounds (phases) are formed. Since these compounds have distinct crystalline forms, they may be discerned on the surface of a setting sample. Visual identification of these phases on polished and etched samples is often difficult and, hence, surface morphology studies have an advantage in following the stages of the setting reaction. The purpose of this investigation was to use high-resolution light microscopy to follow the course of the setting reaction. Amalgam specimens were triturated and condensed against glass plates under pressure. The sample surfaces were then photographed under a high-resolution metallographic microscope using oblique illumination. The roughness of four samples for each alloy type was determined with a surface profile analyzer at times between ten minutes and 23 hours after trituration. An electron microprobe was used to identify the gamma1 and gamma2 phases. The gamma1 phase had a polyhedramorphology, and the gamma2 crystals formed intermeshed smooth areas. During the setting reaction, the average times for the roughness to reach 95% of the final value were 189, 227, 96, 65, and 116 minutes after trituration for the various amalgam types studied. All alloys tested required polishing several hours after trituration."}
{"id": "PMID:266003", "title": "Wetting of amalgam alloys by mercury.", "content": "The degree of wetting of amalgam alloy by mercury during trituration is an important variable in determining reaction rates and the degree of amalgamation. The purpose of this study was to measure the contact angle made by mercury on various phases present in amalgam alloy in air and on commercial alloys. During amalgamation, mercury is in contact with the oxides present on the amalgam alloy as well as the metallic amalgam phase. To measure the degree of wetting of the metallic phases, silver, tin, and copper were melted in such proportions as to give specimens of silver, tin, the alpha, beta, and gamma silver-tin phases, the eutectic in the silver-copper system. These were cast in the form of cylinders, sectioned, and the surfaces prepared by sandblasting. Oxide specimens of AgO, Ag2O, SnO, and SnO2 were prepared by compaction in a mold. Four commercial amalgam alloys also were tested. Mercury drops were then placed on the surfaces and the contact angles measured at different time intervals. The initial contact angles of mercury on the alpha, beta, gamma, and eutectic phases were found to be 90degrees, 112 degrees, 145 degrees, and 138 degrees, respectively. Mercury reacted with silver and tin, resulting in a change of contact angle with time. Contact angles measured on the commerical alloys were also high, on the order of 145 degrees. The gamma phase had contact angles closest to those of commercial alloys. Surface oxide phases are most likely responsible for this poor wettablility by mercury.", "contents": "Wetting of amalgam alloys by mercury. The degree of wetting of amalgam alloy by mercury during trituration is an important variable in determining reaction rates and the degree of amalgamation. The purpose of this study was to measure the contact angle made by mercury on various phases present in amalgam alloy in air and on commercial alloys. During amalgamation, mercury is in contact with the oxides present on the amalgam alloy as well as the metallic amalgam phase. To measure the degree of wetting of the metallic phases, silver, tin, and copper were melted in such proportions as to give specimens of silver, tin, the alpha, beta, and gamma silver-tin phases, the eutectic in the silver-copper system. These were cast in the form of cylinders, sectioned, and the surfaces prepared by sandblasting. Oxide specimens of AgO, Ag2O, SnO, and SnO2 were prepared by compaction in a mold. Four commercial amalgam alloys also were tested. Mercury drops were then placed on the surfaces and the contact angles measured at different time intervals. The initial contact angles of mercury on the alpha, beta, gamma, and eutectic phases were found to be 90degrees, 112 degrees, 145 degrees, and 138 degrees, respectively. Mercury reacted with silver and tin, resulting in a change of contact angle with time. Contact angles measured on the commerical alloys were also high, on the order of 145 degrees. The gamma phase had contact angles closest to those of commercial alloys. Surface oxide phases are most likely responsible for this poor wettablility by mercury."}
{"id": "PMID:266004", "title": "The efficacy of the laryngeal reflex in conscious sedation.", "content": "The Jorgensen technique and nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation were evaluated for the risk of aspiration. Volunteers and patients were studied in the supine, semisupine, and Trendelenburg positions. Aspiration occurred in a single patient under the Jorgensen technique and could be related to the presence of a narcotic in the mixture. The incidence of tracheal soiling was lower than that with other intravenous techniques and could be attributed to the use of the semisupine position or the baseline concept of narcotic dosage in the Jorgensen technique. In the nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation technique, aspiration was not noted. The study suggests that use of a narcotic in an intravenous sedative technique increases the hazard of aspiration.", "contents": "The efficacy of the laryngeal reflex in conscious sedation. The Jorgensen technique and nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation were evaluated for the risk of aspiration. Volunteers and patients were studied in the supine, semisupine, and Trendelenburg positions. Aspiration occurred in a single patient under the Jorgensen technique and could be related to the presence of a narcotic in the mixture. The incidence of tracheal soiling was lower than that with other intravenous techniques and could be attributed to the use of the semisupine position or the baseline concept of narcotic dosage in the Jorgensen technique. In the nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation technique, aspiration was not noted. The study suggests that use of a narcotic in an intravenous sedative technique increases the hazard of aspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:266005", "title": "Gastroscopic removal of a partial denture.", "content": "This report of an ingested dental prosthesis is submitted to emphasize the need for incorporation of radiopaque material in dental appliances and also to report the safety and efficacy of fiberoptic endoscopy in the nonsurgical treatment of accidental ingestions.", "contents": "Gastroscopic removal of a partial denture. This report of an ingested dental prosthesis is submitted to emphasize the need for incorporation of radiopaque material in dental appliances and also to report the safety and efficacy of fiberoptic endoscopy in the nonsurgical treatment of accidental ingestions."}
{"id": "PMID:266007", "title": "Clinical examination of the head and neck.", "content": "In the head and neck examination portion of the ADA health screening program approximately 6% of the examinees were found to have at least one abnormality. Three patients had lesions that were highly suspected of being malignant. Most of the examinees were unaware of their condition, but a small percentage were aware and had chosen to have no diagnostic or curative procedures initiated. Three patients had manifestations of systemic disease of which they were unaware. A method of doing a head and neck examination was demonstrated to the dentists, and the finding of 6% of the dentists with some abnormality indicates the significance of the head and neck examination.", "contents": "Clinical examination of the head and neck. In the head and neck examination portion of the ADA health screening program approximately 6% of the examinees were found to have at least one abnormality. Three patients had lesions that were highly suspected of being malignant. Most of the examinees were unaware of their condition, but a small percentage were aware and had chosen to have no diagnostic or curative procedures initiated. Three patients had manifestations of systemic disease of which they were unaware. A method of doing a head and neck examination was demonstrated to the dentists, and the finding of 6% of the dentists with some abnormality indicates the significance of the head and neck examination."}
{"id": "PMID:266048", "title": "A new intra-oral screw jack.", "content": "A new pattern of screwjack for assessing the vertical dimension for occlusion utilizing an edentulous patient's proprioceptive sensation is described. It provides a greater range of movement than other, giving infinitely variable heights between 9 and 21 mm. The elements being captive, it cannot come to pieces in use. Laboratory experiments were contrived to define the magnitude of reading errors and the play in the screw threads. It was found that, only in instances where a graduation related closely to the datum mark, did errors of interpretation arise. These were found to exceed the height set for test purposes by 0-1 mm consistently. An error of this order is of no practical significance clinically and is no impediment to such an application of the device. Mean play in the new pattern jacks was 0-01 mm compared to 0-05 mm in the Timmer versions. In a clinical experiment the performance of the screw was compared to that of Timmer. Statistical evidence was found which suggested a functional difference between the two, the new pattern being significantly more accurate.", "contents": "A new intra-oral screw jack. A new pattern of screwjack for assessing the vertical dimension for occlusion utilizing an edentulous patient's proprioceptive sensation is described. It provides a greater range of movement than other, giving infinitely variable heights between 9 and 21 mm. The elements being captive, it cannot come to pieces in use. Laboratory experiments were contrived to define the magnitude of reading errors and the play in the screw threads. It was found that, only in instances where a graduation related closely to the datum mark, did errors of interpretation arise. These were found to exceed the height set for test purposes by 0-1 mm consistently. An error of this order is of no practical significance clinically and is no impediment to such an application of the device. Mean play in the new pattern jacks was 0-01 mm compared to 0-05 mm in the Timmer versions. In a clinical experiment the performance of the screw was compared to that of Timmer. Statistical evidence was found which suggested a functional difference between the two, the new pattern being significantly more accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:266049", "title": "A comparative study of three different approaches to the comfortable zone.", "content": "By means of a screw jack device, applied to thirteen edentulous subjects, the comfortable zone was approached in three different ways, by the central, the internal and the external approaches. Correspondingly, the zonal borders behaved differently. Applying the central approach it was found that the initial height of the screw jack had a lingering effect upon subsequent adjustments of the screw. Moreover, lower border data collected by the external approach distinguished themselves from other zonal border data by showing a significantly lower susceptibility to successive adjustments. The study suggests that muscle activity is a factor on which the perceptual mechanism relies, when a zonal border is assessed subjectively by a patient.", "contents": "A comparative study of three different approaches to the comfortable zone. By means of a screw jack device, applied to thirteen edentulous subjects, the comfortable zone was approached in three different ways, by the central, the internal and the external approaches. Correspondingly, the zonal borders behaved differently. Applying the central approach it was found that the initial height of the screw jack had a lingering effect upon subsequent adjustments of the screw. Moreover, lower border data collected by the external approach distinguished themselves from other zonal border data by showing a significantly lower susceptibility to successive adjustments. The study suggests that muscle activity is a factor on which the perceptual mechanism relies, when a zonal border is assessed subjectively by a patient."}
{"id": "PMID:266050", "title": "Aspects of functional improvement after treatment of a pain dysfunction patient.", "content": "First results of an investigation of several aspects of the function of the chewing apparatus by means of optical-electric movement scanning, EMG and occlusal sound registration on one time base, are presented. Observations made on a patient with pain-dysfunction syndrome before and after treatment has been compared with observations made on a healthy subject. It has been suggested that the method used, may be of value for objective evaluation of functional improvement and analyses of several aspects of the physiology of the chewing apparatus.", "contents": "Aspects of functional improvement after treatment of a pain dysfunction patient. First results of an investigation of several aspects of the function of the chewing apparatus by means of optical-electric movement scanning, EMG and occlusal sound registration on one time base, are presented. Observations made on a patient with pain-dysfunction syndrome before and after treatment has been compared with observations made on a healthy subject. It has been suggested that the method used, may be of value for objective evaluation of functional improvement and analyses of several aspects of the physiology of the chewing apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:266051", "title": "Colorimetric determination of the masticatory performance.", "content": "A description is given of a colorimetric method to measure the masticatory function. It is based on the release of dye when chewing raw carrots. Information is given about the reproducibility of the method. The procedure takes 30 min for eight tests on one subject and can be carried out with standard laboratory equipment.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of the masticatory performance. A description is given of a colorimetric method to measure the masticatory function. It is based on the release of dye when chewing raw carrots. Information is given about the reproducibility of the method. The procedure takes 30 min for eight tests on one subject and can be carried out with standard laboratory equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:266052", "title": "Dimension discrimination at two different degrees of mouth opening and the effect of anaesthesia applied to the periodontal ligaments.", "content": "The dimension discrimination ability of twenty-five young persons was tested at two different degrees of mouth opening. One reference stick of 10-0 mm and another of 45-0 mm was placed between the teeth, alternating with test sticks of different heights. The subjects were asked to assess whether a test stick felt higher or lower than the reference stick. The experiment was performed with and without anaesthesia applied to the periodontal ligaments. Anaesthesia did not impair the discrimination ability. At dimensions in the region of the 10-0 mm stick the incorrect assessments occurred predominantly among sticks higher than the reference stick. Around the 45-0 mm stick incorrect assessments were distributed evenly between dimensions higher or lower than the reference stick.", "contents": "Dimension discrimination at two different degrees of mouth opening and the effect of anaesthesia applied to the periodontal ligaments. The dimension discrimination ability of twenty-five young persons was tested at two different degrees of mouth opening. One reference stick of 10-0 mm and another of 45-0 mm was placed between the teeth, alternating with test sticks of different heights. The subjects were asked to assess whether a test stick felt higher or lower than the reference stick. The experiment was performed with and without anaesthesia applied to the periodontal ligaments. Anaesthesia did not impair the discrimination ability. At dimensions in the region of the 10-0 mm stick the incorrect assessments occurred predominantly among sticks higher than the reference stick. Around the 45-0 mm stick incorrect assessments were distributed evenly between dimensions higher or lower than the reference stick."}
{"id": "PMID:266054", "title": "Tooth tapping ability of young and elderly males and females.", "content": "The ability to perform high frequency tooth tapping movements was studied in young dentulous, elderly dentulous and elderly edentulous subjects of both sexes as a possible test of the overall efficiency of the masticatory motor apparatus and related structures. Tapping frequency was measured during a test period of 90s by counting the number of taps per 5 s intervals. It was found that observed values of tapping frequency could be fitted to an exponential equation with a high degree of fit for 90% of the young subjects and for 60% of the elderly subjects. The values of the remaining elderly subjects were best fitted to straight lines. The elderly subjects could thus be regarded as belonging to two different populations which were differently affected by advanced age and loss of teeth regarding their tooth tapping ability. Young dentulous subjects had the highest starting frequency (6-1 Hz) followed by elderly dentulous (5-5 Hz) and elderly edentulous subjects (4-9 Hz). The lower limits were 4-6 Hz for young dentulous subjects, 4-1 Hz for elderly dentulous and 3-7 Hz for elderly edentulous subjects. The average group means pointed all in the same direction that increased age and loss of teeth change the functional ability by deteriorating it.", "contents": "Tooth tapping ability of young and elderly males and females. The ability to perform high frequency tooth tapping movements was studied in young dentulous, elderly dentulous and elderly edentulous subjects of both sexes as a possible test of the overall efficiency of the masticatory motor apparatus and related structures. Tapping frequency was measured during a test period of 90s by counting the number of taps per 5 s intervals. It was found that observed values of tapping frequency could be fitted to an exponential equation with a high degree of fit for 90% of the young subjects and for 60% of the elderly subjects. The values of the remaining elderly subjects were best fitted to straight lines. The elderly subjects could thus be regarded as belonging to two different populations which were differently affected by advanced age and loss of teeth regarding their tooth tapping ability. Young dentulous subjects had the highest starting frequency (6-1 Hz) followed by elderly dentulous (5-5 Hz) and elderly edentulous subjects (4-9 Hz). The lower limits were 4-6 Hz for young dentulous subjects, 4-1 Hz for elderly dentulous and 3-7 Hz for elderly edentulous subjects. The average group means pointed all in the same direction that increased age and loss of teeth change the functional ability by deteriorating it."}
{"id": "PMID:266055", "title": "The performance of ultraviolet lights used to polymerize fissure sealants.", "content": "The performances of ultraviolet (uv) lights used to initiate polymerization in fissure sealant systems were studied with a view to establishing recommendations for improving clinical results. The relationship between the setting time of an uv polymerized sealant (Nuva-seal) and the intensity of radiation applied was first established. This was compared with the intensity and distribution of radiation from seven Nuva-lites and one Quartzlite. It was found that some of the Nuva-lites did not produce an average intensity of uv radiation sufficient to completely polymerize Nuva-seal within the manufacturer's recommended exposure times. It is suggested that this may be a factor contributing to the large variation in sealant retention found in the different clinical trials with Nuva-seal. Finally, a number of recommendations are made to ensure that sufficient uv radiation is applied to all sealant surfaces when the Nuva-seal system is used.", "contents": "The performance of ultraviolet lights used to polymerize fissure sealants. The performances of ultraviolet (uv) lights used to initiate polymerization in fissure sealant systems were studied with a view to establishing recommendations for improving clinical results. The relationship between the setting time of an uv polymerized sealant (Nuva-seal) and the intensity of radiation applied was first established. This was compared with the intensity and distribution of radiation from seven Nuva-lites and one Quartzlite. It was found that some of the Nuva-lites did not produce an average intensity of uv radiation sufficient to completely polymerize Nuva-seal within the manufacturer's recommended exposure times. It is suggested that this may be a factor contributing to the large variation in sealant retention found in the different clinical trials with Nuva-seal. Finally, a number of recommendations are made to ensure that sufficient uv radiation is applied to all sealant surfaces when the Nuva-seal system is used."}
{"id": "PMID:266056", "title": "Musculo-articular disorders of the stomatognathic system in school children examined according to clinical criteria.", "content": "The present investigations were undertaken for establishing the frequency of musculo-articular disorders of the stomatognathic system in healthy children as well as determining their features and degree. The study covered 500 children from Warsaw's primary schools--250 children aged 6-8 years and 250 aged 13-15 years. An incidence of disorder of 56-4 and 67-6% was found in the groups of younger and older children, respectively; their number and severity being significantly higher among the latter. The chi-square test showed no relation between the disorders of the temporomandibular joint and malocclusion or the premature loss of teeth in the group of younger children; in the older group the correlation was significant but of very low degree. The suggestion is made that the correlation between musculo-articular disorders, malocclusions and loss of teeth, is probably determined by the length of time during which the dysfunction is exerting its effect.", "contents": "Musculo-articular disorders of the stomatognathic system in school children examined according to clinical criteria. The present investigations were undertaken for establishing the frequency of musculo-articular disorders of the stomatognathic system in healthy children as well as determining their features and degree. The study covered 500 children from Warsaw's primary schools--250 children aged 6-8 years and 250 aged 13-15 years. An incidence of disorder of 56-4 and 67-6% was found in the groups of younger and older children, respectively; their number and severity being significantly higher among the latter. The chi-square test showed no relation between the disorders of the temporomandibular joint and malocclusion or the premature loss of teeth in the group of younger children; in the older group the correlation was significant but of very low degree. The suggestion is made that the correlation between musculo-articular disorders, malocclusions and loss of teeth, is probably determined by the length of time during which the dysfunction is exerting its effect."}
{"id": "PMID:266059", "title": "Small segmental and unitooth ostectomies to correct dentoalveolar deformities.", "content": "The experiences gained in the use of small-segment and unitooth ostectomies completed in a two-stage technique are presented. In the adult patient, this procedure has become reliable to improve both form and function and to give a stable, predictable result.", "contents": "Small segmental and unitooth ostectomies to correct dentoalveolar deformities. The experiences gained in the use of small-segment and unitooth ostectomies completed in a two-stage technique are presented. In the adult patient, this procedure has become reliable to improve both form and function and to give a stable, predictable result."}
{"id": "PMID:266060", "title": "The early results of treatment of the obese by a diet regimen enforced by maxillomandibular fixation.", "content": "The early results of a technique of dieting enforced by maxillomandibular fixation for the treatment of the obese patient are reported. The results showed that some grossly obese patients can lose a considerable amount of weight with the technique. The maxillomandibular fixation was applied by metal cap splints and, clinically, they had no detrimental effect on the dental tissues.", "contents": "The early results of treatment of the obese by a diet regimen enforced by maxillomandibular fixation. The early results of a technique of dieting enforced by maxillomandibular fixation for the treatment of the obese patient are reported. The results showed that some grossly obese patients can lose a considerable amount of weight with the technique. The maxillomandibular fixation was applied by metal cap splints and, clinically, they had no detrimental effect on the dental tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:266061", "title": "Microspectrophotometric determination of DNA in oral lesions.", "content": "The DNA content of the epithelial basal cells of oral lesions was determined by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. The DNA histograms of the radicular cysts showed a definite peak in the diploid range and a slight deviation to the right. The keratocysts also showed a well-defined modal peak in the diploid range; however, another cell population defined a peak in the tetraploid range. In leukoplakias of the oral cavity, two different profiles of DNA distribution were found. Where both the clinical and microscopic traits defined a nondysplastic lesion, the histogram showed a diploid peak and a percentage of cells in diploid-tetraploid range. For the more active lesion, a shift of the mode towards higher values was evident. The microspectrophotometric studies of oral epidermoid carcinomas showed a broad distribution towards the right and ill-defined modal values.", "contents": "Microspectrophotometric determination of DNA in oral lesions. The DNA content of the epithelial basal cells of oral lesions was determined by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. The DNA histograms of the radicular cysts showed a definite peak in the diploid range and a slight deviation to the right. The keratocysts also showed a well-defined modal peak in the diploid range; however, another cell population defined a peak in the tetraploid range. In leukoplakias of the oral cavity, two different profiles of DNA distribution were found. Where both the clinical and microscopic traits defined a nondysplastic lesion, the histogram showed a diploid peak and a percentage of cells in diploid-tetraploid range. For the more active lesion, a shift of the mode towards higher values was evident. The microspectrophotometric studies of oral epidermoid carcinomas showed a broad distribution towards the right and ill-defined modal values."}
{"id": "PMID:266062", "title": "Late effects of condylar irradiation in a child: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "An unusual case in which hypertrophy of the mandibular condyle and hypoplasia of the maxilla and zygoma were observed in an 8-year-old child who had been irradiated at age 2 for malignant disease has been presented. Pertinent literature on the effect of irradiation of epiphyseal centers of growing bone has been reviewed. Consideration has been given to the possible mechanisms operative in producing the aberrations observed in this case, but the precise etiology remains obscure.", "contents": "Late effects of condylar irradiation in a child: review of the literature and report of case. An unusual case in which hypertrophy of the mandibular condyle and hypoplasia of the maxilla and zygoma were observed in an 8-year-old child who had been irradiated at age 2 for malignant disease has been presented. Pertinent literature on the effect of irradiation of epiphyseal centers of growing bone has been reviewed. Consideration has been given to the possible mechanisms operative in producing the aberrations observed in this case, but the precise etiology remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:266063", "title": "Possible relationship of primary hyperparathyroidism and fibrous dysplasia: report of case.", "content": "This report has considered the possibility that the described patient had a maxillary and possibly a mandibular fibrous dysplasia concomitant with a parathyroid abnormality. It has attempted to arouse the diagnostician's suspicion of possible interrelations of fibrous dysplasia and endocrine abnormalities, and to strengthen the hypothesis of others that association of fibrous dysplasia and hyperparathyroidism is not coincidental. Clinical, radiographic, and laboratory examinations more than a year postoperatively further substantiate our hypothesis that the patient had a facial fibrous dysplasia concomitant with primary hyperparathyroidism. The maxilla and mandible continued to enlarge clinically. Systemic manifestations of hyperparathyroidism had resolved. Calcium phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels returned to normal limits. Radiographically, there had been remodeling and recalcification of all involved bones except the maxilla and mandible which continued to expand. A possible explanation is that the maxillofacial lesions represent the polyostotic fibrous dysplasia component of the Albright syndrome. The endocrine abnormality could be manifested by the hyperparathyroidism. The third component of Albright syndrome, caf\u00e9 au lait lesions, has not been identified. The potential interrelation of fibrous dysplasia with endocrine abnormalities is obviously important from a diagnostic and therapeutic standpoint. If there is more than a coincidental relationship-hereditary, hormonal, neurological, developmental, or any as-yet-unknown factor-only further research and studies will confirm or disprove it.", "contents": "Possible relationship of primary hyperparathyroidism and fibrous dysplasia: report of case. This report has considered the possibility that the described patient had a maxillary and possibly a mandibular fibrous dysplasia concomitant with a parathyroid abnormality. It has attempted to arouse the diagnostician's suspicion of possible interrelations of fibrous dysplasia and endocrine abnormalities, and to strengthen the hypothesis of others that association of fibrous dysplasia and hyperparathyroidism is not coincidental. Clinical, radiographic, and laboratory examinations more than a year postoperatively further substantiate our hypothesis that the patient had a facial fibrous dysplasia concomitant with primary hyperparathyroidism. The maxilla and mandible continued to enlarge clinically. Systemic manifestations of hyperparathyroidism had resolved. Calcium phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels returned to normal limits. Radiographically, there had been remodeling and recalcification of all involved bones except the maxilla and mandible which continued to expand. A possible explanation is that the maxillofacial lesions represent the polyostotic fibrous dysplasia component of the Albright syndrome. The endocrine abnormality could be manifested by the hyperparathyroidism. The third component of Albright syndrome, caf\u00e9 au lait lesions, has not been identified. The potential interrelation of fibrous dysplasia with endocrine abnormalities is obviously important from a diagnostic and therapeutic standpoint. If there is more than a coincidental relationship-hereditary, hormonal, neurological, developmental, or any as-yet-unknown factor-only further research and studies will confirm or disprove it."}
{"id": "PMID:266066", "title": "Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case.", "content": "A case report of plasma cell tumor of the maxilla has been reported. In addition, the characteristics of both the solitary lesion and multiple myeloma are presented to compare and contrast the two lesions. We realize that the follow-up period to date has not been sufficient to justify the final diagnosis of solitary plasma cell tumor, even though laboratory data thus far have not indicated dissemination. The patient's condition may or may not progress into the disseminated stage, but this will be determined by time.", "contents": "Plasmacytoma of the maxilla: report of case. A case report of plasma cell tumor of the maxilla has been reported. In addition, the characteristics of both the solitary lesion and multiple myeloma are presented to compare and contrast the two lesions. We realize that the follow-up period to date has not been sufficient to justify the final diagnosis of solitary plasma cell tumor, even though laboratory data thus far have not indicated dissemination. The patient's condition may or may not progress into the disseminated stage, but this will be determined by time."}
{"id": "PMID:266068", "title": "Neurofibrosarcoma of the mandible.", "content": "A case has been reported to illustrate the apparent transition of a neurofibroma into a neurofibrosarcoma. Biopsy of the inferior alveolar nerve, proximal to the lesion, was used to determine the extent of tumor extension. En block excision of the tumor was performed. The patient has been without evidence of recurrence for approximatley 3 1/2 years. Bone graft reconstruction has been completed and full function has been restored to the mandible.", "contents": "Neurofibrosarcoma of the mandible. A case has been reported to illustrate the apparent transition of a neurofibroma into a neurofibrosarcoma. Biopsy of the inferior alveolar nerve, proximal to the lesion, was used to determine the extent of tumor extension. En block excision of the tumor was performed. The patient has been without evidence of recurrence for approximatley 3 1/2 years. Bone graft reconstruction has been completed and full function has been restored to the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:266069", "title": "Primary intraoral sarcoidosis.", "content": "A case of sarcoidosis manifesting primarily in the oral cavity has been documented and clinicopathological findings are discussed. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis can nearly always be established by an assessment of the clinical picture in combination with the histologic features of an adequate biopsy specimen. The Kveim test is a useful tool in clinical diagnosis, but is not always positive in patients with sarcoidosis. The clinician should also be aware that false positives can occur. Scalene node biopsy can also be a useful diagnostic adjunct. The current case emphasizes that biopsy of an intraoral lesion, scalene node biopsy, and Kveim testing are useful in establishing a diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Primary intraoral sarcoidosis. A case of sarcoidosis manifesting primarily in the oral cavity has been documented and clinicopathological findings are discussed. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis can nearly always be established by an assessment of the clinical picture in combination with the histologic features of an adequate biopsy specimen. The Kveim test is a useful tool in clinical diagnosis, but is not always positive in patients with sarcoidosis. The clinician should also be aware that false positives can occur. Scalene node biopsy can also be a useful diagnostic adjunct. The current case emphasizes that biopsy of an intraoral lesion, scalene node biopsy, and Kveim testing are useful in establishing a diagnosis of sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:266070", "title": "A simple metal bone implant for postsurgical radiographic evaluation.", "content": "A simplified method of implanting metal markers in bone enables the surgeon to make more accurate postsurgical radiographic assessments of changes in facial bones.", "contents": "A simple metal bone implant for postsurgical radiographic evaluation. A simplified method of implanting metal markers in bone enables the surgeon to make more accurate postsurgical radiographic assessments of changes in facial bones."}
{"id": "PMID:266072", "title": "Periodontal osseous defects associated with vitally submerged roots.", "content": "1. Vital roots associated with periodontal osseous defects can be clinically submerged beneath a soft tissue flap. 2. Connective tissue fibers filled the submerged osseous defects and were oriented parallel to the root surfaces in the majority of cases. 3. New cementum lined the root surface at the base of two successfully submerged defects, but was not apparent on the dentin amputation sites of any submerged roots. 4. Eight of the nine clinically submerged defects exhibited positive radiographic changes. The six control defects showed no positive radiographic changes. 5. All successfully submerged defects showed histologic evidence of new bone formation. New bone formation was not apparent in any of the control defects or nonsubmerged defects. 6. Either no epithelium or only a narrow band of epithelium was associated with the successfully submerged roots. A connective tissue inflammatory infiltrate was not present within the submerged defects. 7. The defects of all control teeth and nonsubmerged experimental roots contained epithelial downgrowth accompanied by a chronic inflammatory response in the connective tissue. 8. Pulpal tissues associated with submerged roots appeared vital without significant degenerative or inflammatory changes. Pulpal tissue was continuous with overlying connective tissue.", "contents": "Periodontal osseous defects associated with vitally submerged roots. 1. Vital roots associated with periodontal osseous defects can be clinically submerged beneath a soft tissue flap. 2. Connective tissue fibers filled the submerged osseous defects and were oriented parallel to the root surfaces in the majority of cases. 3. New cementum lined the root surface at the base of two successfully submerged defects, but was not apparent on the dentin amputation sites of any submerged roots. 4. Eight of the nine clinically submerged defects exhibited positive radiographic changes. The six control defects showed no positive radiographic changes. 5. All successfully submerged defects showed histologic evidence of new bone formation. New bone formation was not apparent in any of the control defects or nonsubmerged defects. 6. Either no epithelium or only a narrow band of epithelium was associated with the successfully submerged roots. A connective tissue inflammatory infiltrate was not present within the submerged defects. 7. The defects of all control teeth and nonsubmerged experimental roots contained epithelial downgrowth accompanied by a chronic inflammatory response in the connective tissue. 8. Pulpal tissues associated with submerged roots appeared vital without significant degenerative or inflammatory changes. Pulpal tissue was continuous with overlying connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:266074", "title": "Human clinical and histologic repair responses following the use of citric acid in periodontal therapy.", "content": "Seven blocks containing one tooth each were obtained from two patients undergoing treatment for periodontitis. Sixteen weeks prior to block removal, these sites were treated by periodontal flap surgery. In six teeth a citric acid solution (pH = 1) was applied for 2 minutes to the planed root surfaces. The seventh tooth received identical periodontal therapy except that saline was applied to the planed root for 2 minutes. At the end of the experimental period, the blocks were removed and prepared for histologic study. In five out of six citric acid treated specimens, no evidence was observed suggesting that citric acid applications either initiated or accelerated cementogenesis or functional connective tissue attachment at root surfaces previously exposed to periodontal pockets. In one specimen, repair cementum was seen crestally to the alveolar margin. This cementum was deposited on the surface of acellular cementum. Unfortunately, however, the specimen does not allow us to date the deposition of the repair cementum. It thus remains questionable whether this cemental deposition is indeed a repair response to the specific treatment performed.", "contents": "Human clinical and histologic repair responses following the use of citric acid in periodontal therapy. Seven blocks containing one tooth each were obtained from two patients undergoing treatment for periodontitis. Sixteen weeks prior to block removal, these sites were treated by periodontal flap surgery. In six teeth a citric acid solution (pH = 1) was applied for 2 minutes to the planed root surfaces. The seventh tooth received identical periodontal therapy except that saline was applied to the planed root for 2 minutes. At the end of the experimental period, the blocks were removed and prepared for histologic study. In five out of six citric acid treated specimens, no evidence was observed suggesting that citric acid applications either initiated or accelerated cementogenesis or functional connective tissue attachment at root surfaces previously exposed to periodontal pockets. In one specimen, repair cementum was seen crestally to the alveolar margin. This cementum was deposited on the surface of acellular cementum. Unfortunately, however, the specimen does not allow us to date the deposition of the repair cementum. It thus remains questionable whether this cemental deposition is indeed a repair response to the specific treatment performed."}
{"id": "PMID:266076", "title": "Effect of soluble extracts from periodontal dressings on human granulocytic leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "Purified populations of human polymorphonuclear granulocytic leukocytes were exposed in vitro to solubilized material(s) extracted from two commerical periodontal dressings. The composiitonof one dressing contained eugenol while that of the other lacked it. Extracts were prepared by placing each mixed dressing in isotonic saline for 18 to 24 hours. Granulocytic leukocytes received serial dilutions of each extract and were then evaluated at 15 minutes and at 3 hours of culture for changes in viability and elaboration of cyto-plasmic and lysosomal enzymes. High concentrations of extract from each dressing were toxic to the cultured granulocytes. Measurements for cell viability and release of cytoplasmic enzyme revealed that the toxic potential in the eugenol-free dressing was greater. With cell damage, extracellular release of the lysosomal enzymes was found to occur. Serially increased dilutions of either extract to nontoxic concentrations failed to selectively release lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of soluble extracts from periodontal dressings on human granulocytic leukocytes in vitro. Purified populations of human polymorphonuclear granulocytic leukocytes were exposed in vitro to solubilized material(s) extracted from two commerical periodontal dressings. The composiitonof one dressing contained eugenol while that of the other lacked it. Extracts were prepared by placing each mixed dressing in isotonic saline for 18 to 24 hours. Granulocytic leukocytes received serial dilutions of each extract and were then evaluated at 15 minutes and at 3 hours of culture for changes in viability and elaboration of cyto-plasmic and lysosomal enzymes. High concentrations of extract from each dressing were toxic to the cultured granulocytes. Measurements for cell viability and release of cytoplasmic enzyme revealed that the toxic potential in the eugenol-free dressing was greater. With cell damage, extracellular release of the lysosomal enzymes was found to occur. Serially increased dilutions of either extract to nontoxic concentrations failed to selectively release lysosomal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:266077", "title": "Migratory stomatitis: a case report.", "content": "This case report discusses a 42-year-old male patient who presented with migratory stomatitis located on the labial  and buccal mucosa and the lateral tongue border. The lesions were circumscribed, flat, smooth, and red in color with a slightly raised white border varying in size from 3 mm to over 1 cm. Duration was between 7 and 14 days and healing transpired without scarring. Follow-up continued for approximately 1 year and at each visit several lesions were seen. The possibility of stress and heredity as positive factors was considered, but with so few reported cases conclusions would be purely speculative. The absence of dermatologic pathology does not aid in establishing a relationship with psoriasis, however there is a microscopic similarity. An almost total lack of clinical symptoms may contribute to this sparse documentation, therefore dental practitioners should be articularly observant when examining oral soft tissues. Further recognition and investigation is necessary before a cause can be discovered.", "contents": "Migratory stomatitis: a case report. This case report discusses a 42-year-old male patient who presented with migratory stomatitis located on the labial  and buccal mucosa and the lateral tongue border. The lesions were circumscribed, flat, smooth, and red in color with a slightly raised white border varying in size from 3 mm to over 1 cm. Duration was between 7 and 14 days and healing transpired without scarring. Follow-up continued for approximately 1 year and at each visit several lesions were seen. The possibility of stress and heredity as positive factors was considered, but with so few reported cases conclusions would be purely speculative. The absence of dermatologic pathology does not aid in establishing a relationship with psoriasis, however there is a microscopic similarity. An almost total lack of clinical symptoms may contribute to this sparse documentation, therefore dental practitioners should be articularly observant when examining oral soft tissues. Further recognition and investigation is necessary before a cause can be discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:266078", "title": "Protracted gingival pain associated with free nerve endings-report of a case.", "content": "This report describes a localized painful gingiva in the region of the incisive papilla of 5 years duration in a 68-year-old Caucasian woman. Clinical examination revealed no recognizable lesion. The histological observations showed a relatively large number of free nerve endings within the epithelium and the lamina propria. Excision of the painful area relieved the symptoms.", "contents": "Protracted gingival pain associated with free nerve endings-report of a case. This report describes a localized painful gingiva in the region of the incisive papilla of 5 years duration in a 68-year-old Caucasian woman. Clinical examination revealed no recognizable lesion. The histological observations showed a relatively large number of free nerve endings within the epithelium and the lamina propria. Excision of the painful area relieved the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:266079", "title": "[Pseudo-sarcomatous osteomyilitis in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report three unusual cases of paediatric osteomyelitis resembling a lytic or mixed osteosarcoma. The severity of the radiological lesions is such that only a diagnostic approach is possible before surgical biopsy. Under the effects of treatment, osteolysis resolved in two cases by bone eburnation in two cases and pandiaphyseal sequestration in one case. These three cases were collected in less than a year. Thus osteomyelitis is currently adding new diagnostic traps in bone pathology in children.", "contents": "[Pseudo-sarcomatous osteomyilitis in the child (author's transl)]. The authors report three unusual cases of paediatric osteomyelitis resembling a lytic or mixed osteosarcoma. The severity of the radiological lesions is such that only a diagnostic approach is possible before surgical biopsy. Under the effects of treatment, osteolysis resolved in two cases by bone eburnation in two cases and pandiaphyseal sequestration in one case. These three cases were collected in less than a year. Thus osteomyelitis is currently adding new diagnostic traps in bone pathology in children."}
{"id": "PMID:266082", "title": "Differences in social perceptions between male and female first-year dental students.", "content": "Male and female first-year dental students generally possess the same attitudes and the same perceptions about themselves, dentists they observe, and about their ideals for dentists and patients. The null-hypothesis, that is, assuming no difference between the two groups on the basis of these data, is accepted. In general, one must assume that those women who choose dentistry as a career are not significantly different from their men counterparts, although indirect evidence shows a possible exception of a more compassionate identification with the patient by female students. The findings suggest that it would not be appropriate or accurate to either admit or exclude male or female students based on what may well be \"sexist\" assumptions regarding women's perceptions of themselves as dentists or their perception of their relationships to patients. The findings should be generalized very cautiously beyond the UCLA School of Dentistry. However, at the time this study was conducted, this dental school had both the largest number of female students and the highest percentage of female students in the United States. The study is limited to perceptual differences of freshmen and does not attempt to deal with issues such as productivity or longevity of professional involvement. These issues may have some bearing on the formation of attitudes toward women entering the profession, but additional longitudinal studies following the careers of the current cohort of female dental students will be necessary to allay criticisms of women in dentistry.", "contents": "Differences in social perceptions between male and female first-year dental students. Male and female first-year dental students generally possess the same attitudes and the same perceptions about themselves, dentists they observe, and about their ideals for dentists and patients. The null-hypothesis, that is, assuming no difference between the two groups on the basis of these data, is accepted. In general, one must assume that those women who choose dentistry as a career are not significantly different from their men counterparts, although indirect evidence shows a possible exception of a more compassionate identification with the patient by female students. The findings suggest that it would not be appropriate or accurate to either admit or exclude male or female students based on what may well be \"sexist\" assumptions regarding women's perceptions of themselves as dentists or their perception of their relationships to patients. The findings should be generalized very cautiously beyond the UCLA School of Dentistry. However, at the time this study was conducted, this dental school had both the largest number of female students and the highest percentage of female students in the United States. The study is limited to perceptual differences of freshmen and does not attempt to deal with issues such as productivity or longevity of professional involvement. These issues may have some bearing on the formation of attitudes toward women entering the profession, but additional longitudinal studies following the careers of the current cohort of female dental students will be necessary to allay criticisms of women in dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:266084", "title": "A survey of dental care programs offered by \"qualified\" HMOS.", "content": "None of the federally qualified HMOs had a fully prepaid comprehensive dental care program. Less than a third of the plans went beyond the then mandated benefits of the Act, and those that did, only provided the benefits on a fee-for-service basis. The more established plans, with enrollments exceeding 15,000 members, offered a full spectrum of services, and have acceptable levels of utilization. There appears to be a relation between size and services offered and overall utilization of the dental services. The general direction HMOs are taking with regard to the scope of services provided is hard to predict because more than two thirds of the HMOs studied were \"transitional\" HMOs. The more mature plans appeared to be leaning toward fully comprehensive services; however, only the \"basic\" dental services then mandated by the Act were covered by prepayment. It is difficult to predict how the nearly 200 HMOs now being planned and developed will integrate dental care into their programs, especially when dental care services are no longer required as a \"basic health service\". Based upon the cautious approaches used by the HMOs now in operation, it appears safe to assume that comprehensive dental care programs will not be offered by HMOs until they are forced to do so by competing health insurance carriers or a dental program provides them with a competitive edge.", "contents": "A survey of dental care programs offered by \"qualified\" HMOS. None of the federally qualified HMOs had a fully prepaid comprehensive dental care program. Less than a third of the plans went beyond the then mandated benefits of the Act, and those that did, only provided the benefits on a fee-for-service basis. The more established plans, with enrollments exceeding 15,000 members, offered a full spectrum of services, and have acceptable levels of utilization. There appears to be a relation between size and services offered and overall utilization of the dental services. The general direction HMOs are taking with regard to the scope of services provided is hard to predict because more than two thirds of the HMOs studied were \"transitional\" HMOs. The more mature plans appeared to be leaning toward fully comprehensive services; however, only the \"basic\" dental services then mandated by the Act were covered by prepayment. It is difficult to predict how the nearly 200 HMOs now being planned and developed will integrate dental care into their programs, especially when dental care services are no longer required as a \"basic health service\". Based upon the cautious approaches used by the HMOs now in operation, it appears safe to assume that comprehensive dental care programs will not be offered by HMOs until they are forced to do so by competing health insurance carriers or a dental program provides them with a competitive edge."}
{"id": "PMID:266085", "title": "Chromosome studies of the transplantable Shay chloroleukemia in rats.", "content": "Chromosomes obtained from tumors in male Long-Evans rats with transplantable Shay chloroleukemia were counted and analyzed with Giemsa staining and quinacrine fluorescence. Several consistent abnormalities were noted in the 43 cells in metaphase. An interstitial deletion of the distal portion of chromosome No 2 was noted in all cells. Trisomy for No 2 was found in 27 of 43 metaphases; the third No 2 had a terminal deletion, resulting in a chromosome shorter than the other deleted No 2. All cells were missing a No 11 chromosome. Most cells contained a large acrocentric chromosome that appeared to be a No 10 with a terminal addition (10q+). Several markers were also consistently noted. These chromosome abnormalities were compared to previous cytogenic analyses on the transplantable Shay chloroleukemia, in which new fluorescent banding techniques were not utilized. Since all the studies ultimately derived from the original Shay chloroleukemia, karyotypic differences and changes could be viewed over an extended period of time. This study corroborated previous reports on the specificity of involvement of chromosome No 2 in chemically induced tumors and supported the idea that chromosome No 2 may be important in oncogenesis in the rat and in the host response to different etiologic agents.", "contents": "Chromosome studies of the transplantable Shay chloroleukemia in rats. Chromosomes obtained from tumors in male Long-Evans rats with transplantable Shay chloroleukemia were counted and analyzed with Giemsa staining and quinacrine fluorescence. Several consistent abnormalities were noted in the 43 cells in metaphase. An interstitial deletion of the distal portion of chromosome No 2 was noted in all cells. Trisomy for No 2 was found in 27 of 43 metaphases; the third No 2 had a terminal deletion, resulting in a chromosome shorter than the other deleted No 2. All cells were missing a No 11 chromosome. Most cells contained a large acrocentric chromosome that appeared to be a No 10 with a terminal addition (10q+). Several markers were also consistently noted. These chromosome abnormalities were compared to previous cytogenic analyses on the transplantable Shay chloroleukemia, in which new fluorescent banding techniques were not utilized. Since all the studies ultimately derived from the original Shay chloroleukemia, karyotypic differences and changes could be viewed over an extended period of time. This study corroborated previous reports on the specificity of involvement of chromosome No 2 in chemically induced tumors and supported the idea that chromosome No 2 may be important in oncogenesis in the rat and in the host response to different etiologic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:266087", "title": "Lead-contaminated health food. Association with lead poisoning and leukemia.", "content": "A doctor prescribed a dietary supplement prepared from powdered animal bone for a young woman with dysmenorrhea. Severe lead poisoning developed while she was taking the powder, which was shown to be contaminated with lead. The diagnosis eluded more than 20 physicians and was finally made by the patient herself. The Food and Drug Administration, informed of the contamination, declined to take action, stating that a food supplement is neither a food nor a drug and, besides, there are no maximal limits for heavy-metal contamination of foods and drugs.", "contents": "Lead-contaminated health food. Association with lead poisoning and leukemia. A doctor prescribed a dietary supplement prepared from powdered animal bone for a young woman with dysmenorrhea. Severe lead poisoning developed while she was taking the powder, which was shown to be contaminated with lead. The diagnosis eluded more than 20 physicians and was finally made by the patient herself. The Food and Drug Administration, informed of the contamination, declined to take action, stating that a food supplement is neither a food nor a drug and, besides, there are no maximal limits for heavy-metal contamination of foods and drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:266111", "title": "[Induction and maintenance treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults by sequential use of combination chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic regimens for acute myelogenous leukemia in 2 different periods of time will be described with comparison of their results. A. 28 adults were treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine only. Thereby, 28% complete and 16% partial remissions were achieved. The mean duration of the complete remissions was 23 weeks. The mean survival time of the patients with complete remission amounted to 53 weeks B. 46% complete and 12% partial remissions were obtained in 37 patients treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine doubling the dosage of the above mentioned regimen followed by 3 cycles of TRAP (and COAP). Using a maintenance therapy with modified TRAP, COAP, and POMP cycles the complete remissions lasted 47 weeks at an average. The mean survival time of patients with complete remission was 87 weeks after start of treatment.", "contents": "[Induction and maintenance treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults by sequential use of combination chemotherapy (author's transl)]. The therapeutic regimens for acute myelogenous leukemia in 2 different periods of time will be described with comparison of their results. A. 28 adults were treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine only. Thereby, 28% complete and 16% partial remissions were achieved. The mean duration of the complete remissions was 23 weeks. The mean survival time of the patients with complete remission amounted to 53 weeks B. 46% complete and 12% partial remissions were obtained in 37 patients treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine doubling the dosage of the above mentioned regimen followed by 3 cycles of TRAP (and COAP). Using a maintenance therapy with modified TRAP, COAP, and POMP cycles the complete remissions lasted 47 weeks at an average. The mean survival time of patients with complete remission was 87 weeks after start of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:266112", "title": "[Septicaemia in leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "From 244 patients with leukaemia 34 (13,9%) suffered from septicaemia. Although all forms of leukaemia had been concerned, lymphocytic leukaemias (acute and chronic) predominated. Besides other factors, the most important one is the cellular and humoral immuno-deficiency state in this disease. Gram-negative bacteria occur most frequently, followed by staphylococci, streptococci and fungi. The site of origin of infection is rarely known, presumably in most cases the skin, intestinal and genital mucous membranes and the lungs. The clinical picture of septicaemia in leukaemia is not a typical septicaemic one, as the symptoms of the underlying disease predominate. Diagnosis therefore is only based on blood cultures. As therapy is necessary previous to the knowledge of the bacteriological result, it may be initiated by the application of gentamycin (or, in case of resistance, amikacin) combined with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, corrected later in accordance with the antibiogram. High doses of corticosteroids are used specially in shock states. The prevention of septicaemic complications in leukaemia is most important with regard to better results in cytostatic therapy of leukaemias.", "contents": "[Septicaemia in leukaemia (author's transl)]. From 244 patients with leukaemia 34 (13,9%) suffered from septicaemia. Although all forms of leukaemia had been concerned, lymphocytic leukaemias (acute and chronic) predominated. Besides other factors, the most important one is the cellular and humoral immuno-deficiency state in this disease. Gram-negative bacteria occur most frequently, followed by staphylococci, streptococci and fungi. The site of origin of infection is rarely known, presumably in most cases the skin, intestinal and genital mucous membranes and the lungs. The clinical picture of septicaemia in leukaemia is not a typical septicaemic one, as the symptoms of the underlying disease predominate. Diagnosis therefore is only based on blood cultures. As therapy is necessary previous to the knowledge of the bacteriological result, it may be initiated by the application of gentamycin (or, in case of resistance, amikacin) combined with ampicillin or chloramphenicol, corrected later in accordance with the antibiogram. High doses of corticosteroids are used specially in shock states. The prevention of septicaemic complications in leukaemia is most important with regard to better results in cytostatic therapy of leukaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:266144", "title": "Aggressive juvenile fibromatosis involving the mandible: surgical excision with immediate reconstruction.", "content": "Aggressive juvenile fibromatosis involving the facial bones is rare, difficult to diagnose clinically, histologically confusing, and requires aggressive surgical treatment. Only four cases involving the mandible have been previously reported. A review of the literature is presented here in conjunction with a case report of this rare tumor.", "contents": "Aggressive juvenile fibromatosis involving the mandible: surgical excision with immediate reconstruction. Aggressive juvenile fibromatosis involving the facial bones is rare, difficult to diagnose clinically, histologically confusing, and requires aggressive surgical treatment. Only four cases involving the mandible have been previously reported. A review of the literature is presented here in conjunction with a case report of this rare tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:266145", "title": "Aseptic osteomyelitis and necrosis of the mandibular condylar head after intracapsular fracture.", "content": "Aseptic osteomyelitis and necrosis of the mandibular condylar head is a rare complication which may occur several months after an untreated intracapsular fracture. Clinical symptoms are pain in the temporomandibular joint on the affected side and limitation of opening of the mouth. Radiographically, the condylar head is characteristically eroded and irregular. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the necrotic condylar head and d\u00e9bridement of the area, which are performed via a preauricular approach.", "contents": "Aseptic osteomyelitis and necrosis of the mandibular condylar head after intracapsular fracture. Aseptic osteomyelitis and necrosis of the mandibular condylar head is a rare complication which may occur several months after an untreated intracapsular fracture. Clinical symptoms are pain in the temporomandibular joint on the affected side and limitation of opening of the mouth. Radiographically, the condylar head is characteristically eroded and irregular. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the necrotic condylar head and d\u00e9bridement of the area, which are performed via a preauricular approach."}
{"id": "PMID:266146", "title": "The human accessory parotid gland: its incidence, nature, and significance.", "content": "Observations on ninety-six dissections of human parotid glands have been presented, with the incidence, size, location, and histologic features of accessory parotid glands noted. Twenty-one per cent of the dissections revealed clearly detached accessory glands at variable distances from the main gland. There were no appreciable histopathologic differences between the accessory gland and the main gland in the same facial half. Aging changes, such as decreased glandular elements, increased fat, and increased fibrous connective tissue, were not more extensive in the accessory gland than in the main gland. Because of the histologic similarity, pathoses of the main gland could also involve the accessory parotid gland. Failure to remove a distantly separated accessory gland during parotidectomy could be a cause of tumor recurrence. X-ray films and sialograms were examined for visualization of accessory parotid glands and their ducts. Whereas routine diagnostic x-ray films were limited in their usefulness, sialograms provided visualization of accessory glands for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "The human accessory parotid gland: its incidence, nature, and significance. Observations on ninety-six dissections of human parotid glands have been presented, with the incidence, size, location, and histologic features of accessory parotid glands noted. Twenty-one per cent of the dissections revealed clearly detached accessory glands at variable distances from the main gland. There were no appreciable histopathologic differences between the accessory gland and the main gland in the same facial half. Aging changes, such as decreased glandular elements, increased fat, and increased fibrous connective tissue, were not more extensive in the accessory gland than in the main gland. Because of the histologic similarity, pathoses of the main gland could also involve the accessory parotid gland. Failure to remove a distantly separated accessory gland during parotidectomy could be a cause of tumor recurrence. X-ray films and sialograms were examined for visualization of accessory parotid glands and their ducts. Whereas routine diagnostic x-ray films were limited in their usefulness, sialograms provided visualization of accessory glands for diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:266147", "title": "Congenital epulis of the newborn.", "content": "Reported is a case of congenital epulis of the newborn occurring in the mandible and the maxilla. The masses were of such size as to cause respiratory and nursing difficulties. The theories of pathogenesis, the surgical treatment, the histologic appearance, and a 5-year follow-up are described. As with previous cases reported, there has been no recurrence.", "contents": "Congenital epulis of the newborn. Reported is a case of congenital epulis of the newborn occurring in the mandible and the maxilla. The masses were of such size as to cause respiratory and nursing difficulties. The theories of pathogenesis, the surgical treatment, the histologic appearance, and a 5-year follow-up are described. As with previous cases reported, there has been no recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:266148", "title": "Osteochondroma of the coronoid process of the mandible.", "content": "A case of osteochondroma of the coronoid process is presented. The proper diagnosis of ill-defined symptoms in the temporomandibular joint requires conformity between clinical manifestations and radiologic findings. The importance of a thorough radiologic examination is stressed for the correct diagnosis of these rare, insidious, slow-growing tumors. A short review of the literature is presented, and the treatment and surgical approach to these tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Osteochondroma of the coronoid process of the mandible. A case of osteochondroma of the coronoid process is presented. The proper diagnosis of ill-defined symptoms in the temporomandibular joint requires conformity between clinical manifestations and radiologic findings. The importance of a thorough radiologic examination is stressed for the correct diagnosis of these rare, insidious, slow-growing tumors. A short review of the literature is presented, and the treatment and surgical approach to these tumors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266149", "title": "Cat scratch disease. Report of a case.", "content": "Members of the health care professions who examine the head and neck regions should be familiar with cat scratch disease and consider it in a differential diagnosis. This article summarizes the history, literature, diagnosis, and treatment of cat scratch disease.", "contents": "Cat scratch disease. Report of a case. Members of the health care professions who examine the head and neck regions should be familiar with cat scratch disease and consider it in a differential diagnosis. This article summarizes the history, literature, diagnosis, and treatment of cat scratch disease."}
{"id": "PMID:266150", "title": "Severe enamel hypoplasia in a case of intestinal lymphangiectasia: a rare protein-losing enteropathy.", "content": "A unique case of enamel hypoplasia is presented. This appears to be the first case to be published in connection with the rare protein-losing enteropathy, intestinal lymphangiectasia. It seems likely that if the treatment of systemic disease is delayed, disruption of normal tooth formation is inevitable.", "contents": "Severe enamel hypoplasia in a case of intestinal lymphangiectasia: a rare protein-losing enteropathy. A unique case of enamel hypoplasia is presented. This appears to be the first case to be published in connection with the rare protein-losing enteropathy, intestinal lymphangiectasia. It seems likely that if the treatment of systemic disease is delayed, disruption of normal tooth formation is inevitable."}
{"id": "PMID:266151", "title": "Influence of obesity and hypertension on the severity of periodontitis in rats.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the extent to which obesity and/or hypertension may modify the response of rats' periodontium to chronic gingival irritation. Forty-four normal, spontaneously hypertensive, obese, and obese-hypertensive rats were used. Histopathologic evaluation of the periodontal structure showed both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the walls of blood vessels supplying the periodontium in the hypertensive and obese-hypertensive animals. The results also indicated that obesity significantly contributed to e severity of periodontal disease. Hypertension alone was not a significant factor. The obese-hypertensive rats showed the most severe periodontal response to local irritation.", "contents": "Influence of obesity and hypertension on the severity of periodontitis in rats. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the extent to which obesity and/or hypertension may modify the response of rats' periodontium to chronic gingival irritation. Forty-four normal, spontaneously hypertensive, obese, and obese-hypertensive rats were used. Histopathologic evaluation of the periodontal structure showed both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the walls of blood vessels supplying the periodontium in the hypertensive and obese-hypertensive animals. The results also indicated that obesity significantly contributed to e severity of periodontal disease. Hypertension alone was not a significant factor. The obese-hypertensive rats showed the most severe periodontal response to local irritation."}
{"id": "PMID:266152", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the mandible.", "content": "A brief review of the literature on necrotizing sialometaplasia has been presented. A patient with necrotizing sialometaplasia of the retromolar pad is reported. This is the first such lesion to be described in an oral site other than the palate. Clinical, histologic, and etiologic aspects of the lesion have veen discussed.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the mandible. A brief review of the literature on necrotizing sialometaplasia has been presented. A patient with necrotizing sialometaplasia of the retromolar pad is reported. This is the first such lesion to be described in an oral site other than the palate. Clinical, histologic, and etiologic aspects of the lesion have veen discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266153", "title": "Parosteal osteosarcoma of the maxilla.", "content": "Parosteal osteosarcoma is a low-grade form of osteosarcoma that rarely affects the jaws. A case involving the maxilla of a 25-year-old man is presented, and four previously reported cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Parosteal osteosarcoma of the maxilla. Parosteal osteosarcoma is a low-grade form of osteosarcoma that rarely affects the jaws. A case involving the maxilla of a 25-year-old man is presented, and four previously reported cases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:266154", "title": "Chondroma of the tongue.", "content": "A case of lingual chondroma is presented, along with the pertinent light and electron microscopy findings. The literature on lingual chondromas has been reviewed, and the pertinent clinical features are discussed and compared with those of other hard lingual tumors, the osteoma and osteochondroma.", "contents": "Chondroma of the tongue. A case of lingual chondroma is presented, along with the pertinent light and electron microscopy findings. The literature on lingual chondromas has been reviewed, and the pertinent clinical features are discussed and compared with those of other hard lingual tumors, the osteoma and osteochondroma."}
{"id": "PMID:266155", "title": "Radicular (type 1) dentin dysplasia.", "content": "Radicular dentin dysplasia is a peculiar anomaly in which abnormal dentin resembling the plici-dentin found in certain fish and reptiles obliterates the pulp chamber. The almost complete absence of roots leads to the early loss of teeth and predisposes to paradontal infection and the formation of cysts.", "contents": "Radicular (type 1) dentin dysplasia. Radicular dentin dysplasia is a peculiar anomaly in which abnormal dentin resembling the plici-dentin found in certain fish and reptiles obliterates the pulp chamber. The almost complete absence of roots leads to the early loss of teeth and predisposes to paradontal infection and the formation of cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:266157", "title": "Isolation of anaerobic bacteria from the root canal systems of necrotic teeth by the use of a transport solution.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically practical technique for isolating predominant anaerobic microorganisms from the root canal systems of intact necrotic teeth. Fifty-five consecutive teeth, all of which were necrotic, were sampled for this study. The technique developed involved a transport solution into which each sample was placed. At least one anaerobic bacterium was isolated from each case, with as many as four anaerobic bacteria being isolated from one case. Over half of the total number of organisms isolated were anaerobes, and almost half of these organisms were gram-negative. Whereas this technique has enabled the author to isolate and identify the same spectrum of predominant anaerobic bacteria as has been reported recently by others using the rigid VPI technique, the author suggests that the technique described here be utilized when the VPI technique cannot be performed.", "contents": "Isolation of anaerobic bacteria from the root canal systems of necrotic teeth by the use of a transport solution. The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically practical technique for isolating predominant anaerobic microorganisms from the root canal systems of intact necrotic teeth. Fifty-five consecutive teeth, all of which were necrotic, were sampled for this study. The technique developed involved a transport solution into which each sample was placed. At least one anaerobic bacterium was isolated from each case, with as many as four anaerobic bacteria being isolated from one case. Over half of the total number of organisms isolated were anaerobes, and almost half of these organisms were gram-negative. Whereas this technique has enabled the author to isolate and identify the same spectrum of predominant anaerobic bacteria as has been reported recently by others using the rigid VPI technique, the author suggests that the technique described here be utilized when the VPI technique cannot be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:266158", "title": "Is gingival infection likely to act as a focus? The epithelial barrier.", "content": "Of the infectious lesions in and around the mouth, gingival infection in more advanced stages of periodontal disease seems to be the most likely candidate for acting as a focus of infection. However, there is little evidence to indicate that more than a transient bacteremia may occur from this source in cases of local injury, because of the nature of the epithelial barrier. Established oral foci should, nevertheless, be treated irrespective of their relation to extraoral or systemic damage, and in an effort to protect from bacteremia, precautionary measures should be taken prior to manipulations in this area.", "contents": "Is gingival infection likely to act as a focus? The epithelial barrier. Of the infectious lesions in and around the mouth, gingival infection in more advanced stages of periodontal disease seems to be the most likely candidate for acting as a focus of infection. However, there is little evidence to indicate that more than a transient bacteremia may occur from this source in cases of local injury, because of the nature of the epithelial barrier. Established oral foci should, nevertheless, be treated irrespective of their relation to extraoral or systemic damage, and in an effort to protect from bacteremia, precautionary measures should be taken prior to manipulations in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:266159", "title": "Densitometric analysis of experimentally produced periapical radiolucencies.", "content": "Artificial periapical lesions were created in a mounted dried human mandible. These lesions were radiographed by means of a reproducible projection technique. A penetrometer was projected on the same radiographs as the dental and bony structures. The developing process was standardized. The radiographs were evaluated by means of densitometric analysis. The densitometer readings of the dental and bony structures on the radiographs were converted to a millimeters-of-aluminum-equivalents scale by means of the densitometer readings of the penetrometer images on the same radiographs. The measurements on the radiographs were presented in graphs and isodensitometric images. Areas where bone was removed could be reproducibly distinguished by densitometric analysis from areas where no bone was removed. For this purpose, the densitometric analysis of periapical radiographs proved to very useful, whereas the interpretations of the same radiographs by ten dentists differed greatly.", "contents": "Densitometric analysis of experimentally produced periapical radiolucencies. Artificial periapical lesions were created in a mounted dried human mandible. These lesions were radiographed by means of a reproducible projection technique. A penetrometer was projected on the same radiographs as the dental and bony structures. The developing process was standardized. The radiographs were evaluated by means of densitometric analysis. The densitometer readings of the dental and bony structures on the radiographs were converted to a millimeters-of-aluminum-equivalents scale by means of the densitometer readings of the penetrometer images on the same radiographs. The measurements on the radiographs were presented in graphs and isodensitometric images. Areas where bone was removed could be reproducibly distinguished by densitometric analysis from areas where no bone was removed. For this purpose, the densitometric analysis of periapical radiographs proved to very useful, whereas the interpretations of the same radiographs by ten dentists differed greatly."}
{"id": "PMID:266160", "title": "A nonlinear model for predicting radiographic contrast.", "content": "A computerized model has been developed which permits ideal maximum radiographic contrast, associated with clinically meaningful changes in x-ray attenuation for any combination of tissues, to be predicted from the spectral energy of the primary beam and the characteristics of the film. Results suggest that these factors influence available contrast in ways which depend on the specific diagnostic task to be accomplished. Hence, it appears that no single technique is optimal for all tissue configurations. Although contrast computed in this way does not take into account other factors of diagnostic interest, such as image resolution and context-dependent cues to lesion identity, it is an independent factor which can profoundly influence the detectability of specific changes in tissue attenuation and, as such, it may be considered a reasonable basis for predicting diagnostic performance.", "contents": "A nonlinear model for predicting radiographic contrast. A computerized model has been developed which permits ideal maximum radiographic contrast, associated with clinically meaningful changes in x-ray attenuation for any combination of tissues, to be predicted from the spectral energy of the primary beam and the characteristics of the film. Results suggest that these factors influence available contrast in ways which depend on the specific diagnostic task to be accomplished. Hence, it appears that no single technique is optimal for all tissue configurations. Although contrast computed in this way does not take into account other factors of diagnostic interest, such as image resolution and context-dependent cues to lesion identity, it is an independent factor which can profoundly influence the detectability of specific changes in tissue attenuation and, as such, it may be considered a reasonable basis for predicting diagnostic performance."}
{"id": "PMID:266162", "title": "The pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in glycogen storage disease, type I.", "content": "After the infusion of fructose, 0.25 g/kg body weight, blood uric acid levels were significantly increased above the mean basal value in five patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD), type I (P less than 0.02-P less than 0.05). The mean fasting blood inorganic phosphate (Pi) level in the patients was 3.9 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml and was significantly lower than the mean Pi value of 4.8 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml of the control subjects (P less than 0.05). Blood Pi levels were significantly lower in the patients than in the control subjects at varying times after the administration of fructose (P less than 0.005-P less than 0.05). Uric acid excretion did not increase significantly in the patients after fructose was given. In contrast to normal children, the mean peak blood uric level in the patients increased significantly after the administration of glucagon (P less than 0.001). In both patients (P less than 0.005) and control subjects (P less than 0.05), mean blood Pi concentrations decreased significantly after the administration of glucagon; however, the blood Pi concentrations in the patients were significantly lower than in the control subjects. Uric acid excretion increased after glucagon administration in both patients and control subjects, but the differences in uric acid excretion between the two groups were not significant. The data in our patients after fructose and glucagon administration suggest that hyperuricemia in GSD results from enhanced nucleotide catabolism. The concentrations of hepatic Pi and ATP may be low in patients with GSD; hepatic Pi and ATP content would therefore be further diminished by the administration of fructose and glucagon. By a mechanism similar to that of fructose-induced hyperuricemia, diminished hepatic Pi and ATP content might increase the breakdown of adenine nucleotides with resultant hyperuricemia.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in glycogen storage disease, type I. After the infusion of fructose, 0.25 g/kg body weight, blood uric acid levels were significantly increased above the mean basal value in five patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD), type I (P less than 0.02-P less than 0.05). The mean fasting blood inorganic phosphate (Pi) level in the patients was 3.9 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml and was significantly lower than the mean Pi value of 4.8 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml of the control subjects (P less than 0.05). Blood Pi levels were significantly lower in the patients than in the control subjects at varying times after the administration of fructose (P less than 0.005-P less than 0.05). Uric acid excretion did not increase significantly in the patients after fructose was given. In contrast to normal children, the mean peak blood uric level in the patients increased significantly after the administration of glucagon (P less than 0.001). In both patients (P less than 0.005) and control subjects (P less than 0.05), mean blood Pi concentrations decreased significantly after the administration of glucagon; however, the blood Pi concentrations in the patients were significantly lower than in the control subjects. Uric acid excretion increased after glucagon administration in both patients and control subjects, but the differences in uric acid excretion between the two groups were not significant. The data in our patients after fructose and glucagon administration suggest that hyperuricemia in GSD results from enhanced nucleotide catabolism. The concentrations of hepatic Pi and ATP may be low in patients with GSD; hepatic Pi and ATP content would therefore be further diminished by the administration of fructose and glucagon. By a mechanism similar to that of fructose-induced hyperuricemia, diminished hepatic Pi and ATP content might increase the breakdown of adenine nucleotides with resultant hyperuricemia."}
{"id": "PMID:266169", "title": "Lactate production in McArdle's disease.", "content": "A case of McArdle's disease in a man is described in detail and a less complete study of his family is reported. This patient showed the classical features of McArdle's disease and the diagnosis was confirmed by muscle biopsy. Unlike other reported cases of this disorder, this case showed a normal rise in blood lactate levels on ischaemic exercise. This apparently paradoxical finding is discussed. It is suggested that a normal rise in the level of blood lactate on ischaemic exercise should not exclude myophosphorylase deficiency.", "contents": "Lactate production in McArdle's disease. A case of McArdle's disease in a man is described in detail and a less complete study of his family is reported. This patient showed the classical features of McArdle's disease and the diagnosis was confirmed by muscle biopsy. Unlike other reported cases of this disorder, this case showed a normal rise in blood lactate levels on ischaemic exercise. This apparently paradoxical finding is discussed. It is suggested that a normal rise in the level of blood lactate on ischaemic exercise should not exclude myophosphorylase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:266170", "title": "Acute leukaemia during azathioprine therapy.", "content": "Various tumours, in particular lymphomas, have been reported in association with azathioprine treatment, both after renal transplantation and in other conditions. A case is reported here of acute myeloid leukaemia associated with azathioprine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, and this is now the third case reported in the world literature of leukaemia arising during azathioprine therapy for a non-malignant condition.", "contents": "Acute leukaemia during azathioprine therapy. Various tumours, in particular lymphomas, have been reported in association with azathioprine treatment, both after renal transplantation and in other conditions. A case is reported here of acute myeloid leukaemia associated with azathioprine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, and this is now the third case reported in the world literature of leukaemia arising during azathioprine therapy for a non-malignant condition."}
{"id": "PMID:266172", "title": "Unified picture of mechanisms of catalysis by carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "We have reported evidence that an anhydride intermediate is not involved in the hydrolysis of typical peptide substrates by carboxypeptidase A (peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2), and we describe further evidence here. Recently an anhydride intermediate has been detected in the hydrolysis of an ester substrate by this enzyme. Other evidence also suggests that esters and peptides may not be cleaved by the same type of mechanism. A possible explanation is that the substrate carbonyl and a water molecule are always aligned between glutamate-270 and the zinc atom of the enzyme, but not always in the same sequence. With peptides the carbonyl is coordinated to zinc, and the water is delivered by glutamate acting as a general base. Esters are weaker ligands, and in some cases the ester carbonyl may not displace water from zinc. This would lead to a nucleophilic mechanism, with glutamate-270 forming an anhydride while zinc-aquo serves as a Br\u00f6nsted acid. This picture is consistent with other evidence on ester cleavage, and resolves the otherwise baffling discrepant data on peptide as compared to ester substrates.", "contents": "Unified picture of mechanisms of catalysis by carboxypeptidase A. We have reported evidence that an anhydride intermediate is not involved in the hydrolysis of typical peptide substrates by carboxypeptidase A (peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2), and we describe further evidence here. Recently an anhydride intermediate has been detected in the hydrolysis of an ester substrate by this enzyme. Other evidence also suggests that esters and peptides may not be cleaved by the same type of mechanism. A possible explanation is that the substrate carbonyl and a water molecule are always aligned between glutamate-270 and the zinc atom of the enzyme, but not always in the same sequence. With peptides the carbonyl is coordinated to zinc, and the water is delivered by glutamate acting as a general base. Esters are weaker ligands, and in some cases the ester carbonyl may not displace water from zinc. This would lead to a nucleophilic mechanism, with glutamate-270 forming an anhydride while zinc-aquo serves as a Br\u00f6nsted acid. This picture is consistent with other evidence on ester cleavage, and resolves the otherwise baffling discrepant data on peptide as compared to ester substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:266173", "title": "Molecular description of dioxygen bonding in hemoglobin.", "content": "From ab initio quality calculations on model systems, we conclude that in unliganded Fe-porphyrin the FE lies in the plane for both the high-spin (q) and intermediate-spin (t) states. Thus, the high-spin d6 Fe is not too big to fit into the porphyrin plane (as often suggested). We find the q state lower for a porphyrin hole radius greater than 1.94 A and the t state lower for smaller sizes. For the five-coordinate complex including an axial nitrogenous ligand [a model for myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin  (Hb)], we find the ground state to be q with the Fe 0.3 A out of the plane (recent x-ray data on deoxy Mb suggests about 0.4 A). The origin of this out-of-plane displacement is the nonbonded repulsions between the axial ligand and porphyrin nitrogen orbitals. Pushing the Fe of the five-coordinate complex into the plane does not lead to a stable low-spin state (as usually suggested), the q and t states being the low-lying states. Bonding the O2 to form the six-coordinate complex stabilizes the t form of the Mb model, leading to a singlet state of MbO2 with Fe in the plane. (It has often been suggested that the Fe of MbO2 and HbO2 is low-spin Fe2+; however, we find this not to be the case.) The bonding in the MbO2 model confirms the ozone model of the bonding, leading to a structure consistent with the Pauling model (our calculated FeOO bond angle is 119 degrees). The total charge transfer to the O2 is 0.10 electron, in disagreement with the Weiss model. Molecular orbital calculations (Hartree-Fock) incorrectly lead to septet ground state (S = 3) for the MbO2 model. The implications for the cooperative O2 binding in hemoglobin and protein modifications of the energetics of the active site are considered. Use of our calculated force constants for displacement of Fe perpendicular to the heme plane suggests that the movement of the Fe upon a change in the quaternary structure from the T to the R form is only about 0.04 A toward the heme plane.", "contents": "Molecular description of dioxygen bonding in hemoglobin. From ab initio quality calculations on model systems, we conclude that in unliganded Fe-porphyrin the FE lies in the plane for both the high-spin (q) and intermediate-spin (t) states. Thus, the high-spin d6 Fe is not too big to fit into the porphyrin plane (as often suggested). We find the q state lower for a porphyrin hole radius greater than 1.94 A and the t state lower for smaller sizes. For the five-coordinate complex including an axial nitrogenous ligand [a model for myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin  (Hb)], we find the ground state to be q with the Fe 0.3 A out of the plane (recent x-ray data on deoxy Mb suggests about 0.4 A). The origin of this out-of-plane displacement is the nonbonded repulsions between the axial ligand and porphyrin nitrogen orbitals. Pushing the Fe of the five-coordinate complex into the plane does not lead to a stable low-spin state (as usually suggested), the q and t states being the low-lying states. Bonding the O2 to form the six-coordinate complex stabilizes the t form of the Mb model, leading to a singlet state of MbO2 with Fe in the plane. (It has often been suggested that the Fe of MbO2 and HbO2 is low-spin Fe2+; however, we find this not to be the case.) The bonding in the MbO2 model confirms the ozone model of the bonding, leading to a structure consistent with the Pauling model (our calculated FeOO bond angle is 119 degrees). The total charge transfer to the O2 is 0.10 electron, in disagreement with the Weiss model. Molecular orbital calculations (Hartree-Fock) incorrectly lead to septet ground state (S = 3) for the MbO2 model. The implications for the cooperative O2 binding in hemoglobin and protein modifications of the energetics of the active site are considered. Use of our calculated force constants for displacement of Fe perpendicular to the heme plane suggests that the movement of the Fe upon a change in the quaternary structure from the T to the R form is only about 0.04 A toward the heme plane."}
{"id": "PMID:266174", "title": "Model of protein folding: incorporation of a one-dimensional short-range (Ising) model into a three-dimensional model.", "content": "In this paper, we have incorporated a one-dimensional short-range model into a three-dimensional model for protein folding. It has been applied, by extending the concept of the three-step mechanism for protein folding proposed in our previous paper, to simulate the folding of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, using a Monte Carlo procedure in all three steps, A, B, and C. The statistical mechanical ensemble treatment of the short-range model serves as a constraint on the Monte Carlo procedure, in which conformational transitions are introduced. The preliminary results of 10 independent Monte Carlo trials indicate that, while folding is achieved, improvements are required in order to account for the correct three-dimensional structure of a globular protein.", "contents": "Model of protein folding: incorporation of a one-dimensional short-range (Ising) model into a three-dimensional model. In this paper, we have incorporated a one-dimensional short-range model into a three-dimensional model for protein folding. It has been applied, by extending the concept of the three-step mechanism for protein folding proposed in our previous paper, to simulate the folding of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, using a Monte Carlo procedure in all three steps, A, B, and C. The statistical mechanical ensemble treatment of the short-range model serves as a constraint on the Monte Carlo procedure, in which conformational transitions are introduced. The preliminary results of 10 independent Monte Carlo trials indicate that, while folding is achieved, improvements are required in order to account for the correct three-dimensional structure of a globular protein."}
{"id": "PMID:266175", "title": "Nonidentifiability in stochastic models of illness and death.", "content": "The interpretation of animal survival experiments in which disease incidence is determined at death or following sacrifice is shown to involve certain ambiguities. In particular, quantities of interest such as the expected duration of life for an animal contracting a specific disease at a specific age are found to be nonidentifiable. An example is constructed in which two populations of animals will appear similar to the experimenter but in which animals contracting a particular disease in one population may have double the life expectancy of similarly afflicted animals in the other population.", "contents": "Nonidentifiability in stochastic models of illness and death. The interpretation of animal survival experiments in which disease incidence is determined at death or following sacrifice is shown to involve certain ambiguities. In particular, quantities of interest such as the expected duration of life for an animal contracting a specific disease at a specific age are found to be nonidentifiable. An example is constructed in which two populations of animals will appear similar to the experimenter but in which animals contracting a particular disease in one population may have double the life expectancy of similarly afflicted animals in the other population."}
{"id": "PMID:266176", "title": "Age incidence curves for cancer.", "content": "Age incidence curves for carcinomas tend to be linear on doubly logarithmic graphs. This fact has been used to support the somatic mutation hypothesis. It is shown that this should also be expected on the epigenetic hypothesis when the reversible cellular changes are programmed to occur randomly. Such changes could be programmed differently to obtain the age incidence curves observed for other cancers, e.g., leukemias and sarcomas.", "contents": "Age incidence curves for cancer. Age incidence curves for carcinomas tend to be linear on doubly logarithmic graphs. This fact has been used to support the somatic mutation hypothesis. It is shown that this should also be expected on the epigenetic hypothesis when the reversible cellular changes are programmed to occur randomly. Such changes could be programmed differently to obtain the age incidence curves observed for other cancers, e.g., leukemias and sarcomas."}
{"id": "PMID:266177", "title": "Association of a protein structure of probable membrane derivation with HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA near its origin of replication.", "content": "Almost all (about 95%) of the mitochondrial DNA molecules released by Triton X-100 lysis of HeLa cell mitochondria in the presence of 0.15 M salt are associated with a single protein-containing structure varying in appearance between a 10-20 nm knob and a 100-500 nm membrane-like patch. Analysis by high resolution electron microscopy and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after cleavage of mitochondrial DNA with the endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, and Hpa II has shown that the protein structure is attached to the DNA in the region of the D-loop, and probably near the origin of mitochondrial DNA replication. The data strongly suggest that HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA is attached in vivo to the inner mitochondrial membrane at or near the origin of replication, and that a membrane fragment of variable size remains associated with the DNA during the isolation. After sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction of mitochondrial DNA, a small 5-10 nm protein is found at the same site on a fraction of the mitochondrial DNA molecules.", "contents": "Association of a protein structure of probable membrane derivation with HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA near its origin of replication. Almost all (about 95%) of the mitochondrial DNA molecules released by Triton X-100 lysis of HeLa cell mitochondria in the presence of 0.15 M salt are associated with a single protein-containing structure varying in appearance between a 10-20 nm knob and a 100-500 nm membrane-like patch. Analysis by high resolution electron microscopy and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after cleavage of mitochondrial DNA with the endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, and Hpa II has shown that the protein structure is attached to the DNA in the region of the D-loop, and probably near the origin of mitochondrial DNA replication. The data strongly suggest that HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA is attached in vivo to the inner mitochondrial membrane at or near the origin of replication, and that a membrane fragment of variable size remains associated with the DNA during the isolation. After sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction of mitochondrial DNA, a small 5-10 nm protein is found at the same site on a fraction of the mitochondrial DNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:266178", "title": "Rat liver preproalbumin: in vitro synthesis and partial amino acid sequence.", "content": "Rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA greatly stimulated incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein when added to a wheat germ in vitro translation system. Approximately 7% of the labeled synthetic product was precipitated following indirect immunoprecipitation with antisera to rat serum albumin. Analysis of this material, and of the cyanogen bromide fragments derived from it, by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that it contained an NH2-terminal extension of about 2500 daltons when compared to rat serum albumin. Automated sequence determination of purified cell-free product labeled with various radioactive amino acids revealed the presence of 18 additional amino acids NH2-terminal to the sequence of rat proalbumin. The partial sequence of this extension was found to be: Met-X-X-X-X-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Phe-X-X-X-X-X-Phe-X-proalbumin. On the basis of this evidence, the immunoprecipitable cell-free product was designated preproalbumin.", "contents": "Rat liver preproalbumin: in vitro synthesis and partial amino acid sequence. Rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA greatly stimulated incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein when added to a wheat germ in vitro translation system. Approximately 7% of the labeled synthetic product was precipitated following indirect immunoprecipitation with antisera to rat serum albumin. Analysis of this material, and of the cyanogen bromide fragments derived from it, by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that it contained an NH2-terminal extension of about 2500 daltons when compared to rat serum albumin. Automated sequence determination of purified cell-free product labeled with various radioactive amino acids revealed the presence of 18 additional amino acids NH2-terminal to the sequence of rat proalbumin. The partial sequence of this extension was found to be: Met-X-X-X-X-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Phe-X-X-X-X-X-Phe-X-proalbumin. On the basis of this evidence, the immunoprecipitable cell-free product was designated preproalbumin."}
{"id": "PMID:266179", "title": "Relative conformational rigidity in oxytocin and (1-penicillamine)-oxytocin: a proposal for the relationship of conformational flexibility to peptide hormone agonism and antagonism.", "content": "A comparative study of the proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral parameters of the peptide hormone oxytocin and of its competitive inhibitor [1-L-penicillamine]oxytocin has been made, and the results analyzed in terms of comparative conformational and dynamic properties. The results indicate that oxytocin has a flexible conformation, while [1-L-penicillamine]oxytocin has a more restricted conformation. The results provide a framework for understanding the mechanism of peptide hormone agonism and antagonism for these compounds, and an approach for understanding some features of the interaction of the hormone and related compounds with their receptor.", "contents": "Relative conformational rigidity in oxytocin and (1-penicillamine)-oxytocin: a proposal for the relationship of conformational flexibility to peptide hormone agonism and antagonism. A comparative study of the proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral parameters of the peptide hormone oxytocin and of its competitive inhibitor [1-L-penicillamine]oxytocin has been made, and the results analyzed in terms of comparative conformational and dynamic properties. The results indicate that oxytocin has a flexible conformation, while [1-L-penicillamine]oxytocin has a more restricted conformation. The results provide a framework for understanding the mechanism of peptide hormone agonism and antagonism for these compounds, and an approach for understanding some features of the interaction of the hormone and related compounds with their receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:266180", "title": "Dissociation and reassociation of immobilized porphobilinogen synthase: use of immobilized subunits for enzyme isolation.", "content": "The dissociation and association of an immobilized preparation of the octameric enzyme porphobilinogen synthase [5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing), EC 4.2.1.24] is described. On treatment of the immobilized preparation with 4 M urea, four subunits per octamer are removed which can be reassociated into a soluble octameric enzyme. The tetrameric bound residual protein can also be reassembled into an octameric structure, with the same initial enzyme activity, by exposing the residual bound protein to a soluble pure enzyme preparation or to a crude liver extract in the presence of urea. The dissociation of the reconstituted bound enzyme releases subunits that again can be reassembled into a soluble octameric pure protein even when the crude liver preparation is used as the donor of the subunits. Thus, a pure enzyme can be isolated in a reassociation-dissociation cycle. The use of immobilized preparations of oligomeric proteins is considered for intra- and interspecies hybridization studies and for the ready preparation of purified enzyme preparations from different species and is suggested as a model for study of the formation of an oligomeric enzyme in the presence of other polypeptides.", "contents": "Dissociation and reassociation of immobilized porphobilinogen synthase: use of immobilized subunits for enzyme isolation. The dissociation and association of an immobilized preparation of the octameric enzyme porphobilinogen synthase [5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing), EC 4.2.1.24] is described. On treatment of the immobilized preparation with 4 M urea, four subunits per octamer are removed which can be reassociated into a soluble octameric enzyme. The tetrameric bound residual protein can also be reassembled into an octameric structure, with the same initial enzyme activity, by exposing the residual bound protein to a soluble pure enzyme preparation or to a crude liver extract in the presence of urea. The dissociation of the reconstituted bound enzyme releases subunits that again can be reassembled into a soluble octameric pure protein even when the crude liver preparation is used as the donor of the subunits. Thus, a pure enzyme can be isolated in a reassociation-dissociation cycle. The use of immobilized preparations of oligomeric proteins is considered for intra- and interspecies hybridization studies and for the ready preparation of purified enzyme preparations from different species and is suggested as a model for study of the formation of an oligomeric enzyme in the presence of other polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:266181", "title": "Evidence that dephosphorylation inactivates glucocorticoid receptors.", "content": "Highly purified alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] from calf intestine inactivates the glucocorticoid-binding capacity of soluble preparations from mouse fibroblasts (L cells) and rat liver. The unbound receptor is sensitive to inactivation whereas the steroid-bound receptor is unaffected. The ability of the enzyme preparation to inactivate the receptor, like its ability to dephosphorylate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, is dependent on zinc and inhibited by arsenate. Both the dephosphorylating and receptor inactivating activities coelute during DEAE-cellulose purification of the enzyme. There is no detectable proteolytic activity in the purified alkaline phosphatase preparation. In a mixed system containing both glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor is selectively inactivated. Although these observations do not prove that the receptor molecule itself is the substrate, they are consistent with the proposal that the glucocorticoid receptor can be inactivated by dephosphorylation and that only the phosphorylated form of the molecule is capable of binding steroid. A phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism may be responsible for determining the level of active receptor in the cell.", "contents": "Evidence that dephosphorylation inactivates glucocorticoid receptors. Highly purified alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] from calf intestine inactivates the glucocorticoid-binding capacity of soluble preparations from mouse fibroblasts (L cells) and rat liver. The unbound receptor is sensitive to inactivation whereas the steroid-bound receptor is unaffected. The ability of the enzyme preparation to inactivate the receptor, like its ability to dephosphorylate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, is dependent on zinc and inhibited by arsenate. Both the dephosphorylating and receptor inactivating activities coelute during DEAE-cellulose purification of the enzyme. There is no detectable proteolytic activity in the purified alkaline phosphatase preparation. In a mixed system containing both glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor is selectively inactivated. Although these observations do not prove that the receptor molecule itself is the substrate, they are consistent with the proposal that the glucocorticoid receptor can be inactivated by dephosphorylation and that only the phosphorylated form of the molecule is capable of binding steroid. A phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism may be responsible for determining the level of active receptor in the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:266182", "title": "In vitro biosynthesis of beta-endorphin in pituitary glands.", "content": "beta-Endorphin is a 31 amino acid polypeptide isolated from the pituitary gland of different species of animals. It has strong morphine-like activity. It is formed of amino acid residues 61-91 of beta-lipotropin. Speculation has arisen whether it is biosynthesized in situ or transformed after secretion of beta-lipotropin. The present in vitro studies show that it is found as beta-endorphin in bovine pituitary slices incubated with radioactive amino acid precursor [35S]methionine. Chemical characterization and microsequencing of the newly biosynthesized material proves its identity with isolated unlabeled beta-endorphin and shows that it has a methionine residue at its fifth position, as expected.", "contents": "In vitro biosynthesis of beta-endorphin in pituitary glands. beta-Endorphin is a 31 amino acid polypeptide isolated from the pituitary gland of different species of animals. It has strong morphine-like activity. It is formed of amino acid residues 61-91 of beta-lipotropin. Speculation has arisen whether it is biosynthesized in situ or transformed after secretion of beta-lipotropin. The present in vitro studies show that it is found as beta-endorphin in bovine pituitary slices incubated with radioactive amino acid precursor [35S]methionine. Chemical characterization and microsequencing of the newly biosynthesized material proves its identity with isolated unlabeled beta-endorphin and shows that it has a methionine residue at its fifth position, as expected."}
{"id": "PMID:266183", "title": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA secondary structure: oligo (U) sequences base-paired with poly (A) and their possible role as binding sites for heterogeneous nuclear RNA-specific proteins.", "content": "HeLa cell heterogeneous nuclear RNA derived from high-molecular-weight nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles contains oligo(U) sequences of 15-50 nucleotides base-paired with poly(A). These duplexes are resistant to pancreatic RNase at 0.5 M NaCl in native RNP, remain so after chemical deproteinization of the RNP digests, and then copurify with poly(A) on oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Oligo(dT)-cellulose binding capacity of the oligo(U)-poly(A) duplexes is abolished by prior titration of the nonduplex poly(A) regions with excess poly(U). The oligo(dT)-purified fraction is 97.5 mole % A + U and the [3H]uridine-labeled component is resistant to redigestion by pancreatic RNase at 0.5 M NaCl but not at 0.01 M NaCl. After thermal denaturation, the [3H]uridine-labeled chains become RNase-sensitive at 0.5 M NaCl. Electrophoresis of [3H]adenosine- or [3H]uridine-labeled material in polyacrylamide gels containing 99% formamide confirms that the oligo(U) sequences are not covalently linked to poly(A). Controls establish that the A-U duplexes are not formed artifactually during isolation of heterogeneous nuclear RNP or subsequent fractionation. The oligo(U)-poly(A) duplexes appear to be associated with protein in native heterogeneous nuclear RNP, as reflected by the differential pancreatic RNase sensitivity of the duplexed oligo(U) in RNP (resistant) and RNA (sensitive), measured at physiological ionic strength.", "contents": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA secondary structure: oligo (U) sequences base-paired with poly (A) and their possible role as binding sites for heterogeneous nuclear RNA-specific proteins. HeLa cell heterogeneous nuclear RNA derived from high-molecular-weight nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles contains oligo(U) sequences of 15-50 nucleotides base-paired with poly(A). These duplexes are resistant to pancreatic RNase at 0.5 M NaCl in native RNP, remain so after chemical deproteinization of the RNP digests, and then copurify with poly(A) on oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Oligo(dT)-cellulose binding capacity of the oligo(U)-poly(A) duplexes is abolished by prior titration of the nonduplex poly(A) regions with excess poly(U). The oligo(dT)-purified fraction is 97.5 mole % A + U and the [3H]uridine-labeled component is resistant to redigestion by pancreatic RNase at 0.5 M NaCl but not at 0.01 M NaCl. After thermal denaturation, the [3H]uridine-labeled chains become RNase-sensitive at 0.5 M NaCl. Electrophoresis of [3H]adenosine- or [3H]uridine-labeled material in polyacrylamide gels containing 99% formamide confirms that the oligo(U) sequences are not covalently linked to poly(A). Controls establish that the A-U duplexes are not formed artifactually during isolation of heterogeneous nuclear RNP or subsequent fractionation. The oligo(U)-poly(A) duplexes appear to be associated with protein in native heterogeneous nuclear RNP, as reflected by the differential pancreatic RNase sensitivity of the duplexed oligo(U) in RNP (resistant) and RNA (sensitive), measured at physiological ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:266184", "title": "Collagen degradation in rat skin but not in intestine during rapid growth: effect on collagen types I and III from skin.", "content": "Metabolic degradation of prelabeled collagen in whole body skin and whole intestine was compared to that of types I and III collagens from skin in young, rapidly growing rats. Pregnant rats were given [3H]proline during the last week of gestation; and after birth, littermates were compared. Between the second and sixth weeks of age, there was a 43% loss of radioactivity from dermal collagen but no significant loss of radioactivity from intestinal collagen. Pepsin treatment solubilized 90% of the dermal collagen but only 12% of intestinal collagen. Skin from 2- and 6-week-old rats yielded the same proportions of type I and type III collagens (type I, 82%; type III, 18%). The relative losses of total radioactivity from types I and III were similar to each other (50 and 44%, respectively) and to the loss from whole skin. Because types I and III collagens are known to be present in both skin and intestine, the marked degradation of both collagen types in skin but not in the intestine may be related to the amount and kind of intermolecular crosslinks present.", "contents": "Collagen degradation in rat skin but not in intestine during rapid growth: effect on collagen types I and III from skin. Metabolic degradation of prelabeled collagen in whole body skin and whole intestine was compared to that of types I and III collagens from skin in young, rapidly growing rats. Pregnant rats were given [3H]proline during the last week of gestation; and after birth, littermates were compared. Between the second and sixth weeks of age, there was a 43% loss of radioactivity from dermal collagen but no significant loss of radioactivity from intestinal collagen. Pepsin treatment solubilized 90% of the dermal collagen but only 12% of intestinal collagen. Skin from 2- and 6-week-old rats yielded the same proportions of type I and type III collagens (type I, 82%; type III, 18%). The relative losses of total radioactivity from types I and III were similar to each other (50 and 44%, respectively) and to the loss from whole skin. Because types I and III collagens are known to be present in both skin and intestine, the marked degradation of both collagen types in skin but not in the intestine may be related to the amount and kind of intermolecular crosslinks present."}
{"id": "PMID:266185", "title": "Invariance and heterogeneity in the major structural and regulatory proteins of chick muscle cells revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system is used to investigate some of the properties of desmin, the major subunit of the 100-A filaments from chick muscle cells, and to compare these properties to those of the other major contractile and regulatory proteins of muscle. Desmin from embryonic and adult smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells is resolved into two isoelectric variants, alpha and beta, which possess slightly different electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both the alpha and the beta variants from all six preparations appear to be identical in isoelectric point and apparent molecular weight. The alpha and beta desmin are present in approximately equal amounts in all three types of muscle, suggesting that both isoelectric variants of desmin serve as the structural subunits of the 100-A filaments in chick muscle cells. Tropomyosin also can be resolved into two subunits, alpha and beta, in all three types of muscle. However, in each type of muscle both subunits differ from their counterparts in the other types of muscle, either by molecular weight or by isoelectric point. These results indicate that, with regard to apparent isoelectric point and molecular weight, desmin, a major muscle structural protein, is invariant, while tropomyosin, a major muscle regulatory protein, exhibits heterogeneity in the three types of muscle.", "contents": "Invariance and heterogeneity in the major structural and regulatory proteins of chick muscle cells revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system is used to investigate some of the properties of desmin, the major subunit of the 100-A filaments from chick muscle cells, and to compare these properties to those of the other major contractile and regulatory proteins of muscle. Desmin from embryonic and adult smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells is resolved into two isoelectric variants, alpha and beta, which possess slightly different electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both the alpha and the beta variants from all six preparations appear to be identical in isoelectric point and apparent molecular weight. The alpha and beta desmin are present in approximately equal amounts in all three types of muscle, suggesting that both isoelectric variants of desmin serve as the structural subunits of the 100-A filaments in chick muscle cells. Tropomyosin also can be resolved into two subunits, alpha and beta, in all three types of muscle. However, in each type of muscle both subunits differ from their counterparts in the other types of muscle, either by molecular weight or by isoelectric point. These results indicate that, with regard to apparent isoelectric point and molecular weight, desmin, a major muscle structural protein, is invariant, while tropomyosin, a major muscle regulatory protein, exhibits heterogeneity in the three types of muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:266186", "title": "Selective scattering spectra as an approach to internal structure of granal and agranal chloroplasts.", "content": "Selective scattering spectra of granal and agranal chloroplasts were measured in the red spectral region and compared with calculations based on the Mie theory. The spectra were influenced considerably by the intactness and ultrastructural pattern of the chloroplasts. It was demonstrated that the spectra consist of two components: one attributable to grana and the other, to single lamellae. The dependence of the selective scattering spectra on the ultrastructural characteristics offers a convenient method for monitoring the quality of chloroplast preparations by a procedure much faster than electron microscopy.", "contents": "Selective scattering spectra as an approach to internal structure of granal and agranal chloroplasts. Selective scattering spectra of granal and agranal chloroplasts were measured in the red spectral region and compared with calculations based on the Mie theory. The spectra were influenced considerably by the intactness and ultrastructural pattern of the chloroplasts. It was demonstrated that the spectra consist of two components: one attributable to grana and the other, to single lamellae. The dependence of the selective scattering spectra on the ultrastructural characteristics offers a convenient method for monitoring the quality of chloroplast preparations by a procedure much faster than electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:266187", "title": "Secondary structural complementarity between DNA and proteins.", "content": "A model for the complex between double-stranded DNA and a beta-ribbon (a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet) of proteins is proposed as one of the possible modes of structural recognition between DNA and proteins. In this model, the contact occurs on the narrow groove of DNA, and the symmetry elements as well as the repeat distances of DNA and the beta-ribbon coincide, thus providing favorable complementary contacts.", "contents": "Secondary structural complementarity between DNA and proteins. A model for the complex between double-stranded DNA and a beta-ribbon (a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet) of proteins is proposed as one of the possible modes of structural recognition between DNA and proteins. In this model, the contact occurs on the narrow groove of DNA, and the symmetry elements as well as the repeat distances of DNA and the beta-ribbon coincide, thus providing favorable complementary contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:266188", "title": "Relationship between interferon production and interferon messenger RNA synthesis in human fibroblasts.", "content": "Poly(A) containing mRNA prepared from poly(rI)-poly(rC)-induced human fibroblasts stimulated [14C]leucine incorporation into protein in wheat germ cell-free extracts. For the translation of interferon mRNA into a biologically active product, the presence of spermine was essential. The protein synthesized in vitro fulfilled the criteria for human interferon--namely, its antiviral activity was species specific, and its activity was completely neutralized by antiserum to human fibroblast interferon. The amount of interferon synthesized in human fibroblasts induced by poly(rI)-poly(rC) (normal induction) and poly(rI)-poly(rC) in the presence of cycloheximide (superinduction) was compared to the amount of translatable interferon mRNA both in the wheat germ cell-free system and the Xenopus o\u00f6cyte system. Although the production of interferon after the termination of transcription by actinomycin D was markedly increased in superinduced cells, the measurable amount of interferon mRNA as assayed in the o\u00f6cyte system was only slightly higher in superinduced cells than in cells induced with poly(rI)-poly(rC) alone. When compared in the wheat germ cell-free system, however, the translational product of mRNA preparation from cells induced with poly(rI)-poly(rC) alone was inactive while that from superinduced cells was active.", "contents": "Relationship between interferon production and interferon messenger RNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. Poly(A) containing mRNA prepared from poly(rI)-poly(rC)-induced human fibroblasts stimulated [14C]leucine incorporation into protein in wheat germ cell-free extracts. For the translation of interferon mRNA into a biologically active product, the presence of spermine was essential. The protein synthesized in vitro fulfilled the criteria for human interferon--namely, its antiviral activity was species specific, and its activity was completely neutralized by antiserum to human fibroblast interferon. The amount of interferon synthesized in human fibroblasts induced by poly(rI)-poly(rC) (normal induction) and poly(rI)-poly(rC) in the presence of cycloheximide (superinduction) was compared to the amount of translatable interferon mRNA both in the wheat germ cell-free system and the Xenopus o\u00f6cyte system. Although the production of interferon after the termination of transcription by actinomycin D was markedly increased in superinduced cells, the measurable amount of interferon mRNA as assayed in the o\u00f6cyte system was only slightly higher in superinduced cells than in cells induced with poly(rI)-poly(rC) alone. When compared in the wheat germ cell-free system, however, the translational product of mRNA preparation from cells induced with poly(rI)-poly(rC) alone was inactive while that from superinduced cells was active."}
{"id": "PMID:266189", "title": "Unexpected additional mode of energization of amino-acid transport into Ehrlich cells.", "content": "Ehrlich cells treated with dinitrophenol and iodoacetate rapidly recover their 30-sec uptake of 2-(methyl-amino)-isobutyrate on treatment with 0.1 mM phenazine methosulfate + 20 mM sodium ascorbate before they begin to recover from the severely depressed ATP levels and alkali-ion gradients. Addition of 10 mM pyruvate also restores uptake of methylaminoisobutyrate before the alkali-ion gradients rise. This restoration is prevented by rotenone, but rotenone does not handicap restoration by phenazine methosulfate/ascorbate. Na+-independent uptake of 2-aminonorbornane-2-carboxylate by Ehrlich cells is affected the same way. Quinacrine almost completely suppresses uptake of methylaminoisobutyrate within the 30-sec uptake test, even when ATP levels are sustained by pyruvate and alkali-ion gradients are not depressed. Ouabain prevents restoration of both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent amino-acid transport by phenazine methosulfate/ascorbate or pyruvate. We interpret these results to indicate that amino-acid transport can be energized not only by known means, but also by reducing equivalents, which presumably reach the plasma membrane in the form of NADH from the mitochondria when the source of energy is pyruvate. In support of this hypothesis, the distribution of methylaminoisobutyrate between plasma membrane vesicles and their supporting media was influenced in the predictable way by NADH, quinacrine, and an uncoupling agent, proceeding on the assumption that more of the vesicles had the everted rather than the natural orientation.", "contents": "Unexpected additional mode of energization of amino-acid transport into Ehrlich cells. Ehrlich cells treated with dinitrophenol and iodoacetate rapidly recover their 30-sec uptake of 2-(methyl-amino)-isobutyrate on treatment with 0.1 mM phenazine methosulfate + 20 mM sodium ascorbate before they begin to recover from the severely depressed ATP levels and alkali-ion gradients. Addition of 10 mM pyruvate also restores uptake of methylaminoisobutyrate before the alkali-ion gradients rise. This restoration is prevented by rotenone, but rotenone does not handicap restoration by phenazine methosulfate/ascorbate. Na+-independent uptake of 2-aminonorbornane-2-carboxylate by Ehrlich cells is affected the same way. Quinacrine almost completely suppresses uptake of methylaminoisobutyrate within the 30-sec uptake test, even when ATP levels are sustained by pyruvate and alkali-ion gradients are not depressed. Ouabain prevents restoration of both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent amino-acid transport by phenazine methosulfate/ascorbate or pyruvate. We interpret these results to indicate that amino-acid transport can be energized not only by known means, but also by reducing equivalents, which presumably reach the plasma membrane in the form of NADH from the mitochondria when the source of energy is pyruvate. In support of this hypothesis, the distribution of methylaminoisobutyrate between plasma membrane vesicles and their supporting media was influenced in the predictable way by NADH, quinacrine, and an uncoupling agent, proceeding on the assumption that more of the vesicles had the everted rather than the natural orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:266190", "title": "Molecular properties of the nerve growth factor secreted by L cells.", "content": "The molecular size and stability of the nerve growth factor (NGF) secreted in culture by L cells have been studied by sedimentation and gel filtration chromatography. Results indicate that L cell NGF has a molecular weight of 160,000. It contains as part of its structure a protein component that is biologically, immunologically, and electrophoretically indistinguishable from the biologically active factor purified from mouse submandibular glands. However, unlike pure gland NGF, L cell NGF is highly stable in solution, and this finding indicates that L cell NGF is a form of the factor different from that previously described.", "contents": "Molecular properties of the nerve growth factor secreted by L cells. The molecular size and stability of the nerve growth factor (NGF) secreted in culture by L cells have been studied by sedimentation and gel filtration chromatography. Results indicate that L cell NGF has a molecular weight of 160,000. It contains as part of its structure a protein component that is biologically, immunologically, and electrophoretically indistinguishable from the biologically active factor purified from mouse submandibular glands. However, unlike pure gland NGF, L cell NGF is highly stable in solution, and this finding indicates that L cell NGF is a form of the factor different from that previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:266191", "title": "Characterization of the integration protein of bacteriophage lambda as a site-specific DNA-binding protein.", "content": "The Int protein specified by bacteriophage lambda is required for the recombination event that integrates the viral DNA into the host genome at its specific attachment site. Using a DNA-binding assay, we have partially purified the Int protein and studied some of the features of its binding specificity and regulation. The DNA-binding activity is attributed to Int protein because the activity is eliminated by a nonsense mutation or a deletion in the int gene, and is rendered thermolabile by temperature-sensitive mutations in the int gene. The DNA-binding activity is specific for DNA carrying an appropriate attachment site, suggesting that Int protein directs the sequence-specific recognition essential for integrative recombination. The specific DNA-binding activity is also missing after infection by phage carrying mutations in the cII and cIII regulatory genes of lambda. This finding corroborates the conclusion from other types of experiments that regulation of the int and cI genes by cII/cIII provides for coordinate regulation of both major events of the lysogenic response, establishment of repression and insertion of viral DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of the integration protein of bacteriophage lambda as a site-specific DNA-binding protein. The Int protein specified by bacteriophage lambda is required for the recombination event that integrates the viral DNA into the host genome at its specific attachment site. Using a DNA-binding assay, we have partially purified the Int protein and studied some of the features of its binding specificity and regulation. The DNA-binding activity is attributed to Int protein because the activity is eliminated by a nonsense mutation or a deletion in the int gene, and is rendered thermolabile by temperature-sensitive mutations in the int gene. The DNA-binding activity is specific for DNA carrying an appropriate attachment site, suggesting that Int protein directs the sequence-specific recognition essential for integrative recombination. The specific DNA-binding activity is also missing after infection by phage carrying mutations in the cII and cIII regulatory genes of lambda. This finding corroborates the conclusion from other types of experiments that regulation of the int and cI genes by cII/cIII provides for coordinate regulation of both major events of the lysogenic response, establishment of repression and insertion of viral DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:266192", "title": "Role of sialic acid in survival of erythrocytes in the circulation: interaction of neuraminidase-treated and untreated erythrocytes with spleen and liver at the cellular level.", "content": "Sialidase (neuraminidase; acylneuraminyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18)-treated erythrocytes obtained from different species are susceptible to rapid elimination from the circulation and are sequestered in the liver and spleen. The present studies were concerned with the mechanism of this clearance and how it may relate to the normal physiological process of removing senescent erythrocytes from the circulation. The results obtained indicate a preferential recognition of sialidase-treated as compared to normal erythrocytes by mono-nuclear spleen cells and Kupffer cells of the liver. This recognition manifests itself in both autologous and homologous systems by adhesion of the complementary cells in the form of rosettes, and as such could explain the removal of enzyme-treated erythrocytes from the circulation with their accumulation in liver and spleen. This phenomenon may represent a normal physiological mechanism for removal of senescent erythrocytes containing decreased sialic acid.", "contents": "Role of sialic acid in survival of erythrocytes in the circulation: interaction of neuraminidase-treated and untreated erythrocytes with spleen and liver at the cellular level. Sialidase (neuraminidase; acylneuraminyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18)-treated erythrocytes obtained from different species are susceptible to rapid elimination from the circulation and are sequestered in the liver and spleen. The present studies were concerned with the mechanism of this clearance and how it may relate to the normal physiological process of removing senescent erythrocytes from the circulation. The results obtained indicate a preferential recognition of sialidase-treated as compared to normal erythrocytes by mono-nuclear spleen cells and Kupffer cells of the liver. This recognition manifests itself in both autologous and homologous systems by adhesion of the complementary cells in the form of rosettes, and as such could explain the removal of enzyme-treated erythrocytes from the circulation with their accumulation in liver and spleen. This phenomenon may represent a normal physiological mechanism for removal of senescent erythrocytes containing decreased sialic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:266193", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of two major component polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Determination of the amino acid sequence of the immunogenic polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen may not only permit molecular localization of the distinct determinants a, d, and y but may also lead to the synthesis of a hapten useful in prophylactic immunization against hepatitis B virus infection. For this purpose, purified monotypic hepatitis B surface antigen of adw subtype was resolved into equal amounts of two major polypeptides (22,000 and 28,000 daltons) and up to six other minor polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the periodate staining reaction, only the 28,000-dalton polypeptide stained as a glycoprotein. Guinea pigs immunized with the 22,000-dalton polypeptide produced potent antisera against determinants a and d, but the 28,000-dalton glycoprotein did not induce a response. Both polypeptides isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed amino acid composition identical with that of the intact antigen. For both polypeptides, hydrazinolysis gave Ile as the carboxyterminus, and carboxypeptidase A digestion gave the same terminal sequence, Val-Tyr-Ile. Both peptides also yielded an identical sequence of amino acids in nine steps of Edman degradation--Met-Glu-Asn-Ile-Thr-Ser(Cys)-Gly-Phe-Leu. Our data suggest that hepatitis B surface antigen contains a single major immunogenic 22,000-dalton polypeptide component, part of which is modified by the addition of carbohydrate to give rise to the glycopeptide of apparent molecular weight 28,000.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of two major component polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen. Determination of the amino acid sequence of the immunogenic polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen may not only permit molecular localization of the distinct determinants a, d, and y but may also lead to the synthesis of a hapten useful in prophylactic immunization against hepatitis B virus infection. For this purpose, purified monotypic hepatitis B surface antigen of adw subtype was resolved into equal amounts of two major polypeptides (22,000 and 28,000 daltons) and up to six other minor polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the periodate staining reaction, only the 28,000-dalton polypeptide stained as a glycoprotein. Guinea pigs immunized with the 22,000-dalton polypeptide produced potent antisera against determinants a and d, but the 28,000-dalton glycoprotein did not induce a response. Both polypeptides isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed amino acid composition identical with that of the intact antigen. For both polypeptides, hydrazinolysis gave Ile as the carboxyterminus, and carboxypeptidase A digestion gave the same terminal sequence, Val-Tyr-Ile. Both peptides also yielded an identical sequence of amino acids in nine steps of Edman degradation--Met-Glu-Asn-Ile-Thr-Ser(Cys)-Gly-Phe-Leu. Our data suggest that hepatitis B surface antigen contains a single major immunogenic 22,000-dalton polypeptide component, part of which is modified by the addition of carbohydrate to give rise to the glycopeptide of apparent molecular weight 28,000."}
{"id": "PMID:266194", "title": "Transmembrane movement of cholesterol in human erythrocytes.", "content": "We studied the exchange of cholesterol between radioactively labeled plasma and human erythrocytes. Results from experiments in which [3H]cholesterol and [14C]-cholesterol were exchanged sequentially into the cells and back out into unlabeled plasma, showed that transmembrane movement of cholesterol occurred with a half-time that was either less than 50 min or greater than 10 days. To obtain further information about the transmembrane movement of cholesterol, we used a technique [Jacobson, B. S. & Branton, D. (1977) Science 195, 302-304] for exposure of the cytoplasmic surface of erythrocyte membranes. This method involved the ionic attachment of erythrocytes to derivatized glass beads followed by disruption of the cells, leaving the beads covered by membrane with the cytoplasmic surface exposed [3H]Cholesterol was exchanged into intact erythrocytes which then were attached to beads. The beads with attached membrane were incubated with phospholipid-cholesterol vesicles and the exchange of cholesterol between the membrane cytoplasmic surface and vesicles was studied. We found that [3H]cholesterol was present at the cytoplasmic surface, indicating that transmembrane movement of cholesterol had occurred within the 2.5 hr required to complete the experiment. This result suggests that the more rapid rate of transmembrane cholesterol movement, inferred from the experiments described above, is the one that applies.", "contents": "Transmembrane movement of cholesterol in human erythrocytes. We studied the exchange of cholesterol between radioactively labeled plasma and human erythrocytes. Results from experiments in which [3H]cholesterol and [14C]-cholesterol were exchanged sequentially into the cells and back out into unlabeled plasma, showed that transmembrane movement of cholesterol occurred with a half-time that was either less than 50 min or greater than 10 days. To obtain further information about the transmembrane movement of cholesterol, we used a technique [Jacobson, B. S. & Branton, D. (1977) Science 195, 302-304] for exposure of the cytoplasmic surface of erythrocyte membranes. This method involved the ionic attachment of erythrocytes to derivatized glass beads followed by disruption of the cells, leaving the beads covered by membrane with the cytoplasmic surface exposed [3H]Cholesterol was exchanged into intact erythrocytes which then were attached to beads. The beads with attached membrane were incubated with phospholipid-cholesterol vesicles and the exchange of cholesterol between the membrane cytoplasmic surface and vesicles was studied. We found that [3H]cholesterol was present at the cytoplasmic surface, indicating that transmembrane movement of cholesterol had occurred within the 2.5 hr required to complete the experiment. This result suggests that the more rapid rate of transmembrane cholesterol movement, inferred from the experiments described above, is the one that applies."}
{"id": "PMID:266195", "title": "Different rate-limiting steps in excision repair of ultraviolet- and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-damaged DNA in normal human fibroblasts.", "content": "In normal human cells the amount of excision of ultraviolet damage to DNA saturates at high doses. In these cells some chemicals mimic ultraviolet damage as far as their biological and repair characteristics are concerned. One of these chemicals is N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. We determined whether the limited repair capacity for ultraviolet damage was affected by treatment with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. To measure repair we determined unscheduled DNA synthesis and the number of sites sensitive to an ultraviolet endonuclease in an assay using an extract of Micrococcus luteus. The nuclease does not act on DNA treated with the chemical. The amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis due to a combined chemical and ultraviolet treatment was the sum of those observed from the separate treatments, even at saturation doses. The combined treatment did not affect the removal of nuclease-sensitive sites. We conclude that there are different rate-limiting steps in excision repair of the ultraviolet and the chemical damage and suggest a model involving a complex of enzymes to explain the data.", "contents": "Different rate-limiting steps in excision repair of ultraviolet- and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-damaged DNA in normal human fibroblasts. In normal human cells the amount of excision of ultraviolet damage to DNA saturates at high doses. In these cells some chemicals mimic ultraviolet damage as far as their biological and repair characteristics are concerned. One of these chemicals is N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. We determined whether the limited repair capacity for ultraviolet damage was affected by treatment with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. To measure repair we determined unscheduled DNA synthesis and the number of sites sensitive to an ultraviolet endonuclease in an assay using an extract of Micrococcus luteus. The nuclease does not act on DNA treated with the chemical. The amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis due to a combined chemical and ultraviolet treatment was the sum of those observed from the separate treatments, even at saturation doses. The combined treatment did not affect the removal of nuclease-sensitive sites. We conclude that there are different rate-limiting steps in excision repair of the ultraviolet and the chemical damage and suggest a model involving a complex of enzymes to explain the data."}
{"id": "PMID:266196", "title": "Differences in removal of acetylaminofluorene and pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "The rate and extent of disappearance of two DNA lesions (pyrimidine dimers and covalently bound acetylaminofluorene), both thought to be removed by the so-called wide-patch (approximately 100 nucleotides) repair process, were studied in a variety of cultured mammalian cells. With the exception of mouse cells, dimers were removed more rapidly and extensively than covalently bound acetylaminofluorene. In human cells, for example, about 50% of the dimers were excised from DNA in 1 hr while only 25-50% of the chemically induced lesions were excised from DNA after 48 hr. Surprisingly mouse cells, which remove few dimers, were about as competent as control human fibroblasts at removing acetylaminofluorene lesions; however, xeroderma pigmentosum cells (group D) removed fewer N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced lesions than control human cells. Our data raise the possibility of separate repair processes for these two types of lesions and suggest that their expression may be under similar genetic control in human cells.", "contents": "Differences in removal of acetylaminofluorene and pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of cultured mammalian cells. The rate and extent of disappearance of two DNA lesions (pyrimidine dimers and covalently bound acetylaminofluorene), both thought to be removed by the so-called wide-patch (approximately 100 nucleotides) repair process, were studied in a variety of cultured mammalian cells. With the exception of mouse cells, dimers were removed more rapidly and extensively than covalently bound acetylaminofluorene. In human cells, for example, about 50% of the dimers were excised from DNA in 1 hr while only 25-50% of the chemically induced lesions were excised from DNA after 48 hr. Surprisingly mouse cells, which remove few dimers, were about as competent as control human fibroblasts at removing acetylaminofluorene lesions; however, xeroderma pigmentosum cells (group D) removed fewer N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced lesions than control human cells. Our data raise the possibility of separate repair processes for these two types of lesions and suggest that their expression may be under similar genetic control in human cells."}
{"id": "PMID:266197", "title": "Adenylate cyclase from synchronized neuroblastoma cells: responsiveness to prostaglandin E1, adenosine, and dopamine during the cell cycle.", "content": "Neuroblastoma cells were synchronized by a combined isoleucine plus glutamine starvation. Adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] was measured under basal conditions and in the presence of dopamine, adenosine and prostaglandin (PG) E1. A clear dissociation occurred between the respective evolution patterns of basal and agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities. The magnitudes of the enzyme response to PGE1, adenosine, and dopamine also exhibited different evolution patterns during the cell cycle. Evolution of adenylate cyclase responsiveness to PGE1 during the cell cycle exhibited striking similarities with the intracellular 3':5'-cyclic AMP changes observed elsewhere. Use of theophylline and fluphenazine as specific inhibitors of adenosine and dopamine, respectively, made it possible to demonstrate that adenosine, dopamine, and PGE1 stimulated adenylate cyclase through independent receptor sites. Furthermore, whatever the stage of the cell cycle, responses to these three agonists were not additive, indicating that the receptors of adenosine, dopamine, and PGE1 control the same adenylate cyclase moieties. The data suggest that adenylate cyclase cell content and enzyme responsiveness to specific agonists can be independently controlled.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase from synchronized neuroblastoma cells: responsiveness to prostaglandin E1, adenosine, and dopamine during the cell cycle. Neuroblastoma cells were synchronized by a combined isoleucine plus glutamine starvation. Adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] was measured under basal conditions and in the presence of dopamine, adenosine and prostaglandin (PG) E1. A clear dissociation occurred between the respective evolution patterns of basal and agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities. The magnitudes of the enzyme response to PGE1, adenosine, and dopamine also exhibited different evolution patterns during the cell cycle. Evolution of adenylate cyclase responsiveness to PGE1 during the cell cycle exhibited striking similarities with the intracellular 3':5'-cyclic AMP changes observed elsewhere. Use of theophylline and fluphenazine as specific inhibitors of adenosine and dopamine, respectively, made it possible to demonstrate that adenosine, dopamine, and PGE1 stimulated adenylate cyclase through independent receptor sites. Furthermore, whatever the stage of the cell cycle, responses to these three agonists were not additive, indicating that the receptors of adenosine, dopamine, and PGE1 control the same adenylate cyclase moieties. The data suggest that adenylate cyclase cell content and enzyme responsiveness to specific agonists can be independently controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:266198", "title": "Magnesium and calcium effects on uptake of hexoses and uridine by chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts were incubated for varying periods in media containing different concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+-Mg2+ deprivation produced a gradual decrease in the Vmax of the glucose transport system for the D-glucose analogues 3-O-[3H]methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose and a parallel decrease in the rate of production of lactate from glucose in the medium. It greatly reduced the rates of [3H]uridine uptake and incorporation by decreasing the Vmax of the uridine transport system. Addition of Mg2+ to Mg2+-deprived cultures rapidly increased the rate of [3H]uridine uptake without requiring protein synthesis and increased the rate of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose uptake without requiring RNA synthesis. These effects of changes in Mg2+ concentration qualitatively reproduce the effects of such variables as cell density and serum and insulin concentrations. Ca2+ deprivation resulted in similar, though much smaller, changes in the activities of the two transport systems, but also greatly increased the \"leakiness\" of the cells to the nontransported hexose L-[3H]glucose.", "contents": "Magnesium and calcium effects on uptake of hexoses and uridine by chick embryo fibroblasts. Cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts were incubated for varying periods in media containing different concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+-Mg2+ deprivation produced a gradual decrease in the Vmax of the glucose transport system for the D-glucose analogues 3-O-[3H]methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose and a parallel decrease in the rate of production of lactate from glucose in the medium. It greatly reduced the rates of [3H]uridine uptake and incorporation by decreasing the Vmax of the uridine transport system. Addition of Mg2+ to Mg2+-deprived cultures rapidly increased the rate of [3H]uridine uptake without requiring protein synthesis and increased the rate of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose uptake without requiring RNA synthesis. These effects of changes in Mg2+ concentration qualitatively reproduce the effects of such variables as cell density and serum and insulin concentrations. Ca2+ deprivation resulted in similar, though much smaller, changes in the activities of the two transport systems, but also greatly increased the \"leakiness\" of the cells to the nontransported hexose L-[3H]glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:266199", "title": "Higher-order structure of human mitotic chromosomes.", "content": "From observations on the partial disintegration of isolated human metaphase chromosomes we propose that human metaphase chromatids have a rather simple organization based on the folding and coiling of a long, regular, hollow cylindrical structure with a diameter of about 4000 A. This cylindrical structure, the unit fiber, is postulated to be a super-solenoid formed by the coiling of a 300 A solenoid, itself composed by coiling the basic string of nucleosomes. The structure of a human chromatid would thus be a hierarchy of helices, the contraction ratio of each coil, in ascending order of size, being approximately 7, 6, 40, and 5. This model appears to explain the estimated mass/unit length and accounts for many of the known features of human mitotic chromatids.", "contents": "Higher-order structure of human mitotic chromosomes. From observations on the partial disintegration of isolated human metaphase chromosomes we propose that human metaphase chromatids have a rather simple organization based on the folding and coiling of a long, regular, hollow cylindrical structure with a diameter of about 4000 A. This cylindrical structure, the unit fiber, is postulated to be a super-solenoid formed by the coiling of a 300 A solenoid, itself composed by coiling the basic string of nucleosomes. The structure of a human chromatid would thus be a hierarchy of helices, the contraction ratio of each coil, in ascending order of size, being approximately 7, 6, 40, and 5. This model appears to explain the estimated mass/unit length and accounts for many of the known features of human mitotic chromatids."}
{"id": "PMID:266200", "title": "Two-dimensional analysis of flagellar proteins from wild-type and paralyzed mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Flagellar polypeptides of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were analyzed in two-dimensions by isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition to flagellar tubulin, over 130 polypeptides were resolved and 100 of these were identified as axonemal components in wild-type organisms. Flagella of two nonconditional paralyzed mutants, pf 14 and pf 1, were also analyzed and, at the same time, electron microscopic studies were carried out. pf 14 flagella, which completely lack radial spokes and associated spokeheads, are missing 12 polypeptides. Six of these polypeptides are also missing from pf 1 flagella in which spokes are clearly present but spoke heads appear to be absent.", "contents": "Two-dimensional analysis of flagellar proteins from wild-type and paralyzed mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Flagellar polypeptides of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were analyzed in two-dimensions by isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition to flagellar tubulin, over 130 polypeptides were resolved and 100 of these were identified as axonemal components in wild-type organisms. Flagella of two nonconditional paralyzed mutants, pf 14 and pf 1, were also analyzed and, at the same time, electron microscopic studies were carried out. pf 14 flagella, which completely lack radial spokes and associated spokeheads, are missing 12 polypeptides. Six of these polypeptides are also missing from pf 1 flagella in which spokes are clearly present but spoke heads appear to be absent."}
{"id": "PMID:266201", "title": "Absence of a measurable G2 phase in two Chinese hamster cell lines.", "content": "Evidence is presented that demonstrates the absence of a measurable G2 phase in the cell cycles of two sublines of the Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79. One of the sublines, in addition, lacks a detectable G1 phase, thereby possessing a cell cycle comprised of simply two phases, DNA synthesis (S) and mitosis (M).", "contents": "Absence of a measurable G2 phase in two Chinese hamster cell lines. Evidence is presented that demonstrates the absence of a measurable G2 phase in the cell cycles of two sublines of the Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79. One of the sublines, in addition, lacks a detectable G1 phase, thereby possessing a cell cycle comprised of simply two phases, DNA synthesis (S) and mitosis (M)."}
{"id": "PMID:266202", "title": "Extension of the lifespan of cultured normal human diploid cells by vitamin E: a reevaluation.", "content": "Previously we reported [Packer, L. & Smith, J.R. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4763-4767] that the lifespan of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts in vitro was significantly increased by continuously growing the cell cultures in the presence of vitamin E(dl-alpha-tocopherol), but in 19 subsequent subcultivation series we were unable to reproduce these findings. While vitamin E is incorporated into the cells and is able to act effectively as an antioxidant, apparantly is intracellular antioxidant properties alone do not routinely result in an increase of cell lifespan. A synergism between vitamin E and some component(s) in the first of two lots of serum used in the original experiments seems the most likely explanation for our earlier findings.", "contents": "Extension of the lifespan of cultured normal human diploid cells by vitamin E: a reevaluation. Previously we reported [Packer, L. & Smith, J.R. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4763-4767] that the lifespan of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts in vitro was significantly increased by continuously growing the cell cultures in the presence of vitamin E(dl-alpha-tocopherol), but in 19 subsequent subcultivation series we were unable to reproduce these findings. While vitamin E is incorporated into the cells and is able to act effectively as an antioxidant, apparantly is intracellular antioxidant properties alone do not routinely result in an increase of cell lifespan. A synergism between vitamin E and some component(s) in the first of two lots of serum used in the original experiments seems the most likely explanation for our earlier findings."}
{"id": "PMID:266203", "title": "Extinction of hemoglobin inducibility in Friend erythroleukemia cells by fusion with cytoplasm of enucleated mouse neuroblastoma or fibroblast cells.", "content": "Friend mouse erythroleukemia cells (T3c1-2 and its subline 5000) can be induced to synthesize hemoglobin after treatment with 1.5% (vol/vol) dimethylsulfoxide. When these cells are fused with nonerythroid cells (namely, mouse neuroblastoma or L cells) hemoglobin induction is extinguished. In order to determine if the nucleus of the nonerythroid cell is necessary for this extinction, fusions were performed between mouse erythroleukemia cells and enucleated neuroblastoma or L cells. Hemoglobin induction was reduced or eliminated in clones of these hybrids even after 6 months of continuous culture. These results suggest that the cytoplasm of nonerythroid cells contains factor(s) that extinguish hemoglobin inducibility in erythroleukemic cells and that this new phenotype can be inherited.", "contents": "Extinction of hemoglobin inducibility in Friend erythroleukemia cells by fusion with cytoplasm of enucleated mouse neuroblastoma or fibroblast cells. Friend mouse erythroleukemia cells (T3c1-2 and its subline 5000) can be induced to synthesize hemoglobin after treatment with 1.5% (vol/vol) dimethylsulfoxide. When these cells are fused with nonerythroid cells (namely, mouse neuroblastoma or L cells) hemoglobin induction is extinguished. In order to determine if the nucleus of the nonerythroid cell is necessary for this extinction, fusions were performed between mouse erythroleukemia cells and enucleated neuroblastoma or L cells. Hemoglobin induction was reduced or eliminated in clones of these hybrids even after 6 months of continuous culture. These results suggest that the cytoplasm of nonerythroid cells contains factor(s) that extinguish hemoglobin inducibility in erythroleukemic cells and that this new phenotype can be inherited."}
{"id": "PMID:266204", "title": "The cost of evolution and the imprecision of adaptation.", "content": "Comparisons of six hypothetical cases suggest that Haldane overstimated the cost of natural selection by allele substitution. The cost is reduced if recessive alleles are advantageous, if substitutions are large and few, if selection is strong and substitutions are rapid, if substitutions are serial, and if substitutions in small demes are followed by deme-group substitutions. But costs are still so heavy that the adaptations of complex organisms in complex and changing environments are never completed. The rule probably is that most species most of the time are not fully adapted to their environments, but are just a little better than their competitors for the time being.", "contents": "The cost of evolution and the imprecision of adaptation. Comparisons of six hypothetical cases suggest that Haldane overstimated the cost of natural selection by allele substitution. The cost is reduced if recessive alleles are advantageous, if substitutions are large and few, if selection is strong and substitutions are rapid, if substitutions are serial, and if substitutions in small demes are followed by deme-group substitutions. But costs are still so heavy that the adaptations of complex organisms in complex and changing environments are never completed. The rule probably is that most species most of the time are not fully adapted to their environments, but are just a little better than their competitors for the time being."}
{"id": "PMID:266205", "title": "Effect of polyploidy on phosphoglucose isomerase diversity in Festuca microstachys.", "content": "Studies of the inheritance of electrophoretic banding patterns in Festuca microstachys support the hypothesis that three closely related loci, one located in each of the three ancestral genomes, code the multiple phosphoglucose isomerase (glucosephosphate isomerase; D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.9) variants found in this hexaploid species. The close relationship among the three loci is indicated by the observation that hybrid enzymes of intercistronic origin form when the loci in different genomes carry alleles coding homodimers with unlike migration rates. Homozygous individuals fixed for different alleles in different genomes produce hybrid enzymes and, when self-fertilized, they breed true for isozyme patterns normally found only in the heterozygotes of diploid species. Biochemical diversity due to this \"fixed heterozygosity\" is high in F. microstachys; although this species is more than 99% self-fertilized the proportion of individuals with at least one heterodimer exceeded 61% in all of the 16 natural populations studied and it exceeded 92% in 11 of the populations. This great biochemical diversity may contribute to the ability of F. microstachys to survive in the wide range of habitats in which it is found over western North America.", "contents": "Effect of polyploidy on phosphoglucose isomerase diversity in Festuca microstachys. Studies of the inheritance of electrophoretic banding patterns in Festuca microstachys support the hypothesis that three closely related loci, one located in each of the three ancestral genomes, code the multiple phosphoglucose isomerase (glucosephosphate isomerase; D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.9) variants found in this hexaploid species. The close relationship among the three loci is indicated by the observation that hybrid enzymes of intercistronic origin form when the loci in different genomes carry alleles coding homodimers with unlike migration rates. Homozygous individuals fixed for different alleles in different genomes produce hybrid enzymes and, when self-fertilized, they breed true for isozyme patterns normally found only in the heterozygotes of diploid species. Biochemical diversity due to this \"fixed heterozygosity\" is high in F. microstachys; although this species is more than 99% self-fertilized the proportion of individuals with at least one heterodimer exceeded 61% in all of the 16 natural populations studied and it exceeded 92% in 11 of the populations. This great biochemical diversity may contribute to the ability of F. microstachys to survive in the wide range of habitats in which it is found over western North America."}
{"id": "PMID:266206", "title": "Structural heterogeneity of C2 Complement protein and its genetic variants in man: a new polymorphism of the HLA region.", "content": "A zymogram method, following thin-layer isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide gel, allows resolution of the lytic activity of serum C2 complement protein in a spectrum of molecular forms. This spectrum is characteristic in each of the species studied (man, rhesus monkey, guinea pig, and hamster). Moreover, two different alternative patterns are observed in man: each of the six major lytic bands characteristic of the most common pattern (herein designated C2(1) is duplicated in the least common pattern (C2(2-1), with an additional band displaced cathodally by not more than 0.04 pH unit. Distribution of phenotypes C2(1) and C2(2-1) in a Caucasion population is in agreement with the hypothesis that they are controlled by two alleles, C2(1) and C2(2), with frequencies 0.96 and 0.04 +/- 0.01. Segregation studies show that the two alleles are codominant and identify a locus in the HLA region. No recombinants with HLA-B were detected among 27 informative meioses, generating a cumulative lod score of 6.321 at equals 0. These findings suggest that the individuals with the C2-deficient trait might be interpreted as homozygotes for a third and rarest amorph C2 degrees of the same locus.", "contents": "Structural heterogeneity of C2 Complement protein and its genetic variants in man: a new polymorphism of the HLA region. A zymogram method, following thin-layer isoelectric focusing in a polyacrylamide gel, allows resolution of the lytic activity of serum C2 complement protein in a spectrum of molecular forms. This spectrum is characteristic in each of the species studied (man, rhesus monkey, guinea pig, and hamster). Moreover, two different alternative patterns are observed in man: each of the six major lytic bands characteristic of the most common pattern (herein designated C2(1) is duplicated in the least common pattern (C2(2-1), with an additional band displaced cathodally by not more than 0.04 pH unit. Distribution of phenotypes C2(1) and C2(2-1) in a Caucasion population is in agreement with the hypothesis that they are controlled by two alleles, C2(1) and C2(2), with frequencies 0.96 and 0.04 +/- 0.01. Segregation studies show that the two alleles are codominant and identify a locus in the HLA region. No recombinants with HLA-B were detected among 27 informative meioses, generating a cumulative lod score of 6.321 at equals 0. These findings suggest that the individuals with the C2-deficient trait might be interpreted as homozygotes for a third and rarest amorph C2 degrees of the same locus."}
{"id": "PMID:266207", "title": "Increased resistance of cystic fibrosis fibroblasts to ouabain toxicity.", "content": "Diploid skin fibroblasts derived from several unrelated patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were tested for resistance to the cytotoxic effects of ouabain in comparison with cells from normal individuals. Cells from CF and normal individuals were plated at low density and exposed to ouabain at different concentrations for 24 hr. Dose-response curves showed that CF cells survived significantly better than did normal cells at all ouabain concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1 micronM in potassium-deficient medium. In medium containing the usual amount of potassium (6.25 mM), survival of the CF cells exposed to ouabain was decreased to that of the normal cells. If the glucose concentration of the potassium-deficient medium was decreased to 10% of the usual amount, the resistance of the CF cells to ouabain disappeared and their survival was identical to that of the normal cells. These findings may be useful in understanding the biochemical basis of CG and its clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Increased resistance of cystic fibrosis fibroblasts to ouabain toxicity. Diploid skin fibroblasts derived from several unrelated patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were tested for resistance to the cytotoxic effects of ouabain in comparison with cells from normal individuals. Cells from CF and normal individuals were plated at low density and exposed to ouabain at different concentrations for 24 hr. Dose-response curves showed that CF cells survived significantly better than did normal cells at all ouabain concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1 micronM in potassium-deficient medium. In medium containing the usual amount of potassium (6.25 mM), survival of the CF cells exposed to ouabain was decreased to that of the normal cells. If the glucose concentration of the potassium-deficient medium was decreased to 10% of the usual amount, the resistance of the CF cells to ouabain disappeared and their survival was identical to that of the normal cells. These findings may be useful in understanding the biochemical basis of CG and its clinical manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:266208", "title": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway due to resistance of zymosan-bound amplification convertase to endogenous regulatory mechanisms.", "content": "The surface of zymosan (Zy), by affording a protected microenvironment for C3b and the amplification convertase stabilized by properdin, P,C3b,Bb, shifts the alternative complement pathway from slow fluid phase turnover to the amplification phase of its expression. This mode of activation is in contradistinction to that of the classical pathway, which follows conversion of a proenzyme, Cl, to its active form, C1. Under conditions in which the control proteins, C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta1H, completely, inactivated C3b on the sheep erythrocyte intermediate, EAC4b,3b, the activity of C3b bound to Zy,ZyC3b, was diminished by only one-third. Further, when ZyC3b was converted to ZyC3b,Bb,P there was an additional point of deregulation in that the convertase was resistant to beta1H-mediated decay-dissociation while P,C3b,Bb on the sheep erythrocyte exhibited the usual susceptibility to beta1H. That Zy alone could indeed promote rapid C3 cleavage by the alternative pathway through assembly and protection of the amplification convertase on its surface was demonstrated with a mixture of alternative pathway proteins, C3,B,D,P, C3bINA, and beta1H, that had each been purified to homogeneity. Interaction of these proteins at one-tenth their relative serum concentrations with Zy permitted low-grade inactivation of C3 and B to advance to the level of amplification after a 15 min lag period. Because the reaction of the purified proteins proceeded spontaneously when either regulatory protein was deleted, the effect of Zy was attributed to deregulation rather than to conversion of one of the proteins to a specific initiating state. The alternative pathway, through the normal presence of D, interacts with a microbial surface, such as Zy, to amplify deposition of C3b by circumvention of endogenous regulatory mechanisms, thereby augmenting host defense.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway due to resistance of zymosan-bound amplification convertase to endogenous regulatory mechanisms. The surface of zymosan (Zy), by affording a protected microenvironment for C3b and the amplification convertase stabilized by properdin, P,C3b,Bb, shifts the alternative complement pathway from slow fluid phase turnover to the amplification phase of its expression. This mode of activation is in contradistinction to that of the classical pathway, which follows conversion of a proenzyme, Cl, to its active form, C1. Under conditions in which the control proteins, C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and beta1H, completely, inactivated C3b on the sheep erythrocyte intermediate, EAC4b,3b, the activity of C3b bound to Zy,ZyC3b, was diminished by only one-third. Further, when ZyC3b was converted to ZyC3b,Bb,P there was an additional point of deregulation in that the convertase was resistant to beta1H-mediated decay-dissociation while P,C3b,Bb on the sheep erythrocyte exhibited the usual susceptibility to beta1H. That Zy alone could indeed promote rapid C3 cleavage by the alternative pathway through assembly and protection of the amplification convertase on its surface was demonstrated with a mixture of alternative pathway proteins, C3,B,D,P, C3bINA, and beta1H, that had each been purified to homogeneity. Interaction of these proteins at one-tenth their relative serum concentrations with Zy permitted low-grade inactivation of C3 and B to advance to the level of amplification after a 15 min lag period. Because the reaction of the purified proteins proceeded spontaneously when either regulatory protein was deleted, the effect of Zy was attributed to deregulation rather than to conversion of one of the proteins to a specific initiating state. The alternative pathway, through the normal presence of D, interacts with a microbial surface, such as Zy, to amplify deposition of C3b by circumvention of endogenous regulatory mechanisms, thereby augmenting host defense."}
{"id": "PMID:266209", "title": "Host specificity of a serum marker for hepatitis B: evidence that \"e antigen\" has the properties of an immunoglobulin.", "content": "A family of antigens, referred to collectively as e antigen (eAg), has been detected in sera of some individuals with liver disease who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Studies on eAg partially purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized antibodies to eAg revealed the following: (i) eAg has the physicochemical and immunologic properties of an immunoglobulin, predominantly of the IgG4 subclass, and (ii) specific antigenic sites, designated as e determinants, differentiate eAg from other immunoglobulins. We suggest that these determinants represent idiotypic determinants on antibodies that are formed in response to hepatitis B virus infection and that block the host's immune surveillance mechanisms by which virus proliferation is stopped.", "contents": "Host specificity of a serum marker for hepatitis B: evidence that \"e antigen\" has the properties of an immunoglobulin. A family of antigens, referred to collectively as e antigen (eAg), has been detected in sera of some individuals with liver disease who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Studies on eAg partially purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized antibodies to eAg revealed the following: (i) eAg has the physicochemical and immunologic properties of an immunoglobulin, predominantly of the IgG4 subclass, and (ii) specific antigenic sites, designated as e determinants, differentiate eAg from other immunoglobulins. We suggest that these determinants represent idiotypic determinants on antibodies that are formed in response to hepatitis B virus infection and that block the host's immune surveillance mechanisms by which virus proliferation is stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:266210", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of the fourth component of guinea pig complement (C4): identification of a precursor of serum C4 (pro-C4).", "content": "Polysomes (S-20) from homogenates of guinea pig liver synthesized serum albumin and a precursor of the fourth component of guinea pig complement (C4) in vitro. The C4 precursor (pro-C4) accounted for approximately 0.2% and albumin 4% of the radiolabeled protein precipitable by trichloroacetic acid and not bound to polysomes. Pro-C4 is a single polypeptide chain (molecular weight 200,000) which is then converted to C4, a three-chain (molecular weights 95,000, 78,000 and 31,000) structure linked by interchain disulfide bridges. Pro-C4 was also detected intracellularly in short-term tissue cultures of guinea pig liver. C4 was found in the medium harvested from these cultures.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of the fourth component of guinea pig complement (C4): identification of a precursor of serum C4 (pro-C4). Polysomes (S-20) from homogenates of guinea pig liver synthesized serum albumin and a precursor of the fourth component of guinea pig complement (C4) in vitro. The C4 precursor (pro-C4) accounted for approximately 0.2% and albumin 4% of the radiolabeled protein precipitable by trichloroacetic acid and not bound to polysomes. Pro-C4 is a single polypeptide chain (molecular weight 200,000) which is then converted to C4, a three-chain (molecular weights 95,000, 78,000 and 31,000) structure linked by interchain disulfide bridges. Pro-C4 was also detected intracellularly in short-term tissue cultures of guinea pig liver. C4 was found in the medium harvested from these cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:266211", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase-B isoenzyme in human sera: results in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed to measure serum levels of the B isoenzyme of creatine kinase(ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) (CPK) in order to evaluate the time course and frequency of MB isoenzyme elevation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method can identify as little as 0.2 ng of the B portion of the CPK-MB isoenzyme, does not significantly crossreact with CPK-MM isoenzyme, and is not affected by storage of serum at --20 degrees CPK isoenzyme containing B subunits was detected in 48 out of 51 sera from normal adults; serum levels in these individuals ranged between 1.2 and 12.5 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM was 2.7 +/- 0.30 ng/ml]. The mean serum level of CPK-B isoenzyme in a pool of sera obtained from 100 normal subjects was 2.9 +/- 0.35 ng/ml; two patients with rhabdomyolysis that were studied had serum CPK-B isoenzyme levels of 2.5 and 3.5 ng/ml, respectively. In contrast, serum levels of the CPK-B isoenzyme were markedly elevated in sera from 18 patients with acute myocardial infarcts when obtained within 12 hr after hospital admission; the mean +/- SEM concentration was 56 +/- 7.8 ng/ml. We performed serial determinations on 14 patients with acute myocardial infarcts and demonstrated that maximal serum CPK-B levels occurred within the first 12 hr after admission and were lower thereafter. The serum concentration of B-containing CPK isoenzyme in 19 additional patients admitted with chest pain but without acute myocardial infarction was 3.4 +/- 0.50 ng/ml. Thus, radioimmunoassay measurement of CPK-B isoenzyme appears to be a useful and sensitive test for the detection of acute myocardial infarcts in patients.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase-B isoenzyme in human sera: results in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A radioimmunoassay was developed to measure serum levels of the B isoenzyme of creatine kinase(ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) (CPK) in order to evaluate the time course and frequency of MB isoenzyme elevation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method can identify as little as 0.2 ng of the B portion of the CPK-MB isoenzyme, does not significantly crossreact with CPK-MM isoenzyme, and is not affected by storage of serum at --20 degrees CPK isoenzyme containing B subunits was detected in 48 out of 51 sera from normal adults; serum levels in these individuals ranged between 1.2 and 12.5 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM was 2.7 +/- 0.30 ng/ml]. The mean serum level of CPK-B isoenzyme in a pool of sera obtained from 100 normal subjects was 2.9 +/- 0.35 ng/ml; two patients with rhabdomyolysis that were studied had serum CPK-B isoenzyme levels of 2.5 and 3.5 ng/ml, respectively. In contrast, serum levels of the CPK-B isoenzyme were markedly elevated in sera from 18 patients with acute myocardial infarcts when obtained within 12 hr after hospital admission; the mean +/- SEM concentration was 56 +/- 7.8 ng/ml. We performed serial determinations on 14 patients with acute myocardial infarcts and demonstrated that maximal serum CPK-B levels occurred within the first 12 hr after admission and were lower thereafter. The serum concentration of B-containing CPK isoenzyme in 19 additional patients admitted with chest pain but without acute myocardial infarction was 3.4 +/- 0.50 ng/ml. Thus, radioimmunoassay measurement of CPK-B isoenzyme appears to be a useful and sensitive test for the detection of acute myocardial infarcts in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:266212", "title": "5'-deoxypyridoxal as a potential anti-sickling agent.", "content": "5'-Deoxypyridoxal, which reacts specifically with the terminal amino groups of the alpha chains of hemoglobin, increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin solutions as well as of dilute suspensions of normal and sickle red cells and whole blood. As a result, the proportion of deoxyhemoglobin (which is responsible for sickling) is decreased at venous oxygen tensions and this is reflected by a sharply reduced sickle cell count in this range of oxygen pressures.", "contents": "5'-deoxypyridoxal as a potential anti-sickling agent. 5'-Deoxypyridoxal, which reacts specifically with the terminal amino groups of the alpha chains of hemoglobin, increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin solutions as well as of dilute suspensions of normal and sickle red cells and whole blood. As a result, the proportion of deoxyhemoglobin (which is responsible for sickling) is decreased at venous oxygen tensions and this is reflected by a sharply reduced sickle cell count in this range of oxygen pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:266213", "title": "Effect of regenerated endothelium on lipid accumulation in the arterial wall.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that loss of endothelium results in increased transport of lipoprotein into the arterial wall, favors accumulation of lipid, and thus predisposes to atherosclerosis. In rabbits initially fed a diet low in lipid, the aortas were de-endothlialized with an intraarterial balloon catheter; 28 days later, the animals were divided into two groups. Group I animals were continued on a diet low in lipid and sacrificed at 8, 11, 13, and 15 weeks after de-endothelialization. Group II animals were fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol and sacrificed at comparable intervals. Aortas of group I animals revealed proliferative fibromuscular intimal thickening in both de-endothelialized and re-endothelialized areas, with little or no fatty change in the intima. In contrast, aortas of group II animals revealed slight to marked fatty change in the intima, characterized by accumulation of oil red O-positive material with anisotropic lipid inclusions. The greatest quantity of lipid was present in intimal thickening beneath regenerated endothelium, and not in adjacent intimal thickening lacking an endothelial lining. These results do not support the hypothesis that the absence of endothelium favors accumulation of lipid and predisposes to atherosclerosis. The experiments indicate that lipid accumulates preferentially in areas of intimal thickening covered by regenerated endothelium.", "contents": "Effect of regenerated endothelium on lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. We tested the hypothesis that loss of endothelium results in increased transport of lipoprotein into the arterial wall, favors accumulation of lipid, and thus predisposes to atherosclerosis. In rabbits initially fed a diet low in lipid, the aortas were de-endothlialized with an intraarterial balloon catheter; 28 days later, the animals were divided into two groups. Group I animals were continued on a diet low in lipid and sacrificed at 8, 11, 13, and 15 weeks after de-endothelialization. Group II animals were fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol and sacrificed at comparable intervals. Aortas of group I animals revealed proliferative fibromuscular intimal thickening in both de-endothelialized and re-endothelialized areas, with little or no fatty change in the intima. In contrast, aortas of group II animals revealed slight to marked fatty change in the intima, characterized by accumulation of oil red O-positive material with anisotropic lipid inclusions. The greatest quantity of lipid was present in intimal thickening beneath regenerated endothelium, and not in adjacent intimal thickening lacking an endothelial lining. These results do not support the hypothesis that the absence of endothelium favors accumulation of lipid and predisposes to atherosclerosis. The experiments indicate that lipid accumulates preferentially in areas of intimal thickening covered by regenerated endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:266214", "title": "Elimination of naturally occurring crosslinks in vaccinia virus DNA after viral penetration into cells.", "content": "Vaccinia virus DNA, extracted from purified virus or from the cytoplasmic fraction of virus-infected cells very shortly after infection, was analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. The sedimentation properties of vaccinia DNA under denaturing conditions changed, immediately after penetration into the cell, from the characteristic circular viral DNA (crosslinked double-stranded linear DNA) to nicked circular DNA or to single-stranded molecules. This transition occurred at the time of uncoating of the virus and with a slight change in the DNA size, as judged by sedimentation in neutral sucrose. These results indicate that the crosslinks, that held the complementary strands of the genome together, are removed after penetration. When vaccinia DNA was incubated with the supernatant fraction of virus-infected cells, a similar change in the sedimentation properties of the DNA under denaturing conditions was observed. It is concluded that the endonuclease present in the supernatant of infected cells eliminated the crosslinks in the DNA, and that this enzymatic hydrolysis may be the mechanism by which crosslinks are removed prior to DNA replication.", "contents": "Elimination of naturally occurring crosslinks in vaccinia virus DNA after viral penetration into cells. Vaccinia virus DNA, extracted from purified virus or from the cytoplasmic fraction of virus-infected cells very shortly after infection, was analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. The sedimentation properties of vaccinia DNA under denaturing conditions changed, immediately after penetration into the cell, from the characteristic circular viral DNA (crosslinked double-stranded linear DNA) to nicked circular DNA or to single-stranded molecules. This transition occurred at the time of uncoating of the virus and with a slight change in the DNA size, as judged by sedimentation in neutral sucrose. These results indicate that the crosslinks, that held the complementary strands of the genome together, are removed after penetration. When vaccinia DNA was incubated with the supernatant fraction of virus-infected cells, a similar change in the sedimentation properties of the DNA under denaturing conditions was observed. It is concluded that the endonuclease present in the supernatant of infected cells eliminated the crosslinks in the DNA, and that this enzymatic hydrolysis may be the mechanism by which crosslinks are removed prior to DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:266215", "title": "Voltage-dependent facilitation of Ca2+ entry in voltage-clamped, aequorin-injected molluscan neurons.", "content": "Voltage-clamp experiments were performed on giant neurons of the nudibranch Anisodoris nobilis injected with the Ca-sensitive photoprotein, aequorin. Depolarization beyond -10 to +5 m V produced an aequorin signal, the amplitude of which depended on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration, the amplitude of the depolarization, and its duration. In paired pulse experiments, the amplitude of the aequorin signal produced in response to the second of two identical depolarizing pulses was larger than that produced during the first, resulting from an increased entry of Ca2+ during the second pulse. The increment in Ca conductance inferred from the augmented signal during the second pulse was independent of Ca2+ influx during the first pulse but, instead, was related to the amplitude and duration of the first pulse.", "contents": "Voltage-dependent facilitation of Ca2+ entry in voltage-clamped, aequorin-injected molluscan neurons. Voltage-clamp experiments were performed on giant neurons of the nudibranch Anisodoris nobilis injected with the Ca-sensitive photoprotein, aequorin. Depolarization beyond -10 to +5 m V produced an aequorin signal, the amplitude of which depended on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration, the amplitude of the depolarization, and its duration. In paired pulse experiments, the amplitude of the aequorin signal produced in response to the second of two identical depolarizing pulses was larger than that produced during the first, resulting from an increased entry of Ca2+ during the second pulse. The increment in Ca conductance inferred from the augmented signal during the second pulse was independent of Ca2+ influx during the first pulse but, instead, was related to the amplitude and duration of the first pulse."}
{"id": "PMID:266216", "title": "Specific projection of displaced retinal ganglion cells upon the accessory optic system in the pigeon (Columbia livia).", "content": "In the pigeon, the nucleus of the basal optic root, a component of the accessory optic system, projects directly upon the vestibulo-cerebellum. This nucleus receives a prominent projection composed of large-diameter retinal axons, known as the basal optic root. The cells of origin of this tract were identified using horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) as a retrograde marker. Injections of horseradish peroxidase confined primarily to the basal optic root nucleus labeled displaced ganglion cells of the contralateral retina. Cell sizes were 18-30 micronm and the dendrites of these cells were confined to the first stratum of the inner plexiform layer. Approximately 3700 displaced ganglion cells were labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into basal optic root. In contrast, no displaced ganglion cells were labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the optic tectum, which labeled only cells in the ganglion cell layer proper. These findings indicate that displaced ganglion cells constitute a unique population of retinal neurons that give rise to a bisynaptic pathway directed to the cerebellum via the nucleus of the basal optic root. These displaced ganglion cells may play a major role inoculomotor reflexes.", "contents": "Specific projection of displaced retinal ganglion cells upon the accessory optic system in the pigeon (Columbia livia). In the pigeon, the nucleus of the basal optic root, a component of the accessory optic system, projects directly upon the vestibulo-cerebellum. This nucleus receives a prominent projection composed of large-diameter retinal axons, known as the basal optic root. The cells of origin of this tract were identified using horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) as a retrograde marker. Injections of horseradish peroxidase confined primarily to the basal optic root nucleus labeled displaced ganglion cells of the contralateral retina. Cell sizes were 18-30 micronm and the dendrites of these cells were confined to the first stratum of the inner plexiform layer. Approximately 3700 displaced ganglion cells were labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into basal optic root. In contrast, no displaced ganglion cells were labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the optic tectum, which labeled only cells in the ganglion cell layer proper. These findings indicate that displaced ganglion cells constitute a unique population of retinal neurons that give rise to a bisynaptic pathway directed to the cerebellum via the nucleus of the basal optic root. These displaced ganglion cells may play a major role inoculomotor reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:266217", "title": "Site of water vapor absorption in the desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata.", "content": "The desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata, can gain weight by absorption of water-vapor from unsaturated atmospheres above 82.5% relative humidity. Blocking the anus or the dorsal surface with wax does not prevent water vapor uptake, but interference with movements of the mouthparts or blocking the mouth with wax-prevents such uptake. Weight gains are associated with the protrusion from the mouth of two bladder-like extensions of the hypopharynx. During absorption these structures are warmer than the surrounding mouthparts, their surface temperature increasing with relative humidity. This suggests that the surfaces of the bladder-like structures function at least as sites for condensation of water vapor, but the precise location of its transfer into the hemolymph has not yet been identified.", "contents": "Site of water vapor absorption in the desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata. The desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata, can gain weight by absorption of water-vapor from unsaturated atmospheres above 82.5% relative humidity. Blocking the anus or the dorsal surface with wax does not prevent water vapor uptake, but interference with movements of the mouthparts or blocking the mouth with wax-prevents such uptake. Weight gains are associated with the protrusion from the mouth of two bladder-like extensions of the hypopharynx. During absorption these structures are warmer than the surrounding mouthparts, their surface temperature increasing with relative humidity. This suggests that the surfaces of the bladder-like structures function at least as sites for condensation of water vapor, but the precise location of its transfer into the hemolymph has not yet been identified."}
{"id": "PMID:266218", "title": "Interaction of myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms that control heart rate.", "content": "Interaction of neurogenic and myogenic factors that control heart rate was studied. Sympathetic nerve actions and stretch of the sinoatrial node both have an accelerator effect which appears to be competitive, and additive rather than facilitatory. In contrast with this, the accelerator effects of sinoatrial node stretch were proportionately greater when stretch was applied during a slowing produced by vagus nerve stimulation. The hyperpolarizing effect of vagus nerve stimulation or acetylcholine apparently potentiates the accelerator effects consquent to the depolarizing actions of stretch. The myogenic reaction can be considered as playing a role in maintaining cardiac output and preventing excessive slowing or diastolic distension and a deficient circulation.", "contents": "Interaction of myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms that control heart rate. Interaction of neurogenic and myogenic factors that control heart rate was studied. Sympathetic nerve actions and stretch of the sinoatrial node both have an accelerator effect which appears to be competitive, and additive rather than facilitatory. In contrast with this, the accelerator effects of sinoatrial node stretch were proportionately greater when stretch was applied during a slowing produced by vagus nerve stimulation. The hyperpolarizing effect of vagus nerve stimulation or acetylcholine apparently potentiates the accelerator effects consquent to the depolarizing actions of stretch. The myogenic reaction can be considered as playing a role in maintaining cardiac output and preventing excessive slowing or diastolic distension and a deficient circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:266219", "title": "Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on behavioural habituation in the rat.", "content": "The processes involved in habituation and the various ways drugs might affect habituation are discussed. Exploration was measured in a holehoard and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT, 4 mg/kg) profoundly reduced the level of exploration, precluding any conclusions about the rate of habituation with this dose. However, both 2 and 4 mg/kg doses prevented the 24-hr retention of habituation of exploration. DMT (2 and 4 mg/kg) did not reduce the initial distraction to a tone stimulus, but the rate of habituation and its 24-hr retention was impaired.", "contents": "Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on behavioural habituation in the rat. The processes involved in habituation and the various ways drugs might affect habituation are discussed. Exploration was measured in a holehoard and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT, 4 mg/kg) profoundly reduced the level of exploration, precluding any conclusions about the rate of habituation with this dose. However, both 2 and 4 mg/kg doses prevented the 24-hr retention of habituation of exploration. DMT (2 and 4 mg/kg) did not reduce the initial distraction to a tone stimulus, but the rate of habituation and its 24-hr retention was impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:266220", "title": "Turnover of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine to 3H-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the 3H-5-methoxyindoles in nondeprived and 24 hr food deprived rats.", "content": "Serotonin turnover in the lateral in hypothalamus (LH) was determined in nondeprived and 24 hr food deprived rats. The LH was infused with 0.5 muCi of 3H-5-hydroxytrptamine 1 hr prior to push-pull perfusion. The percentage of nCi/muCi of radioactivity was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. There was significantly more 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-methoxytryptamine formed in the 24 hr food deprived rats. These results indicate a faster 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover rate in the LH of 24 hr food deprived rats than in nondeprived rats.", "contents": "Turnover of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine to 3H-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the 3H-5-methoxyindoles in nondeprived and 24 hr food deprived rats. Serotonin turnover in the lateral in hypothalamus (LH) was determined in nondeprived and 24 hr food deprived rats. The LH was infused with 0.5 muCi of 3H-5-hydroxytrptamine 1 hr prior to push-pull perfusion. The percentage of nCi/muCi of radioactivity was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. There was significantly more 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-methoxytryptamine formed in the 24 hr food deprived rats. These results indicate a faster 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover rate in the LH of 24 hr food deprived rats than in nondeprived rats."}
{"id": "PMID:266262", "title": "[Esthesioneurocytoma of the upper jaw].", "content": "The authors present a new case of aesthesioneurocytoma with an atypical localisation. They review the clinical, radiological and histological features of these tumours. They stress the importance of mixed surgical/radiotherapy treatment and suggest the desirability of routine estimation before and after treatment of U. M. A. and U. V. A. Dopamine in the urine.", "contents": "[Esthesioneurocytoma of the upper jaw]. The authors present a new case of aesthesioneurocytoma with an atypical localisation. They review the clinical, radiological and histological features of these tumours. They stress the importance of mixed surgical/radiotherapy treatment and suggest the desirability of routine estimation before and after treatment of U. M. A. and U. V. A. Dopamine in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:266263", "title": "[Procedure for immobilization of comminuted fractures of the zygomatic arch].", "content": "The authors suggest a method for the reduction and immobilisation comminutive fractures in varus of the zygomatic arch. This procedure consists of the introduction of a Franchebois balloon filled with physiological saline into the external space of the manducatory sysarcoses, thereby maintaining the calibe of the zygomato-temporo-malar canal. The procedure falls within the context of the functional treatment of fractures of the facial skeleton.", "contents": "[Procedure for immobilization of comminuted fractures of the zygomatic arch]. The authors suggest a method for the reduction and immobilisation comminutive fractures in varus of the zygomatic arch. This procedure consists of the introduction of a Franchebois balloon filled with physiological saline into the external space of the manducatory sysarcoses, thereby maintaining the calibe of the zygomato-temporo-malar canal. The procedure falls within the context of the functional treatment of fractures of the facial skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:266261", "title": "[Our experience with spinothalamic chordotomy in severe painful syndromes of the lower extremities].", "content": "Treatment of severe pains in spite of the progress in our knowledge has not yet achieved a fully satisfactory solution. This is due to the complexity of the nervous structures related to conduction and central integration of painful stimulations. The A.A., after giving a survey of the different types of surgical operations that can be done for pain therapy, underline the spino-thalamic therapy also mentioning some technical solution of particular relevance. They then give the results acquired with spino-thalamic cordotomy in 59 subjects operated on because of severe pains of the lower limbs not caused by tumoral origins. Subjects have been divided according to their ethiology. Our statistical data show that spino-thalamic cordotomy still remains the operation which give the best results provided that data evaluation is made within six months after surgery.", "contents": "[Our experience with spinothalamic chordotomy in severe painful syndromes of the lower extremities]. Treatment of severe pains in spite of the progress in our knowledge has not yet achieved a fully satisfactory solution. This is due to the complexity of the nervous structures related to conduction and central integration of painful stimulations. The A.A., after giving a survey of the different types of surgical operations that can be done for pain therapy, underline the spino-thalamic therapy also mentioning some technical solution of particular relevance. They then give the results acquired with spino-thalamic cordotomy in 59 subjects operated on because of severe pains of the lower limbs not caused by tumoral origins. Subjects have been divided according to their ethiology. Our statistical data show that spino-thalamic cordotomy still remains the operation which give the best results provided that data evaluation is made within six months after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:266264", "title": "[Teleradiographic angle from the front of the face].", "content": "An antero-posterior teleradiographic view of the face, with the prinicipal ray parallel with the biting plane of the molars, makes it possible to complete the morphological study undertaken with lateral teleradiography and that taken with a vertical incidence. It is well known that certain complex dysmorphoses can be analysed only with three views taken in orthogonal planes. However it is obvious that whilst one now has available valuable methods of examination for precise morphological study, not all of the useful radiological signs are known. New research is required in order to exploit as efficiently as possible these examinations and thus enrich knowledge of radiological appearances. Finally, it is also desirable that these precise films should be useful not only in facio-dental orthopaedics but also in other branches of our specialty.", "contents": "[Teleradiographic angle from the front of the face]. An antero-posterior teleradiographic view of the face, with the prinicipal ray parallel with the biting plane of the molars, makes it possible to complete the morphological study undertaken with lateral teleradiography and that taken with a vertical incidence. It is well known that certain complex dysmorphoses can be analysed only with three views taken in orthogonal planes. However it is obvious that whilst one now has available valuable methods of examination for precise morphological study, not all of the useful radiological signs are known. New research is required in order to exploit as efficiently as possible these examinations and thus enrich knowledge of radiological appearances. Finally, it is also desirable that these precise films should be useful not only in facio-dental orthopaedics but also in other branches of our specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:266265", "title": "[Therapeutic coordination in a case of maxillofacial dysmorphosis with enamel decay].", "content": "The collaboration of various specialists is an understandable procedure for rational management of patients presenting complex dento-maxillo-facial abnormalities. The establishement of precise diagnosis and the chronologic execution of the hole therapeutic programm will be co-ordinate by one person which is responsible of the treatment towards the patient. Providing with these principles, the author exposes the case of a patient who presents an uncommun micrognatia associated with dental dystrophies. Anatomic diagnosis, etio-pathogenesis, the treatment of the lesions and the prognosis, are all as many problems which are better approached by medico-surgical team, researching to acheive the best results.", "contents": "[Therapeutic coordination in a case of maxillofacial dysmorphosis with enamel decay]. The collaboration of various specialists is an understandable procedure for rational management of patients presenting complex dento-maxillo-facial abnormalities. The establishement of precise diagnosis and the chronologic execution of the hole therapeutic programm will be co-ordinate by one person which is responsible of the treatment towards the patient. Providing with these principles, the author exposes the case of a patient who presents an uncommun micrognatia associated with dental dystrophies. Anatomic diagnosis, etio-pathogenesis, the treatment of the lesions and the prognosis, are all as many problems which are better approached by medico-surgical team, researching to acheive the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:266266", "title": "[Facial osteotomies without fixation].", "content": "The authors first review the problems associated with inter-maxillary blockage and of classical methods of immobilisation used in all types of facial osteotomy. Their experience of osteosynthesis in traumatology has led them to use whenever possible osteosynthesis alone with screw fixed microplates. The other methods are used only as secondary assistance in the case of necessity. Osteosynthesis without blockage prevents recurrence and does not compromise the result as far as satisfactory dental articulation is concerned.", "contents": "[Facial osteotomies without fixation]. The authors first review the problems associated with inter-maxillary blockage and of classical methods of immobilisation used in all types of facial osteotomy. Their experience of osteosynthesis in traumatology has led them to use whenever possible osteosynthesis alone with screw fixed microplates. The other methods are used only as secondary assistance in the case of necessity. Osteosynthesis without blockage prevents recurrence and does not compromise the result as far as satisfactory dental articulation is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:266267", "title": "[Corticotomy. A rapid method for correction of incisor malpositions].", "content": "Since the studies of Bell and Cadenat about dento-alveolar revascularization after alveolar osteotomies, orthodontic surgery knows new developments. The surgical correction of isolated incisal malpositions by interalveolar corticotomies with immediate repositionning of dento-osseous segments, represents actually a rapid therapeutic method in comparison with orthodontic treatment or combined surgico-orthodontic procedure. The authors present a study upon 31 corticotomies performed these last two years. They clear the usual indications, note the importance of the pre-operative planning, expose their technique, finally they give an idea about the value of this procedure.", "contents": "[Corticotomy. A rapid method for correction of incisor malpositions]. Since the studies of Bell and Cadenat about dento-alveolar revascularization after alveolar osteotomies, orthodontic surgery knows new developments. The surgical correction of isolated incisal malpositions by interalveolar corticotomies with immediate repositionning of dento-osseous segments, represents actually a rapid therapeutic method in comparison with orthodontic treatment or combined surgico-orthodontic procedure. The authors present a study upon 31 corticotomies performed these last two years. They clear the usual indications, note the importance of the pre-operative planning, expose their technique, finally they give an idea about the value of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:266268", "title": "[Anatomy and physiology of the muscles and median frenum of the upper lip. Initial results of selective electromyography].", "content": "Usually when reference is made to the Orbicularis oris muscle of the upper lip only the horizontal bands of muscle are mentioned. This muscle also comprises oblique fibres (Orbicularis externus) that are of very great importance in lip movements. The balance of the lip derives from the activity of the two types of muscle fibers. The lip can thus perform, at the same time, a movement of compression of the underlying structures and projection movements whereby these structures are freed. These different modes of action are well demonstrated by selective electromyography. There is also, in the middle of the upper lip, a medial cellulo-fibrous septum forming a prolongation of the septum and penetrating into the median interincisive suture and ending at the frenulum of the upper lip. This medial septum seems to play a very important physiological role in the growth of the premaxilla.", "contents": "[Anatomy and physiology of the muscles and median frenum of the upper lip. Initial results of selective electromyography]. Usually when reference is made to the Orbicularis oris muscle of the upper lip only the horizontal bands of muscle are mentioned. This muscle also comprises oblique fibres (Orbicularis externus) that are of very great importance in lip movements. The balance of the lip derives from the activity of the two types of muscle fibers. The lip can thus perform, at the same time, a movement of compression of the underlying structures and projection movements whereby these structures are freed. These different modes of action are well demonstrated by selective electromyography. There is also, in the middle of the upper lip, a medial cellulo-fibrous septum forming a prolongation of the septum and penetrating into the median interincisive suture and ending at the frenulum of the upper lip. This medial septum seems to play a very important physiological role in the growth of the premaxilla."}
{"id": "PMID:266270", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukaemia presenting in blastic transformation. Two cases primarily diagnosed as acute myelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The interval from diagnosis of chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) to onset of blastic transformation (BT) can vary from days to several years. This blastic phase of CML is indistinguishable from acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML), both clinically and morphologically. The Ph1 chromosome has occasionally been demonstrated in acute leukaemia and it has been suggested that these cases may represent CML presenting in BT. 2 such patients are reported, in 1 of whom the characteristics after treatment further confirmed the diagnosis of CML. Differentiation between CML presenting in BT and AML has both prognostic and therapeutic value. For this reason it is recommended that cytogenetic screening for the Ph1 chromosome should be included in the initial examination of patients with acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukaemia presenting in blastic transformation. Two cases primarily diagnosed as acute myelocytic leukaemia. The interval from diagnosis of chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) to onset of blastic transformation (BT) can vary from days to several years. This blastic phase of CML is indistinguishable from acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML), both clinically and morphologically. The Ph1 chromosome has occasionally been demonstrated in acute leukaemia and it has been suggested that these cases may represent CML presenting in BT. 2 such patients are reported, in 1 of whom the characteristics after treatment further confirmed the diagnosis of CML. Differentiation between CML presenting in BT and AML has both prognostic and therapeutic value. For this reason it is recommended that cytogenetic screening for the Ph1 chromosome should be included in the initial examination of patients with acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:266271", "title": "Blastic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Clinical manifestations, prognostic factors and results of therapy.", "content": "21 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) have been followed closely during and after development of blastic transformation (BT). Severe fatigue in previously asymptomatic patients was the most frequently observed prodrome of transformation. Most significant clinical findings were anaemia, rapidly increasing WBC and increasing size of the spleen in patients with previously well-controlled CML. 11 out of 24 patients responded to chemotherapy and had a median survival of 3 months, 6 obtained a complete remission (CR). Median survival time for all patients was 2 months from BT. Quality of life after BT was in most cases inferior. Thus, only 5 patients spent more than 1 month outside hospital. Cytomorphological classification of blasts in marrow as granular or agranular showed no correlation to the results of chemotherapy or to survival.", "contents": "Blastic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Clinical manifestations, prognostic factors and results of therapy. 21 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) have been followed closely during and after development of blastic transformation (BT). Severe fatigue in previously asymptomatic patients was the most frequently observed prodrome of transformation. Most significant clinical findings were anaemia, rapidly increasing WBC and increasing size of the spleen in patients with previously well-controlled CML. 11 out of 24 patients responded to chemotherapy and had a median survival of 3 months, 6 obtained a complete remission (CR). Median survival time for all patients was 2 months from BT. Quality of life after BT was in most cases inferior. Thus, only 5 patients spent more than 1 month outside hospital. Cytomorphological classification of blasts in marrow as granular or agranular showed no correlation to the results of chemotherapy or to survival."}
{"id": "PMID:266272", "title": "Chronic monocytic leukaemia--a prolonged survival.", "content": "This is a report of a patient with chronic monocytic leukaemia with a survival of more than ten years. He was not prone to bacterial infections and his cellular and humoral immunological systems were found to be intact. Ultrastructural study confirmed the monocytic cell type in the bone marrow and peripheral smear.", "contents": "Chronic monocytic leukaemia--a prolonged survival. This is a report of a patient with chronic monocytic leukaemia with a survival of more than ten years. He was not prone to bacterial infections and his cellular and humoral immunological systems were found to be intact. Ultrastructural study confirmed the monocytic cell type in the bone marrow and peripheral smear."}
{"id": "PMID:266295", "title": "[Meningosis-prophylaxis in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In ALL the first complete remission would be terminated by CNS-relapse in two thirds of the patients if they received a modern chemotherapeutic treatment without meningosis-prophylaxis. The incidence of meningosis is reduced to 10% by prophylactic irradiation of the cranium (60Co, 2400 rd) and intrathecal methotrexate shortly after hematological remission has been achieved. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas may be complicated by CNS disease, especially if the risk of spread to the bone marrow is high. Therefore, meningosis-prophylaxis should be included into treatment programs for malignant lymphomas of the lymphocytic poorly differentiated type beyond stage I, especially if the mediastinum is involved. CNS-prophylaxis cannot be recommended for patients with malignant lymphomas in pathological stage I. For the rest of the patients with malignant lymphomas guidelines cannot be given at the present time, because sufficient empirical data are lacking.", "contents": "[Meningosis-prophylaxis in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)]. In ALL the first complete remission would be terminated by CNS-relapse in two thirds of the patients if they received a modern chemotherapeutic treatment without meningosis-prophylaxis. The incidence of meningosis is reduced to 10% by prophylactic irradiation of the cranium (60Co, 2400 rd) and intrathecal methotrexate shortly after hematological remission has been achieved. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas may be complicated by CNS disease, especially if the risk of spread to the bone marrow is high. Therefore, meningosis-prophylaxis should be included into treatment programs for malignant lymphomas of the lymphocytic poorly differentiated type beyond stage I, especially if the mediastinum is involved. CNS-prophylaxis cannot be recommended for patients with malignant lymphomas in pathological stage I. For the rest of the patients with malignant lymphomas guidelines cannot be given at the present time, because sufficient empirical data are lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:266296", "title": "[Calculus index (OHI-S) and periodontal condition in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The calculus (OHI-S) index according to Greene and Vermillion and the periodontal disease index of K\u00f6tzschke were determined in 209 male diabetics. The calculus index (CI) was significantly lower in diabetics with healthy gingivae (CI=0.40) than in diabetics with pathological periodontal findings (CI=1.40). Diabetics with advanced periodontal diseases (gingival recession, periodontitis and pockets), such as parodontopathia inflammata profunda, showed the highest CI value (1.88) which also differed significantly from the CI values for diabetics with healthy gingivae or with parodontopathia inflammata superficialis. 91% of our diabetics with pathological findings showed also concretions of calculus, subgingival concretions being detectable in 47.4% of these patients. It is concluded from results obtained that calculus formation is surely a sequela but not the only cause of periodontal diseases.", "contents": "[Calculus index (OHI-S) and periodontal condition in diabetes mellitus]. The calculus (OHI-S) index according to Greene and Vermillion and the periodontal disease index of K\u00f6tzschke were determined in 209 male diabetics. The calculus index (CI) was significantly lower in diabetics with healthy gingivae (CI=0.40) than in diabetics with pathological periodontal findings (CI=1.40). Diabetics with advanced periodontal diseases (gingival recession, periodontitis and pockets), such as parodontopathia inflammata profunda, showed the highest CI value (1.88) which also differed significantly from the CI values for diabetics with healthy gingivae or with parodontopathia inflammata superficialis. 91% of our diabetics with pathological findings showed also concretions of calculus, subgingival concretions being detectable in 47.4% of these patients. It is concluded from results obtained that calculus formation is surely a sequela but not the only cause of periodontal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:266297", "title": "[Caries prevention by means of aminofluoride after 7 years of collectively conducted oral hygiene].", "content": "In the framework of an oral hygiene action (starting with the first year of attendance at school), topically applied amine fluorides (Elmex fluid for supervised toothbrushing at school; Elmex tooth-paste for unsupervised use at home) produced a reduction in caries increase by 36.4% (DMF/T index) or 40.5% (DMF/S index) after 7 years.", "contents": "[Caries prevention by means of aminofluoride after 7 years of collectively conducted oral hygiene]. In the framework of an oral hygiene action (starting with the first year of attendance at school), topically applied amine fluorides (Elmex fluid for supervised toothbrushing at school; Elmex tooth-paste for unsupervised use at home) produced a reduction in caries increase by 36.4% (DMF/T index) or 40.5% (DMF/S index) after 7 years."}
{"id": "PMID:266298", "title": "[Anxiety and stress in dental practice. 4. Discussion of results and conclusions].", "content": "Dental procedures are not only local changes in the orofacial system but act simultaneously more or less on the total organism. The relevant stressor effects of stomatological interventions are discussed and some conclusions are drawn.", "contents": "[Anxiety and stress in dental practice. 4. Discussion of results and conclusions]. Dental procedures are not only local changes in the orofacial system but act simultaneously more or less on the total organism. The relevant stressor effects of stomatological interventions are discussed and some conclusions are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:266299", "title": "[Pulpal-periodontal diseases, endodontic therapy and influenza epidemics].", "content": "Due to the lowered resistance of the organism, acute pulpitic manifestations without discoverable external cause or exacerbation of chronic periapical processes may occur in the cours of influenza infections. Suggestions for therapy are given on the basic of some case resports.", "contents": "[Pulpal-periodontal diseases, endodontic therapy and influenza epidemics]. Due to the lowered resistance of the organism, acute pulpitic manifestations without discoverable external cause or exacerbation of chronic periapical processes may occur in the cours of influenza infections. Suggestions for therapy are given on the basic of some case resports."}
{"id": "PMID:266300", "title": "[Gunshot wound in the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a bullet wound with comminuted fracture of the right temporomandibular joint, associated with a transverse comminuted fracture of the left ascending ramus and with an oblique fracture in the region of the left ascending angle of the mandible without dislocation. On being admitted at the author's clinic, the patient showed a grade II trismus and an open bite with a cutting edge distance of nearly 10 mm. Treatment consisted at first in passive and active expanding exercises under anaesthesia. In this way, it was possible to improve considerably the opening of the mouth. The open bite was also acted upon by intra-oral wiring. Follow-up examinations revealed good functional adaptation.", "contents": "[Gunshot wound in the temporomandibular joint]. The authors describe the case of a bullet wound with comminuted fracture of the right temporomandibular joint, associated with a transverse comminuted fracture of the left ascending ramus and with an oblique fracture in the region of the left ascending angle of the mandible without dislocation. On being admitted at the author's clinic, the patient showed a grade II trismus and an open bite with a cutting edge distance of nearly 10 mm. Treatment consisted at first in passive and active expanding exercises under anaesthesia. In this way, it was possible to improve considerably the opening of the mouth. The open bite was also acted upon by intra-oral wiring. Follow-up examinations revealed good functional adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:266301", "title": "[The closure of residual perforations in the anterior region of the palate by mens of the tongue-flap technic].", "content": "The closure of residual perforations in the anterior region of the palate is often very difficult to achieve. Local graftings and also combined surgical methods show a recurrence rate of up to 12%. The tongue-flap technique is surely considerably more rational and less burdensome to the patient than a distant flap technique.", "contents": "[The closure of residual perforations in the anterior region of the palate by mens of the tongue-flap technic]. The closure of residual perforations in the anterior region of the palate is often very difficult to achieve. Local graftings and also combined surgical methods show a recurrence rate of up to 12%. The tongue-flap technique is surely considerably more rational and less burdensome to the patient than a distant flap technique."}
{"id": "PMID:266302", "title": "[Pathological tooth root resorption and its clinical significance].", "content": "The author examined 316 teeth, on which total pulpotomy had been performed, for frequency and extent of resorption. Marked resorptions, always associated with chronic apical periodontitis, were radiographically disclosed in 43 teeth. It is pointed out that the clinical radiographic technique permits to visualize only resorptions of greater extent.", "contents": "[Pathological tooth root resorption and its clinical significance]. The author examined 316 teeth, on which total pulpotomy had been performed, for frequency and extent of resorption. Marked resorptions, always associated with chronic apical periodontitis, were radiographically disclosed in 43 teeth. It is pointed out that the clinical radiographic technique permits to visualize only resorptions of greater extent."}
{"id": "PMID:266303", "title": "[Composition and residence of hospitalised oral-surgical patients of the University of Halle dental clinic during 1962-1972].", "content": "The present paper presents selected results from a statistical inquiry about the composition and the residence of the inpatients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Stomatology of the Clinic and Policlinic of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg during the years 1962-1972. Preference is given to those results that illustrate the general situation of oral surgery in the GDR and emphasize the importance of this specialty in the framework of medical care of the population. Special attention is focused on problems concerning the area catered for. It is shown that the possibilities of the inpatient sector and the size of the area catered for are out of proportion.", "contents": "[Composition and residence of hospitalised oral-surgical patients of the University of Halle dental clinic during 1962-1972]. The present paper presents selected results from a statistical inquiry about the composition and the residence of the inpatients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Stomatology of the Clinic and Policlinic of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg during the years 1962-1972. Preference is given to those results that illustrate the general situation of oral surgery in the GDR and emphasize the importance of this specialty in the framework of medical care of the population. Special attention is focused on problems concerning the area catered for. It is shown that the possibilities of the inpatient sector and the size of the area catered for are out of proportion."}
{"id": "PMID:266304", "title": "[Compensatory skeletal growth modifications].", "content": "Impaired growth at one end of a long bone may be compensated by increased growth at the intact end. In experiments, such a compensatory growth was less frequently observed in the cartilaginous structures of the skull than in the sutures. Achondroplasia is an example of compensatory growth in the neurocranium, the disturbed growth of the base of the skull being compensated by an increase of the calvarium according to the space required by the contents of the cranial cavity. In the face, compensatory changes may be observed in conjunction with increased adenoids, as a result of impaired growth of the mandible in case of juvenile rheumatic arthritis or in conjunction with condylar fractures in young age. The processes of growth during orthodontic treatment constitute the border-area between compensatory and adaptive growth.", "contents": "[Compensatory skeletal growth modifications]. Impaired growth at one end of a long bone may be compensated by increased growth at the intact end. In experiments, such a compensatory growth was less frequently observed in the cartilaginous structures of the skull than in the sutures. Achondroplasia is an example of compensatory growth in the neurocranium, the disturbed growth of the base of the skull being compensated by an increase of the calvarium according to the space required by the contents of the cranial cavity. In the face, compensatory changes may be observed in conjunction with increased adenoids, as a result of impaired growth of the mandible in case of juvenile rheumatic arthritis or in conjunction with condylar fractures in young age. The processes of growth during orthodontic treatment constitute the border-area between compensatory and adaptive growth."}
{"id": "PMID:266306", "title": "[The contents of caries-free fissures of human premolars and molars].", "content": "The contents of the fissures of occlusally caries-free human premolars and molars were examined for colour, consistency and removability, and under the microscope. The results obtained were brought in relation to the forms of the fissures. Superficial fissure contents contain micro-organisms, are similar to materia alba and may be considered as acquired. Contents from the depth of narrow fissures contain epithelial cell-like structures but no or very few bacteria and seem to be remnants from the time when the teeth were being formed.", "contents": "[The contents of caries-free fissures of human premolars and molars]. The contents of the fissures of occlusally caries-free human premolars and molars were examined for colour, consistency and removability, and under the microscope. The results obtained were brought in relation to the forms of the fissures. Superficial fissure contents contain micro-organisms, are similar to materia alba and may be considered as acquired. Contents from the depth of narrow fissures contain epithelial cell-like structures but no or very few bacteria and seem to be remnants from the time when the teeth were being formed."}
{"id": "PMID:266309", "title": "[Comparative data from radioisotopic and x-ray methods of study in osteogenic group tumors].", "content": "A comparative analysis of the data of roentgenography-angiography, scanning and radiometry with strontium-85 in 54 patients showing osteogenic sarcoma and osteoblastoclastoma has demonstrated a relationship between the quantitative characteristics of the radioactive Sr inclusion and the intensity of reactive osteoformation, mineralization of neoplastic tissues, an activity of the pathological process, and the rate of vascularization, as well.", "contents": "[Comparative data from radioisotopic and x-ray methods of study in osteogenic group tumors]. A comparative analysis of the data of roentgenography-angiography, scanning and radiometry with strontium-85 in 54 patients showing osteogenic sarcoma and osteoblastoclastoma has demonstrated a relationship between the quantitative characteristics of the radioactive Sr inclusion and the intensity of reactive osteoformation, mineralization of neoplastic tissues, an activity of the pathological process, and the rate of vascularization, as well."}
{"id": "PMID:266307", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with hemoblastoses].", "content": "Content of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) was estimated in patients with various types of hemoblastoses by radial immunodiffusion. Reactive alterations in content of Ig were observed in several patients with acute leukosis and chronic myeloleukosis. In patients with chronic lympholeukosis the decrease in concentration of serum Ig was manifested as a syndrom of the antibodies insufficiency. Monoclonic type of IgM or the reactive increase in Ig content was found only in several cases of chronic lympholeukosis. Lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas were inhirent in the distinct increase of Ig and primarily of IgG. Content of normal Ig was distinctly decreased and monoclonic Ig (paraprotein) was found in paraproteinemic hemoblastoses. The observed alterations in the Ig content under hemoblastoses are of diagnostic and prognostic importance.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with hemoblastoses]. Content of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) was estimated in patients with various types of hemoblastoses by radial immunodiffusion. Reactive alterations in content of Ig were observed in several patients with acute leukosis and chronic myeloleukosis. In patients with chronic lympholeukosis the decrease in concentration of serum Ig was manifested as a syndrom of the antibodies insufficiency. Monoclonic type of IgM or the reactive increase in Ig content was found only in several cases of chronic lympholeukosis. Lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas were inhirent in the distinct increase of Ig and primarily of IgG. Content of normal Ig was distinctly decreased and monoclonic Ig (paraprotein) was found in paraproteinemic hemoblastoses. The observed alterations in the Ig content under hemoblastoses are of diagnostic and prognostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:266313", "title": "Remission maintenance therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Because no conclusive evidence as to the efficacy of maintenance chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) existed, a study to obtain such information was done. Twenty-six adult patients with AML in whom complete remission had been achieved following induction chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either maintenance chemotherapy consisting of cytarabine and 6-thioguanine for two days each month or to receive no maintenance therapy. The data showed a significant difference in remission duration between the two groups, with median remission lengths for the maintained and unmaintained groups being 10.3 and 6.7 months, respectively (p<.05). In 46 percent of the maintained patients there were remissions lasting longer than 11 months, whereas in none of the unmaintained patients was there such a prolonged remission. No significant drug-induced toxicity was observed. That the prolonged exposure to these chemotherapeutic agents, which were also used in our induction program, did not adversely affect the rate of successful reinduction therapy was shown by identical 50 percent complete remission rates for second inductions in both groups. In patients with palpable splenomegaly at the time of diagnosis, there was no prolongation of remission with maintenance therapy. These data indicate the potential utility of maintenance chemotherapy for prolonging remission duration in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Remission maintenance therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. Because no conclusive evidence as to the efficacy of maintenance chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) existed, a study to obtain such information was done. Twenty-six adult patients with AML in whom complete remission had been achieved following induction chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either maintenance chemotherapy consisting of cytarabine and 6-thioguanine for two days each month or to receive no maintenance therapy. The data showed a significant difference in remission duration between the two groups, with median remission lengths for the maintained and unmaintained groups being 10.3 and 6.7 months, respectively (p<.05). In 46 percent of the maintained patients there were remissions lasting longer than 11 months, whereas in none of the unmaintained patients was there such a prolonged remission. No significant drug-induced toxicity was observed. That the prolonged exposure to these chemotherapeutic agents, which were also used in our induction program, did not adversely affect the rate of successful reinduction therapy was shown by identical 50 percent complete remission rates for second inductions in both groups. In patients with palpable splenomegaly at the time of diagnosis, there was no prolongation of remission with maintenance therapy. These data indicate the potential utility of maintenance chemotherapy for prolonging remission duration in acute myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:266315", "title": "[Abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X) in the first months of life with particular reference to obstructive jaundice (author's transl)].", "content": "Abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X) represents a specific parameter for the presence of obstructive jaundice in the adult. Since LP-X has also been detected in the serum of newborn infants, both full-term and premature, and in early infancy, in the absence of clinical evidence of obstructive jaundice, extensive investigations were undertaken in infants during the neonatal period to clarify this phenomenon. The present study reports the data obtained in over 2000 sera from over 370 infants (mature newborn and premature newborn and young infants), tested more or less continuously by means of the Rapidophor method, initially on a qualitative, and subsequently, on a semi-quantitative basis. LP-X appears within the first fortnight in newborn infants, irrespective of the mode of feeding. The LP-X concentration was correlated to the birth weight. Premature infants displaying signs of immaturity possessed markedly higher LP-X levels than mature newborn infants. LP-X was not correlated to the alkaline phosphatase level, nor to the gammaglutamyl transferase activity; the bilirubin level, likewise, had no connection with the LP-X concentration. Patients with proven obstructive jaundice showed distinctly higher LP-X concentrations (greater than 56 mg/100 ml), whereby the rise in LP-X level in some cases preceded the appearance of the clinical manifestations of obstructive jaundice. The following hypotheses are advanced in order to explain the presence of LP-X during the neonatal period and are discussed on the basis of clinical observations in adults, the physiological conditions in the newborn infant and the results of the present study: The liver, which occupies the central position amongst metabolic organs, also in the case of the lipoproteins, is at a physiological stage of organic and functional maturation during this early period of life. Under these circumstances, a pseudo-obstructive mechanism on the basis of insufficient excretion of biliary lipoproteins, in conjunction with a simultaneous \"physiological\" deficiency of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase could lead to the appearance of LP-X in the serum. Catabolism of the resultant LP-X cannot take place owing to an inadequate activity of lipoprotein lipase. Functional immaturity can be presumed in the case of both enzyme systems during the neonatal period. On attainment of a degree of maturity compatible with the appropriate neonatal stage, the LP-X values become negative between the 7th and the 16th week of life. It is conceivable that the appearance of LP-X in the newborn infant can be ascribed to LP-X1, since the \"physiological\" LP-X concentrations in the neonatal period (values of up to 20 mg/100 ml) are distinctly lower than the values found in obstructive jaundice. LP-X determination can be rated as a useful supplementary investigation in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia during the first weeks or months of life...", "contents": "[Abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X) in the first months of life with particular reference to obstructive jaundice (author's transl)]. Abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X) represents a specific parameter for the presence of obstructive jaundice in the adult. Since LP-X has also been detected in the serum of newborn infants, both full-term and premature, and in early infancy, in the absence of clinical evidence of obstructive jaundice, extensive investigations were undertaken in infants during the neonatal period to clarify this phenomenon. The present study reports the data obtained in over 2000 sera from over 370 infants (mature newborn and premature newborn and young infants), tested more or less continuously by means of the Rapidophor method, initially on a qualitative, and subsequently, on a semi-quantitative basis. LP-X appears within the first fortnight in newborn infants, irrespective of the mode of feeding. The LP-X concentration was correlated to the birth weight. Premature infants displaying signs of immaturity possessed markedly higher LP-X levels than mature newborn infants. LP-X was not correlated to the alkaline phosphatase level, nor to the gammaglutamyl transferase activity; the bilirubin level, likewise, had no connection with the LP-X concentration. Patients with proven obstructive jaundice showed distinctly higher LP-X concentrations (greater than 56 mg/100 ml), whereby the rise in LP-X level in some cases preceded the appearance of the clinical manifestations of obstructive jaundice. The following hypotheses are advanced in order to explain the presence of LP-X during the neonatal period and are discussed on the basis of clinical observations in adults, the physiological conditions in the newborn infant and the results of the present study: The liver, which occupies the central position amongst metabolic organs, also in the case of the lipoproteins, is at a physiological stage of organic and functional maturation during this early period of life. Under these circumstances, a pseudo-obstructive mechanism on the basis of insufficient excretion of biliary lipoproteins, in conjunction with a simultaneous \"physiological\" deficiency of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase could lead to the appearance of LP-X in the serum. Catabolism of the resultant LP-X cannot take place owing to an inadequate activity of lipoprotein lipase. Functional immaturity can be presumed in the case of both enzyme systems during the neonatal period. On attainment of a degree of maturity compatible with the appropriate neonatal stage, the LP-X values become negative between the 7th and the 16th week of life. It is conceivable that the appearance of LP-X in the newborn infant can be ascribed to LP-X1, since the \"physiological\" LP-X concentrations in the neonatal period (values of up to 20 mg/100 ml) are distinctly lower than the values found in obstructive jaundice. LP-X determination can be rated as a useful supplementary investigation in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia during the first weeks or months of life..."}
{"id": "PMID:266324", "title": "[Manifestation of echinococcosis in the chest cavity].", "content": "In the interim from 1970 to 1974, the authors had occasion to encounter several patients with symptoms of hydatid disease in the chest, particularly with pleural effusion not always easily differentiated from effusions other etiology. This pertains especially to hydatid disease of the liver with a perforation through the diaphragm and clinic and roentgen findings revealing only thoracic signs. All the clinical diagnosis in cases of patients who had undergone an operation, were confirmed by patho-anatomic findings.", "contents": "[Manifestation of echinococcosis in the chest cavity]. In the interim from 1970 to 1974, the authors had occasion to encounter several patients with symptoms of hydatid disease in the chest, particularly with pleural effusion not always easily differentiated from effusions other etiology. This pertains especially to hydatid disease of the liver with a perforation through the diaphragm and clinic and roentgen findings revealing only thoracic signs. All the clinical diagnosis in cases of patients who had undergone an operation, were confirmed by patho-anatomic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:266327", "title": "Gastric brushing cytology: an analysis of cells from benign and malignant ulcers.", "content": "A series of 12 normal, nine malignant, and three false positive gastric brushings were evaluated for a number of cytologic criteria; of these criteria, cell arrangement, presence of nuclear engulfment and signet ring cells, and N/C ratio proved to be the most reliable in differentiating benigh from malignant ulcers; it was concluded that use of these three characteristics could substantially reduce the number of false positive gastric brushing reports.", "contents": "Gastric brushing cytology: an analysis of cells from benign and malignant ulcers. A series of 12 normal, nine malignant, and three false positive gastric brushings were evaluated for a number of cytologic criteria; of these criteria, cell arrangement, presence of nuclear engulfment and signet ring cells, and N/C ratio proved to be the most reliable in differentiating benigh from malignant ulcers; it was concluded that use of these three characteristics could substantially reduce the number of false positive gastric brushing reports."}
{"id": "PMID:266329", "title": "Cytologic, histologic and clinical correlations of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India.", "content": "A group of 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India were screened for oral cancerous and precancerous oral lesions between 1967 and 1971. All subjects were 35 years of age or older and 95 per cent were males. The 27,841 oral lesions found were examined by cytologic scrapings and 13,230 were biopsied. Also, all lesions were followed clinically to assure a malignancy was not overlooked. There were 51 oral cancers diagnosed (.18% of the lesions and .09% of the entire study group). Computing all the cytologic smears, there was an overall accuracy exceeding 99 per cent. When assessing just the malignancies, the accuracy decreased to 80.4 per cent. Since there was a high degree of clinical suspicion on the part of the screeners, only one unsuspected cancer was discovered by cytology. There were four false positive interpretations; and 53 other specimens classified as \"suspicious\" subsequently were shown to be benign. Although exfoliative cytology has proved useful in assessing oral lesions as an adjunct to biopsy, the low frequency of oral cancer limits the value of this technique as a screening modality. Most false negatives have been associated with leukoplakic (hyperkeratotic) lesions. Therefore, in a persistent oral lesion, even though a cytologic scraping may not be suspicious or characteristic of malignancy, a biopsy should still be strongly considered.", "contents": "Cytologic, histologic and clinical correlations of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. A group of 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India were screened for oral cancerous and precancerous oral lesions between 1967 and 1971. All subjects were 35 years of age or older and 95 per cent were males. The 27,841 oral lesions found were examined by cytologic scrapings and 13,230 were biopsied. Also, all lesions were followed clinically to assure a malignancy was not overlooked. There were 51 oral cancers diagnosed (.18% of the lesions and .09% of the entire study group). Computing all the cytologic smears, there was an overall accuracy exceeding 99 per cent. When assessing just the malignancies, the accuracy decreased to 80.4 per cent. Since there was a high degree of clinical suspicion on the part of the screeners, only one unsuspected cancer was discovered by cytology. There were four false positive interpretations; and 53 other specimens classified as \"suspicious\" subsequently were shown to be benign. Although exfoliative cytology has proved useful in assessing oral lesions as an adjunct to biopsy, the low frequency of oral cancer limits the value of this technique as a screening modality. Most false negatives have been associated with leukoplakic (hyperkeratotic) lesions. Therefore, in a persistent oral lesion, even though a cytologic scraping may not be suspicious or characteristic of malignancy, a biopsy should still be strongly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:266330", "title": "Cavitation of squamous carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "This study indicates that a good percentage of the cavitary squamous cell carcinomas of the lung can be suggested throught the use of sputum cytology. Hyperkeratinized malignant cells associated with varying degrees of karyorrhexis, \"ghost cells,\" and a diathesis of purulent exudate are helpful in the identification of this tumor type. The cell population found cytologically can be demonstrated in the histologic sections of cavitary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We readily admit that the application of the above criteria will not decrease the mortality or morbidity of lung cancer, but can be used as a refinement of a diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Cavitation of squamous carcinoma of the lung. This study indicates that a good percentage of the cavitary squamous cell carcinomas of the lung can be suggested throught the use of sputum cytology. Hyperkeratinized malignant cells associated with varying degrees of karyorrhexis, \"ghost cells,\" and a diathesis of purulent exudate are helpful in the identification of this tumor type. The cell population found cytologically can be demonstrated in the histologic sections of cavitary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We readily admit that the application of the above criteria will not decrease the mortality or morbidity of lung cancer, but can be used as a refinement of a diagnostic tool."}
{"id": "PMID:266331", "title": "Vaginal cytologic evaluation as a practical link between hormone blood levels and tumor hormone dependency in exclusive medroxyprogesterone treatment of recurrent or metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "content": "In one hundred patients treated by means of one gram medroxyprogesterone a week for disseminated or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma, vaginal cytohormonal evaluation seemed to be an important predictive factor of hormone dependency and tumoral responsiveness to progestational therapy. Almost all 51 patients, representing the responsive group, revealed an evident drop of the Karyopyknotic Index and a complete shift to the left of the Maturation Index. Both cytohormonal and tumoral response to medroxyprogesterone seemed directly related to estrogen-progestogen interaction on a cellular level. The striking LH response in the responsive group has previously not been integrated in this mechanism of action.", "contents": "Vaginal cytologic evaluation as a practical link between hormone blood levels and tumor hormone dependency in exclusive medroxyprogesterone treatment of recurrent or metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma. In one hundred patients treated by means of one gram medroxyprogesterone a week for disseminated or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma, vaginal cytohormonal evaluation seemed to be an important predictive factor of hormone dependency and tumoral responsiveness to progestational therapy. Almost all 51 patients, representing the responsive group, revealed an evident drop of the Karyopyknotic Index and a complete shift to the left of the Maturation Index. Both cytohormonal and tumoral response to medroxyprogesterone seemed directly related to estrogen-progestogen interaction on a cellular level. The striking LH response in the responsive group has previously not been integrated in this mechanism of action."}
{"id": "PMID:266332", "title": "Cytologic evaluation of the effect of various estrogens given in postmenopause.", "content": "The cytologic evaluations of the hormonal (mainly estrogenic) treatment of 263 postmenopausal women are presented. Though estriol has a considerably weaker action than estradiol derivatives (and especially ethinyl estradiol) it has to be recommended for the oral treatment of local changes due to atrophy since this steroid is effective at the vaginal level in doses three to five times smaller than those necessary to induce endometrial proliferation.", "contents": "Cytologic evaluation of the effect of various estrogens given in postmenopause. The cytologic evaluations of the hormonal (mainly estrogenic) treatment of 263 postmenopausal women are presented. Though estriol has a considerably weaker action than estradiol derivatives (and especially ethinyl estradiol) it has to be recommended for the oral treatment of local changes due to atrophy since this steroid is effective at the vaginal level in doses three to five times smaller than those necessary to induce endometrial proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:266334", "title": "Cell aggregates in malignant mesothelioma.", "content": "The finding in cell block sections of a central core of collagen within tumour aggregates in 4 out of 12 cases of effusions due to malignant mesothelioma is statistically significant (P greater than .01) when compared with its incidence in 2 of 80 cases of effusion due to metastatic carcinoma. It is suggested that this observation may be of diagnostic value in the cytologic evaluation of effusions when malignant mesothelioma is suspected.", "contents": "Cell aggregates in malignant mesothelioma. The finding in cell block sections of a central core of collagen within tumour aggregates in 4 out of 12 cases of effusions due to malignant mesothelioma is statistically significant (P greater than .01) when compared with its incidence in 2 of 80 cases of effusion due to metastatic carcinoma. It is suggested that this observation may be of diagnostic value in the cytologic evaluation of effusions when malignant mesothelioma is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:266333", "title": "Colpocytograms and maternal serum placental cystine aminopeptidase, tissue cystine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and heat stable alkaline phosphatase activity in monitoring the last four weeks before delivery in high-risk pregnancy.", "content": "On the basis of the results of serial enzyme and cytohormonal assays in the last lunar month of gestation in 232 pergnant patients with high-risk pregnancy, it has been shown that the \"at term\" and inflammatory smears, which persist for over five days before labor, and post-partum\" smears, significantly correlate with abnormal (low or decreasing) results of serum placental cystine aminopeptidase activity and with the pathologic course of pregnancy and labor as well as with the poor neonates' condition. The average serum placental and tissue cystine aminopeptidase determinations were the lowest in women with \"post-partum\" smears or persisting \"at term\" smears. These activities reached their highest they temporarily decreased. The oxytocinase activity curves in women with cytolytic smears were similar to those in patients with the \"before term\" smear patterns, which persisted before delivery. The average oxytocinase activity in women with the inflammatory smears was at first the highest and later it decreased most rapidly of all the groups under consideration. The maternal serum alkaline phosphatase and its heat-stable fraction in pregnant patients with \"post-partum\" and persisting \"at term\" smears were at first the lowest and just before labor the highest of all the cytologic pregnancy patterns. Colpocytograms confirmed their high prognostic value when compared with the enzyme tests of placental function.", "contents": "Colpocytograms and maternal serum placental cystine aminopeptidase, tissue cystine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and heat stable alkaline phosphatase activity in monitoring the last four weeks before delivery in high-risk pregnancy. On the basis of the results of serial enzyme and cytohormonal assays in the last lunar month of gestation in 232 pergnant patients with high-risk pregnancy, it has been shown that the \"at term\" and inflammatory smears, which persist for over five days before labor, and post-partum\" smears, significantly correlate with abnormal (low or decreasing) results of serum placental cystine aminopeptidase activity and with the pathologic course of pregnancy and labor as well as with the poor neonates' condition. The average serum placental and tissue cystine aminopeptidase determinations were the lowest in women with \"post-partum\" smears or persisting \"at term\" smears. These activities reached their highest they temporarily decreased. The oxytocinase activity curves in women with cytolytic smears were similar to those in patients with the \"before term\" smear patterns, which persisted before delivery. The average oxytocinase activity in women with the inflammatory smears was at first the highest and later it decreased most rapidly of all the groups under consideration. The maternal serum alkaline phosphatase and its heat-stable fraction in pregnant patients with \"post-partum\" and persisting \"at term\" smears were at first the lowest and just before labor the highest of all the cytologic pregnancy patterns. Colpocytograms confirmed their high prognostic value when compared with the enzyme tests of placental function."}
{"id": "PMID:266335", "title": "Rescreening as a quality control procedure in cytopathology.", "content": "Many cytopathologists regard the 10% rescreening regulation of the Center for Disease Control and Social Security Administration as an unsatisfactory procedure for internal monitoring of cytoscreener performance. The principal deficiencies actually lie in the lack of specified performance criteria and an associated decision rule. By specifying these mission elements of a monitoring strategy are obtained as attribute acceptance sampling plans. The acceptance sampling approach to monitoring cytoscreener performance by rescreening \"negative\" slides id discussed.", "contents": "Rescreening as a quality control procedure in cytopathology. Many cytopathologists regard the 10% rescreening regulation of the Center for Disease Control and Social Security Administration as an unsatisfactory procedure for internal monitoring of cytoscreener performance. The principal deficiencies actually lie in the lack of specified performance criteria and an associated decision rule. By specifying these mission elements of a monitoring strategy are obtained as attribute acceptance sampling plans. The acceptance sampling approach to monitoring cytoscreener performance by rescreening \"negative\" slides id discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266337", "title": "Cytophotometric study of premalignant and malignant cells of the cervix in an approach towards automated cytology.", "content": "Based on a cytophotometric procedure in combination with Feulgen reactive DNA and Pap-1 labeled specimens, the DNA values and hematoxylin-dense substances were examined in individual cells from 62 cases of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix, in contrast to normal squamous epithelia of 40 cases and 500 normal lyphocytes. The range of DNA values for the cells from benign proliferation and mild dysplasia cases was within a normal diploid-tetraploidy. In contrast, cases with carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma exhibited a DNA range which extended beyond hypertetraploidy with many cellspossessing a DNA value in excess of hexaploidy. Marked dysplasia from 11 cases also showed the same DNA range as carcinoma in situ. Our decision criteria derived from thresholding DNA value may be useful in an automatic cancer diagnostic test. In an aid to the manual measurement, an automatic glass fibrooptic system is now in preparation in an approach towards automation of uterine cytology for scanning of malignant cells.", "contents": "Cytophotometric study of premalignant and malignant cells of the cervix in an approach towards automated cytology. Based on a cytophotometric procedure in combination with Feulgen reactive DNA and Pap-1 labeled specimens, the DNA values and hematoxylin-dense substances were examined in individual cells from 62 cases of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix, in contrast to normal squamous epithelia of 40 cases and 500 normal lyphocytes. The range of DNA values for the cells from benign proliferation and mild dysplasia cases was within a normal diploid-tetraploidy. In contrast, cases with carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma exhibited a DNA range which extended beyond hypertetraploidy with many cellspossessing a DNA value in excess of hexaploidy. Marked dysplasia from 11 cases also showed the same DNA range as carcinoma in situ. Our decision criteria derived from thresholding DNA value may be useful in an automatic cancer diagnostic test. In an aid to the manual measurement, an automatic glass fibrooptic system is now in preparation in an approach towards automation of uterine cytology for scanning of malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:266340", "title": "Endometriosis of lung and pleura diagnosed by aspiration biopsy.", "content": "A case of intrathoracid endometriosis with pulmonary and pleural localizations is reported. The use of the aspiration biopsy technique for diagnosis is illustrated with cytologic and histologic evidence.", "contents": "Endometriosis of lung and pleura diagnosed by aspiration biopsy. A case of intrathoracid endometriosis with pulmonary and pleural localizations is reported. The use of the aspiration biopsy technique for diagnosis is illustrated with cytologic and histologic evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:266338", "title": "Automated cytoscreening system using 16mm roll film.", "content": "1. Cell preparations are fixed to a transport film by our coating. 2. No special cover for the preparation is required. 3. Our system allows efficient cytological identification. 4. By attaching an automatic cancer cell scanning system, checked cells can be projected on a large screen immediately and be rechecked by cytologists.", "contents": "Automated cytoscreening system using 16mm roll film. 1. Cell preparations are fixed to a transport film by our coating. 2. No special cover for the preparation is required. 3. Our system allows efficient cytological identification. 4. By attaching an automatic cancer cell scanning system, checked cells can be projected on a large screen immediately and be rechecked by cytologists."}
{"id": "PMID:266339", "title": "Statistical analysis of white blood cell data directed to the detection of malignancy in untreated patients.", "content": "A training set of 90 malignant cases (positives) and 61 non-malignant cases (negatives) was used to determine statistics for five parameters based on white blood cell analysis. The statistics used were thresholds, differences between the positive and negative means, and the weighted correlation matrix. Three decision methods using these statistics were then applied to a test set of 90 positives and 60 negatives. The percentage of correct decisions ranged from 98.67 per cent for parameter 3. The best result using only parameters capable of recognition by an automated apparatus was 94.00 per cent.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of white blood cell data directed to the detection of malignancy in untreated patients. A training set of 90 malignant cases (positives) and 61 non-malignant cases (negatives) was used to determine statistics for five parameters based on white blood cell analysis. The statistics used were thresholds, differences between the positive and negative means, and the weighted correlation matrix. Three decision methods using these statistics were then applied to a test set of 90 positives and 60 negatives. The percentage of correct decisions ranged from 98.67 per cent for parameter 3. The best result using only parameters capable of recognition by an automated apparatus was 94.00 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:266344", "title": "Gastric angioendothelioma: a cytologic evaluation.", "content": "A rare case of gastric angioendothelioma is presented in which diagnosis was performed preoperatively by an endoscopic technique. Exfoliative cytology using a brush under direct visual control revealed characteristics, which may well be diagnostic. Data which favor the diagnosis of angioendothelioma are: 1) elongated or polygnal cells with ill-defined cytoplasmic borders and small cytoplasmic vacuoles; 2) ovoid or rounded, nucleolated nuclei with fine chromatin network; 3) concentric disposition of the cells and, above all, the presence of small capillary-like structures.", "contents": "Gastric angioendothelioma: a cytologic evaluation. A rare case of gastric angioendothelioma is presented in which diagnosis was performed preoperatively by an endoscopic technique. Exfoliative cytology using a brush under direct visual control revealed characteristics, which may well be diagnostic. Data which favor the diagnosis of angioendothelioma are: 1) elongated or polygnal cells with ill-defined cytoplasmic borders and small cytoplasmic vacuoles; 2) ovoid or rounded, nucleolated nuclei with fine chromatin network; 3) concentric disposition of the cells and, above all, the presence of small capillary-like structures."}
{"id": "PMID:266345", "title": "The Arias Stella reaction. A case report of a cytologic presentation.", "content": "A case is reported of a marked Aria-Stella reaction presenting in a cervical-vaginal smear that gave rise to false suspicions of malignancy. A brief review of the Arias-Stella reaction is presented in addition to problems encountered in its cytologic diagnosis.", "contents": "The Arias Stella reaction. A case report of a cytologic presentation. A case is reported of a marked Aria-Stella reaction presenting in a cervical-vaginal smear that gave rise to false suspicions of malignancy. A brief review of the Arias-Stella reaction is presented in addition to problems encountered in its cytologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:266342", "title": "Herpes simplex virus esophagitis.", "content": "Two cases of herpes simplex virus esophagitis diagnosed in vivo by cytologic examination and biopsy of the lesion are reported. The importance of and the criteria for the diagnosis of herpes esophagitis in vivo are discussed. An awareness by the clinician and pathologist of this lesion would probably result in a more frequent diagnosis of herpes esophagitis.", "contents": "Herpes simplex virus esophagitis. Two cases of herpes simplex virus esophagitis diagnosed in vivo by cytologic examination and biopsy of the lesion are reported. The importance of and the criteria for the diagnosis of herpes esophagitis in vivo are discussed. An awareness by the clinician and pathologist of this lesion would probably result in a more frequent diagnosis of herpes esophagitis."}
{"id": "PMID:266343", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland in which a cytologic diagnosis by a VCE smear was suggested is described. This case demonstrates the value of a VCE smear in diagnosing malignancy in an accessory organ of the vulva which aided in early surgical treatment.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland in which a cytologic diagnosis by a VCE smear was suggested is described. This case demonstrates the value of a VCE smear in diagnosing malignancy in an accessory organ of the vulva which aided in early surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:266346", "title": "Benign schwannoma: demonstration of Verocay bodies using fine needle aspiration.", "content": "The cytologic findings in fine needle aspiration biopsy from case of benign Schwannoma of the vagus nerve are presented. In addition to the presence of individual spindle-shaped neoplastic cells, histiocytes and blood, characteristic Verocay bodies were identified. These showed peripheral arrangement of their nuclei within the cell masses, leaving central areas of fibrillary cytoplasm. The differential diagnosis of this tumor from some of the other neoplasms is discussed.", "contents": "Benign schwannoma: demonstration of Verocay bodies using fine needle aspiration. The cytologic findings in fine needle aspiration biopsy from case of benign Schwannoma of the vagus nerve are presented. In addition to the presence of individual spindle-shaped neoplastic cells, histiocytes and blood, characteristic Verocay bodies were identified. These showed peripheral arrangement of their nuclei within the cell masses, leaving central areas of fibrillary cytoplasm. The differential diagnosis of this tumor from some of the other neoplasms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266351", "title": "Microphotometrical quantification of protein thiols in morphologically intact cells of the cervical epithelium. I. Basic results with superficial cells of healthy women.", "content": "The investigations are based on Esterbauer's results according to which the staining of protein thiols (PSH) with DDD-Fast Blue B (Barrnett and Seligman) is of a quantitative order. Consequently, the PSH of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of superficial cells of the ectocervical epithelium of healthy women are determined to 0.3 and 4.1 X 10(-14) moles, respectively. After it has been found that the mean absorption spectrum between 310 and 238 nm of the pure proteins, the extinction at 278 nm of a cytoplasmic area (300 to 400 micron2) of unstained cells is taken as a first measure for the cytoplasmic protein content which is calculated to approximately 5 X 10(-18) moles per micron2 whereas the PSH content results to 1.9 X 10(-17) moles per micron2. From this value results a very plausible number of 3.6 SH per 10(5) g of cytoplasmic proteins.", "contents": "Microphotometrical quantification of protein thiols in morphologically intact cells of the cervical epithelium. I. Basic results with superficial cells of healthy women. The investigations are based on Esterbauer's results according to which the staining of protein thiols (PSH) with DDD-Fast Blue B (Barrnett and Seligman) is of a quantitative order. Consequently, the PSH of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of superficial cells of the ectocervical epithelium of healthy women are determined to 0.3 and 4.1 X 10(-14) moles, respectively. After it has been found that the mean absorption spectrum between 310 and 238 nm of the pure proteins, the extinction at 278 nm of a cytoplasmic area (300 to 400 micron2) of unstained cells is taken as a first measure for the cytoplasmic protein content which is calculated to approximately 5 X 10(-18) moles per micron2 whereas the PSH content results to 1.9 X 10(-17) moles per micron2. From this value results a very plausible number of 3.6 SH per 10(5) g of cytoplasmic proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:266352", "title": "Quantification of protein thiols in morphologically intact cells of the cervical epithelium. II. Effects of cell differentiation.", "content": "Protein-SH-groups (PSH) were determined quantitatively in basal (B), parabasal (P), intermediary (I) and superficial (S) cells of normal portio epithelium in order to obtain information about the correlation between PSH and cell differentiation. It was found that total PSH increase from B to S by 67 per cent, the main step occuring from B to P. Nuclear PSH drop continuously from B to S by 80 per cent. Thus, cytoplasmic PSH must raise (by 400%). The area of the increases strongly from B to S (by more than 1000%). Thus, differentiation is accompained by a drastic \"dilution\" of total PSH and PSH per area unit (1 micron2) both of nuclear and cytoplasm drop considerably. The findings about nuclear PSH are interpreted in terms of the loss of proliferative activity during differentiation, about cytoplamic PSH as expression of decreasing activities of PSH depending metabolic processes.", "contents": "Quantification of protein thiols in morphologically intact cells of the cervical epithelium. II. Effects of cell differentiation. Protein-SH-groups (PSH) were determined quantitatively in basal (B), parabasal (P), intermediary (I) and superficial (S) cells of normal portio epithelium in order to obtain information about the correlation between PSH and cell differentiation. It was found that total PSH increase from B to S by 67 per cent, the main step occuring from B to P. Nuclear PSH drop continuously from B to S by 80 per cent. Thus, cytoplasmic PSH must raise (by 400%). The area of the increases strongly from B to S (by more than 1000%). Thus, differentiation is accompained by a drastic \"dilution\" of total PSH and PSH per area unit (1 micron2) both of nuclear and cytoplasm drop considerably. The findings about nuclear PSH are interpreted in terms of the loss of proliferative activity during differentiation, about cytoplamic PSH as expression of decreasing activities of PSH depending metabolic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:266350", "title": "Pulmonary trophoblastic deportation. Cytologic aspects.", "content": "In the present paper the human pulmonary trophoblastic deportation was studied in 180 sputum specimens from 90 pregnant, parturient and puerperal patients. The syncytial trophoblastic cells were searched in the sputum with the Papanicolaou and Shorr techniques. The morphology of the isolated syncytial trophoblastic cells was studied in placental imprints and compared with isolated megakaryocytes in bone marrow smears. The data in the literature and our own results suggest that the absence of syncytial trophoblastic cells in the sputum from pregnant, parturient and puerperal patients may be due to the following factors: (a) all the patients were normal; (b) the syncytial trophoblastic cells degenerate in the pulmonary capillaries and therefore do not reach the alveoli; (c) the specimens were collected without any special technique. This investigation must be carried out in abnormal conditions of \"placental commotion\" such as eclampsia, caesarian section, uterine manipulation, etc.", "contents": "Pulmonary trophoblastic deportation. Cytologic aspects. In the present paper the human pulmonary trophoblastic deportation was studied in 180 sputum specimens from 90 pregnant, parturient and puerperal patients. The syncytial trophoblastic cells were searched in the sputum with the Papanicolaou and Shorr techniques. The morphology of the isolated syncytial trophoblastic cells was studied in placental imprints and compared with isolated megakaryocytes in bone marrow smears. The data in the literature and our own results suggest that the absence of syncytial trophoblastic cells in the sputum from pregnant, parturient and puerperal patients may be due to the following factors: (a) all the patients were normal; (b) the syncytial trophoblastic cells degenerate in the pulmonary capillaries and therefore do not reach the alveoli; (c) the specimens were collected without any special technique. This investigation must be carried out in abnormal conditions of \"placental commotion\" such as eclampsia, caesarian section, uterine manipulation, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:266356", "title": "Pathology of neoplasms and other lesions induced in rats with Moloney murine sarcoma virus.", "content": "Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) was injected directly into the fetuses of Sprague-Dawley rats during the late stage of gestation and into the neonates within 24 hours after birth. Ninety rats developed 188 neoplastic lesions during the 8-week period of observation. Nearly all of the neoplasms were of mesenchymal derivation. Sixty percent of these neoplasms revealed more complex histologic features than those previously reported for neoplasms induced in rodents with M-MSV and were designated \"malignant mesenchymoma\" which developed preferentially in the proximal parts of the extremities, distant from the inoculation site. Rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma which developed in a pure form at the various sites were the next most common tumor type. Osteosarcoma developing in a pure form and as a component of malignant mesenchymoma in the humerus and femur was comparable to that of juxtacortical osteosarcoma of man; The development of excessive bones were observed in the forelimb and/or hind leg, suggesting a type of skeletal malformation. The reaction to M-MSV merits attention as a model for the study of an osteosarcoma and malignant mesenchymoma as well as rhabdomyosarcoma and also for the study of viral teratogenesis in man, as \"rubella syndrome\".", "contents": "Pathology of neoplasms and other lesions induced in rats with Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) was injected directly into the fetuses of Sprague-Dawley rats during the late stage of gestation and into the neonates within 24 hours after birth. Ninety rats developed 188 neoplastic lesions during the 8-week period of observation. Nearly all of the neoplasms were of mesenchymal derivation. Sixty percent of these neoplasms revealed more complex histologic features than those previously reported for neoplasms induced in rodents with M-MSV and were designated \"malignant mesenchymoma\" which developed preferentially in the proximal parts of the extremities, distant from the inoculation site. Rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma which developed in a pure form at the various sites were the next most common tumor type. Osteosarcoma developing in a pure form and as a component of malignant mesenchymoma in the humerus and femur was comparable to that of juxtacortical osteosarcoma of man; The development of excessive bones were observed in the forelimb and/or hind leg, suggesting a type of skeletal malformation. The reaction to M-MSV merits attention as a model for the study of an osteosarcoma and malignant mesenchymoma as well as rhabdomyosarcoma and also for the study of viral teratogenesis in man, as \"rubella syndrome\"."}
{"id": "PMID:266357", "title": "Varied pulmonary lesions with intraalveolar large lamellar bodies in an autopsy case with busulfan therapy.", "content": "Characteristic pulmonary findings in an autopsy case of a 46-year-old female who presented heavy dyspnea as her chief complaint after 3 months of busulfan therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia were reported. The pulmonary findings were classified into four types: I. alveolar proteinosis type, II. intra alveolar fibrosis type, III. interstitial fibrosis type, and IV. lipid pneumonia type with cholesterol granuloma. No other case with various findings like this case has been previously reported. It was considered that type I is the basic type, type II is a type that developed from type I, type III is a type with interstitial cell infiltration and fibrosis and type IV is a lipidrich variant of type I. A large lamellar body was first found in the granular material of type I. It is supposed that such a body consists of osmiophilic body which originated from type B alveolar epithelial cells and blood plasma.", "contents": "Varied pulmonary lesions with intraalveolar large lamellar bodies in an autopsy case with busulfan therapy. Characteristic pulmonary findings in an autopsy case of a 46-year-old female who presented heavy dyspnea as her chief complaint after 3 months of busulfan therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia were reported. The pulmonary findings were classified into four types: I. alveolar proteinosis type, II. intra alveolar fibrosis type, III. interstitial fibrosis type, and IV. lipid pneumonia type with cholesterol granuloma. No other case with various findings like this case has been previously reported. It was considered that type I is the basic type, type II is a type that developed from type I, type III is a type with interstitial cell infiltration and fibrosis and type IV is a lipidrich variant of type I. A large lamellar body was first found in the granular material of type I. It is supposed that such a body consists of osmiophilic body which originated from type B alveolar epithelial cells and blood plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:266359", "title": "Splenic pseudosinuses and hepatic angiomatous lesions. Distinctive features of hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "In 14 cases of hairy cell leukemia unique vascular lesions not previously reported were observed in surgically resected spleens and hepatic biopsies. In all 14 spleens there were variably prominent distended spaces filled with erythrocytes and resembling dilated sinuses. These structures appeared to be lined by hairy cells,and studies utilizing histochemical and enzymatic methods confirmed that they were in fact pseudosinuses lacking the endothelial cells and ring fibers of normal splenic sinuses. These changes were not present in normal spleens or in spleens involved by other types of chronic leukemia, and appear to be qualitatively specific for hairy cell leukemia. In three of five hepatic biopsies similar angiomatous lesions were present in multifocal clusters resembling hemangiomas. Their pathogenesis may be related to possible adherence of hairy cells to reticulum fibers in involved tissues.", "contents": "Splenic pseudosinuses and hepatic angiomatous lesions. Distinctive features of hairy cell leukemia. In 14 cases of hairy cell leukemia unique vascular lesions not previously reported were observed in surgically resected spleens and hepatic biopsies. In all 14 spleens there were variably prominent distended spaces filled with erythrocytes and resembling dilated sinuses. These structures appeared to be lined by hairy cells,and studies utilizing histochemical and enzymatic methods confirmed that they were in fact pseudosinuses lacking the endothelial cells and ring fibers of normal splenic sinuses. These changes were not present in normal spleens or in spleens involved by other types of chronic leukemia, and appear to be qualitatively specific for hairy cell leukemia. In three of five hepatic biopsies similar angiomatous lesions were present in multifocal clusters resembling hemangiomas. Their pathogenesis may be related to possible adherence of hairy cells to reticulum fibers in involved tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:266360", "title": "Primary osteosarcoma of bone. Clinicopathologic investigation of 243 cases, with necropsy studies in 54.", "content": "Two hundred forty-three patients who had pathologically verified primary osteosarcomas of bone, treated at The University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute over a 24-year period, form the basis of this study. These cases provide a basis for comparison of those patients currently receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with those who did not receive such treatment. Anatomic findings in 54 cases subjected to complete postmortem examinations were analyzed. Three significant findings emerged: pulmonary metastases were observed in all but one case, lymph-node metastases were found in only four cases, and in all metastases the histologic pattern reproduced that of the primary lesion. In addition, patients less than 26 years old had a significantly earlier appearance of pulmonary metastases than patients past this age. Patients with osteoblastic tumors had the poorest survival rate, followed by those with chondroblastic lesions. Those with fibroblastic tumors survived longest. In the overall study of 243 cases, tumors in the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia accounted for 147 cases, representing 60.5% of the cases. The highest incidence of the tumor was in the second decade of life, with 76.5% of the cases occurring in patients less than 25 years old. Three-year survival for the series was 21.7%, with only 12.6% surviving five years. Persons with primary lesions in the facial bones had the highest survival rate. Those with lesions in the humerus, tibia, and distal end of the femur had decreasingly lower survival rates. The lowest survival rates were for patients with lesions of the torso. In the femoral cases, size was a factor in survival; no patient with a tumor larger than 10 cm survived longer than five years. The surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy employed--individually or in combination--did not alter appreciably the mortality rate for this tumor; only 12.6% of the patients survived five years or longer.  Survivals were directly attributable to surgical procedures, including resection of pulmonary metastases. The data analyzed in this study provide a firm baseline of experience in analyzing results of treatment for osteosarcoma prior to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, which is currently producing a vastly improved therapeuttic response.", "contents": "Primary osteosarcoma of bone. Clinicopathologic investigation of 243 cases, with necropsy studies in 54. Two hundred forty-three patients who had pathologically verified primary osteosarcomas of bone, treated at The University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute over a 24-year period, form the basis of this study. These cases provide a basis for comparison of those patients currently receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with those who did not receive such treatment. Anatomic findings in 54 cases subjected to complete postmortem examinations were analyzed. Three significant findings emerged: pulmonary metastases were observed in all but one case, lymph-node metastases were found in only four cases, and in all metastases the histologic pattern reproduced that of the primary lesion. In addition, patients less than 26 years old had a significantly earlier appearance of pulmonary metastases than patients past this age. Patients with osteoblastic tumors had the poorest survival rate, followed by those with chondroblastic lesions. Those with fibroblastic tumors survived longest. In the overall study of 243 cases, tumors in the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia accounted for 147 cases, representing 60.5% of the cases. The highest incidence of the tumor was in the second decade of life, with 76.5% of the cases occurring in patients less than 25 years old. Three-year survival for the series was 21.7%, with only 12.6% surviving five years. Persons with primary lesions in the facial bones had the highest survival rate. Those with lesions in the humerus, tibia, and distal end of the femur had decreasingly lower survival rates. The lowest survival rates were for patients with lesions of the torso. In the femoral cases, size was a factor in survival; no patient with a tumor larger than 10 cm survived longer than five years. The surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy employed--individually or in combination--did not alter appreciably the mortality rate for this tumor; only 12.6% of the patients survived five years or longer.  Survivals were directly attributable to surgical procedures, including resection of pulmonary metastases. The data analyzed in this study provide a firm baseline of experience in analyzing results of treatment for osteosarcoma prior to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, which is currently producing a vastly improved therapeuttic response."}
{"id": "PMID:266361", "title": "Simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme activities in leukemic cells.", "content": "A simple cytochemical and cytobacterial method for the simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme (muramidase) activities in individual cells was devised. In characterization of myeloid and monocyte series, the combination of these myeloid- and monocyte-specific enzymes not only was more informative than a single enzyme but made it easier to differentiate acute myelomonocytic leukemia, with higher lysozyme activity, from acute myeloid leukemia, with higher peroxidase activity. Acute lymphocytic leukemia had no lysozyme or peroxidase activity.", "contents": "Simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme activities in leukemic cells. A simple cytochemical and cytobacterial method for the simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme (muramidase) activities in individual cells was devised. In characterization of myeloid and monocyte series, the combination of these myeloid- and monocyte-specific enzymes not only was more informative than a single enzyme but made it easier to differentiate acute myelomonocytic leukemia, with higher lysozyme activity, from acute myeloid leukemia, with higher peroxidase activity. Acute lymphocytic leukemia had no lysozyme or peroxidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:266362", "title": "Tourette syndrome. The pediatric perspective.", "content": "I report the clinical details of Tourette syndrome in 15 children. The condition typically starts at age 6 years with eyeblinking, and the child soon develops other tics and abnormal vocalizations. Coprolalia and echolalia occure but are infrequent. The average delay in correct diagnosis in this series was four years. Treatment with haloperidol produces a good or excellent response in three quarters of the patients. Many of the children have a history of encephalopathic events, \"soft signs\" on neurologic examination, and problems in school. Personal and social adjustmen are generally good, however.", "contents": "Tourette syndrome. The pediatric perspective. I report the clinical details of Tourette syndrome in 15 children. The condition typically starts at age 6 years with eyeblinking, and the child soon develops other tics and abnormal vocalizations. Coprolalia and echolalia occure but are infrequent. The average delay in correct diagnosis in this series was four years. Treatment with haloperidol produces a good or excellent response in three quarters of the patients. Many of the children have a history of encephalopathic events, \"soft signs\" on neurologic examination, and problems in school. Personal and social adjustmen are generally good, however."}
{"id": "PMID:266363", "title": "The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study.", "content": "1. The pretreatment relationship between a clinically \"abnormal\"-appearing maxillary midline frenum and a midline diastema showed a strong, but not absolute, correlation. A certain percentage of patients demonstrated (1) a diastema  but not an \"abnormal\" frenum or (2) no diastema but an \"abnormal\" frenum. 2. Diastema cases in which there were \"abnormal\" pretreatment frenums demonstrated a decidedly stronger potential for relapse after orthodontic closure. The exceptions to the rule were explained by the clinician's inability to differentiate between \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" frenums and by the periodontium's apparent (if not consistent) ability to recognize the frenal and interdental tissues following orthodontic tooth movement. 3. A three-stage surgical procedure was shown to be very effective in alleviating the relapse phenomenon following orthodontic treatment of diastemas. The surgical procedures were successful in avoiding many of the hazards to the periodontium associated with previous techniques.", "contents": "The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study. 1. The pretreatment relationship between a clinically \"abnormal\"-appearing maxillary midline frenum and a midline diastema showed a strong, but not absolute, correlation. A certain percentage of patients demonstrated (1) a diastema  but not an \"abnormal\" frenum or (2) no diastema but an \"abnormal\" frenum. 2. Diastema cases in which there were \"abnormal\" pretreatment frenums demonstrated a decidedly stronger potential for relapse after orthodontic closure. The exceptions to the rule were explained by the clinician's inability to differentiate between \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" frenums and by the periodontium's apparent (if not consistent) ability to recognize the frenal and interdental tissues following orthodontic tooth movement. 3. A three-stage surgical procedure was shown to be very effective in alleviating the relapse phenomenon following orthodontic treatment of diastemas. The surgical procedures were successful in avoiding many of the hazards to the periodontium associated with previous techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:266364", "title": "Research on control of craniofacial morphogenesis: an NIDR State-of-the-Art Workshop.", "content": "To assess the wide clinical ramifications of control of craniofacial morphogenesis, a State-of-the-Art Workshop was conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research at the initiative of Richard L. Christiansen, Chief of the Craniofacial Anomalies Program. In conjunction with the authors listed above, the format for the workshop was developed and participants were selected. The workshop was designed to provide an in-depth review of present knowledge and to identify future goals and directions for research on guiding, altering, and thus controlling growth and development of the cranofacial skeleton. The agenda for discussion ranged from molecular biology to clinical arts such as orthopedics and surgery. It was evident during the workshop that the mechanisms and procedures for controlling craniofacial morphogenesis must be derived from many biologic, physical, and  clinical fields of knowledge. It is hoped that there will evolve an interdisciplinary clinical art which is aimed at preventing and correcting craniofacial deformities. Substantial biologic information has already been accumulated on the craniofacial skeleton. The clinical art of correcting malocclusion through mechanical forces is now applicable to the entire skull. The outstanding technical accomplishments of radical surgery in the correction of congenital craniofacial anomalies show that the needed surgical skills are now available. When these resources are combined, an area of knowledge and a clinical discipline which might be called \"orthocephalics\" is already identifiable. The workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, on Feb. 12 and 13, 1974. The ideas exchanged were integrated and summarized by the planning committee to produce this report.", "contents": "Research on control of craniofacial morphogenesis: an NIDR State-of-the-Art Workshop. To assess the wide clinical ramifications of control of craniofacial morphogenesis, a State-of-the-Art Workshop was conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research at the initiative of Richard L. Christiansen, Chief of the Craniofacial Anomalies Program. In conjunction with the authors listed above, the format for the workshop was developed and participants were selected. The workshop was designed to provide an in-depth review of present knowledge and to identify future goals and directions for research on guiding, altering, and thus controlling growth and development of the cranofacial skeleton. The agenda for discussion ranged from molecular biology to clinical arts such as orthopedics and surgery. It was evident during the workshop that the mechanisms and procedures for controlling craniofacial morphogenesis must be derived from many biologic, physical, and  clinical fields of knowledge. It is hoped that there will evolve an interdisciplinary clinical art which is aimed at preventing and correcting craniofacial deformities. Substantial biologic information has already been accumulated on the craniofacial skeleton. The clinical art of correcting malocclusion through mechanical forces is now applicable to the entire skull. The outstanding technical accomplishments of radical surgery in the correction of congenital craniofacial anomalies show that the needed surgical skills are now available. When these resources are combined, an area of knowledge and a clinical discipline which might be called \"orthocephalics\" is already identifiable. The workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, on Feb. 12 and 13, 1974. The ideas exchanged were integrated and summarized by the planning committee to produce this report."}
{"id": "PMID:266365", "title": "Differential treatment planning for mandibular prognathism.", "content": "The treatment records of thirty-eight cases of mandibular prognathism treated by orthodontics means only (ORTHO) were evaluated. The pretreatment records of twenty cases of mandibular subapical esteotomy (SUB) and twenty cases of mandibular setback (SET) were evaluated for comparison and contrast with the pretreatment ORTHO records and with each other. Dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue parameters in the vertical and horizontal planes of space were recorded. Statistical analysis of means of parameters of the pretreatment records provided documentation of the discriminant variables in each of the following paired groups: ORTHO-SUB, ORTHO-SET, and SUB-SET. Analysis of the data as indicated above led to the following conclusions: 1. Three discriminant groups of mandibular prognathism of various degrees of severity were discernible when comparisons of treatment categories simulating clinical decisions were made. The ORTHO group was distinguished from the SUB group in the horizontal plane and, more strongly, in the vertical plane. The ORTHO group was distinguished from the SET group in the vertical plane and, more strongly, in the horizontal plane. The SUB group was distinguished from the SET group in the horizontal plane. 2. The physiologic developmental status of the patient should be carefully evaluated. 3. Anteroposterior dysplasias should be assessed relative to the cant of the mandibular plane. True denture base discrepancies can be noted relative to the occlusal plane. 4. Documentation of vertical dysplasias should include measurements of craniofacial divergence (SN-MP, FH-MP, and OP-MP). 5. In assessing the profile evaluation of the patient with mandibular prognathism, particular attention should be focused on facial contour angle (FCA), nasolabial angle (NLA), and relative lower lip protrusion (LLP). 6. Any numerical values obtained in the evaluation of the dental, skeletal, or soft-tissue characteristics of mandibular prognathism should be considered only as descriptive, diagnostic guides and not as components of a diagnostic formula.", "contents": "Differential treatment planning for mandibular prognathism. The treatment records of thirty-eight cases of mandibular prognathism treated by orthodontics means only (ORTHO) were evaluated. The pretreatment records of twenty cases of mandibular subapical esteotomy (SUB) and twenty cases of mandibular setback (SET) were evaluated for comparison and contrast with the pretreatment ORTHO records and with each other. Dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue parameters in the vertical and horizontal planes of space were recorded. Statistical analysis of means of parameters of the pretreatment records provided documentation of the discriminant variables in each of the following paired groups: ORTHO-SUB, ORTHO-SET, and SUB-SET. Analysis of the data as indicated above led to the following conclusions: 1. Three discriminant groups of mandibular prognathism of various degrees of severity were discernible when comparisons of treatment categories simulating clinical decisions were made. The ORTHO group was distinguished from the SUB group in the horizontal plane and, more strongly, in the vertical plane. The ORTHO group was distinguished from the SET group in the vertical plane and, more strongly, in the horizontal plane. The SUB group was distinguished from the SET group in the horizontal plane. 2. The physiologic developmental status of the patient should be carefully evaluated. 3. Anteroposterior dysplasias should be assessed relative to the cant of the mandibular plane. True denture base discrepancies can be noted relative to the occlusal plane. 4. Documentation of vertical dysplasias should include measurements of craniofacial divergence (SN-MP, FH-MP, and OP-MP). 5. In assessing the profile evaluation of the patient with mandibular prognathism, particular attention should be focused on facial contour angle (FCA), nasolabial angle (NLA), and relative lower lip protrusion (LLP). 6. Any numerical values obtained in the evaluation of the dental, skeletal, or soft-tissue characteristics of mandibular prognathism should be considered only as descriptive, diagnostic guides and not as components of a diagnostic formula."}
{"id": "PMID:266366", "title": "Gonial angle distortion in lateral head films: a methodologic study.", "content": "The distortion of the gonial angle in lateral roentgenographic head films was studied in skull material. The left and the right gonial angles were determined craniometrically and roentgenocephalometrically, and the observations were compared. Mean difference of 8.48 degrees and 5.15 degrees between the roentgenocephalometric and the craniometric registrations were found for the side closer to the film and the side farther away from it, respectively. For the intermediate gonial angle, the difference was 6.65 degrees. The differences were all statistically significant. It was demonstrated that they were mainly attributable to a systematic method error in the roentgenocephalometric method, involving a magnification of the gonial angles. The magnification was significantly larger on the side closer to the film than on the side farther away from it. A pronounced individual variation in gonial angle distortion was observed. For intermediate gonial angle it ranged between magnifications of 1.17 degrees and 17.54 degrees. The distortion is closely associated with the form of the mandible. It is largest in mandibles with a pronounced divergence of the two halves of the corpus and a pronounced upward convergence of the rami. It is smallest in mandibles with a modest divergence of the two halves of the corpus and a pronounced upward divergence of the rami. By some very special combinations of corpus divergence and ramus inclination, a correct reproduction may be obtained. No such cases were found in the sample studied, but there can hardly be any doubt that they exist. There is an association between corpus divergence and ramus inclination. Maximum magnifying effect of the forward-extending leg tends to coincide with the maximum magnifying effect of the upward-extending leg. Conversely, minimum magnifying effect of the forward-extending leg tends to coincide with a dimishing effect of the upward-extending leg. This is the clue to an understanding of the great individual variation in gonial angle distortion. Generally speaking, lateral head films do not permit reliable registrations of the gonial angle. At present no method is available for an exact assessment of the distortion in head films of the single living person.", "contents": "Gonial angle distortion in lateral head films: a methodologic study. The distortion of the gonial angle in lateral roentgenographic head films was studied in skull material. The left and the right gonial angles were determined craniometrically and roentgenocephalometrically, and the observations were compared. Mean difference of 8.48 degrees and 5.15 degrees between the roentgenocephalometric and the craniometric registrations were found for the side closer to the film and the side farther away from it, respectively. For the intermediate gonial angle, the difference was 6.65 degrees. The differences were all statistically significant. It was demonstrated that they were mainly attributable to a systematic method error in the roentgenocephalometric method, involving a magnification of the gonial angles. The magnification was significantly larger on the side closer to the film than on the side farther away from it. A pronounced individual variation in gonial angle distortion was observed. For intermediate gonial angle it ranged between magnifications of 1.17 degrees and 17.54 degrees. The distortion is closely associated with the form of the mandible. It is largest in mandibles with a pronounced divergence of the two halves of the corpus and a pronounced upward convergence of the rami. It is smallest in mandibles with a modest divergence of the two halves of the corpus and a pronounced upward divergence of the rami. By some very special combinations of corpus divergence and ramus inclination, a correct reproduction may be obtained. No such cases were found in the sample studied, but there can hardly be any doubt that they exist. There is an association between corpus divergence and ramus inclination. Maximum magnifying effect of the forward-extending leg tends to coincide with the maximum magnifying effect of the upward-extending leg. Conversely, minimum magnifying effect of the forward-extending leg tends to coincide with a dimishing effect of the upward-extending leg. This is the clue to an understanding of the great individual variation in gonial angle distortion. Generally speaking, lateral head films do not permit reliable registrations of the gonial angle. At present no method is available for an exact assessment of the distortion in head films of the single living person."}
{"id": "PMID:266367", "title": "Measurement of edgewise torque force in vitro.", "content": "The construction of a model for the measurement of palatal root torque is described. It was demonstrated that: 1. Halfway between the apex of a tooth and the arch wire the force was double that which was delivered at the apex. 2. The lateral incisors were subjected to appreciably more force than the central incisors. 3. The smaller the number of teeth acted upon, the greater the force they received.", "contents": "Measurement of edgewise torque force in vitro. The construction of a model for the measurement of palatal root torque is described. It was demonstrated that: 1. Halfway between the apex of a tooth and the arch wire the force was double that which was delivered at the apex. 2. The lateral incisors were subjected to appreciably more force than the central incisors. 3. The smaller the number of teeth acted upon, the greater the force they received."}
{"id": "PMID:266368", "title": "An analysis of the craniofacial complex in different occlusal categories.", "content": "Fourteen linear and fourteen angular cephalometric dimensions were measured from cephalographs of ninety male British Caucasians in Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion categories. Univariate statistical analysis showed varying contrasts between these categories, depending upon which dimension was compared. Multivariate analysis of all  the angular and linear dimensions combined revealed significant contrasts between the three occlusal categories. This study, therefore, showed that only with a multivariate approach will the intricacies of the craniofacial skeleton be interpreted.", "contents": "An analysis of the craniofacial complex in different occlusal categories. Fourteen linear and fourteen angular cephalometric dimensions were measured from cephalographs of ninety male British Caucasians in Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion categories. Univariate statistical analysis showed varying contrasts between these categories, depending upon which dimension was compared. Multivariate analysis of all  the angular and linear dimensions combined revealed significant contrasts between the three occlusal categories. This study, therefore, showed that only with a multivariate approach will the intricacies of the craniofacial skeleton be interpreted."}
{"id": "PMID:266372", "title": "A trigger for the Philips AV1 ventilator.", "content": "An electronic trigger for the Philips AV1 ventilator is described.", "contents": "A trigger for the Philips AV1 ventilator. An electronic trigger for the Philips AV1 ventilator is described."}
{"id": "PMID:266380", "title": "Determination of the gonial angle from the orthopantomogram.", "content": "This study demonstrates that the size of the gonial angle can be determined from the orthopantomogram with the same degree of accuracy as from the generally used lateral cephalogram, the gonial angle being formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle on each side. It also shows that the right and left gonial angles can be quite easily determined individually from orthopantomograms, thus avoiding the disturbing influence of the superimposed images found on lateral cephalograms. It proves conclusively that the orthopantomogram is the more obvious choice for determination of the gonial angles.", "contents": "Determination of the gonial angle from the orthopantomogram. This study demonstrates that the size of the gonial angle can be determined from the orthopantomogram with the same degree of accuracy as from the generally used lateral cephalogram, the gonial angle being formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle on each side. It also shows that the right and left gonial angles can be quite easily determined individually from orthopantomograms, thus avoiding the disturbing influence of the superimposed images found on lateral cephalograms. It proves conclusively that the orthopantomogram is the more obvious choice for determination of the gonial angles."}
{"id": "PMID:266381", "title": "A cephalometric study.", "content": "Multivariate analysis of the craniofacial skeleton from subjects with Angle's four occlusal categories showed a similar pattern but with varying degrees of separation depending upon which parameters were included in the analysis. Generally it appeared that the maxillary jaw and mandibular arch parameters contributed most to the discrimination to the four categories of subjects examined in this study.", "contents": "A cephalometric study. Multivariate analysis of the craniofacial skeleton from subjects with Angle's four occlusal categories showed a similar pattern but with varying degrees of separation depending upon which parameters were included in the analysis. Generally it appeared that the maxillary jaw and mandibular arch parameters contributed most to the discrimination to the four categories of subjects examined in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:266382", "title": "Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study.", "content": "Four orthodontists of comparable but differing experience examined fifty sets of study models obtained from a random sample of 12 year-old schoolgirls. On the basis of these study models only, assessments were made of need for treatment, for timing, length and complexity of treatment. The degrees of agreement have been analysed and discussed.", "contents": "Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study. Four orthodontists of comparable but differing experience examined fifty sets of study models obtained from a random sample of 12 year-old schoolgirls. On the basis of these study models only, assessments were made of need for treatment, for timing, length and complexity of treatment. The degrees of agreement have been analysed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266384", "title": "Cephalometric patterns of adults with normal occlusion.", "content": "1. People with normal occlusion tend to have more brachyfacial than dolicofacial patterns. 2. Many of the norms vary significantly with the different facial patterns. When treating a patient, the norms used should reflect differences associated with the various facial patterns and sex. This will enable us to treat with fewer extractions with the confidence that the teeth and bony structure will remain stable. 3. Our findings re-establish and re-confirm our cephalometric standards for adults based on the individual's facial type as described by his or her vertical description of growth and ethnic type. We can be accurate in treating the patient to the clinical normal for that individual and not to an overall composite of the average.", "contents": "Cephalometric patterns of adults with normal occlusion. 1. People with normal occlusion tend to have more brachyfacial than dolicofacial patterns. 2. Many of the norms vary significantly with the different facial patterns. When treating a patient, the norms used should reflect differences associated with the various facial patterns and sex. This will enable us to treat with fewer extractions with the confidence that the teeth and bony structure will remain stable. 3. Our findings re-establish and re-confirm our cephalometric standards for adults based on the individual's facial type as described by his or her vertical description of growth and ethnic type. We can be accurate in treating the patient to the clinical normal for that individual and not to an overall composite of the average."}
{"id": "PMID:266385", "title": "The zygomatic arch and its possible influence on craniofacial growth and development.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the role of the zygomatic arch and craniofacial growth along the anteroposterior axis. One may conclude that: 1. Surgical intervention on the zygomatic arch results in a generalized inhibition of regional zygomatic arch growth. 2. When only one zygomatic arch is sectioned, the posterior root of the sectioned side appears to be displaced posteriorly. This is a possible result of the normal growth process proceeding without the restraints of an intact zygomatic arch. 3. A decrease in anteroposterior dimension occurs in the posterior zone as a result of surgical intervention. 4. Further studies to determine the influence of the zygomatic arch on transverse maxillary growth must be completed before any clear or complete concepts of its role in craniofacial growth and development may be more fully elucidated.", "contents": "The zygomatic arch and its possible influence on craniofacial growth and development. This study was designed to investigate the role of the zygomatic arch and craniofacial growth along the anteroposterior axis. One may conclude that: 1. Surgical intervention on the zygomatic arch results in a generalized inhibition of regional zygomatic arch growth. 2. When only one zygomatic arch is sectioned, the posterior root of the sectioned side appears to be displaced posteriorly. This is a possible result of the normal growth process proceeding without the restraints of an intact zygomatic arch. 3. A decrease in anteroposterior dimension occurs in the posterior zone as a result of surgical intervention. 4. Further studies to determine the influence of the zygomatic arch on transverse maxillary growth must be completed before any clear or complete concepts of its role in craniofacial growth and development may be more fully elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:266387", "title": "Histological analysis of the postnatal development of the nasal septum.", "content": "The importance of the growth in the nasal septum for the development of the facial skeleton has often been stressed. An increase in dimension is well-known from radiographs. It was the purpose of the present study to describe the normal pattern of the growth sites of the nasal septum according to age and sex by histological and microradiographical examination of human autopsy material. The nasal septum was removed from 66 boys and 57 girls who had died in accidents. Decalcified sections for conventional histology as well as undecalcified sections for microradiography were prepared. The superior surface and posterior margin of the vomer as well as the vomeroethmoidal and the vomeromaxillary sutures were studied. It was obvious that increase in size of the vomer could mainly be ascribed to apposition on the superior surface and the posterior margin. This was seen until adult age. After the ethmoid bone was ossified, the connection between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone was a slightly sinuous suture in which growth occurred until puberty. The growth pattern implied that a forward, downward sliding of the vomer must take place in relation to the ethmoid bone and the cartilaginous septum. Frontal sections revealed that, after the establishment of the suture between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, a cartilage island was embedded in the vomer surrounded by thin, fenestrated cortical bone blades. This cartilage still persisted in specimens from adults. There is, on the basis of the present findings, no reason to believe that the septal cartilage plays a major role in the forward, downward growth of the maxillary complex in homo.", "contents": "Histological analysis of the postnatal development of the nasal septum. The importance of the growth in the nasal septum for the development of the facial skeleton has often been stressed. An increase in dimension is well-known from radiographs. It was the purpose of the present study to describe the normal pattern of the growth sites of the nasal septum according to age and sex by histological and microradiographical examination of human autopsy material. The nasal septum was removed from 66 boys and 57 girls who had died in accidents. Decalcified sections for conventional histology as well as undecalcified sections for microradiography were prepared. The superior surface and posterior margin of the vomer as well as the vomeroethmoidal and the vomeromaxillary sutures were studied. It was obvious that increase in size of the vomer could mainly be ascribed to apposition on the superior surface and the posterior margin. This was seen until adult age. After the ethmoid bone was ossified, the connection between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone was a slightly sinuous suture in which growth occurred until puberty. The growth pattern implied that a forward, downward sliding of the vomer must take place in relation to the ethmoid bone and the cartilaginous septum. Frontal sections revealed that, after the establishment of the suture between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, a cartilage island was embedded in the vomer surrounded by thin, fenestrated cortical bone blades. This cartilage still persisted in specimens from adults. There is, on the basis of the present findings, no reason to believe that the septal cartilage plays a major role in the forward, downward growth of the maxillary complex in homo."}
{"id": "PMID:266396", "title": "Sucessful treatment of severe bone pain and acute arthritis in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia by cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "An elderly patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia developed severe bone pains and acute gonarthritis. Intravenously administered cytosine arabinoside brought dramatic relief of the bone pains and led to a rapid subsidence of the arthritis, without achieving haematological remission.", "contents": "Sucessful treatment of severe bone pain and acute arthritis in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia by cytosine arabinoside. An elderly patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia developed severe bone pains and acute gonarthritis. Intravenously administered cytosine arabinoside brought dramatic relief of the bone pains and led to a rapid subsidence of the arthritis, without achieving haematological remission."}
{"id": "PMID:266397", "title": "Chemotherapy of sarcomas of the limbs by regional perfusion.", "content": "From 1957 to 1975, 113 patients with sarcoma of the extremities have been treated with chemotherapy by regional perfusion, either alone or as an adjunct to excisional surgery. Perfusion alone in 54 patients was associated with an early response rate of 83%, but only four patients had complete regression of tumor for longer than three months. When perfusion was followed by immediate or delayed excision, better results were obtained. In 49 Stage I patients and in 24 Stage II patients, cumulative survivals of 66% and 59% were obtained at five years and 66% and 51% at 10 years. The procedure has also been useful in saving functional limbs by converting tumors to operability, and in the palliation of pain and ulceration.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of sarcomas of the limbs by regional perfusion. From 1957 to 1975, 113 patients with sarcoma of the extremities have been treated with chemotherapy by regional perfusion, either alone or as an adjunct to excisional surgery. Perfusion alone in 54 patients was associated with an early response rate of 83%, but only four patients had complete regression of tumor for longer than three months. When perfusion was followed by immediate or delayed excision, better results were obtained. In 49 Stage I patients and in 24 Stage II patients, cumulative survivals of 66% and 59% were obtained at five years and 66% and 51% at 10 years. The procedure has also been useful in saving functional limbs by converting tumors to operability, and in the palliation of pain and ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:266405", "title": "Isoferritins in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Leucocytes containing a high proportion of blast cells were obtained from 11 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, and leucocytes were also obtained from 2 normal subjects. Ferritin was partially purified from leucocyte extracts and subjected to anion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Fe content of leucocyte ferritin was low, and in all but one case the preparations contained isoferritins corresponding to those found in normal tissues or serum. Only some of the preparations contained the relatively acidic isoferritins which have been described as \"carcinofoetal\", but which are also present in normal heart and kidney. Ferritin from one patient contained isoferritins of lower isoelectric point than heart ferritin. These results show that there does not appear to be any specific isoelectric focusing pattern for leukaemic cells, and that assays for acidic isoferritins are unlikely to be of use in the diagnosis of leukaemia and in monitoring treatment. However, the very acidic protein found in one preparation suggests that the search for abnormal subunits of ferritin may be fruitful in acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Isoferritins in acute leukaemia. Leucocytes containing a high proportion of blast cells were obtained from 11 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, and leucocytes were also obtained from 2 normal subjects. Ferritin was partially purified from leucocyte extracts and subjected to anion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Fe content of leucocyte ferritin was low, and in all but one case the preparations contained isoferritins corresponding to those found in normal tissues or serum. Only some of the preparations contained the relatively acidic isoferritins which have been described as \"carcinofoetal\", but which are also present in normal heart and kidney. Ferritin from one patient contained isoferritins of lower isoelectric point than heart ferritin. These results show that there does not appear to be any specific isoelectric focusing pattern for leukaemic cells, and that assays for acidic isoferritins are unlikely to be of use in the diagnosis of leukaemia and in monitoring treatment. However, the very acidic protein found in one preparation suggests that the search for abnormal subunits of ferritin may be fruitful in acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:266407", "title": "Follow-up of the first (1962) pilot study of active immunotherapy of acute lymphoid leukaemia: a critical discussion.", "content": "The follow-up of the first active immunotherapy (AI) controlled pilot study on acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), started in 1962, is reported: seven patients out of 20 are still in first remission and eight of the AI group are still alive between 10 and 13 years later, while all ten controls have relapsed and died. The methodology of this pilot study is discussed, as well as the results of the later AI trials conducted on ALL. In the light of a critical discussion and of the further trials conducted by the authors or published in the literature, the authors conclude that A1 is efficient in ALL and that its use is indicated as, in several trials, it has been as active as maintenance chemotherapy, as it has induced no deaths in 300 patients contrary to maintenance chemotherapy, which has been responsible for 4 to 28% of deaths in patients in complete remission, and as the authors have registered no late relapses after three years in the AI trials, while such relapses appear in most maintenance chemotherapy trials.", "contents": "Follow-up of the first (1962) pilot study of active immunotherapy of acute lymphoid leukaemia: a critical discussion. The follow-up of the first active immunotherapy (AI) controlled pilot study on acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), started in 1962, is reported: seven patients out of 20 are still in first remission and eight of the AI group are still alive between 10 and 13 years later, while all ten controls have relapsed and died. The methodology of this pilot study is discussed, as well as the results of the later AI trials conducted on ALL. In the light of a critical discussion and of the further trials conducted by the authors or published in the literature, the authors conclude that A1 is efficient in ALL and that its use is indicated as, in several trials, it has been as active as maintenance chemotherapy, as it has induced no deaths in 300 patients contrary to maintenance chemotherapy, which has been responsible for 4 to 28% of deaths in patients in complete remission, and as the authors have registered no late relapses after three years in the AI trials, while such relapses appear in most maintenance chemotherapy trials."}
{"id": "PMID:266408", "title": "Marrow culture studies in adult acute leukemia at presentation and during remission.", "content": "Culture of bone marrow and/or blood cells in a semisolid agar system from 43 adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia at first presentation showed two distinct growth patterns at 14 days. In 53% of patients cells failed to grow (type O), while in the remainder an abnormal growth pattern (type B) with small numbers of diffuse colonies and excessive numbers of cell clusters was seen. The response following chemotherapy was significantly better in the patients whose cells failed to grow. Serial culture studies, performed in 9 patients throughout remissions of 100-1112 days, which had been maintained by intermittent chemotherapy, showed wide fluctuations in proliferative activity. These ranged from no growth to marked proliferation with predominance of clusters and small numbers of diffuse colonies, indistinguishable from the type B pattern seen in 47% of patients at first presentation. The possibility is discussed that the periods of failure to grow, and/or those in which a type B pattern emerged, represented sporadic reactivation of leukemic cells.", "contents": "Marrow culture studies in adult acute leukemia at presentation and during remission. Culture of bone marrow and/or blood cells in a semisolid agar system from 43 adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia at first presentation showed two distinct growth patterns at 14 days. In 53% of patients cells failed to grow (type O), while in the remainder an abnormal growth pattern (type B) with small numbers of diffuse colonies and excessive numbers of cell clusters was seen. The response following chemotherapy was significantly better in the patients whose cells failed to grow. Serial culture studies, performed in 9 patients throughout remissions of 100-1112 days, which had been maintained by intermittent chemotherapy, showed wide fluctuations in proliferative activity. These ranged from no growth to marked proliferation with predominance of clusters and small numbers of diffuse colonies, indistinguishable from the type B pattern seen in 47% of patients at first presentation. The possibility is discussed that the periods of failure to grow, and/or those in which a type B pattern emerged, represented sporadic reactivation of leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:266409", "title": "Chronic myeloid leukemia: physical and functional similarities to acute leukemia.", "content": "Blast crisis, closely resembling acute leukemia, is the usual terminal event in chronic myeloid leukemia. Using physical (\"fingerprint\") and cultural (colony-forming) methods, we have demonstrated distinctive patterns in the stable phase of chronic myeloid leukemia and in blast crisis. An unusual fingerprint alteration preceding the onset of the terminal phase is noted, and cell culture perturbation is  evident at different stages of the disease. Our findings indicate that the application of these methods to the study of hemopoietic disorders is valid, and suggest that the use of such techniques may allow a better understanding of the complex cellular events occurring in the course of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "contents": "Chronic myeloid leukemia: physical and functional similarities to acute leukemia. Blast crisis, closely resembling acute leukemia, is the usual terminal event in chronic myeloid leukemia. Using physical (\"fingerprint\") and cultural (colony-forming) methods, we have demonstrated distinctive patterns in the stable phase of chronic myeloid leukemia and in blast crisis. An unusual fingerprint alteration preceding the onset of the terminal phase is noted, and cell culture perturbation is  evident at different stages of the disease. Our findings indicate that the application of these methods to the study of hemopoietic disorders is valid, and suggest that the use of such techniques may allow a better understanding of the complex cellular events occurring in the course of chronic myeloid leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:266417", "title": "Oral feeding in the nutritional management of the cancer patient.", "content": "Nutritional therapy of the cancer patient by the oral route includes management of factors that may cause anorexia, attempts to modify the patient's eating behavior, and the offering of nutritional supplements to the patient. Anoretic factors for which specific strategies may be employed include taste abnormalities, pain, nausea, and depression. Modification of the patient's eating behavior involves patient education, monitoring, and feedback. Education includes nutritional instruction and instruction in favorable patterns for mealtime eating and stimulation of snack eating. Snack eating includes the use of nutritional supplements, and patient acceptance of commercially available supplements was studied. When synthetic chemically defined nutritional products were compared with milk-based product, patients preferred the milk-based product. Intercomparisons between milk-based products showed slight differences in preference ranking among these products and also differences between patients and controls in their relative order of ranking. Preference testing may be useful in assisting the health care team in selecting the optimal nutritional supplement to offer each patient.", "contents": "Oral feeding in the nutritional management of the cancer patient. Nutritional therapy of the cancer patient by the oral route includes management of factors that may cause anorexia, attempts to modify the patient's eating behavior, and the offering of nutritional supplements to the patient. Anoretic factors for which specific strategies may be employed include taste abnormalities, pain, nausea, and depression. Modification of the patient's eating behavior involves patient education, monitoring, and feedback. Education includes nutritional instruction and instruction in favorable patterns for mealtime eating and stimulation of snack eating. Snack eating includes the use of nutritional supplements, and patient acceptance of commercially available supplements was studied. When synthetic chemically defined nutritional products were compared with milk-based product, patients preferred the milk-based product. Intercomparisons between milk-based products showed slight differences in preference ranking among these products and also differences between patients and controls in their relative order of ranking. Preference testing may be useful in assisting the health care team in selecting the optimal nutritional supplement to offer each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:266418", "title": "Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with repeated single doses of busulfan.", "content": "Repeated single doses of busulfan (50-200 mg) were given over 1--2 days to 17 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The mean survival time was 137 weeks. In this small trial the drug was shown to be safe in most but not all patients and as effective as continous busulfan.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with repeated single doses of busulfan. Repeated single doses of busulfan (50-200 mg) were given over 1--2 days to 17 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The mean survival time was 137 weeks. In this small trial the drug was shown to be safe in most but not all patients and as effective as continous busulfan."}
{"id": "PMID:266426", "title": "Surface changes in differentiating Friend erythroleukemic cells in culture.", "content": "The sensitivity to agglutination by several plant lectins has been studied during the induced erythroid differentiation of Friend erythroleukemic cells in culture. In addition, the number of lectin receptors on the cell has been measured. It is shown that early during the differentiation, there is an increase in agglutinability while the receptor density remains constant. In the later phase of the differentiation process, the cells lose their sensitivity to agglutination while the receptor number and density increases. These changes were not observed on nonerythroid mastocytoma culture cells. Two nondifferentiating variants of the FL cells were shown to have altered sensitivities to agglutination by ConA.", "contents": "Surface changes in differentiating Friend erythroleukemic cells in culture. The sensitivity to agglutination by several plant lectins has been studied during the induced erythroid differentiation of Friend erythroleukemic cells in culture. In addition, the number of lectin receptors on the cell has been measured. It is shown that early during the differentiation, there is an increase in agglutinability while the receptor density remains constant. In the later phase of the differentiation process, the cells lose their sensitivity to agglutination while the receptor number and density increases. These changes were not observed on nonerythroid mastocytoma culture cells. Two nondifferentiating variants of the FL cells were shown to have altered sensitivities to agglutination by ConA."}
{"id": "PMID:266428", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "In 14 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) the plasma concentration of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was determined at the start of the first course of treatment at various intervals after a bolus injection. In 10 patients plasma concentration/time data were fitted to a biexponential equation and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from the coefficient and exponents of such equations. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of Ara-C of the first phase varied from 1.2 to 1.9 min (mean 1.6). The t1/2 of the second phase varied from 8.8 to 18.9 min. All patients were treated with Ara-C alone in a dose of 100 mg/m2 for 10 or 14 days. There was poor treatment response in five patients with second-phase t1/2 of Ara-C ranging from 6.6 to 10.7 min whereas there was complete remission in nine patients with t1/2 exceeding 12.7 min. In three patients plasma Ara-C concentrations were measured during constant-rate infusion of different amounts of drug. It appeared that the plateau concentrations were directly proportional to the dose, which indicated that in the therapeutic range no enzyme capacity-limited elimination occurs.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in acute myeloid leukemia. In 14 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) the plasma concentration of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was determined at the start of the first course of treatment at various intervals after a bolus injection. In 10 patients plasma concentration/time data were fitted to a biexponential equation and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from the coefficient and exponents of such equations. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of Ara-C of the first phase varied from 1.2 to 1.9 min (mean 1.6). The t1/2 of the second phase varied from 8.8 to 18.9 min. All patients were treated with Ara-C alone in a dose of 100 mg/m2 for 10 or 14 days. There was poor treatment response in five patients with second-phase t1/2 of Ara-C ranging from 6.6 to 10.7 min whereas there was complete remission in nine patients with t1/2 exceeding 12.7 min. In three patients plasma Ara-C concentrations were measured during constant-rate infusion of different amounts of drug. It appeared that the plateau concentrations were directly proportional to the dose, which indicated that in the therapeutic range no enzyme capacity-limited elimination occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:266429", "title": "Medical history of children undergoing dental treatment in Ireland.", "content": "A simple medical history questionnaire suitable for filling in at home by the parents of children about to undergo a school dental inspection is described. Information on the medical status of 2,542 primary schoolchildren between the ages of 4 and 14 years as obtained by the use of this questionnaire is presented. The number of children giving one or more positive replies to the 10 questions on the list was 401. This was 15.8% of the total number investigated. The question on heart defects was answered positively for 2.8% of the children, while nearly 1% were said to be allergic to penicillin.", "contents": "Medical history of children undergoing dental treatment in Ireland. A simple medical history questionnaire suitable for filling in at home by the parents of children about to undergo a school dental inspection is described. Information on the medical status of 2,542 primary schoolchildren between the ages of 4 and 14 years as obtained by the use of this questionnaire is presented. The number of children giving one or more positive replies to the 10 questions on the list was 401. This was 15.8% of the total number investigated. The question on heart defects was answered positively for 2.8% of the children, while nearly 1% were said to be allergic to penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:266430", "title": "Conceptions of Finnish people about the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders.", "content": "Conceptions among the general public in Finland regarding the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders were surveyed in two interviews in 1971 and 1972. Both population samples interviewed comprised about 1,000 people aged 15 years and over. Inadequate oral hygiene was the most common (65%) possible cause chosen by the subjects among the causes of dental caries. Only 44% of the interviewees considered sugar to be a cause of cariers. Thorough cleaning of the teeth (83%) and dentist's check-ups twice a year (67%) were the factors most frequently chosen in caries prevention. Avoidance of sugar (56%) ranked as the third in frequency. As regards symptoms of periodontal disorders, tender gingiva, gingival bleeding, and loosening of the teeth were correctly suggested as symptoms by 62, 61 and 45%, respectively. Poor oral hygiene (77%) was the cause of gingivitis most commonly chosen by the interviewees, while simultaneous systemic disease (37%) was considered more important than, for example, dental calculus (31%). As regards treatment of periodontal disorders, careful toothcleaning (73%) received most support. However, this factor was closely followed by misconceptions regarding the supposed advantageous value of drug and rinses (50%), chewing of fibrous foods (45%), and vitamin therapy (38%).", "contents": "Conceptions of Finnish people about the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders. Conceptions among the general public in Finland regarding the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders were surveyed in two interviews in 1971 and 1972. Both population samples interviewed comprised about 1,000 people aged 15 years and over. Inadequate oral hygiene was the most common (65%) possible cause chosen by the subjects among the causes of dental caries. Only 44% of the interviewees considered sugar to be a cause of cariers. Thorough cleaning of the teeth (83%) and dentist's check-ups twice a year (67%) were the factors most frequently chosen in caries prevention. Avoidance of sugar (56%) ranked as the third in frequency. As regards symptoms of periodontal disorders, tender gingiva, gingival bleeding, and loosening of the teeth were correctly suggested as symptoms by 62, 61 and 45%, respectively. Poor oral hygiene (77%) was the cause of gingivitis most commonly chosen by the interviewees, while simultaneous systemic disease (37%) was considered more important than, for example, dental calculus (31%). As regards treatment of periodontal disorders, careful toothcleaning (73%) received most support. However, this factor was closely followed by misconceptions regarding the supposed advantageous value of drug and rinses (50%), chewing of fibrous foods (45%), and vitamin therapy (38%)."}
{"id": "PMID:266431", "title": "Differences between dental health data obtained by interviews and questionnaires.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty-six persons out of a population of 358 were interviewed about dental health. Approximately 9 months later the same group was posed identical questions in a self-administered questionnaire. An open-ended question about reasons for loss of teeth showed nearly 50% more answers on the questionnaire than in the interview. The number of answers in the questionnaire fell with increasing age and decreasing income and/or lower social class, while sex, age, income, and social class seemed to have only a minor effect on the number of answers in the interview. The number of two-reply categories varied between the interview and the questionnaire. To questions about water fluoridation and covering of dental expenses by Social Security, married couples gave more often identical replies on the questionnaire than in the interview. The findings imply that the method itself, i.e. the choice between the interview and questionnaire methods, is of importance for the results as such.", "contents": "Differences between dental health data obtained by interviews and questionnaires. Two hundred and eighty-six persons out of a population of 358 were interviewed about dental health. Approximately 9 months later the same group was posed identical questions in a self-administered questionnaire. An open-ended question about reasons for loss of teeth showed nearly 50% more answers on the questionnaire than in the interview. The number of answers in the questionnaire fell with increasing age and decreasing income and/or lower social class, while sex, age, income, and social class seemed to have only a minor effect on the number of answers in the interview. The number of two-reply categories varied between the interview and the questionnaire. To questions about water fluoridation and covering of dental expenses by Social Security, married couples gave more often identical replies on the questionnaire than in the interview. The findings imply that the method itself, i.e. the choice between the interview and questionnaire methods, is of importance for the results as such."}
{"id": "PMID:266432", "title": "The use of analysis of covariance to increase precision wtih DMFS measures.", "content": "For an experimental study with pre- and post-DMFS measures two methods of analysis were compared with respect to precision. It is shown that for large sample size, the analysis of covariance with the post-DMFS measure as criterion and the pre-DMFS measure as the covariate will be more precise than the analysis of variance of increment scores as the value of beta differs from 1. When beta is approximately 1, the two techniques will have essentially the same precision. The dental researcher interested in precision is advised, therefore, to use analysis of covariance with the pre-DMFS measure as the covariate and the post-measure as criterion rather than the traditional analysis of variance of increment scores. For large sample size, the precision of the former will tend to be at least that of the latter. The researcher is not encouraged to use analysis of covariance with the increment as the criterion; if the procedure increases precision over analysis of variance of the increments, it merely indicates that analysis of covariance (with the post-measure as criterion) should have been used originally.", "contents": "The use of analysis of covariance to increase precision wtih DMFS measures. For an experimental study with pre- and post-DMFS measures two methods of analysis were compared with respect to precision. It is shown that for large sample size, the analysis of covariance with the post-DMFS measure as criterion and the pre-DMFS measure as the covariate will be more precise than the analysis of variance of increment scores as the value of beta differs from 1. When beta is approximately 1, the two techniques will have essentially the same precision. The dental researcher interested in precision is advised, therefore, to use analysis of covariance with the pre-DMFS measure as the covariate and the post-measure as criterion rather than the traditional analysis of variance of increment scores. For large sample size, the precision of the former will tend to be at least that of the latter. The researcher is not encouraged to use analysis of covariance with the increment as the criterion; if the procedure increases precision over analysis of variance of the increments, it merely indicates that analysis of covariance (with the post-measure as criterion) should have been used originally."}
{"id": "PMID:266433", "title": "Prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth of white and black schoolchildren in Brazil.", "content": "The authors studied the prevalence of dental caries in white and black schoolchildren of Piracicaba, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The Student t-test, applied to the coefficient of prevalence of caries, revealed means significantly greater at the 5% level in whites than in blacks in the following groups: 7 years, both sexes; 8 years, both sexes; 9 years, males; 10 years, both sexes; 11 years, males.", "contents": "Prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth of white and black schoolchildren in Brazil. The authors studied the prevalence of dental caries in white and black schoolchildren of Piracicaba, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The Student t-test, applied to the coefficient of prevalence of caries, revealed means significantly greater at the 5% level in whites than in blacks in the following groups: 7 years, both sexes; 8 years, both sexes; 9 years, males; 10 years, both sexes; 11 years, males."}
{"id": "PMID:266434", "title": "Caries experience in a Norwegian urban population.", "content": "DMF teeth were recorded in a random sample of 117 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The mean number of DMF teeth was 25.7, reflecting a high caries experience in the population surveyed. The mean number of decayed teeth was 5.1, the majority being due to recurrent carious lesions. Only 61.2% of the total number of posterior carious teeth were observed clinically. The remaining lesions (38.8%) were diagnosed on bitewing radiographs. The mean number of missing teeth in the sample was 6.3, while the mean number of filled teeth was 18.9. This indicates that the subjects have had acces to regular dental treatment. Females in the lower educational group had significantly more missing teeth and fewer filled teeth than females in the higher educational group. Similar differences could not be detected in males.", "contents": "Caries experience in a Norwegian urban population. DMF teeth were recorded in a random sample of 117 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The mean number of DMF teeth was 25.7, reflecting a high caries experience in the population surveyed. The mean number of decayed teeth was 5.1, the majority being due to recurrent carious lesions. Only 61.2% of the total number of posterior carious teeth were observed clinically. The remaining lesions (38.8%) were diagnosed on bitewing radiographs. The mean number of missing teeth in the sample was 6.3, while the mean number of filled teeth was 18.9. This indicates that the subjects have had acces to regular dental treatment. Females in the lower educational group had significantly more missing teeth and fewer filled teeth than females in the higher educational group. Similar differences could not be detected in males."}
{"id": "PMID:266435", "title": "Caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja, Hungary in 1955 and 1975.", "content": "In 1975 caries epidemiologic investigations were performed in 1,017 preschoolchildren of Baja, aged 3--6 years. The data were analyzed and compared with those of 620 preschoolchildren of the same city in 1955. A mean increase of 10.9% of the caries frequency (percentage of examinees with caries), and a mean increase of 43.5% of the caries intensity(dmft count per examinee) could be observed in spite of a better vitamin D prophylaxis. The possible cariogenic role of the increased surgar consumption (37.5 kg from 24.4 kg per individual during 20 years) is discussed.", "contents": "Caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja, Hungary in 1955 and 1975. In 1975 caries epidemiologic investigations were performed in 1,017 preschoolchildren of Baja, aged 3--6 years. The data were analyzed and compared with those of 620 preschoolchildren of the same city in 1955. A mean increase of 10.9% of the caries frequency (percentage of examinees with caries), and a mean increase of 43.5% of the caries intensity(dmft count per examinee) could be observed in spite of a better vitamin D prophylaxis. The possible cariogenic role of the increased surgar consumption (37.5 kg from 24.4 kg per individual during 20 years) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266436", "title": "Increment of dental caries among Finnish dental students during a period of 2 years.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to estimate the increment of dental caries among dental students in Helsinki, who acquired good knowledge of caries prevention during their studies. The group (59 students) was examined twice with an interval of 20.2 +/- 4.1 months. Clinical findings, augmented with bitewing radiographs and an orthopantomogram, were recorded separately for each tooth surface, and individual DMFS and DS index scores were computed. In addition, the students were interviewed with regard to oral hygiene, topical fluoride application, and dietary habits. The mean DMFS and DS index scores at the first examination were 45.0 and 9.1, respectively. At the second examination, DMFS was 46.4 and the number of new decayed surfaces per student 0.54/year. Both the latter values indicated that caries progression was slow. The increment of dental caries among the dental students was much smaller than that observed earlier among other groups of university students in Finland. Further evidence that caries progression among the dental students was slow was provided by the finding that of the 318 incipient caries lesions recorded at the first examination, no more than 11 had developed into clinical caries by 20 months.", "contents": "Increment of dental caries among Finnish dental students during a period of 2 years. The purpose of the study was to estimate the increment of dental caries among dental students in Helsinki, who acquired good knowledge of caries prevention during their studies. The group (59 students) was examined twice with an interval of 20.2 +/- 4.1 months. Clinical findings, augmented with bitewing radiographs and an orthopantomogram, were recorded separately for each tooth surface, and individual DMFS and DS index scores were computed. In addition, the students were interviewed with regard to oral hygiene, topical fluoride application, and dietary habits. The mean DMFS and DS index scores at the first examination were 45.0 and 9.1, respectively. At the second examination, DMFS was 46.4 and the number of new decayed surfaces per student 0.54/year. Both the latter values indicated that caries progression was slow. The increment of dental caries among the dental students was much smaller than that observed earlier among other groups of university students in Finland. Further evidence that caries progression among the dental students was slow was provided by the finding that of the 318 incipient caries lesions recorded at the first examination, no more than 11 had developed into clinical caries by 20 months."}
{"id": "PMID:266439", "title": "A new translocation involving three chromosomes in chronic myelocytic leukemia, 46,XY,t(9;11;22).", "content": "Bone-marrow metaphases in a 63-year-old male with newly discovered chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) showed a complex translocation involving chromosomes 9, 11, and 22. About half of the short arm of chromosome 11 was translocated to the terminal part of the long arm of chromosome 9, and the missing fragment on chromosome 22 was translocated to the short arm of the abnormal chromosome 9. The clinical features were typical of CML, and the patient is in good physical condition 10 months after diagnosis on a regimen of busulfan.", "contents": "A new translocation involving three chromosomes in chronic myelocytic leukemia, 46,XY,t(9;11;22). Bone-marrow metaphases in a 63-year-old male with newly discovered chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) showed a complex translocation involving chromosomes 9, 11, and 22. About half of the short arm of chromosome 11 was translocated to the terminal part of the long arm of chromosome 9, and the missing fragment on chromosome 22 was translocated to the short arm of the abnormal chromosome 9. The clinical features were typical of CML, and the patient is in good physical condition 10 months after diagnosis on a regimen of busulfan."}
{"id": "PMID:266437", "title": "Optimal flow pattern for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. Evaluation with a model lung.", "content": "The major components entering into the inspiratory pattern of various respirators were tested on a model lung which had an abnormally high airway resistance on one side. The tests consisted of simultaneous nitrogen washout curves from each lung separately utilizing two mass spectrometers. The components tested included a constant versus accelerating wave form and the presence, duration or absence of an end-inspiratory pause. Respirators tested included the Bennett MA1. Engstr\u00f6m 300 and the Elema Schonander Servo tventilator 900. The results demonstrated the importance of an end inspiratory pause in improving gas distribution and efficiency of washout. No difference was found between a constant or accelerating air flow. Preliminary results in man appear to confirm the importance of an end inspiratory pause.", "contents": "Optimal flow pattern for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. Evaluation with a model lung. The major components entering into the inspiratory pattern of various respirators were tested on a model lung which had an abnormally high airway resistance on one side. The tests consisted of simultaneous nitrogen washout curves from each lung separately utilizing two mass spectrometers. The components tested included a constant versus accelerating wave form and the presence, duration or absence of an end-inspiratory pause. Respirators tested included the Bennett MA1. Engstr\u00f6m 300 and the Elema Schonander Servo tventilator 900. The results demonstrated the importance of an end inspiratory pause in improving gas distribution and efficiency of washout. No difference was found between a constant or accelerating air flow. Preliminary results in man appear to confirm the importance of an end inspiratory pause."}
{"id": "PMID:266454", "title": "[The Crozat technic--considerations of materials and instrument mechanics].", "content": "An orthodontic wire for Crozat appliance meets special requirements. A high value for the yield strength is necessary as well as a remarkable plastic strain. In order to bent a spring over a considerable distance with a small stress resulting a low modulus of elasticity will be advantageous. Besides this properties a special wire developed on the basis of precious metals may be repeatedly softened and hardened by a simple method of heat treatment. Research was done about the forces transmitted from the body wire of a Crozat appliance to the opposite molars. For the case of a simplified lower body wire a formula was derived which allows to calculate the applied force.", "contents": "[The Crozat technic--considerations of materials and instrument mechanics]. An orthodontic wire for Crozat appliance meets special requirements. A high value for the yield strength is necessary as well as a remarkable plastic strain. In order to bent a spring over a considerable distance with a small stress resulting a low modulus of elasticity will be advantageous. Besides this properties a special wire developed on the basis of precious metals may be repeatedly softened and hardened by a simple method of heat treatment. Research was done about the forces transmitted from the body wire of a Crozat appliance to the opposite molars. For the case of a simplified lower body wire a formula was derived which allows to calculate the applied force."}
{"id": "PMID:266455", "title": "[Function-analysical studies of class II abnormalities. A contribution to the study of the articular reaction in activator treatments].", "content": "In patients treated with an activator the individual axial hinge points lie on the average 4.5 mm more ventral than in untreated patients. In those treated, the analytically calculated gliding movement of the condyles from the posterior position of contact to habitual intercuspidation on the average was 0.88 mm compared to 0.36 mm in the untreated. Movement of the teeth amounted to 1.18 mm in group 1, and 0.46 in group 11.", "contents": "[Function-analysical studies of class II abnormalities. A contribution to the study of the articular reaction in activator treatments]. In patients treated with an activator the individual axial hinge points lie on the average 4.5 mm more ventral than in untreated patients. In those treated, the analytically calculated gliding movement of the condyles from the posterior position of contact to habitual intercuspidation on the average was 0.88 mm compared to 0.36 mm in the untreated. Movement of the teeth amounted to 1.18 mm in group 1, and 0.46 in group 11."}
{"id": "PMID:266456", "title": "[Quantitative interpretation of graphs from Stuart pantography. II. Geometrical bases].", "content": "In an experimental investigation, Stuart pantographic records are geometrically analyzed. The influence of the parameters' inclination and curving of condylar guidance, intercondylar distance, Bennett angle, distance of the plate, and position of the recording pencil are studied. Further quanitative analysis was not performed, as Stuart pantography is only meant for transmission to the respective articulator and is nto suitable for metric recording.", "contents": "[Quantitative interpretation of graphs from Stuart pantography. II. Geometrical bases]. In an experimental investigation, Stuart pantographic records are geometrically analyzed. The influence of the parameters' inclination and curving of condylar guidance, intercondylar distance, Bennett angle, distance of the plate, and position of the recording pencil are studied. Further quanitative analysis was not performed, as Stuart pantography is only meant for transmission to the respective articulator and is nto suitable for metric recording."}
{"id": "PMID:266457", "title": "[Radiocinematic comparison of the movement of the temporomandibular joint in the same patient with total prosthesis after various jaw relation recordings].", "content": "Six edentulous patients were each provided with two complete dentures and the relation of the jaws to each other was determined by means of both the conventional checkbite and a combined Gerber arrow-angle registration. Cineradiographic evaluation of the temporomanidibular joint movements did not confirm a bony or ligamental guidance, but showed that the condyle path is characterized by neuromuscular coordination. In four patients there was no characteristic difference in the form of condyle path when using the two dentures. But the condyle paths differed strikingly in those patients who had temporo-mandibular complaints or neuromuscular disharmonies. The paths were clearly steeper with Gerber dentures than dentures made after the conventional check-bite. In laterotrusion the \"active\" condyle moves on a straight line towards the from and downward, while the relatively \"resting\" condyle describes a shortened path corresponding to the initial part of an opening movement.", "contents": "[Radiocinematic comparison of the movement of the temporomandibular joint in the same patient with total prosthesis after various jaw relation recordings]. Six edentulous patients were each provided with two complete dentures and the relation of the jaws to each other was determined by means of both the conventional checkbite and a combined Gerber arrow-angle registration. Cineradiographic evaluation of the temporomanidibular joint movements did not confirm a bony or ligamental guidance, but showed that the condyle path is characterized by neuromuscular coordination. In four patients there was no characteristic difference in the form of condyle path when using the two dentures. But the condyle paths differed strikingly in those patients who had temporo-mandibular complaints or neuromuscular disharmonies. The paths were clearly steeper with Gerber dentures than dentures made after the conventional check-bite. In laterotrusion the \"active\" condyle moves on a straight line towards the from and downward, while the relatively \"resting\" condyle describes a shortened path corresponding to the initial part of an opening movement."}
{"id": "PMID:266459", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the healing around ceramic implantation in bone lesions in the maxillary sinus region].", "content": "Clinical and histological tests were made in five minipigs to study the hitherto unknown tissue behaviour of the receiver organism to unilaterally uncovered perforated ceramic implants in the bilaterally osteotomized facial maxillary sinus wall. The implants were covered with connective tissue and coated with respiratory mucosa on the uncovered side. After 11 weeks, they had all healed without irritation, and were solidly anchored in the surrounding tissue by the connective tissue which had grown into the perforations.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the healing around ceramic implantation in bone lesions in the maxillary sinus region]. Clinical and histological tests were made in five minipigs to study the hitherto unknown tissue behaviour of the receiver organism to unilaterally uncovered perforated ceramic implants in the bilaterally osteotomized facial maxillary sinus wall. The implants were covered with connective tissue and coated with respiratory mucosa on the uncovered side. After 11 weeks, they had all healed without irritation, and were solidly anchored in the surrounding tissue by the connective tissue which had grown into the perforations."}
{"id": "PMID:266460", "title": "[Dental and mouth mucosal findings in drug addicts].", "content": "100 drug addicts and 116 alcoholics, who were compared with 100 non-addicts of corresponding age, exhibited an extraordinarily intensive manifestation of dental caries, expecially at the cervical region. This observation appears to be partly a result of drug-induced changes in metabolism as well as the concomitant asialia and xerostomia and predominantly a result of poor oral hygiene and dental care. These latter ones fell proportionally with the disintegration of social status. Drug addicts show rather frequently fractures and fissures of partially distroyed teeth as a result of bruxism. 78% of the investigate drug addicts suffered from profound inflammatory parodontopathy, 42% showed pigmentation of the gingival and/or buccal mucosa. The dental surgion should pay attention to the possible danger of an hepatitis infection.", "contents": "[Dental and mouth mucosal findings in drug addicts]. 100 drug addicts and 116 alcoholics, who were compared with 100 non-addicts of corresponding age, exhibited an extraordinarily intensive manifestation of dental caries, expecially at the cervical region. This observation appears to be partly a result of drug-induced changes in metabolism as well as the concomitant asialia and xerostomia and predominantly a result of poor oral hygiene and dental care. These latter ones fell proportionally with the disintegration of social status. Drug addicts show rather frequently fractures and fissures of partially distroyed teeth as a result of bruxism. 78% of the investigate drug addicts suffered from profound inflammatory parodontopathy, 42% showed pigmentation of the gingival and/or buccal mucosa. The dental surgion should pay attention to the possible danger of an hepatitis infection."}
{"id": "PMID:266462", "title": "[Problems of dental surgical treatment in patients with intermittent acute porphyria].", "content": "The acute intermittent porphyria is mainly a porphyrimmetabolism disorder inheritable through autosomes. This disorder is characterized by intermittent abdominal pains, neurological symptoms of central as well as peripheral genesis, and by psychotic syndromes. An acute attack is fatal in many cases. Among others, it can be induced by numerous factors, such as local anesthetics, analgetics and sedatives. Thus, it is important that the dentist is aware of this rare disease should he find himself in a position where treatment of this type of patient is imminent.", "contents": "[Problems of dental surgical treatment in patients with intermittent acute porphyria]. The acute intermittent porphyria is mainly a porphyrimmetabolism disorder inheritable through autosomes. This disorder is characterized by intermittent abdominal pains, neurological symptoms of central as well as peripheral genesis, and by psychotic syndromes. An acute attack is fatal in many cases. Among others, it can be induced by numerous factors, such as local anesthetics, analgetics and sedatives. Thus, it is important that the dentist is aware of this rare disease should he find himself in a position where treatment of this type of patient is imminent."}
{"id": "PMID:266463", "title": "[Familial syndrome with lip fistulas and microforms of cleft velum].", "content": "Four siblings are reported who have congenital fistulae of their lower lips (with one exception) associated with bifid uvula and partial manifestations of submucous cleft palate, while their mother has a bilateral cleft lip and palate as well as bilateral fistulae of the lip. The malformation is possibly transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. This special type of hereditary combination is not mentioned in the literature, as far as we know, and appears to be a very rare clinical variation of the syndrome normally associated with clefts of lip and palate and fistulae of the lip.", "contents": "[Familial syndrome with lip fistulas and microforms of cleft velum]. Four siblings are reported who have congenital fistulae of their lower lips (with one exception) associated with bifid uvula and partial manifestations of submucous cleft palate, while their mother has a bilateral cleft lip and palate as well as bilateral fistulae of the lip. The malformation is possibly transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. This special type of hereditary combination is not mentioned in the literature, as far as we know, and appears to be a very rare clinical variation of the syndrome normally associated with clefts of lip and palate and fistulae of the lip."}
{"id": "PMID:266464", "title": "[Electron microscopic demonstration of mitochondria in odontoblastic processes in the rat molar dentin].", "content": "Under the electron microscope isolated mitochondria were found in the odontoblastic processes in the dentin up to the dentinoenamel junction. The larger number of mitochondria in the dentin third next to the pulp explains the finding by other authors of a localized activity of mitrochondrially bound enzymes in this part of the dentin.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic demonstration of mitochondria in odontoblastic processes in the rat molar dentin]. Under the electron microscope isolated mitochondria were found in the odontoblastic processes in the dentin up to the dentinoenamel junction. The larger number of mitochondria in the dentin third next to the pulp explains the finding by other authors of a localized activity of mitrochondrially bound enzymes in this part of the dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:266466", "title": "[Physical properties and technological problems in the use of xylitol].", "content": "Xylitol may be used as a sweetening agent in few cases only, since it appears to be physiologically not so well tolerated as saccharose. From the nutritional viewpoint, it is therefore necessary in many cases to combine sugar substitute, principally to mix xylitol with fructose. Also for technological reasons, new combinations of sugar substitutes for xylitol-containing dietetic foodstuffs must often be found and primarily combinations of sugar substitutes and thickening and gelatinizing agents choose between. It is therefore required that dietetically valuable foodstuffs be developed in line with nutritional requirements and not simply imitate conventional food.", "contents": "[Physical properties and technological problems in the use of xylitol]. Xylitol may be used as a sweetening agent in few cases only, since it appears to be physiologically not so well tolerated as saccharose. From the nutritional viewpoint, it is therefore necessary in many cases to combine sugar substitute, principally to mix xylitol with fructose. Also for technological reasons, new combinations of sugar substitutes for xylitol-containing dietetic foodstuffs must often be found and primarily combinations of sugar substitutes and thickening and gelatinizing agents choose between. It is therefore required that dietetically valuable foodstuffs be developed in line with nutritional requirements and not simply imitate conventional food."}
{"id": "PMID:266467", "title": "[Metabolic behavior of disaccharide alcohols and related substances].", "content": "The present study suggests that part of the digestion of disaccharide alcohols is due to microbic processes, primarily in the cecum. The utilization of sorbitol and palatinitol by endogenous metabolic systems seems to be restricted insofar as these substances become accessible to the intestinal flora. Interim products of the bacterial fermentation are likely to be utilized by the host organism.", "contents": "[Metabolic behavior of disaccharide alcohols and related substances]. The present study suggests that part of the digestion of disaccharide alcohols is due to microbic processes, primarily in the cecum. The utilization of sorbitol and palatinitol by endogenous metabolic systems seems to be restricted insofar as these substances become accessible to the intestinal flora. Interim products of the bacterial fermentation are likely to be utilized by the host organism."}
{"id": "PMID:266472", "title": "[The cariogenicity of xylitol in the animal experiment].", "content": "After programmed feeding of rats in a six and eight-week long conventional experiment with increasing concentrations of xylitol, compared to sorbitol, fructose and saccharose, the non-cariogenic nature of xylitol was confirmed. The increasing amounts of xylitol after sorbitol in chocolate diets (up to 30 g/day/rat) led to serious dilatation of the cecum and to changes in the mucosa of cecum and colon when sorbitol was given. Examination of plaques of the germ-free rats monoassociated with S. mutans showed that xylitol had no bacteriostatic effect on this type of germ. Since xylitol is not broken down by these germs with acid being formed, careis did not continue to extend.", "contents": "[The cariogenicity of xylitol in the animal experiment]. After programmed feeding of rats in a six and eight-week long conventional experiment with increasing concentrations of xylitol, compared to sorbitol, fructose and saccharose, the non-cariogenic nature of xylitol was confirmed. The increasing amounts of xylitol after sorbitol in chocolate diets (up to 30 g/day/rat) led to serious dilatation of the cecum and to changes in the mucosa of cecum and colon when sorbitol was given. Examination of plaques of the germ-free rats monoassociated with S. mutans showed that xylitol had no bacteriostatic effect on this type of germ. Since xylitol is not broken down by these germs with acid being formed, careis did not continue to extend."}
{"id": "PMID:266473", "title": "Degradation of [3H]thymidine by a pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.4) in the plasma of man and different animals.", "content": "[3H]Thymidine is degraded by an enzyme (thymidine phosphorylase; EC 2.4.2.4) which we have identified in the plasma of man and some animals. The presence of this enzyme in plasma or sera used to supplement culture media may, under certain experimental conditions, limit the validity of measuring the uptake of radiolabeled thymidine as a means of defining DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Degradation of [3H]thymidine by a pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.4) in the plasma of man and different animals. [3H]Thymidine is degraded by an enzyme (thymidine phosphorylase; EC 2.4.2.4) which we have identified in the plasma of man and some animals. The presence of this enzyme in plasma or sera used to supplement culture media may, under certain experimental conditions, limit the validity of measuring the uptake of radiolabeled thymidine as a means of defining DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:266486", "title": "Isolation, characterization and nature of carbohydrate-peptide linkage of an alkali-extractable non-collagenous glycoprotein from albino rat skins.", "content": "A glycoprotein was isolated from young albino rat skins by alkali extraction under mild conditions and purified by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by agar gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of approximately 90,000 and contained galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acids as its carbohydrate constituents. The release of sialic acids from the glycoprotein by neuraminidase indicated their terminal positions in the carbohydrate chains. The glycoprotein lacked hydroxyproline which indicates its non-collagenous nature. The treatment of the glycoprotein with alkaline borohydride resulted in the decrease of threonine, serine and N-acetylgalactosamine contents. The presence of O-glycosidic linkage of N-acetylgalactosamine with serine and threonine is therefore suggested.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and nature of carbohydrate-peptide linkage of an alkali-extractable non-collagenous glycoprotein from albino rat skins. A glycoprotein was isolated from young albino rat skins by alkali extraction under mild conditions and purified by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by agar gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of approximately 90,000 and contained galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acids as its carbohydrate constituents. The release of sialic acids from the glycoprotein by neuraminidase indicated their terminal positions in the carbohydrate chains. The glycoprotein lacked hydroxyproline which indicates its non-collagenous nature. The treatment of the glycoprotein with alkaline borohydride resulted in the decrease of threonine, serine and N-acetylgalactosamine contents. The presence of O-glycosidic linkage of N-acetylgalactosamine with serine and threonine is therefore suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:266488", "title": "A powerful inhibitor of guanine deaminase.", "content": "The synthesis of 9-(p-carbetoxyphenyl) guanine is reported. The assays carried out on guanine deaminase from rat and rabbit liver and pig brain show that this compound is a powerful inhibitor. The compound has a Ki = 5 micronM for the enzyme from pig brain. The use of the inhibitor for the synthesis of a specific adsorbent for guanine deaminase was studied.", "contents": "A powerful inhibitor of guanine deaminase. The synthesis of 9-(p-carbetoxyphenyl) guanine is reported. The assays carried out on guanine deaminase from rat and rabbit liver and pig brain show that this compound is a powerful inhibitor. The compound has a Ki = 5 micronM for the enzyme from pig brain. The use of the inhibitor for the synthesis of a specific adsorbent for guanine deaminase was studied."}
{"id": "PMID:266489", "title": "Synthesis and chromatographic properties of selenazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (selenaproline).", "content": "Details are reported for the synthesis of DL-selenazolidine-4-carboxylic acid starting from DL-selenocystine and formaldehyde. Some chemical reactions and the paper and ion-exchange chromatographic behaviour of selenazolidine carboxylic acid in comparison with thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid are described.", "contents": "Synthesis and chromatographic properties of selenazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (selenaproline). Details are reported for the synthesis of DL-selenazolidine-4-carboxylic acid starting from DL-selenocystine and formaldehyde. Some chemical reactions and the paper and ion-exchange chromatographic behaviour of selenazolidine carboxylic acid in comparison with thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid are described."}
{"id": "PMID:266494", "title": "Monocytic leukemia in three cats.", "content": "Of 3 cats with monocytic leukemia, 1 responded favorably to treatment with cytosine arabinoside. With supportive therapy, it lived 78 days from the time of diagnosis, at which time it developed dyspnea and signs of toxicosis and died. The other 2 cats did not respond to treatment and died 4 and 16 days from time of diagnosis. Prior to death, they were bleeding from injection sites, and their blood had greater than 200,000 WBC/mm3. Necropsy of those 2 cats revealed extensive perivascular hemorrhagic infarcts within the cerebellum, medulla, and cerebrum.", "contents": "Monocytic leukemia in three cats. Of 3 cats with monocytic leukemia, 1 responded favorably to treatment with cytosine arabinoside. With supportive therapy, it lived 78 days from the time of diagnosis, at which time it developed dyspnea and signs of toxicosis and died. The other 2 cats did not respond to treatment and died 4 and 16 days from time of diagnosis. Prior to death, they were bleeding from injection sites, and their blood had greater than 200,000 WBC/mm3. Necropsy of those 2 cats revealed extensive perivascular hemorrhagic infarcts within the cerebellum, medulla, and cerebrum."}
{"id": "PMID:266502", "title": "Effect of monthly professional mechanical tooth cleaning on periodontal health in adults.", "content": "The beneficial effects of comprehensive dental prophylaxis programs are well recognized. In order to study the factors determining the effectiveness of these programs, 28 periodontal recall patients were subjected to monthly professional mechanical tooth cleanings. Experimental and control teeth were randomly selected according to a splitmouth cross-over method. The Plaque and Gingival indices were recorded 1 month prior to the study, at the start, and at 4, 8, and 12 months. One month prior to the study calculus and bacterial plaque were thoroughly removed from all teeth. During the study period only the experimental teeth were cleaned. Efforts were made not to influence the oral hygiene of the participants by any other means. Following the initial tooth cleaning and during the preexperimental period the Plaque and Gingival indices decreased to a low level on both the experimental and control teeth (mean P1I = 0.4, mean GI = 0.3). This high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health was maintained throughout the study period, and no differences could be observed between experimental and control teeth. This indicates that factors other than the mechanical professional cleaning were responsible for the maintenance of gingival health. It is suggested that participation in the program in itself may have motivated the patients to improve their oral home care.", "contents": "Effect of monthly professional mechanical tooth cleaning on periodontal health in adults. The beneficial effects of comprehensive dental prophylaxis programs are well recognized. In order to study the factors determining the effectiveness of these programs, 28 periodontal recall patients were subjected to monthly professional mechanical tooth cleanings. Experimental and control teeth were randomly selected according to a splitmouth cross-over method. The Plaque and Gingival indices were recorded 1 month prior to the study, at the start, and at 4, 8, and 12 months. One month prior to the study calculus and bacterial plaque were thoroughly removed from all teeth. During the study period only the experimental teeth were cleaned. Efforts were made not to influence the oral hygiene of the participants by any other means. Following the initial tooth cleaning and during the preexperimental period the Plaque and Gingival indices decreased to a low level on both the experimental and control teeth (mean P1I = 0.4, mean GI = 0.3). This high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health was maintained throughout the study period, and no differences could be observed between experimental and control teeth. This indicates that factors other than the mechanical professional cleaning were responsible for the maintenance of gingival health. It is suggested that participation in the program in itself may have motivated the patients to improve their oral home care."}
{"id": "PMID:266503", "title": "Gingival recession and tooth mobility.", "content": "Tooth mobility measurements were carried out on 107 teeth with gingival recession in 20 subjects. Alveolar bone dehiscence around 43 of these teeth was measured during flap surgery in 13 subjects. No significant correlation was found between gingival recession and tooth mobility, and between tooth mobility and alveolar bone dehiscence. A positive, significant correlation was present between gingival recession and bone dehiscence. In 17 of the subjects, tooth mobility of 29 homologous contralateral teeth with and without gingival recession was compared. The difference was not significant. The role of trauma from occlusion in the etiology of gingival recession is questioned.", "contents": "Gingival recession and tooth mobility. Tooth mobility measurements were carried out on 107 teeth with gingival recession in 20 subjects. Alveolar bone dehiscence around 43 of these teeth was measured during flap surgery in 13 subjects. No significant correlation was found between gingival recession and tooth mobility, and between tooth mobility and alveolar bone dehiscence. A positive, significant correlation was present between gingival recession and bone dehiscence. In 17 of the subjects, tooth mobility of 29 homologous contralateral teeth with and without gingival recession was compared. The difference was not significant. The role of trauma from occlusion in the etiology of gingival recession is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:266504", "title": "Lack of effect of trauma from occlusion on the recurrence of experimental periodontitis.", "content": "The experiments were performed in 15 dogs fed a diet which allowed dental plaque accumulation. A phase of experimental periodontal breakdown was initiated on day 0. After 210 days five dogs were sacrificed. In the remaining 10 dogs the periodontal pockets around the fourth lower premolars (4P and P4) were eliminated. During surgery a notch was prepared in the root at the level of the marginal termination of the alveolar bone in order to facilitate measurements in histological sections. From day 210 to day 450 the teeth of the animals were brushed twice daily. After 60 days of healing, i.e. on day 270, five of the dogs were sacrificed. Trauma from occlusion of the jiggling type was on day 270 produced in the P4 region of the remaining dogs by the installation of a cap splint and a bar device. The final five dogs were sacrificed on day 450. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 3P, 4P, 1M and P3, P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis. The experiments revealed that, in the dog, forces produced by occlusal trauma are unable to induce a phase of progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues in tooth regions where the supporting tissues are markedly reduced but non-inflammatory.", "contents": "Lack of effect of trauma from occlusion on the recurrence of experimental periodontitis. The experiments were performed in 15 dogs fed a diet which allowed dental plaque accumulation. A phase of experimental periodontal breakdown was initiated on day 0. After 210 days five dogs were sacrificed. In the remaining 10 dogs the periodontal pockets around the fourth lower premolars (4P and P4) were eliminated. During surgery a notch was prepared in the root at the level of the marginal termination of the alveolar bone in order to facilitate measurements in histological sections. From day 210 to day 450 the teeth of the animals were brushed twice daily. After 60 days of healing, i.e. on day 270, five of the dogs were sacrificed. Trauma from occlusion of the jiggling type was on day 270 produced in the P4 region of the remaining dogs by the installation of a cap splint and a bar device. The final five dogs were sacrificed on day 450. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 3P, 4P, 1M and P3, P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis. The experiments revealed that, in the dog, forces produced by occlusal trauma are unable to induce a phase of progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues in tooth regions where the supporting tissues are markedly reduced but non-inflammatory."}
{"id": "PMID:266505", "title": "The relative effectiveness of plaque removal by the Proxabrush and rubber cone stimulator.", "content": "The effectiveness of two agents in plaque removal from the proximal surfaces of teeth was studied in 30 subjects with large interproximal spaces. The Proxabrush was more effective than the rubber cone stimulator in its ability to remove proximal plaque, but neither achieved complete removal. Both agents cleaned incisor teeth better than posterior teeth, mesial surfaces better than distal surfaces, facial halves better than lingual halves and coronal halves better than apical halves of proximal surfaces. No differences in gingival health were detected. A majority of the patients preferred the Proxabrush.", "contents": "The relative effectiveness of plaque removal by the Proxabrush and rubber cone stimulator. The effectiveness of two agents in plaque removal from the proximal surfaces of teeth was studied in 30 subjects with large interproximal spaces. The Proxabrush was more effective than the rubber cone stimulator in its ability to remove proximal plaque, but neither achieved complete removal. Both agents cleaned incisor teeth better than posterior teeth, mesial surfaces better than distal surfaces, facial halves better than lingual halves and coronal halves better than apical halves of proximal surfaces. No differences in gingival health were detected. A majority of the patients preferred the Proxabrush."}
{"id": "PMID:266506", "title": "Caries and periodontal status in patients fitted with removable partial dentures.", "content": "A 6-year follow-up study was carried out on 28 patients fitted with removable partial dentures. Prior to the prosthetic treatment all patients were given oral hygiene instruction and periodontal therapy where indicated. The removable partial dentures were carefully planned and designed. During the follow-up period the patients were examined at yearly intervals when remotivation, scalings, conservation and prosthetic adjustments were carried out as required. Patient cooperation was excellent and no significant deterioration of the periodontal status of the remaining teeth could be found. In addition the number of newly registered carious lesions was low. A certain degree of deterioration of occlusion, articulation, stability and clasp retention of the dentures fitted did occur, however.", "contents": "Caries and periodontal status in patients fitted with removable partial dentures. A 6-year follow-up study was carried out on 28 patients fitted with removable partial dentures. Prior to the prosthetic treatment all patients were given oral hygiene instruction and periodontal therapy where indicated. The removable partial dentures were carefully planned and designed. During the follow-up period the patients were examined at yearly intervals when remotivation, scalings, conservation and prosthetic adjustments were carried out as required. Patient cooperation was excellent and no significant deterioration of the periodontal status of the remaining teeth could be found. In addition the number of newly registered carious lesions was low. A certain degree of deterioration of occlusion, articulation, stability and clasp retention of the dentures fitted did occur, however."}
{"id": "PMID:266507", "title": "Root surface roughness in response to periodontal instrumentation studied by combined use of microroughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Root surface roughness, resulting from calculus removal by hand curette, ultrasonic curette and rotating diamond or Roto-Pro points, was examined by combined use of microroughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mandibular incisors were placed in a jaw model with a rubber \"gingiva\" in an attempt to simulate a clinical situation. After cleaning with the various instruments, the surface roughness was measured by an industrial profilometer followed by SEM evaluation. A microroughness index (MRI) was developed and showed that the instruments could be separated into three groups, where the hand curette produced least roughness, followed by the Roto-Pro instrument, while the ultrasonic curette and the diamond left the most uneven surfaces. A SEM roughness index (SRI) based on defined criteria, corresponded well with the results from the profilometer measurements, except that using this index the diamond scored higher than the ultrasonic curette. This was probably due to considerable calculus remnants remaining in the ultrasonic specimens. Characteristic features of the root surface morphology of the cleaned teeth are described. It is concluded that the combined use of microroughness measurements and SEM is of considerable value in this type of studies since more information may be obtained than by any of these methods used separately.", "contents": "Root surface roughness in response to periodontal instrumentation studied by combined use of microroughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Root surface roughness, resulting from calculus removal by hand curette, ultrasonic curette and rotating diamond or Roto-Pro points, was examined by combined use of microroughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mandibular incisors were placed in a jaw model with a rubber \"gingiva\" in an attempt to simulate a clinical situation. After cleaning with the various instruments, the surface roughness was measured by an industrial profilometer followed by SEM evaluation. A microroughness index (MRI) was developed and showed that the instruments could be separated into three groups, where the hand curette produced least roughness, followed by the Roto-Pro instrument, while the ultrasonic curette and the diamond left the most uneven surfaces. A SEM roughness index (SRI) based on defined criteria, corresponded well with the results from the profilometer measurements, except that using this index the diamond scored higher than the ultrasonic curette. This was probably due to considerable calculus remnants remaining in the ultrasonic specimens. Characteristic features of the root surface morphology of the cleaned teeth are described. It is concluded that the combined use of microroughness measurements and SEM is of considerable value in this type of studies since more information may be obtained than by any of these methods used separately."}
{"id": "PMID:266519", "title": "Colleges of continuing education.", "content": "Educators should now take over the haphazard pattern that has envolved in continuing education and formalize it in colleges of continuing education. Most dentists in America are now oriented to the  concept of continuing education, and this large group could be the nidus for the promotion of colleges of continuing education. Dentistry is the youngest of the health professions and has been the foremost advocate of continuing education. The founding and promotion of colleges of continuing education by the dental profession, as the fourth level in our education system, would certainly contribute to dentistry's stature.", "contents": "Colleges of continuing education. Educators should now take over the haphazard pattern that has envolved in continuing education and formalize it in colleges of continuing education. Most dentists in America are now oriented to the  concept of continuing education, and this large group could be the nidus for the promotion of colleges of continuing education. Dentistry is the youngest of the health professions and has been the foremost advocate of continuing education. The founding and promotion of colleges of continuing education by the dental profession, as the fourth level in our education system, would certainly contribute to dentistry's stature."}
{"id": "PMID:266520", "title": "The general practitioner and continuing education.", "content": "A continuing education program for the general practitioner is presented that would provide a degree or certificate of advanced status on completion. This long-term program would be made possible by giving credit hours for continuing education courses taken, then redeeming these credits for the certificate or degree on completion. The dentist's choice in continuing education programs is protected because he can choose between programs with or without objectives, and programs that are tailored to his interests.", "contents": "The general practitioner and continuing education. A continuing education program for the general practitioner is presented that would provide a degree or certificate of advanced status on completion. This long-term program would be made possible by giving credit hours for continuing education courses taken, then redeeming these credits for the certificate or degree on completion. The dentist's choice in continuing education programs is protected because he can choose between programs with or without objectives, and programs that are tailored to his interests."}
{"id": "PMID:266523", "title": "Dental caries and trace element composition of whole human enamel: Eastern United States.", "content": "Whole enamel samples prepared from 208 teeth were analyzed for concentrations of 30 trace elements. Higher concentrations of fluorine and strontium in enamel were found to be related to low caries incidence. The results for strontium were particularly strong in their association with low caries. The trace elements aluminum barium, copper, lithium, and zircronium were positively related to caries whereas silver and tin were negatively related to caries, at weaker associations.", "contents": "Dental caries and trace element composition of whole human enamel: Eastern United States. Whole enamel samples prepared from 208 teeth were analyzed for concentrations of 30 trace elements. Higher concentrations of fluorine and strontium in enamel were found to be related to low caries incidence. The results for strontium were particularly strong in their association with low caries. The trace elements aluminum barium, copper, lithium, and zircronium were positively related to caries whereas silver and tin were negatively related to caries, at weaker associations."}
{"id": "PMID:266524", "title": "Blood serum mercury test report.", "content": "A clinical blood serum mercury test of 111 dentists and auxiliaries revelaed that more than 50% had above normal serum mercury levels. This study showed that there may be a mercury health hazard in some dental environments. Acute mercury poisoning may be corrected simply by removing the cause, but long-term chronic effects are not known. Frequent screening of offices and personnel is advised. Experience reported here indicates that large amounts of mercury vapor are emitted when an amalgam carrier is heated over a flame ot dislodge particles, and also, that water-covered amalgam scrap relesases mercury vapor.", "contents": "Blood serum mercury test report. A clinical blood serum mercury test of 111 dentists and auxiliaries revelaed that more than 50% had above normal serum mercury levels. This study showed that there may be a mercury health hazard in some dental environments. Acute mercury poisoning may be corrected simply by removing the cause, but long-term chronic effects are not known. Frequent screening of offices and personnel is advised. Experience reported here indicates that large amounts of mercury vapor are emitted when an amalgam carrier is heated over a flame ot dislodge particles, and also, that water-covered amalgam scrap relesases mercury vapor."}
{"id": "PMID:266525", "title": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A 40-year-old woman who had undergone a mastectomy of the right breast two years before was admitted in our department with metastatic malignant tumor of the mandible. The biopsy revealed the presence of the metastatic adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma to the mandible: report of case. A 40-year-old woman who had undergone a mastectomy of the right breast two years before was admitted in our department with metastatic malignant tumor of the mandible. The biopsy revealed the presence of the metastatic adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:266526", "title": "Lingual sebaceous glands: report of case.", "content": "A 28-year-old dentist noticed a 9X5-mm yellow submucosal plaque in the midlateral dorsum of his tongue. After a period of observation an excisional biopsy was performed. The histopathologic examination of the specimen revealed normal sebaceous glands opening onto the tongue surface. This occurrence of ectopic sebaceous glands in the tongue is notably rare in contrast with their frequent occurrence in the lips and buccal mucosa.", "contents": "Lingual sebaceous glands: report of case. A 28-year-old dentist noticed a 9X5-mm yellow submucosal plaque in the midlateral dorsum of his tongue. After a period of observation an excisional biopsy was performed. The histopathologic examination of the specimen revealed normal sebaceous glands opening onto the tongue surface. This occurrence of ectopic sebaceous glands in the tongue is notably rare in contrast with their frequent occurrence in the lips and buccal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:266527", "title": "A removable oral prosthetic appliance for Bell's palsy: report of case.", "content": "An intra-extraoral removable prosthetic appliance permitted the patient, a victim of Bell's palsy, to carry on daily activities with a minimum of facial distortion, pain, speech difficulty, and emotional trauma. Perhaps thousands of other victims of Bell's palsy and strokes would benefit from such a device.", "contents": "A removable oral prosthetic appliance for Bell's palsy: report of case. An intra-extraoral removable prosthetic appliance permitted the patient, a victim of Bell's palsy, to carry on daily activities with a minimum of facial distortion, pain, speech difficulty, and emotional trauma. Perhaps thousands of other victims of Bell's palsy and strokes would benefit from such a device."}
{"id": "PMID:266528", "title": "Surgical correction of pseudoankylosis and microgenia: report of case.", "content": "The coronoid process was fused to the zygomatic buttress and posterior aspect of the maxilla, resulting in a restricted mandibular opening. In addition to the functional limitation, the patient also had a skeletal deformity of microgenia. A coronoidectomy released the extracapsular ankylosis and restored normal mandibular function, and an augmentation genioplasty corrected a contour deficient chin.", "contents": "Surgical correction of pseudoankylosis and microgenia: report of case. The coronoid process was fused to the zygomatic buttress and posterior aspect of the maxilla, resulting in a restricted mandibular opening. In addition to the functional limitation, the patient also had a skeletal deformity of microgenia. A coronoidectomy released the extracapsular ankylosis and restored normal mandibular function, and an augmentation genioplasty corrected a contour deficient chin."}
{"id": "PMID:266529", "title": "Oral radiographic changes in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).", "content": "Intraoral and panoramic radiographs were made of 35 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Of those patients, 13 (37%) were found to have abnormally thickened periodontal ligament spaces. Six of the 35 demonstrated mild to significant resorption of the posterior mandibular angle. Three patients, including two showing angle resorption also had some degree of coronoid process destruction. All patients with this disease should receive initial and follow-up panoramic radiographic examinations to determine any osseous changes.", "contents": "Oral radiographic changes in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Intraoral and panoramic radiographs were made of 35 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Of those patients, 13 (37%) were found to have abnormally thickened periodontal ligament spaces. Six of the 35 demonstrated mild to significant resorption of the posterior mandibular angle. Three patients, including two showing angle resorption also had some degree of coronoid process destruction. All patients with this disease should receive initial and follow-up panoramic radiographic examinations to determine any osseous changes."}
{"id": "PMID:266530", "title": "A practical, behavior-based oral hygiene program for elementary school children.", "content": "A three-year study was made of the effectiveness of a behavior-based program of oral hygiene for schoolchildresn. The primary focus of the program was a daily \"brush-in,\" managed by teachers and parent volunteers. Emphasis was placed on plaque removal in lieu of conceptual-informational content, and the role of consultants was to maintain the behavior of participants through occasional visitation and evaluation. Analysis suggested that the program was economical and effective when judged on the basis of typical oral hygiene measures. Findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between knowledge and behavior, and efficient use of professional time.", "contents": "A practical, behavior-based oral hygiene program for elementary school children. A three-year study was made of the effectiveness of a behavior-based program of oral hygiene for schoolchildresn. The primary focus of the program was a daily \"brush-in,\" managed by teachers and parent volunteers. Emphasis was placed on plaque removal in lieu of conceptual-informational content, and the role of consultants was to maintain the behavior of participants through occasional visitation and evaluation. Analysis suggested that the program was economical and effective when judged on the basis of typical oral hygiene measures. Findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between knowledge and behavior, and efficient use of professional time."}
{"id": "PMID:266535", "title": "Continuing education in US dental schools, 1975-1976.", "content": "This report provides a rudimentary profile of continuing dental education in US dental schools for 1975--1976. Some schools offered programs in all aspects of dentistry, while others were only beginning to establish them. The number of courses, as well as the number of dentists participating, increased only slightly over last year. Perhaps this is an effect of the difficulties many schools have in financing their programs.", "contents": "Continuing education in US dental schools, 1975-1976. This report provides a rudimentary profile of continuing dental education in US dental schools for 1975--1976. Some schools offered programs in all aspects of dentistry, while others were only beginning to establish them. The number of courses, as well as the number of dentists participating, increased only slightly over last year. Perhaps this is an effect of the difficulties many schools have in financing their programs."}
{"id": "PMID:266536", "title": "Increased appetite (bulimia) in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Five patients with Parkinson's disease, when first seen, manifested an abnormal increase in appetite. This bulimia decreased concomitantly with clinical improvement in the parkinsonism during treatment with L-dopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor. A possible role of dopamine in the central control of appetite is discussed. Abnormally increased appetite (bulimia) is proposed as a new autonomic sign in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Increased appetite (bulimia) in Parkinson's disease. Five patients with Parkinson's disease, when first seen, manifested an abnormal increase in appetite. This bulimia decreased concomitantly with clinical improvement in the parkinsonism during treatment with L-dopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor. A possible role of dopamine in the central control of appetite is discussed. Abnormally increased appetite (bulimia) is proposed as a new autonomic sign in Parkinson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:266537", "title": "Tuberculin testing in hospital personnel.", "content": "Tuberculin testing of 176 personnel in a Liverpool hospital showed a total incidence of 68% negative reactors. This remarkably high percentage was similar for each of the various groups of workers tested. We did not find the Tine test to be a satisfactory method of screening for tuberculin sensitivity because 30% were doubtful reactors. In these, further tuberculin testing by the Mantoux reagent was always positive.", "contents": "Tuberculin testing in hospital personnel. Tuberculin testing of 176 personnel in a Liverpool hospital showed a total incidence of 68% negative reactors. This remarkably high percentage was similar for each of the various groups of workers tested. We did not find the Tine test to be a satisfactory method of screening for tuberculin sensitivity because 30% were doubtful reactors. In these, further tuberculin testing by the Mantoux reagent was always positive."}
{"id": "PMID:266538", "title": "Multiple skin testing of tuberculosis patients with a range of new tuberculins, and a comparison with leprosy and Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.", "content": "Four hundred and seventy tuberculosis patients were each skin tested with four of a range of 17 mycobacterial reagents in four countries in all of which tuberculosis and leprosy were endemic. Sixteen of the reagents were new tuberculins prepared from extracts of living mycobacteria disrupted by ultrasonic disintegration and the last was PPD, RT23.The effect that tuberculosis exerted on the delayed-type skin test response to these antigens was assessed by comparing results for tuberculosis patients with those for Tuberculin positive and Tuberculin negative control populations. Tuberculosis patients on Rifampicin therapy showed no difference in their skin test responses to any of the antigens from those patients on other forms of antituberculosis treatment.Amongst the normal population it was found that possession of Tuberculin positivity was associated with an enhanced response to all the other mycobacterial antigens with the exception of A(*)-in which demonstrated a reciprocal relationship with Tuberculin in Burma. It was also noted, in Burma particularly, that sensitization to mycobacterial species other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially to the slow growers, plays a role in determining responses to different mycobacterial species.In tuberculosis patients enhanced skin test responses were also seen but only in those countries, e.g. Libya, where the prevalence of mycobacterial species was low. Where mycobacteria were common, as in Burma, the converse was true and tuberculosis was associated with a diminished skin test response to each antigen. The high prevalence of A(*)-in positivity in Burma, its reciprocal relationship with Tuberculin there and the results for all the antigens in the tuberculosis patients indicate that the cell mediated skin test response may have a threshold. If this is exceeded the skin test becomes negative so that non-reactors then include those who have been excessively sensitized as well as those who have not been sensitized. Despite this, a greater percentage of tuberculosis patients in each country responded to the specific reagent Tuberculin than did the control populations and their mean positive induration sizes were consistently larger. Nevertheless, amongst the tuberculosis patients in Burma 13% were complete non-reactors to Tuberculin and this apparent anergy also applied to the other reagents with which these individuals were tested.This differs from lepromatous leprosy where the anergic state pertains exclusively to M. leprae and a few seemingly closely related species. The breadth of anergy in M. ulcerans infection has not been measured but it is known to effect both Burulin and the PPD, RT23.Just as in leprosy and M. ulcerans infection, tuberculosis can be shown to have a disease spectrum here detected by multiple skin testing. The significance of this spectrum and its similarities with and differences from that of the other mycobacterioses is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple skin testing of tuberculosis patients with a range of new tuberculins, and a comparison with leprosy and Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Four hundred and seventy tuberculosis patients were each skin tested with four of a range of 17 mycobacterial reagents in four countries in all of which tuberculosis and leprosy were endemic. Sixteen of the reagents were new tuberculins prepared from extracts of living mycobacteria disrupted by ultrasonic disintegration and the last was PPD, RT23.The effect that tuberculosis exerted on the delayed-type skin test response to these antigens was assessed by comparing results for tuberculosis patients with those for Tuberculin positive and Tuberculin negative control populations. Tuberculosis patients on Rifampicin therapy showed no difference in their skin test responses to any of the antigens from those patients on other forms of antituberculosis treatment.Amongst the normal population it was found that possession of Tuberculin positivity was associated with an enhanced response to all the other mycobacterial antigens with the exception of A(*)-in which demonstrated a reciprocal relationship with Tuberculin in Burma. It was also noted, in Burma particularly, that sensitization to mycobacterial species other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially to the slow growers, plays a role in determining responses to different mycobacterial species.In tuberculosis patients enhanced skin test responses were also seen but only in those countries, e.g. Libya, where the prevalence of mycobacterial species was low. Where mycobacteria were common, as in Burma, the converse was true and tuberculosis was associated with a diminished skin test response to each antigen. The high prevalence of A(*)-in positivity in Burma, its reciprocal relationship with Tuberculin there and the results for all the antigens in the tuberculosis patients indicate that the cell mediated skin test response may have a threshold. If this is exceeded the skin test becomes negative so that non-reactors then include those who have been excessively sensitized as well as those who have not been sensitized. Despite this, a greater percentage of tuberculosis patients in each country responded to the specific reagent Tuberculin than did the control populations and their mean positive induration sizes were consistently larger. Nevertheless, amongst the tuberculosis patients in Burma 13% were complete non-reactors to Tuberculin and this apparent anergy also applied to the other reagents with which these individuals were tested.This differs from lepromatous leprosy where the anergic state pertains exclusively to M. leprae and a few seemingly closely related species. The breadth of anergy in M. ulcerans infection has not been measured but it is known to effect both Burulin and the PPD, RT23.Just as in leprosy and M. ulcerans infection, tuberculosis can be shown to have a disease spectrum here detected by multiple skin testing. The significance of this spectrum and its similarities with and differences from that of the other mycobacterioses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266539", "title": "Myxomatosis: breeding large numbers of rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale).", "content": "A simple method of breeding large numbers of rabbit fleas in a rabbit house with minimal disruption to the general routine is described.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: breeding large numbers of rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale). A simple method of breeding large numbers of rabbit fleas in a rabbit house with minimal disruption to the general routine is described."}
{"id": "PMID:266540", "title": "The response to inactivated influenza A (H3N2) vaccines: the development and effect of antibodies to the surface antigens.", "content": "A controlled trial of influenza vaccines in a boys' public school from November 1970 to October 1975 provided an opportunity to study the response to vaccine and the effect on subsequent natural challenge in boys with differing natural experience of influenza A strains. The response to influenza A (H3N2) vaccines was assessed by estimating homotypic and heterotypic antibodies to the surface antigens. Previous natural experience of influenza A was found to influence vaccine response and the effect of natural challenge. The antibody response to revaccination with the same strain showed a progressively poorer response to second and third doses. The protectitive effect of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed during two outbreaks of influenza A which occurred in the trial period.", "contents": "The response to inactivated influenza A (H3N2) vaccines: the development and effect of antibodies to the surface antigens. A controlled trial of influenza vaccines in a boys' public school from November 1970 to October 1975 provided an opportunity to study the response to vaccine and the effect on subsequent natural challenge in boys with differing natural experience of influenza A strains. The response to influenza A (H3N2) vaccines was assessed by estimating homotypic and heterotypic antibodies to the surface antigens. Previous natural experience of influenza A was found to influence vaccine response and the effect of natural challenge. The antibody response to revaccination with the same strain showed a progressively poorer response to second and third doses. The protectitive effect of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed during two outbreaks of influenza A which occurred in the trial period."}
{"id": "PMID:266541", "title": "Complement fixation and neutralization RS antibodies in maternal and neonatal sera.", "content": "RSV complement fixation antibodies were established in 200 paired maternal and cord blood sera. Geometric mean titres in cord sera were significantly higher than in matermal sera. The differences did not depend on the virus strain used. Half of the paired sera (taken at random) were also submitted to microneutralization tests. No differences were found between geometric mean titres in maternal and cord sera.", "contents": "Complement fixation and neutralization RS antibodies in maternal and neonatal sera. RSV complement fixation antibodies were established in 200 paired maternal and cord blood sera. Geometric mean titres in cord sera were significantly higher than in matermal sera. The differences did not depend on the virus strain used. Half of the paired sera (taken at random) were also submitted to microneutralization tests. No differences were found between geometric mean titres in maternal and cord sera."}
{"id": "PMID:266542", "title": "Rubella in Orkney: seroepidemiology and vaccination.", "content": "Rubella haemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody titres were determined in 54 seronegative women and 31 naturally immune women after vaccination and revaccination with Wistar RA27/3 strain rubella vaccine administered by the intranasal or subcutaneous routes or revaccination with the Cendehill strain administered subcutaneously. In addition, HAI antibody titres were determined in 46 seronegative schoolgirls after vaccination with the Cendehill strain and revaccination with the RA27/3 strain.All seronegative women vaccinated with the RA27/3 strain developed antibody, peak titres being reached 6 weeks after vaccination. Six months after vaccination with the Cendehill strain, 45 (98%) of the 46 seronegative girls had developed antibody, but 11 (24%) had not reached their peak titre by 6 weeks, suggesting a slower response than that elicited by the RA27/3 strain. Revaccination did not induce significant antibody responses in the seronegative women vaccinated 6 months previously with RA27/3 but 4 naturally immune women developed an eightfold increase in antibody. In 10 (22%) of 46 schoolgirls previously vaccinated with the Cendehill strain a significant rise in antibody followed revaccination with RA27/3. These results provide further evidence of the more rapid antibody responses elicited by the RA27/3 vaccine in comparison with the Cendehill vaccine.An outbreak of natural rubella occurred in 1972 and 97 cases were confirmed serologically. The clinical disease was more common in older school-children and in adults. More males than females were affected in the 11-15 age group, the sex ratio being 18:12; this may be explained by the routine vaccination of girls of this age group as part of the national programme which began in 1970. The significance of the persistence of high HAI antibody titres after natural infection and the effect of the epidemic on the serological status of the population are discussed.", "contents": "Rubella in Orkney: seroepidemiology and vaccination. Rubella haemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody titres were determined in 54 seronegative women and 31 naturally immune women after vaccination and revaccination with Wistar RA27/3 strain rubella vaccine administered by the intranasal or subcutaneous routes or revaccination with the Cendehill strain administered subcutaneously. In addition, HAI antibody titres were determined in 46 seronegative schoolgirls after vaccination with the Cendehill strain and revaccination with the RA27/3 strain.All seronegative women vaccinated with the RA27/3 strain developed antibody, peak titres being reached 6 weeks after vaccination. Six months after vaccination with the Cendehill strain, 45 (98%) of the 46 seronegative girls had developed antibody, but 11 (24%) had not reached their peak titre by 6 weeks, suggesting a slower response than that elicited by the RA27/3 strain. Revaccination did not induce significant antibody responses in the seronegative women vaccinated 6 months previously with RA27/3 but 4 naturally immune women developed an eightfold increase in antibody. In 10 (22%) of 46 schoolgirls previously vaccinated with the Cendehill strain a significant rise in antibody followed revaccination with RA27/3. These results provide further evidence of the more rapid antibody responses elicited by the RA27/3 vaccine in comparison with the Cendehill vaccine.An outbreak of natural rubella occurred in 1972 and 97 cases were confirmed serologically. The clinical disease was more common in older school-children and in adults. More males than females were affected in the 11-15 age group, the sex ratio being 18:12; this may be explained by the routine vaccination of girls of this age group as part of the national programme which began in 1970. The significance of the persistence of high HAI antibody titres after natural infection and the effect of the epidemic on the serological status of the population are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266582", "title": "Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. A study of some of the contributing factors and their validity in an Army population.", "content": "A study of some of the possible contributing factors in ANUG were evaluated by a comparison of ANUG patients with a random patient sample. This paper supports the role of stress and smoking in the pathogenesis of ANUG.", "contents": "Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. A study of some of the contributing factors and their validity in an Army population. A study of some of the possible contributing factors in ANUG were evaluated by a comparison of ANUG patients with a random patient sample. This paper supports the role of stress and smoking in the pathogenesis of ANUG."}
{"id": "PMID:266585", "title": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part I. Occlusal programming.", "content": "Many factors, other than the proprioceptive inputs originating from occlusal contacts of teeth, program jaw position and the functions of the muscles that move the mandible. However, once the mechanism by which specific occlusal contacts program specific muscle functions is clearly understood, it becomes a relatively simple matter to make an accurate diagnosis and select the most direct approach to treatment. This article is Part I of a series presented in four parts on the \"Biologic Laws Governing Functions of Muscles That Move the Mandible.\"", "contents": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part I. Occlusal programming. Many factors, other than the proprioceptive inputs originating from occlusal contacts of teeth, program jaw position and the functions of the muscles that move the mandible. However, once the mechanism by which specific occlusal contacts program specific muscle functions is clearly understood, it becomes a relatively simple matter to make an accurate diagnosis and select the most direct approach to treatment. This article is Part I of a series presented in four parts on the \"Biologic Laws Governing Functions of Muscles That Move the Mandible.\""}
{"id": "PMID:266586", "title": "Implantation of porous polymethylmethacrylate resin for tooth and bone replacement.", "content": "This study suggests that: 1. The porous plastic material tested is compatible with and showed no undesirable reactions in subcutaneous, intracerebral, intramuscular, and especially, intraosseous sites. 2. By standardizing porosity (e.g., a desired hole, any dimension, uniformly distributed) with the implant material (P.P.M.M.), one can predict with a degree of certainty that connective-tissue (collagen fibers) or hard-tissue (osteogenesis and reparative bone) ingrowth into these micropores will definitely occur. 3. The various shapes employed for implantation of the plastic material were not carcinogenic and did not cause a malignant reaction in any implanted region. 4. A close \"amalgamation\" with adjacent tissues was a result regardless of the implant site (e.g., intramuscular, intracerebral, or subcutaneous). Intraosseously, there was a variation. Depending upon the pore size, one observes either connective tissue or osseous ingrowth into the micropores. At a 100 micron pore size (B material), connective tissue ingrowth into the P.P.M.M. was seen. At the 450 micron size (E material), osseous tissue ingrowth into the P.P.M.M. was clearly observed. 5. The P.P.M.M. implant material can be used as a tooth replacement (e.g., for a root) at a small pore size (100 micron) and as a bone replacement (e.g., for bony defects) at a larger pore size (450 micron). 6. To secure vascularization of the implant material, porosity throughout is indicated at a large pore size. Surface porosity regardless of size will encourage only soft-tissue ingrowth into the implant material. 7. Any hard-tissue size or shape can be duplicated with the material, at any pore size, with compatibility to the adjacent tissue, regardless of the region of placement in the body. 8. There is a possibility of bone \"induction\" or stimulation of bone growth in predetermined directions with all its implications (e.g., periodontal disease). The replacement and repair of any hard tissue in the body (e.g., bone and teeth) are possibilities.", "contents": "Implantation of porous polymethylmethacrylate resin for tooth and bone replacement. This study suggests that: 1. The porous plastic material tested is compatible with and showed no undesirable reactions in subcutaneous, intracerebral, intramuscular, and especially, intraosseous sites. 2. By standardizing porosity (e.g., a desired hole, any dimension, uniformly distributed) with the implant material (P.P.M.M.), one can predict with a degree of certainty that connective-tissue (collagen fibers) or hard-tissue (osteogenesis and reparative bone) ingrowth into these micropores will definitely occur. 3. The various shapes employed for implantation of the plastic material were not carcinogenic and did not cause a malignant reaction in any implanted region. 4. A close \"amalgamation\" with adjacent tissues was a result regardless of the implant site (e.g., intramuscular, intracerebral, or subcutaneous). Intraosseously, there was a variation. Depending upon the pore size, one observes either connective tissue or osseous ingrowth into the micropores. At a 100 micron pore size (B material), connective tissue ingrowth into the P.P.M.M. was seen. At the 450 micron size (E material), osseous tissue ingrowth into the P.P.M.M. was clearly observed. 5. The P.P.M.M. implant material can be used as a tooth replacement (e.g., for a root) at a small pore size (100 micron) and as a bone replacement (e.g., for bony defects) at a larger pore size (450 micron). 6. To secure vascularization of the implant material, porosity throughout is indicated at a large pore size. Surface porosity regardless of size will encourage only soft-tissue ingrowth into the implant material. 7. Any hard-tissue size or shape can be duplicated with the material, at any pore size, with compatibility to the adjacent tissue, regardless of the region of placement in the body. 8. There is a possibility of bone \"induction\" or stimulation of bone growth in predetermined directions with all its implications (e.g., periodontal disease). The replacement and repair of any hard tissue in the body (e.g., bone and teeth) are possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:266587", "title": "An evaluation of commercial pastes for finishing composite resin surfaces.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of several commercial pastes in polishing the surfaces of composite resin material. Five samples of Concise composite resin contained within Plexiglas block holders were prepared using Mylar matrices. One block was disked only; three blocks were disked and polished, each with a different paste. The remaining block was the control. The surface roughness of all samples was measured with a stylus profile instrument. Five extracted teeth were prepared in the same manner with Concise composite resin and Mylar strip matrix. In each tooth, the surface was finished by disking only or by disking followed by polishing with one of three pastes. The fifth tooth was the control. The samples were examined by use of a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative evaluation of over-all computer data indicated that the smoothest surface was found immediately ater removal of the Mylar matrix and that pastes leave a rougher surface than is left with a disc.", "contents": "An evaluation of commercial pastes for finishing composite resin surfaces. A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of several commercial pastes in polishing the surfaces of composite resin material. Five samples of Concise composite resin contained within Plexiglas block holders were prepared using Mylar matrices. One block was disked only; three blocks were disked and polished, each with a different paste. The remaining block was the control. The surface roughness of all samples was measured with a stylus profile instrument. Five extracted teeth were prepared in the same manner with Concise composite resin and Mylar strip matrix. In each tooth, the surface was finished by disking only or by disking followed by polishing with one of three pastes. The fifth tooth was the control. The samples were examined by use of a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative evaluation of over-all computer data indicated that the smoothest surface was found immediately ater removal of the Mylar matrix and that pastes leave a rougher surface than is left with a disc."}
{"id": "PMID:266590", "title": "Hydroxyapatite rheumatism and HLA markers.", "content": "HLA typing of 38 patients suffering from calcific periarthritis (hydroxyapatite rheumatism) showed an increased prevalence of HLA A2 (66 per cent) and HLA BW35 (34 per cent) vs 44 per cent and 19 per cent in 591 controls (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.03 respectively). These preliminary results suggest a possible association between factors controlling susceptibility to the disease and some HLA markers. Larger series of patients and family studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.", "contents": "Hydroxyapatite rheumatism and HLA markers. HLA typing of 38 patients suffering from calcific periarthritis (hydroxyapatite rheumatism) showed an increased prevalence of HLA A2 (66 per cent) and HLA BW35 (34 per cent) vs 44 per cent and 19 per cent in 591 controls (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.03 respectively). These preliminary results suggest a possible association between factors controlling susceptibility to the disease and some HLA markers. Larger series of patients and family studies are required to confirm this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:266591", "title": "HLA antigens in osteitis condensans ilii and ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Using a standard microdroplet lymphocyte cytotoxicity test for tissue typing, the distribution of the HLA antigens was determined in 37 female patients; 25 with osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) and 12 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Although low back pain was a common feature of OCI, none of these patients exhibited the limitation of spinal involvement, radiological evidence of spondylitis, or progressive clinical course seen in the AS group. Four of the 25 patients with OCI (16 per cent) were B27 positive vs 11 of the 12 patients with AS (92 per cent). These results suggest that OCI is not a variant of AS in women.", "contents": "HLA antigens in osteitis condensans ilii and ankylosing spondylitis. Using a standard microdroplet lymphocyte cytotoxicity test for tissue typing, the distribution of the HLA antigens was determined in 37 female patients; 25 with osteitis condensans ilii (OCI) and 12 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Although low back pain was a common feature of OCI, none of these patients exhibited the limitation of spinal involvement, radiological evidence of spondylitis, or progressive clinical course seen in the AS group. Four of the 25 patients with OCI (16 per cent) were B27 positive vs 11 of the 12 patients with AS (92 per cent). These results suggest that OCI is not a variant of AS in women."}
{"id": "PMID:266592", "title": "HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis: a population and family study in Sardinia.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 494 unrelated controls in Sardinia were HLA Typed. HLA B27 was present in 81.8 per cent of AS vs 5.3 per cent of controls (relative risk: 80). Twenty-six apparently healthy B27 positive individuals were studied clinically and radiologically, and six (23.0 per cent) presented signs of definite or suspicious AS. A family study on relatives of seven AS B27-positive and four AS B27-negative patients was also made. The results suggest a dominant heredity of AS susceptibility, and are compatible with a direct involvement of the B27 antigen in the mechanism of AS, but we cannot rule out a closely linked disease-susceptibility gene with incomplete penetrance.", "contents": "HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis: a population and family study in Sardinia. Thirty-eight patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 494 unrelated controls in Sardinia were HLA Typed. HLA B27 was present in 81.8 per cent of AS vs 5.3 per cent of controls (relative risk: 80). Twenty-six apparently healthy B27 positive individuals were studied clinically and radiologically, and six (23.0 per cent) presented signs of definite or suspicious AS. A family study on relatives of seven AS B27-positive and four AS B27-negative patients was also made. The results suggest a dominant heredity of AS susceptibility, and are compatible with a direct involvement of the B27 antigen in the mechanism of AS, but we cannot rule out a closely linked disease-susceptibility gene with incomplete penetrance."}
{"id": "PMID:266593", "title": "HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis in the Israeli population.", "content": "The distribution of 24 HLA antigens of the A and B loci was investigated in 38 Israeli ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients of various ethnic origins. This was compared with the distribution in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), as well as in 456 controls representing the Jewish population and 260 controls representing the Arab population. Included in the study were Ashkenazi Jews and non-Ashkenazi Jews, as well as Moslem and Christian Arabs. The frequency of HLA B27 among AS patients (79 per cent) was significantly greater (P less than 10(-10)) than among the controls (three per cent). Ashkenazi Jews showed a higher relative risk than non-Ashkenazi Jews and Arabs. Six of the AS patients were offspring of consanguineous marriages, but this was not higher than expected and therefore no indication for rare recessive genes contributing to the disease could be demonstrated. This study confirms the association between AS and B27, and extends our knowledge to the heterogeneous population of Israel not previously investigated. A significant but weak association of B27 with RA was noted. No correlation of other HLA antigens with RA or OA was observed.", "contents": "HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis in the Israeli population. The distribution of 24 HLA antigens of the A and B loci was investigated in 38 Israeli ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients of various ethnic origins. This was compared with the distribution in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), as well as in 456 controls representing the Jewish population and 260 controls representing the Arab population. Included in the study were Ashkenazi Jews and non-Ashkenazi Jews, as well as Moslem and Christian Arabs. The frequency of HLA B27 among AS patients (79 per cent) was significantly greater (P less than 10(-10)) than among the controls (three per cent). Ashkenazi Jews showed a higher relative risk than non-Ashkenazi Jews and Arabs. Six of the AS patients were offspring of consanguineous marriages, but this was not higher than expected and therefore no indication for rare recessive genes contributing to the disease could be demonstrated. This study confirms the association between AS and B27, and extends our knowledge to the heterogeneous population of Israel not previously investigated. A significant but weak association of B27 with RA was noted. No correlation of other HLA antigens with RA or OA was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:266594", "title": "Distribution of HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis in the Hungarian population.", "content": "On the basis of (a) our epidemiological studies of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (males 0.4 per cent, females 0.08 per cent), (b) typing of 352 normal persons (frequency of HLA B27 = 12.78 per cent), and (c) typing of 55 AS patients (frequency of HLA B27 = 92.73 per cent), we have calculated the prevalence of AS for the total Hungarian population over 15 years of age. Among males with the B27 anitgen, AS occurs in 2.9 per cent, and in B27 positive females 0.58 per cent. In the population without the B27 antigen, the prevalence of the disease is 0.03 per cent and 0.006 per cent respectively. The quotients of these data show that a person with the B27 antigen has approximately 87 times greater risk of developing AS, than does a person of the same sex without this antigen.", "contents": "Distribution of HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis in the Hungarian population. On the basis of (a) our epidemiological studies of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (males 0.4 per cent, females 0.08 per cent), (b) typing of 352 normal persons (frequency of HLA B27 = 12.78 per cent), and (c) typing of 55 AS patients (frequency of HLA B27 = 92.73 per cent), we have calculated the prevalence of AS for the total Hungarian population over 15 years of age. Among males with the B27 anitgen, AS occurs in 2.9 per cent, and in B27 positive females 0.58 per cent. In the population without the B27 antigen, the prevalence of the disease is 0.03 per cent and 0.006 per cent respectively. The quotients of these data show that a person with the B27 antigen has approximately 87 times greater risk of developing AS, than does a person of the same sex without this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:266595", "title": "HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis: differences in frequency and relative risk in American Blacks and Caucasians.", "content": "Twenty-eight HLA alleles of the A and B loci were determined in 23 American Blacks and 50 Caucasians with primary ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The prevalence of HLA B27 was significantly increased in American Black patients (48 per cent) vs Black controls (two per cent), but was much less than the 94 per cent found in Caucasian patients (controls eight per cent). The lower prevalence of B27 in American Black patients vs Caucasian patients was significant (p less than 0.001), and indicated that susceptibility to AS is not as closely associated with B27 in Blacks as in Caucasians. No other HLA antigen was significantly associated with AS in either racial group. Among B27 positive individuals, the relative risk of developing AS was significantly lower in American Blacks than in Caucasians. These data indicate that for diagnostic purposes, the absence of B27 is less important in ruling out AS in Blacks than in Caucasians.", "contents": "HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis: differences in frequency and relative risk in American Blacks and Caucasians. Twenty-eight HLA alleles of the A and B loci were determined in 23 American Blacks and 50 Caucasians with primary ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The prevalence of HLA B27 was significantly increased in American Black patients (48 per cent) vs Black controls (two per cent), but was much less than the 94 per cent found in Caucasian patients (controls eight per cent). The lower prevalence of B27 in American Black patients vs Caucasian patients was significant (p less than 0.001), and indicated that susceptibility to AS is not as closely associated with B27 in Blacks as in Caucasians. No other HLA antigen was significantly associated with AS in either racial group. Among B27 positive individuals, the relative risk of developing AS was significantly lower in American Blacks than in Caucasians. These data indicate that for diagnostic purposes, the absence of B27 is less important in ruling out AS in Blacks than in Caucasians."}
{"id": "PMID:266596", "title": "HLA B27 and sacroiliitis in Pima Indians--association in males only.", "content": "Since HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis are more common in American Indians than other Americans, the association between radiological sacroiliitis (SI) and HLA B27 was examined among the Pima Indians. SI (grade II to IV) was found in 20 per cent of randomly selected Pima adults. B27 was present in 50 per cent of males, but in only nine per cent of females with SI, vs a population frequency of 18 per cent. Among first degree relatives of probands with SI, radiologic changes were found no more frequently than in a randomly selected age matched control series. Uveitis occurred in 18 per cent of the B27 positive subjects, but in only five per cent of the B27 negative subjects (p less than 0.05). B27 was associated with SI and uveitis in Pima males, but no association was demonstrated between B27 and SI in Pima females.", "contents": "HLA B27 and sacroiliitis in Pima Indians--association in males only. Since HLA B27 and ankylosing spondylitis are more common in American Indians than other Americans, the association between radiological sacroiliitis (SI) and HLA B27 was examined among the Pima Indians. SI (grade II to IV) was found in 20 per cent of randomly selected Pima adults. B27 was present in 50 per cent of males, but in only nine per cent of females with SI, vs a population frequency of 18 per cent. Among first degree relatives of probands with SI, radiologic changes were found no more frequently than in a randomly selected age matched control series. Uveitis occurred in 18 per cent of the B27 positive subjects, but in only five per cent of the B27 negative subjects (p less than 0.05). B27 was associated with SI and uveitis in Pima males, but no association was demonstrated between B27 and SI in Pima females."}
{"id": "PMID:266597", "title": "Family studies and HLA typing in ankylosing spondylitis and sacroiliitis.", "content": "The families of 21 ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 16 sacroiliitis (SI) patients were investigated and typed for HLA markers. The association of HLA B27 with AS was confirmed, but no strong evidence for the same or other HLA markers being associated with SI was found. Inheritance patterns in families were analyzed according to the multifactorial and monofactorial models. It is proposed that a major gene associated or interacting with the B27 product controls the susceptibility to AS, and that this gene behaves as a dominant with incomplete penetrance. The problem as to whether linkage disequilibrium maintained by selective pressure, or functional epistasis between the \"disease gene\" and the B27 antigen may be the acting mechanism of association, remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Family studies and HLA typing in ankylosing spondylitis and sacroiliitis. The families of 21 ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 16 sacroiliitis (SI) patients were investigated and typed for HLA markers. The association of HLA B27 with AS was confirmed, but no strong evidence for the same or other HLA markers being associated with SI was found. Inheritance patterns in families were analyzed according to the multifactorial and monofactorial models. It is proposed that a major gene associated or interacting with the B27 product controls the susceptibility to AS, and that this gene behaves as a dominant with incomplete penetrance. The problem as to whether linkage disequilibrium maintained by selective pressure, or functional epistasis between the \"disease gene\" and the B27 antigen may be the acting mechanism of association, remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:266598", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis without HLA B27.", "content": "A series of 187 patients with definite ankylosing spondylitis was studied. Seventeen of these lacked the antigen HLA B27, but had signs and symptoms identical to the 170 HLA B27 positive patients. The study provides additional confirmation that other factors besides HLA B27 are involved in the development of ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis without HLA B27. A series of 187 patients with definite ankylosing spondylitis was studied. Seventeen of these lacked the antigen HLA B27, but had signs and symptoms identical to the 170 HLA B27 positive patients. The study provides additional confirmation that other factors besides HLA B27 are involved in the development of ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:266599", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and other markers in ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel diseases.", "content": "An increased frequency of HLA B27 was confirmed in a series of 118 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. This was significantly higher in patients who acquired the disease at an early age. Other deviating antigen frequencies were found to be due to linkage disequilibrium. An increased frequency of antigen BW16 was noted in B27 negative patients. In ulcerative colitis, a significantly raised incidence of A11 was found, as well as an increased frequency of B18 in Crohn's disease. The only deviating frequency from controls for blood and serum groups was in blood group Kell, which was increased in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and other markers in ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. An increased frequency of HLA B27 was confirmed in a series of 118 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. This was significantly higher in patients who acquired the disease at an early age. Other deviating antigen frequencies were found to be due to linkage disequilibrium. An increased frequency of antigen BW16 was noted in B27 negative patients. In ulcerative colitis, a significantly raised incidence of A11 was found, as well as an increased frequency of B18 in Crohn's disease. The only deviating frequency from controls for blood and serum groups was in blood group Kell, which was increased in Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:266600", "title": "HLA B27 in regional enteritis with and without ankylosing spondylitis or sacroiliitis.", "content": "The incidence of B27 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis associated with regional enteritis was significantly lower than in ankylosing spondylitis without inflammatory bowel disease. It was significantly higher, however, than in a control group of blood donors. The incidence of B27 was found to be nil in patients with regional entertitis without ankylosing spondylitis, as well as in patients with regional enteritis and asymptomatic radiographic sacroilitis. Conversely, all patients with regional enteritis, positive for B27, developed ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "HLA B27 in regional enteritis with and without ankylosing spondylitis or sacroiliitis. The incidence of B27 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis associated with regional enteritis was significantly lower than in ankylosing spondylitis without inflammatory bowel disease. It was significantly higher, however, than in a control group of blood donors. The incidence of B27 was found to be nil in patients with regional entertitis without ankylosing spondylitis, as well as in patients with regional enteritis and asymptomatic radiographic sacroilitis. Conversely, all patients with regional enteritis, positive for B27, developed ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:266601", "title": "Psoriatic arthritis and HLA antigens.", "content": "HLA groups including the characteristics of 25 antigens were determined in 108 patients suffering from psoriatic arthritis. These included 18 patients with central forms (pelvospondylitis), and 90 patients with peripheral forms (polyarthritis with or without sacroiliitis). Analysis of the results leads to the following conclusions: central psoriatic arthrisis is strongly associated with B27 and BW38, less closely with B13 and slightly with BW17. Peripheral psoriatic arthritis has the same relationship with the HLA system as has psoriasis without arthropathy.", "contents": "Psoriatic arthritis and HLA antigens. HLA groups including the characteristics of 25 antigens were determined in 108 patients suffering from psoriatic arthritis. These included 18 patients with central forms (pelvospondylitis), and 90 patients with peripheral forms (polyarthritis with or without sacroiliitis). Analysis of the results leads to the following conclusions: central psoriatic arthrisis is strongly associated with B27 and BW38, less closely with B13 and slightly with BW17. Peripheral psoriatic arthritis has the same relationship with the HLA system as has psoriasis without arthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:266602", "title": "\"Sausage-like\" toes (dactylitis) and HLA B27.", "content": "When \"sausage-like\" swelling of the toes occurs in the absence of clinical Reiter's disease or psoriasis, definite classification is hardly possible. Nine patients with isolated \"sausage toes\" (dactylitis) and minor involvement of other joints are described. The relationship between this syndrome and HLA B27 permits better classification and more rational treatment.", "contents": "\"Sausage-like\" toes (dactylitis) and HLA B27. When \"sausage-like\" swelling of the toes occurs in the absence of clinical Reiter's disease or psoriasis, definite classification is hardly possible. Nine patients with isolated \"sausage toes\" (dactylitis) and minor involvement of other joints are described. The relationship between this syndrome and HLA B27 permits better classification and more rational treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:266603", "title": "Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis--report of 10 cases.", "content": "The distinction between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has hitherto relied on supporting evidence of characteristic radiological changes in the sacroiliac joints, together with the Rose-Waaler and Latex tests for rheumatoid factor (RF). This distinction has remained incomplete since some 30 per cent of patients with RA may have sacroiliitis, a similar proportion having negative routine tests for RF. The identification of the HLA B27 antigen, present in 90 per cent of cases of AS and six per cent of the normal population, has enabled a number of cases to be recognized in which both diseases appear to co-exist. Ten cases are described in which either RA appears to have developed in patients with AS, or AS in patients with RA. They all fulfil the ARA diagnostic criteria for classical RA, and the criteria for classical AS. The likelihood of these two diseases occurring by chance in an individual might be of the order of 1:50,000 to 1:200,000.", "contents": "Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis--report of 10 cases. The distinction between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has hitherto relied on supporting evidence of characteristic radiological changes in the sacroiliac joints, together with the Rose-Waaler and Latex tests for rheumatoid factor (RF). This distinction has remained incomplete since some 30 per cent of patients with RA may have sacroiliitis, a similar proportion having negative routine tests for RF. The identification of the HLA B27 antigen, present in 90 per cent of cases of AS and six per cent of the normal population, has enabled a number of cases to be recognized in which both diseases appear to co-exist. Ten cases are described in which either RA appears to have developed in patients with AS, or AS in patients with RA. They all fulfil the ARA diagnostic criteria for classical RA, and the criteria for classical AS. The likelihood of these two diseases occurring by chance in an individual might be of the order of 1:50,000 to 1:200,000."}
{"id": "PMID:266604", "title": "HLA and juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "HLA antigens were determined in 38 patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis (JCP) and in 1,000 normal controls. The incidence of the antigen B27 in JCP (55.3 per cent) was higher than in the controls (6.7 per cent). Patients with JCP could be further subdivided into four groups: (1) JCP evolving to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (N = 3); (2) JCP with sacroiliitis (SI) (N = 18); (3) JCP without SI (N = 10); and (4) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) characterized by positive seroloty (N = 7). Groups 1 and 2 had a high incidence of B27 (20/21), as contrasted to groups 3 and 4 (1/17). The sex distribution in groups 1 and 2 was similar to that found in AS in adults, whereas in groups 3 and 4 it was similar to that found in rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It is concluded that if B27 positives develop JCP, they also have a high risk of developing SI and acute uveitis. The authors propose using the term Still's disease for the overall group of children presenting with JCP before the age of 16 years. Subsequent follow-up permits classification into juvenile AS, JCP with SI, JCP without SI, or as JRA.", "contents": "HLA and juvenile chronic polyarthritis. HLA antigens were determined in 38 patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis (JCP) and in 1,000 normal controls. The incidence of the antigen B27 in JCP (55.3 per cent) was higher than in the controls (6.7 per cent). Patients with JCP could be further subdivided into four groups: (1) JCP evolving to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (N = 3); (2) JCP with sacroiliitis (SI) (N = 18); (3) JCP without SI (N = 10); and (4) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) characterized by positive seroloty (N = 7). Groups 1 and 2 had a high incidence of B27 (20/21), as contrasted to groups 3 and 4 (1/17). The sex distribution in groups 1 and 2 was similar to that found in AS in adults, whereas in groups 3 and 4 it was similar to that found in rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It is concluded that if B27 positives develop JCP, they also have a high risk of developing SI and acute uveitis. The authors propose using the term Still's disease for the overall group of children presenting with JCP before the age of 16 years. Subsequent follow-up permits classification into juvenile AS, JCP with SI, JCP without SI, or as JRA."}
{"id": "PMID:266605", "title": "HLA phenotypes in patients with rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and Yersinia arthritis.", "content": "HLA phenotypes were determined in 109 patients with rheumatic fever (RF), 48 patients with Yersinia arthritis (YA), 86 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD), and 326 controls. There was an increased frequency of Bw35 in RF as compared to controls (Pc less than 0.01), while B18 was more common in patients with acute carditis than in those without (P less than 0.02). HLA frequencies in RHD did not differ significantly from those in controls. A significant correlation between B27 and YA was observed (Pc less than 0.001). Carditis or iritis occurred in 10 of 31 B27 positive YA patients but in none of 17 B27 negative patients. Eleven of 31 B27 carriers had signs of urological inflammation vs one of 17 B27 negative patients. In the B27 positive YA group, there were three men with previous ankylosing spondylitis and one with Reiter's syndrome (RS). Also, four patients developed RS during Yersinia infection. This simultaneous occurrence of three B27 positive rheumatic diseases suggests that a patient with one \"B27 positive rheumatic disease\" is more susceptible to other diseases or symptoms known to be associated with the B27 antigen.", "contents": "HLA phenotypes in patients with rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and Yersinia arthritis. HLA phenotypes were determined in 109 patients with rheumatic fever (RF), 48 patients with Yersinia arthritis (YA), 86 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD), and 326 controls. There was an increased frequency of Bw35 in RF as compared to controls (Pc less than 0.01), while B18 was more common in patients with acute carditis than in those without (P less than 0.02). HLA frequencies in RHD did not differ significantly from those in controls. A significant correlation between B27 and YA was observed (Pc less than 0.001). Carditis or iritis occurred in 10 of 31 B27 positive YA patients but in none of 17 B27 negative patients. Eleven of 31 B27 carriers had signs of urological inflammation vs one of 17 B27 negative patients. In the B27 positive YA group, there were three men with previous ankylosing spondylitis and one with Reiter's syndrome (RS). Also, four patients developed RS during Yersinia infection. This simultaneous occurrence of three B27 positive rheumatic diseases suggests that a patient with one \"B27 positive rheumatic disease\" is more susceptible to other diseases or symptoms known to be associated with the B27 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:266606", "title": "Parallel studies of HLA antigens in patients with rheumatic heart disease and scleritis: comparisons with three control populations.", "content": "Parallel studies were carried out on HLA antigens in patients with rheumatic heart disease and scleritis. Comparison with one control population showed a significant excess of BW15 in both disease samples, while a comparison with two other control populations, showed the excess not to be significant. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, together with the effect on statistical significance of a small percentage of false antigen assignments in one of the samples. A small systematic serological false assignment of an antigen can, by itself, produce a significant result more easily if the frequency of the antigen being detected is low than if it is high. It is suggested that this effect may contribute to the discrepant significant results obtained by different workers in some HLA and disease studies.", "contents": "Parallel studies of HLA antigens in patients with rheumatic heart disease and scleritis: comparisons with three control populations. Parallel studies were carried out on HLA antigens in patients with rheumatic heart disease and scleritis. Comparison with one control population showed a significant excess of BW15 in both disease samples, while a comparison with two other control populations, showed the excess not to be significant. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, together with the effect on statistical significance of a small percentage of false antigen assignments in one of the samples. A small systematic serological false assignment of an antigen can, by itself, produce a significant result more easily if the frequency of the antigen being detected is low than if it is high. It is suggested that this effect may contribute to the discrepant significant results obtained by different workers in some HLA and disease studies."}
{"id": "PMID:266607", "title": "HLA antigens in Forestier's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and polyarthrosis of the hands.", "content": "HLA antigens were studied in three different groups of 50 patients each. These included (a) Forestier's disease, (b) ankylosing spondylitis, and (c) polyarthrosis of the hands. HLA typing included 12 specificities from locus A and 15 from locus B, the frequencies being compared to those in 700 normal controls. No significant differences were found in the frequency of distribution between the polyarthrosis patients and the normal population. In patients with Forestier's disease, B5 was increased, but this was not a significant difference. The antigen B27 was present in 94 per cent of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, confirming previous studies.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Forestier's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and polyarthrosis of the hands. HLA antigens were studied in three different groups of 50 patients each. These included (a) Forestier's disease, (b) ankylosing spondylitis, and (c) polyarthrosis of the hands. HLA typing included 12 specificities from locus A and 15 from locus B, the frequencies being compared to those in 700 normal controls. No significant differences were found in the frequency of distribution between the polyarthrosis patients and the normal population. In patients with Forestier's disease, B5 was increased, but this was not a significant difference. The antigen B27 was present in 94 per cent of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, confirming previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:266608", "title": "Increased frequency of HLA B8 in hyperostotic spondylosis.", "content": "HLA antigens were determined in 50 patients with hyperostotic spondylosis (Forestier's disease), and compared with 1244 normal controls. There was no significant difference in the distribution of HLA B27 between the two groups. However, there was an increased incidence of HLA B8 among the patients with hyperostotic spondylosis (42 per cent), as compared to the normal controls (17.5 per cent). This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). Sixteen of the 50 patients with hyperostotic spondylosis had evidence of diabetes mellitus, 12 of whom also had the HLA B8 antigen. Thus patients with hyperostotic spondylosis have an increased incidence of HLA B8, associated with an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Increased frequency of HLA B8 in hyperostotic spondylosis. HLA antigens were determined in 50 patients with hyperostotic spondylosis (Forestier's disease), and compared with 1244 normal controls. There was no significant difference in the distribution of HLA B27 between the two groups. However, there was an increased incidence of HLA B8 among the patients with hyperostotic spondylosis (42 per cent), as compared to the normal controls (17.5 per cent). This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). Sixteen of the 50 patients with hyperostotic spondylosis had evidence of diabetes mellitus, 12 of whom also had the HLA B8 antigen. Thus patients with hyperostotic spondylosis have an increased incidence of HLA B8, associated with an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:266609", "title": "HLA antigens and alkaptonuria.", "content": "Thirty members of Family C, which included cases of alkaptonuria and ochronosis, were investigated by means of HLA typing and homogentistic acid determination. The antigen HLA B27 was found in one of the two members of the first generation, in all eight members of the second generation, and in 15 of the 21 members of the third generation. Eight of 10 subjects suffering from alkaptonuria, with or without ochronotic arthropathy or spondylosis, had B27. The gene for B27 is not the gene determining homogentisic acid oxydase synthesis but this study suggests that it may be associated or linked to it.", "contents": "HLA antigens and alkaptonuria. Thirty members of Family C, which included cases of alkaptonuria and ochronosis, were investigated by means of HLA typing and homogentistic acid determination. The antigen HLA B27 was found in one of the two members of the first generation, in all eight members of the second generation, and in 15 of the 21 members of the third generation. Eight of 10 subjects suffering from alkaptonuria, with or without ochronotic arthropathy or spondylosis, had B27. The gene for B27 is not the gene determining homogentisic acid oxydase synthesis but this study suggests that it may be associated or linked to it."}
{"id": "PMID:266628", "title": "A new complex Ph1 translocation involving three chromosomes.", "content": "A case of Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia associated with a complex translocation involving chromosomes No. 9, No. 17, and No. 22 was described. All cells in the marrow contained this complex karyotypic picture, and no cells with the usual type of Ph1 translocation were present. With banding analysis, the karyotypic picture consisted of 46,XX,t(9;22;17)(q34;q11;q21). The published cases of usual and complex Ph1 translocations were summarized in tabular form and some aspects of the translocations discussed.", "contents": "A new complex Ph1 translocation involving three chromosomes. A case of Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia associated with a complex translocation involving chromosomes No. 9, No. 17, and No. 22 was described. All cells in the marrow contained this complex karyotypic picture, and no cells with the usual type of Ph1 translocation were present. With banding analysis, the karyotypic picture consisted of 46,XX,t(9;22;17)(q34;q11;q21). The published cases of usual and complex Ph1 translocations were summarized in tabular form and some aspects of the translocations discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266631", "title": "Pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Association with mesenchymal tumor metastases to the lungs.", "content": "Six of 18 patients with sarcomatous tumors metastatic to the lung had hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO), and, in three patients in whom tumor regression was achieved by cytotoxic chemotherapy or surgery, the clinical and radiologic changes of HPO were reversed. All six patients had large mass lesions (greater than 5 cm) that impinged on the pleural surface, and the pathophysiologic mechanism resulting in the clinical syndrome of HP may be related to the anatomic relationship of the tumor and the pleura. The use of radionuclide scanning to detect HPO in the absence of roentgenographic signs or clinical symptoms is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Association with mesenchymal tumor metastases to the lungs. Six of 18 patients with sarcomatous tumors metastatic to the lung had hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO), and, in three patients in whom tumor regression was achieved by cytotoxic chemotherapy or surgery, the clinical and radiologic changes of HPO were reversed. All six patients had large mass lesions (greater than 5 cm) that impinged on the pleural surface, and the pathophysiologic mechanism resulting in the clinical syndrome of HP may be related to the anatomic relationship of the tumor and the pleura. The use of radionuclide scanning to detect HPO in the absence of roentgenographic signs or clinical symptoms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266633", "title": "Failure of mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A) to develop splenic colonies.", "content": "A progressive increase occurs in the CFU-S/10(6) spleen cells with the development of RLV-A-induced erythroleukemia. In addition, alteration of the spleen by the RLV-A appears to prevent the seeding and development of spleen colonies in infected mice.", "contents": "Failure of mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A) to develop splenic colonies. A progressive increase occurs in the CFU-S/10(6) spleen cells with the development of RLV-A-induced erythroleukemia. In addition, alteration of the spleen by the RLV-A appears to prevent the seeding and development of spleen colonies in infected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:266634", "title": "Prognostic significance of the regional lymph nodes in osteosarcoma.", "content": "This study was undertaken to find out if there are any factors of prognostic significance that can help the surgeon in the management of osteogenic sarcoma. One hundred and thirty-nine cases of osteogenic sacrocma were treated during a 30-year period and their survival figures have been analysed with respect to age, sex, extent of disease, previous treatment, and value of lymphadenectomy. We found that patients in whom the lymph nodes were preserved had a better survival as compared to patients in whom the lymph nodes were removed en bloc with the primary tumour. This further supports our contention that the regional lymph nodes have an important role to play in the immune response against osteosarcoma. The experimental work of the cytotoxic action of regional lymph node cells against osteosarcoma cell lines has been studied in our laboratory. The results of this study stimulated us to undertake this retrospective analysis.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of the regional lymph nodes in osteosarcoma. This study was undertaken to find out if there are any factors of prognostic significance that can help the surgeon in the management of osteogenic sarcoma. One hundred and thirty-nine cases of osteogenic sacrocma were treated during a 30-year period and their survival figures have been analysed with respect to age, sex, extent of disease, previous treatment, and value of lymphadenectomy. We found that patients in whom the lymph nodes were preserved had a better survival as compared to patients in whom the lymph nodes were removed en bloc with the primary tumour. This further supports our contention that the regional lymph nodes have an important role to play in the immune response against osteosarcoma. The experimental work of the cytotoxic action of regional lymph node cells against osteosarcoma cell lines has been studied in our laboratory. The results of this study stimulated us to undertake this retrospective analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:266635", "title": "Urea in the management of advanced malignancies (preliminary report).", "content": "Twenty cases of advanced (Stage III) cancer of the cervix were treated with intratumour injection of 40% urea solution and local application of 50% urea ointment. Sixty percent of these patients had beneficial effect and in 25% of the patients there was minimal response. Patients with multiple secondaries in liver had very good symptomatic relief with oral urea. Urea therapy is a simple, cheap, and safe method of treating advanced stages of cancer, where very little can be done by the accepted lines of treatment such as surgery or radiotherapy. This line of treatment can be practiced even in a consulting room or primary health center.", "contents": "Urea in the management of advanced malignancies (preliminary report). Twenty cases of advanced (Stage III) cancer of the cervix were treated with intratumour injection of 40% urea solution and local application of 50% urea ointment. Sixty percent of these patients had beneficial effect and in 25% of the patients there was minimal response. Patients with multiple secondaries in liver had very good symptomatic relief with oral urea. Urea therapy is a simple, cheap, and safe method of treating advanced stages of cancer, where very little can be done by the accepted lines of treatment such as surgery or radiotherapy. This line of treatment can be practiced even in a consulting room or primary health center."}
{"id": "PMID:266643", "title": "The aetiology of mental retardation.", "content": "The aetiological factors related to mental retardation are tabulated and discussed. The data comprise part of the findings of a large scale sociological survey of mental retardation and show that approximately 65% of subjects classified as \"mentally retarded\" have a specific diagnosis.", "contents": "The aetiology of mental retardation. The aetiological factors related to mental retardation are tabulated and discussed. The data comprise part of the findings of a large scale sociological survey of mental retardation and show that approximately 65% of subjects classified as \"mentally retarded\" have a specific diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:266646", "title": "Fatal road accidents in Otago.", "content": "Fatal road accidents which have occurred in Otago between 1971 and 1975 have been studied. The series represents approximately 5% of the national toll. The main purpose of the study has been to analyse background data with a view to discovering causative factors leading to prevention. The study confirms the importance of alcohol, low seat-belt usage, speed, and youth as significant factors. The importance of the driver environment is also highlighted. The analysis shows a low incidence of alcohol among motor cyclists. There were a significant number of pre-school age pedestrian deaths in the series. Only six cyclists were killed in the five-year period.", "contents": "Fatal road accidents in Otago. Fatal road accidents which have occurred in Otago between 1971 and 1975 have been studied. The series represents approximately 5% of the national toll. The main purpose of the study has been to analyse background data with a view to discovering causative factors leading to prevention. The study confirms the importance of alcohol, low seat-belt usage, speed, and youth as significant factors. The importance of the driver environment is also highlighted. The analysis shows a low incidence of alcohol among motor cyclists. There were a significant number of pre-school age pedestrian deaths in the series. Only six cyclists were killed in the five-year period."}
{"id": "PMID:266647", "title": "The effect of carpet on the number of microbes in the hospital environment.", "content": "Airborne bacteria were found to be present in similar numbers in two blind corridors whether the floors were carpeted or covered with sheet vinyl. Fewer bacteria were found at the ends of each corridor after 3.6m of carpet had been installed at the entrance. There was no difference in the types of organisms isolated from the air or floor with either carpeted or vinyl floor coverings. No statistical correlation was found between the numbers of fibres and bacteria in the air.", "contents": "The effect of carpet on the number of microbes in the hospital environment. Airborne bacteria were found to be present in similar numbers in two blind corridors whether the floors were carpeted or covered with sheet vinyl. Fewer bacteria were found at the ends of each corridor after 3.6m of carpet had been installed at the entrance. There was no difference in the types of organisms isolated from the air or floor with either carpeted or vinyl floor coverings. No statistical correlation was found between the numbers of fibres and bacteria in the air."}
{"id": "PMID:266648", "title": "Chronic sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) intoxication in a rabbiter.", "content": "A rabbiter who was repeatedly exposed to sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) developed renal failure and evidence of other organ damage. This is believed to be the first report of chronic sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication occurring in man.", "contents": "Chronic sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) intoxication in a rabbiter. A rabbiter who was repeatedly exposed to sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) developed renal failure and evidence of other organ damage. This is believed to be the first report of chronic sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication occurring in man."}
{"id": "PMID:266649", "title": "Water-logged women--idiopathic oedema.", "content": "The clinical details of ten women with idiopathic oedema are presented and one is discussed in detail. The condition is characterised by an excessive diurnal weight gain with the development of peripheral oedema when the patient is in the upright position. Treatment is frequently unsatisfactory but should include, a full explanation, weight reduction, moderate sodium restriction, psychiatric assessment, no smoking and avoidance of prolonged standing. If this approach fails the smallest effective dose of a mild diuretic agent may be prescribed during an episode of fluid retention.", "contents": "Water-logged women--idiopathic oedema. The clinical details of ten women with idiopathic oedema are presented and one is discussed in detail. The condition is characterised by an excessive diurnal weight gain with the development of peripheral oedema when the patient is in the upright position. Treatment is frequently unsatisfactory but should include, a full explanation, weight reduction, moderate sodium restriction, psychiatric assessment, no smoking and avoidance of prolonged standing. If this approach fails the smallest effective dose of a mild diuretic agent may be prescribed during an episode of fluid retention."}
{"id": "PMID:266650", "title": "Antenatal screening for gonorrhoea in Christchurch.", "content": "All antenatal patients presenting over a 12-month period had a cervical swab taken to screen for gonorrhoea. Among 1135 patients the incidence of infection was 1.3 percent for unmarried women and 0.4 percent for those married. The size of the gonorrhoea problem in Christchurch and the need for suitable screening programmes are outlined. It is believed that a screening programme such as this complements the function of a sexually-transmitted diseases clinic in combating gonorrhoea.", "contents": "Antenatal screening for gonorrhoea in Christchurch. All antenatal patients presenting over a 12-month period had a cervical swab taken to screen for gonorrhoea. Among 1135 patients the incidence of infection was 1.3 percent for unmarried women and 0.4 percent for those married. The size of the gonorrhoea problem in Christchurch and the need for suitable screening programmes are outlined. It is believed that a screening programme such as this complements the function of a sexually-transmitted diseases clinic in combating gonorrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:266651", "title": "Internal iliac artery aneurysms.", "content": "Information on 10 patients who presented because of aneurysms of the aorto-iliac segment of the arterial tree has been reviewed. Problems caused by aneurysmal dilatation of the internal iliac artery are discussed and a technique for the management of aneurysm at this site is described.", "contents": "Internal iliac artery aneurysms. Information on 10 patients who presented because of aneurysms of the aorto-iliac segment of the arterial tree has been reviewed. Problems caused by aneurysmal dilatation of the internal iliac artery are discussed and a technique for the management of aneurysm at this site is described."}
{"id": "PMID:266652", "title": "The leucocyte ascorbic acid levels of children in hospital.", "content": "One-third of a group of young children admitted to hospital had levels of ascorbic acid indicative of a deficiency state. The average haemoglobin of these children was 91g/1, and there was also evidence of iron deficiency.", "contents": "The leucocyte ascorbic acid levels of children in hospital. One-third of a group of young children admitted to hospital had levels of ascorbic acid indicative of a deficiency state. The average haemoglobin of these children was 91g/1, and there was also evidence of iron deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:266653", "title": "The excretion pattern of urinary fluoride in fertiliser workers.", "content": "An investigation was carried out into urinary fluoride levels of men working at an Auckland fertiliser works where the average of 45 workers was 2.2mg/1 (range 0.6-7.5) with the 12 men in the Manufacturing Department having an average level of 4.2mg/1 (range 1.5-7.5). Radiographic examinations of the skeletal system of the three subjects with the highest urinary fluoride levels showed no evidence of fluorosis. Early morning spot samples were found to be a reasonable indication of total 24-hour fluoride excretions.", "contents": "The excretion pattern of urinary fluoride in fertiliser workers. An investigation was carried out into urinary fluoride levels of men working at an Auckland fertiliser works where the average of 45 workers was 2.2mg/1 (range 0.6-7.5) with the 12 men in the Manufacturing Department having an average level of 4.2mg/1 (range 1.5-7.5). Radiographic examinations of the skeletal system of the three subjects with the highest urinary fluoride levels showed no evidence of fluorosis. Early morning spot samples were found to be a reasonable indication of total 24-hour fluoride excretions."}
{"id": "PMID:266658", "title": "Hydatid disease in New Zealand: changing patterns in human infection, 1878-1972.", "content": "Temporal trends in the prevalence and incidence of human hydatid disease in New Zealand were described with respect to the different phases in echinococcal control. The prevalence rate of human hydatid disease increased steadily from 1878 to 1954 despite some educational and legislative measures aimed primarily at controlling canine infections. There was not a marked reduction in incidence in young children and in Maoris until after the intensification of control activities by the voluntary committees in 1957, and the decline in incidence in all groups was maintained during the continuing national control programme. The incidence data were analysed by age, sex, race and residential history of patients, and by the site of hydatid cysts. Maoris were found to be at an unusually high risk of infection with Echinococcus granulosus, with incidence rates six times higher than those in non-Maoris.", "contents": "Hydatid disease in New Zealand: changing patterns in human infection, 1878-1972. Temporal trends in the prevalence and incidence of human hydatid disease in New Zealand were described with respect to the different phases in echinococcal control. The prevalence rate of human hydatid disease increased steadily from 1878 to 1954 despite some educational and legislative measures aimed primarily at controlling canine infections. There was not a marked reduction in incidence in young children and in Maoris until after the intensification of control activities by the voluntary committees in 1957, and the decline in incidence in all groups was maintained during the continuing national control programme. The incidence data were analysed by age, sex, race and residential history of patients, and by the site of hydatid cysts. Maoris were found to be at an unusually high risk of infection with Echinococcus granulosus, with incidence rates six times higher than those in non-Maoris."}
{"id": "PMID:266659", "title": "A geriatric day hospital: the first year.", "content": "The establishment and operation of a day hospital in its first year is reported. Increasing emphasis on disability in the community rather than age has resulted in more effective management of patient problems. Not only is the day hospital inexpensive but also it concentrates on the real needs so that the majority of the patients with motivational, social or physical disabilities can continue to function as home based members of the community.", "contents": "A geriatric day hospital: the first year. The establishment and operation of a day hospital in its first year is reported. Increasing emphasis on disability in the community rather than age has resulted in more effective management of patient problems. Not only is the day hospital inexpensive but also it concentrates on the real needs so that the majority of the patients with motivational, social or physical disabilities can continue to function as home based members of the community."}
{"id": "PMID:266660", "title": "Post-infectious encephalopathy simulating functional psychosis.", "content": "Three cases of post-infectious encephalopathy are presented in which behaviour changes occurred in the absence of neurological abnormality during convalescence from an influenza-like illness. The symptoms included aggresive behaviour, sleep reversal, sexual disinbition and a catatonic schizophrenia-like state. The prognosis was good.", "contents": "Post-infectious encephalopathy simulating functional psychosis. Three cases of post-infectious encephalopathy are presented in which behaviour changes occurred in the absence of neurological abnormality during convalescence from an influenza-like illness. The symptoms included aggresive behaviour, sleep reversal, sexual disinbition and a catatonic schizophrenia-like state. The prognosis was good."}
{"id": "PMID:266661", "title": "Endocarditis due to Citrobacter diversus developing resistance to cephalothin.", "content": "A 43-year-old man was admitted with acute bacterial endocarditis. Citrobacter diversus susceptible to cephalothin was isolated from blood cultures. Citrobacter diversus was later isolated from the aortic valve cusps at surgery, but this isolate was resistant to cephalothin. Laboratory testing showed that the Citrobacter diversus recovered from blood cultures was capable of producing mutants highly resistant to cephalothin.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to Citrobacter diversus developing resistance to cephalothin. A 43-year-old man was admitted with acute bacterial endocarditis. Citrobacter diversus susceptible to cephalothin was isolated from blood cultures. Citrobacter diversus was later isolated from the aortic valve cusps at surgery, but this isolate was resistant to cephalothin. Laboratory testing showed that the Citrobacter diversus recovered from blood cultures was capable of producing mutants highly resistant to cephalothin."}
{"id": "PMID:266662", "title": "What are general practitioners' rooms like?.", "content": "Ninety-seven general practices in a representative area of New Zealand were surveyed. Basic data on current facilities was collected. Factors considered included toilets, wash-basins, general cleanliness and ease of access. Unsatisfactory conditions prevail in many practices and the major areas of neglect are discussed.", "contents": "What are general practitioners' rooms like?. Ninety-seven general practices in a representative area of New Zealand were surveyed. Basic data on current facilities was collected. Factors considered included toilets, wash-basins, general cleanliness and ease of access. Unsatisfactory conditions prevail in many practices and the major areas of neglect are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266674", "title": "Remission induction with daunomycin, vincristine, and prednisone in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Prednisone plus vincristine plus daunomycin induced complete remission in nine adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The median duration of complete remission will be between 14 and 18 months, with three patients remaining in hematological remission at 10+, 11+, and 18+ months. The median survival will be between 19 and 23 months, with all patients surviving at least one year. This remission induction regimen produced rapid complete remission in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with minimal toxicity, and could be administered predominantly on an outpatient basis.", "contents": "Remission induction with daunomycin, vincristine, and prednisone in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Prednisone plus vincristine plus daunomycin induced complete remission in nine adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The median duration of complete remission will be between 14 and 18 months, with three patients remaining in hematological remission at 10+, 11+, and 18+ months. The median survival will be between 19 and 23 months, with all patients surviving at least one year. This remission induction regimen produced rapid complete remission in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with minimal toxicity, and could be administered predominantly on an outpatient basis."}
{"id": "PMID:266675", "title": "Rehabilitation of the individual with oral-facial anomalies and communicative disorders.", "content": "The Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic was organized for the purposes of establishing, equipping, maintaining, and operating an institution, hospital for special services, or clinic for the treatment of all defective formations of the mouth, teeth, palate, and face; for the establishment and operation of a school for the retraining of those with speech or hearing defects associated with or without oral defects; and for the conduct of research in, and publication of information relative to, the above fields.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the individual with oral-facial anomalies and communicative disorders. The Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic was organized for the purposes of establishing, equipping, maintaining, and operating an institution, hospital for special services, or clinic for the treatment of all defective formations of the mouth, teeth, palate, and face; for the establishment and operation of a school for the retraining of those with speech or hearing defects associated with or without oral defects; and for the conduct of research in, and publication of information relative to, the above fields."}
{"id": "PMID:266676", "title": "Mandibular staple bone plate implant and prosthesis. Report of a case.", "content": "A case treated by the mandibular staple implant fastener system and prosthesis is presented. The phases of therapy, involving preprosthetic surgical preparation, construction of conventional dentures, implantation of the orthopedic appliance, preparation of an interim postsurgical prosthesis, and construction of the definitive prosthesis, are described and illustrated.", "contents": "Mandibular staple bone plate implant and prosthesis. Report of a case. A case treated by the mandibular staple implant fastener system and prosthesis is presented. The phases of therapy, involving preprosthetic surgical preparation, construction of conventional dentures, implantation of the orthopedic appliance, preparation of an interim postsurgical prosthesis, and construction of the definitive prosthesis, are described and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:266677", "title": "Evaluation and comparisons of biodegradable substances as osteogenic agents.", "content": "This study compared the osteogenic potential and tissue compatibility of biodegradable copolymers--PLA/PGA--and a biodegradable ceramic--Ca3(PO4)2. These compounds were placed in experimentally created defects in rat tibias, both in combination and singly, and evaluated at 14, 28, and 42 days. The ceramic served as a format to result in uniform osteogenesis throughout the defect. The copolymer implants resulted in a more gradual bone formation, progressing slowly from the would peripheries. The ceramic and copolymer combination behaved little differently from the copolymer alone. All experimental materials were extremely tissue tolerant, with minimal inflammation and no foreign-body reactions.", "contents": "Evaluation and comparisons of biodegradable substances as osteogenic agents. This study compared the osteogenic potential and tissue compatibility of biodegradable copolymers--PLA/PGA--and a biodegradable ceramic--Ca3(PO4)2. These compounds were placed in experimentally created defects in rat tibias, both in combination and singly, and evaluated at 14, 28, and 42 days. The ceramic served as a format to result in uniform osteogenesis throughout the defect. The copolymer implants resulted in a more gradual bone formation, progressing slowly from the would peripheries. The ceramic and copolymer combination behaved little differently from the copolymer alone. All experimental materials were extremely tissue tolerant, with minimal inflammation and no foreign-body reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:266678", "title": "Uncontrolled growth of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible in a 20-month-old child. Report of a case.", "content": "An unusual case of overgrowth of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible of a 20-month-old child has been presented. Photographs and roentgenograms and the microscopic report on the tissue taken from one of the processes at the postmortem examination are submitted.", "contents": "Uncontrolled growth of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible in a 20-month-old child. Report of a case. An unusual case of overgrowth of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible of a 20-month-old child has been presented. Photographs and roentgenograms and the microscopic report on the tissue taken from one of the processes at the postmortem examination are submitted."}
{"id": "PMID:266679", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica polydysplastica. A case of anesthetic management in oral surgery.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica is a rare disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. Manifest at birth, it is characterized by poor dentition, esophageal strictures, syndactyly, and severe chronic anemia. Our 12-year-old patient required extensive dental treatment which necessitated overcoming problems of anesthesia as well as developing a technique of management that provided maximum safety and a minimum of discomfort. Transmission electron microscopy of sections of the gingiva revealed possible degenerative collagen fibers and an interrupted basement membrance. Anchoring fibrils normally found in the connective tissue beneath the epithelium were absent.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica polydysplastica. A case of anesthetic management in oral surgery. Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica is a rare disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. Manifest at birth, it is characterized by poor dentition, esophageal strictures, syndactyly, and severe chronic anemia. Our 12-year-old patient required extensive dental treatment which necessitated overcoming problems of anesthesia as well as developing a technique of management that provided maximum safety and a minimum of discomfort. Transmission electron microscopy of sections of the gingiva revealed possible degenerative collagen fibers and an interrupted basement membrance. Anchoring fibrils normally found in the connective tissue beneath the epithelium were absent."}
{"id": "PMID:266680", "title": "Inheritance patterns in recurrent aphthous ulcers: twin and pedigree data.", "content": "Nineteen sets of twins and 318 individuals from six families were examined and interviewed in order to ascertain whether a genetic component could be established for recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU). While no specific mode of inheritance could be established, the data strongly support the hypothesis of a genetic factor involved in susceptibility to the disease.", "contents": "Inheritance patterns in recurrent aphthous ulcers: twin and pedigree data. Nineteen sets of twins and 318 individuals from six families were examined and interviewed in order to ascertain whether a genetic component could be established for recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU). While no specific mode of inheritance could be established, the data strongly support the hypothesis of a genetic factor involved in susceptibility to the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:266681", "title": "alpha Thalassemia minor trait accompanied by clinical oral signs. Report of a case.", "content": "Alpha thalassemia minor trait is but one of numerous hemoglobinopathies. In this condition, it is generally conceded that there are no clinical symptoms. A case is reported in which all the laboratory criteria for the presence of this disease were found, accompanied by clinical signs of pronounced anterior maxillary protrusion, severe generalized alveolar bone loss, and an area of radiodensity resembling that found in infarcted bone in other hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "alpha Thalassemia minor trait accompanied by clinical oral signs. Report of a case. Alpha thalassemia minor trait is but one of numerous hemoglobinopathies. In this condition, it is generally conceded that there are no clinical symptoms. A case is reported in which all the laboratory criteria for the presence of this disease were found, accompanied by clinical signs of pronounced anterior maxillary protrusion, severe generalized alveolar bone loss, and an area of radiodensity resembling that found in infarcted bone in other hemoglobinopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:266682", "title": "Routine biopsy leading to the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis.", "content": "Routine removal of a third molar, together with histopathologic soft-tissue examination and a high index of suspicion, led to the diagnosis of a generalized Strongyloides stercoralis infestation. The case of a patient with this unusual combination of pathologic entities is presented.", "contents": "Routine biopsy leading to the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Routine removal of a third molar, together with histopathologic soft-tissue examination and a high index of suspicion, led to the diagnosis of a generalized Strongyloides stercoralis infestation. The case of a patient with this unusual combination of pathologic entities is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:266683", "title": "Abnormal immune response to infection of the dental pulp. Report of a case.", "content": "The following case illustrates an unusual response by the dental pulp to caries in an immunodeficient patient. The patient, a 14-year-old boy, suffered from thymic dysplasia and IgA deficiency. Deep dentinal caries produced relatively little destruction of the pulp and only a mild inflammatory response, in spite of the presence of a large number of bacteria in the pulp chamber. The patient's immunologic disorder was diagnosed as hereditary combined immunodeficiency of unknown type. However, it may have been a variant of Nezelof's syndrome.", "contents": "Abnormal immune response to infection of the dental pulp. Report of a case. The following case illustrates an unusual response by the dental pulp to caries in an immunodeficient patient. The patient, a 14-year-old boy, suffered from thymic dysplasia and IgA deficiency. Deep dentinal caries produced relatively little destruction of the pulp and only a mild inflammatory response, in spite of the presence of a large number of bacteria in the pulp chamber. The patient's immunologic disorder was diagnosed as hereditary combined immunodeficiency of unknown type. However, it may have been a variant of Nezelof's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:266684", "title": "Correlation of scanning electron microscope and light microscope findings in uninflamed and pathologically involved human pulps.", "content": "The use of the scanning electron microscope has been investigated as a modality for pulpal diagnosis. Findings in ten normal, inflamed, and necrotic human pulps were correlated with light microscope findings. Inflammatory cell identification by SEM was found to be difficult. The inflammatory cells, especially lymphocytes, appeared in varying forms in SEM. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages had similar surface structure. Degenerative changes of cells and fibers and dystrophic mineralizations were graphically depicted by SEM.", "contents": "Correlation of scanning electron microscope and light microscope findings in uninflamed and pathologically involved human pulps. The use of the scanning electron microscope has been investigated as a modality for pulpal diagnosis. Findings in ten normal, inflamed, and necrotic human pulps were correlated with light microscope findings. Inflammatory cell identification by SEM was found to be difficult. The inflammatory cells, especially lymphocytes, appeared in varying forms in SEM. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages had similar surface structure. Degenerative changes of cells and fibers and dystrophic mineralizations were graphically depicted by SEM."}
{"id": "PMID:266687", "title": "Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of hand-rolled gutta-percha endodontic cones.", "content": "This study examined the effect of storage, for periods varying up to 24 weeks and at temperatures from -12 degrees C. to 50 degrees C., on the compression, tension, torsion, and bend properties of size 100 hand-rolled gutta-percha cones. All of the properties changed during storage, with the largest changes occurring at the highest temperatures, the smallest changes occurring at the lowest temperatures, and the greatest rate of change occurring during the initial 40- to 60-day storage period. All of the cones tested were subjectively found to be clinically usable. Since ideal characteristics or standards for mechanical properties are nonexistent, assessment of the changes is speculative and arbitrary. The condition of cones at which clinicians decide they are unusuable also varies widely. Continual study of this problem is indicated and important.", "contents": "Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of hand-rolled gutta-percha endodontic cones. This study examined the effect of storage, for periods varying up to 24 weeks and at temperatures from -12 degrees C. to 50 degrees C., on the compression, tension, torsion, and bend properties of size 100 hand-rolled gutta-percha cones. All of the properties changed during storage, with the largest changes occurring at the highest temperatures, the smallest changes occurring at the lowest temperatures, and the greatest rate of change occurring during the initial 40- to 60-day storage period. All of the cones tested were subjectively found to be clinically usable. Since ideal characteristics or standards for mechanical properties are nonexistent, assessment of the changes is speculative and arbitrary. The condition of cones at which clinicians decide they are unusuable also varies widely. Continual study of this problem is indicated and important."}
{"id": "PMID:266689", "title": "The use of image intensification in sialography.", "content": "The application of image intensification to sialography is presented. The advantages of better visualization of noncalcified or poorly calcified pathologic conditions, more accurate localization of strictures and soft-tissue tumors, and determination of gland function are discussed. These advantages over the conventional static sialographic technqiue would appear to outweigh the disadvantage of some increased exposure of patient and operator to radiation. In the authors' experience image intensification is the technique of choice in the majority of cases.", "contents": "The use of image intensification in sialography. The application of image intensification to sialography is presented. The advantages of better visualization of noncalcified or poorly calcified pathologic conditions, more accurate localization of strictures and soft-tissue tumors, and determination of gland function are discussed. These advantages over the conventional static sialographic technqiue would appear to outweigh the disadvantage of some increased exposure of patient and operator to radiation. In the authors' experience image intensification is the technique of choice in the majority of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:266692", "title": "Selective erythroid aplasia during therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Selective erythroid aplasia occured in two children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aplasia was reversible on cessation of therapy in one patient, and the other child remains transfusion-dependent on chemotherapy. Possible causes of pure red cell aplasia are discussed.", "contents": "Selective erythroid aplasia during therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Selective erythroid aplasia occured in two children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aplasia was reversible on cessation of therapy in one patient, and the other child remains transfusion-dependent on chemotherapy. Possible causes of pure red cell aplasia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266694", "title": "[Dental status in blacklight].", "content": "Patients exposed to long-wave ultra-violet lighting (blacklight) used in nightclubs, discoteques etc., present specific esthetic demands as regards restaurative and prosthetic dental materials. The appearence of some randomly selected dental materials were compared in blacklight (Osram lamp, 365,5nm) and normal, artificial light. Of the prosthetic materials, acrylic teeth showed a fluorescens in blacklight more like natural teeth than porcelain. Several tooth coloured materials appeared far from tooth coloured in this particular lighting.", "contents": "[Dental status in blacklight]. Patients exposed to long-wave ultra-violet lighting (blacklight) used in nightclubs, discoteques etc., present specific esthetic demands as regards restaurative and prosthetic dental materials. The appearence of some randomly selected dental materials were compared in blacklight (Osram lamp, 365,5nm) and normal, artificial light. Of the prosthetic materials, acrylic teeth showed a fluorescens in blacklight more like natural teeth than porcelain. Several tooth coloured materials appeared far from tooth coloured in this particular lighting."}
{"id": "PMID:266696", "title": "[Dental health status and use of dental services among seamen in overseas trade].", "content": "Dental health status and the use of dental services were studied in a sample comprising 431 Norwegian seamen in oversea trade. The dental health was found to be poor compared with corresponding age groups of the general population. Seamen aged 35-44 years had on average 4,3 decayed (clinical diagnosis), 10,4 missing (due to caries) and 8,0 filled teeth. Their mean PI-value was 2.6. Only 17% of the group aged 30-39 years reported annual visits to the dentist during the last five years. The major barriers to regular use of dental services seemed to be found in the working situation and the insufficiency of the dental health services in meeting the demand of special occupational groups (Sandbekk & Hel\u00f6e 1976). The findings indicate that proper action should be taken to face the problems described.", "contents": "[Dental health status and use of dental services among seamen in overseas trade]. Dental health status and the use of dental services were studied in a sample comprising 431 Norwegian seamen in oversea trade. The dental health was found to be poor compared with corresponding age groups of the general population. Seamen aged 35-44 years had on average 4,3 decayed (clinical diagnosis), 10,4 missing (due to caries) and 8,0 filled teeth. Their mean PI-value was 2.6. Only 17% of the group aged 30-39 years reported annual visits to the dentist during the last five years. The major barriers to regular use of dental services seemed to be found in the working situation and the insufficiency of the dental health services in meeting the demand of special occupational groups (Sandbekk & Hel\u00f6e 1976). The findings indicate that proper action should be taken to face the problems described."}
{"id": "PMID:266701", "title": "Spatial configuration of ordered polynucleotide chains: a novel double helix.", "content": "Structural details are reported for a novel right-handed polynucleotide double helix stabilized by vertical base stacking and hydrogen bonding. The primary difference between this duplex and the familiar Watson-Crick horizontally stabilized polynucleotide complex arises in the glycosyl rotation of the heterocyclic bases with respect to the sugar-phate backbone. In the vertical double helix the bases adopt a fairly unusual (although not sterically impossible) high-anti conformation, while in the horizontal models deduced from x-ray analyses the bases occur in the favored anti arrangement. The base pairing scheme in both duplexes is the standard Watson-Crick type. The vertical double helix is demonstrated to be a plausible model for the unusual complex formation observed between complementary synthetic polycyclonucleotides (the bases of which are fixed by a chemical linkage in the high-anti orientation) and also a potential alternative ordered structure available to naturally occurring nucleic acid systems that can adopt both anti and high-anti glycosyl arrangements.", "contents": "Spatial configuration of ordered polynucleotide chains: a novel double helix. Structural details are reported for a novel right-handed polynucleotide double helix stabilized by vertical base stacking and hydrogen bonding. The primary difference between this duplex and the familiar Watson-Crick horizontally stabilized polynucleotide complex arises in the glycosyl rotation of the heterocyclic bases with respect to the sugar-phate backbone. In the vertical double helix the bases adopt a fairly unusual (although not sterically impossible) high-anti conformation, while in the horizontal models deduced from x-ray analyses the bases occur in the favored anti arrangement. The base pairing scheme in both duplexes is the standard Watson-Crick type. The vertical double helix is demonstrated to be a plausible model for the unusual complex formation observed between complementary synthetic polycyclonucleotides (the bases of which are fixed by a chemical linkage in the high-anti orientation) and also a potential alternative ordered structure available to naturally occurring nucleic acid systems that can adopt both anti and high-anti glycosyl arrangements."}
{"id": "PMID:266702", "title": "Circular dichroism of adenosine dinucleotides.", "content": "The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of (3'-5')ApA, (5'-5')AppA, and (5'-5')ApcpA [diadenosine(5'5') pyrophosphonate] under various ionic coditions and at various temperatures are reported. Temperature studies reveal that under the same ionic strength and solvation conditions the probability of base-base interaction is ApA greater than AppA greater than ApcpA. It is found that increasing the molar refractivity of the solvent decreases the base-base interaction for both ApA and AppA and that both compounds proceed to a monomeric state in solvents of high molar refractivity. Solvent effect studies also indicate that a major percentage of the driving force for the base-base interaction can be accounted for by London dispersion forces. Low ionic strength appears to favor the base-base interacted conformation. All compounds tend toward the same noninteracted form at high temperatures. Plots of [theta]lambda against X (where X is an experimental parameter) were constructed in order to obtain information concerning which transitions might be undergoing oscillator coupling. To a first approximation, transitions coupled to each other should have very similar deta[theta]lambda/detaX for the experimental range of X. Applying this technique to the experimental data yielded information concerning possible transition coupling.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of adenosine dinucleotides. The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of (3'-5')ApA, (5'-5')AppA, and (5'-5')ApcpA [diadenosine(5'5') pyrophosphonate] under various ionic coditions and at various temperatures are reported. Temperature studies reveal that under the same ionic strength and solvation conditions the probability of base-base interaction is ApA greater than AppA greater than ApcpA. It is found that increasing the molar refractivity of the solvent decreases the base-base interaction for both ApA and AppA and that both compounds proceed to a monomeric state in solvents of high molar refractivity. Solvent effect studies also indicate that a major percentage of the driving force for the base-base interaction can be accounted for by London dispersion forces. Low ionic strength appears to favor the base-base interacted conformation. All compounds tend toward the same noninteracted form at high temperatures. Plots of [theta]lambda against X (where X is an experimental parameter) were constructed in order to obtain information concerning which transitions might be undergoing oscillator coupling. To a first approximation, transitions coupled to each other should have very similar deta[theta]lambda/detaX for the experimental range of X. Applying this technique to the experimental data yielded information concerning possible transition coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:266703", "title": "Energy-structure correlation in metalloporphyrins and the control of oxygen binding by hemoglobin.", "content": "The contribution of the porphyrin skeleton to the potential energy surface metalloporphyrins is calculated by the semiempirical method of quantum mechanical extension of the consistent force field to eta electron molecules. This calculation makes it possible to correlate the observed structure of metalloporphyrins with the strain energy of the porphyrin skeleton. It is found that the out-of-plane metal displacement in pentacoordinate heme systems is due to both the restricted size of the porphyrin hole and the \"1-3\" steric interaction between the axial ligand and the heme nitrogens. The main components of the active site of hemoglobin are simulated by a histidine-heme-oxygen system. The energy surface of this system provides a quantitative explanation for the control of ligand binding by hemoglobin. It is shown that the heme acts as a diaphragm, designed to provide simultaneous binding to the histidine and the sixth ligand under the steric requirements of the 1-3 interactions. The dependence of the hemoglobin potential surface on the distance between the proximal histidine and the heme plane is evaluated for the R and T states, using the calculated heme potential and the observed energy of heme-heme interaction.", "contents": "Energy-structure correlation in metalloporphyrins and the control of oxygen binding by hemoglobin. The contribution of the porphyrin skeleton to the potential energy surface metalloporphyrins is calculated by the semiempirical method of quantum mechanical extension of the consistent force field to eta electron molecules. This calculation makes it possible to correlate the observed structure of metalloporphyrins with the strain energy of the porphyrin skeleton. It is found that the out-of-plane metal displacement in pentacoordinate heme systems is due to both the restricted size of the porphyrin hole and the \"1-3\" steric interaction between the axial ligand and the heme nitrogens. The main components of the active site of hemoglobin are simulated by a histidine-heme-oxygen system. The energy surface of this system provides a quantitative explanation for the control of ligand binding by hemoglobin. It is shown that the heme acts as a diaphragm, designed to provide simultaneous binding to the histidine and the sixth ligand under the steric requirements of the 1-3 interactions. The dependence of the hemoglobin potential surface on the distance between the proximal histidine and the heme plane is evaluated for the R and T states, using the calculated heme potential and the observed energy of heme-heme interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:266704", "title": "Regulation of growth hormone messenger RNA by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones.", "content": "Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones stimulate growth hormone synthesis in cultured rat pituitary cells (GC). We have compared changes in growth hormone production and mRNA in these cells. Triiodothyronine (10 nM) and dexamethasone (1 micron) stimulated increases in growth hormone production by 2.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively. There were corresponding increases in the capacity of RNA from hormone-treated cells to direct synthesis of pregrowth hormone in a wheat germ cell-free translation system, suggesting hormone-regulated increases in growth hormone mRNA. Hormone-induced changes in mRNA were also demonstrated by determining the kinetics of hybridization of a cDNA probe prepared from RNA enriched (about 70%) for growth hormone translational activity with RNA from control and hormone-treated cells. These results suggest that thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones can regulate growth hormone production by influencing the levels of its mRNA.", "contents": "Regulation of growth hormone messenger RNA by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones. Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones stimulate growth hormone synthesis in cultured rat pituitary cells (GC). We have compared changes in growth hormone production and mRNA in these cells. Triiodothyronine (10 nM) and dexamethasone (1 micron) stimulated increases in growth hormone production by 2.5- and 3.8-fold, respectively. There were corresponding increases in the capacity of RNA from hormone-treated cells to direct synthesis of pregrowth hormone in a wheat germ cell-free translation system, suggesting hormone-regulated increases in growth hormone mRNA. Hormone-induced changes in mRNA were also demonstrated by determining the kinetics of hybridization of a cDNA probe prepared from RNA enriched (about 70%) for growth hormone translational activity with RNA from control and hormone-treated cells. These results suggest that thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones can regulate growth hormone production by influencing the levels of its mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:266705", "title": "Synthetic peptides with the biological activities and specificity of human C3a anaphylatoxin.", "content": "Two peptides identical to the COOH-terminal sequence of human C3a anaphylatoxin and two analogs were synthesized by the solid-phase method and tested for biological activity. The synthetic COOH-terminal octapeptide, C3a-(70-77) or Ala-Ser-His-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg, caused contraction of guinea pig ileum and uterus, release of vasoactive amines from rat mast cells, and increased vascular permeability in guinea pig and human skin. On a molar basis, the synthetic octapeptide possessed 1-2% of the biological activities of C3a and specifically desensitized smooth muscle to stimulation by C3a. Like natural C3a, the synthetic C3a=(70-77) was inactivated by digestion with carboxypeptidase B [peptidyl-L-lysine(-L-arginine) hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.3], which removed the essential COOH-terminal arginine. A synthetic nonapeptide [C3a-(70-77)-Gly], containing a glycyl instead of an arginyl COOH terminus, was approximately 1% as active as the octapeptide when assayed with smooth muscle. The COOH-terminal 13-residue peptide of C3a, C3a-(65-77), was equal in activity to C3a=(70-77); similarly, C3a-(65-77)-Gly expressed the same activity as C3a-(70-77)Gly. It is concluded that both the biological specificity and the activity of human C3a anaphylatoxin are determined by eight or fewer residues located at the COOH terminus of the natural protein. However, expression of full activity requires additional groups and the secondary conformational integrity of the C3a molecule.", "contents": "Synthetic peptides with the biological activities and specificity of human C3a anaphylatoxin. Two peptides identical to the COOH-terminal sequence of human C3a anaphylatoxin and two analogs were synthesized by the solid-phase method and tested for biological activity. The synthetic COOH-terminal octapeptide, C3a-(70-77) or Ala-Ser-His-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-Arg, caused contraction of guinea pig ileum and uterus, release of vasoactive amines from rat mast cells, and increased vascular permeability in guinea pig and human skin. On a molar basis, the synthetic octapeptide possessed 1-2% of the biological activities of C3a and specifically desensitized smooth muscle to stimulation by C3a. Like natural C3a, the synthetic C3a=(70-77) was inactivated by digestion with carboxypeptidase B [peptidyl-L-lysine(-L-arginine) hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.3], which removed the essential COOH-terminal arginine. A synthetic nonapeptide [C3a-(70-77)-Gly], containing a glycyl instead of an arginyl COOH terminus, was approximately 1% as active as the octapeptide when assayed with smooth muscle. The COOH-terminal 13-residue peptide of C3a, C3a-(65-77), was equal in activity to C3a=(70-77); similarly, C3a-(65-77)-Gly expressed the same activity as C3a-(70-77)Gly. It is concluded that both the biological specificity and the activity of human C3a anaphylatoxin are determined by eight or fewer residues located at the COOH terminus of the natural protein. However, expression of full activity requires additional groups and the secondary conformational integrity of the C3a molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:266706", "title": "Neurotensin: specific binding to synaptic membranes from rat brain.", "content": "The binding of neurotensin to synaptic membranes from rat brain was studied at 24 degrees with the use of [3H]neurotensin. The binding was found to be highly specific, saturable, and reversible. Values for KD of 2 nM and 0.9 nM were derived from equilibrium and kinetic experiments, respectively. Virtually no degradation of neurotensin was observed in the incubation medium after exposure to synaptic membranes under the conditions of the binding studies. Competitive inhibition of [3H]neurotensin binding by partial sequences of neurotensin revealed that the addition of the residue arginine-8 to the neurotensin-(9-13)-pentapeptide increases about 500-fold the relative binding potency, whereas the remaining portion of the NH2-terminal region is mainly responsible for full pharmacological potency; the COOH-terminal leucyl residue is essential for binding.", "contents": "Neurotensin: specific binding to synaptic membranes from rat brain. The binding of neurotensin to synaptic membranes from rat brain was studied at 24 degrees with the use of [3H]neurotensin. The binding was found to be highly specific, saturable, and reversible. Values for KD of 2 nM and 0.9 nM were derived from equilibrium and kinetic experiments, respectively. Virtually no degradation of neurotensin was observed in the incubation medium after exposure to synaptic membranes under the conditions of the binding studies. Competitive inhibition of [3H]neurotensin binding by partial sequences of neurotensin revealed that the addition of the residue arginine-8 to the neurotensin-(9-13)-pentapeptide increases about 500-fold the relative binding potency, whereas the remaining portion of the NH2-terminal region is mainly responsible for full pharmacological potency; the COOH-terminal leucyl residue is essential for binding."}
{"id": "PMID:266707", "title": "Identification of Rauscher murine leukemia virus-specific mRNAs for the synthesis of gag- and env-gene products.", "content": "Polyadenylylated mRNA isolated from cells infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus was fractionated by centrifugation in in a denaturing sucrose gradient into different sizes. Each RNA fraction was injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis and the virus-specific products were analyzed by immunoprecipitation with polyvalent and monospecific antisera against polypeptides of Rauscher murine leukemia virus, and then by gel electrophoresis and scintillation autoradiography. It was shown that a 35S mRNA species directs the synthesis of a precursor of the internal or group-specific antigens of the virion (the gag-gene products). A 22S mRNA species directs the synthesis of two viral envelope polypeptides and their precursor polypeptide (env-gene products). The results indicate that the gag- and env-related polypeptides of Rauscher murine leukemia virus are synthesized uncoordinately and provide evidence for open and closed cistrons on the virus-specific mRNAs.", "contents": "Identification of Rauscher murine leukemia virus-specific mRNAs for the synthesis of gag- and env-gene products. Polyadenylylated mRNA isolated from cells infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus was fractionated by centrifugation in in a denaturing sucrose gradient into different sizes. Each RNA fraction was injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis and the virus-specific products were analyzed by immunoprecipitation with polyvalent and monospecific antisera against polypeptides of Rauscher murine leukemia virus, and then by gel electrophoresis and scintillation autoradiography. It was shown that a 35S mRNA species directs the synthesis of a precursor of the internal or group-specific antigens of the virion (the gag-gene products). A 22S mRNA species directs the synthesis of two viral envelope polypeptides and their precursor polypeptide (env-gene products). The results indicate that the gag- and env-related polypeptides of Rauscher murine leukemia virus are synthesized uncoordinately and provide evidence for open and closed cistrons on the virus-specific mRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:266708", "title": "In vitro assembly of pure tubulin into microtubules in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins and glycerol.", "content": "Microtubule protein from porcine cerebrum was fractionate into pure tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins by chromatography on phosphocellulose. In agreement with previous studies, pure tubulin does not form microtubules to a significant extent at 37 degrees in normal assembly buffers, which are characterized by a low concentration of Mg2+ ions. If, however, the Mg2+ concentration is raised to approximately 10 mM, rapid and extensive self-assembly of pure tubulin into microtubules is observed, provided the tubulin concentration is above 2.5 mg/ml. At a protein concentration of 3 mg/ml, the lag period is 1.5 min and the assembly process is virtually complete after 6 min at 37 degrees. These microtubules are like normal microtubules--sensitive to calcium ions, colchicine, and low temperature.", "contents": "In vitro assembly of pure tubulin into microtubules in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins and glycerol. Microtubule protein from porcine cerebrum was fractionate into pure tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins by chromatography on phosphocellulose. In agreement with previous studies, pure tubulin does not form microtubules to a significant extent at 37 degrees in normal assembly buffers, which are characterized by a low concentration of Mg2+ ions. If, however, the Mg2+ concentration is raised to approximately 10 mM, rapid and extensive self-assembly of pure tubulin into microtubules is observed, provided the tubulin concentration is above 2.5 mg/ml. At a protein concentration of 3 mg/ml, the lag period is 1.5 min and the assembly process is virtually complete after 6 min at 37 degrees. These microtubules are like normal microtubules--sensitive to calcium ions, colchicine, and low temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:266709", "title": "Structural identification of the major DNA adduct formed by aflatoxin B1 in vitro.", "content": "The covalent binding of the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 by rat liver microsomes to calf thymus DNA resulted in a binding level equal to one aflatoxin residue per 60 DNA nucleotides. An aflatoxin derivative-guanine adduct was efficiently liberated from DNA with formic acid. Analytical reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of the DNA hydrolysate revealed that approximately 90% of the carcinogen bound to DNA could be accounted for as a single component. Preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography was used to isolate sufficient quantities of the adduct for structural analysis from large quantities (340 mg) of DNA. A combination of spectral and chemical data indicates that the major product of the interaction of metabolically activated aflatoxin B1 and DNA is 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 with the guanine and hydroxyl functions possessing a trans configuration. The structural data support the hypothesis that the putative 2,3-oxide of aflatoxin B1 is quantitatively important as an intermediate in the binding of aflatoxin B1 to nucleic acids.", "contents": "Structural identification of the major DNA adduct formed by aflatoxin B1 in vitro. The covalent binding of the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 by rat liver microsomes to calf thymus DNA resulted in a binding level equal to one aflatoxin residue per 60 DNA nucleotides. An aflatoxin derivative-guanine adduct was efficiently liberated from DNA with formic acid. Analytical reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of the DNA hydrolysate revealed that approximately 90% of the carcinogen bound to DNA could be accounted for as a single component. Preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography was used to isolate sufficient quantities of the adduct for structural analysis from large quantities (340 mg) of DNA. A combination of spectral and chemical data indicates that the major product of the interaction of metabolically activated aflatoxin B1 and DNA is 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 with the guanine and hydroxyl functions possessing a trans configuration. The structural data support the hypothesis that the putative 2,3-oxide of aflatoxin B1 is quantitatively important as an intermediate in the binding of aflatoxin B1 to nucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:266710", "title": "Regulation of heme pathway enzymes and cellular glutathione content by metals that do not chelate with tetrapyrroles: blockade of metal effects by thiols.", "content": "The trace metals nickel and platinum, which are not substrates for ferrochelatase and thus do not form heme in biological systems, were found to act similaryl to cobalt, and heme itself, in regulating heme metabolism in liver and kidney. These metals induced heme oxygenase activity in both organs with the peak of induced enzyme activity reached approximately 16 hr after single injections in rats. Both metals caused transient depression of cellular glutathione content followed by increases above normal after 12 hr in liver. Nickel and platinum were more potent inducers of heme oxygenase in kidney than in liver (10-13 times normal versus 5-6 times normal). At high concentrations, they inhibited heme oxygenase [heme, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (alpha-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating), EC 1.14.99.3] in vitro. Both were active in regulating heme metabolism only when administered in the ionic form. Complexing of the metals with sulfhydryl agents completely blocked their actions on heme metabolism. Administration of cysteine orally prior to or shortly after administration of the metals had a similar blocking effect. Nickel and platinum produced depression of delta-aminolevulinate synthase [succinyl-CoA:glycine c-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37] activity in liver, but neigther inhibited this rate-limiting ennzyme for heme synthesis in vitro. Furthermore, despite the substantial decreases in cellular heme and hemoprotein contents mediated by the metal, production of delta-amimolevulinate synthase did not undergo the compensatory increase that would be expected if there were a direct reciprocal feedback relationship between cellular heme level and synthesis of this enzyme. These findings indicate that it is not necessary for metal ions to be chelated in the porphyrin ring in order to regulate the enzymes of heme synthesis and heme oxidation. Accordingly, it is suggested that the iron atom of heme is the proximately active regulator of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and heme oxygenase--actions generally ascribed to the iron-tetrapyrrole complex itself--and that the tetrapyrrole moiety of the complex functions primarily as a means of transport of the metal to regulatory sites in cells.", "contents": "Regulation of heme pathway enzymes and cellular glutathione content by metals that do not chelate with tetrapyrroles: blockade of metal effects by thiols. The trace metals nickel and platinum, which are not substrates for ferrochelatase and thus do not form heme in biological systems, were found to act similaryl to cobalt, and heme itself, in regulating heme metabolism in liver and kidney. These metals induced heme oxygenase activity in both organs with the peak of induced enzyme activity reached approximately 16 hr after single injections in rats. Both metals caused transient depression of cellular glutathione content followed by increases above normal after 12 hr in liver. Nickel and platinum were more potent inducers of heme oxygenase in kidney than in liver (10-13 times normal versus 5-6 times normal). At high concentrations, they inhibited heme oxygenase [heme, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (alpha-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating), EC 1.14.99.3] in vitro. Both were active in regulating heme metabolism only when administered in the ionic form. Complexing of the metals with sulfhydryl agents completely blocked their actions on heme metabolism. Administration of cysteine orally prior to or shortly after administration of the metals had a similar blocking effect. Nickel and platinum produced depression of delta-aminolevulinate synthase [succinyl-CoA:glycine c-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37] activity in liver, but neigther inhibited this rate-limiting ennzyme for heme synthesis in vitro. Furthermore, despite the substantial decreases in cellular heme and hemoprotein contents mediated by the metal, production of delta-amimolevulinate synthase did not undergo the compensatory increase that would be expected if there were a direct reciprocal feedback relationship between cellular heme level and synthesis of this enzyme. These findings indicate that it is not necessary for metal ions to be chelated in the porphyrin ring in order to regulate the enzymes of heme synthesis and heme oxidation. Accordingly, it is suggested that the iron atom of heme is the proximately active regulator of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and heme oxygenase--actions generally ascribed to the iron-tetrapyrrole complex itself--and that the tetrapyrrole moiety of the complex functions primarily as a means of transport of the metal to regulatory sites in cells."}
{"id": "PMID:266711", "title": "Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the chromosome fiber.", "content": "At high ionic strength (e.g., physiological salt concentrations) chromosome fibers are 200 A in diameter and composed of discrete globular structures that are held together by histone H1. At low ionic strength the fibers unfold and appear as the familiar chains of nucleosomes (80 A in diameter). The unfolding of chromosome fibers occurs within a narrow salt range. It results from a change in the mode of the interaction between histone H1 and the chromosome fiber and is very likely the consequence of a change from cooperative binding between histone H1 and DNA to a noncooperative binding. In the noncooperative binding state histone H1 molecules are randomly redistributed along the chromosome fiber.", "contents": "Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the chromosome fiber. At high ionic strength (e.g., physiological salt concentrations) chromosome fibers are 200 A in diameter and composed of discrete globular structures that are held together by histone H1. At low ionic strength the fibers unfold and appear as the familiar chains of nucleosomes (80 A in diameter). The unfolding of chromosome fibers occurs within a narrow salt range. It results from a change in the mode of the interaction between histone H1 and the chromosome fiber and is very likely the consequence of a change from cooperative binding between histone H1 and DNA to a noncooperative binding. In the noncooperative binding state histone H1 molecules are randomly redistributed along the chromosome fiber."}
{"id": "PMID:266712", "title": "Translation in vitro of rat liver messenger RNA coding for ligandin (glutathione S-transferase B).", "content": "Poly(A)-containing rat liver mRNA isolated from animals injected with phenobarbital and uninjected controls was translated efficiently in a wheat-germ system. The synthesis of ligandin (glutathione S-transferase B; glutathione transferase; RX-gluathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) was detected by immunoprecipitation with a highly purified monospecific ligandin antibody and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The extent of incorporation of [35S]methionine into ligandin in the translation system was similar for poly(A)-containing messages from un-infected animals and those treated with phenobarbital.", "contents": "Translation in vitro of rat liver messenger RNA coding for ligandin (glutathione S-transferase B). Poly(A)-containing rat liver mRNA isolated from animals injected with phenobarbital and uninjected controls was translated efficiently in a wheat-germ system. The synthesis of ligandin (glutathione S-transferase B; glutathione transferase; RX-gluathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) was detected by immunoprecipitation with a highly purified monospecific ligandin antibody and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The extent of incorporation of [35S]methionine into ligandin in the translation system was similar for poly(A)-containing messages from un-infected animals and those treated with phenobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:266713", "title": "Aminoacyl-tRNA binding at the recognition site is the first step of the elongation cycle of protein synthesis.", "content": "Codon recognition occurs during protein synthesis with the aminoacyl-tRNA bound in the recognition (or R) tRNA-binding site. The recognition site is thought to be located on the external surface of the smaller ribosomal subunit distal from the interface between subunits, where the aminoacyl (A) and peptidyl (P) tRNA-binding sites are located. A molecular model describing the switching of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the R site to the A site is proposed. Details of the model include codon recognition at the R site by an aminoacyl-tRNA with its anticodon loop in the 5' stacked conformation; movement of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the R site to the A site by a switching in the anticodon loop from the 5' stacked conformation to the 3' stacked conformation; and recognition of the correct reading frame by a base-pairing interaction between the A and P site tRNAs that involves trans pairing of the invariant bases U-33 of both molecules.", "contents": "Aminoacyl-tRNA binding at the recognition site is the first step of the elongation cycle of protein synthesis. Codon recognition occurs during protein synthesis with the aminoacyl-tRNA bound in the recognition (or R) tRNA-binding site. The recognition site is thought to be located on the external surface of the smaller ribosomal subunit distal from the interface between subunits, where the aminoacyl (A) and peptidyl (P) tRNA-binding sites are located. A molecular model describing the switching of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the R site to the A site is proposed. Details of the model include codon recognition at the R site by an aminoacyl-tRNA with its anticodon loop in the 5' stacked conformation; movement of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the R site to the A site by a switching in the anticodon loop from the 5' stacked conformation to the 3' stacked conformation; and recognition of the correct reading frame by a base-pairing interaction between the A and P site tRNAs that involves trans pairing of the invariant bases U-33 of both molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:266714", "title": "Hemolysis of human erythrocytes by transient electric field.", "content": "Exposure of human erythrocytes, under isotonic conditions, to a high voltage pulse of a few kV/cm leads to total hemolysis of the red cells. Experiments described herein demonstrate that the hemolysis is due to the effect of electric field. Neither the effect of current nor the extent of the rapid Joule-heating to the suspending medium shows a direct correlation with the observed hemolysis. Voltage pulsation of the erythrocyte suspension can induce a transmembrane potential across the cell membrane and, at a critical point, it either opens up or creates pores in the red cells. In isotonic saline the pores are small. They allow passage of potassium and sodium ions but not sucrose and hemoglobin molecules. The pores are larger in low ionic conditions and permit permeation of sucrose molecules, but under no circumstances can hemoglobin leak out as the direct result of the voltage pulse. Kinetic measurements indicate that the hemolysis of the red cells follows a stepwise mechanism: leakage of ions leads to an osmotic imbalance which in turn causes a colloidal hemolysis of the red cells. Other effects of the voltage pulsation are also discussed.", "contents": "Hemolysis of human erythrocytes by transient electric field. Exposure of human erythrocytes, under isotonic conditions, to a high voltage pulse of a few kV/cm leads to total hemolysis of the red cells. Experiments described herein demonstrate that the hemolysis is due to the effect of electric field. Neither the effect of current nor the extent of the rapid Joule-heating to the suspending medium shows a direct correlation with the observed hemolysis. Voltage pulsation of the erythrocyte suspension can induce a transmembrane potential across the cell membrane and, at a critical point, it either opens up or creates pores in the red cells. In isotonic saline the pores are small. They allow passage of potassium and sodium ions but not sucrose and hemoglobin molecules. The pores are larger in low ionic conditions and permit permeation of sucrose molecules, but under no circumstances can hemoglobin leak out as the direct result of the voltage pulse. Kinetic measurements indicate that the hemolysis of the red cells follows a stepwise mechanism: leakage of ions leads to an osmotic imbalance which in turn causes a colloidal hemolysis of the red cells. Other effects of the voltage pulsation are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266715", "title": "Dual role of interfacial phospholipid in phospholipase A2 catalysis.", "content": "The results of crosslinking experiments with dimethyl suberimidate and gel filtration binding studies are used to delineate a detailed model for phospholipase A2(phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) action in the presence of Ca2+ on mixed micelles of Triton X-100 and phospholipid. Important features of the \"dual-phospholipid\" model are: (i) the use of the nonionic surfactant as an inert matrix that may influence lipid conformation but does not interact with the enzyme; (ii) the involvement of two lipid molecules in a single cycle of catalysis as an explanation for the \"surface dilution\" phenomenon; (iii) the requirement of an ordered reaction whereby divalent metal ion binds prior to phospholipid binding; and (iv) the induction by lipid substrate of an asymmetric dimer structure for the enzyme.", "contents": "Dual role of interfacial phospholipid in phospholipase A2 catalysis. The results of crosslinking experiments with dimethyl suberimidate and gel filtration binding studies are used to delineate a detailed model for phospholipase A2(phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) action in the presence of Ca2+ on mixed micelles of Triton X-100 and phospholipid. Important features of the \"dual-phospholipid\" model are: (i) the use of the nonionic surfactant as an inert matrix that may influence lipid conformation but does not interact with the enzyme; (ii) the involvement of two lipid molecules in a single cycle of catalysis as an explanation for the \"surface dilution\" phenomenon; (iii) the requirement of an ordered reaction whereby divalent metal ion binds prior to phospholipid binding; and (iv) the induction by lipid substrate of an asymmetric dimer structure for the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:266716", "title": "Role of DNA gyrase in phiX replicative-form replication in vitro.", "content": "Preparations containing DNA gyrase activity Gellert, M., Mizuchi, K., O'Dea, M.H. & Nash, H.A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3872-3876] have been extensively purified from Escherichia coli. Such fractions, in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, catalyze supertwisting of relaxed circular double-stranded DNA replicative forms of a number of DNAs that results in the formation of superhelical replicative forms. Relaxed phiX174 replicative form (phiX RFIV) is not attacked by the A protein endonuclease coded for by the phiX DNA genome. After exposure to preparations of DNA gyrase, the relaxed phiX174 replicative form is converted to phiX RFI which can then be attacked by the phiX gene A protein and participate in replication of duplex phiX DNA.", "contents": "Role of DNA gyrase in phiX replicative-form replication in vitro. Preparations containing DNA gyrase activity Gellert, M., Mizuchi, K., O'Dea, M.H. & Nash, H.A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3872-3876] have been extensively purified from Escherichia coli. Such fractions, in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, catalyze supertwisting of relaxed circular double-stranded DNA replicative forms of a number of DNAs that results in the formation of superhelical replicative forms. Relaxed phiX174 replicative form (phiX RFIV) is not attacked by the A protein endonuclease coded for by the phiX DNA genome. After exposure to preparations of DNA gyrase, the relaxed phiX174 replicative form is converted to phiX RFI which can then be attacked by the phiX gene A protein and participate in replication of duplex phiX DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:266717", "title": "Amino acid sequence of human prothrombin fragments 1 and 2.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the nonthrombin half of human prothrombin is presented. Prothrombin fragment 1 has 155 amino acid residues as compared with 156 for the bovine equivalent. Ten gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues are at the same location in each species. Human prothrombin fragment 2 contains 118 amino acid residues, as does the similar bovine fragment. Comparing bovine and human prothrombin fragment 1 we found 131 residues to be identical (84%). In prothrombin fragment 2, 84 residues were identical (71%). Assuming a time span of 90 million years since the radiation of several orders of placental mammals, prothrombin fragments 1 and 2 incorporated one substitution site per 100 amino acid sites every 11.2 and 6.3 million years, respectively. Internal homology is acribed to partial gene duplication, with the most likely crossover point located between residues 60-61 and residues 165-166.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of human prothrombin fragments 1 and 2. The amino acid sequence of the nonthrombin half of human prothrombin is presented. Prothrombin fragment 1 has 155 amino acid residues as compared with 156 for the bovine equivalent. Ten gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues are at the same location in each species. Human prothrombin fragment 2 contains 118 amino acid residues, as does the similar bovine fragment. Comparing bovine and human prothrombin fragment 1 we found 131 residues to be identical (84%). In prothrombin fragment 2, 84 residues were identical (71%). Assuming a time span of 90 million years since the radiation of several orders of placental mammals, prothrombin fragments 1 and 2 incorporated one substitution site per 100 amino acid sites every 11.2 and 6.3 million years, respectively. Internal homology is acribed to partial gene duplication, with the most likely crossover point located between residues 60-61 and residues 165-166."}
{"id": "PMID:266718", "title": "Proton spin-lattice relaxation of retinal rod outer segment membranes and liposomes of extracted phospholipids.", "content": "A large fraction of the phospholipid protons of bovine retinal rod outer segment (ROS) disc membrane vesicles yield well-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance lines near physiological temperature. The spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates of the resolved sharp resonance of ROS disc membranes appear biphasic above 10 degrees C. The rate of the more rapidly relaxing component of each resonance matches closely the relaxation rate of the corresponding resonances of liposomes of purified ROS phospholipids. The slowly relaxing component of each disc membrane resonance is most likely due to phospholipids whose motion is affected by rhodopsin. The primary difference in the relaxation behavior of phospholipids in the ROS membrane vesicles and ROS liposomes appears to be in T1, rather than T2, since the corresponding sharp resonances of both preparations have similar linewidths. These observations suggest that the interaction of rhodopsin with the more fluid membrane phospholipids predominantly affects relatively high frequency segmental motions, which determine T1, while having minimal effects on the lower frequency segmental motions, which influence T2. This conclusion can be rationalized by assuming that a substantial fraction of the interacting phospholipids are relatively fluid with respect to less frequent, larger amplitude segmental motions, but that the more frequent segmental motions (such as beta-coupled trans-gauche isomerizations) are significantly restricted by interaction with protein.", "contents": "Proton spin-lattice relaxation of retinal rod outer segment membranes and liposomes of extracted phospholipids. A large fraction of the phospholipid protons of bovine retinal rod outer segment (ROS) disc membrane vesicles yield well-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance lines near physiological temperature. The spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates of the resolved sharp resonance of ROS disc membranes appear biphasic above 10 degrees C. The rate of the more rapidly relaxing component of each resonance matches closely the relaxation rate of the corresponding resonances of liposomes of purified ROS phospholipids. The slowly relaxing component of each disc membrane resonance is most likely due to phospholipids whose motion is affected by rhodopsin. The primary difference in the relaxation behavior of phospholipids in the ROS membrane vesicles and ROS liposomes appears to be in T1, rather than T2, since the corresponding sharp resonances of both preparations have similar linewidths. These observations suggest that the interaction of rhodopsin with the more fluid membrane phospholipids predominantly affects relatively high frequency segmental motions, which determine T1, while having minimal effects on the lower frequency segmental motions, which influence T2. This conclusion can be rationalized by assuming that a substantial fraction of the interacting phospholipids are relatively fluid with respect to less frequent, larger amplitude segmental motions, but that the more frequent segmental motions (such as beta-coupled trans-gauche isomerizations) are significantly restricted by interaction with protein."}
{"id": "PMID:266719", "title": "Disagreement between calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies of assembly of protein supramolecular structures.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the extent of association of self-assembling protein polymers is expressed mathematically in terms of the van't Hoff enthalpy of polymerization, deltaHV.H. This quantity has been experimentally defined in two ways--from the respective temperature derivatives of the critical polymerization concentration and of the fractional conversion of protein into polymer. These two definitions are shown not to be identical, except in certain limits. In terms of both definitions, it is shown that deltaHV.H. depends not only upon the enthalpy changes but also upon the corresponding equilibrium constants for the various equilibria involved in polymer formation. This has two consequences: (i) large deltaHV.H. values may result from reactions having small calorimetric enthalpy changes; and (ii) deltaHV.H. can depend strongly on temperature. These considerations are applied to two systems for which there exist considerable experimental data--namely, hemoglobin S and tubulin. The large discrepancy between the calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies for the polymerization of tubulin is shown to be explicable in terms of these considerations.", "contents": "Disagreement between calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies of assembly of protein supramolecular structures. The effect of temperature on the extent of association of self-assembling protein polymers is expressed mathematically in terms of the van't Hoff enthalpy of polymerization, deltaHV.H. This quantity has been experimentally defined in two ways--from the respective temperature derivatives of the critical polymerization concentration and of the fractional conversion of protein into polymer. These two definitions are shown not to be identical, except in certain limits. In terms of both definitions, it is shown that deltaHV.H. depends not only upon the enthalpy changes but also upon the corresponding equilibrium constants for the various equilibria involved in polymer formation. This has two consequences: (i) large deltaHV.H. values may result from reactions having small calorimetric enthalpy changes; and (ii) deltaHV.H. can depend strongly on temperature. These considerations are applied to two systems for which there exist considerable experimental data--namely, hemoglobin S and tubulin. The large discrepancy between the calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies for the polymerization of tubulin is shown to be explicable in terms of these considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:266720", "title": "Thermotaxis by pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The temperature dependence of migration rate and of the thermotactic sensitivity of pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum has been measured. Migration rate increases with temperature to 20 degrees, is temperature insensitive from 20 degrees to 27.5 degrees, and decreases with temperature to 29 degrees, above which point migration ceases. However, pseudoplasmodia formed from cells grown at 23.5 degrees are thermotactic only from 22 degrees to 27.5 degrees. Thus, a temperature dependence of migration rate is not sufficient to explain thermotaxis. Because random lateral movements by the pseudoplasmodia have not been observed, the measurement of the temperature gradient appears to be spatial rather than temporal, with a half-maximal thermotactic response to a temperature gradient of about 0.04 degree/cm, or 0.0004 degree across an average pseudoplasmodium. Thermotactic sensitivity is adaptive, with pseudoplasmodia formed from cells grown at 20 degrees capable of thermotaxis at temperatures lower than cells grown at 23.5 degrees.", "contents": "Thermotaxis by pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum. The temperature dependence of migration rate and of the thermotactic sensitivity of pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum has been measured. Migration rate increases with temperature to 20 degrees, is temperature insensitive from 20 degrees to 27.5 degrees, and decreases with temperature to 29 degrees, above which point migration ceases. However, pseudoplasmodia formed from cells grown at 23.5 degrees are thermotactic only from 22 degrees to 27.5 degrees. Thus, a temperature dependence of migration rate is not sufficient to explain thermotaxis. Because random lateral movements by the pseudoplasmodia have not been observed, the measurement of the temperature gradient appears to be spatial rather than temporal, with a half-maximal thermotactic response to a temperature gradient of about 0.04 degree/cm, or 0.0004 degree across an average pseudoplasmodium. Thermotactic sensitivity is adaptive, with pseudoplasmodia formed from cells grown at 20 degrees capable of thermotaxis at temperatures lower than cells grown at 23.5 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:266721", "title": "Phosphohexosyl components of a lysosomal enzyme are recognized by pinocytosis receptors on human fibroblasts.", "content": "Human beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31), like many other glycoprotein lysosomal hydrolases, is specifically taken up from the culture medium by human fibroblasts. Prior work has indicated that the enzyme exhibits charge heterogeneity and that \"high-uptake\" forms, i.e., those rapidly internalized by human fibroblasts, are more acidic than slowly internalized forms. Here we present two lines of evidence that the acidic group required for the high-uptake property of certain forms of the enzyme is a phosphate on, or in proximity to, a D-mannose-type carbohydrate. The first line of evidence was obtained from analysis of inhibition of enzyme pinocytosis by yeast mannans, phosphorylated sugars, and sugars. Mannans that contained phosphate were more potent inhibitors than those that did not contain phosphate. D-Mannose 6-phosphate was a more potent inhibitor than either D-mannose 1 phosphate or 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate. D-Mannose and certain related sugars were weak pinocytosis inhibitors, while 2- and 4-epimers of mannose were noninhibitory. Competitive inhibition was demonstrated and the apparent Kis estimated for the following compounds: Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan from mutant X2180-mnnl, 3 X 10(-6) M; mannan from wild-type S. cerebisiae, 3 X 10(-5) M; D-mannose 6-phosphate, 6 X 10(-5) M; L-fucose, 4 X 10(-2) M; and D-mannose, 6 X 10(-2) M. The second line of evidence comes from the observation that alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] treatment of human platelet beta-glucuronidase abolished its \"high-uptake\" activity, without diminishing its catalytic activity, and converted some forms of the heterogeneous enzyme to less acidic forms.", "contents": "Phosphohexosyl components of a lysosomal enzyme are recognized by pinocytosis receptors on human fibroblasts. Human beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31), like many other glycoprotein lysosomal hydrolases, is specifically taken up from the culture medium by human fibroblasts. Prior work has indicated that the enzyme exhibits charge heterogeneity and that \"high-uptake\" forms, i.e., those rapidly internalized by human fibroblasts, are more acidic than slowly internalized forms. Here we present two lines of evidence that the acidic group required for the high-uptake property of certain forms of the enzyme is a phosphate on, or in proximity to, a D-mannose-type carbohydrate. The first line of evidence was obtained from analysis of inhibition of enzyme pinocytosis by yeast mannans, phosphorylated sugars, and sugars. Mannans that contained phosphate were more potent inhibitors than those that did not contain phosphate. D-Mannose 6-phosphate was a more potent inhibitor than either D-mannose 1 phosphate or 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate. D-Mannose and certain related sugars were weak pinocytosis inhibitors, while 2- and 4-epimers of mannose were noninhibitory. Competitive inhibition was demonstrated and the apparent Kis estimated for the following compounds: Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan from mutant X2180-mnnl, 3 X 10(-6) M; mannan from wild-type S. cerebisiae, 3 X 10(-5) M; D-mannose 6-phosphate, 6 X 10(-5) M; L-fucose, 4 X 10(-2) M; and D-mannose, 6 X 10(-2) M. The second line of evidence comes from the observation that alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] treatment of human platelet beta-glucuronidase abolished its \"high-uptake\" activity, without diminishing its catalytic activity, and converted some forms of the heterogeneous enzyme to less acidic forms."}
{"id": "PMID:266722", "title": "Do myoblasts in vivo withdraw from the cell cycle? A reexamination.", "content": "The proliferative fraction of mononucleated cells in differentiating chick embryonic wing muscle (day 11) was measured following continuous infusion of tritiated thymidine into the embryonic circulation. During progressively longer intervals of infusion of the isotopically labeled precursor, the percentage of cells that enter S becomes larger, reaching 92% at the longest time period measured (21 hr). These observations suggest that until they are withdrawn into nonreplicative muscle syncytia, virtually all of the single cells in differentiating embryonic muscle remain in the proliferative pool. Earlier calculations of the size of this pool in developing muscle, based on the percentage of cells in S during a brief pulse, indicated, however, that less than half of the mononucleated cells are still replicating. We therefore compared the size of the proliferative fraction determined by continuous labeling with the calculation of this same parameter using our own pulse-labeling data. We find that the calculation underestimates the size of the proliferative pool and is, in fact, an estimate of only that portion of the cells whose generation times cluster around the average. This underestimate is particularly pronounced in differentiating muscle in which, concomitant with myogenic fusion, the distribution of G1 times (and consequently generation times as well) becomes longer and more highly variable. Our results suggest that the mode of administering the labeled DNA precursor profoundly affects the measurement of cell cycle parameters in vivo when these parameters exhibit considerable variability. The data presented here do not support the notion that any sizeable fraction of the myoblast population is withdrawn from the cell cycle for any significant period of time prior to fusion.", "contents": "Do myoblasts in vivo withdraw from the cell cycle? A reexamination. The proliferative fraction of mononucleated cells in differentiating chick embryonic wing muscle (day 11) was measured following continuous infusion of tritiated thymidine into the embryonic circulation. During progressively longer intervals of infusion of the isotopically labeled precursor, the percentage of cells that enter S becomes larger, reaching 92% at the longest time period measured (21 hr). These observations suggest that until they are withdrawn into nonreplicative muscle syncytia, virtually all of the single cells in differentiating embryonic muscle remain in the proliferative pool. Earlier calculations of the size of this pool in developing muscle, based on the percentage of cells in S during a brief pulse, indicated, however, that less than half of the mononucleated cells are still replicating. We therefore compared the size of the proliferative fraction determined by continuous labeling with the calculation of this same parameter using our own pulse-labeling data. We find that the calculation underestimates the size of the proliferative pool and is, in fact, an estimate of only that portion of the cells whose generation times cluster around the average. This underestimate is particularly pronounced in differentiating muscle in which, concomitant with myogenic fusion, the distribution of G1 times (and consequently generation times as well) becomes longer and more highly variable. Our results suggest that the mode of administering the labeled DNA precursor profoundly affects the measurement of cell cycle parameters in vivo when these parameters exhibit considerable variability. The data presented here do not support the notion that any sizeable fraction of the myoblast population is withdrawn from the cell cycle for any significant period of time prior to fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:266723", "title": "Inhibition of transcription and translation of globin messenger RNA in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells treated with interferon.", "content": "The addition of appropriate doses of interferon (IF) to cultures of Friend erythroleukemic cells inhibits dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO)-stimulated erythroid differentiation. In this study, the synthesis of heme, hemoglobin, and globin mRNA in Me2SO-stimulated cultures, with or without IF added, was compared. Although the hemoglobin content in Me2SO+IF-treated cultures was reduced 6- to 9-fold compared to that of cultures treated with Me2SO alone, there was less than a 2-fold decrease in the amount of heme accumulated. Globin mRNA, although unchanged in size or base sequence, was reduced in content in the Me2SO+IF cultures. The level of reduction of globin mRNA was insufficient to account for the lack of globin synthesis. Thus, it appears that IF may operate on two levels--one involving the transcription of globin mRNA and the other involving its translation.", "contents": "Inhibition of transcription and translation of globin messenger RNA in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemic cells treated with interferon. The addition of appropriate doses of interferon (IF) to cultures of Friend erythroleukemic cells inhibits dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO)-stimulated erythroid differentiation. In this study, the synthesis of heme, hemoglobin, and globin mRNA in Me2SO-stimulated cultures, with or without IF added, was compared. Although the hemoglobin content in Me2SO+IF-treated cultures was reduced 6- to 9-fold compared to that of cultures treated with Me2SO alone, there was less than a 2-fold decrease in the amount of heme accumulated. Globin mRNA, although unchanged in size or base sequence, was reduced in content in the Me2SO+IF cultures. The level of reduction of globin mRNA was insufficient to account for the lack of globin synthesis. Thus, it appears that IF may operate on two levels--one involving the transcription of globin mRNA and the other involving its translation."}
{"id": "PMID:266724", "title": "In vivo analysis of cellular replication.", "content": "The number of previous cell replications that a metaphase cell has undergone in the presence of BrdUrd can be determined by the differential fluorescent patterns of metaphse chromosomes stained with Hoechst dye 33258. To examine if this technique could be applied to analyzing cell cycle kinetics in vivo, we infused Wistar rats with BrdUrd for 7.5-33 hr at concentrations of the nucleotide analog that did not inhibit cellular replication. Examination of the frequency of one, two, and three or more replication cycle cells as a function of BrdUrd infusion time indicates that cell replication times for rat bone marrow cells are relatively homogeneous. Analysis of this data with a computer simulation model produced a mean cell cycle duration of 9.2 hr, which is compatible with the fastest times obtained with radioisotope studies. These results support the potential of nonradioisotope analysis of cell replication in vivo.", "contents": "In vivo analysis of cellular replication. The number of previous cell replications that a metaphase cell has undergone in the presence of BrdUrd can be determined by the differential fluorescent patterns of metaphse chromosomes stained with Hoechst dye 33258. To examine if this technique could be applied to analyzing cell cycle kinetics in vivo, we infused Wistar rats with BrdUrd for 7.5-33 hr at concentrations of the nucleotide analog that did not inhibit cellular replication. Examination of the frequency of one, two, and three or more replication cycle cells as a function of BrdUrd infusion time indicates that cell replication times for rat bone marrow cells are relatively homogeneous. Analysis of this data with a computer simulation model produced a mean cell cycle duration of 9.2 hr, which is compatible with the fastest times obtained with radioisotope studies. These results support the potential of nonradioisotope analysis of cell replication in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:266725", "title": "Direction of active sliding of microtubules in Tetrahymena cilia.", "content": "Axonemes of protozoan (Tetrahymena thermophila BIII) cilia, isolated by the dibucaine method, were treated briefly with trypsin after removal of the ciliary membranes by treatment with Triton X-100. After attachment to polylysine-coated surfaces, the partially digested axonemes remained mainly intact cylinders. Such attached axonemes can be treated with ATP, which induces microtubles sliding. ATP-treated preparations showed disrupted axonemes in which doublets had telescoped out of the original cylinders. These could be captured in place for electron microscopy after critical point drying. Images of this type were used to determine relative movement between adjacent doublet microtubules. Each doublet actively slid relative to its neighbors in a single direction, in which the polarity of force generation of the dynein arms was from base to tip.", "contents": "Direction of active sliding of microtubules in Tetrahymena cilia. Axonemes of protozoan (Tetrahymena thermophila BIII) cilia, isolated by the dibucaine method, were treated briefly with trypsin after removal of the ciliary membranes by treatment with Triton X-100. After attachment to polylysine-coated surfaces, the partially digested axonemes remained mainly intact cylinders. Such attached axonemes can be treated with ATP, which induces microtubles sliding. ATP-treated preparations showed disrupted axonemes in which doublets had telescoped out of the original cylinders. These could be captured in place for electron microscopy after critical point drying. Images of this type were used to determine relative movement between adjacent doublet microtubules. Each doublet actively slid relative to its neighbors in a single direction, in which the polarity of force generation of the dynein arms was from base to tip."}
{"id": "PMID:266726", "title": "Triiodothyronine stimulates specifically growth hormone mRNA in rat pituitary tumor cells.", "content": "In a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, total RNA extracted from cultured rat pituitary tumor (GH3) cells directed, in a dose-related manner, the synthesis of proteins that were precipitated by antisera specific to rat growth hormone (somatotropin) and rat prolactin. A marked decrease in growth hormone secretion and growth hormone mRNA activity was observed when cells were grown in a medium deficient in thyroid hormone. Addition of triiodothyronine in physiologic amounts both prevented and completely reversed this effect within 48 hr. Thyroid hormone had no effect on prolactin secretion or prolactin mRNA activity. These data suggest that thyroid hormone may stimulate synthesis of growth hormone through induction of transcriptional activity. The possibility of an additional effect at the posttranscriptional level has not been excluded. Although thyroid hormone is believed to have a general effect on a variety of metabolic processes, some effects, at the molecular level, may be quite selective, as indicated by the observed changes in growth hormone but not prolactin mRNA activity. The GH3 cell model is useful in the study of triiodothyronine action because of independence from secondary hormonal effects caused by hypothyroidism and because simultaneous measurement of prolactin mRNA activity serves as a unique internal control.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine stimulates specifically growth hormone mRNA in rat pituitary tumor cells. In a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, total RNA extracted from cultured rat pituitary tumor (GH3) cells directed, in a dose-related manner, the synthesis of proteins that were precipitated by antisera specific to rat growth hormone (somatotropin) and rat prolactin. A marked decrease in growth hormone secretion and growth hormone mRNA activity was observed when cells were grown in a medium deficient in thyroid hormone. Addition of triiodothyronine in physiologic amounts both prevented and completely reversed this effect within 48 hr. Thyroid hormone had no effect on prolactin secretion or prolactin mRNA activity. These data suggest that thyroid hormone may stimulate synthesis of growth hormone through induction of transcriptional activity. The possibility of an additional effect at the posttranscriptional level has not been excluded. Although thyroid hormone is believed to have a general effect on a variety of metabolic processes, some effects, at the molecular level, may be quite selective, as indicated by the observed changes in growth hormone but not prolactin mRNA activity. The GH3 cell model is useful in the study of triiodothyronine action because of independence from secondary hormonal effects caused by hypothyroidism and because simultaneous measurement of prolactin mRNA activity serves as a unique internal control."}
{"id": "PMID:266727", "title": "High-fidelity transcription of 5S DNA injected into Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Purified DNA, from Xenopus erythrocytes, containing genes for 5S ribosomal RNA (58 DNA) is transcribed faithfully when it is injected into the nucleus of a Xenopus oocyte. Full length 5S RNA of the correct sequence is transcribed from the injected DNA, and the newly synthesized transcripts hybridize predominantly with the coding strand of 5S DNA. The majority of transcripts hybridize with the gene region as opposed to the spacer region of the coding strand. Accurate transcription starts within the first 3 hr and continues for up to 4 days after injection of 5S DNA. Radioactive 5S RNA is detected in as short a labeling time as 1 hr.", "contents": "High-fidelity transcription of 5S DNA injected into Xenopus oocytes. Purified DNA, from Xenopus erythrocytes, containing genes for 5S ribosomal RNA (58 DNA) is transcribed faithfully when it is injected into the nucleus of a Xenopus oocyte. Full length 5S RNA of the correct sequence is transcribed from the injected DNA, and the newly synthesized transcripts hybridize predominantly with the coding strand of 5S DNA. The majority of transcripts hybridize with the gene region as opposed to the spacer region of the coding strand. Accurate transcription starts within the first 3 hr and continues for up to 4 days after injection of 5S DNA. Radioactive 5S RNA is detected in as short a labeling time as 1 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:266728", "title": "Current-induced flow through living sponges in nature.", "content": "Flow velocities through and immediately adjacent to the excurrent openings (oscula) were measured in eight species of marine sponges in their natural environments with a two-channel thermistor flowmeter. Flow through the oscula was positively correlated with both normal and artificially augmented ambient flow in both normally pumping and inactive animals. These results indicate that the passage of water through these sponges is, in part, induced by ambient currents.", "contents": "Current-induced flow through living sponges in nature. Flow velocities through and immediately adjacent to the excurrent openings (oscula) were measured in eight species of marine sponges in their natural environments with a two-channel thermistor flowmeter. Flow through the oscula was positively correlated with both normal and artificially augmented ambient flow in both normally pumping and inactive animals. These results indicate that the passage of water through these sponges is, in part, induced by ambient currents."}
{"id": "PMID:266729", "title": "Colony-specific territorial pheromone in the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille).", "content": "Major workers of Oecophylla longinoda mark their territories with persistent pheromones that are distinguishable to the ants at the colony level. Workers detecting the deposits of an alien colony respond with increased amounts of aversive and aggressive behavior, and they later recruit nestmates to the area at a higher rate. Colonies entering a field impregnated with their own scent also gain an initial advantage in warfare with other colonies. The pheromones are located at least in part in drops of rectal sac fluid deposited by workers over the territorial surface.", "contents": "Colony-specific territorial pheromone in the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille). Major workers of Oecophylla longinoda mark their territories with persistent pheromones that are distinguishable to the ants at the colony level. Workers detecting the deposits of an alien colony respond with increased amounts of aversive and aggressive behavior, and they later recruit nestmates to the area at a higher rate. Colonies entering a field impregnated with their own scent also gain an initial advantage in warfare with other colonies. The pheromones are located at least in part in drops of rectal sac fluid deposited by workers over the territorial surface."}
{"id": "PMID:266730", "title": "Genetic mapping of Rhizobium meliloti.", "content": "The drug resistance factor RP4, originally isolated in Pseudomonas, was transferred to Rhizobium meliloti. In that strain, RP4 promotes conjugational transfer of chromosomal markers to form haploid recombinants. This mating system has been used to construct a linkage map of R. meliloti.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of Rhizobium meliloti. The drug resistance factor RP4, originally isolated in Pseudomonas, was transferred to Rhizobium meliloti. In that strain, RP4 promotes conjugational transfer of chromosomal markers to form haploid recombinants. This mating system has been used to construct a linkage map of R. meliloti."}
{"id": "PMID:266731", "title": "Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A)-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy volunteer donors have been shown to suppress proliferative responses associated with thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). The present investigations demonstrate that peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with Con A for 48 hr can abrogate pokeweed mitogen-stimulated differentiation of bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes to immunoglobulin-synthesizing and -secreting plasma cells. This effect was manifested when washed Con A-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes were added to pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cocultures containing fresh autologous or allogeneic mononuclear cells, and it did not appear to involve cytotoxicity. Parallel control cultures consisting of mononuclear leukocytes incubated for 48 hr in the absence of Con A also had immunoglobulin suppressor activity in mixing experiments. This effect, however, was most pronounced when preincubated cells were added to fresh autologous pokeweed mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell mixtures containing peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated a spectrum of immunoregulatory effects ranging from suppression to enhancement of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion. Several functional subclasses of suppressor cells that reflect varying levels of specific activity have thus been demonstrated in human beings. Moreover, a degree of genetic identity appears to be required for the expression of \"weak\" immunoregulatory influences.", "contents": "Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors. Concanavalin A (Con A)-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy volunteer donors have been shown to suppress proliferative responses associated with thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). The present investigations demonstrate that peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with Con A for 48 hr can abrogate pokeweed mitogen-stimulated differentiation of bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes to immunoglobulin-synthesizing and -secreting plasma cells. This effect was manifested when washed Con A-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes were added to pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cocultures containing fresh autologous or allogeneic mononuclear cells, and it did not appear to involve cytotoxicity. Parallel control cultures consisting of mononuclear leukocytes incubated for 48 hr in the absence of Con A also had immunoglobulin suppressor activity in mixing experiments. This effect, however, was most pronounced when preincubated cells were added to fresh autologous pokeweed mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell mixtures containing peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated a spectrum of immunoregulatory effects ranging from suppression to enhancement of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion. Several functional subclasses of suppressor cells that reflect varying levels of specific activity have thus been demonstrated in human beings. Moreover, a degree of genetic identity appears to be required for the expression of \"weak\" immunoregulatory influences."}
{"id": "PMID:266732", "title": "Postulated deficiency of hepatic heme and repair by hematin infusions in the \"inducible\" hepatic porphyrias.", "content": "There is compelling, indirect evidence of hepatic heme deficiency due primarily to the respective genetic errors of the three inducible hepatic porphyrias, acute intermittent porphyria, porphyria variegata, and hereditary coproporphyria. The induction is enhanced by exogenous inducers such as barbiturate, estrogens and other \"porphyrogenic\" chemicals and factors, including glucose deprivation. The newer knowledge of the induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase [delta-aminolevulinate synthase; succinyl--CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37] in relation to inadequate heme, and repression by heme, stimulated early trials of hematin infusions to overcome the acute relapse in the foregoing inducible porphyrias. Recently this experience has been considerably expanded, 143 infusions of hematin having been given in 22 cases. Studies of the effect on the serum concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen have shown a highly significant decline, often to 0, especially of delta-aminolevulinic acid. A distinct relationship to the clinical severity of the attack has been evident in the frequency and magnitude of decline of serum delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. This was regularly associated with objective clinical improvement.", "contents": "Postulated deficiency of hepatic heme and repair by hematin infusions in the \"inducible\" hepatic porphyrias. There is compelling, indirect evidence of hepatic heme deficiency due primarily to the respective genetic errors of the three inducible hepatic porphyrias, acute intermittent porphyria, porphyria variegata, and hereditary coproporphyria. The induction is enhanced by exogenous inducers such as barbiturate, estrogens and other \"porphyrogenic\" chemicals and factors, including glucose deprivation. The newer knowledge of the induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase [delta-aminolevulinate synthase; succinyl--CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37] in relation to inadequate heme, and repression by heme, stimulated early trials of hematin infusions to overcome the acute relapse in the foregoing inducible porphyrias. Recently this experience has been considerably expanded, 143 infusions of hematin having been given in 22 cases. Studies of the effect on the serum concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen have shown a highly significant decline, often to 0, especially of delta-aminolevulinic acid. A distinct relationship to the clinical severity of the attack has been evident in the frequency and magnitude of decline of serum delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. This was regularly associated with objective clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:266733", "title": "L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced hypersensitivity simulating features of denervation.", "content": "The manner in which dyskinesia and intermittency of neurological control had emerged late in the therapy of Parkinsonism with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa) had suggested to us that this drug can imprint on the brain a chemical memory of its passage. The majority of authors ascribed these events to denervation hypersensitivity caused by the nigral and other lesions of the disease. By feeding levodopa to mice, however, we induced a state that simulated denervations hypersensitivity, including hyperreaction to single injections of levodopa and increased dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity in homogenates of caudate nuclei. These phenomena were not caused by actual denervation, because the hypersensitivity declined and disappeared some weeks after the dietary levodopa was stopped.", "contents": "L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced hypersensitivity simulating features of denervation. The manner in which dyskinesia and intermittency of neurological control had emerged late in the therapy of Parkinsonism with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa) had suggested to us that this drug can imprint on the brain a chemical memory of its passage. The majority of authors ascribed these events to denervation hypersensitivity caused by the nigral and other lesions of the disease. By feeding levodopa to mice, however, we induced a state that simulated denervations hypersensitivity, including hyperreaction to single injections of levodopa and increased dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity in homogenates of caudate nuclei. These phenomena were not caused by actual denervation, because the hypersensitivity declined and disappeared some weeks after the dietary levodopa was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:266734", "title": "Accelerated degradation of acetylcholine receptor from cultured rat myotubes with myasthenia gravis sera and globulins.", "content": "Altered geometry of the neuromuscular junction and a decreased number of acetylcholine receptors appear responsible for the defect of neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis. We have used cultured rat myotubes as a model to study in vitro the potential role of myasthenic globulins in the pathological process. Acetylcholine receptor content was assayed by the extent of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding, and acetylcholine receptor function was assayed by the sensitivity to acetylcholine iontophoresis. The half-life of the acetylcholine receptor was 18.5 hr in the presence or absence of control sera. Myasthenic sera and globulins produced a gradual reduction in acetylcholine receptors, as assessed by biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. The half-life in the presence of myasthenic sera was 6 hr. The accelerated turnover was unaffected by puromycin but was slowed by lowered temperature (18-20 degrees), interference with energy metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol), and interference with cytoskeletal structures (colchicine and cytochalasin B). We found no electrophysiological evidence to suggest globulin blockade of acetylcholine access to the acetylcholine receptor. Our observations suggest that circulating globulins in myasthenia gravis may contribute to the functional defects of neuromuscular transmission by accelerating the rate of internationalization and degradation of surface membrane acetylcholine receptors.", "contents": "Accelerated degradation of acetylcholine receptor from cultured rat myotubes with myasthenia gravis sera and globulins. Altered geometry of the neuromuscular junction and a decreased number of acetylcholine receptors appear responsible for the defect of neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis. We have used cultured rat myotubes as a model to study in vitro the potential role of myasthenic globulins in the pathological process. Acetylcholine receptor content was assayed by the extent of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding, and acetylcholine receptor function was assayed by the sensitivity to acetylcholine iontophoresis. The half-life of the acetylcholine receptor was 18.5 hr in the presence or absence of control sera. Myasthenic sera and globulins produced a gradual reduction in acetylcholine receptors, as assessed by biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. The half-life in the presence of myasthenic sera was 6 hr. The accelerated turnover was unaffected by puromycin but was slowed by lowered temperature (18-20 degrees), interference with energy metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol), and interference with cytoskeletal structures (colchicine and cytochalasin B). We found no electrophysiological evidence to suggest globulin blockade of acetylcholine access to the acetylcholine receptor. Our observations suggest that circulating globulins in myasthenia gravis may contribute to the functional defects of neuromuscular transmission by accelerating the rate of internationalization and degradation of surface membrane acetylcholine receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:266735", "title": "Inhibition by anti-interferon serum of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus disease in suckling mice.", "content": "Inoculation of newborn mice with lymphocytic chloriomeningitis (LCM) virus resulted in decreased weight gain, liver cell necrosis, and death. Injection of potent sheep immunoglobulin against mouse interferon markedly inhibited these manifestations of LCM virus disease despite the fact that these treated mice had 100-fold more LCM virus in their serum. We conclude that interferon induced by LCM virus is responsible in large part for the syndrome of growth inhibition, liver cell necrosis, and death observed in LCM virus-infected suckling mice.", "contents": "Inhibition by anti-interferon serum of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus disease in suckling mice. Inoculation of newborn mice with lymphocytic chloriomeningitis (LCM) virus resulted in decreased weight gain, liver cell necrosis, and death. Injection of potent sheep immunoglobulin against mouse interferon markedly inhibited these manifestations of LCM virus disease despite the fact that these treated mice had 100-fold more LCM virus in their serum. We conclude that interferon induced by LCM virus is responsible in large part for the syndrome of growth inhibition, liver cell necrosis, and death observed in LCM virus-infected suckling mice."}
{"id": "PMID:266736", "title": "Association of e antigen with Dane particle DNA in sera from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Sera containing hepatitis B surface antigen from 30 asymptomatic blood donors were assayed for e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to e antigen (anti-HBe) by rheophoresis,. Fourteen samples (47%) had detectable HBeAg, ten (33%) had anti-HBe, and six (20%) had neither. DNA was extracted from 26 of these sera and assayed for its ability to anneal to a [32P]-DNA probe that is a copy of Dane particle DNA. All 10 HBeAg-positive samples tested contained DNA that formed specific hybrids with the DNA probe, as did one of 10 anti HBe-positive samples. Hybridization was not detected in nine sera containing anti-HBe and six sera without HBeAg or anti-HBe. Because the Dane particle is thought to be the hepatitis B virus, this association between HBeAg positivity and Dane particle DNA strongly supports the hypothesis that e antigen is a marker of the presence of the virus and, consequently, potential infectivity.", "contents": "Association of e antigen with Dane particle DNA in sera from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Sera containing hepatitis B surface antigen from 30 asymptomatic blood donors were assayed for e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to e antigen (anti-HBe) by rheophoresis,. Fourteen samples (47%) had detectable HBeAg, ten (33%) had anti-HBe, and six (20%) had neither. DNA was extracted from 26 of these sera and assayed for its ability to anneal to a [32P]-DNA probe that is a copy of Dane particle DNA. All 10 HBeAg-positive samples tested contained DNA that formed specific hybrids with the DNA probe, as did one of 10 anti HBe-positive samples. Hybridization was not detected in nine sera containing anti-HBe and six sera without HBeAg or anti-HBe. Because the Dane particle is thought to be the hepatitis B virus, this association between HBeAg positivity and Dane particle DNA strongly supports the hypothesis that e antigen is a marker of the presence of the virus and, consequently, potential infectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:266737", "title": "Centers involved in the autonomic reflex reactions originating from stretching of the atria.", "content": "Stretching the atria in anesthetized dogs produces reflex changes in heart rate, and in cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity. Anemic decerebration, cord transection at C4-C5, and severance of vagal or sympathetic cardiac nerves was done to identify the pathways and centers essential for these reflexes. Stretching the right atrium produced an aceleration of the heart and a definite increase in sympathetic nerve activity. Left atrial-stretch caused biphasic responses: an initial sympathetic nerve inhibition and slower heartbeat folowed by sympathetic excitation and heart acceleration. The afferents responsible were carried mainly by the vagi; efferent neural control of the heart was mostly sympathetic. The reflex inhibition observed was integrated chiefly at the medullary level, but supramedullary structures contributed to the augmentation in sympathetic activity and heart rate. When central connections between vagal afferent and sympathetic efferent pathways were separated by cord transection, atrial stretch caused a decrease in heart rate due to reflex action through the vagal loop. After the cord was sectioned, we found that some afferent impulses from the atria traveling in sympathetic nerves produced a slight reflex augmentation of sympathetic efferent activity, though insufficient to affect the heart rate. Somatosympathetic reflexes evoked in cardiac and renal sympathetic nerves by stimulation of various somatic afferent pathways were also affected by atrial stretch indicating central nervous system interactions. Reflex responses to right atrial stretch were superimposed on accelerations of myogenic origin.", "contents": "Centers involved in the autonomic reflex reactions originating from stretching of the atria. Stretching the atria in anesthetized dogs produces reflex changes in heart rate, and in cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activity. Anemic decerebration, cord transection at C4-C5, and severance of vagal or sympathetic cardiac nerves was done to identify the pathways and centers essential for these reflexes. Stretching the right atrium produced an aceleration of the heart and a definite increase in sympathetic nerve activity. Left atrial-stretch caused biphasic responses: an initial sympathetic nerve inhibition and slower heartbeat folowed by sympathetic excitation and heart acceleration. The afferents responsible were carried mainly by the vagi; efferent neural control of the heart was mostly sympathetic. The reflex inhibition observed was integrated chiefly at the medullary level, but supramedullary structures contributed to the augmentation in sympathetic activity and heart rate. When central connections between vagal afferent and sympathetic efferent pathways were separated by cord transection, atrial stretch caused a decrease in heart rate due to reflex action through the vagal loop. After the cord was sectioned, we found that some afferent impulses from the atria traveling in sympathetic nerves produced a slight reflex augmentation of sympathetic efferent activity, though insufficient to affect the heart rate. Somatosympathetic reflexes evoked in cardiac and renal sympathetic nerves by stimulation of various somatic afferent pathways were also affected by atrial stretch indicating central nervous system interactions. Reflex responses to right atrial stretch were superimposed on accelerations of myogenic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:266748", "title": "[Osteogenic sarcoma combined with non-ossifying fibroma in one bone (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 15 year old girl a combination of osteogenic sarcoma and non-ossifying fibroma in the distal shaft of femur is reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Osteogenic sarcoma combined with non-ossifying fibroma in one bone (author's transl)]. In a 15 year old girl a combination of osteogenic sarcoma and non-ossifying fibroma in the distal shaft of femur is reported and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266749", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscope study of pellicle morphogenesis.", "content": "The morphology of pellicle formation was studied using correlated transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Pellicle developed on hydroxyapatite/epoxy resin splints attached to the buccal surfaces of molars and premolars in six young individuals. Splint segments were removed at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Measurements of pellicle thickness revealed that during the first 12 h considerably more material formed on the apatite surfaces than on the epoxy resin areas of the splints. This difference was equalized in 24- and 48-h specimens. Three types of pellicles could be distinguished on the basis of morphologic criteria. A globular pellicle, characterized by a consistent presence of globules of varying size and configuration, seemed to predominate in most subjects. These globules could not be mistaken for bacteria due to their dimensions, contour, and lack of cell walls. A fibrillar pellicle consisted of 3- to 7-nm-wide fibrils and frequently included some finely globular particles. A granular pellicle displayed a relatively even surface contour and did not exhibit globular or fibrillar structures. In contrast to the two other types, the granular pellicle contained distinct laminations. Apparently, the varying morphology of the early pellicle is a reflection of its complex chemical composition.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscope study of pellicle morphogenesis. The morphology of pellicle formation was studied using correlated transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Pellicle developed on hydroxyapatite/epoxy resin splints attached to the buccal surfaces of molars and premolars in six young individuals. Splint segments were removed at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Measurements of pellicle thickness revealed that during the first 12 h considerably more material formed on the apatite surfaces than on the epoxy resin areas of the splints. This difference was equalized in 24- and 48-h specimens. Three types of pellicles could be distinguished on the basis of morphologic criteria. A globular pellicle, characterized by a consistent presence of globules of varying size and configuration, seemed to predominate in most subjects. These globules could not be mistaken for bacteria due to their dimensions, contour, and lack of cell walls. A fibrillar pellicle consisted of 3- to 7-nm-wide fibrils and frequently included some finely globular particles. A granular pellicle displayed a relatively even surface contour and did not exhibit globular or fibrillar structures. In contrast to the two other types, the granular pellicle contained distinct laminations. Apparently, the varying morphology of the early pellicle is a reflection of its complex chemical composition."}
{"id": "PMID:266750", "title": "A longitudinal radiographic study of the mineralization of 2nd premolars.", "content": "Odontogenesis of the 2nd premolar begins in the majority of cases at the age of 3-3 1/2 years, although this period can vary more widely than that for other permanent teeth. For this reason, aplasia of this group of teeth cannot be diagnosed as early and with the same degree of certainty. A group of 104 children aged 3-7 years in whom one or more tooth germs mesial to the 1st permanent molar were not visible in the various age groups was reexamined radiographically in the region where they apparently lacked the development of tooth germs. The second examination took place 16-24 months after the first, and a comparison was made of the two examinations. The study confirms that the 2nd premolar can be very late in developing and that the chance of this being so is greater in the maxilla than in the mandible.", "contents": "A longitudinal radiographic study of the mineralization of 2nd premolars. Odontogenesis of the 2nd premolar begins in the majority of cases at the age of 3-3 1/2 years, although this period can vary more widely than that for other permanent teeth. For this reason, aplasia of this group of teeth cannot be diagnosed as early and with the same degree of certainty. A group of 104 children aged 3-7 years in whom one or more tooth germs mesial to the 1st permanent molar were not visible in the various age groups was reexamined radiographically in the region where they apparently lacked the development of tooth germs. The second examination took place 16-24 months after the first, and a comparison was made of the two examinations. The study confirms that the 2nd premolar can be very late in developing and that the chance of this being so is greater in the maxilla than in the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:266751", "title": "Chemistry of the sulfate groups in a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit submandibular gland.", "content": "A 35S-labeled sulfated glycoprotein was isolated from rabbit submandibular glands. Acid stability studies on the 35sulfate groupings present in the intact glycoprotein gave a half-life of 45 min. Partial acid hydrolysis of the 35S-labeled glycoprotein in 0.1 M HC1 for 90 min at 100 degrees C liberated a radioactive fraction which was free from peptide and fractionated in the monosaccharide range of a Sephadex G-15 column. Examination of this fraction by paper chromatography revealed the presence of a major component having the characteristics of N-acetylglucosamine 6-0-sulfate and a minor component having the properties of N-acetylgalactosamine 6-0-sulfate. The presence of ester sulfate groups in the intact glycoprotein was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.", "contents": "Chemistry of the sulfate groups in a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit submandibular gland. A 35S-labeled sulfated glycoprotein was isolated from rabbit submandibular glands. Acid stability studies on the 35sulfate groupings present in the intact glycoprotein gave a half-life of 45 min. Partial acid hydrolysis of the 35S-labeled glycoprotein in 0.1 M HC1 for 90 min at 100 degrees C liberated a radioactive fraction which was free from peptide and fractionated in the monosaccharide range of a Sephadex G-15 column. Examination of this fraction by paper chromatography revealed the presence of a major component having the characteristics of N-acetylglucosamine 6-0-sulfate and a minor component having the properties of N-acetylgalactosamine 6-0-sulfate. The presence of ester sulfate groups in the intact glycoprotein was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:266752", "title": "Susceptibility of various microorganisms to chlorhexidine.", "content": "The susceptibility to chlorhexidine of bacteria in aerobic, facultatively anaerobic and anaerobic isolates from clinical specimens of wounds, urine, saliva, and dental plaque was studied. Agar diffusion tests using 50 microng chlorhexidine discs and agar dilution tests were performed and the MIC values correlated with inhibition zone diameters. Anaerobic plaque strains were isolated and tested by the agar dilution method in an anaerobic glove box. Regression lines obtained for five agar media demonstrated a good correlation between zone diameters and MIC values. There was a broad range of susceptibility to chlorhexidine among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Low MIC values were noted for staphylococci, S. mutans, S. salivarius and E. coli, while strains of Proteus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were less susceptible. S. sanguis showed intermediate susceptibility with both low and high MIC values. Among the anaerobic isolates tested, the strains most susceptible to chlorhexidine were Propionibacterium and Selenomonas, While the least susceptible strains were Gram-negative cocci resembling Veillonella.", "contents": "Susceptibility of various microorganisms to chlorhexidine. The susceptibility to chlorhexidine of bacteria in aerobic, facultatively anaerobic and anaerobic isolates from clinical specimens of wounds, urine, saliva, and dental plaque was studied. Agar diffusion tests using 50 microng chlorhexidine discs and agar dilution tests were performed and the MIC values correlated with inhibition zone diameters. Anaerobic plaque strains were isolated and tested by the agar dilution method in an anaerobic glove box. Regression lines obtained for five agar media demonstrated a good correlation between zone diameters and MIC values. There was a broad range of susceptibility to chlorhexidine among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Low MIC values were noted for staphylococci, S. mutans, S. salivarius and E. coli, while strains of Proteus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were less susceptible. S. sanguis showed intermediate susceptibility with both low and high MIC values. Among the anaerobic isolates tested, the strains most susceptible to chlorhexidine were Propionibacterium and Selenomonas, While the least susceptible strains were Gram-negative cocci resembling Veillonella."}
{"id": "PMID:266753", "title": "Effect of some heavy metals on protein and collagen biosynthesis in rabbit dental pulp in vitro.", "content": "Cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury, being components of dental alloys, have been tests at concentrations from 20 to 120 micronM for their effect on the incorporation of 14C-proline into various fractions of rabbit dental pulp incubated in vitro. With cadmium and zinc and increased amount of 14C-activity was recovered from the TCA-soluble pool, whereas the further incorporation into total protein and collagen, i.e. 14C-hydroxyproline, was markedly inhivited. Copper and mercury, however, reduced the amount of label in the TCA-soluble fraction. Both metals exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the hydroxylation step in collagen synthesis, whereas for mercury only, an inhibition of the general protein synthesis was indicated. With all four metals the proportion of 14C-labeled protein and hydroxyproline recovered from the medium was reduced, the effect being most prominent with cadmium and zinc.", "contents": "Effect of some heavy metals on protein and collagen biosynthesis in rabbit dental pulp in vitro. Cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury, being components of dental alloys, have been tests at concentrations from 20 to 120 micronM for their effect on the incorporation of 14C-proline into various fractions of rabbit dental pulp incubated in vitro. With cadmium and zinc and increased amount of 14C-activity was recovered from the TCA-soluble pool, whereas the further incorporation into total protein and collagen, i.e. 14C-hydroxyproline, was markedly inhivited. Copper and mercury, however, reduced the amount of label in the TCA-soluble fraction. Both metals exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the hydroxylation step in collagen synthesis, whereas for mercury only, an inhibition of the general protein synthesis was indicated. With all four metals the proportion of 14C-labeled protein and hydroxyproline recovered from the medium was reduced, the effect being most prominent with cadmium and zinc."}
{"id": "PMID:266754", "title": "Lipid pattern and fatty acid composition of human palatal oral epithelium.", "content": "The lipid pattern and the fatty acid composition of human oral epithelium were studied qualitatively and quantitatively with the aid of thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The material studied consisted of scrapings from the mucosa of the hard palate of nine cadavers and of three volunteers. Two methods for collecting the material were used: A) the epithelium was isolated by the removal of subepithelial connective tissue from the connective tissue side and B) the epithelium from the epithelial side was carefully scraped off. The lipid pattern of the epithelium was dominated by cholesterol (25 mol %) and phosphoglycerides (total 45 mol %), while triglycerides and free fatty acids constituted 10-15 mol % each. The fatty acid compostitions of the lipids were remarkably similar to each other, although the specific characteristics of each individual lipid were still noticeable. All lipids showed a large proportion of linoleic acid and a relatively small proportion of other polyunsatured fatty acids. In several respects the lipid pattern and the fatty acid composition of the epithelium were similar to those found in other ectodermal tissues, but they exhibited a number of differences from the corresponding pattern of the mesenchymal connective tissue.", "contents": "Lipid pattern and fatty acid composition of human palatal oral epithelium. The lipid pattern and the fatty acid composition of human oral epithelium were studied qualitatively and quantitatively with the aid of thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The material studied consisted of scrapings from the mucosa of the hard palate of nine cadavers and of three volunteers. Two methods for collecting the material were used: A) the epithelium was isolated by the removal of subepithelial connective tissue from the connective tissue side and B) the epithelium from the epithelial side was carefully scraped off. The lipid pattern of the epithelium was dominated by cholesterol (25 mol %) and phosphoglycerides (total 45 mol %), while triglycerides and free fatty acids constituted 10-15 mol % each. The fatty acid compostitions of the lipids were remarkably similar to each other, although the specific characteristics of each individual lipid were still noticeable. All lipids showed a large proportion of linoleic acid and a relatively small proportion of other polyunsatured fatty acids. In several respects the lipid pattern and the fatty acid composition of the epithelium were similar to those found in other ectodermal tissues, but they exhibited a number of differences from the corresponding pattern of the mesenchymal connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:266755", "title": "Evaluation of biologic effects of dental materials using four different cell culture techniques.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of fresh and 1-day-old silicate cement, composite restorative material and zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE) was tested using human epithelial cells (NCTC 2544) in four different cell culture systems: (1) 51Cr-release from prelabeled cells after incubation for 4 and 24 h in the presence of the materials. (2) Implanting the materials on an agar everlay and visualizing any cytotoxic effects after 24 h by neutral red vital stain. (3) Cell growth during 5 d in the presence of the materials. (4) Colony-forming ability after exposure of the cells for 30 min to medium previously incubated with the materials for 24 h. Freshly prepared and 1-day-old ZOE exhibited a prominent cytotoxic effect in all four systems. A less marked effect was found for the composite material in systems 2, 3, and 4, while silicate cement appeared to be the least toxic material in these three systems. Neither silicate cement nor composite showed any cytotoxic effect in system 1 based on 51Cr-release. It is concluded that the effects obtained by the cell culture techniques did not mimic the reactions obtained when the materials are tested under conditions which reflect their clinical use.", "contents": "Evaluation of biologic effects of dental materials using four different cell culture techniques. The cytotoxicity of fresh and 1-day-old silicate cement, composite restorative material and zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE) was tested using human epithelial cells (NCTC 2544) in four different cell culture systems: (1) 51Cr-release from prelabeled cells after incubation for 4 and 24 h in the presence of the materials. (2) Implanting the materials on an agar everlay and visualizing any cytotoxic effects after 24 h by neutral red vital stain. (3) Cell growth during 5 d in the presence of the materials. (4) Colony-forming ability after exposure of the cells for 30 min to medium previously incubated with the materials for 24 h. Freshly prepared and 1-day-old ZOE exhibited a prominent cytotoxic effect in all four systems. A less marked effect was found for the composite material in systems 2, 3, and 4, while silicate cement appeared to be the least toxic material in these three systems. Neither silicate cement nor composite showed any cytotoxic effect in system 1 based on 51Cr-release. It is concluded that the effects obtained by the cell culture techniques did not mimic the reactions obtained when the materials are tested under conditions which reflect their clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:266763", "title": "Cuirass respirator treatment of chronic respiratory failure in scoliotic patients.", "content": "The results are reported of domiciliary cuirass respirator treatment, using tailor-made shells, in four patients with severe thoracic scoliosis. Three of the patients had suffered from poliomyelitis. All complained of increasing dyspnoea on exertion, ultimately interfering with almost every activity of daily life; three patients had severe acute respiratory failure necessitating urgent admission to the Respiratory Care Unit. Right heart failure was present in two. Two patients required mechanical treatment via an endotracheal tube. All the patients were discharged home with a cuirass respirator. Standard type shells were used initially with low efficiency due to the poor fit of the cuirass shell to the deformed thoracic cage. Tailor-made shells were constructed from polyester reinforced with glass fibre, modelled on plaster casts of the thoracic cage. Subjectively the patients improved greatly and were able to resume and increase many activities. One patient committed suicide for reasons unconnected with treatment but the other three patients have been doing well from the time the cuirass respirator treatment was started, respectively, 3, 6, and 10 years ago. This treatment seems particularly effective in younger patients with severe paralytic scoliosis and cardiorespiratory failure, although the possibility of using it in older patients suffering from scoliosis of other aetiology should certainly be explored.", "contents": "Cuirass respirator treatment of chronic respiratory failure in scoliotic patients. The results are reported of domiciliary cuirass respirator treatment, using tailor-made shells, in four patients with severe thoracic scoliosis. Three of the patients had suffered from poliomyelitis. All complained of increasing dyspnoea on exertion, ultimately interfering with almost every activity of daily life; three patients had severe acute respiratory failure necessitating urgent admission to the Respiratory Care Unit. Right heart failure was present in two. Two patients required mechanical treatment via an endotracheal tube. All the patients were discharged home with a cuirass respirator. Standard type shells were used initially with low efficiency due to the poor fit of the cuirass shell to the deformed thoracic cage. Tailor-made shells were constructed from polyester reinforced with glass fibre, modelled on plaster casts of the thoracic cage. Subjectively the patients improved greatly and were able to resume and increase many activities. One patient committed suicide for reasons unconnected with treatment but the other three patients have been doing well from the time the cuirass respirator treatment was started, respectively, 3, 6, and 10 years ago. This treatment seems particularly effective in younger patients with severe paralytic scoliosis and cardiorespiratory failure, although the possibility of using it in older patients suffering from scoliosis of other aetiology should certainly be explored."}
{"id": "PMID:266791", "title": "[The value of local anesthesia in the treatment of difficult children].", "content": "The author points out that the elimination of pains in difficult children presents some particularities, referring to certain stages of the psychosomatic development among other things, upon which vegetative reactions may depend. Observations of this kind are mentioned together with their recording, and practice-relevant methods of local anaesthesia are suggested.", "contents": "[The value of local anesthesia in the treatment of difficult children]. The author points out that the elimination of pains in difficult children presents some particularities, referring to certain stages of the psychosomatic development among other things, upon which vegetative reactions may depend. Observations of this kind are mentioned together with their recording, and practice-relevant methods of local anaesthesia are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:266792", "title": "[Contribution to the styloid process syndrome].", "content": "The report on 4 cases of the styloid process syndrome seems remarkable because of the rarity of this syndrome. In case of complaints of doubtful origin and mainly characterized by pain radiating to the tongue, the styloid process should also be taken into consideration. The diagnosis is confirmed by palpating the styloid process along the mandibular ramus and by radiography. Treatment consists in removing the styloid process by operation.", "contents": "[Contribution to the styloid process syndrome]. The report on 4 cases of the styloid process syndrome seems remarkable because of the rarity of this syndrome. In case of complaints of doubtful origin and mainly characterized by pain radiating to the tongue, the styloid process should also be taken into consideration. The diagnosis is confirmed by palpating the styloid process along the mandibular ramus and by radiography. Treatment consists in removing the styloid process by operation."}
{"id": "PMID:266793", "title": "[Romberg's disease].", "content": "Romberg's disease is described in the light of two cases. By way of introduction, a survey of the now extant literature is given and the clinical picture is outlined. After that, the author deals with  the case histories of his own patients.", "contents": "[Romberg's disease]. Romberg's disease is described in the light of two cases. By way of introduction, a survey of the now extant literature is given and the clinical picture is outlined. After that, the author deals with  the case histories of his own patients."}
{"id": "PMID:266794", "title": "[Late results of conservative treatment methods in closed sinus injuries].", "content": "Posttraumatic inflammations of the maxillary sinus are relatively rare in closed injuries. Clinical and radiographic followup examinations of patients with midfacial fractures showed that a revision of the antrum for the purpose of infection prophylaxis is not necessary and that active intervention should be performed only in case of clinically manifest maxillary sinusitis.", "contents": "[Late results of conservative treatment methods in closed sinus injuries]. Posttraumatic inflammations of the maxillary sinus are relatively rare in closed injuries. Clinical and radiographic followup examinations of patients with midfacial fractures showed that a revision of the antrum for the purpose of infection prophylaxis is not necessary and that active intervention should be performed only in case of clinically manifest maxillary sinusitis."}
{"id": "PMID:266795", "title": "[Maxillofacial fractures in children].", "content": "With regard to aetiology, location and therapy, fractures of the facial skeleton in childhood occupy a special position due to the anatomico-morphologic pecularities of the infantile skull. To verify this statement, the author analysed the medical records of 58 patients with fractures of the facial skeleton, having an age range from 1 to 14 years. The fracture incidence was 9.3% as related to the total number of fractures of the facial skeleton. Traffic accidents (41%) were the main cause of these injuries. Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations of 37 patients (after an average period of 5 years) revealed: jaw or tooth anomalies in 56.7%, anomalous radiographic findings concerning the condyloid process in 14.7%, and anomalous radiographic findings concerning the teeth in the former fracture line in 27%. Conclusions are drawn from these results as to therapeutical management.", "contents": "[Maxillofacial fractures in children]. With regard to aetiology, location and therapy, fractures of the facial skeleton in childhood occupy a special position due to the anatomico-morphologic pecularities of the infantile skull. To verify this statement, the author analysed the medical records of 58 patients with fractures of the facial skeleton, having an age range from 1 to 14 years. The fracture incidence was 9.3% as related to the total number of fractures of the facial skeleton. Traffic accidents (41%) were the main cause of these injuries. Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations of 37 patients (after an average period of 5 years) revealed: jaw or tooth anomalies in 56.7%, anomalous radiographic findings concerning the condyloid process in 14.7%, and anomalous radiographic findings concerning the teeth in the former fracture line in 27%. Conclusions are drawn from these results as to therapeutical management."}
{"id": "PMID:266796", "title": "[Periodontal care in the GDR].", "content": "The extent of the treatment of periodontal diseases in dental practice does not yet correspond to the rate of morbidity. To realize early detection and early treatment, the authors give suggestions for the motivation of the dentists, for a conception of the educational objectives, for the orientation of the qualification of dentists for a specialty and for the organization of health protection.", "contents": "[Periodontal care in the GDR]. The extent of the treatment of periodontal diseases in dental practice does not yet correspond to the rate of morbidity. To realize early detection and early treatment, the authors give suggestions for the motivation of the dentists, for a conception of the educational objectives, for the orientation of the qualification of dentists for a specialty and for the organization of health protection."}
{"id": "PMID:266797", "title": "[Proposal for uniform equipment for dental radiodiagnostic offices].", "content": "Corresponding to the different objectives, the Working Group on Radiology of the Stomatological Society has designed 6 standardized work places for routine radiodiagnosis in stomatology. Apart from  the objectives, the problems related to the division of rooms, equipment, radioprotection and film processing are dealt with separately and specifically. The work places for routine stomatological radiodiagnosis are intended for achieving an improvement in a sector of stomatological care.", "contents": "[Proposal for uniform equipment for dental radiodiagnostic offices]. Corresponding to the different objectives, the Working Group on Radiology of the Stomatological Society has designed 6 standardized work places for routine radiodiagnosis in stomatology. Apart from  the objectives, the problems related to the division of rooms, equipment, radioprotection and film processing are dealt with separately and specifically. The work places for routine stomatological radiodiagnosis are intended for achieving an improvement in a sector of stomatological care."}
{"id": "PMID:266823", "title": "[Early carcinoma of the stomach from the endoscopic point of view].", "content": "3060 gastroscopies were performed during the period from 1971 until April 1976 and the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, was made in 131 cases. From this series, 25 carcinomas fulfilled the criteria of an \"early gastric cancer\" after examination of the resection specimen. The percentage of early gastric cancer is 0.82% of all gastroscopies and 19% of all gastric carcinomas detected by endoscopy, in our  patient series. It is confirmed by this data, that the prognostically favorable early gastric cancer does not occur so rarely in our area, when adequate diagnostic possibilities are available. In this context, greatest importance is attributed to gastroscopy, combined with biopsy.", "contents": "[Early carcinoma of the stomach from the endoscopic point of view]. 3060 gastroscopies were performed during the period from 1971 until April 1976 and the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, was made in 131 cases. From this series, 25 carcinomas fulfilled the criteria of an \"early gastric cancer\" after examination of the resection specimen. The percentage of early gastric cancer is 0.82% of all gastroscopies and 19% of all gastric carcinomas detected by endoscopy, in our  patient series. It is confirmed by this data, that the prognostically favorable early gastric cancer does not occur so rarely in our area, when adequate diagnostic possibilities are available. In this context, greatest importance is attributed to gastroscopy, combined with biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:266824", "title": "Influence of local insults on sympathetic vasoconstrictor control in feline dental pulp.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether local insults can affect the sympathetic vasoconstrictor regulation of pulpal blood flow. The rate of disapperance (k-value) of iodide from dentinal cavities was measured in anaesthetized cats. Changes in k-value reflected changes in blood flow. It has previously been shown that stimulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibres generally causes a clearcut decrease in the k-value. Deep cavity preparation was found to inhibit the vasoconstrictor response in a few cases in experiments on mature cats. Heating or cooling the tooth during cavity preparation induced a more frequent inhibition, which proved to be reversible within a few hours. Compound 48/80 applied locally to the cavity was also found to induce inhibition of the vasoconstrictor effect, but in this case no sign of reversibility was observed. Chronic insults were produced by exposing the cavity to oral microorganisms during 1-4 weeks before the experimental procedure. In this case, the sympathetic vasoconstrictor response was not inhibited. A histological study was performed to examine the pulp tissue after cavity preparation and the application of insults. It was found that cavity preparation and acute insults caused little or no disturbance, while chronic insults resulted in severe damage to the pulpal tissue.", "contents": "Influence of local insults on sympathetic vasoconstrictor control in feline dental pulp. The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether local insults can affect the sympathetic vasoconstrictor regulation of pulpal blood flow. The rate of disapperance (k-value) of iodide from dentinal cavities was measured in anaesthetized cats. Changes in k-value reflected changes in blood flow. It has previously been shown that stimulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibres generally causes a clearcut decrease in the k-value. Deep cavity preparation was found to inhibit the vasoconstrictor response in a few cases in experiments on mature cats. Heating or cooling the tooth during cavity preparation induced a more frequent inhibition, which proved to be reversible within a few hours. Compound 48/80 applied locally to the cavity was also found to induce inhibition of the vasoconstrictor effect, but in this case no sign of reversibility was observed. Chronic insults were produced by exposing the cavity to oral microorganisms during 1-4 weeks before the experimental procedure. In this case, the sympathetic vasoconstrictor response was not inhibited. A histological study was performed to examine the pulp tissue after cavity preparation and the application of insults. It was found that cavity preparation and acute insults caused little or no disturbance, while chronic insults resulted in severe damage to the pulpal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:266825", "title": "Recording of mandibular movements by intraorally placed light emitting diodes.", "content": "In order to evaluate an opto-electronic system for recording mandibular movement a simulator and clinical pilot study was performed. The method was based on light emitting diodes (LED) and a photodetector system. One LED was placed intraorally and one on the forehead, the latter acting as reference. When the light spot is focused on the detector surface a photo-current will occur. This current can be used to obtain two signals linearly related to the x and y coordinates of the LED. By using two detectors the three-dimensional coordinates of a movement can be calculated, consequently also the z-coordinate. In the simulator experiment the method was shown to have a satisfactory precision and good reproducibility. The results from the clinical test indicated that it is possible to measure and record mandibular movement with a minimum of external influence to the test person.", "contents": "Recording of mandibular movements by intraorally placed light emitting diodes. In order to evaluate an opto-electronic system for recording mandibular movement a simulator and clinical pilot study was performed. The method was based on light emitting diodes (LED) and a photodetector system. One LED was placed intraorally and one on the forehead, the latter acting as reference. When the light spot is focused on the detector surface a photo-current will occur. This current can be used to obtain two signals linearly related to the x and y coordinates of the LED. By using two detectors the three-dimensional coordinates of a movement can be calculated, consequently also the z-coordinate. In the simulator experiment the method was shown to have a satisfactory precision and good reproducibility. The results from the clinical test indicated that it is possible to measure and record mandibular movement with a minimum of external influence to the test person."}
{"id": "PMID:266826", "title": "Effects of adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) on blood flow and sensory nerve activity in the tooth.", "content": "The present investigations in cats were designed to study the effects of local anaesthetics containing adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) on dental pulp function. Intradental sensory nerve excitability was measured using electrodes placed in dentinal cavities in canine teeth. Changes in pulp blood flow were measured using the disappearance rate of a radioactive tracer placed in the same cavities. Injections (0.5 ml) of lidocaine (20 mg/ml) - adrenaline (12.5 microng/ml) or prilocaine (30 mg/ml) - octapressin (0.54 microng/ml) were given supraperiosteally in the apical area of the tooth. Adrenaline either alone or with lidocaine caused almost complete inhibition of pulp blood flow within a few minutes. This effect was followed by a total inhibition of the sensory nerve activity. In most cases there was a recovery of both functions after 3 hours. Octapressin, on the other hand, had no inhibitory effects on pulp blood flow or sensory nerve activity. Lidocaine and prilocaine were also without effect. These findings indicate a different mode of action of the two vasoconstrictors and suggest that octapressin may be preferred in infiltration anaesthesia during treatment of the vital tooth.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) on blood flow and sensory nerve activity in the tooth. The present investigations in cats were designed to study the effects of local anaesthetics containing adrenaline and felypressin (octapressin) on dental pulp function. Intradental sensory nerve excitability was measured using electrodes placed in dentinal cavities in canine teeth. Changes in pulp blood flow were measured using the disappearance rate of a radioactive tracer placed in the same cavities. Injections (0.5 ml) of lidocaine (20 mg/ml) - adrenaline (12.5 microng/ml) or prilocaine (30 mg/ml) - octapressin (0.54 microng/ml) were given supraperiosteally in the apical area of the tooth. Adrenaline either alone or with lidocaine caused almost complete inhibition of pulp blood flow within a few minutes. This effect was followed by a total inhibition of the sensory nerve activity. In most cases there was a recovery of both functions after 3 hours. Octapressin, on the other hand, had no inhibitory effects on pulp blood flow or sensory nerve activity. Lidocaine and prilocaine were also without effect. These findings indicate a different mode of action of the two vasoconstrictors and suggest that octapressin may be preferred in infiltration anaesthesia during treatment of the vital tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:266827", "title": "Thickness of the soft tissue layers and the articular disk in the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Out of 115 right temporomandibular joints from Swedish subjects aged 1 day to 93 years, 48 joints without any gross sign of arthrosis or deviation in form were examined histologically. The joint components were cut sagittaly, each into four parts. Histological sections were made of the condyle, the temporal component and of the articular disk. The total thickness of the soft tissue layers was measured in decalcified sections, cut from the medio-central and lateral parts of the condyle and the temporal component and from the medial, medio-central, latero-central and lateral regions of the disk. In the medio-central sections from the condyle and temporal component the thickness of the fibrous connective tissue layer i.e. the surface layer was also registered. The soft tissue layers were thickest in the condyle superiorly, about 0.4-0.5 mm, in the temporal component on the postero-inferior slope of the articular tubercle, about 0.5 mm, and in the disk posteriorly about 2.9 mm. In the roof of the fossa it was only 0.1 mm. The soft tissue layers on the condyle as well as the disk were thinner laterally while the corresponding tissue in the temporal component was thicker laterally. The thickness of the soft tissue layers seem to reflect the growth and functional load to which the joint is exposed.", "contents": "Thickness of the soft tissue layers and the articular disk in the temporomandibular joint. Out of 115 right temporomandibular joints from Swedish subjects aged 1 day to 93 years, 48 joints without any gross sign of arthrosis or deviation in form were examined histologically. The joint components were cut sagittaly, each into four parts. Histological sections were made of the condyle, the temporal component and of the articular disk. The total thickness of the soft tissue layers was measured in decalcified sections, cut from the medio-central and lateral parts of the condyle and the temporal component and from the medial, medio-central, latero-central and lateral regions of the disk. In the medio-central sections from the condyle and temporal component the thickness of the fibrous connective tissue layer i.e. the surface layer was also registered. The soft tissue layers were thickest in the condyle superiorly, about 0.4-0.5 mm, in the temporal component on the postero-inferior slope of the articular tubercle, about 0.5 mm, and in the disk posteriorly about 2.9 mm. In the roof of the fossa it was only 0.1 mm. The soft tissue layers on the condyle as well as the disk were thinner laterally while the corresponding tissue in the temporal component was thicker laterally. The thickness of the soft tissue layers seem to reflect the growth and functional load to which the joint is exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:266828", "title": "Proprotionate linear measurements in radiographic cephalometric assessments. A methodological study.", "content": "Craniofacial structures were studied by radiographic cephalometry in 10 boys and 10 girls at 9-14 years and 13 years later. The linear distances were measured in mm as well as with indices with the sella-nasion distance as denominator. The index measurements proved to be dependent on age to a rather limited extent. This held true for index measurements referring to skeletal points as well as soft-tissue points.", "contents": "Proprotionate linear measurements in radiographic cephalometric assessments. A methodological study. Craniofacial structures were studied by radiographic cephalometry in 10 boys and 10 girls at 9-14 years and 13 years later. The linear distances were measured in mm as well as with indices with the sella-nasion distance as denominator. The index measurements proved to be dependent on age to a rather limited extent. This held true for index measurements referring to skeletal points as well as soft-tissue points."}
{"id": "PMID:266829", "title": "The maxillary rotation: Its relation to the cranial base and the mandibular corpus. An implant study.", "content": "A material of 22 patients with metallic implants was used in a longitudinal study, based on lateral head-plates, of the relationship between: 1) the maxillary rotation and the cranial base 2) the maxillary rotation and the different mandibular rotations. No connection has been found between the variation of the maxillary rotation and the growth of the cranial base. The correlation between the maxillary and the mandibular rotations is the highest when the rotation of the corpus is considered. A strong correlation is found between the variation of the condylar growth direction and the variation of the maxillary rotation.", "contents": "The maxillary rotation: Its relation to the cranial base and the mandibular corpus. An implant study. A material of 22 patients with metallic implants was used in a longitudinal study, based on lateral head-plates, of the relationship between: 1) the maxillary rotation and the cranial base 2) the maxillary rotation and the different mandibular rotations. No connection has been found between the variation of the maxillary rotation and the growth of the cranial base. The correlation between the maxillary and the mandibular rotations is the highest when the rotation of the corpus is considered. A strong correlation is found between the variation of the condylar growth direction and the variation of the maxillary rotation."}
{"id": "PMID:266830", "title": "The construction and use of diagnostic standards for radiographic caries incidence scores.", "content": "The aim was to construct and illustrate the use of diagnostic standards for recording of DFS incidence. Separate standards are presented for ranking of subjects; the mean \"intermediate\" DFS score per subject, which represented the majority decision of three dentists; and a certainty scale for individual tooth surfaces. The scores recorded for 40 sets of posterior bitewing radiographs of children between 13 and 15 years of age by two fourth year dental students and two dental hygienists were compared with the standards. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient reached the critical level of +0.70 in three of eight instances. Only one mean net DFS increment score differed significantly from the mean standard score (p less than 0.05). The level of agreement with the certainty scale for individual surfaces was low. Focusing attention on recording of DFS incidence gives a more severe test of examiners' diagnostic performance. The construction and use of control charts for monitoring the diagnostic level of examiners is suggested.", "contents": "The construction and use of diagnostic standards for radiographic caries incidence scores. The aim was to construct and illustrate the use of diagnostic standards for recording of DFS incidence. Separate standards are presented for ranking of subjects; the mean \"intermediate\" DFS score per subject, which represented the majority decision of three dentists; and a certainty scale for individual tooth surfaces. The scores recorded for 40 sets of posterior bitewing radiographs of children between 13 and 15 years of age by two fourth year dental students and two dental hygienists were compared with the standards. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient reached the critical level of +0.70 in three of eight instances. Only one mean net DFS increment score differed significantly from the mean standard score (p less than 0.05). The level of agreement with the certainty scale for individual surfaces was low. Focusing attention on recording of DFS incidence gives a more severe test of examiners' diagnostic performance. The construction and use of control charts for monitoring the diagnostic level of examiners is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:266834", "title": "The mechanism of lincomycin-induced diarrhoea.", "content": "Metabolic studies were performed before and seven days after treating rats orally with lincomycin. Following the treatment the mean faecal weight increased from 302.2 g/72 hr +/- 3.8 (S.D.) to 65.5 +/- 8.2. The faecal fat excretion was unchanged, and the weight increase was mainly due to increased water content. To find whether the watery diarrhoea was due to bile acid malabsorption, the absorption rate of [14C]-taurocholic acid was measured in untreated rats and rats treated with lincomycin using an in vivo perfusion technique. There was no significant difference in bile acid absorption rate measured at three different concentrations of bile acid in the perfusate. Alternative mechanisms of lincomycin-associated diarrhoea are discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of lincomycin-induced diarrhoea. Metabolic studies were performed before and seven days after treating rats orally with lincomycin. Following the treatment the mean faecal weight increased from 302.2 g/72 hr +/- 3.8 (S.D.) to 65.5 +/- 8.2. The faecal fat excretion was unchanged, and the weight increase was mainly due to increased water content. To find whether the watery diarrhoea was due to bile acid malabsorption, the absorption rate of [14C]-taurocholic acid was measured in untreated rats and rats treated with lincomycin using an in vivo perfusion technique. There was no significant difference in bile acid absorption rate measured at three different concentrations of bile acid in the perfusate. Alternative mechanisms of lincomycin-associated diarrhoea are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266835", "title": "Osteomalacia in the stagnant loop syndrome.", "content": "Osteomalacia in a 80-year old woman with malabsorption due to the stagnant loop syndrome is reported. The osteomalacia was associated with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and increased bile salt deconjugation. Although the mechanism of osteomalacia in the stagnant loop syndrome remains uncertain, it is suggested that abnormal flora reduce the absorption of vitamin D by deconjugation of bile salts in the lumen of the small intestine.", "contents": "Osteomalacia in the stagnant loop syndrome. Osteomalacia in a 80-year old woman with malabsorption due to the stagnant loop syndrome is reported. The osteomalacia was associated with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and increased bile salt deconjugation. Although the mechanism of osteomalacia in the stagnant loop syndrome remains uncertain, it is suggested that abnormal flora reduce the absorption of vitamin D by deconjugation of bile salts in the lumen of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:266836", "title": "Intensive treatment in severe acute attacks of ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The results of intensive treatment including steroids and early surgery in severe colitis in the period 1971-1975 were compared to the results from the period 1966-1970, when systematic intensive therapy was not given. The period of preoperative medical treatment was reduced on average from 31 to 17 days. Approximately half the patients went into remission in each period. In the period 1971-1975 (23 patients) there was no mortality during the acute attacks or in the subsequent follow-up period. In the period 1966-1970, the immediate mortality in 30 patients was 10% (3 patients). One patient died six years later at the age of 81 during a relapse of the colitis, and the overall mortality was 13.3%.", "contents": "Intensive treatment in severe acute attacks of ulcerative colitis. The results of intensive treatment including steroids and early surgery in severe colitis in the period 1971-1975 were compared to the results from the period 1966-1970, when systematic intensive therapy was not given. The period of preoperative medical treatment was reduced on average from 31 to 17 days. Approximately half the patients went into remission in each period. In the period 1971-1975 (23 patients) there was no mortality during the acute attacks or in the subsequent follow-up period. In the period 1966-1970, the immediate mortality in 30 patients was 10% (3 patients). One patient died six years later at the age of 81 during a relapse of the colitis, and the overall mortality was 13.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:266838", "title": "Malignant myelosclerosis. Myeloproliferative disorder or leukemia?", "content": "Four patients with the picture of \"malignant myelosclerosis\" are described and the relationship of this condition to acute granulocytic leukemia is discussed. It is suggested that there is a leukemic process from the beginning, that the fibrosis of the marrow is reactive rather than neoplastic, and that the disease should not be regarded as an accelerated form of chronic (primary) myelosclerosis. The presence of excessive reticulin in the marrow in acute leukemia, especially when the patient is first seen, indicates a bad prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy. A systemic fungal infection in one patient is described.", "contents": "Malignant myelosclerosis. Myeloproliferative disorder or leukemia? Four patients with the picture of \"malignant myelosclerosis\" are described and the relationship of this condition to acute granulocytic leukemia is discussed. It is suggested that there is a leukemic process from the beginning, that the fibrosis of the marrow is reactive rather than neoplastic, and that the disease should not be regarded as an accelerated form of chronic (primary) myelosclerosis. The presence of excessive reticulin in the marrow in acute leukemia, especially when the patient is first seen, indicates a bad prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy. A systemic fungal infection in one patient is described."}
{"id": "PMID:266839", "title": "Busulfan lung.", "content": "An uncommon, but lethal, toxic side effect of busulfan (Myleran) therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia is pulmonary fibrosis. A 16-month-old male infant treated for 11 months with busulfan for chronic myelogenous leukemia is, we believe, the first case of \"busulfan lung\" in the pediatric age group to be reported. Progressive roentgenographic changes in the lung of a diffuse intra-alveolar and interstitial pattern were noted. The patient died after a four-day episode of cough, fever, and progressive dyspnea. At autopsy, no evidence of infection or leukemic infiltrates were seen in the lungs. Characteristic histologic findings as a result of busulfan therapy were observed in the lung and pancreas.", "contents": "Busulfan lung. An uncommon, but lethal, toxic side effect of busulfan (Myleran) therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia is pulmonary fibrosis. A 16-month-old male infant treated for 11 months with busulfan for chronic myelogenous leukemia is, we believe, the first case of \"busulfan lung\" in the pediatric age group to be reported. Progressive roentgenographic changes in the lung of a diffuse intra-alveolar and interstitial pattern were noted. The patient died after a four-day episode of cough, fever, and progressive dyspnea. At autopsy, no evidence of infection or leukemic infiltrates were seen in the lungs. Characteristic histologic findings as a result of busulfan therapy were observed in the lung and pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:266842", "title": "Sutural development: structure and its response to rapid expansion.", "content": "This fine structural study of the suture, its development, structure, and response to rapid expansion has shown that the sutural complex is best described in terms of the functional activity of two cell populations, namely, the osteocytic and fibrocytic series, which have the ability to remodel the tissues which they form. It is suggested that the previous detailed descriptions of differences in fiber orientation and vascular distribution reflect functional activity of a suture at any given time rather than immutable anatomic characteristics. Development of the suture and its rapid expansion showed many similarities in that growth during development and orthopedic expansion both separate the joint. If the initial inflammatory aspect of rapid expansion is ignored, the response of the suture is one of osteogenesis and fibrillogenesis, followed finally by remodeling. It is also suggested that sutural expansion involves injury followed by a proliferative repair phenomenon which, in other tissues, usually leads to the formation of scar tissue. However, the ability of sutural connective tissue fibroblasts to remodel ultimately leads to regeneration of the suture. Finally, programmed cell death has been shown to be an important feature in the development of the suture.", "contents": "Sutural development: structure and its response to rapid expansion. This fine structural study of the suture, its development, structure, and response to rapid expansion has shown that the sutural complex is best described in terms of the functional activity of two cell populations, namely, the osteocytic and fibrocytic series, which have the ability to remodel the tissues which they form. It is suggested that the previous detailed descriptions of differences in fiber orientation and vascular distribution reflect functional activity of a suture at any given time rather than immutable anatomic characteristics. Development of the suture and its rapid expansion showed many similarities in that growth during development and orthopedic expansion both separate the joint. If the initial inflammatory aspect of rapid expansion is ignored, the response of the suture is one of osteogenesis and fibrillogenesis, followed finally by remodeling. It is also suggested that sutural expansion involves injury followed by a proliferative repair phenomenon which, in other tissues, usually leads to the formation of scar tissue. However, the ability of sutural connective tissue fibroblasts to remodel ultimately leads to regeneration of the suture. Finally, programmed cell death has been shown to be an important feature in the development of the suture."}
{"id": "PMID:266840", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia presenting with diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Diabetes insipidus as the presenting manifestation of acute myeloblastic leukemia in a nine-year-old female is reported. In patients with recent onset of diabetes insipidus an underlying leukemic process should be excluded as an etiologic factor.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia presenting with diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus as the presenting manifestation of acute myeloblastic leukemia in a nine-year-old female is reported. In patients with recent onset of diabetes insipidus an underlying leukemic process should be excluded as an etiologic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:266841", "title": "Acute leukemia after azathioprine treatment of connective tissue disease.", "content": "A 23-year-old man is reported who had a connective tissue disorder with features of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Because of the development of severe myocarditis and acute cerebral dysfunction treatment with azathioprine and prednisone was instituted, with dramatic clinical improvement. Ten months later, when a total of some 52 g of azathioprine had been administered, acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed. Although acute myelogenous leukemia has been noted in several individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs for treatment of lymphoreticular neoplasms, this complication has heretofore been rare in patients given azathioprine for non-neoplastic disease. The present case is documented because of the increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs in treatment of various rheumatic disorders and the need to establish the relationship, if any, between the use of such agents and malignancy.", "contents": "Acute leukemia after azathioprine treatment of connective tissue disease. A 23-year-old man is reported who had a connective tissue disorder with features of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Because of the development of severe myocarditis and acute cerebral dysfunction treatment with azathioprine and prednisone was instituted, with dramatic clinical improvement. Ten months later, when a total of some 52 g of azathioprine had been administered, acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed. Although acute myelogenous leukemia has been noted in several individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs for treatment of lymphoreticular neoplasms, this complication has heretofore been rare in patients given azathioprine for non-neoplastic disease. The present case is documented because of the increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs in treatment of various rheumatic disorders and the need to establish the relationship, if any, between the use of such agents and malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:266846", "title": "Radiation-induced erythroleukemia in the beagle dog. A hematologic summary of five cases.", "content": "Eleven cases of myeloproliferative disease occurred in a group of 24 beagle dogs placed in a 60Co gamma-ray field at about 13 months of age and irradiated at an exposure rate of 5 R/22-hour day for duratior of life. Of these 11 dogs, 5 (described in this paper) were diagnosed as having erythroleukemia. The bone marrow showed marked erythroblastic hyperplasia, with maturation arrest of the erythroid elements, and increased numbers of myeloblasts and promyelocytes. The terminal peripheral blood was characterized by marked anemia and thrombocytopenia, with circulating erythrocytic precursors and abnormal erythrocyte morphology. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly occurred in 4 of the 5 animals. In the spleens and livers of all 5, there was extensive leukemic infiltration and proliferation. The extent of leukemic involvement in other tissues and organs varied in individual dogs.", "contents": "Radiation-induced erythroleukemia in the beagle dog. A hematologic summary of five cases. Eleven cases of myeloproliferative disease occurred in a group of 24 beagle dogs placed in a 60Co gamma-ray field at about 13 months of age and irradiated at an exposure rate of 5 R/22-hour day for duratior of life. Of these 11 dogs, 5 (described in this paper) were diagnosed as having erythroleukemia. The bone marrow showed marked erythroblastic hyperplasia, with maturation arrest of the erythroid elements, and increased numbers of myeloblasts and promyelocytes. The terminal peripheral blood was characterized by marked anemia and thrombocytopenia, with circulating erythrocytic precursors and abnormal erythrocyte morphology. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly occurred in 4 of the 5 animals. In the spleens and livers of all 5, there was extensive leukemic infiltration and proliferation. The extent of leukemic involvement in other tissues and organs varied in individual dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:266849", "title": "Injection of steroids in painful breasts.", "content": "Fibrositis of the breast results in unilateral localized pain and tenderness in one breast. In most cases it can be specifically and permanently relieved by injection of steroids.", "contents": "Injection of steroids in painful breasts. Fibrositis of the breast results in unilateral localized pain and tenderness in one breast. In most cases it can be specifically and permanently relieved by injection of steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:266878", "title": "An ameloblastic fibro-odontome.", "content": "A case of ameloblastic fibro-odontome is reported. The clinical and histopathological features are discussed in detail and the surgical mangement of such lesions is shown to depend on these features. A plea is made for all lesions of this type to be reported.", "contents": "An ameloblastic fibro-odontome. A case of ameloblastic fibro-odontome is reported. The clinical and histopathological features are discussed in detail and the surgical mangement of such lesions is shown to depend on these features. A plea is made for all lesions of this type to be reported."}
{"id": "PMID:266879", "title": "Effects of hydrocortisone in the mineralization speed of the dentine.", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on the rate of mineralization of the dentine of rat incisors has been investigated and a comparative analysis of this effect on the upper and lower incisors as well as the various aspects of these incisors has been made.", "contents": "Effects of hydrocortisone in the mineralization speed of the dentine. The effect of hydrocortisone on the rate of mineralization of the dentine of rat incisors has been investigated and a comparative analysis of this effect on the upper and lower incisors as well as the various aspects of these incisors has been made."}
{"id": "PMID:266882", "title": "The Adelaide undergraduates dental curriculum: an appraisal by recent graduates and final-year students.", "content": "Eighty-eight recent graduates and thirty final-year students replied to a questionnaire on the effectiveness of the present Adelaide undergraduate curriculum in relation to general dental practice. A high proportion of the first-year graduates had some difficulties in various aspects of practice management. Some first-year graduates and students lacked confidence in managing interpersonal relationships. Students especially, but also some graduates, were not competent in several clinical skills. A number of graduates and students were unhappy with the present place and purposes of the pre-clinical science subjects.", "contents": "The Adelaide undergraduates dental curriculum: an appraisal by recent graduates and final-year students. Eighty-eight recent graduates and thirty final-year students replied to a questionnaire on the effectiveness of the present Adelaide undergraduate curriculum in relation to general dental practice. A high proportion of the first-year graduates had some difficulties in various aspects of practice management. Some first-year graduates and students lacked confidence in managing interpersonal relationships. Students especially, but also some graduates, were not competent in several clinical skills. A number of graduates and students were unhappy with the present place and purposes of the pre-clinical science subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:266885", "title": "Clinical pathology. A diagnostic aid to the dental practitioner.", "content": "Clinical pathology is concerned with specialized investigations and tests which are used to refine the process of diagnosis. Biopsy, cytology, blood examination, microbiological and biochemical tests are of particular relevance to dental practice and are a valuable aid to the diagnosis of oral disease. The dental clinician should be familiar with the principles of these investigations and fully understand the significance of the data which they yield.", "contents": "Clinical pathology. A diagnostic aid to the dental practitioner. Clinical pathology is concerned with specialized investigations and tests which are used to refine the process of diagnosis. Biopsy, cytology, blood examination, microbiological and biochemical tests are of particular relevance to dental practice and are a valuable aid to the diagnosis of oral disease. The dental clinician should be familiar with the principles of these investigations and fully understand the significance of the data which they yield."}
{"id": "PMID:266886", "title": "The effect of a pilot dental health education programme on high school students.", "content": "A dental health education programme for fourth and fifth year high school students reduced the levels of debris and periodontal disease significantly. Although the use of recommended toothbrushes and fluoride paste was increased the demand for professional care was greater in the control group.", "contents": "The effect of a pilot dental health education programme on high school students. A dental health education programme for fourth and fifth year high school students reduced the levels of debris and periodontal disease significantly. Although the use of recommended toothbrushes and fluoride paste was increased the demand for professional care was greater in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:266888", "title": "The Nail Patella syndrome--a report of a family.", "content": "This report describes two cases of the Nail Patella Syndrome with renal involvement. Pathological studies include immunochemistry, light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The possibility of secondary immune damage to altered glomerular basement membrane is suggested as a cause of the progressive renal disease which occurs in some of these cases.", "contents": "The Nail Patella syndrome--a report of a family. This report describes two cases of the Nail Patella Syndrome with renal involvement. Pathological studies include immunochemistry, light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The possibility of secondary immune damage to altered glomerular basement membrane is suggested as a cause of the progressive renal disease which occurs in some of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:266887", "title": "Imaging of acute myocardial infarction using technetium 99m labelled phosphate compounds.", "content": "Technetium 99m pyrophosphate or polyphosphate administered intravenously soon after acute myocardial infarction produces positive images of the area and extent of myocardial necrosis. Forty-four patients have been studied of whom 39 had myocardial infarction. There was good correlation of the site and extent of infarction as indicated by the scintigram with electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme criteria.", "contents": "Imaging of acute myocardial infarction using technetium 99m labelled phosphate compounds. Technetium 99m pyrophosphate or polyphosphate administered intravenously soon after acute myocardial infarction produces positive images of the area and extent of myocardial necrosis. Forty-four patients have been studied of whom 39 had myocardial infarction. There was good correlation of the site and extent of infarction as indicated by the scintigram with electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:266889", "title": "The complement system in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "The complement system was investigated in 34 patients with infectious mononucleosis. Three had specific complications: one haemolytic anaemia, one severe arthralgia/myalgia and one proliferative glomerulonephritis. Complement changes consistent with classical pathway consumption were seen in ten of the uncomplicated group and the patients with haemolytic anaemia and arthralgia/myalgia. The patient with glomerulonephritis showed evidence of alternative pathway utilisation including C3 splitting activity and the deposition of properdin on renal biopsy. The complement findings suggest that circulating immune complexes are common in such patients and are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of the complications. It is proposed that both complement pathways may be required for the effective clearance of viral material from the circulation.", "contents": "The complement system in infectious mononucleosis. The complement system was investigated in 34 patients with infectious mononucleosis. Three had specific complications: one haemolytic anaemia, one severe arthralgia/myalgia and one proliferative glomerulonephritis. Complement changes consistent with classical pathway consumption were seen in ten of the uncomplicated group and the patients with haemolytic anaemia and arthralgia/myalgia. The patient with glomerulonephritis showed evidence of alternative pathway utilisation including C3 splitting activity and the deposition of properdin on renal biopsy. The complement findings suggest that circulating immune complexes are common in such patients and are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of the complications. It is proposed that both complement pathways may be required for the effective clearance of viral material from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:266890", "title": "Bacteraemia following oesophageal dilatation and oesophago-gastroscopy.", "content": "Significant, but asymptomatic, bacteraemia after oesophageal dilatation with Hurst's bougies for oesophageal stricture or spasm was detected in six of 11 patients. No bacteraemia was identified in ten volunteers without oesophageal pathology, who underwent passage of the same dilators. After oesophago-gastroscopy significant bacteraemia was identified in one of ten patients examined. The predominant bacterial isolates were streptococci (\"Streptococcus viridans\" and non-haemolytic Streptococcus sp.). All the strains were sensitive in vitro to penicillin, amplicillin and cephalosporins. Any of these antibiotics are considered suitable for prophylactic use prior to performing oesophageal dilatation and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in \"at risk\" patients. The risk of bacteraemia is much lower after endoscopy than oesophageal dilatation for stricture or oesophageal spasm. Mucosal trauma is concluded as the site of entry of pharyngeal commensals leading to bacteraemia; and the incidence of bacteraemia appears related to the degree of trauma to the oesophagus.", "contents": "Bacteraemia following oesophageal dilatation and oesophago-gastroscopy. Significant, but asymptomatic, bacteraemia after oesophageal dilatation with Hurst's bougies for oesophageal stricture or spasm was detected in six of 11 patients. No bacteraemia was identified in ten volunteers without oesophageal pathology, who underwent passage of the same dilators. After oesophago-gastroscopy significant bacteraemia was identified in one of ten patients examined. The predominant bacterial isolates were streptococci (\"Streptococcus viridans\" and non-haemolytic Streptococcus sp.). All the strains were sensitive in vitro to penicillin, amplicillin and cephalosporins. Any of these antibiotics are considered suitable for prophylactic use prior to performing oesophageal dilatation and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in \"at risk\" patients. The risk of bacteraemia is much lower after endoscopy than oesophageal dilatation for stricture or oesophageal spasm. Mucosal trauma is concluded as the site of entry of pharyngeal commensals leading to bacteraemia; and the incidence of bacteraemia appears related to the degree of trauma to the oesophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:266891", "title": "Clinical, biochemical and histological observations on the effect of porcine calcitonin in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The response to porcine calcitonin has been assessed in 38 patients with Paget's disease, observed during 44 treatment periods of from three to 42 months. In 36 of the treatment courses significant relief of pain was achieved but the contribution of placebo effect could not be determined. Serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline levels reached normal in a few patients, but the grouped data indicated a plateau effect above the range of normal. The acute hypocalcaemic response to calcitonin was lost only in those patients whose bone turnover was restored to normal. Quantitative histology on iliac crest bone biopsy samples showed no statisically significant lowering of osteoclast counts. No antibody-based clinical resistance occurred and the incidence of side effects was low. The results indicate that porcine calcitonin is a useful treatment of Paget's disease, and the experience of the study helps in arriving at patient selection and treatment schedules. Treatment is recommended for bone pain and for active disease in the relatively young, using intermittent therapy with course of at least six months duration. Resumption of therapy is based on clinical and biochemical indications.", "contents": "Clinical, biochemical and histological observations on the effect of porcine calcitonin in Paget's disease of bone. The response to porcine calcitonin has been assessed in 38 patients with Paget's disease, observed during 44 treatment periods of from three to 42 months. In 36 of the treatment courses significant relief of pain was achieved but the contribution of placebo effect could not be determined. Serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline levels reached normal in a few patients, but the grouped data indicated a plateau effect above the range of normal. The acute hypocalcaemic response to calcitonin was lost only in those patients whose bone turnover was restored to normal. Quantitative histology on iliac crest bone biopsy samples showed no statisically significant lowering of osteoclast counts. No antibody-based clinical resistance occurred and the incidence of side effects was low. The results indicate that porcine calcitonin is a useful treatment of Paget's disease, and the experience of the study helps in arriving at patient selection and treatment schedules. Treatment is recommended for bone pain and for active disease in the relatively young, using intermittent therapy with course of at least six months duration. Resumption of therapy is based on clinical and biochemical indications."}
{"id": "PMID:266892", "title": "Oxygen therapy for pneumatosis coli: a report of two cases and a review.", "content": "Two patients with incapacitating symptoms from pneumatosis coli were successfully treated with high concentration oxygen (55-70%) inhalation via a Hudson face mask for five days. Symptoms improved dramatically starting on the third treatment day. Continuous restriction in an oxygen tent is unnecessary. This is an effective, simple and safe therapy for pneumatosis coli.", "contents": "Oxygen therapy for pneumatosis coli: a report of two cases and a review. Two patients with incapacitating symptoms from pneumatosis coli were successfully treated with high concentration oxygen (55-70%) inhalation via a Hudson face mask for five days. Symptoms improved dramatically starting on the third treatment day. Continuous restriction in an oxygen tent is unnecessary. This is an effective, simple and safe therapy for pneumatosis coli."}
{"id": "PMID:266893", "title": "Fatal hepatic coma complicating oxymetholone therapy in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Two patients with multiple myeloma died in acute liver failure. Both had been treated with the anabolic steroid oxymetholone and both subsequently developed severe cholestatic hepatitis. In one the histological lesion progressed despite cessation of oxymetholone therapy. Myeloma infiltration of the liver and peliosis hepatis were not seen. As a fatal outcome from cholestatic hepatitis due to oxymetholone is rare it is possible that an unknown potentiating factor is present in multiple myeloma that can lead to a fatal outcome. If oxymetholone therapy is to be used in such patients then close clinical and laboratory assessment of liver function should be carried out in an attempt to prevent this unusual and fatal complication.", "contents": "Fatal hepatic coma complicating oxymetholone therapy in multiple myeloma. Two patients with multiple myeloma died in acute liver failure. Both had been treated with the anabolic steroid oxymetholone and both subsequently developed severe cholestatic hepatitis. In one the histological lesion progressed despite cessation of oxymetholone therapy. Myeloma infiltration of the liver and peliosis hepatis were not seen. As a fatal outcome from cholestatic hepatitis due to oxymetholone is rare it is possible that an unknown potentiating factor is present in multiple myeloma that can lead to a fatal outcome. If oxymetholone therapy is to be used in such patients then close clinical and laboratory assessment of liver function should be carried out in an attempt to prevent this unusual and fatal complication."}
{"id": "PMID:266894", "title": "Endoscopic diagnosis of metastatic disease of the stomach and duodenum.", "content": "The commonest tumours which metastasise to the upper gastrointestinal tract are from malignant melanoma, carcinoma of the breast  and lung. Over a period of 12 months, three persons with known malignant disease were submitted to endoscopy by reason of upper gastrointestinal symptoms which could have been due to associated non-malignant disease. Two patients had known malignant melanoma and one a carcinoma of the breast. In each instance, endoscopy and biopsy demonstrated evidence of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Endoscopic diagnosis of metastatic disease of the stomach and duodenum. The commonest tumours which metastasise to the upper gastrointestinal tract are from malignant melanoma, carcinoma of the breast  and lung. Over a period of 12 months, three persons with known malignant disease were submitted to endoscopy by reason of upper gastrointestinal symptoms which could have been due to associated non-malignant disease. Two patients had known malignant melanoma and one a carcinoma of the breast. In each instance, endoscopy and biopsy demonstrated evidence of metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:266895", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata--urinary tract infections in diabetic patients in Singapore.", "content": "Urinary tract infections result mostly from ascending infection by micro-organisms introduced by way of the  urethra. Bacteria are the usual causative agents. Occasionally, yeasts notably Candida albicans, are involved. Females are more prone to acute infections than males because of shorter urethra and the higher risks of contamination in the females.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata--urinary tract infections in diabetic patients in Singapore. Urinary tract infections result mostly from ascending infection by micro-organisms introduced by way of the  urethra. Bacteria are the usual causative agents. Occasionally, yeasts notably Candida albicans, are involved. Females are more prone to acute infections than males because of shorter urethra and the higher risks of contamination in the females."}
{"id": "PMID:266896", "title": "Multiple myeloma with massive Bence Jones proteinuria and preservation of renal function.", "content": "The case history of a patient having multiple myeloma with a remarkably high level of Bence Jones proteinuria (more than 20 g/day) is presented. The patient has responded well to therapy, and at no stage has he shown impairment of renal function as determined by creatinine clearance studies. A review of published reports has shown that such marked Bence Jones proteinuria at presentation is rare and is usually accompanied by renal impairment and a short survival. Additional presentation data from selected patients in the MRC First Myelomatosis Trial is presented. This suggests a higher incidence of marked Bence Jones proteinuria, and underlines the lack of correlation between the quantity excreted and the degree of renal impairment. The mechanisms by which Bence Jones protein may cause renal damage are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma with massive Bence Jones proteinuria and preservation of renal function. The case history of a patient having multiple myeloma with a remarkably high level of Bence Jones proteinuria (more than 20 g/day) is presented. The patient has responded well to therapy, and at no stage has he shown impairment of renal function as determined by creatinine clearance studies. A review of published reports has shown that such marked Bence Jones proteinuria at presentation is rare and is usually accompanied by renal impairment and a short survival. Additional presentation data from selected patients in the MRC First Myelomatosis Trial is presented. This suggests a higher incidence of marked Bence Jones proteinuria, and underlines the lack of correlation between the quantity excreted and the degree of renal impairment. The mechanisms by which Bence Jones protein may cause renal damage are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266897", "title": "Potassium homeostasis.", "content": "Potassium balance is regulated by appropriate changes in potassium excretion in the distal portion  of the nephron. By contrast, potassium intake, absorption and proximal renal reabsorption do not show regulatory variation. Extracellular potassium concentration, which is a critical factor in membrane polarization, may at times vary in a direction opposite to total body content, because of altered distribution across cell membranes. Alterations in acid-base status frequently disturb homeostasis by altering potassium movement into cells, while insulin has an important regulatory effect on distribution. In general, the multiple renal and extra-renal mechanisms which prevent potassium overload are highly developed,  while conservation is relatively ineffective. Consequently, depletion occurs more easily than spontaneous potassium overload. Homeostasis can be disturbed by renal impairment, excessive tissue breakdown, disturbances of acid-base balance, abnormal routes of loss, mineralocorticoid abnormalities and aberrations of sodium balance.", "contents": "Potassium homeostasis. Potassium balance is regulated by appropriate changes in potassium excretion in the distal portion  of the nephron. By contrast, potassium intake, absorption and proximal renal reabsorption do not show regulatory variation. Extracellular potassium concentration, which is a critical factor in membrane polarization, may at times vary in a direction opposite to total body content, because of altered distribution across cell membranes. Alterations in acid-base status frequently disturb homeostasis by altering potassium movement into cells, while insulin has an important regulatory effect on distribution. In general, the multiple renal and extra-renal mechanisms which prevent potassium overload are highly developed,  while conservation is relatively ineffective. Consequently, depletion occurs more easily than spontaneous potassium overload. Homeostasis can be disturbed by renal impairment, excessive tissue breakdown, disturbances of acid-base balance, abnormal routes of loss, mineralocorticoid abnormalities and aberrations of sodium balance."}
{"id": "PMID:266898", "title": "Epidemiological bases for ambient air quality criteria.", "content": "Epidemiological information about the health consequences of ambient air pollution is adequate at present to set upper limits so that acute deterioration due to pollution can be prevented in patients with chronic lung disease. However, our knowledge is incomplete with respect to what is a safe chronic background level, particularly with regard to reducing and preventing the amount of chronic respiratory disease presently occurring. This review concentrates exclusively on sulphur dioxide and particulate pollution, although the principles used in setting standards for these two pollutants may be applied to photochemical pollutants such as ozone which may effect the lung. It is only when the dose-effect relationships between pollution and disease are more clearly understood that the benefit of reducing air pollution to improve health can be predicted.", "contents": "Epidemiological bases for ambient air quality criteria. Epidemiological information about the health consequences of ambient air pollution is adequate at present to set upper limits so that acute deterioration due to pollution can be prevented in patients with chronic lung disease. However, our knowledge is incomplete with respect to what is a safe chronic background level, particularly with regard to reducing and preventing the amount of chronic respiratory disease presently occurring. This review concentrates exclusively on sulphur dioxide and particulate pollution, although the principles used in setting standards for these two pollutants may be applied to photochemical pollutants such as ozone which may effect the lung. It is only when the dose-effect relationships between pollution and disease are more clearly understood that the benefit of reducing air pollution to improve health can be predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:266899", "title": "Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium kansasii.", "content": "Eighteen cases of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium kansasii have been described. Eleven were from Western Australia and seven from Queensland. The symptoms, X-rays and histology of the disease were indistinguishable from those due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the organisms were resistant to streptomycin, para-amino-salicylic (PAS) and isoniazid, but sensitive to ethionamide and cycloserine, and in most cases sensitive to rifampicin and ethambutol. All 18 cases were treated with some form of chemotherapy; three also had surgery.", "contents": "Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Eighteen cases of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium kansasii have been described. Eleven were from Western Australia and seven from Queensland. The symptoms, X-rays and histology of the disease were indistinguishable from those due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the organisms were resistant to streptomycin, para-amino-salicylic (PAS) and isoniazid, but sensitive to ethionamide and cycloserine, and in most cases sensitive to rifampicin and ethambutol. All 18 cases were treated with some form of chemotherapy; three also had surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:266900", "title": "The role of bradykinin in endotoxic shock of intestinal origin.", "content": "A relationship was looked for between blood levels of bradykinin and endotoxaemia produced by superior mesenteric artery occlusion in the rabbit. The levels of bradykinin were unrelated to and unaltered by the degree of endotoxaemia observed in the systemic and portal circulations. These findings suggest that bradykinin is not responsible for the release of endotoxin from the gut, or the circulatory collapse which follows.", "contents": "The role of bradykinin in endotoxic shock of intestinal origin. A relationship was looked for between blood levels of bradykinin and endotoxaemia produced by superior mesenteric artery occlusion in the rabbit. The levels of bradykinin were unrelated to and unaltered by the degree of endotoxaemia observed in the systemic and portal circulations. These findings suggest that bradykinin is not responsible for the release of endotoxin from the gut, or the circulatory collapse which follows."}
{"id": "PMID:266901", "title": "The optimum duration of systemic antibiotic administration in the treatment of experimental peritonitis.", "content": "The duration of antibiotic therapy for peritonitis is commonly decided on an empirical basis. There is obvious advantage in determining the shortest, yet most effective, period for such drug therapy. This study is a comparison of short-course and long-course antibiotic administration following periotonitis produced by experimental rupture of the rabbit appendix.", "contents": "The optimum duration of systemic antibiotic administration in the treatment of experimental peritonitis. The duration of antibiotic therapy for peritonitis is commonly decided on an empirical basis. There is obvious advantage in determining the shortest, yet most effective, period for such drug therapy. This study is a comparison of short-course and long-course antibiotic administration following periotonitis produced by experimental rupture of the rabbit appendix."}
{"id": "PMID:266902", "title": "Doppler ultrasound in vascular surgery.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound was first introduced into the study of arterial and venous disorders in 1966. The devices currently used in clinical practice are continous wave systems which, in their simplest form, are pocket-sized units. Instruments with the capability of distinguishing the direction of flow are also available. The signal may be processed for audio use, or an analogue recording can be made of the Doppler frequency shift. The described clinical information will, in large part, dictate the type of equipment used.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound in vascular surgery. Doppler ultrasound was first introduced into the study of arterial and venous disorders in 1966. The devices currently used in clinical practice are continous wave systems which, in their simplest form, are pocket-sized units. Instruments with the capability of distinguishing the direction of flow are also available. The signal may be processed for audio use, or an analogue recording can be made of the Doppler frequency shift. The described clinical information will, in large part, dictate the type of equipment used."}
{"id": "PMID:266903", "title": "An overview of cardiac surgery.", "content": "The scope of cardiac surgery has extended greatly in the last decade, advances being particularly in the areas of perfusion technology, ischaemic heart disease, and congenital defects in the infant. This paper sets out to summarize accepted current practice in the surgery of the heart and great vessels. Principles have been emphasized at the expense of detail, since the aim has been to present information which might be of interest to surgeons in general. Some aspects which have a special reievance to general surgical practice have been grouped separately for the sake of emphasis.", "contents": "An overview of cardiac surgery. The scope of cardiac surgery has extended greatly in the last decade, advances being particularly in the areas of perfusion technology, ischaemic heart disease, and congenital defects in the infant. This paper sets out to summarize accepted current practice in the surgery of the heart and great vessels. Principles have been emphasized at the expense of detail, since the aim has been to present information which might be of interest to surgeons in general. Some aspects which have a special reievance to general surgical practice have been grouped separately for the sake of emphasis."}
{"id": "PMID:266906", "title": "Methods and results of mechanical myocardial support.", "content": "In recent years the development of modern direct techniques for revascularization surgery has resulted in a multitude of critically ill patients undergoing open heart surgery. To deal with the increasing numbers of patients who both require urgent open heart surgery and present with many complicated patterns of disease, a spectrum of cardiac assist measures, ranging from simple pharmacological interventions to mechanical cardiac assist techniques, has been developed. Those temporary mechanical cardiac assist devices which employ the principle of couterpulsation and balloon pummping have met with the most consistent clinical success. We now report our experience and progress in this field since early 19729", "contents": "Methods and results of mechanical myocardial support. In recent years the development of modern direct techniques for revascularization surgery has resulted in a multitude of critically ill patients undergoing open heart surgery. To deal with the increasing numbers of patients who both require urgent open heart surgery and present with many complicated patterns of disease, a spectrum of cardiac assist measures, ranging from simple pharmacological interventions to mechanical cardiac assist techniques, has been developed. Those temporary mechanical cardiac assist devices which employ the principle of couterpulsation and balloon pummping have met with the most consistent clinical success. We now report our experience and progress in this field since early 19729"}
{"id": "PMID:266908", "title": "Arterial counterpulsation in the management of ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Arterial counterpulsation is a major advance in the treatment of myocardial ischaemia in association with myocardial infarction. Counterpulsation is based on sound physiological principles and can be expected to limit ischaemia and necrosis when applied within the first 12 to 24 hours of infarction. It has been used in massive infarction with cardiogenic shock, and in threatening infarction. Good results at both ends of a clinical spectrum suggest an important role throughout the spectrum. Studies in progress are attempting to define this role.", "contents": "Arterial counterpulsation in the management of ischaemic heart disease. Arterial counterpulsation is a major advance in the treatment of myocardial ischaemia in association with myocardial infarction. Counterpulsation is based on sound physiological principles and can be expected to limit ischaemia and necrosis when applied within the first 12 to 24 hours of infarction. It has been used in massive infarction with cardiogenic shock, and in threatening infarction. Good results at both ends of a clinical spectrum suggest an important role throughout the spectrum. Studies in progress are attempting to define this role."}
{"id": "PMID:266911", "title": "The results of surgical treatment of coarctation of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "A retrospective study of the results of surgical treatment in 124 cases of coarctation of the thoracic aorta is presented. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings alone in 90% of cases. Aortography and/or cardiac catheterization were performed if the diagnosis was in doubt or if other cardiac abnormalities were suspected. Surgical treatment involved either resection with end-to-end anastomosis (114) or some form of grafting procedure (10). The results of treatment have been analysed in terms of operative mortality, late mortality, relief of hypertension, and the incidence of re-stenosis.", "contents": "The results of surgical treatment of coarctation of the thoracic aorta. A retrospective study of the results of surgical treatment in 124 cases of coarctation of the thoracic aorta is presented. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings alone in 90% of cases. Aortography and/or cardiac catheterization were performed if the diagnosis was in doubt or if other cardiac abnormalities were suspected. Surgical treatment involved either resection with end-to-end anastomosis (114) or some form of grafting procedure (10). The results of treatment have been analysed in terms of operative mortality, late mortality, relief of hypertension, and the incidence of re-stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:266912", "title": "Reconstruction of vertebral artery stenosis.", "content": "Eight patients with transient attacks of cerebrovascular insufficiency were treated by reconstruction of an atheromatious stenosis at the origin of a vertebral artery. The technique was relatively simple and safe, and was effective in relieving symptoms. Previous reviews suggest that the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency tend to be persistent, frequent and distressing, and that they can be a prelude to brain stem infarction. The collateral circulation to the vertebrobasilar system may be restricted by anatomical variations and by disease, particularly affecting the circle of Willis.  Bilateral vertebral artery disease can cause appreciable ischaemia even without associated carotid artery disease. Carotid endarterectomy is not particularly effective in relieving vertebrobasilar symptoms. Vertebral artery reconstruction appears to be the appropriate treatment for vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "contents": "Reconstruction of vertebral artery stenosis. Eight patients with transient attacks of cerebrovascular insufficiency were treated by reconstruction of an atheromatious stenosis at the origin of a vertebral artery. The technique was relatively simple and safe, and was effective in relieving symptoms. Previous reviews suggest that the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency tend to be persistent, frequent and distressing, and that they can be a prelude to brain stem infarction. The collateral circulation to the vertebrobasilar system may be restricted by anatomical variations and by disease, particularly affecting the circle of Willis.  Bilateral vertebral artery disease can cause appreciable ischaemia even without associated carotid artery disease. Carotid endarterectomy is not particularly effective in relieving vertebrobasilar symptoms. Vertebral artery reconstruction appears to be the appropriate treatment for vertebrobasilar insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:266913", "title": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a review of 168 cases.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-eight ruptured aortic aneurysms presenting at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in an 11-year period have been reviewed. Surgical treatment still carries a high mortality and a very high postoperative morbidity. The survival rate in the Vascular Unit of this hospital has improved during the period studied and in the last five years has risen to 61%. The operative technique is described in detail, and the operative problems and complications are discussed. It is felt that prompt surgical treatment, and accurate assessment of blood loss with adequate replacement during surgery, combined with attention to early postoperative problems, particularly those of a respiratory nature, are the most important factors in survival.", "contents": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a review of 168 cases. One hundred and sixty-eight ruptured aortic aneurysms presenting at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in an 11-year period have been reviewed. Surgical treatment still carries a high mortality and a very high postoperative morbidity. The survival rate in the Vascular Unit of this hospital has improved during the period studied and in the last five years has risen to 61%. The operative technique is described in detail, and the operative problems and complications are discussed. It is felt that prompt surgical treatment, and accurate assessment of blood loss with adequate replacement during surgery, combined with attention to early postoperative problems, particularly those of a respiratory nature, are the most important factors in survival."}
{"id": "PMID:266914", "title": "Acute mesenteric ischaemia.", "content": "The experience of acute mesenteric ischaemia at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, has been reviewed over 17 years. The mortality remains appallingly high. This applies particularly to those patients who had thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery, amongst whom the mortality in this series was 97%. The mortality was slightly less in the group suffering from embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (66%), and in those suffering from thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein (60%). A mortality of 66% was also found in patients suffering from non-occlusive gut ischaemia. Delay in diagnosis accounted for this high mortality. Early diagnosis is all-important, and this depends on the performance of mesenteric angiography in any patient suspected of having mesenteric ischaemia. Appropriate surgery may then be carried out in the occlusive group and supportive treatment, including intraarterial papaverine infusion, given to those with non-occlusive ischaemia. There is a pressing need for simple non-invasive tests to segregate those patients suffering from acute mesenteric ischaemia from those whose acute abdomen is due to some other cause.", "contents": "Acute mesenteric ischaemia. The experience of acute mesenteric ischaemia at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, has been reviewed over 17 years. The mortality remains appallingly high. This applies particularly to those patients who had thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery, amongst whom the mortality in this series was 97%. The mortality was slightly less in the group suffering from embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (66%), and in those suffering from thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein (60%). A mortality of 66% was also found in patients suffering from non-occlusive gut ischaemia. Delay in diagnosis accounted for this high mortality. Early diagnosis is all-important, and this depends on the performance of mesenteric angiography in any patient suspected of having mesenteric ischaemia. Appropriate surgery may then be carried out in the occlusive group and supportive treatment, including intraarterial papaverine infusion, given to those with non-occlusive ischaemia. There is a pressing need for simple non-invasive tests to segregate those patients suffering from acute mesenteric ischaemia from those whose acute abdomen is due to some other cause."}
{"id": "PMID:266915", "title": "Claudication of the cauda equina.", "content": "The term \"claudication of the cauda equina\" is examined. It has arisen from semantic errors, and a belief in ischaemia for which there is no scientific evidence. Its use tends to hamper rather than assist the investigation of patients with obscure pain in the lower limb. A preferable alternative term, \"atypical sciatica\", is suggested.", "contents": "Claudication of the cauda equina. The term \"claudication of the cauda equina\" is examined. It has arisen from semantic errors, and a belief in ischaemia for which there is no scientific evidence. Its use tends to hamper rather than assist the investigation of patients with obscure pain in the lower limb. A preferable alternative term, \"atypical sciatica\", is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:266916", "title": "The incidence of unsuspected peripheral arterial disease amongst surgical patients in Hong Kong.", "content": "A survey of surgical in-patients in Hong Kong has shown that subclinical peripheral arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis and detected by palpation is not uncommon and is similar in incidence to that reported in European populations. However, only a small proportion of affected patients had any associated symptoms. Reduced or absent ankle and ulnar pulses occurred with the same frequency in our patients as in those in Europe. Cigarette smoking does not appear to be associated with symptomatic arterial disease in the local population in Hong Kong.", "contents": "The incidence of unsuspected peripheral arterial disease amongst surgical patients in Hong Kong. A survey of surgical in-patients in Hong Kong has shown that subclinical peripheral arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis and detected by palpation is not uncommon and is similar in incidence to that reported in European populations. However, only a small proportion of affected patients had any associated symptoms. Reduced or absent ankle and ulnar pulses occurred with the same frequency in our patients as in those in Europe. Cigarette smoking does not appear to be associated with symptomatic arterial disease in the local population in Hong Kong."}
{"id": "PMID:266917", "title": "Malignant melanoma: some aspects of pathology and prognosis.", "content": "This is a report on the periods of survival, and the factors that influence survival, in a series of 509 patients treated for malignant melanoma in the Peter MacCallum clinic, Melbourne. Not the least of these factors is education of the public and the medical profession in its early recognition, which has greatly improved the prognosis. In this context, it is also firmly believed that whenever possible, one clinician only should be responsible for the total surgical management of any suffering from this disease.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma: some aspects of pathology and prognosis. This is a report on the periods of survival, and the factors that influence survival, in a series of 509 patients treated for malignant melanoma in the Peter MacCallum clinic, Melbourne. Not the least of these factors is education of the public and the medical profession in its early recognition, which has greatly improved the prognosis. In this context, it is also firmly believed that whenever possible, one clinician only should be responsible for the total surgical management of any suffering from this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:266919", "title": "Perforated peptic ulcer: an analysis of 246 cases.", "content": "An analysis of 246 cases of perforated peptic ulcer, treated at the Royal Newcastle Hospital from 1964 to 1974, is presented. The incidence has fallen considerably over that period. The rising proportion of women has reached a plateau. A perforated peptic ulcer in an Australian women is still just as likely to be located in the stomach as in the duodenum. In men, however, 84% of perforations are pyloroduodenal. A perforated gastric ulcer is closely associated with the use of salicylate preparations. The mortality rate has remained steady at 15% over the last 30 years. It is significantly higher in women. There is a highly significant relationship between the mortality and (a) the duration of perforation; and (b) the size of the perforation, particularly if it is located in the stomach.", "contents": "Perforated peptic ulcer: an analysis of 246 cases. An analysis of 246 cases of perforated peptic ulcer, treated at the Royal Newcastle Hospital from 1964 to 1974, is presented. The incidence has fallen considerably over that period. The rising proportion of women has reached a plateau. A perforated peptic ulcer in an Australian women is still just as likely to be located in the stomach as in the duodenum. In men, however, 84% of perforations are pyloroduodenal. A perforated gastric ulcer is closely associated with the use of salicylate preparations. The mortality rate has remained steady at 15% over the last 30 years. It is significantly higher in women. There is a highly significant relationship between the mortality and (a) the duration of perforation; and (b) the size of the perforation, particularly if it is located in the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:266920", "title": "Strangulated para-ileostomy hernia.", "content": "Para-ileostomy hernia is an uncommon cause of bowel obstruction following ileostomy. Two cases are reported that demonstrate the difficulty in diagnosis and the high morbidity associated with this condition. Early recognition and repair of the uncomplicated and strangulated hernia are recommended.", "contents": "Strangulated para-ileostomy hernia. Para-ileostomy hernia is an uncommon cause of bowel obstruction following ileostomy. Two cases are reported that demonstrate the difficulty in diagnosis and the high morbidity associated with this condition. Early recognition and repair of the uncomplicated and strangulated hernia are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:266921", "title": "Acute pancreatitis associated with gallstones in a twelve-year-old girl.", "content": "Pancreatitis is a rare disease under the age of 15 years, and expecially so when associated with gallstones. A case is reported here of a young girl who had acute pancreatitis and was subsequently found to have gallstones. She made an uneventful recovery and remains symptom-free after cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis associated with gallstones in a twelve-year-old girl. Pancreatitis is a rare disease under the age of 15 years, and expecially so when associated with gallstones. A case is reported here of a young girl who had acute pancreatitis and was subsequently found to have gallstones. She made an uneventful recovery and remains symptom-free after cholecystectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:266922", "title": "Mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of thoracic disease.", "content": "One hundred and forty-one patients have undergone mediastinoscopy in the Hong Kong University Surgical Unit since March 1974. Among these there were 109 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. In approximately 50% of these patients the carcinoma had already spreed to involve the mediastinal lymph nodes at the time of examination. Mediastinoscopy may be the only source of positive histological proof of the diagnosis in bronchogenic carcinoma as well as in other types of intrathoracic disease such as tuberculosis. We believe that mediastinoscopy reduces the number of unnecessary exploratory thoracotomies.", "contents": "Mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of thoracic disease. One hundred and forty-one patients have undergone mediastinoscopy in the Hong Kong University Surgical Unit since March 1974. Among these there were 109 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. In approximately 50% of these patients the carcinoma had already spreed to involve the mediastinal lymph nodes at the time of examination. Mediastinoscopy may be the only source of positive histological proof of the diagnosis in bronchogenic carcinoma as well as in other types of intrathoracic disease such as tuberculosis. We believe that mediastinoscopy reduces the number of unnecessary exploratory thoracotomies."}
{"id": "PMID:266923", "title": "Low thoracic duct ligation for postoperative chylous effusions in infants and children.", "content": "Three patients aged from three months to six years underwent thoracic duct ligation at the level of the diaphragm for chylothorax which occurred following cardiac operations. Another three-month-old patient underwent thoracic duct ligation for massive postoperative chylopericardium. Indications for operation were a large recurrent chyle accumulation or prolonged chyle drainage. Operative ductograms to deliniate the cisterna chyli and to exclude the presence of multiple lymph channels were performed in three patients. Excellent postoperative results were obtained in all patients for periods of up to two years. Low thoracic dust ligation is a reliable means of control of postoperative chylothorax and lengthy persistence with conservative treatment is no longer necessary.", "contents": "Low thoracic duct ligation for postoperative chylous effusions in infants and children. Three patients aged from three months to six years underwent thoracic duct ligation at the level of the diaphragm for chylothorax which occurred following cardiac operations. Another three-month-old patient underwent thoracic duct ligation for massive postoperative chylopericardium. Indications for operation were a large recurrent chyle accumulation or prolonged chyle drainage. Operative ductograms to deliniate the cisterna chyli and to exclude the presence of multiple lymph channels were performed in three patients. Excellent postoperative results were obtained in all patients for periods of up to two years. Low thoracic dust ligation is a reliable means of control of postoperative chylothorax and lengthy persistence with conservative treatment is no longer necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:266928", "title": "Psychosocial factors and myocardial infarction.", "content": "Two questionnaires totalling 370 questions were used to compare 61 male patients who had survived a first myocardial infarction with a group controlled for age and social status who had not had an infarction. The questionnaires included the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, providing a measure of 15 personality variables, the Anxiety and Depression Sub-Scales of the MMPI, and the Cochrane and Robertson Life Events Inventory, as well as originally-designed questions based on known risk factors. Significant differences were found in several dimensions of personality as well as in the family histories of myocardial infarction and in certain life styles. The patient group showed a greater sense of independence, greater difficulty in relaxing, and a sence of personal inferiority. Suggestions are offered for the modification of life styles in susceptible individuals as a possible aid to prevention.", "contents": "Psychosocial factors and myocardial infarction. Two questionnaires totalling 370 questions were used to compare 61 male patients who had survived a first myocardial infarction with a group controlled for age and social status who had not had an infarction. The questionnaires included the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, providing a measure of 15 personality variables, the Anxiety and Depression Sub-Scales of the MMPI, and the Cochrane and Robertson Life Events Inventory, as well as originally-designed questions based on known risk factors. Significant differences were found in several dimensions of personality as well as in the family histories of myocardial infarction and in certain life styles. The patient group showed a greater sense of independence, greater difficulty in relaxing, and a sence of personal inferiority. Suggestions are offered for the modification of life styles in susceptible individuals as a possible aid to prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:266929", "title": "A case of male childhood transsexualism and its management.", "content": "The syndrome of male childhood transsexualism is described and the case history of a six year old boy is reported. Treatment strategies are explained in detail and the results of ongoing therapy over an 18 month period are presented.", "contents": "A case of male childhood transsexualism and its management. The syndrome of male childhood transsexualism is described and the case history of a six year old boy is reported. Treatment strategies are explained in detail and the results of ongoing therapy over an 18 month period are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:266948", "title": "Changes in granulopoiesis detected by in vitro colony formation in acute lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "Patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL) could be divided into two groups at diagnosis--those whose peripheral blood and/or bone marrow exhibited in vitro colony formation and those in whom it did not, but this finding did not appear to correlate with any clinical or haematological parameter, or with prognosis. The colonly-forming potential of patients with ALL in their first full remission, early relapse or second remission did not deviate significantly from previously established normal values, but the colony-forming potential of patients in early remission was very significantly reduced. No loss of colony-forming potential of normal marrow cells was noted when they were cultured with cells from patients with ALL.", "contents": "Changes in granulopoiesis detected by in vitro colony formation in acute lymphatic leukaemia. Patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL) could be divided into two groups at diagnosis--those whose peripheral blood and/or bone marrow exhibited in vitro colony formation and those in whom it did not, but this finding did not appear to correlate with any clinical or haematological parameter, or with prognosis. The colonly-forming potential of patients with ALL in their first full remission, early relapse or second remission did not deviate significantly from previously established normal values, but the colony-forming potential of patients in early remission was very significantly reduced. No loss of colony-forming potential of normal marrow cells was noted when they were cultured with cells from patients with ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:266949", "title": "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukaemia. III. Independence of lymphopenia induced by irradiation and by chemotherapy.", "content": "Lymphopenia induced by treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is analysed and discussed in relation to the type and incidence of infection occurring in those patients during complete remission. Blood lymphocytes can be placed into three largely independent groups: (1) those lymphocytes susceptible to long-term depletion following irradiation; (2) those lost from the blood during and for a short period after maintenance chemotherapy with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine; and (3) the remainder which are not depleted by irradiation or maintenance chemotherapy. The number of cells in each compartment varies from child to child and probably with age but on average is about 1.2 x 10(9)/1. for group 1, 0.7 x 10(9)/1. for group 2 and 0.4 x 10(9)/1. for group 3. Conventional lymphocyte typing crosses these barriers in that: Group 1 consists mainly of E-rosetting cells and cells which show a mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin; Group 2 also contains E-rosetting cells but contains a major proportion of blood lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin and essentially all antibody dependent cytotoxic lymphocyte (K-cell) activity; Group 3 comprises E-rosetting cells and a few immunoglobulin-staining cells.", "contents": "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukaemia. III. Independence of lymphopenia induced by irradiation and by chemotherapy. Lymphopenia induced by treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is analysed and discussed in relation to the type and incidence of infection occurring in those patients during complete remission. Blood lymphocytes can be placed into three largely independent groups: (1) those lymphocytes susceptible to long-term depletion following irradiation; (2) those lost from the blood during and for a short period after maintenance chemotherapy with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine; and (3) the remainder which are not depleted by irradiation or maintenance chemotherapy. The number of cells in each compartment varies from child to child and probably with age but on average is about 1.2 x 10(9)/1. for group 1, 0.7 x 10(9)/1. for group 2 and 0.4 x 10(9)/1. for group 3. Conventional lymphocyte typing crosses these barriers in that: Group 1 consists mainly of E-rosetting cells and cells which show a mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin; Group 2 also contains E-rosetting cells but contains a major proportion of blood lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin and essentially all antibody dependent cytotoxic lymphocyte (K-cell) activity; Group 3 comprises E-rosetting cells and a few immunoglobulin-staining cells."}
{"id": "PMID:266950", "title": "Dose response and time course effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on disruption of rat shuttlebox avoidance.", "content": "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was given (ip) in different doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) in a randomized order to a group of ten rats (Fisher 344/Mai) who were trained to a high, stable base line of conditioned avoidance responding in the shuttlebox. DMT produced dose-dependent disruptive effects, as a sigmoid function, with 1.0 mg/kg the minimal dose causing disruption and progressively more disruption with increasing doses, reaching a plateau at the highest dose. The disruptive effects were time-related, with onset and peak 8 min after injection, gradual decline thereafter, and disappearance by about 25-30 min. Both the threshold dose and time course for the disruptive effects correspond closely to what has been previously reported for DMT's psychological effects in humans.", "contents": "Dose response and time course effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on disruption of rat shuttlebox avoidance. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was given (ip) in different doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) in a randomized order to a group of ten rats (Fisher 344/Mai) who were trained to a high, stable base line of conditioned avoidance responding in the shuttlebox. DMT produced dose-dependent disruptive effects, as a sigmoid function, with 1.0 mg/kg the minimal dose causing disruption and progressively more disruption with increasing doses, reaching a plateau at the highest dose. The disruptive effects were time-related, with onset and peak 8 min after injection, gradual decline thereafter, and disappearance by about 25-30 min. Both the threshold dose and time course for the disruptive effects correspond closely to what has been previously reported for DMT's psychological effects in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:266951", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia: cytogenetic conversion of the bone marrow with cycle-specific chemotherapy.", "content": "Sixteen patients with Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemic (CGL) were entered on a pulsing chemotherapy program consisting of cytosine arabinoside 100 mg/sq m/day X 5 and thioguanine 100 mq/sq m/day X 5 every 21 days in an attempt to convert the Ph1-positive marrow to a Ph1-negative state and thereby achieve a complete remission. Twelve patients had an adequate trail of drug treatment, and ten of these had adequate chromosome examinations. There were two \"conversions,\" one of which was maintained for 5+ mo, while the other was transient. The program was unacceptable, however, to most patients due to intolerable nausea and vomiting. Thus a prospective chemotherapeutic attempt to convert a Ph1-positive marrow without splenectomy has induced a conversion in two of ten patients. Other regimens which might induce less nausea and vomiting and a higher rate of conversions should be sought in future attempts to alter the invariably fatal outcome of CGL.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia: cytogenetic conversion of the bone marrow with cycle-specific chemotherapy. Sixteen patients with Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemic (CGL) were entered on a pulsing chemotherapy program consisting of cytosine arabinoside 100 mg/sq m/day X 5 and thioguanine 100 mq/sq m/day X 5 every 21 days in an attempt to convert the Ph1-positive marrow to a Ph1-negative state and thereby achieve a complete remission. Twelve patients had an adequate trail of drug treatment, and ten of these had adequate chromosome examinations. There were two \"conversions,\" one of which was maintained for 5+ mo, while the other was transient. The program was unacceptable, however, to most patients due to intolerable nausea and vomiting. Thus a prospective chemotherapeutic attempt to convert a Ph1-positive marrow without splenectomy has induced a conversion in two of ten patients. Other regimens which might induce less nausea and vomiting and a higher rate of conversions should be sought in future attempts to alter the invariably fatal outcome of CGL."}
{"id": "PMID:266953", "title": "A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia with Ph1 chromosome showing translocation 9q+;22q-.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of the bone marrow and peripheral blood with the quinacrine fluorescence banding technique in a patient with the clinical diagnosis of acute myeloblastic leukemia revealed the Philadelphia chromosome due to a translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9. He had been exposed to the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, and some hours after the exposure he wandered into the hypocenter.", "contents": "A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia with Ph1 chromosome showing translocation 9q+;22q-. Cytogenetic studies of the bone marrow and peripheral blood with the quinacrine fluorescence banding technique in a patient with the clinical diagnosis of acute myeloblastic leukemia revealed the Philadelphia chromosome due to a translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9. He had been exposed to the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, and some hours after the exposure he wandered into the hypocenter."}
{"id": "PMID:266954", "title": "Divergent patterns of marrow cell suspension culture growth in the myeloid leukemias: correlation of in vitro findings with clinical features.", "content": "Cellular recovery, maturation, and colony-forming cell (CFC) generation patterns of bone marrow cells from 23 patients with acute, subacute, and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML, SML, and CML) were studied using liquid and agar culture techniques. Increased recovery of proliferative myeloid cells from liquid culture was noted in 6 of 8 AML patients at diagnosis or relapse and 5 of 7 untreated SML patients. Patients with either AML or SML with rapid clinical progression exhibited greater recovery of cells in vitro with less maturation than patients with more stable disease. Studies from 3 patients with CML showed normal to increased cellular recovery with normal maturation. Three of 4 studies of AML patients followed sequentially in apparent remission, but with impending relapse, exhibited increased numbers of myeloblasts and promyelocytes, whereas 28 of 32 studies performed during stable remission were normal. The normally observed increase in CFC during liquid culture was absent in most leukemic marrow samples studied (3 of 4 AML, 4 of 6 SML, and 2 of 3 CML). Persistent low recovery of CFC during AML remission was associated in 3 patients with short remission duration. These studies indicated the potential utility of these techniques for the clinical evaluation of patients with myeloid leukemia and for studying factors involved in the progression of these diseases.", "contents": "Divergent patterns of marrow cell suspension culture growth in the myeloid leukemias: correlation of in vitro findings with clinical features. Cellular recovery, maturation, and colony-forming cell (CFC) generation patterns of bone marrow cells from 23 patients with acute, subacute, and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML, SML, and CML) were studied using liquid and agar culture techniques. Increased recovery of proliferative myeloid cells from liquid culture was noted in 6 of 8 AML patients at diagnosis or relapse and 5 of 7 untreated SML patients. Patients with either AML or SML with rapid clinical progression exhibited greater recovery of cells in vitro with less maturation than patients with more stable disease. Studies from 3 patients with CML showed normal to increased cellular recovery with normal maturation. Three of 4 studies of AML patients followed sequentially in apparent remission, but with impending relapse, exhibited increased numbers of myeloblasts and promyelocytes, whereas 28 of 32 studies performed during stable remission were normal. The normally observed increase in CFC during liquid culture was absent in most leukemic marrow samples studied (3 of 4 AML, 4 of 6 SML, and 2 of 3 CML). Persistent low recovery of CFC during AML remission was associated in 3 patients with short remission duration. These studies indicated the potential utility of these techniques for the clinical evaluation of patients with myeloid leukemia and for studying factors involved in the progression of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:266969", "title": "HLA linked resistance factors and survival in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The concept that HLA-linked immune response genes may influence survival of patients with malignant disease has been investigated by performing HLA typing on a series of 150 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Patients with A1 and B8 and/or A2 and B12 survival longer than patients without either of these pairs of antigens in association. However, after correction of the statistical probability for the number of A and B locus combinations theoretically possible, these differences are not statistically significant. Clarification of this must await independent analysis of other series and more direct approaches to the study of immune response genes in man.", "contents": "HLA linked resistance factors and survival in acute myelogenous leukemia. The concept that HLA-linked immune response genes may influence survival of patients with malignant disease has been investigated by performing HLA typing on a series of 150 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Patients with A1 and B8 and/or A2 and B12 survival longer than patients without either of these pairs of antigens in association. However, after correction of the statistical probability for the number of A and B locus combinations theoretically possible, these differences are not statistically significant. Clarification of this must await independent analysis of other series and more direct approaches to the study of immune response genes in man."}
{"id": "PMID:266970", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin skin tests in cancer patients.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulates blastic transformation of normal lymphocytes in vitro and when injected intradermally produces a skin response histologically similar to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. We investigated the skin test responses to PHA, mumps, candida, and varidase (SK-SD) and the PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in patients with malignant neoplasms. Increased incidence of anergy to recall antigens and unresponsiveness to PHA skin testing was observed in patients with lymphoreticular malignancies but not in those with solid tumors. There was a direct correlation between skin test reactivity to at least one recall antigen and/or PHA and survival in lymphoma patients. This was true of both short and long terms survival in Hodgkin's disease and of survival at least through 42 months in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA did not correlate with PHA skin test reactivity. We conclude that PHA skin testing is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with lymphoreticular malignancies.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin skin tests in cancer patients. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulates blastic transformation of normal lymphocytes in vitro and when injected intradermally produces a skin response histologically similar to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. We investigated the skin test responses to PHA, mumps, candida, and varidase (SK-SD) and the PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in patients with malignant neoplasms. Increased incidence of anergy to recall antigens and unresponsiveness to PHA skin testing was observed in patients with lymphoreticular malignancies but not in those with solid tumors. There was a direct correlation between skin test reactivity to at least one recall antigen and/or PHA and survival in lymphoma patients. This was true of both short and long terms survival in Hodgkin's disease and of survival at least through 42 months in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA did not correlate with PHA skin test reactivity. We conclude that PHA skin testing is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with lymphoreticular malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:266971", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following aggressive management of extensive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The adult respiratory distress syndrome occurred during aggressive therapy of extensive acute leukemia. The pathogenic mechanisms involved includes development of disseminated intravascular coagulation probably initiated by tissue factors from necrotic leukemic cells following chemotherapy. Awareness of the possibility of the complication is stressed.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following aggressive management of extensive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The adult respiratory distress syndrome occurred during aggressive therapy of extensive acute leukemia. The pathogenic mechanisms involved includes development of disseminated intravascular coagulation probably initiated by tissue factors from necrotic leukemic cells following chemotherapy. Awareness of the possibility of the complication is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:266972", "title": "Phase I study of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) with forced diuresis.", "content": "Twenty-six patients including 11 with metastatic melanoma received cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at a dose of either 1 mg/kg or 60 mg/m2 given with intensive diuresis over a 6-hour period. This dose was administered twice weekly for the first three to eight courses and then at q3wk intervals. Eighteen patients received the dose schedule of 1 mg/kg and six patients received 60 mg/m2. A complete response was seen in one of four testicular tumors lasting for 6 months; partial responses were seen in three of 11 metastatic melanomas for 1, 1, and 2 months respectively, one of two osteogenic sarcomas for 4 months, one of one multiple myeloma for 2 months, and one of four testicular tumors for 1 month. A transient drop in creatinine clearance to 50%-75% of the baseline level was observed in 21% of the patients. Cytotoxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) are probably enhanced by this dose schedule as indicated by the consistent, moderate hematologic toxicity. Renal toxicity is ameliorated.", "contents": "Phase I study of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) with forced diuresis. Twenty-six patients including 11 with metastatic melanoma received cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) at a dose of either 1 mg/kg or 60 mg/m2 given with intensive diuresis over a 6-hour period. This dose was administered twice weekly for the first three to eight courses and then at q3wk intervals. Eighteen patients received the dose schedule of 1 mg/kg and six patients received 60 mg/m2. A complete response was seen in one of four testicular tumors lasting for 6 months; partial responses were seen in three of 11 metastatic melanomas for 1, 1, and 2 months respectively, one of two osteogenic sarcomas for 4 months, one of one multiple myeloma for 2 months, and one of four testicular tumors for 1 month. A transient drop in creatinine clearance to 50%-75% of the baseline level was observed in 21% of the patients. Cytotoxic effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) are probably enhanced by this dose schedule as indicated by the consistent, moderate hematologic toxicity. Renal toxicity is ameliorated."}
{"id": "PMID:266986", "title": "[Megakaryocytic myelosis: clinical and morphological features (author's transl)].", "content": "In general, megakaryocytic myelosis is nowadays considered to be a separate disease entity, one of the myeloproliferative syndromes. Morphologically there are localised or diffuse proliferations of usually large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and immature atypical megakaryocytes up to megakaryoblasts in the bone marrow, in the sense of a haemoblastosis. In the course of the disease megakaryocytic splenomegaly develops. A sarcomatous form (megakaryoblastoma, megakaryo-sarcoma) is rare. Megakaryocytic myelosis may arise from chronic meyloid leukaemia or polycythaemia vera, rarely as a transitional stage to an acute myeloblastic leukaemia or megakaryoblastic leukemia in the sense of a blast crisis. The mature form of the disease, which has an age peak at 59 years and is not sex-linked, often takes a course over years with increasing splenomegaly, anaemia, moderate leucocytosis and usually marked thrombocytosis (average value of 720 X 10(9)/1). Life threatening complications are haemorrhages, thromboembolism and increased frequency of infections due to antibody deficiency in the advanced stage.", "contents": "[Megakaryocytic myelosis: clinical and morphological features (author's transl)]. In general, megakaryocytic myelosis is nowadays considered to be a separate disease entity, one of the myeloproliferative syndromes. Morphologically there are localised or diffuse proliferations of usually large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and immature atypical megakaryocytes up to megakaryoblasts in the bone marrow, in the sense of a haemoblastosis. In the course of the disease megakaryocytic splenomegaly develops. A sarcomatous form (megakaryoblastoma, megakaryo-sarcoma) is rare. Megakaryocytic myelosis may arise from chronic meyloid leukaemia or polycythaemia vera, rarely as a transitional stage to an acute myeloblastic leukaemia or megakaryoblastic leukemia in the sense of a blast crisis. The mature form of the disease, which has an age peak at 59 years and is not sex-linked, often takes a course over years with increasing splenomegaly, anaemia, moderate leucocytosis and usually marked thrombocytosis (average value of 720 X 10(9)/1). Life threatening complications are haemorrhages, thromboembolism and increased frequency of infections due to antibody deficiency in the advanced stage."}
{"id": "PMID:266988", "title": "[Splenectomy for chronic myeloid leukaemia in the early and late phases (author's transl)].", "content": "Splenectomy was perfomed in three patients with typical chronic myeloid leukaemia after a compensated stage had been reached with busulphan. Marked pancytopenia as a result of hypersplenism occurred in one patient 14 months after the end of the primary induction, and was successfully treated by splenectomy after radiotherapy of the spleen had failed. Splenectomy was performed without complication, and the histological appearance of the spleen showed myeloid infiltrates while there was none in the liver biopsy. After another 18 months the patient remained compensated, without busulphan administration. In the two other patients splenectomy was performed in the recompensated stage, one month and five years, respectively, after the primary induction had been concluded. In these two patients, too, there was myeloid infiltration of the  spleen. In both, mild leucocytosis with shift to the left as far as promyelocytes occurred six and two weeks, respectively, after splenectomy and busulphan was started again. Twelve and ten months, respectively, after splenectomy they are both in the compensated stage. The importance of splenectomy in the early phase lies in the possibility of delaying blast crisis and avoiding myelofibrosis, as well as in the prevention of complications in the later stages.", "contents": "[Splenectomy for chronic myeloid leukaemia in the early and late phases (author's transl)]. Splenectomy was perfomed in three patients with typical chronic myeloid leukaemia after a compensated stage had been reached with busulphan. Marked pancytopenia as a result of hypersplenism occurred in one patient 14 months after the end of the primary induction, and was successfully treated by splenectomy after radiotherapy of the spleen had failed. Splenectomy was performed without complication, and the histological appearance of the spleen showed myeloid infiltrates while there was none in the liver biopsy. After another 18 months the patient remained compensated, without busulphan administration. In the two other patients splenectomy was performed in the recompensated stage, one month and five years, respectively, after the primary induction had been concluded. In these two patients, too, there was myeloid infiltration of the  spleen. In both, mild leucocytosis with shift to the left as far as promyelocytes occurred six and two weeks, respectively, after splenectomy and busulphan was started again. Twelve and ten months, respectively, after splenectomy they are both in the compensated stage. The importance of splenectomy in the early phase lies in the possibility of delaying blast crisis and avoiding myelofibrosis, as well as in the prevention of complications in the later stages."}
{"id": "PMID:266989", "title": "[The position of the mandibular canal in the edentulous jaw].", "content": "The mandibular canal retains its position in the toothless lower jaw, irrespective of the degree of atrophy. The firm point of reference remains the distance from the mandibular border, the lingual and the buccal outer cortex. In the region of the first molar the distance from the mandibular border amounts on the average to 7.3 mm, 2.5 mm from the lingual aspect and 4.9 mm from the buccal. In the region of the lateral teeth the absolute height of the lower jaw is 0-31.6% lower than in the middle of the lower jaw (Average value 13.7%).", "contents": "[The position of the mandibular canal in the edentulous jaw]. The mandibular canal retains its position in the toothless lower jaw, irrespective of the degree of atrophy. The firm point of reference remains the distance from the mandibular border, the lingual and the buccal outer cortex. In the region of the first molar the distance from the mandibular border amounts on the average to 7.3 mm, 2.5 mm from the lingual aspect and 4.9 mm from the buccal. In the region of the lateral teeth the absolute height of the lower jaw is 0-31.6% lower than in the middle of the lower jaw (Average value 13.7%)."}
{"id": "PMID:266990", "title": "[Preparation of bone specimens with implants for histological study].", "content": "The exact investigation of the bone-implant border necessitates a combined study of foreign material and host tissue. All the stages of the procedure and their special problems are described and an artificial substance of low viscosity is introduced, which is suitable for implanting larger test probes.", "contents": "[Preparation of bone specimens with implants for histological study]. The exact investigation of the bone-implant border necessitates a combined study of foreign material and host tissue. All the stages of the procedure and their special problems are described and an artificial substance of low viscosity is introduced, which is suitable for implanting larger test probes."}
{"id": "PMID:266991", "title": "[Comparative animal experimental study on the importance of the surface structure for the stability of extension implantations].", "content": "An animal experimental study was undertaken where the embedding of extension implants with a smooth or porous surface was histologically examined. Under extreme functional stress there occurs a mobility of the implants with the formation of a broad connective tissue zone, inflammatory reactions and ingrowth of epithelium, which is independent of the surface structure. Implants under less stress show a narrower connective tissue layer which narrows itself further if the surface is porous. The possible causes of this tissue reaction are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative animal experimental study on the importance of the surface structure for the stability of extension implantations]. An animal experimental study was undertaken where the embedding of extension implants with a smooth or porous surface was histologically examined. Under extreme functional stress there occurs a mobility of the implants with the formation of a broad connective tissue zone, inflammatory reactions and ingrowth of epithelium, which is independent of the surface structure. Implants under less stress show a narrower connective tissue layer which narrows itself further if the surface is porous. The possible causes of this tissue reaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:266993", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the stabilization of enosseous, anchored metal implants by means of electric stimulation].", "content": "After removal of all teeth in grown up mini-pigs, extension implants were anchored into the dental area of the lower jaw and connected to a battery unit, one implant always forming the cathode and the other the anode. Clinical, radiological and histological results show completely different reactions of the implant site. In the region of the anode there occurs osteolysis which results in considerable looseness of the implant. The implants used as cathodes are clinically firm and when compared to implants not stimulated show increased bone regeneration.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the stabilization of enosseous, anchored metal implants by means of electric stimulation]. After removal of all teeth in grown up mini-pigs, extension implants were anchored into the dental area of the lower jaw and connected to a battery unit, one implant always forming the cathode and the other the anode. Clinical, radiological and histological results show completely different reactions of the implant site. In the region of the anode there occurs osteolysis which results in considerable looseness of the implant. The implants used as cathodes are clinically firm and when compared to implants not stimulated show increased bone regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:266994", "title": "[Studies on non-metal materials in oral surgery].", "content": "Two non-metallic implant materials are introduced and the indications for their use are described. A maxillo-facial indication exists in the reconstruction of the temporo-mandibular joint and the orbital floor. We find dental-surgical indications for the Aluminium-Oxide ceramics as well as for implants in the replacement of single tooth gaps and unilateral as well as bilateral shortened dental rows. The indication in the toothless jaw is the most unfavourable and should be restricted to replacement of both canine teeth.", "contents": "[Studies on non-metal materials in oral surgery]. Two non-metallic implant materials are introduced and the indications for their use are described. A maxillo-facial indication exists in the reconstruction of the temporo-mandibular joint and the orbital floor. We find dental-surgical indications for the Aluminium-Oxide ceramics as well as for implants in the replacement of single tooth gaps and unilateral as well as bilateral shortened dental rows. The indication in the toothless jaw is the most unfavourable and should be restricted to replacement of both canine teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:266995", "title": "[Pathological findings in enosseous and subperiosteal implantations].", "content": "Several clinical observations in cases where implantations carried out alio loco lead to severe complications, prompted us to report five of these cases and to clarify with reference to the relevant literature the causative factors which have led to the failures. We hope hereby to contribute to the knowledge possibility of error and the limitations of the indications for dental implants.", "contents": "[Pathological findings in enosseous and subperiosteal implantations]. Several clinical observations in cases where implantations carried out alio loco lead to severe complications, prompted us to report five of these cases and to clarify with reference to the relevant literature the causative factors which have led to the failures. We hope hereby to contribute to the knowledge possibility of error and the limitations of the indications for dental implants."}
{"id": "PMID:266996", "title": "[Indications and technic of transdental fixation].", "content": "Transdental fixation, as closed implant, offers the most favourable preconditions of all dental procedures of implantation. Teeth where the root-crown relation is altered to the detriment of root length, which is held firm in bone, can with its help be made functional. Loosening and premature loss of teeth can be prevented. Further discussed is the indication for this procedure, especially in tooth fractures and luxations as well as the operative steps. Up to now transdental fixation has proved itself although the number of cases and the follow-up time are insufficient to allow final judgment.", "contents": "[Indications and technic of transdental fixation]. Transdental fixation, as closed implant, offers the most favourable preconditions of all dental procedures of implantation. Teeth where the root-crown relation is altered to the detriment of root length, which is held firm in bone, can with its help be made functional. Loosening and premature loss of teeth can be prevented. Further discussed is the indication for this procedure, especially in tooth fractures and luxations as well as the operative steps. Up to now transdental fixation has proved itself although the number of cases and the follow-up time are insufficient to allow final judgment."}
{"id": "PMID:266997", "title": "[Late reconstruction of the orbital floor and zygomatic prominence with a readily vascularized plastic].", "content": "An implant made from a new artificial substance \"Proplast\" consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon is suitable for the secondary treatment of fractures of the orbital floor and zygoma. Histomorphological studies in animal experiments show rapid vascularisation and tissue ingrowth, which lead to permanent fixation of the implant. Clinical experiments confirm its suitability for the correction of displacement of the eyeball and enophthalmos as well as in the re-establishment of the zygomatic arch. For cosmetic reasons a new operative approach through a combined cantho-conjunctival incision is recommended.", "contents": "[Late reconstruction of the orbital floor and zygomatic prominence with a readily vascularized plastic]. An implant made from a new artificial substance \"Proplast\" consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon is suitable for the secondary treatment of fractures of the orbital floor and zygoma. Histomorphological studies in animal experiments show rapid vascularisation and tissue ingrowth, which lead to permanent fixation of the implant. Clinical experiments confirm its suitability for the correction of displacement of the eyeball and enophthalmos as well as in the re-establishment of the zygomatic arch. For cosmetic reasons a new operative approach through a combined cantho-conjunctival incision is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:266998", "title": "[Report after 3 years experience with the plastic material \"proplast\" in the maxillofacial region].", "content": "\"Proplast\" is the propriety name for a recently developed artificial substance developed from Teflon. This porous material is said to be firmly incorporated within 6-8 weeks through tissue ingrowth. It is still under clinical assessment. We report our experiences with 30 Proplast implants in the region of the jaws and face.", "contents": "[Report after 3 years experience with the plastic material \"proplast\" in the maxillofacial region]. \"Proplast\" is the propriety name for a recently developed artificial substance developed from Teflon. This porous material is said to be firmly incorporated within 6-8 weeks through tissue ingrowth. It is still under clinical assessment. We report our experiences with 30 Proplast implants in the region of the jaws and face."}
{"id": "PMID:266999", "title": "[Jaw-enlargement with glass ceramics in the animal experiment].", "content": "The use of alloplastic material in the reconstruction of the defective or atrophic mandible appears obvious as the difficulties and risks of bone or cartilage transplants are well known. It appears that all the materials used up to now were demarcated by the bone as foreign bodies so that one could only observe strong union without a connective tissue line of separation with glass ceramics. In experimental operations in the pig, box shaped osteotomies were cut into the lower jaw and glass ceramic bodies were fixed into the  clefts. Clinical and histological examinations proved the bone acceptance. It appears that these bio-active glass ceramics are particularly suited as bone replacement.", "contents": "[Jaw-enlargement with glass ceramics in the animal experiment]. The use of alloplastic material in the reconstruction of the defective or atrophic mandible appears obvious as the difficulties and risks of bone or cartilage transplants are well known. It appears that all the materials used up to now were demarcated by the bone as foreign bodies so that one could only observe strong union without a connective tissue line of separation with glass ceramics. In experimental operations in the pig, box shaped osteotomies were cut into the lower jaw and glass ceramic bodies were fixed into the  clefts. Clinical and histological examinations proved the bone acceptance. It appears that these bio-active glass ceramics are particularly suited as bone replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:267000", "title": "[1st results with an alloplastic temporomandibular joint prosthesis including the glenoid cavity].", "content": "A newly developed total replacement of the temporomandibular joint by metal is introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of the modelling, the material and the indications are discussed. Up to now our results are satisfactory.", "contents": "[1st results with an alloplastic temporomandibular joint prosthesis including the glenoid cavity]. A newly developed total replacement of the temporomandibular joint by metal is introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of the modelling, the material and the indications are discussed. Up to now our results are satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:267001", "title": "[Bridging of mandibular lesions with metal implants].", "content": "The 10-hole third-tube plate (\"10-Loch-Drittelrohr-platte\") is suitable for replacing central and isolated lateral parts of the mandible up to the six-year molar without exarticulation. It is not suitable for posterior defects, since sufficient fixation at the ascending ramus is not possible. The T\u00fcbingen resection plate, however, can be used for central parts and isolated as well as total lateral sections without exarticulation. As the holes in the plate correspond to the spherical sliding principle of the AO system, axial pressure screwing in osteoplastic replacement of the mandible is possible.", "contents": "[Bridging of mandibular lesions with metal implants]. The 10-hole third-tube plate (\"10-Loch-Drittelrohr-platte\") is suitable for replacing central and isolated lateral parts of the mandible up to the six-year molar without exarticulation. It is not suitable for posterior defects, since sufficient fixation at the ascending ramus is not possible. The T\u00fcbingen resection plate, however, can be used for central parts and isolated as well as total lateral sections without exarticulation. As the holes in the plate correspond to the spherical sliding principle of the AO system, axial pressure screwing in osteoplastic replacement of the mandible is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:267002", "title": "[System of alloplastic bridging of mandibular defects].", "content": "Primary reconstruction of the mandible after extensive tumor resection is necessary when the median part is lost; in lateral defects of the mandible, however, it is not always indicated. Our own functionally stable plate system with the instruments used for mandibular reconstruction is described. Clinical cases are presented in which this system was applied in combination with silastic interposed as a temporary replacement of the mandible.", "contents": "[System of alloplastic bridging of mandibular defects]. Primary reconstruction of the mandible after extensive tumor resection is necessary when the median part is lost; in lateral defects of the mandible, however, it is not always indicated. Our own functionally stable plate system with the instruments used for mandibular reconstruction is described. Clinical cases are presented in which this system was applied in combination with silastic interposed as a temporary replacement of the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:267003", "title": "[Bone regeneration over plastic implants after mandibular resection breaking the continuity].", "content": "In young patients, bone regeneration may start from the region of the temporo-mandibular joint and from the peripheral mandibular stump in cases of continuity defects of the mandible. A resin graft implanted for soft tissue reconstruction is collar-like surrounded by bone which is developing into a functionally and anatomically full regenerate over many years, in correspondence to periosteal and desmal growth stimuli. In adults, regeneration is minimal.", "contents": "[Bone regeneration over plastic implants after mandibular resection breaking the continuity]. In young patients, bone regeneration may start from the region of the temporo-mandibular joint and from the peripheral mandibular stump in cases of continuity defects of the mandible. A resin graft implanted for soft tissue reconstruction is collar-like surrounded by bone which is developing into a functionally and anatomically full regenerate over many years, in correspondence to periosteal and desmal growth stimuli. In adults, regeneration is minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:267004", "title": "[Apicoectomy in the lateral dental region as an alternative to implantation].", "content": "At the Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery of Heidelberg University, apicectomies in posterior teeth have long been performed in addition to implantation. We always aimed at maintaining a vital periodontium, before alloplastic materials for implantation were considered. In follow-up examinations of 247 resected roots of posterior teeth, we recorded a success rate of 90%.", "contents": "[Apicoectomy in the lateral dental region as an alternative to implantation]. At the Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery of Heidelberg University, apicectomies in posterior teeth have long been performed in addition to implantation. We always aimed at maintaining a vital periodontium, before alloplastic materials for implantation were considered. In follow-up examinations of 247 resected roots of posterior teeth, we recorded a success rate of 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:267005", "title": "[The suggestive control of the pain threshold in healthy teeth].", "content": "Changes in pain tolerance after administration of differently labelled placebos were studied by measuring the reaction time after a cold stimulus. Significant changes after placebo administration were observed in the morning as well as in the evening. These differed among placebos declared to be analgetics, hyperaesthetics and medications with no effect on pain. The time of day also influenced the results.", "contents": "[The suggestive control of the pain threshold in healthy teeth]. Changes in pain tolerance after administration of differently labelled placebos were studied by measuring the reaction time after a cold stimulus. Significant changes after placebo administration were observed in the morning as well as in the evening. These differed among placebos declared to be analgetics, hyperaesthetics and medications with no effect on pain. The time of day also influenced the results."}
{"id": "PMID:267006", "title": "[Tooth vitality after interalvolar and perialveolar osteotomies in the maxilla].", "content": "Follow-up examinations in 39 patients with osteotomies in the maxillary alveolar ridge for correcting jaw deformities showed that the risk of devitalization of teeth in the mobilized fragments and in the firm residual parts of the jaw is small. In interalveolar osteotomies this risk is slightly greater than in transalveolar osteotomies, because of the restricted space.", "contents": "[Tooth vitality after interalvolar and perialveolar osteotomies in the maxilla]. Follow-up examinations in 39 patients with osteotomies in the maxillary alveolar ridge for correcting jaw deformities showed that the risk of devitalization of teeth in the mobilized fragments and in the firm residual parts of the jaw is small. In interalveolar osteotomies this risk is slightly greater than in transalveolar osteotomies, because of the restricted space."}
{"id": "PMID:267007", "title": "[Photoelastic studies for the fixation of osteosynthesis plates].", "content": "Because of the biomechanics of the mandible, several viewpoints must be considered in stable metal plate osteosynthesis. A particular AO mandibular dynamic compression (DC) plate with perforations in a 45 degrees arrangement (\"Freiburg Zuggurtungsplatte\") has been developed to create an interfragmentary pressure zone in the region of the teeth during function. Photoelastic experiments showed that interfragmentary pressure developed due to this arrangement of perforations. To avoid a gap in the lingual region distant from the plate and to enable interfragmentary pressure in this region during function, converging screws are discussed. Photoelastic experiments showed that by slight inclination of the screws in convergent position the interfragmentary pressure is already increased in the lingual fracture gap distant from the plate. For a better guide of the screws in convergent position, an alteration of the spheric DC slide hole should be considered.", "contents": "[Photoelastic studies for the fixation of osteosynthesis plates]. Because of the biomechanics of the mandible, several viewpoints must be considered in stable metal plate osteosynthesis. A particular AO mandibular dynamic compression (DC) plate with perforations in a 45 degrees arrangement (\"Freiburg Zuggurtungsplatte\") has been developed to create an interfragmentary pressure zone in the region of the teeth during function. Photoelastic experiments showed that interfragmentary pressure developed due to this arrangement of perforations. To avoid a gap in the lingual region distant from the plate and to enable interfragmentary pressure in this region during function, converging screws are discussed. Photoelastic experiments showed that by slight inclination of the screws in convergent position the interfragmentary pressure is already increased in the lingual fracture gap distant from the plate. For a better guide of the screws in convergent position, an alteration of the spheric DC slide hole should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:267009", "title": "[Reconstruction of the bony orbital ring by means of mini-DC-plates after mid-facial fractures].", "content": "Surface and structure of austenitic steel wire are changed when processed. Demonstration of unused wire, wire during processing as well as wire used as implant in fracture healing after its removal. Examination of metal ground sections of the used wire did not show any changes of the crystal structure in the sense of corrosion.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the bony orbital ring by means of mini-DC-plates after mid-facial fractures]. Surface and structure of austenitic steel wire are changed when processed. Demonstration of unused wire, wire during processing as well as wire used as implant in fracture healing after its removal. Examination of metal ground sections of the used wire did not show any changes of the crystal structure in the sense of corrosion."}
{"id": "PMID:267010", "title": "Accuracy of blood volume estimations in critically ill children using 125I-labelled albumin and 51Cr-labelled red cells.", "content": "Blood volume was estimated using 51chromium labelled red cells and 125iodinated human serum albumin in 5 children with sepsis, in 6 burned children and 7 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Studies of the equilibration pattern demonstrated that the mixing time of labelled red cells was prolonged to 40 minutes or more in 5 children, indicating the existence of slowly circulating red cells. Mixing of labelled albumin was complete within 10 minutes in 15 patients and within 20 minutes in all the children studied. In a burned patient with severe sepsis, exchange transfusion improved the clinical state and normalized the equilibration pattern of labelled red cells. The mean body/venous haematocrit ratio was 0.893+/-0.018 (SD) in the children with sepsis, 0.859+/-0.052 in the burned patients, and 0.916+/-0.078 in the children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, increasing with spleen size in the latter group.", "contents": "Accuracy of blood volume estimations in critically ill children using 125I-labelled albumin and 51Cr-labelled red cells. Blood volume was estimated using 51chromium labelled red cells and 125iodinated human serum albumin in 5 children with sepsis, in 6 burned children and 7 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Studies of the equilibration pattern demonstrated that the mixing time of labelled red cells was prolonged to 40 minutes or more in 5 children, indicating the existence of slowly circulating red cells. Mixing of labelled albumin was complete within 10 minutes in 15 patients and within 20 minutes in all the children studied. In a burned patient with severe sepsis, exchange transfusion improved the clinical state and normalized the equilibration pattern of labelled red cells. The mean body/venous haematocrit ratio was 0.893+/-0.018 (SD) in the children with sepsis, 0.859+/-0.052 in the burned patients, and 0.916+/-0.078 in the children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, increasing with spleen size in the latter group."}
{"id": "PMID:267053", "title": "Juxtacortical (parosteal) osteogenic sarcoma: histological grading and prognosis.", "content": "In twenty-four cases of juxtacortical osteogenic sarcoma, three histological grades of malignancy were identified and correlated with the prognosis. The eighteen patients with Grade-I or II tumors had a significantly better prognosis than the six with Grade-III lesions. The three grades could not be distinguished roentgenographically. Grade I and II tumors, which showed a high cure rate after amputation, may be amenable to en block resection, provided the entire tumor can be removed with a good margin of uninvolved soft tissue and underlying bone. Grade-III tumors, on the other hand, had a poor prognosis despite early radical surgery.", "contents": "Juxtacortical (parosteal) osteogenic sarcoma: histological grading and prognosis. In twenty-four cases of juxtacortical osteogenic sarcoma, three histological grades of malignancy were identified and correlated with the prognosis. The eighteen patients with Grade-I or II tumors had a significantly better prognosis than the six with Grade-III lesions. The three grades could not be distinguished roentgenographically. Grade I and II tumors, which showed a high cure rate after amputation, may be amenable to en block resection, provided the entire tumor can be removed with a good margin of uninvolved soft tissue and underlying bone. Grade-III tumors, on the other hand, had a poor prognosis despite early radical surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:267084", "title": "Gastric pathology and feeding deficits induced by hypothalamic damage in rats: effects of lesion type, size, and placement.", "content": "Three doses each of cathodal or anodal direct current were delivered to coagulate lateral hypothalamic tissue bilaterally in rats. Increases in hypothalamic tissue damage were associated with more instances of aphagia, greater amounts of glandular, but not rumenal, gastric pathology, and greater weight loss. Both anodal and cathodal lesions produced aphagia and similar amounts of gastric pathology, but anodal lesions also appeared to facilitate weight loss independently of the tissue damage. Extensive chromatolysis surrounding anodal lesion cavities may be importantly related to the postoperative effects. In additional experiments, anodal electrolytic lesions or cortical suction ablations were used to vary the location of neural damage. Fedding deficits and gastric pathology resulted from the destruction of several brain areas. In particular, eating of dry food in the presence of high gastric pathology was observed in rats with lesions ventral and medial to an area in the dorsolateral hypothalamus that was associated with aphagia. When aphagia was accompained by severe gastric pathology, the brain lesions typically encroached extensively on more ventromedial areas. Moreover, aphagia sometimes was observed with only negligible gastric pathology. It is suggested that gastric pathology is not primary to the expression of the aphagia that follows lateral hypothalamic damage.", "contents": "Gastric pathology and feeding deficits induced by hypothalamic damage in rats: effects of lesion type, size, and placement. Three doses each of cathodal or anodal direct current were delivered to coagulate lateral hypothalamic tissue bilaterally in rats. Increases in hypothalamic tissue damage were associated with more instances of aphagia, greater amounts of glandular, but not rumenal, gastric pathology, and greater weight loss. Both anodal and cathodal lesions produced aphagia and similar amounts of gastric pathology, but anodal lesions also appeared to facilitate weight loss independently of the tissue damage. Extensive chromatolysis surrounding anodal lesion cavities may be importantly related to the postoperative effects. In additional experiments, anodal electrolytic lesions or cortical suction ablations were used to vary the location of neural damage. Fedding deficits and gastric pathology resulted from the destruction of several brain areas. In particular, eating of dry food in the presence of high gastric pathology was observed in rats with lesions ventral and medial to an area in the dorsolateral hypothalamus that was associated with aphagia. When aphagia was accompained by severe gastric pathology, the brain lesions typically encroached extensively on more ventromedial areas. Moreover, aphagia sometimes was observed with only negligible gastric pathology. It is suggested that gastric pathology is not primary to the expression of the aphagia that follows lateral hypothalamic damage."}
{"id": "PMID:267097", "title": "Children's response to sequential dental visits.", "content": "Behavioral, self-report, and physiological measures were used to study the response of young children to their initial series of dental visits. Their negative response increased from the examination visit through the third treatment visit, then decreased during the fourth treatment visit and the polish visit. Initially, dental experience appeared to sensitize the child to dental procedures. Experience may also allow the child to accurately distinguish bet ween stressful and nonstressful procedures.", "contents": "Children's response to sequential dental visits. Behavioral, self-report, and physiological measures were used to study the response of young children to their initial series of dental visits. Their negative response increased from the examination visit through the third treatment visit, then decreased during the fourth treatment visit and the polish visit. Initially, dental experience appeared to sensitize the child to dental procedures. Experience may also allow the child to accurately distinguish bet ween stressful and nonstressful procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:267098", "title": "Measuring treatment and scale bias effects by linear regression in the analysis of OHI-S scores.", "content": "A linear regression model is presented for estimating unbiased treatment effects from OHI-S scores. An example is given to illustrate an analysis and to compare results of an unbiased regression estimator with those based on a biased simple difference estimator.", "contents": "Measuring treatment and scale bias effects by linear regression in the analysis of OHI-S scores. A linear regression model is presented for estimating unbiased treatment effects from OHI-S scores. An example is given to illustrate an analysis and to compare results of an unbiased regression estimator with those based on a biased simple difference estimator."}
{"id": "PMID:267099", "title": "Enamel surface treated with zinc polyacrylate dental cement.", "content": "The surface of tooth enamel that had been left in touch with the liquid or the mix of a zinc polyacrylate dental cement was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Both treatments produced lesions on the enamel and were represented by unevenly distributed microcavities of varying extension. Topically applied SnF2 did not modify the aspect of the treated surface.", "contents": "Enamel surface treated with zinc polyacrylate dental cement. The surface of tooth enamel that had been left in touch with the liquid or the mix of a zinc polyacrylate dental cement was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Both treatments produced lesions on the enamel and were represented by unevenly distributed microcavities of varying extension. Topically applied SnF2 did not modify the aspect of the treated surface."}
{"id": "PMID:267100", "title": "Fabrication and characterization of porous-rooted cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloy dental implants.", "content": "A gravity sintering fabrication technique has been developed for producing Co-Cr-Mo alloy dental implants having a porous coating on the root portion. This process allows for control of pore structure enabling ingrowth of either bone or fibrous tissue. The microstructure and mechanical properties of these materials have been determined.", "contents": "Fabrication and characterization of porous-rooted cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloy dental implants. A gravity sintering fabrication technique has been developed for producing Co-Cr-Mo alloy dental implants having a porous coating on the root portion. This process allows for control of pore structure enabling ingrowth of either bone or fibrous tissue. The microstructure and mechanical properties of these materials have been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:267101", "title": "Marginal failure of amalgam class II restoration.", "content": "Analysis of stresses in a bicuspid with an amalgam Class II restoration was carried out with the finite element method. When stresses were known, creep in the margin of the restoration was calculated. If the buccal cusp was loaded, the maximum compressive stresses were found in the buccal part of the restoration.", "contents": "Marginal failure of amalgam class II restoration. Analysis of stresses in a bicuspid with an amalgam Class II restoration was carried out with the finite element method. When stresses were known, creep in the margin of the restoration was calculated. If the buccal cusp was loaded, the maximum compressive stresses were found in the buccal part of the restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:267102", "title": "Recrystallization of compacted gold foil specimens.", "content": "Gold foil specimens were compacted by a technique commonly used in preparing dental restorations. Their recrystallization behavior for temperatures between 100 and 300 C was followed by the associated decrease in hardness, discontinuous increase in grain size, and disappearance of X-ray line broadening. The empirical dependence of time, t, (in minutes) for 50% recrystallization on annealing temperature (in K), T, is approximately log10 t=-12.3+6.5X1,000/T, indicating a recrystallization time greater than 100 years.", "contents": "Recrystallization of compacted gold foil specimens. Gold foil specimens were compacted by a technique commonly used in preparing dental restorations. Their recrystallization behavior for temperatures between 100 and 300 C was followed by the associated decrease in hardness, discontinuous increase in grain size, and disappearance of X-ray line broadening. The empirical dependence of time, t, (in minutes) for 50% recrystallization on annealing temperature (in K), T, is approximately log10 t=-12.3+6.5X1,000/T, indicating a recrystallization time greater than 100 years."}
{"id": "PMID:267103", "title": "Enamel hypoplasia in relation to caries in Guatemalan children.", "content": "Guatemalan children with anterior linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) had a significantly greater caries experience in posterior dentition than their peers who did not have anterior LEH. The findings suggest that the synergistic mechanism of undernutrition and infection, which may underlie the occurrence of anterior LEH, may also predispose clinically normal appearing deciduous molars to an excessive caries attack equal to that observed in the grossly hypoplastic anterior teeth. The nutritional implications merit further investigation.", "contents": "Enamel hypoplasia in relation to caries in Guatemalan children. Guatemalan children with anterior linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) had a significantly greater caries experience in posterior dentition than their peers who did not have anterior LEH. The findings suggest that the synergistic mechanism of undernutrition and infection, which may underlie the occurrence of anterior LEH, may also predispose clinically normal appearing deciduous molars to an excessive caries attack equal to that observed in the grossly hypoplastic anterior teeth. The nutritional implications merit further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:267104", "title": "Morphology and incidence of torus palantinus and mandibularis in Brazilian indians.", "content": "The incidence and morphology of torus platinus and mandibularis was verified in 200 Indians, residents of two Brazilian Indian Reserves in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil. A low incidence of both types of exostoses was observed, with torus palatinus occurring more frequently than mandibularis. These structures did not occur in individuals less than 10 years of age. Flattened torus palatinus predominated in relation to the other forms.", "contents": "Morphology and incidence of torus palantinus and mandibularis in Brazilian indians. The incidence and morphology of torus platinus and mandibularis was verified in 200 Indians, residents of two Brazilian Indian Reserves in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil. A low incidence of both types of exostoses was observed, with torus palatinus occurring more frequently than mandibularis. These structures did not occur in individuals less than 10 years of age. Flattened torus palatinus predominated in relation to the other forms."}
{"id": "PMID:267105", "title": "Secretion of drugs by the parotid glands of rats and human beings.", "content": "The following drugs have been demonstrated to be secreted by the parotid glands of rats and human beings: amobarbital, chlorpromazine, codeine, glutethimide, meprobamate, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital. Methadone could not be detected in the parotid saliva of either rats or human beings, and morphine has been demonstrated only in parotid saliva of rats.", "contents": "Secretion of drugs by the parotid glands of rats and human beings. The following drugs have been demonstrated to be secreted by the parotid glands of rats and human beings: amobarbital, chlorpromazine, codeine, glutethimide, meprobamate, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital. Methadone could not be detected in the parotid saliva of either rats or human beings, and morphine has been demonstrated only in parotid saliva of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:267106", "title": "Influence of growth hormone and thyroxine on endochondral osteogenesis in the mandibular condyle and proximal tibial epiphysis.", "content": "Interrelationships of growth hormone and thyroxine effects on endochondral osteogenesis have been investigated. Evidence is offered that thyroxine augments the effect of growth hormone on the mandibular condyle just as at other osteogenetic centers, for example proximal tibial epiphysis in hypophysectomized rats. This contrasts with previous reports of a unique thyroxine antagonism to the effect of growth hormone on condylar development. In a further study on tibial epiphysis, special attention was given to assure absence of the endogenous thyroid hormone by adding thyroidectomy to hypophysectomy and reducing the possibility of thyroteopin residues in growth hormone. By histochemical tests, the responses of both calcified and noncalcified regions of the epiphyseal cartilage plate were measured. Graded growth hormone doses stimulated graded response in a noncalcified region. Thyroxine augmented this response eightfold. The width of the calcified region of the plate did not vary with treatment.", "contents": "Influence of growth hormone and thyroxine on endochondral osteogenesis in the mandibular condyle and proximal tibial epiphysis. Interrelationships of growth hormone and thyroxine effects on endochondral osteogenesis have been investigated. Evidence is offered that thyroxine augments the effect of growth hormone on the mandibular condyle just as at other osteogenetic centers, for example proximal tibial epiphysis in hypophysectomized rats. This contrasts with previous reports of a unique thyroxine antagonism to the effect of growth hormone on condylar development. In a further study on tibial epiphysis, special attention was given to assure absence of the endogenous thyroid hormone by adding thyroidectomy to hypophysectomy and reducing the possibility of thyroteopin residues in growth hormone. By histochemical tests, the responses of both calcified and noncalcified regions of the epiphyseal cartilage plate were measured. Graded growth hormone doses stimulated graded response in a noncalcified region. Thyroxine augmented this response eightfold. The width of the calcified region of the plate did not vary with treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:267107", "title": "Unusual dissolution behavior of tooth enamel and synthetic HAP crystals under high partial saturation conditions.", "content": "The dissolution behavior of enamel and synthetic hydroxyapatite in acidic media possessing a high degree of partial saturation was found to be neither simple surface dissolution nor linear with time. Instead, a repetitive, stepwise dissolution pattern was observed. To explain this phenomenon, a model based upon a hypothesis that the crystals dissolve in a synchronized fashion was proposed.", "contents": "Unusual dissolution behavior of tooth enamel and synthetic HAP crystals under high partial saturation conditions. The dissolution behavior of enamel and synthetic hydroxyapatite in acidic media possessing a high degree of partial saturation was found to be neither simple surface dissolution nor linear with time. Instead, a repetitive, stepwise dissolution pattern was observed. To explain this phenomenon, a model based upon a hypothesis that the crystals dissolve in a synchronized fashion was proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:267108", "title": "Quantitative study of enamel dissolution under conditions of controlled hydrodynamics.", "content": "A rotating disk method has been used to study the dissolution of bovine enamel. A diffusion model adequately describes the reaction for a wide range of conditions, and the rate is also hydrogen ion dependent. The solubility product of bovine enamel, 5.9 +/- 1.8 X 10(-59) moles9 1(-9) at 25 C is derived by a method that minimizes the possibility of phase changes.", "contents": "Quantitative study of enamel dissolution under conditions of controlled hydrodynamics. A rotating disk method has been used to study the dissolution of bovine enamel. A diffusion model adequately describes the reaction for a wide range of conditions, and the rate is also hydrogen ion dependent. The solubility product of bovine enamel, 5.9 +/- 1.8 X 10(-59) moles9 1(-9) at 25 C is derived by a method that minimizes the possibility of phase changes."}
{"id": "PMID:267109", "title": "Periodontal sensory innervation of the dentition of the Japanese shrew mole.", "content": "The neurohistological investigation of the periodontal sensory innervation in the whole dentition of the Japanese shrew mole showed that the periodontium is much more densely supplied by the free nerve endings at the apical region than at the intermediate one at a ratio of about 8:1 in the upper dentition and 5:1 in the lower dentition. The interdental gingival tissue is innervated by the nerve plexus formed by the nerve fibers deriving mostly from the gingival and a few periodontal nerve fibers. The neurohistology of the tooth is analogous to that of the vibrissa.", "contents": "Periodontal sensory innervation of the dentition of the Japanese shrew mole. The neurohistological investigation of the periodontal sensory innervation in the whole dentition of the Japanese shrew mole showed that the periodontium is much more densely supplied by the free nerve endings at the apical region than at the intermediate one at a ratio of about 8:1 in the upper dentition and 5:1 in the lower dentition. The interdental gingival tissue is innervated by the nerve plexus formed by the nerve fibers deriving mostly from the gingival and a few periodontal nerve fibers. The neurohistology of the tooth is analogous to that of the vibrissa."}
{"id": "PMID:267117", "title": "Faculty evaluation: review of the literature most pertinent to dental education.", "content": "Each dental school will fashion its own faculty evaluation system. The results will be a network of activities related to such questions as these: What are valid sources of information? Which aspects of instructors' responsibilities are most significant? Which questions need answers? How should the system be operated? This review has focused on what is currently being discussed and attempted in each of these critical areas. Faculty evaluation takes place in an essentially political context, and dental educators are now awakening to the political forces at work in the profession. Faculty evaluation is also a scientific process, or at least one capable of being greatly improved by rigorous, empirical study, which has yet to be performed. Finally, the exact form of faculty evaluation developed at each school will likely be unique, since it will depend on the institution's resources, size, funding base, academic affiliation, and the personal preferences of concerned individuals. The degree of success or failure of an evaluation system will depend on how the chosen combination of purposes, sources, objects of evaluation, and implementation strategy serves the needs of the school and its personnel.", "contents": "Faculty evaluation: review of the literature most pertinent to dental education. Each dental school will fashion its own faculty evaluation system. The results will be a network of activities related to such questions as these: What are valid sources of information? Which aspects of instructors' responsibilities are most significant? Which questions need answers? How should the system be operated? This review has focused on what is currently being discussed and attempted in each of these critical areas. Faculty evaluation takes place in an essentially political context, and dental educators are now awakening to the political forces at work in the profession. Faculty evaluation is also a scientific process, or at least one capable of being greatly improved by rigorous, empirical study, which has yet to be performed. Finally, the exact form of faculty evaluation developed at each school will likely be unique, since it will depend on the institution's resources, size, funding base, academic affiliation, and the personal preferences of concerned individuals. The degree of success or failure of an evaluation system will depend on how the chosen combination of purposes, sources, objects of evaluation, and implementation strategy serves the needs of the school and its personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:267118", "title": "Essential features of a faculty evaluation program.", "content": "A faculty evaluation system should be developed by cooperation between evaluation specialists and dental faculty. The system should depend on a broad spectrum of data collected from a variety of sources in order to reduce personal bias and subjective judgments concerning the performance of all faculty members. Its primary purpose should be to help faculty improve and to this end should be linked to both a faculty development program and a reward system. The criteria for each faculty member's evaluation should be clearly specified in advance and be directly linked to his duties. Department and college goals must be considered as well as the individual faculty member's own interests. Standards or criteria for both rewards and sanctions should be clearly defined, and guidelines for the operation of the system should be given to each participant. The system itself should not cost more than the benefits derived from it justify, and adequate resources should be allocated to make the system effective.", "contents": "Essential features of a faculty evaluation program. A faculty evaluation system should be developed by cooperation between evaluation specialists and dental faculty. The system should depend on a broad spectrum of data collected from a variety of sources in order to reduce personal bias and subjective judgments concerning the performance of all faculty members. Its primary purpose should be to help faculty improve and to this end should be linked to both a faculty development program and a reward system. The criteria for each faculty member's evaluation should be clearly specified in advance and be directly linked to his duties. Department and college goals must be considered as well as the individual faculty member's own interests. Standards or criteria for both rewards and sanctions should be clearly defined, and guidelines for the operation of the system should be given to each participant. The system itself should not cost more than the benefits derived from it justify, and adequate resources should be allocated to make the system effective."}
{"id": "PMID:267119", "title": "Faculty behavior: appraisal and rewards.", "content": "Faculty A & R systems arrange contingencies of reinforcement (relationships between faculty performance and institutional rewards) which powerfully influence faculty behavior. By and large, the current contingencies influencing teaching performance are defectiive. A frequent result is mediocre instruction and ready diversion of faculty effort to activities controlled by better contingencies. The major obstacles to productive appraisal and reward of teaching are the criterion problem and the inability or reluctance to arrange potent A & R contigencies to influence faculty behavior. Recent developments in behavioral science and instructional technology promise significant help in overcoming both obstacles. An example has been provided. Virtues and difficulties in the proposed procedure have been discussed.", "contents": "Faculty behavior: appraisal and rewards. Faculty A & R systems arrange contingencies of reinforcement (relationships between faculty performance and institutional rewards) which powerfully influence faculty behavior. By and large, the current contingencies influencing teaching performance are defectiive. A frequent result is mediocre instruction and ready diversion of faculty effort to activities controlled by better contingencies. The major obstacles to productive appraisal and reward of teaching are the criterion problem and the inability or reluctance to arrange potent A & R contigencies to influence faculty behavior. Recent developments in behavioral science and instructional technology promise significant help in overcoming both obstacles. An example has been provided. Virtues and difficulties in the proposed procedure have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267124", "title": "Faculty evaluation at the University of Kentucky.", "content": "Faculty at the University of Kentucky College of  Dentistry are now evaluated through the use of a negotiated Distribution of Effort Agreement. This document, negotiated at the beginning of each academic year, must satisfy both department objectives and the professional and personal requirements of the individual faculty member. It may be modified during the year if both the faculty member and his department chairman agree to the change. This document states work objectives for the year similar to learning objectives in a course. At the end of the year, each faculty member is evaluated on how well he has met his individual objectives. Information relevant to teaching, university service, and student service is gathered by college administrators and forwarded to department chairmen. Together with information on research accomplishment, these data are used by the chairman in the evaluation of each faculty member. The college has clearly charged department chairmen with the direct responsibility for faculty evaluation. The Appointments, Promotions, and Tenure Committee also plays a role in faculty development and evaluation by recommending to the dean ways of improving individual faculty performance.", "contents": "Faculty evaluation at the University of Kentucky. Faculty at the University of Kentucky College of  Dentistry are now evaluated through the use of a negotiated Distribution of Effort Agreement. This document, negotiated at the beginning of each academic year, must satisfy both department objectives and the professional and personal requirements of the individual faculty member. It may be modified during the year if both the faculty member and his department chairman agree to the change. This document states work objectives for the year similar to learning objectives in a course. At the end of the year, each faculty member is evaluated on how well he has met his individual objectives. Information relevant to teaching, university service, and student service is gathered by college administrators and forwarded to department chairmen. Together with information on research accomplishment, these data are used by the chairman in the evaluation of each faculty member. The college has clearly charged department chairmen with the direct responsibility for faculty evaluation. The Appointments, Promotions, and Tenure Committee also plays a role in faculty development and evaluation by recommending to the dean ways of improving individual faculty performance."}
{"id": "PMID:267133", "title": "The professional objectives of canadian dental students.", "content": "Data from a 1971 national study of Canadian dental education are used as a basis for examining the relative importance which dental students and faculty place on the professional objectives of economic gain and service. Students (N = 1,247) were asked to rank a set of career attributes in terms of their importance both for themselves and for other students. Dental school faculty (N = 510) were asked to assess whether students under emphasized or overemphasized a group of 16 parallel objectives. The results indicate substantial variations between the professional objectives of individual students, those ascribed to others by students, and the faculty's perception of student objectives.", "contents": "The professional objectives of canadian dental students. Data from a 1971 national study of Canadian dental education are used as a basis for examining the relative importance which dental students and faculty place on the professional objectives of economic gain and service. Students (N = 1,247) were asked to rank a set of career attributes in terms of their importance both for themselves and for other students. Dental school faculty (N = 510) were asked to assess whether students under emphasized or overemphasized a group of 16 parallel objectives. The results indicate substantial variations between the professional objectives of individual students, those ascribed to others by students, and the faculty's perception of student objectives."}
{"id": "PMID:267134", "title": "Changes in role perceptions by first-year dental students.", "content": "Dental education combines the learning of technical skills with the professional role of health care provider. The investigation compared first-year dental students perception of themselves, dental practitioners, dental school upper-class students, and patients. The study indicated that first-year students are more likely to identify with upper-class students than with dental practitioners. They also tended to see themselves as clearly different from dental patients. It is suggested that dental educators should recognize this fact in order to avoid the depersonalization of dental care delivery.", "contents": "Changes in role perceptions by first-year dental students. Dental education combines the learning of technical skills with the professional role of health care provider. The investigation compared first-year dental students perception of themselves, dental practitioners, dental school upper-class students, and patients. The study indicated that first-year students are more likely to identify with upper-class students than with dental practitioners. They also tended to see themselves as clearly different from dental patients. It is suggested that dental educators should recognize this fact in order to avoid the depersonalization of dental care delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:267143", "title": "The association of Ga-67 and lactoferrin.", "content": "Activity was seen in the breasts of a patient with galactorrhea 72 h after intravenous injection of Ga-67 citrate. Differential protein separation of breast secretion, extracted from the breast, revealed that the Ga-67 was contained primarily in the lactoferrin-rich protein fraction. Additional studies on partially purified lactoferrin revealed that lactoferrin binds Ga-67 more avidly than does transferrin. Since lactoferrin is present in high concentration non only in human colostrum and milk, but also in neutrophilic leukocytes, bone marrow, spleen, colon, tears, and in genital, salivary, and nasopharyngeal secretions, binding of Ga-67 to lactoferrin may explain the localization of Ga-67 in certain normal tissues and inflammatory lesions.", "contents": "The association of Ga-67 and lactoferrin. Activity was seen in the breasts of a patient with galactorrhea 72 h after intravenous injection of Ga-67 citrate. Differential protein separation of breast secretion, extracted from the breast, revealed that the Ga-67 was contained primarily in the lactoferrin-rich protein fraction. Additional studies on partially purified lactoferrin revealed that lactoferrin binds Ga-67 more avidly than does transferrin. Since lactoferrin is present in high concentration non only in human colostrum and milk, but also in neutrophilic leukocytes, bone marrow, spleen, colon, tears, and in genital, salivary, and nasopharyngeal secretions, binding of Ga-67 to lactoferrin may explain the localization of Ga-67 in certain normal tissues and inflammatory lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:267156", "title": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo: II. Effect of bencyclan on circulating metastatic tumor cells.", "content": "Circulation time of isotope labeled ascites tumor cells was measured after intravenous injection into mice. Circulation time was approximately doubled by pretreatment with the platelet aggregation inhibitor compound bencyclan.", "contents": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo: II. Effect of bencyclan on circulating metastatic tumor cells. Circulation time of isotope labeled ascites tumor cells was measured after intravenous injection into mice. Circulation time was approximately doubled by pretreatment with the platelet aggregation inhibitor compound bencyclan."}
{"id": "PMID:267157", "title": "Antipyrine metabolism and bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Studies in animals indicate that tumor-bearing is associated with inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism. Our purpose was to determine the influence of a tumor on drug metabolism in man. The plasma clearance of antipyrine reflects the rate of its metabolism by the liver. Antipyrine clearance was measured in 7 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and in 13 normal subjects and 7 patients with chronic lund disease. Mean (+/- SD) antipyrine clearance rates were 2.98 +/- 0.68 1/hr, 2.14 +/- 0.69 1/hr and 2.02 +/- 0.67 1/hr, respectively; indicating that bronchogenic carcinoma is associated with rapid, rather than slow, antipyrine metabolism. Antipyrine clearance (mean +/- SD) in 8 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and evidence of liver metastases was 2.17 +/- 0.75 1/hr indicating that liver involvement by tumor decreased antipyrine clearance.", "contents": "Antipyrine metabolism and bronchogenic carcinoma. Studies in animals indicate that tumor-bearing is associated with inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism. Our purpose was to determine the influence of a tumor on drug metabolism in man. The plasma clearance of antipyrine reflects the rate of its metabolism by the liver. Antipyrine clearance was measured in 7 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and in 13 normal subjects and 7 patients with chronic lund disease. Mean (+/- SD) antipyrine clearance rates were 2.98 +/- 0.68 1/hr, 2.14 +/- 0.69 1/hr and 2.02 +/- 0.67 1/hr, respectively; indicating that bronchogenic carcinoma is associated with rapid, rather than slow, antipyrine metabolism. Antipyrine clearance (mean +/- SD) in 8 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and evidence of liver metastases was 2.17 +/- 0.75 1/hr indicating that liver involvement by tumor decreased antipyrine clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:267171", "title": "Hemophilic pseudotumors of the mandible.", "content": "Three patients with hemophilic pseudotumors of the mandible were described and the treatment of the lesions was discussed. Surgical intervention, accompanied by adequate clotting factor replacement, was used in all three cases with satisfactory results. Pseudotumors of the jaws are a rare but serious complication of hemophilia. The cause of the mandibular lesion can be intraosseous hemorrhage, soft tissue hemorrhage with periosteal stripping and subperiosteal hematoma formation, or a combination of these factors. Surgical management with adequate replacement of clotting factor and the use of EACA is an effective method of treatment.", "contents": "Hemophilic pseudotumors of the mandible. Three patients with hemophilic pseudotumors of the mandible were described and the treatment of the lesions was discussed. Surgical intervention, accompanied by adequate clotting factor replacement, was used in all three cases with satisfactory results. Pseudotumors of the jaws are a rare but serious complication of hemophilia. The cause of the mandibular lesion can be intraosseous hemorrhage, soft tissue hemorrhage with periosteal stripping and subperiosteal hematoma formation, or a combination of these factors. Surgical management with adequate replacement of clotting factor and the use of EACA is an effective method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:267173", "title": "Maxillary resection for odontogenic myxoma: report of case.", "content": "A brief overview of the literature and a report of a resection of an odontogenic myxoma involving the right maxillary sinus are presented. We believe that a lesser surgical procedure might have compromised the patient's health by possible further surgical procedures with a resulting greater facial deformity or morbidity. Through careful evaluation and planning, problems of management were minimized.", "contents": "Maxillary resection for odontogenic myxoma: report of case. A brief overview of the literature and a report of a resection of an odontogenic myxoma involving the right maxillary sinus are presented. We believe that a lesser surgical procedure might have compromised the patient's health by possible further surgical procedures with a resulting greater facial deformity or morbidity. Through careful evaluation and planning, problems of management were minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:267174", "title": "Mandibular hypoplasia secondary to perinatal trauma: report of case.", "content": "A case of unilateral mandibular hypoplasia is presented. Considerations regarding a differential diagnosis of hemifacial microsomia or traumatically induced ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint are discussed. Although the described malformations might suggest a diagnosis of hemifacial microsomia, the history and clinical findings tend to support the conclusion that the asymmetry was caused by damage to the temporomandibular joint at an early age.", "contents": "Mandibular hypoplasia secondary to perinatal trauma: report of case. A case of unilateral mandibular hypoplasia is presented. Considerations regarding a differential diagnosis of hemifacial microsomia or traumatically induced ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint are discussed. Although the described malformations might suggest a diagnosis of hemifacial microsomia, the history and clinical findings tend to support the conclusion that the asymmetry was caused by damage to the temporomandibular joint at an early age."}
{"id": "PMID:267175", "title": "Transantral maxillary neurectomy for intractable neuralgia.", "content": "A case of atypical facial pain over the distribution of the maxillary nerve (V2) has been presented as well as its treatment. The maxillary nerve section using the dissecting microscope is a relatively new procedure with potential to become an accepted treatment of intractable V2 neuralgia. A brief review of possible complications of the procedure was presented.", "contents": "Transantral maxillary neurectomy for intractable neuralgia. A case of atypical facial pain over the distribution of the maxillary nerve (V2) has been presented as well as its treatment. The maxillary nerve section using the dissecting microscope is a relatively new procedure with potential to become an accepted treatment of intractable V2 neuralgia. A brief review of possible complications of the procedure was presented."}
{"id": "PMID:267176", "title": "Epidermoid implantation cyst of the lower lip: report of case.", "content": "Epidermoid implantation cysts are relatively rare lesions of the oral region. A lesion occurring in the lower lip of a 21-year-old man is reported. In the pathogenesis of these lesions, trauma is usually the precipitating factor. Treatment is surgical and histopathologic examination will give the final diagnosis.", "contents": "Epidermoid implantation cyst of the lower lip: report of case. Epidermoid implantation cysts are relatively rare lesions of the oral region. A lesion occurring in the lower lip of a 21-year-old man is reported. In the pathogenesis of these lesions, trauma is usually the precipitating factor. Treatment is surgical and histopathologic examination will give the final diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:267177", "title": "Epidermoid (implantation) cyst after temporomandibular joint surgery.", "content": "A case has been reported of an epidermoid inclusion cyst of traumatic origin in the temporomandibular joint region. The cause was attributed to previous surgery.", "contents": "Epidermoid (implantation) cyst after temporomandibular joint surgery. A case has been reported of an epidermoid inclusion cyst of traumatic origin in the temporomandibular joint region. The cause was attributed to previous surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:267181", "title": "Bilateral reductions of articular eminence for chronic dislocation: review of eight cases.", "content": "Eight cases of chronic dislocation treated by bilateral reductions of the articular eminence have been reviewed. The technique has been found useful when indicated. Good surgical technique with meticulous attention to detail is required. The entire eminence must be removed and the surface left smooth. As with any TMJ disorder or surgery, concomitant local and systemic problems are common and must be considered in preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Patients should be observed for at least two years after surgery for recurrence of any TMJ disorder.", "contents": "Bilateral reductions of articular eminence for chronic dislocation: review of eight cases. Eight cases of chronic dislocation treated by bilateral reductions of the articular eminence have been reviewed. The technique has been found useful when indicated. Good surgical technique with meticulous attention to detail is required. The entire eminence must be removed and the surface left smooth. As with any TMJ disorder or surgery, concomitant local and systemic problems are common and must be considered in preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Patients should be observed for at least two years after surgery for recurrence of any TMJ disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:267187", "title": "Exposure to anesthetic waste gas in oral surgery.", "content": "Exposure to nitrous oxide and halothane during oral surgery was monitored using a Miran infrared analyzer. A \"typical\" time-weighted analysis exposure was established for the surgeon, assistant, and anesthetist. Values for halothane ranged from 7.5 to 59 ppm, and for nitrous oxide, from 280 to 90,000 ppm.", "contents": "Exposure to anesthetic waste gas in oral surgery. Exposure to nitrous oxide and halothane during oral surgery was monitored using a Miran infrared analyzer. A \"typical\" time-weighted analysis exposure was established for the surgeon, assistant, and anesthetist. Values for halothane ranged from 7.5 to 59 ppm, and for nitrous oxide, from 280 to 90,000 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:267188", "title": "Advancement genioplasty: a retrospective cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes.", "content": "Serial cephalometric evaluations were made of 15 patients a year after advancement genioplasty to assess skeletal changes, to relate these changes to net soft tissue profile change, and to develop predictive criteria for treatment planning. Coefficients of variance of regression equations, which incorporated selected independent variables, indicated that the variables, interval of time until follow-up records, and the extent of postsurgical horizontal resorption contributed only slightly to the observed variance in prominence of the soft tissue chin. For purposes of prediction, a ratio of 4:3 is recommended for the surgical horizontal advancement of the symphysis versus the net horizontal change in soft tissue chin point.", "contents": "Advancement genioplasty: a retrospective cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes. Serial cephalometric evaluations were made of 15 patients a year after advancement genioplasty to assess skeletal changes, to relate these changes to net soft tissue profile change, and to develop predictive criteria for treatment planning. Coefficients of variance of regression equations, which incorporated selected independent variables, indicated that the variables, interval of time until follow-up records, and the extent of postsurgical horizontal resorption contributed only slightly to the observed variance in prominence of the soft tissue chin. For purposes of prediction, a ratio of 4:3 is recommended for the surgical horizontal advancement of the symphysis versus the net horizontal change in soft tissue chin point."}
{"id": "PMID:267189", "title": "Applicants' opinions about the selection process for oral surgery programs.", "content": "A survey of applicants to oral surgery graduate programs was distributed to 170 candidates requesting application forms from the University of Kentucky. Eighty-five applicants responded. The average candidate was approximately 28 years old, married, and attended dental school in the southeast or midwest. He applied to ten programs and viewed a personal interview as an important part of the application process. Traditional criteria such as basic science grades and class rank were not uniformly considered as important factors in the initial screening of candidates. Other views and criticisms of the applicants are examined and suggestions are provided to reduce some of the apparent inequities now inherent to the system.", "contents": "Applicants' opinions about the selection process for oral surgery programs. A survey of applicants to oral surgery graduate programs was distributed to 170 candidates requesting application forms from the University of Kentucky. Eighty-five applicants responded. The average candidate was approximately 28 years old, married, and attended dental school in the southeast or midwest. He applied to ten programs and viewed a personal interview as an important part of the application process. Traditional criteria such as basic science grades and class rank were not uniformly considered as important factors in the initial screening of candidates. Other views and criticisms of the applicants are examined and suggestions are provided to reduce some of the apparent inequities now inherent to the system."}
{"id": "PMID:267191", "title": "The Ramsay Hunt syndrome: a dynamic demonstration of applied anatomy.", "content": "The clinical features of herpes zoster of the geniculate ganglion were reviewed and related to the functional anatomy of the seventh cranial nerve. An illustrative case highlights many of the features of the syndrome that was first described by Ramsay Hunt. The significance of facial palsy is discussed in the light of its distribution.", "contents": "The Ramsay Hunt syndrome: a dynamic demonstration of applied anatomy. The clinical features of herpes zoster of the geniculate ganglion were reviewed and related to the functional anatomy of the seventh cranial nerve. An illustrative case highlights many of the features of the syndrome that was first described by Ramsay Hunt. The significance of facial palsy is discussed in the light of its distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:267193", "title": "Peripheral ameloblastoma: report of case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of an extraosseous ameloblastoma occurring in a 33-year-old woman has been described. Of the 11 cases documented in the literature, only nine fulfill the histologic and clinical criteria for a true peripheral ameloblastoma. In contrast to the intraosseous ameloblastoma, the diagnosis of extramedullary or peripheral ameloblastoma implies a less aggressive neoplasm that can be treated by a more conservative surgical approach.", "contents": "Peripheral ameloblastoma: report of case and review of the literature. A case of an extraosseous ameloblastoma occurring in a 33-year-old woman has been described. Of the 11 cases documented in the literature, only nine fulfill the histologic and clinical criteria for a true peripheral ameloblastoma. In contrast to the intraosseous ameloblastoma, the diagnosis of extramedullary or peripheral ameloblastoma implies a less aggressive neoplasm that can be treated by a more conservative surgical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:267194", "title": "Hemangioendothelioma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of hemangioendothelioma of the mandible, the third of its kind to involve the jawbone is reported. The radiological appearance of new bone formation is a unique feature in this case. The vascular malignant tumor has a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Hemangioendothelioma of the mandible: report of case. A case of hemangioendothelioma of the mandible, the third of its kind to involve the jawbone is reported. The radiological appearance of new bone formation is a unique feature in this case. The vascular malignant tumor has a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:267195", "title": "Synovial chondrometaplasia of the temporomandibular joint: report of case.", "content": "A case of synovial chondrometaplasia of the temporomandibular joint is presented with a discussion of the pathologic findings, diagnosis, and treatment. This is a highly uncommon, benign lesion of this joint that affects women more often than men. Since the histologic appearance of some of the tissue cells may resemble malignant changes, care should be taken not to confuse this condition with chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "Synovial chondrometaplasia of the temporomandibular joint: report of case. A case of synovial chondrometaplasia of the temporomandibular joint is presented with a discussion of the pathologic findings, diagnosis, and treatment. This is a highly uncommon, benign lesion of this joint that affects women more often than men. Since the histologic appearance of some of the tissue cells may resemble malignant changes, care should be taken not to confuse this condition with chondrosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:267197", "title": "Transmedullary amputation and resection of metastases in combined therapy of osteosarcoma.", "content": "The eradication of microfoci of metastatic osteosarcoma by adjuvant chemotherapy permits the surgeon to take a more conservative approach to amputation and to more aggressively resect metastases. In a series of 59 children with osteosarcoma of an extremity, transmedullary amputation carried no greater risk of stump recurrence than either disarticulation or amputation above the joint. We attribute this to careful selection of the level of amputation by use of preoperative bone scans, intraoperative frozen sections of bone stump and intensive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Immediate application of a prosthetic limb has enhanced the physical and emotional rehabilitation of these patients. Resections of pulmonary metastases in 12 patients who were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in a median tumor-free survival of 17 mo, with 3 patients still alive without disease for 13, 25, and 72 mo. A more aggressive approach to the resection of pulmonary metastases may substantially improve current rates of tumor-free survival.", "contents": "Transmedullary amputation and resection of metastases in combined therapy of osteosarcoma. The eradication of microfoci of metastatic osteosarcoma by adjuvant chemotherapy permits the surgeon to take a more conservative approach to amputation and to more aggressively resect metastases. In a series of 59 children with osteosarcoma of an extremity, transmedullary amputation carried no greater risk of stump recurrence than either disarticulation or amputation above the joint. We attribute this to careful selection of the level of amputation by use of preoperative bone scans, intraoperative frozen sections of bone stump and intensive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Immediate application of a prosthetic limb has enhanced the physical and emotional rehabilitation of these patients. Resections of pulmonary metastases in 12 patients who were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in a median tumor-free survival of 17 mo, with 3 patients still alive without disease for 13, 25, and 72 mo. A more aggressive approach to the resection of pulmonary metastases may substantially improve current rates of tumor-free survival."}
{"id": "PMID:267202", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed by renal biopsy.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy who presented with recurrent attacks of acute non-oliguric renal failure is described. Hemograms were normal and the kidneys were not enlarged. A renal biopsy was done and diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The etiology of renal failure in leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed by renal biopsy. An 8-year-old boy who presented with recurrent attacks of acute non-oliguric renal failure is described. Hemograms were normal and the kidneys were not enlarged. A renal biopsy was done and diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The etiology of renal failure in leukemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267196", "title": "Mumps uveitis complicating the course of acute leukemia.", "content": "A case of a nine-year-old child with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission who developed infectious parotitis with uveitis was presented. Ocular complications of mumps have been briefly discussed and the differential diagnosis particularly in relationship to leukemia have been emphasized. The significance of depressed cellular immunity in the development of this complication was entertained.", "contents": "Mumps uveitis complicating the course of acute leukemia. A case of a nine-year-old child with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission who developed infectious parotitis with uveitis was presented. Ocular complications of mumps have been briefly discussed and the differential diagnosis particularly in relationship to leukemia have been emphasized. The significance of depressed cellular immunity in the development of this complication was entertained."}
{"id": "PMID:267237", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in osteosarcoma.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay was done in 30 patients with osteosarcoma. CEA was found positive (greater 2.5 ng/ml) in 17 of 21 patients who had active evidence of disease and negative (less than 2.5 ng/ml) in all 9 patients who were in complete remission resulting from previous amputation of chemotherapy. Serial CEA determinations demonstrated a fall to normal in 7 of 9 patients following successful surgery of chemotherapy and a ruse and fall (fluctuation) of levels in 8 patients who had tumor progression while on chemotherapy. Clinical recurrence of disease in two instances preceded or coincied with CEA elevation. The CEA assay in osteosarcoma although non-specific could be used as an inportant adjunct to experienced clinical judgment, periodic x-ray examination, and laboratory study to prognosticate the course of osteosarcoma during therapy. The interpretation of a rising or falling CEA titer alone, however, must be made with caution.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in osteosarcoma. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay was done in 30 patients with osteosarcoma. CEA was found positive (greater 2.5 ng/ml) in 17 of 21 patients who had active evidence of disease and negative (less than 2.5 ng/ml) in all 9 patients who were in complete remission resulting from previous amputation of chemotherapy. Serial CEA determinations demonstrated a fall to normal in 7 of 9 patients following successful surgery of chemotherapy and a ruse and fall (fluctuation) of levels in 8 patients who had tumor progression while on chemotherapy. Clinical recurrence of disease in two instances preceded or coincied with CEA elevation. The CEA assay in osteosarcoma although non-specific could be used as an inportant adjunct to experienced clinical judgment, periodic x-ray examination, and laboratory study to prognosticate the course of osteosarcoma during therapy. The interpretation of a rising or falling CEA titer alone, however, must be made with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:267238", "title": "Periostitis of the mandible. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Periostitis of the mandible has not been previously discussed in the otolaryngologic literature and only infrequently in the dental literature. It is characterized by a hard, painless, fixed mass overlying the mandible in a child or young adult. The etiology is usually an endosteal infection in the molar region with periosteal inflammation. Reactive new bone is deposited beneath the elevated periosteum, external to the outer cortex of the jaw, and separated from it by a layer of suppurative fluid. Treatment consists of removal of involved teeth and infected bone, drainage of the fluid pocked and appropriate antibiotics. Patients are followed with repeat X-rays and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. A case is presented and the world literature is reviewed. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this entity and include it in the differential diagnosis of any fixed jaw mass to avoid mistaking it for a more malignant process with unfortunate consequences.", "contents": "Periostitis of the mandible. A case report and review of the literature. Periostitis of the mandible has not been previously discussed in the otolaryngologic literature and only infrequently in the dental literature. It is characterized by a hard, painless, fixed mass overlying the mandible in a child or young adult. The etiology is usually an endosteal infection in the molar region with periosteal inflammation. Reactive new bone is deposited beneath the elevated periosteum, external to the outer cortex of the jaw, and separated from it by a layer of suppurative fluid. Treatment consists of removal of involved teeth and infected bone, drainage of the fluid pocked and appropriate antibiotics. Patients are followed with repeat X-rays and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. A case is presented and the world literature is reviewed. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this entity and include it in the differential diagnosis of any fixed jaw mass to avoid mistaking it for a more malignant process with unfortunate consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:267240", "title": "Conservative treatment of retinoblastoma.", "content": "42 cases of retinoblastoma were treated by light coagulation with or without radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 29 cases were cured (69%). The follow-up time of these cases amounts between 3 and more than 16 years.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of retinoblastoma. 42 cases of retinoblastoma were treated by light coagulation with or without radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 29 cases were cured (69%). The follow-up time of these cases amounts between 3 and more than 16 years."}
{"id": "PMID:267250", "title": "Leukoencephalopathy in childhood leukemia.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy survived for 7 years after the initial diagnosis and treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Neurologic deterioration occured repeatedly throughout his complicated clinical course but it was most severe and only partially reversible following orally administered pyrimethamine. The neuropathologic lesions were distinctive and included a diffuse reactive astrocytosis, axonal degeneration, status spongiosis, circumscribed foci of demyelination and coagulative necrosis, and mural thickening with luminal narrowing of microcirculatory vessels. This collection of findings represents the leukoencephalopathy of childhood leukemia that we and others believe results in large part from the combined effects of cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. The role of folic acid antagonists, namely methotrexate and pyrimethamine, are particularly noteworthy in this regard.", "contents": "Leukoencephalopathy in childhood leukemia. A 14-year-old boy survived for 7 years after the initial diagnosis and treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Neurologic deterioration occured repeatedly throughout his complicated clinical course but it was most severe and only partially reversible following orally administered pyrimethamine. The neuropathologic lesions were distinctive and included a diffuse reactive astrocytosis, axonal degeneration, status spongiosis, circumscribed foci of demyelination and coagulative necrosis, and mural thickening with luminal narrowing of microcirculatory vessels. This collection of findings represents the leukoencephalopathy of childhood leukemia that we and others believe results in large part from the combined effects of cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. The role of folic acid antagonists, namely methotrexate and pyrimethamine, are particularly noteworthy in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:267267", "title": "Measles pneumonia in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Fatal measles pneumonia developed in a 7-year-old boy who was in complete remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. There was no detectable antibody titer in two specimens taken eight days apart. Measles virus was grown from a lung biopsy taken shortely after hospital admission. Classical measles had been diagnosed in the patient and his siblings nine months previously. Immunosuppressed children who do not develop an antibody rise after a measles infection are at risk of later development of measles giant cell pneumonia. Suggestions are offered for the prevention of this often fatal complication.", "contents": "Measles pneumonia in childhood leukemia. Fatal measles pneumonia developed in a 7-year-old boy who was in complete remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. There was no detectable antibody titer in two specimens taken eight days apart. Measles virus was grown from a lung biopsy taken shortely after hospital admission. Classical measles had been diagnosed in the patient and his siblings nine months previously. Immunosuppressed children who do not develop an antibody rise after a measles infection are at risk of later development of measles giant cell pneumonia. Suggestions are offered for the prevention of this often fatal complication."}
{"id": "PMID:267269", "title": "[Study of the labor market for dentists who recieved Norwegian authorization during 1972-1975. I. Waiting time and alternative employment before the 1st relevant job].", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to monitor changes in the labour market situation for dentists who received authorization to practise dentistry in Norway during the years 1972-1975. Data was collected by postal questionnaire during April/May of the year following authorization, except for the 1972 cohort, which was contacted the second year after authorization. A 92-95 per cent response rate was achieved using one follow-up (Table 1). The percentage of respondents who waited 8 weeks or more to acquire a job in dentistry increased from 15 for those authorized in 1972 to 36 for the 1975 group (Table 3). The proportion of dentists who took paid employment other than dentistry, increased from just over 3 per cent for the 1973 to 14 per cent for the 1975 cohort (Table 4). This development has occured despite a decrease in the number of dentists receiving authorization each year and has resulted in a limited emigration of dentists. It is suggested that the favourable supply of dentists in relation to existing demand for dental services presents an ideal opportunity for attempting to solve dental health problems which have received inadequate attention in the past.", "contents": "[Study of the labor market for dentists who recieved Norwegian authorization during 1972-1975. I. Waiting time and alternative employment before the 1st relevant job]. The purpose of the investigation was to monitor changes in the labour market situation for dentists who received authorization to practise dentistry in Norway during the years 1972-1975. Data was collected by postal questionnaire during April/May of the year following authorization, except for the 1972 cohort, which was contacted the second year after authorization. A 92-95 per cent response rate was achieved using one follow-up (Table 1). The percentage of respondents who waited 8 weeks or more to acquire a job in dentistry increased from 15 for those authorized in 1972 to 36 for the 1975 group (Table 3). The proportion of dentists who took paid employment other than dentistry, increased from just over 3 per cent for the 1973 to 14 per cent for the 1975 cohort (Table 4). This development has occured despite a decrease in the number of dentists receiving authorization each year and has resulted in a limited emigration of dentists. It is suggested that the favourable supply of dentists in relation to existing demand for dental services presents an ideal opportunity for attempting to solve dental health problems which have received inadequate attention in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:267270", "title": "[Seamen and dental health. Studies of tooth status among naval staff and merchant seamen. A review].", "content": "Dental health among Norwegian seamen, based on clinical examinations (Table 2) and interviews have been studied. Interview findings from eight ships in overseas trade indicated that the occupational conditions of seafarers caused irregular use of dental services (Table 3) and poor dental health compared with that of the general population. In an epidemiological survey comprising 431 Norwegian seamen in overseas trade, these indications were supported (Table 1 and Table 2). Approximately every fifth of the male seafarers aged 20 years or more had visited the dentist annually during the last five years. In a subsample of 212 subjects who were examined both clinically and radiographically, the number of decayed teeth averaged 6.1. It is concluded that regular dental check-up as well as delivery of dental services should be provided through the established health centers for seamen.", "contents": "[Seamen and dental health. Studies of tooth status among naval staff and merchant seamen. A review]. Dental health among Norwegian seamen, based on clinical examinations (Table 2) and interviews have been studied. Interview findings from eight ships in overseas trade indicated that the occupational conditions of seafarers caused irregular use of dental services (Table 3) and poor dental health compared with that of the general population. In an epidemiological survey comprising 431 Norwegian seamen in overseas trade, these indications were supported (Table 1 and Table 2). Approximately every fifth of the male seafarers aged 20 years or more had visited the dentist annually during the last five years. In a subsample of 212 subjects who were examined both clinically and radiographically, the number of decayed teeth averaged 6.1. It is concluded that regular dental check-up as well as delivery of dental services should be provided through the established health centers for seamen."}
{"id": "PMID:267280", "title": "Lysozyme: a brief review.", "content": "Serum lysozyme (muramidase) estimation is a simple, convenient and useful laboratory investigation. A review of the literature shows that lysozyme has been implicated as an aetiological factor in various disorders, and credited with being a prognostic indicator in acute myeloid leukaemia, but these promises have not been fulfilled. This low molecular weight protein is found in the urine of some patients with renal tubular disorders, but some workers have emphasized its importance as a causal agent in hypokalaemia of acute myeloid leukaemia. Research should be concentrated on muramidase as an expression of cell functions rather than as an aetiological factor. Hypokalaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia may be caused by an unidentified substance of molecular weight similar to that of lysozyme.", "contents": "Lysozyme: a brief review. Serum lysozyme (muramidase) estimation is a simple, convenient and useful laboratory investigation. A review of the literature shows that lysozyme has been implicated as an aetiological factor in various disorders, and credited with being a prognostic indicator in acute myeloid leukaemia, but these promises have not been fulfilled. This low molecular weight protein is found in the urine of some patients with renal tubular disorders, but some workers have emphasized its importance as a causal agent in hypokalaemia of acute myeloid leukaemia. Research should be concentrated on muramidase as an expression of cell functions rather than as an aetiological factor. Hypokalaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia may be caused by an unidentified substance of molecular weight similar to that of lysozyme."}
{"id": "PMID:267281", "title": "Portal hypertension in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated with busulphan for 4-5 years, developed signs of busulphan toxicity and portal hypertension with ascites, oesophageal varices and jaundice. At post-mortem there was minimal leukaemic infiltration but there were alterations in the liver architecture sufficient to explain the portal hypertension. The pathogenesis of the liver changes and their possible relationship to splenomegaly and busulphan toxicity are considered.", "contents": "Portal hypertension in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia. A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated with busulphan for 4-5 years, developed signs of busulphan toxicity and portal hypertension with ascites, oesophageal varices and jaundice. At post-mortem there was minimal leukaemic infiltration but there were alterations in the liver architecture sufficient to explain the portal hypertension. The pathogenesis of the liver changes and their possible relationship to splenomegaly and busulphan toxicity are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:267291", "title": "Side effects of antihemophilic concentrates.", "content": "Liver disease and thromboembolism are the most frequent and severe side effects associated with the use of clotting-factor concentrates in haemophiliacs. Knowledge and careful evaluation of the risk factors related to their development appear to be the most reasonable policy for prevention. themolysis due to significant isoantibody infusion and bleeding associated to abnormal platelet function occur more rarely during intensive replacement therapy with clotting factor concentrates. Finally, abnormalities of renal function have been observed in a number of patients, though they seem to be of minor clinical importance. These complications do not justify withdrawal or limitation of the very effective and life-changing use of concentrates. However, awareness of their occurrence and of their danger requires that specialized hemophilia centres carry out, at frequent intervals, clinical and laboratory testing of the target organs to allow an early detection.", "contents": "Side effects of antihemophilic concentrates. Liver disease and thromboembolism are the most frequent and severe side effects associated with the use of clotting-factor concentrates in haemophiliacs. Knowledge and careful evaluation of the risk factors related to their development appear to be the most reasonable policy for prevention. themolysis due to significant isoantibody infusion and bleeding associated to abnormal platelet function occur more rarely during intensive replacement therapy with clotting factor concentrates. Finally, abnormalities of renal function have been observed in a number of patients, though they seem to be of minor clinical importance. These complications do not justify withdrawal or limitation of the very effective and life-changing use of concentrates. However, awareness of their occurrence and of their danger requires that specialized hemophilia centres carry out, at frequent intervals, clinical and laboratory testing of the target organs to allow an early detection."}
{"id": "PMID:267292", "title": "Jaundice and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Greek haemophiliacs.", "content": "The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (HBsAb) in 101 Greek multitransfused haemophiliacs with or without a previous history of jaundice was studied. Using the haemagglutination inhibition assay, HbsAg was detected in 9.9%, HBsAb in 61.3% and HBsAg plus Ab in 11.8% of the cases. The incidence of jaundice was 14.8%. Liver function was tested by means of Normotest, SGOT, SGPT and serum protein electrophoresis. Abnormal values of liver function tests were found in 47% of the patients. The abnormal findings were related to the presence of HBsAg or Ab and to the history of jaundice. There was no significant difference between the various groups of patients.", "contents": "Jaundice and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Greek haemophiliacs. The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (HBsAb) in 101 Greek multitransfused haemophiliacs with or without a previous history of jaundice was studied. Using the haemagglutination inhibition assay, HbsAg was detected in 9.9%, HBsAb in 61.3% and HBsAg plus Ab in 11.8% of the cases. The incidence of jaundice was 14.8%. Liver function was tested by means of Normotest, SGOT, SGPT and serum protein electrophoresis. Abnormal values of liver function tests were found in 47% of the patients. The abnormal findings were related to the presence of HBsAg or Ab and to the history of jaundice. There was no significant difference between the various groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:267293", "title": "Modifications of factor VIII related antigen in hemophiliacs with acute hepatitis and sub-clinical liver disease.", "content": "Modifications of Factor VIII related antigen (F, VIII R. A.) were investigated in three hemophilic patients during the course of post transfusion hepatitis. F. VIII R. A. was found to be elevated and correlated with the increase of the S.G.P.T. During the acute phase of the disease the Factor VIII related protein was tested for its ristocetin cofactor activity, its electrophoretic mobility on crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis and its elution pattern on Sepharose 4B columns; all these properties proved to be abnormal. Liver function tests and F. VIII R. A. were measured in 36 multitransfused hemophiliacs. There was a significant increase of the F. VIII R. A. in the plasma of patients with abnormal liver function tests. Only a few of the multitransfused hemophiliacs had clinical symptoms of hepatitis, although 72% had elevated transaminase levels.", "contents": "Modifications of factor VIII related antigen in hemophiliacs with acute hepatitis and sub-clinical liver disease. Modifications of Factor VIII related antigen (F, VIII R. A.) were investigated in three hemophilic patients during the course of post transfusion hepatitis. F. VIII R. A. was found to be elevated and correlated with the increase of the S.G.P.T. During the acute phase of the disease the Factor VIII related protein was tested for its ristocetin cofactor activity, its electrophoretic mobility on crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis and its elution pattern on Sepharose 4B columns; all these properties proved to be abnormal. Liver function tests and F. VIII R. A. were measured in 36 multitransfused hemophiliacs. There was a significant increase of the F. VIII R. A. in the plasma of patients with abnormal liver function tests. Only a few of the multitransfused hemophiliacs had clinical symptoms of hepatitis, although 72% had elevated transaminase levels."}
{"id": "PMID:267294", "title": "Chronic hepatitis in hemophilia.", "content": "The relationship of chronic hepatitis B and/or liver dysfunction to treatment in 113 hemophiliacs was evaluated by the enzyme tests, SGOT and SGPT, and by the presence of circulating hepatis B surface antigen (HbsAg) or antibody (anti-Hbs). The hemophiliacs were divided into three groups according to treatment pattern. Individuals who had received multiple doses of plasma fractions, derived from four or more commercial lots were placed in tgroup I \"large Exposure\". Group II \"Small Exposure\" had been treated with fractions from three or fewer lots and Group III \"Cryo\" had never received commercial fractions, but had been treated with cryoprecipitate. Abnormal liver function tests (LFT's) were found in 87% of Group I and 76% of Group II, but in only 16% of the \"Cryo\" group. Differences in LFT's were not great between treated VIII and IX deficient patients. All patients treated with 100,000 units or more showed either persistent or intermittent abnormalities. In the high exposure group, this history of past, overt hepatitis had no influence on observed LFT's. The sera of all patients in the high exposure and all, except one, in the low exposure groups were positive for HbsAg or anti-Hbs by RIA. Splenomegaly was found in 13% of fraction-treated patients. We conclude that there is biochemical evidence of liver disease following large exposure to commercial VIII or IX fractions, which should temper the physician's decision to start treatment with these fractions. On the other hand, evidence that their continued use produces mounting liver dysfunction is insufficient to withdraw this very effective and life-changing treatment from these individuals.", "contents": "Chronic hepatitis in hemophilia. The relationship of chronic hepatitis B and/or liver dysfunction to treatment in 113 hemophiliacs was evaluated by the enzyme tests, SGOT and SGPT, and by the presence of circulating hepatis B surface antigen (HbsAg) or antibody (anti-Hbs). The hemophiliacs were divided into three groups according to treatment pattern. Individuals who had received multiple doses of plasma fractions, derived from four or more commercial lots were placed in tgroup I \"large Exposure\". Group II \"Small Exposure\" had been treated with fractions from three or fewer lots and Group III \"Cryo\" had never received commercial fractions, but had been treated with cryoprecipitate. Abnormal liver function tests (LFT's) were found in 87% of Group I and 76% of Group II, but in only 16% of the \"Cryo\" group. Differences in LFT's were not great between treated VIII and IX deficient patients. All patients treated with 100,000 units or more showed either persistent or intermittent abnormalities. In the high exposure group, this history of past, overt hepatitis had no influence on observed LFT's. The sera of all patients in the high exposure and all, except one, in the low exposure groups were positive for HbsAg or anti-Hbs by RIA. Splenomegaly was found in 13% of fraction-treated patients. We conclude that there is biochemical evidence of liver disease following large exposure to commercial VIII or IX fractions, which should temper the physician's decision to start treatment with these fractions. On the other hand, evidence that their continued use produces mounting liver dysfunction is insufficient to withdraw this very effective and life-changing treatment from these individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:267295", "title": "Alteration of primary hemostasis in hemophiliacs after treatment with lyophilized antihemophilic globulin.", "content": "Seven patients with classic hemophilia A had alteration of primary hemostasis after treatment with lyophilized antihemophilic globulin (LAHG). The following test results, which were normal before treatment, became abnormal after treatment: bleeding time, bleeding intensity, and platelet adhesiveness. In two patients, the fibrin-fibrinogen-degradation products increased to more than 40 microgram/ml. In three patients, the bleeding symptoms became worse with LAHG therapy although no inhibitor against Factor VIII was demonstrated. In one of these patients, the bleedings symptoms disappeared when the use of LAHG was discontinued and prednisone was given; at the same time, the altered primary hemostasis returned to normal. In the remaining two patients, prednisone did not have any effect. In these two patients, however, the bleeding stopped, and the bleeding time became normal immediately after freshly prepared blood-group compatible cryoprecipitate was given.", "contents": "Alteration of primary hemostasis in hemophiliacs after treatment with lyophilized antihemophilic globulin. Seven patients with classic hemophilia A had alteration of primary hemostasis after treatment with lyophilized antihemophilic globulin (LAHG). The following test results, which were normal before treatment, became abnormal after treatment: bleeding time, bleeding intensity, and platelet adhesiveness. In two patients, the fibrin-fibrinogen-degradation products increased to more than 40 microgram/ml. In three patients, the bleeding symptoms became worse with LAHG therapy although no inhibitor against Factor VIII was demonstrated. In one of these patients, the bleedings symptoms disappeared when the use of LAHG was discontinued and prednisone was given; at the same time, the altered primary hemostasis returned to normal. In the remaining two patients, prednisone did not have any effect. In these two patients, however, the bleeding stopped, and the bleeding time became normal immediately after freshly prepared blood-group compatible cryoprecipitate was given."}
{"id": "PMID:267296", "title": "Factor IX and thrombosis.", "content": "Fractionation technology has made Factor IX concentrates available. In addition to a very high incidence of hepatitis, thrombosis is being recognized as a consequence of their use. Contradictory reports exist in the literature as to the incidence of thrombotic events. A recent study of thrombohemorrhagic phenomena after infusion with Factor IX concentrates in patients with congenital Factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B) or liver disease, revealed an incidence of twenty episodes in 188 cases (11%). It is imperative to delineate the thrombogenic factors and find methods for their removal to insure the safety of Factor IX products.", "contents": "Factor IX and thrombosis. Fractionation technology has made Factor IX concentrates available. In addition to a very high incidence of hepatitis, thrombosis is being recognized as a consequence of their use. Contradictory reports exist in the literature as to the incidence of thrombotic events. A recent study of thrombohemorrhagic phenomena after infusion with Factor IX concentrates in patients with congenital Factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B) or liver disease, revealed an incidence of twenty episodes in 188 cases (11%). It is imperative to delineate the thrombogenic factors and find methods for their removal to insure the safety of Factor IX products."}
{"id": "PMID:267297", "title": "Renal disorders in haemophilia A and B.", "content": "Although haematuria is a relatively common symptom of hemophilia A and B, renal disease seemed to be a rarity and it has usually been held that this symptom was benign in nature. However detailed studies of renal function in a series of such patients using radiological and biochemical tests of renal function show significant differences compared to normal. These abnormalities seem to be associated with recurrent haematuria but do not appear to be related directly to replacement therapy with plasma concentrate and do not occur more frequently in patients who have received long term fibrinolytic inhibitors. Other rare renal disorders associated with haemophilia include nephrotic syndrome, trauma, acute tubular necrosis, analgesic nephropathy and chronic pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Renal disorders in haemophilia A and B. Although haematuria is a relatively common symptom of hemophilia A and B, renal disease seemed to be a rarity and it has usually been held that this symptom was benign in nature. However detailed studies of renal function in a series of such patients using radiological and biochemical tests of renal function show significant differences compared to normal. These abnormalities seem to be associated with recurrent haematuria but do not appear to be related directly to replacement therapy with plasma concentrate and do not occur more frequently in patients who have received long term fibrinolytic inhibitors. Other rare renal disorders associated with haemophilia include nephrotic syndrome, trauma, acute tubular necrosis, analgesic nephropathy and chronic pyelonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:267298", "title": "Isoimmunization in haemophiliacs.", "content": "Serum samples from 134 Greek haemophiliacs multitransfused with fresh frozen plasma and factor--VIII or factor--IX concentrates were investigated for the presence of blood group antibodies. All samples were tested against a panel of selected cells of known but differing genotype. The incidence of blood group antibodies was 12.7%. Anti-D was found in 6 out of the 17 immunized patients, i.e., 35.3% of D-negative haemophiliacs were sensitized. It is concluded that the high incidence of immunization is a serious complication of repeated plasma transfusions.", "contents": "Isoimmunization in haemophiliacs. Serum samples from 134 Greek haemophiliacs multitransfused with fresh frozen plasma and factor--VIII or factor--IX concentrates were investigated for the presence of blood group antibodies. All samples were tested against a panel of selected cells of known but differing genotype. The incidence of blood group antibodies was 12.7%. Anti-D was found in 6 out of the 17 immunized patients, i.e., 35.3% of D-negative haemophiliacs were sensitized. It is concluded that the high incidence of immunization is a serious complication of repeated plasma transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:267300", "title": "Home care for hemophilia: current state of the art.", "content": "While home care treatment for hemophilia is not a panacea and does not supplant good comprehensive care, it does seem to offer improved medical care for those hemophiliacs enrolled in such a program. The results have been very encouraging in the programs of this type throughout the United States. Since most programs have been in existence for 5 years or less, long-term data have not accumulated. However, the evidence seems to suggest that crippling is less in children and that orthopedic deformities do not progress at the same rate in adults. Children have improved school attendance; young men may attend college and graduate schools without difficulty. Adults may hold a job without fear of absenteeism. There are fewer dollar costs of the disease for the patient and the psychiatric cost of this chronic illness is markedly less. The quality of life is improved and the patient may develop a new self-confidence which allows him to function as a productive member of society.", "contents": "Home care for hemophilia: current state of the art. While home care treatment for hemophilia is not a panacea and does not supplant good comprehensive care, it does seem to offer improved medical care for those hemophiliacs enrolled in such a program. The results have been very encouraging in the programs of this type throughout the United States. Since most programs have been in existence for 5 years or less, long-term data have not accumulated. However, the evidence seems to suggest that crippling is less in children and that orthopedic deformities do not progress at the same rate in adults. Children have improved school attendance; young men may attend college and graduate schools without difficulty. Adults may hold a job without fear of absenteeism. There are fewer dollar costs of the disease for the patient and the psychiatric cost of this chronic illness is markedly less. The quality of life is improved and the patient may develop a new self-confidence which allows him to function as a productive member of society."}
{"id": "PMID:267301", "title": "Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia.", "content": "The incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis and liver dysfunction is presented in fifty-four patients with classical hemophilia who received episodic and/or prophylactic Factor VIII concentrate. 42.5% had persistent biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction with elevated SGOT and SGPT; 3.8% have persistent (HBs) antigenicity and 90% have (HBsAb) antibodies. The results are the same for those who were treated episodically and received an average of 753 units Factor VIII per week as those treated prophylactically who received an average of 686 Factor VIII units per week. The incidence of clinical and/or subclinical disease is unaffected by the transfusion regimen or the amount of concentrate used. The necessity for close follow is emphasized for determination of chronic liver disease and its further therapy.", "contents": "Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia. The incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis and liver dysfunction is presented in fifty-four patients with classical hemophilia who received episodic and/or prophylactic Factor VIII concentrate. 42.5% had persistent biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction with elevated SGOT and SGPT; 3.8% have persistent (HBs) antigenicity and 90% have (HBsAb) antibodies. The results are the same for those who were treated episodically and received an average of 753 units Factor VIII per week as those treated prophylactically who received an average of 686 Factor VIII units per week. The incidence of clinical and/or subclinical disease is unaffected by the transfusion regimen or the amount of concentrate used. The necessity for close follow is emphasized for determination of chronic liver disease and its further therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:267310", "title": "Projected estimation of factor VIII requirements for home treatment based on a pilot study of two haemophilic patients.", "content": "An extensive programme of home administration of factor VIII replacement therapy has been proposed for the haemophiliacs of the Edinburgh Area following the successful training of self-administration therapy in the Haemophilia Centre. A study of 1 moderate and 1 severe haemophiliac, whose factor VIII requirements for the year 1974 were compared with factor VIII usage for \"on demand\" out-patient therapy at the Centre in 1973, showed these quantities to be 14,380 as compared with 38,725 factor VIII units in the severely affected patient. From these figures, and, knowing that the average number of factor VIII units used per patient per years was 8,116 for the moderate and 11,592 for the severe haemophiliacs, it has been calculated that home treatment would require 6,000-10,000 factor VIII units per patient per year for the latter class. The advantages and hazards of home treatment are discussed and evaluated in the light of the two patients studied and the self-administration programme of therapy at present in operation.", "contents": "Projected estimation of factor VIII requirements for home treatment based on a pilot study of two haemophilic patients. An extensive programme of home administration of factor VIII replacement therapy has been proposed for the haemophiliacs of the Edinburgh Area following the successful training of self-administration therapy in the Haemophilia Centre. A study of 1 moderate and 1 severe haemophiliac, whose factor VIII requirements for the year 1974 were compared with factor VIII usage for \"on demand\" out-patient therapy at the Centre in 1973, showed these quantities to be 14,380 as compared with 38,725 factor VIII units in the severely affected patient. From these figures, and, knowing that the average number of factor VIII units used per patient per years was 8,116 for the moderate and 11,592 for the severe haemophiliacs, it has been calculated that home treatment would require 6,000-10,000 factor VIII units per patient per year for the latter class. The advantages and hazards of home treatment are discussed and evaluated in the light of the two patients studied and the self-administration programme of therapy at present in operation."}
{"id": "PMID:267311", "title": "Increase of proliferative activity of leukaemic blast cells from human peripheral blood in liquid culture.", "content": "The proliferative behaviour of leukaemic cells from the peripheral blood of 12 patients suffering from acute leukaemia was investigated in short term liquid culture. In 3 cases of AML an increase of the blast cell number was observed exceeding the initial value whereas in 9 other cases the cell number decreased more or less rapidly. In 9 of these patients the proliferation kinetics of the cultured leukaemic blast cells were studied with 3H-thymidine labelling. In all these cases the labelling index increased during the first days of culture, in 3 cases to values of 48%, 45% and 38% on day 3. Only in 5 cases, however, did an absolute increase of the blast cells incorporating 3H-thymidine occur. Here the doubling times of the proliferating leukaemic blast cells were estimated to be 12, 13, 14, 28 and 55 h. Since a doubling time of 12 to 14 h seems to be too short to be explained only by an exponential growth of the initially proliferating cells it is postulated that leukaemic blast cells in a G0- or long G1-phase were present in the peripheral blood of these patients and that these entered the cell cycle during liquid culture.", "contents": "Increase of proliferative activity of leukaemic blast cells from human peripheral blood in liquid culture. The proliferative behaviour of leukaemic cells from the peripheral blood of 12 patients suffering from acute leukaemia was investigated in short term liquid culture. In 3 cases of AML an increase of the blast cell number was observed exceeding the initial value whereas in 9 other cases the cell number decreased more or less rapidly. In 9 of these patients the proliferation kinetics of the cultured leukaemic blast cells were studied with 3H-thymidine labelling. In all these cases the labelling index increased during the first days of culture, in 3 cases to values of 48%, 45% and 38% on day 3. Only in 5 cases, however, did an absolute increase of the blast cells incorporating 3H-thymidine occur. Here the doubling times of the proliferating leukaemic blast cells were estimated to be 12, 13, 14, 28 and 55 h. Since a doubling time of 12 to 14 h seems to be too short to be explained only by an exponential growth of the initially proliferating cells it is postulated that leukaemic blast cells in a G0- or long G1-phase were present in the peripheral blood of these patients and that these entered the cell cycle during liquid culture."}
{"id": "PMID:267312", "title": "[Portal hypertension without liver cirrhosis in chronic vitamin A intoxication].", "content": "The ysmptoms and findings in a patient after prolonged intake of excessive amounts of vitamin A for treatment of psoriasis are presentd. All the characteristic signs of chronic intoxication were reversible after withdrawal of the medication. Initially portal hypertension could be demonstrated, although histologically there was no cirrhosis of the liver. During the period of observation the disturbed liver function returned to normal and the signs of portal hypertension disappeared completely. Reversibility of portal hypertension is a unusual observation and is discussed in relation to similar situations in toxic liver disease.", "contents": "[Portal hypertension without liver cirrhosis in chronic vitamin A intoxication]. The ysmptoms and findings in a patient after prolonged intake of excessive amounts of vitamin A for treatment of psoriasis are presentd. All the characteristic signs of chronic intoxication were reversible after withdrawal of the medication. Initially portal hypertension could be demonstrated, although histologically there was no cirrhosis of the liver. During the period of observation the disturbed liver function returned to normal and the signs of portal hypertension disappeared completely. Reversibility of portal hypertension is a unusual observation and is discussed in relation to similar situations in toxic liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:267313", "title": "[Comparative testing of various resins for model dies].", "content": "The value of resins for model dies is controversial. This objective study indicates that epoxy- and epimine resins may be successfully used as die materials, if certain measures are taken as a precaution. The resin should be centrifuged and a slight contraction of the material must be calculated into the chain of manufacture. The material should not be poured into hydrocolloid impressions, as the humidity of this impression material may interfere with the proper polymerization of the resin. A major inconvenience are the frequent formation of air bubbles on the angles of the preparation, and this in spite of the use of the vibrator.", "contents": "[Comparative testing of various resins for model dies]. The value of resins for model dies is controversial. This objective study indicates that epoxy- and epimine resins may be successfully used as die materials, if certain measures are taken as a precaution. The resin should be centrifuged and a slight contraction of the material must be calculated into the chain of manufacture. The material should not be poured into hydrocolloid impressions, as the humidity of this impression material may interfere with the proper polymerization of the resin. A major inconvenience are the frequent formation of air bubbles on the angles of the preparation, and this in spite of the use of the vibrator."}
{"id": "PMID:267314", "title": "[Comparative clinical and histological studies on extraction wounds with and without local application of a salicylic acid preparation (Apernyl)].", "content": "Selected patients with extraction wounds served to experiment with Apernyl-styli of Bayer. Contralateral alveoli were used as controls. 10 days following operation biopsies were taken from treated and untreated alveoli. Histologically, a morphometric study was made, and clinically healing was judged by the frequency of complications and the initial physiologic pain. The results show that Apernyl does not influence histological healing, positively or negatively. Thus, the results obtained by Nordenram and Band (1970) and Satoh et al. (1973) could be confirmed. Clinically, there were significanlty less p.o. complications in patients with Apernyl prophylaxis; 2 of 51 treated alveoli compared to 8 of 45 untreated ones. Pain was significantly reduced: 17 of the 19 patients complained of pain in the untreated half of the jaw, while only 4 suffered pain on the treated side. This confirms the findings of Neuner and Panzera and Neuner and Schegg (1972 and 1969 resp.).", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and histological studies on extraction wounds with and without local application of a salicylic acid preparation (Apernyl)]. Selected patients with extraction wounds served to experiment with Apernyl-styli of Bayer. Contralateral alveoli were used as controls. 10 days following operation biopsies were taken from treated and untreated alveoli. Histologically, a morphometric study was made, and clinically healing was judged by the frequency of complications and the initial physiologic pain. The results show that Apernyl does not influence histological healing, positively or negatively. Thus, the results obtained by Nordenram and Band (1970) and Satoh et al. (1973) could be confirmed. Clinically, there were significanlty less p.o. complications in patients with Apernyl prophylaxis; 2 of 51 treated alveoli compared to 8 of 45 untreated ones. Pain was significantly reduced: 17 of the 19 patients complained of pain in the untreated half of the jaw, while only 4 suffered pain on the treated side. This confirms the findings of Neuner and Panzera and Neuner and Schegg (1972 and 1969 resp.)."}
{"id": "PMID:267315", "title": "[Expansion of the scope of indications for Wirz' transfixation method].", "content": "Transfixation after Wirz, a closed implantation, serves to conserve periodontally weakened teeth. The method can be recommended to the practitioner. It is subdivised into 6 phases which are described. The treatment method may be successfully enlarged clinically and topographically. 7 cases are demonstrated and show the scope of indication.", "contents": "[Expansion of the scope of indications for Wirz' transfixation method]. Transfixation after Wirz, a closed implantation, serves to conserve periodontally weakened teeth. The method can be recommended to the practitioner. It is subdivised into 6 phases which are described. The treatment method may be successfully enlarged clinically and topographically. 7 cases are demonstrated and show the scope of indication."}
{"id": "PMID:267316", "title": "[Caries diagnosis of deciduous teeth, value of radiography].", "content": "Deciduous molars of 10-11 year-old children were examined clinically and radiologically for caries. The findings were compared. Without the radiological evidence of the bitewing pictures about 66% of proximal caries of deciduous molars would have been overlooked. Moreover, the lesions could be detected earlier.", "contents": "[Caries diagnosis of deciduous teeth, value of radiography]. Deciduous molars of 10-11 year-old children were examined clinically and radiologically for caries. The findings were compared. Without the radiological evidence of the bitewing pictures about 66% of proximal caries of deciduous molars would have been overlooked. Moreover, the lesions could be detected earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:267317", "title": "[Interpretation and misinterpretation in occlusion diagnostic radiography of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "Methodical procedure is of considerable importance in interpreting radiographs of the temporomandibular joint. Under this aspect the technique used at the Dental School of the University of Zurich, Department of Prosthodontics, is described. Two principal steps are distinguished for the evaluation of a radiograph: valuation and interpretation. In order to make clear radiographic anatomy and characteristics of projection of the joint region two didactic models are introduced. Problems, limits and pitfalls in interpreting radiographs of the temporomandibular joint in oblique lateral projection are shown.", "contents": "[Interpretation and misinterpretation in occlusion diagnostic radiography of the temporomandibular joint]. Methodical procedure is of considerable importance in interpreting radiographs of the temporomandibular joint. Under this aspect the technique used at the Dental School of the University of Zurich, Department of Prosthodontics, is described. Two principal steps are distinguished for the evaluation of a radiograph: valuation and interpretation. In order to make clear radiographic anatomy and characteristics of projection of the joint region two didactic models are introduced. Problems, limits and pitfalls in interpreting radiographs of the temporomandibular joint in oblique lateral projection are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:267318", "title": "[Porosity of composite filling materials].", "content": "The porosity of composite materials was investigated. For the 5 materials tested the values varied between 5.9 and 2.2 vol. %. The volume of porosity could be reduced markedly by a short application of pressure upon the mixed material. Pressure and time of pressure were checked separately, and it could be shown that the percentage of porosity reduction was correlated almost completely with the viscosity of the composite.", "contents": "[Porosity of composite filling materials]. The porosity of composite materials was investigated. For the 5 materials tested the values varied between 5.9 and 2.2 vol. %. The volume of porosity could be reduced markedly by a short application of pressure upon the mixed material. Pressure and time of pressure were checked separately, and it could be shown that the percentage of porosity reduction was correlated almost completely with the viscosity of the composite."}
{"id": "PMID:267319", "title": "[A modified set of instruments for percutaneous screwing together of mandibular fragments].", "content": "A modified instrumentation for the percutaneous screwing of mandibular fragments is presented. Functionally stable osteosynthesis in the mandible may be obtained by the tractional screws and osteosynthesis plate (DCP, EDCP). It is possible to use the 2-mm miniscrew and also the 2.7- and 3.5-mm corticalis screw. Thus, it seems possible to use percutaneous, functionally stable osteosynthesis with plates and screws for certain types of fractures and corrective osteotomies of the mandible. In addition, the same technique applies to the sagittal splitting of the ascending ramus after Obwegeser for the correction of mandibular prognathism.", "contents": "[A modified set of instruments for percutaneous screwing together of mandibular fragments]. A modified instrumentation for the percutaneous screwing of mandibular fragments is presented. Functionally stable osteosynthesis in the mandible may be obtained by the tractional screws and osteosynthesis plate (DCP, EDCP). It is possible to use the 2-mm miniscrew and also the 2.7- and 3.5-mm corticalis screw. Thus, it seems possible to use percutaneous, functionally stable osteosynthesis with plates and screws for certain types of fractures and corrective osteotomies of the mandible. In addition, the same technique applies to the sagittal splitting of the ascending ramus after Obwegeser for the correction of mandibular prognathism."}
{"id": "PMID:267320", "title": "[15 year's results with combined caries prophylaxis according to the recommendations of the seminar for juvenile dental health (1961)].", "content": "Consistent combination of the prophylaxis measures as recommended by the Seminar for youth dental health has led to a 67% decrease in caries incidence for the Bettlach schoolchildren, during the last 15 years. A very important factor is the good collaboration between school dentists and teaching staff of the school; centralized examination makes thorough and universal prophylactic measures possible.", "contents": "[15 year's results with combined caries prophylaxis according to the recommendations of the seminar for juvenile dental health (1961)]. Consistent combination of the prophylaxis measures as recommended by the Seminar for youth dental health has led to a 67% decrease in caries incidence for the Bettlach schoolchildren, during the last 15 years. A very important factor is the good collaboration between school dentists and teaching staff of the school; centralized examination makes thorough and universal prophylactic measures possible."}
{"id": "PMID:267326", "title": "Oscillation and chaos in physiological control systems.", "content": "First-order nonlinear differential-delay equations describing physiological control systems are studied. The equations display a broad diversity of dynamical behavior including limit cycle oscillations, with a variety of wave forms, and apparently aperiodic or \"chaotic\" solutions. These results are discussed in relation to dynamical respiratory and hematopoietic diseases.", "contents": "Oscillation and chaos in physiological control systems. First-order nonlinear differential-delay equations describing physiological control systems are studied. The equations display a broad diversity of dynamical behavior including limit cycle oscillations, with a variety of wave forms, and apparently aperiodic or \"chaotic\" solutions. These results are discussed in relation to dynamical respiratory and hematopoietic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:267327", "title": "Inducibility of transferrin receptors on friend erythroleukemic cells.", "content": "The ability of Friend erythroleukemic cells to bind transferrin and take up its iron increases substantially as a result of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated differentiation. Although transferrin-binding activity is also demonstrable in another mouse cell line of hematopoietic origin, the lymphoma cell, it does not increase on exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide. Gel filtration studies corroborate that the binding of transferrin to the erythroleukemic cells is due to the formation of a specific complex of transferrin and a membrane receptor. Thus, the specific interaction of transferrin with its receptor is another expression of dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation in the Friend cell.", "contents": "Inducibility of transferrin receptors on friend erythroleukemic cells. The ability of Friend erythroleukemic cells to bind transferrin and take up its iron increases substantially as a result of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated differentiation. Although transferrin-binding activity is also demonstrable in another mouse cell line of hematopoietic origin, the lymphoma cell, it does not increase on exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide. Gel filtration studies corroborate that the binding of transferrin to the erythroleukemic cells is due to the formation of a specific complex of transferrin and a membrane receptor. Thus, the specific interaction of transferrin with its receptor is another expression of dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation in the Friend cell."}
{"id": "PMID:267328", "title": "Host control of tumor growth.", "content": "A humoral factor (molecular weight less than 60,000) that was present in the ascitic fluid of mice bearing intraperitoneal tumors and in pleural effusions from human cancer patients was found to promote the growth of a murine tumor and to suppress cell-mediated tumor immunity. However, the hosts that had recovered from the immunosuppressive state produced a serum factor that could neutralize the immunosuppressive effect.", "contents": "Host control of tumor growth. A humoral factor (molecular weight less than 60,000) that was present in the ascitic fluid of mice bearing intraperitoneal tumors and in pleural effusions from human cancer patients was found to promote the growth of a murine tumor and to suppress cell-mediated tumor immunity. However, the hosts that had recovered from the immunosuppressive state produced a serum factor that could neutralize the immunosuppressive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:267329", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma in a patient with aplastic anemia.", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma developed in a 14-year-old boy 13 years after he had partially recovered from chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia. A possible relationship is considered between aplastic anemia, chloramphenicol, testosterone, prednisone, and osteogenic sarcoma. Leukemia has been reported following chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia and liver tumors have been associated with testosterone therapy. Certain chemicals have caused osteogenic sarcoma in animals. Thus, we believe there are sufficient a priori reasons to question an etiologic relationship between the cause or treatment of aplastic anemia and osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma in a patient with aplastic anemia. Osteogenic sarcoma developed in a 14-year-old boy 13 years after he had partially recovered from chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia. A possible relationship is considered between aplastic anemia, chloramphenicol, testosterone, prednisone, and osteogenic sarcoma. Leukemia has been reported following chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia and liver tumors have been associated with testosterone therapy. Certain chemicals have caused osteogenic sarcoma in animals. Thus, we believe there are sufficient a priori reasons to question an etiologic relationship between the cause or treatment of aplastic anemia and osteogenic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:267366", "title": "[Effect of dental alloys on salivary alkaline and acid phosphatase, alpha amylase K+, Na+, and Cl-].", "content": "Comparative studied were performed in healthy subjects without metals in their oral cavities and in individuals having different metal alloys (gold, steel, amalgam) in their mouths and presenting with various complaints such as xerostomia, burning mucosa, etc. It was found that the contents of alkaline and acid phosphatases, alpha-amylase, K+, Na+ and Cl- in saliva increased significantly with the increase in total corrosion potential when non-precious metal alloys, especially different types of alloys, were present. Parallel to this, the frequency and the intensity of the complaints increased.", "contents": "[Effect of dental alloys on salivary alkaline and acid phosphatase, alpha amylase K+, Na+, and Cl-]. Comparative studied were performed in healthy subjects without metals in their oral cavities and in individuals having different metal alloys (gold, steel, amalgam) in their mouths and presenting with various complaints such as xerostomia, burning mucosa, etc. It was found that the contents of alkaline and acid phosphatases, alpha-amylase, K+, Na+ and Cl- in saliva increased significantly with the increase in total corrosion potential when non-precious metal alloys, especially different types of alloys, were present. Parallel to this, the frequency and the intensity of the complaints increased."}
{"id": "PMID:267367", "title": "[1st experiences with the use of the new radio-protective shield in routine dental radiodiagnosis].", "content": "The authors report of practical experience with a radioprotective shield. This kind of radiohygiene is recommended for routine stomatological radiodiagnosis by the State Board of Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection of the GDR.", "contents": "[1st experiences with the use of the new radio-protective shield in routine dental radiodiagnosis]. The authors report of practical experience with a radioprotective shield. This kind of radiohygiene is recommended for routine stomatological radiodiagnosis by the State Board of Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection of the GDR."}
{"id": "PMID:267368", "title": "[Measures for the prevention of incidents in ambulatory dental surgery].", "content": "The purpose of the present review is to suggest to the practising stomatologist simple measures against incidents. The importance of history taking and examination, psychoprophylaxis and other preparatory measures in outpatients is emphasized.", "contents": "[Measures for the prevention of incidents in ambulatory dental surgery]. The purpose of the present review is to suggest to the practising stomatologist simple measures against incidents. The importance of history taking and examination, psychoprophylaxis and other preparatory measures in outpatients is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:267369", "title": "[Various hygienic problems in ambulatory dental surgery].", "content": "Oral surgical interventions on an outpatient basis are attended by considerable hygienic hazards. The main reasons of this, which are in part subjective and in part objective, are presented. Some typical examples show that at least minimal hygienic requirements may be met by the physician and by the patient also under apparently unfavourable conditions. An optimal solution must be aimed at, but this requires certain prerequisites as to equipment and premises. In any case, it must be called for in planning and establishing greater stomatological services that sould be preferred for this reason to single practices also from the viewpoint of hygiene. Consequently, the propagation of hospitalism and infections caused by pathogenic organisms may be controlled by strict hygienic measures also in our specialty.", "contents": "[Various hygienic problems in ambulatory dental surgery]. Oral surgical interventions on an outpatient basis are attended by considerable hygienic hazards. The main reasons of this, which are in part subjective and in part objective, are presented. Some typical examples show that at least minimal hygienic requirements may be met by the physician and by the patient also under apparently unfavourable conditions. An optimal solution must be aimed at, but this requires certain prerequisites as to equipment and premises. In any case, it must be called for in planning and establishing greater stomatological services that sould be preferred for this reason to single practices also from the viewpoint of hygiene. Consequently, the propagation of hospitalism and infections caused by pathogenic organisms may be controlled by strict hygienic measures also in our specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:267370", "title": "[Radiological interpretation of bone regeneration after cystectomy of odontogenic cysts].", "content": "38 patients who had undergone surgical intervention (Partsch II) for odontogenic cysts were examined radiographically as well as clinically. The extent of bone regeneration was estimated according to age, sex, location of the cyst in the jaw, cyst size, length of time elapsed after operation and function. To facilitate the interpretation of the results obtained, the patients were subdivided into five age groups. Bone regeneration was most frequent up to the age of 20 (85.7%). It occurred more often in women (in 11 of 16 patients = 68.75%) than in men (in 14 of 22 patients = 63.6%). Bone healing was most favourable in the anterior region of the mandible less, favourable in the posterior region of the maxillae and least favourable in the anterior region of the upper jaw. With increasing size of the cyst, the regenerative power of the bone decreased. An increase in regeneration was observed up to 3 years after surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Radiological interpretation of bone regeneration after cystectomy of odontogenic cysts]. 38 patients who had undergone surgical intervention (Partsch II) for odontogenic cysts were examined radiographically as well as clinically. The extent of bone regeneration was estimated according to age, sex, location of the cyst in the jaw, cyst size, length of time elapsed after operation and function. To facilitate the interpretation of the results obtained, the patients were subdivided into five age groups. Bone regeneration was most frequent up to the age of 20 (85.7%). It occurred more often in women (in 11 of 16 patients = 68.75%) than in men (in 14 of 22 patients = 63.6%). Bone healing was most favourable in the anterior region of the mandible less, favourable in the posterior region of the maxillae and least favourable in the anterior region of the upper jaw. With increasing size of the cyst, the regenerative power of the bone decreased. An increase in regeneration was observed up to 3 years after surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:267372", "title": "[Efficiency of amalgam preparation by mechanical mixing using predosed capsules].", "content": "With regard to a modified capsule program permitting to predose dental materials in stomatological practice, the clinical use of an amalgamator designed for predosed capsules is evaluated from economic and ergonomic aspects. During two and  a half years of intensive utilization, this amalgamator has proved very successful. Therefore, it may be recommended as an essential element of the capsule system.", "contents": "[Efficiency of amalgam preparation by mechanical mixing using predosed capsules]. With regard to a modified capsule program permitting to predose dental materials in stomatological practice, the clinical use of an amalgamator designed for predosed capsules is evaluated from economic and ergonomic aspects. During two and  a half years of intensive utilization, this amalgamator has proved very successful. Therefore, it may be recommended as an essential element of the capsule system."}
{"id": "PMID:267373", "title": "[Specific effect of phenytoin application on periodontal diseases].", "content": "In the light of clinical evaluations by means of the periodontal disease index and of histologic findings, the present study demonstrates for the first time that the local application of phenytoin may exert a specific and therapeutic effect on parodontopathia mixta.", "contents": "[Specific effect of phenytoin application on periodontal diseases]. In the light of clinical evaluations by means of the periodontal disease index and of histologic findings, the present study demonstrates for the first time that the local application of phenytoin may exert a specific and therapeutic effect on parodontopathia mixta."}
{"id": "PMID:267374", "title": "[Foundations and methods of rational crown preparation].", "content": "The targeted removal of dental hard tissues for the purposes of crown stump preparation may be designated as rational if the technique used ist atraumatic and implies the deliberate use of driving systems within different speed ranges and the utilization of adapted abrasive tools in a phase-synchronous and segment-oriented manner. Goal of the preparation is to realize a copy of the clinical crown that is reduced in size, presents less details and has a defined line of preparation.", "contents": "[Foundations and methods of rational crown preparation]. The targeted removal of dental hard tissues for the purposes of crown stump preparation may be designated as rational if the technique used ist atraumatic and implies the deliberate use of driving systems within different speed ranges and the utilization of adapted abrasive tools in a phase-synchronous and segment-oriented manner. Goal of the preparation is to realize a copy of the clinical crown that is reduced in size, presents less details and has a defined line of preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:267380", "title": "[Zinc uptake of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes in an in vitro model (author's transl)].", "content": "Zinc uptake and/or possible exchange by isolated lymphocytes from normal persons and from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia were studied in an in vitro model. The uptake of zinc per 10(9) lymphocytes of normal persons was 60 +/- 10 nanomoles and 120 +/- 15 nanomoles during incubation for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. Two out of the 3 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia showed normal zinc uptake in this test system, whereas zinc uptake by lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia was significantly decreased (22+/-8 nanomoles in 30 minutes and 35+/-10 nanomoles in 60 minutes).", "contents": "[Zinc uptake of normal and leukaemic lymphocytes in an in vitro model (author's transl)]. Zinc uptake and/or possible exchange by isolated lymphocytes from normal persons and from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia were studied in an in vitro model. The uptake of zinc per 10(9) lymphocytes of normal persons was 60 +/- 10 nanomoles and 120 +/- 15 nanomoles during incubation for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. Two out of the 3 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia showed normal zinc uptake in this test system, whereas zinc uptake by lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia was significantly decreased (22+/-8 nanomoles in 30 minutes and 35+/-10 nanomoles in 60 minutes)."}
{"id": "PMID:267409", "title": "Diagnostic suction curettage without anesthesia. An investigation into the practical usefulness of the Vabra aspirator.", "content": "The purpose of this work is: 1) to answer the question whether the procedure of the Vabra aspiration curettage without anesthesia is well tolerated by the patients; 2) to assess the reliability of the Vabra curettage and to compare it with the conventional curettage in the diagnosis of various endometrial disorder. 262 patients were submitted to the procedure of fractional suctioncurettage without anesthesia; the method succeeded in 261 cases. In 205 cases the histological diagnosis was compared to the diagnosis from a conventional curettage or from a hysterectomy specimen. The method gives histologically reliable results. The tolerance by the patients was good. There were no complications.", "contents": "Diagnostic suction curettage without anesthesia. An investigation into the practical usefulness of the Vabra aspirator. The purpose of this work is: 1) to answer the question whether the procedure of the Vabra aspiration curettage without anesthesia is well tolerated by the patients; 2) to assess the reliability of the Vabra curettage and to compare it with the conventional curettage in the diagnosis of various endometrial disorder. 262 patients were submitted to the procedure of fractional suctioncurettage without anesthesia; the method succeeded in 261 cases. In 205 cases the histological diagnosis was compared to the diagnosis from a conventional curettage or from a hysterectomy specimen. The method gives histologically reliable results. The tolerance by the patients was good. There were no complications."}
{"id": "PMID:267427", "title": "The transmural migration and release of blood cells in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The transmural passage of malignant blood cells from the extravascular parenchyma into sinusoidal lumen has been studied in the bone marrow of rats with myelogenous leukemia. The Shay myelogenous leukemia was chosen as a model system because an increased bone marrow cellularity is, in this leukemia, usually accompanied by an increase in circulating myeloid cells. By means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was found that the sinusoidal endothelial lining of the bone marrow remains intact and continuous even in advanced stages of the disease. SEM shows that the malignant myeloblast-like cell enters the sinusoidal lumen by means of a temporary migration pore, which appears only during the transmural passage of the cell. Certain nondegenerative changes in the sinusoidal blood vessels are associated with the myelogenous leukemia. The normal radial alignment of sinusoids about the central sinusoid is changed into a tortuous pattern, and intraluminal cytoplasmic bridges which impede the blood flow are formed by the endothelial cells.", "contents": "The transmural migration and release of blood cells in acute myelogenous leukemia. The transmural passage of malignant blood cells from the extravascular parenchyma into sinusoidal lumen has been studied in the bone marrow of rats with myelogenous leukemia. The Shay myelogenous leukemia was chosen as a model system because an increased bone marrow cellularity is, in this leukemia, usually accompanied by an increase in circulating myeloid cells. By means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was found that the sinusoidal endothelial lining of the bone marrow remains intact and continuous even in advanced stages of the disease. SEM shows that the malignant myeloblast-like cell enters the sinusoidal lumen by means of a temporary migration pore, which appears only during the transmural passage of the cell. Certain nondegenerative changes in the sinusoidal blood vessels are associated with the myelogenous leukemia. The normal radial alignment of sinusoids about the central sinusoid is changed into a tortuous pattern, and intraluminal cytoplasmic bridges which impede the blood flow are formed by the endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:267428", "title": "Nonspecific esterase activity in pernicious anemia and chronic erythremic myelosis: a cytochemical and electrophoretic study.", "content": "Cytochemically, nonspecific esterase activity was detected in megaloblasts from three patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia, in megaloblastoid erythroblasts from five patients with chronic erythremic myelosis (DiGuglielmo syndrome), and in normoblasts from a patient with severe untreated iron-deficiency anemia. Nonspecific esterase activity in all of these erythroblasts was inhibited by sodium fluoride. Enzymatic activity could not be detected in normoblasts from normal marrows. Electrophoretically, three bands of nonspecific esterase activity could be visualized in marrow sonicates from the anemic patients and normal persons. All of these bands were inhibited by sodium fluoride. The results demonstrate that electrophoretically and in terms of fluoride inhibition, nonspecific esterases obtained primarily from erythroid precursors in various types of anemias are similar to nonspecific esterases found in normal marrows presumably containing a more heterogeneous population of cells.", "contents": "Nonspecific esterase activity in pernicious anemia and chronic erythremic myelosis: a cytochemical and electrophoretic study. Cytochemically, nonspecific esterase activity was detected in megaloblasts from three patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia, in megaloblastoid erythroblasts from five patients with chronic erythremic myelosis (DiGuglielmo syndrome), and in normoblasts from a patient with severe untreated iron-deficiency anemia. Nonspecific esterase activity in all of these erythroblasts was inhibited by sodium fluoride. Enzymatic activity could not be detected in normoblasts from normal marrows. Electrophoretically, three bands of nonspecific esterase activity could be visualized in marrow sonicates from the anemic patients and normal persons. All of these bands were inhibited by sodium fluoride. The results demonstrate that electrophoretically and in terms of fluoride inhibition, nonspecific esterases obtained primarily from erythroid precursors in various types of anemias are similar to nonspecific esterases found in normal marrows presumably containing a more heterogeneous population of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:267429", "title": "A population-based study of referral, diagnostic and treatment patterns for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In order to make decisions about cancer control programs, information is needed on the current management of cancer as actually practiced in the United States. A study to address this issue for acute lymphocytic leukemia in children (age 15 years and under) has been performed. The 101 patients represent all reported incident cases during 1972 in five regions which have population-based registries. Data on patient characteristics, referral patterns, treatment regimens, remission/relapse status, and survival are presented. It is concluded that the treatment strategies developed in leukemia research are reaching the general patient population. The present study can be considered a model for future studies of other forms of malignancy.", "contents": "A population-based study of referral, diagnostic and treatment patterns for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. In order to make decisions about cancer control programs, information is needed on the current management of cancer as actually practiced in the United States. A study to address this issue for acute lymphocytic leukemia in children (age 15 years and under) has been performed. The 101 patients represent all reported incident cases during 1972 in five regions which have population-based registries. Data on patient characteristics, referral patterns, treatment regimens, remission/relapse status, and survival are presented. It is concluded that the treatment strategies developed in leukemia research are reaching the general patient population. The present study can be considered a model for future studies of other forms of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:267430", "title": "Erythroblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Erythroblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia was found in seven of 67 unselected patients with blast crisis. This morphologic picture of erythroblastic transformation was indistinguishable from that in erythroleukemia or Di Guglielmo's syndrome. The median survival of the patients with erythroblastic transformation was two months, considerably less than the four-month median survival in the entire series of 67 patients. Only two brief partial remissions were obtained with combination chemotherapy. The causes of death were primarily hemorrhage and infection, related to thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. In this regard, the patients with erythroblastic transformation resembled all the patients with blast crisis and patients with acute leukemia in general. The erythroblastic transformation seems to represent a morphologic variant of chronic granulocytic leukemia blast crisis, without apparent prognostic or therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Erythroblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Erythroblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia was found in seven of 67 unselected patients with blast crisis. This morphologic picture of erythroblastic transformation was indistinguishable from that in erythroleukemia or Di Guglielmo's syndrome. The median survival of the patients with erythroblastic transformation was two months, considerably less than the four-month median survival in the entire series of 67 patients. Only two brief partial remissions were obtained with combination chemotherapy. The causes of death were primarily hemorrhage and infection, related to thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. In this regard, the patients with erythroblastic transformation resembled all the patients with blast crisis and patients with acute leukemia in general. The erythroblastic transformation seems to represent a morphologic variant of chronic granulocytic leukemia blast crisis, without apparent prognostic or therapeutic implications."}
{"id": "PMID:267431", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia: clonal origin in a stem cell common to the granulocyte, erythrocyte, platelet and monocyte/macrophage.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) isoenzymes types of granulocytes were determined in eight women with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The patients were heterozygous at the X-linked G-6-PD locus for the common gene, GdB, and a variant, such as GdA, so that both B and A enzyme types were found in skin cells. In contrast to these normal cells, only one G-6-PD type was found in CML granulocytes. The fact that such single-enzyme phenotypes are found in CML granulocytes, but not in nonleukemic granulocytes, provides strong evidence that the disease has a clonal origin. Single-enzyme phenotypes were also found in erythrocytes, platelets and cultured blood macrophages indicating that these cells have a common stem cell which is the site of the abnormality in CML. In the one studied patient, no evidence was found for involvement of cultured marrow fibroblasts. Clonal origin of CML virtually excludes cell recruitment as a sole pathogenetic mechanism. Either the leukemia arises as a consequence of a rare initial event in a single cell, or a series of events occurs in a clone such that it evolves into CML, or both.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia: clonal origin in a stem cell common to the granulocyte, erythrocyte, platelet and monocyte/macrophage. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) isoenzymes types of granulocytes were determined in eight women with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The patients were heterozygous at the X-linked G-6-PD locus for the common gene, GdB, and a variant, such as GdA, so that both B and A enzyme types were found in skin cells. In contrast to these normal cells, only one G-6-PD type was found in CML granulocytes. The fact that such single-enzyme phenotypes are found in CML granulocytes, but not in nonleukemic granulocytes, provides strong evidence that the disease has a clonal origin. Single-enzyme phenotypes were also found in erythrocytes, platelets and cultured blood macrophages indicating that these cells have a common stem cell which is the site of the abnormality in CML. In the one studied patient, no evidence was found for involvement of cultured marrow fibroblasts. Clonal origin of CML virtually excludes cell recruitment as a sole pathogenetic mechanism. Either the leukemia arises as a consequence of a rare initial event in a single cell, or a series of events occurs in a clone such that it evolves into CML, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:267433", "title": "Deep overbite correction by intrusion.", "content": "Not all patients with deep overbite should be treated with the same mechanics. Some patients require intrusion of the anterior teeth, while others require primarily extrusion. This article has discussed the principles of incisor and canine intrusion and has demonstrated the use of intrusion springs that are capable of intruding incisors with minimal side effects on the posterior teeth. Six principles must be considered in incisor or canine intrusion: (1) the use of optimal magnitudes of force and the delivery of this force constantly with low-load-deflection springs; (2) the use of a single point contact in the anterior region; (3) the careful selection of the point of force application with respect to the center of resistance of the teeth to be intruded; (4) selective intrusion based on anterior tooth geometry; (5) control over the reactive units by formation of a posterior anchorage unit; and (6) inhibition of eruption of the posterior teeth and avoidance of undesirable eruptive mechanics.", "contents": "Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Not all patients with deep overbite should be treated with the same mechanics. Some patients require intrusion of the anterior teeth, while others require primarily extrusion. This article has discussed the principles of incisor and canine intrusion and has demonstrated the use of intrusion springs that are capable of intruding incisors with minimal side effects on the posterior teeth. Six principles must be considered in incisor or canine intrusion: (1) the use of optimal magnitudes of force and the delivery of this force constantly with low-load-deflection springs; (2) the use of a single point contact in the anterior region; (3) the careful selection of the point of force application with respect to the center of resistance of the teeth to be intruded; (4) selective intrusion based on anterior tooth geometry; (5) control over the reactive units by formation of a posterior anchorage unit; and (6) inhibition of eruption of the posterior teeth and avoidance of undesirable eruptive mechanics."}
{"id": "PMID:267437", "title": "Monozygosity in twins: a detailed investigation.", "content": "The twins presented in this article showed similarities in their physical make-up to a very high degree. Statistically, however, it is the blood picture which holds the \"trump card\" in this plethora of evidence supporting monozygous twinning, and it is an essential prerequisite in any presentation of this nature. It is perhaps noteworthy that, while only one of the twins sucked his thumb habitually, there was no difference in the degree of postnormality of the posterior teeth but merely a change in the interincisor relation and in the palatal height. It can clearly be seen from the study of these two twins that the differences between them were very small indeed and could quite easily be classed as individual variations within the same identical genetic pattern. Similarly, in any other identical twins, the way in which one differs from another must be to a similarly small degree or the cause of the difference must clearly be attributable to environmental or acquired influences. Differences which cannot be classed as other than genetic show us that the twins are fraternal or dizygous and, therefore, no more alike than would be two brothers of differing ages.", "contents": "Monozygosity in twins: a detailed investigation. The twins presented in this article showed similarities in their physical make-up to a very high degree. Statistically, however, it is the blood picture which holds the \"trump card\" in this plethora of evidence supporting monozygous twinning, and it is an essential prerequisite in any presentation of this nature. It is perhaps noteworthy that, while only one of the twins sucked his thumb habitually, there was no difference in the degree of postnormality of the posterior teeth but merely a change in the interincisor relation and in the palatal height. It can clearly be seen from the study of these two twins that the differences between them were very small indeed and could quite easily be classed as individual variations within the same identical genetic pattern. Similarly, in any other identical twins, the way in which one differs from another must be to a similarly small degree or the cause of the difference must clearly be attributable to environmental or acquired influences. Differences which cannot be classed as other than genetic show us that the twins are fraternal or dizygous and, therefore, no more alike than would be two brothers of differing ages."}
{"id": "PMID:267447", "title": "Retrospective study of intellectual development in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Nine younger children (mean age 6-3 years) and 6 older children (mean age 9-0 years), previously treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by cranial irradiation and subsequently by 2 or 3 years of chemotherapy, were assessed in terms of intellectual development in relation to 15 controls, matched individually for age, sex, and social background. All children were functioning within a normal range. The older group of children performed as well as their matched controls in all tasks. However, the younger group tended to perform somewhat below their matched controls, and this applied especially to tasks measuring quantitative, memory, and motor skills, but not to language tasks. It is concluded that there is a continual need to monitor the development of children treated for leukaemia, especially when diagnosed in the 2- to 5- year age range.", "contents": "Retrospective study of intellectual development in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nine younger children (mean age 6-3 years) and 6 older children (mean age 9-0 years), previously treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by cranial irradiation and subsequently by 2 or 3 years of chemotherapy, were assessed in terms of intellectual development in relation to 15 controls, matched individually for age, sex, and social background. All children were functioning within a normal range. The older group of children performed as well as their matched controls in all tasks. However, the younger group tended to perform somewhat below their matched controls, and this applied especially to tasks measuring quantitative, memory, and motor skills, but not to language tasks. It is concluded that there is a continual need to monitor the development of children treated for leukaemia, especially when diagnosed in the 2- to 5- year age range."}
{"id": "PMID:267448", "title": "Prognostic significance of radiological bone involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "In 98 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, aged 1 to 12 years, the prognostic significance of radiological bone involvement was studied. The mean duration of remission and of survival was much shorter in cases with multiple bone involvement (3 or more bones) than in those where bone involvement was absent. In those cases presenting with 1 or 2 bone lesions no statement of prognostic significance can be made at this stage. A radiological skeletal survey should be made in all children presenting with leukaemia to identify those (about 15%) having multiple bone lesions and therefore a poor prognosis, in order that they can be given more intensive therapy.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of radiological bone involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In 98 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, aged 1 to 12 years, the prognostic significance of radiological bone involvement was studied. The mean duration of remission and of survival was much shorter in cases with multiple bone involvement (3 or more bones) than in those where bone involvement was absent. In those cases presenting with 1 or 2 bone lesions no statement of prognostic significance can be made at this stage. A radiological skeletal survey should be made in all children presenting with leukaemia to identify those (about 15%) having multiple bone lesions and therefore a poor prognosis, in order that they can be given more intensive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:267449", "title": "Peritonsillar abscess. A comparison of treatment by immediate tonsillectomy and interval tonsillectomy.", "content": "The generally accepted therapeutic regimen for peritonsillar abscess consists of the administration of parenteral antibiotics with incision and drainage followed by interval tonsillectomy in four to six weeks. Treatment by immediate tonsillectomy, however, is practiced widely in Europe and has received recent attention in  the American literature. This report compares the clinical course of patients treated by interval tonsillectomy and immediate tonsillectomy. Patient morbidity was lessened by immediate tonsillectomy, since two separate surgical procedures were avoided, and the total period of hospitalization was reduced by nearly 50%. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods of therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Peritonsillar abscess. A comparison of treatment by immediate tonsillectomy and interval tonsillectomy. The generally accepted therapeutic regimen for peritonsillar abscess consists of the administration of parenteral antibiotics with incision and drainage followed by interval tonsillectomy in four to six weeks. Treatment by immediate tonsillectomy, however, is practiced widely in Europe and has received recent attention in  the American literature. This report compares the clinical course of patients treated by interval tonsillectomy and immediate tonsillectomy. Patient morbidity was lessened by immediate tonsillectomy, since two separate surgical procedures were avoided, and the total period of hospitalization was reduced by nearly 50%. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods of therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267450", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla.", "content": "Six cases of osteosarcoma of the maxilla are reported, including one case that was radiation-associated and one case that arose in Paget's disease. The literature on this entity is reviewed and the clinicopathologic features of this lesion in this unusual location are discussed.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla. Six cases of osteosarcoma of the maxilla are reported, including one case that was radiation-associated and one case that arose in Paget's disease. The literature on this entity is reviewed and the clinicopathologic features of this lesion in this unusual location are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267453", "title": "Oesophageal atresia: triumph and tragedy.", "content": "An enormous amount has been written about oesophageal atresia during the last 30 years. This is not surprising because it is not so long ago that the condition was uniformly fatal, and even today, a generation after the first successful operations, many problems associated with its management have not been completely solved. This lecture discusses past and present management, past and present results and future prospects of infants suffering from this malformation.", "contents": "Oesophageal atresia: triumph and tragedy. An enormous amount has been written about oesophageal atresia during the last 30 years. This is not surprising because it is not so long ago that the condition was uniformly fatal, and even today, a generation after the first successful operations, many problems associated with its management have not been completely solved. This lecture discusses past and present management, past and present results and future prospects of infants suffering from this malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:267454", "title": "The effects of seat belt legislation on road traffic injuries.", "content": "The compulsory wearing of seat belts, first introduced in the world in Victoria in 1970, has effectively reduced the number of deaths and injuries by approximately one-third for car occupants involved in motor vehicle crashes. Initially, the legislation did not apply to children under the age of eight years, but in 1975 a further law was introduced banning children from the front seat of any vehicle unless properly harnessed. Seat belts offer the best protection for front seat drivers and passengers involved in frontal impacts, but offer less protection to the recipient of a side impact. Ten per cent of car occupants admitted to hospital after a frontal impact show injuries, mostly minor, directly attibutable to the wearing of seat belts.", "contents": "The effects of seat belt legislation on road traffic injuries. The compulsory wearing of seat belts, first introduced in the world in Victoria in 1970, has effectively reduced the number of deaths and injuries by approximately one-third for car occupants involved in motor vehicle crashes. Initially, the legislation did not apply to children under the age of eight years, but in 1975 a further law was introduced banning children from the front seat of any vehicle unless properly harnessed. Seat belts offer the best protection for front seat drivers and passengers involved in frontal impacts, but offer less protection to the recipient of a side impact. Ten per cent of car occupants admitted to hospital after a frontal impact show injuries, mostly minor, directly attibutable to the wearing of seat belts."}
{"id": "PMID:267455", "title": "Alcohol, road crash casualties, and countermeasures.", "content": "Alcohol is a major contributing factor in over one-third of all road fatalities in this community. Almost half the fatalities occur in people aged less than 25 years of age. Results of recent compulsory blood test legislation in Australia and New Zealand are presented and provide incontrovertible evidence of the vast extent of the problem of alcohol on the road. The social and drinking profiles of road crash casualties with blood alcohol concentrations greater than .05 g/100 ml differ from those of other casualties. Countermeasures used in the control of this epidemic include legislation, improved community education, and greater awareness of the need to rehabilitate rather than to penalize.", "contents": "Alcohol, road crash casualties, and countermeasures. Alcohol is a major contributing factor in over one-third of all road fatalities in this community. Almost half the fatalities occur in people aged less than 25 years of age. Results of recent compulsory blood test legislation in Australia and New Zealand are presented and provide incontrovertible evidence of the vast extent of the problem of alcohol on the road. The social and drinking profiles of road crash casualties with blood alcohol concentrations greater than .05 g/100 ml differ from those of other casualties. Countermeasures used in the control of this epidemic include legislation, improved community education, and greater awareness of the need to rehabilitate rather than to penalize."}
{"id": "PMID:267456", "title": "Aspects of injury patterns in automobile accidents.", "content": "During the period June 1971 to June 1973, the injuries of 34,378 persons involved in accidents attended by ambulance officers, and treated by hospitals, together with the injuries received by 1,699 victims investigated by coroners, were analysed. Clear-out injury patterns emerged for different types of road users. Pedestrians in general suffered injuries of greater severity than cyclists, who in turn had injuries of greater severity than vehicle occupants. The extent to which car occupant injury patterns are modified by seat belts is demonstrated. Injuries suffered by the wearers of seat belts occur less frequently, and are less severe, less likely to prove fatal, and less likely to cause long stays in hospitals.", "contents": "Aspects of injury patterns in automobile accidents. During the period June 1971 to June 1973, the injuries of 34,378 persons involved in accidents attended by ambulance officers, and treated by hospitals, together with the injuries received by 1,699 victims investigated by coroners, were analysed. Clear-out injury patterns emerged for different types of road users. Pedestrians in general suffered injuries of greater severity than cyclists, who in turn had injuries of greater severity than vehicle occupants. The extent to which car occupant injury patterns are modified by seat belts is demonstrated. Injuries suffered by the wearers of seat belts occur less frequently, and are less severe, less likely to prove fatal, and less likely to cause long stays in hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:267458", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Eleven patients with aortic rupture secondary to non-penetrating thoracic trauma, recent in four patients and of longer standing in seven, have been operated upon. Every patient with an acute injury had a widened mediastinum in the chest skiagram. The diagnosis of traumatic rupture was made by aortography in each case. The operative procedure involved cardiopulmonary bypass, left heart bypass or aorta to aorta bypass shunt. There was one postoperative death. It is recommended that in the acute stage a rupture of the aorta secondary to trauma should be repaired as soon as possible, while ruptures of long standing should be electively repaired.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Eleven patients with aortic rupture secondary to non-penetrating thoracic trauma, recent in four patients and of longer standing in seven, have been operated upon. Every patient with an acute injury had a widened mediastinum in the chest skiagram. The diagnosis of traumatic rupture was made by aortography in each case. The operative procedure involved cardiopulmonary bypass, left heart bypass or aorta to aorta bypass shunt. There was one postoperative death. It is recommended that in the acute stage a rupture of the aorta secondary to trauma should be repaired as soon as possible, while ruptures of long standing should be electively repaired."}
{"id": "PMID:267459", "title": "The non-operative management of splenic trauma.", "content": "Non-operative management of splenic trauma is not a widely accepted method of treatment. During the period 1964 to 1976, 39 children were treated in the Adelaide Children's Hospital for splenic trauma. Twenty-four were managed without operation, while 15 were treated by splenectomy. Recently, splenic scan has helped in the diagnosis and management of splenic injuries. From our observations, it appears that non-operative treatment of a proven splenic injury is safe and the ideal initial treatment in the paediatric age group, when the spleen is the only intraabdominal organ injured, and the vital signs are stable with the application of adequate resuscitative measures.", "contents": "The non-operative management of splenic trauma. Non-operative management of splenic trauma is not a widely accepted method of treatment. During the period 1964 to 1976, 39 children were treated in the Adelaide Children's Hospital for splenic trauma. Twenty-four were managed without operation, while 15 were treated by splenectomy. Recently, splenic scan has helped in the diagnosis and management of splenic injuries. From our observations, it appears that non-operative treatment of a proven splenic injury is safe and the ideal initial treatment in the paediatric age group, when the spleen is the only intraabdominal organ injured, and the vital signs are stable with the application of adequate resuscitative measures."}
{"id": "PMID:267460", "title": "Severe chainsaw injuries.", "content": "A survey of 47 patients who sustained severe chainsaw injuries has been carried out. It shows that this machine, while an extremely useful one, is hazardous. Most of the patients were young, and over half of the injuries involved a hand. One fatality was recorded.", "contents": "Severe chainsaw injuries. A survey of 47 patients who sustained severe chainsaw injuries has been carried out. It shows that this machine, while an extremely useful one, is hazardous. Most of the patients were young, and over half of the injuries involved a hand. One fatality was recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:267461", "title": "Osteomalacia in the elderly.", "content": "Over recent years it has been demonstrated that there is a significant incidence of osteomalacia in elderly patients presenting with fractures of the femoral neck. The results of a survey carried out on all patients admitted to St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, with fractures of the upper end of the femur over a 12-month period are presented, and the condition of osteomalacia in the elderly is discussed. It is concluded that in this community osteomalacia does not present as a practical problem except in those patients who have the condition as a result of a definite predisposing factor.", "contents": "Osteomalacia in the elderly. Over recent years it has been demonstrated that there is a significant incidence of osteomalacia in elderly patients presenting with fractures of the femoral neck. The results of a survey carried out on all patients admitted to St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, with fractures of the upper end of the femur over a 12-month period are presented, and the condition of osteomalacia in the elderly is discussed. It is concluded that in this community osteomalacia does not present as a practical problem except in those patients who have the condition as a result of a definite predisposing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:267462", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of wear in the plastic components of prosthetic knee and hip joints.", "content": "The polyethylene surfaces of four metal on plastic prosthetic knee joints were compared with those of four hip joint replacements, by the use of scanning electron microscopy. The acetabular components of the hip joints showed concentric machining marks, but were generally smooth, and in some areas plastic deformation of the articular surface was evident after 24 months' use. In contrast, the tibial components of knee joints removed after 12 to 22 months showed deep scoring and pitting near the centre of their articular surfaces. This appeared to be due to abrasion by a third material, possibly fragments of cement, which sometimes became embedded in the joint surface. These results indicate that wear in prosthetic knee joints may be much more rapid than in hip joint replacements made from similar materials.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of wear in the plastic components of prosthetic knee and hip joints. The polyethylene surfaces of four metal on plastic prosthetic knee joints were compared with those of four hip joint replacements, by the use of scanning electron microscopy. The acetabular components of the hip joints showed concentric machining marks, but were generally smooth, and in some areas plastic deformation of the articular surface was evident after 24 months' use. In contrast, the tibial components of knee joints removed after 12 to 22 months showed deep scoring and pitting near the centre of their articular surfaces. This appeared to be due to abrasion by a third material, possibly fragments of cement, which sometimes became embedded in the joint surface. These results indicate that wear in prosthetic knee joints may be much more rapid than in hip joint replacements made from similar materials."}
{"id": "PMID:267463", "title": "Craniofacial surgery: the team approach.", "content": "Craniofacial surgery offers a new hope to some grossly deformed people. This complex surgery, which is based on a multidisciplinary team approach, needs to be carefully rationalized and regionalized to facilitate investigation, to improve planning, to reduce the number of complications, and to conserve financial resources. To date the Cranio-Facial Clinic at the Adelaide Children's Hospital and the Royal Adelaide Hospital has reviewed 37 cases and operated upon 13 of these. This work is presented together with a review of the team approach.", "contents": "Craniofacial surgery: the team approach. Craniofacial surgery offers a new hope to some grossly deformed people. This complex surgery, which is based on a multidisciplinary team approach, needs to be carefully rationalized and regionalized to facilitate investigation, to improve planning, to reduce the number of complications, and to conserve financial resources. To date the Cranio-Facial Clinic at the Adelaide Children's Hospital and the Royal Adelaide Hospital has reviewed 37 cases and operated upon 13 of these. This work is presented together with a review of the team approach."}
{"id": "PMID:267464", "title": "Ultrasonic echography in the diagnosis of abdominal disease.", "content": "The place of two-dimensional ultrasonic echography in the diagnosis of surgical diseases of the abdomen is outlined, and illustrative cases are described. The method is safe and can be repeated as often as required. It does not replace radiological or radionuclide examinations, but complements those techniques.", "contents": "Ultrasonic echography in the diagnosis of abdominal disease. The place of two-dimensional ultrasonic echography in the diagnosis of surgical diseases of the abdomen is outlined, and illustrative cases are described. The method is safe and can be repeated as often as required. It does not replace radiological or radionuclide examinations, but complements those techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:267465", "title": "Acute pancreatitis: the Queensland scene.", "content": "One hundred patients suffering from acute pancreatitis and studied in two large teaching hospitals in Brisbane between 1959 and 1973 were reviewed. Gallstones were present in 43 patients (of whom 31 were female), and a history of alcoholic excess were elicited in 23. Sixty-three patients were aged over 50 years. Characteristic clinical features included spreading epigastric pain with radiation to either of the upper quadrants of the abdomen. Left-sided upper abdominal peritonitis associated with severe repetitive vomiting was suggestive of the diagnosis. The serum level in most cases fell below the arbitrary diagnostic level of 500 Somogyi units/100 ml within 72 hours of the onset of the pain. Acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas was positively diagnosed in 15 patients, six of whom died. The overall mortality rate in the series was 9%.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis: the Queensland scene. One hundred patients suffering from acute pancreatitis and studied in two large teaching hospitals in Brisbane between 1959 and 1973 were reviewed. Gallstones were present in 43 patients (of whom 31 were female), and a history of alcoholic excess were elicited in 23. Sixty-three patients were aged over 50 years. Characteristic clinical features included spreading epigastric pain with radiation to either of the upper quadrants of the abdomen. Left-sided upper abdominal peritonitis associated with severe repetitive vomiting was suggestive of the diagnosis. The serum level in most cases fell below the arbitrary diagnostic level of 500 Somogyi units/100 ml within 72 hours of the onset of the pain. Acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas was positively diagnosed in 15 patients, six of whom died. The overall mortality rate in the series was 9%."}
{"id": "PMID:267466", "title": "Benign non-parasitic cysts of the liver: a review of 18 cases.", "content": "Benign non-parasitic cysts of the liver are a clinical and pathological curiosity except when they cause symptoms or are incorrectly diagnosed as metastases in patients with abdominal malignancy. It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis of benign liver cysts in spite of the armamentarium of modern diagnostic aids available, and on many occasions the diagnosis is made at laparotomy. This is a report of 18 patients with benign cysts of the liver, two of whom suffered complications which we believe have not previously been reported.", "contents": "Benign non-parasitic cysts of the liver: a review of 18 cases. Benign non-parasitic cysts of the liver are a clinical and pathological curiosity except when they cause symptoms or are incorrectly diagnosed as metastases in patients with abdominal malignancy. It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis of benign liver cysts in spite of the armamentarium of modern diagnostic aids available, and on many occasions the diagnosis is made at laparotomy. This is a report of 18 patients with benign cysts of the liver, two of whom suffered complications which we believe have not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:267467", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in Malaysians.", "content": "Eight cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis occurring in an oriental population are reported. The patients were mostly middle-aged, and there was a female preponderence. Nephrectomy controlled the disease in all cases. Diagnosis on clinical and radiological grounds is difficult, and it is often only made on pathological examination of the kidney after nephrectomy. The nature of the disease remains obscure.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in Malaysians. Eight cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis occurring in an oriental population are reported. The patients were mostly middle-aged, and there was a female preponderence. Nephrectomy controlled the disease in all cases. Diagnosis on clinical and radiological grounds is difficult, and it is often only made on pathological examination of the kidney after nephrectomy. The nature of the disease remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:267468", "title": "Left hepatic lobectomy and resection of a carcinoma involving the confluence of the right, left, and common hepatic ducts.", "content": "This is a report of a single case of carcinoma involving the confluence of the right, left, and common hepatic ducts, treated by left hepatic lobectomy and resection of the tumour. The clinical onset of symptoms with pruritus and steadily deepening jaundice was typical of the condition, as was the difficulty in establishing a diagnosis. Radical treatment for this tumour, which is frequently slow to metastasize, is advocated. The importance of complete filling of the billiary tree during operative choledochography is highlighted.", "contents": "Left hepatic lobectomy and resection of a carcinoma involving the confluence of the right, left, and common hepatic ducts. This is a report of a single case of carcinoma involving the confluence of the right, left, and common hepatic ducts, treated by left hepatic lobectomy and resection of the tumour. The clinical onset of symptoms with pruritus and steadily deepening jaundice was typical of the condition, as was the difficulty in establishing a diagnosis. Radical treatment for this tumour, which is frequently slow to metastasize, is advocated. The importance of complete filling of the billiary tree during operative choledochography is highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:267469", "title": "Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip: case report with a review of the literature.", "content": "The first case of idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip from South-East Asia is reported, with a review of the literature. The problems of differential diagnosis are discussed. As the condition is rare, it is likely to be misdiagnosed and may well be over-treated. The rarity of the condition and its natural history terminating in spontaneous fusion make it mandatory that a correct preoperative diagnosis be established in order to avoid needless radical surgery. Some of the significant clinicopathological findings are highlighted.", "contents": "Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip: case report with a review of the literature. The first case of idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip from South-East Asia is reported, with a review of the literature. The problems of differential diagnosis are discussed. As the condition is rare, it is likely to be misdiagnosed and may well be over-treated. The rarity of the condition and its natural history terminating in spontaneous fusion make it mandatory that a correct preoperative diagnosis be established in order to avoid needless radical surgery. Some of the significant clinicopathological findings are highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:267470", "title": "Surgical repair of a large incomplete cleft sternum.", "content": "Congenital deformities of the chest are not uncommon, are frequently symptomatic, and are readily correctable. This applies particularly to malfusion of the manubrium and upper sternum, which results in a bony deficiency together with divarication of the sternomastoid muscles and the sternoclavicular joints. Such defects of the sternum are best corrected as soon after birth as possible. Two patients are reported who had such a defect, and the technique for a satisfactory repair is described.", "contents": "Surgical repair of a large incomplete cleft sternum. Congenital deformities of the chest are not uncommon, are frequently symptomatic, and are readily correctable. This applies particularly to malfusion of the manubrium and upper sternum, which results in a bony deficiency together with divarication of the sternomastoid muscles and the sternoclavicular joints. Such defects of the sternum are best corrected as soon after birth as possible. Two patients are reported who had such a defect, and the technique for a satisfactory repair is described."}
{"id": "PMID:267471", "title": "Ureteroureterostomy for ureteric duplication with one pathological renal segment.", "content": "An operation for the management of ureteric duplication with one pathological renal segment is described. A report of 13 cases with 15 duplex systems is presented, showing the merits of ureteroureterostomy as measured against the established procedures.", "contents": "Ureteroureterostomy for ureteric duplication with one pathological renal segment. An operation for the management of ureteric duplication with one pathological renal segment is described. A report of 13 cases with 15 duplex systems is presented, showing the merits of ureteroureterostomy as measured against the established procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:267472", "title": "On the form and function of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle.", "content": "The abductor pollicis brevis muscle acts in conjunction with the palmaris longus and the abductor pollicis longus to abduct the first metacarpal in the sagittal plane. Segments of the abductor pollicis brevis which arise from the tendons of the palmaris longus and/or the abductor pollicis longus and are inserted into the extensor expansion are the lumbricals of the thumb. The lateral border of the abductor pollicis brevis presents an important muscular (in four cases out of ten neurovascular) hilum. The tendinous slip to the abductor pollicis brevis from the palmaris longus presents near its origin an orifice which the palmar branch of the median nerve traverses to become superficial.", "contents": "On the form and function of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. The abductor pollicis brevis muscle acts in conjunction with the palmaris longus and the abductor pollicis longus to abduct the first metacarpal in the sagittal plane. Segments of the abductor pollicis brevis which arise from the tendons of the palmaris longus and/or the abductor pollicis longus and are inserted into the extensor expansion are the lumbricals of the thumb. The lateral border of the abductor pollicis brevis presents an important muscular (in four cases out of ten neurovascular) hilum. The tendinous slip to the abductor pollicis brevis from the palmaris longus presents near its origin an orifice which the palmar branch of the median nerve traverses to become superficial."}
{"id": "PMID:267473", "title": "Injury control: a state-of-the-art review.", "content": "There is a growing body of new knowledge suggesting that trauma should no longer be conceptualized as a behavioural phenomenon with the associated connotations of chance, unexpectedness and blame worthiness. Instead, it should be regarded as a public health problem amenable to scientific, research-based strategies of the type that have been successfully introduced in the fight to conquer infectious disease. If progress is to be made in reducing the toll of accidental mortality and morbidity, the current need is for the increased allocation of resources to develop, extend and disseminate this new knowledge.", "contents": "Injury control: a state-of-the-art review. There is a growing body of new knowledge suggesting that trauma should no longer be conceptualized as a behavioural phenomenon with the associated connotations of chance, unexpectedness and blame worthiness. Instead, it should be regarded as a public health problem amenable to scientific, research-based strategies of the type that have been successfully introduced in the fight to conquer infectious disease. If progress is to be made in reducing the toll of accidental mortality and morbidity, the current need is for the increased allocation of resources to develop, extend and disseminate this new knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:267492", "title": "[Detection of an antigen, associated with cells during the blast crisis of chronic myeloleukemia, in a cytotoxic test using xenogenic antibodies].", "content": "The immune antimyeloblast serum (AMS) was obtained from horses immunized with white blood cells from patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at the blast crisis stage; the serum was completely absorbed with normal red blood cells and white blood cells (WBC). The absorbed antiserum remained cytotoxic to blast cells from 20 of 42 patients with CML at the blast crisis stage. AMS failed to react with the WBC from patients with CML in its chronic phase, and from patients with other types of leukemia Morphological studies indicated a possibility of identification of the antigen associated with myeloblasts from the blood of patients with CML blast crisis, by means to AMS.", "contents": "[Detection of an antigen, associated with cells during the blast crisis of chronic myeloleukemia, in a cytotoxic test using xenogenic antibodies]. The immune antimyeloblast serum (AMS) was obtained from horses immunized with white blood cells from patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at the blast crisis stage; the serum was completely absorbed with normal red blood cells and white blood cells (WBC). The absorbed antiserum remained cytotoxic to blast cells from 20 of 42 patients with CML at the blast crisis stage. AMS failed to react with the WBC from patients with CML in its chronic phase, and from patients with other types of leukemia Morphological studies indicated a possibility of identification of the antigen associated with myeloblasts from the blood of patients with CML blast crisis, by means to AMS."}
{"id": "PMID:267503", "title": "Multiple-drug chemotherapy for acute leukemia The TRAMPCOL regimen: results in 86 patients.", "content": "A combination of eight cytotoxic drugs, administered simultaneously, has been used in 86 cases of acute leukemia. The regimen, designated TRAMPCOL, incorporated thioguanine, rubidomycin, (daunorubicin), cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and usually L-asparaginase. Treatment was administered in five-day pulses with treatment-free intervals varying from nine to 23 days. Subjective and objective toxic effects were not more severe than those seen with two- and four-drug regimens previously employed. Substantial clinical and hematologic improvement occurred in 8/19 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in acute transformation. Complete clinical and hematologic remission (CR) was achieved in 3/7 patients with untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 5/19 patients with AML who had failed to achieve CR with other therapy, and 4/18 patients with AML in relapse after CR obtained with regimens other than TRAMPCOL. CR occurred in 15/17 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), most of whom had had multiple previous relapses. CR was not achieved in four patients with AML superimposed on pre-existing myeloproliferative disorders. The TRAMPCOL regimen merits further evaluation in CGL after acute transformation, as a primary treatment for AML, and as therapy for ALL 1) in relapse, 2) in adults, 3) in children with adverse prognostic features, and 4) in T-cell ALL.", "contents": "Multiple-drug chemotherapy for acute leukemia The TRAMPCOL regimen: results in 86 patients. A combination of eight cytotoxic drugs, administered simultaneously, has been used in 86 cases of acute leukemia. The regimen, designated TRAMPCOL, incorporated thioguanine, rubidomycin, (daunorubicin), cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and usually L-asparaginase. Treatment was administered in five-day pulses with treatment-free intervals varying from nine to 23 days. Subjective and objective toxic effects were not more severe than those seen with two- and four-drug regimens previously employed. Substantial clinical and hematologic improvement occurred in 8/19 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in acute transformation. Complete clinical and hematologic remission (CR) was achieved in 3/7 patients with untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 5/19 patients with AML who had failed to achieve CR with other therapy, and 4/18 patients with AML in relapse after CR obtained with regimens other than TRAMPCOL. CR occurred in 15/17 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), most of whom had had multiple previous relapses. CR was not achieved in four patients with AML superimposed on pre-existing myeloproliferative disorders. The TRAMPCOL regimen merits further evaluation in CGL after acute transformation, as a primary treatment for AML, and as therapy for ALL 1) in relapse, 2) in adults, 3) in children with adverse prognostic features, and 4) in T-cell ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:267504", "title": "Five-year survivors among children with acute leukemia in Japan.", "content": "This Japanese nation-wide survey was carried out on long-term survivors among children with leukemia, i.e. those who had survived more than 5 years by October of 1974. Eighty-three children were surveyed. This was about 2.5 times as many as the 31 children surveyed in the first Japanese nation-wide survey in 1971. Clinical and laboratory data were also analyzed statistically and compared to that of the first survey. Most of the children had received inductive therapy according to the old protocol, but 10 children were treated with a combination of VCR and steroids. Nine of these 10 were still in a state of remission. CNS involvement occurred in 15.3% of the cases and a late onset of this complication implied a prognostic significance: among the 9 children whose complication had occurred 3.5 years after onset of the disease, 6 died. The relapse rate decreased between the 4th and 5th year after initiation of maintenance therapy. The percentage of the risk of death became zero after the 9th year.", "contents": "Five-year survivors among children with acute leukemia in Japan. This Japanese nation-wide survey was carried out on long-term survivors among children with leukemia, i.e. those who had survived more than 5 years by October of 1974. Eighty-three children were surveyed. This was about 2.5 times as many as the 31 children surveyed in the first Japanese nation-wide survey in 1971. Clinical and laboratory data were also analyzed statistically and compared to that of the first survey. Most of the children had received inductive therapy according to the old protocol, but 10 children were treated with a combination of VCR and steroids. Nine of these 10 were still in a state of remission. CNS involvement occurred in 15.3% of the cases and a late onset of this complication implied a prognostic significance: among the 9 children whose complication had occurred 3.5 years after onset of the disease, 6 died. The relapse rate decreased between the 4th and 5th year after initiation of maintenance therapy. The percentage of the risk of death became zero after the 9th year."}
{"id": "PMID:267505", "title": "Complete remodeling of the vertebrae in a child successfully treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "This report describes a 10-year-old white boy who presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and several collapsed thoracolumbar vertebrae in 1965. His ALL was successfully treated, and he has been disease-free for over 10 years. He has now completely remodeled all of the collapsed vertebrae.", "contents": "Complete remodeling of the vertebrae in a child successfully treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This report describes a 10-year-old white boy who presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and several collapsed thoracolumbar vertebrae in 1965. His ALL was successfully treated, and he has been disease-free for over 10 years. He has now completely remodeled all of the collapsed vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:267506", "title": "Rationale for combined therapy.", "content": "The presence of micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis is the major cause of failure in the treatment of cancer. The mechanisms, biology, and biochemistry of tumor metastases at an experimental level are being effectively studied. Potential control points and therapeutic implications are emerging. These are being employed in the construction of clinical trials involving adjuvant chemotherapy. This is part of combined modality treatment in which the best of treatment design to achieve local control (surgery and/or x-ray) is combined with systemic treatment (chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy) designed to irradicate microscopic metastases. The evolution of such studies in patients with breast cancer and osteogenic sarcoma over the past five years is presented. Disease-free survival has improved as a result of adjuvant chemotherapy for both of these diseases. While a longer follow-up will be required to determine more precisely the impact of multi-disciplinary treatment on these and other diseases, the short-time results are promising.", "contents": "Rationale for combined therapy. The presence of micrometastatic disease at the time of diagnosis is the major cause of failure in the treatment of cancer. The mechanisms, biology, and biochemistry of tumor metastases at an experimental level are being effectively studied. Potential control points and therapeutic implications are emerging. These are being employed in the construction of clinical trials involving adjuvant chemotherapy. This is part of combined modality treatment in which the best of treatment design to achieve local control (surgery and/or x-ray) is combined with systemic treatment (chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy) designed to irradicate microscopic metastases. The evolution of such studies in patients with breast cancer and osteogenic sarcoma over the past five years is presented. Disease-free survival has improved as a result of adjuvant chemotherapy for both of these diseases. While a longer follow-up will be required to determine more precisely the impact of multi-disciplinary treatment on these and other diseases, the short-time results are promising."}
{"id": "PMID:267507", "title": "Antimetaboliths in the prophylaxis and treatment of central nervous system leukemia.", "content": "The results of the administration of two antimetabolites, methotrexate (MTX) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), for the prevention and treatment of established central nervous system (CNS) disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are discussed. Two protocols (L-2 and L-10) for the management of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been developed. In the L-2 protocol, prophylaxis consists of repeated intralumbar injections of MTX alone, and in the L-10 regimen, both MTX and Ara-C are administered; for the patients with an initial leukocyte count of greater than or equal to 25,000/mm3, the two drugs are given intraventricularly instead of by the usual intralumbar route. In the treatment of established CNS leukemia, intralumbar MTX and Ara-C in addition to CNS irradiation are employed; for maintenance, periodic intraventricular MTX injections are given. Of the 70 children receiving the L-2 protocol, four developed CNS leukemia and in a fifth patient, CNS and bone marrow relapse were concurrent. Among the 31 children receiving the L-10 regimen, CNS disease has been observed in only one child. Of the five children treated for the established CNS leukemia, recurrence was observed in two at 19 and 29 months after remission; the other three remain in remission for 2, 15, and 39 months, respectively.", "contents": "Antimetaboliths in the prophylaxis and treatment of central nervous system leukemia. The results of the administration of two antimetabolites, methotrexate (MTX) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), for the prevention and treatment of established central nervous system (CNS) disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are discussed. Two protocols (L-2 and L-10) for the management of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been developed. In the L-2 protocol, prophylaxis consists of repeated intralumbar injections of MTX alone, and in the L-10 regimen, both MTX and Ara-C are administered; for the patients with an initial leukocyte count of greater than or equal to 25,000/mm3, the two drugs are given intraventricularly instead of by the usual intralumbar route. In the treatment of established CNS leukemia, intralumbar MTX and Ara-C in addition to CNS irradiation are employed; for maintenance, periodic intraventricular MTX injections are given. Of the 70 children receiving the L-2 protocol, four developed CNS leukemia and in a fifth patient, CNS and bone marrow relapse were concurrent. Among the 31 children receiving the L-10 regimen, CNS disease has been observed in only one child. Of the five children treated for the established CNS leukemia, recurrence was observed in two at 19 and 29 months after remission; the other three remain in remission for 2, 15, and 39 months, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:267510", "title": "High-dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic study of methotrexate (MTX) was performed in 60 patients who received high-dose MTX at 500 mg/m2 infused over 24 hours. MTX levels reached 1.2 X 10(-7) M in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within 10 minutes and remained constant at that level for 24 hours. Forty of these 60 patients were children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In these 40 patients, simultaneous intrathecal MTX was given along with high-dose MTX. The resultant CSF levels (lumbar area) were higher than those obtained with either high-dose MTX alone or simultaneous intrathecal MTX alone. To date, there have been one systemic and one central nervous system relapse in these 40 children, and the treatment program appears safe to administer.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia. A pharmacokinetic study of methotrexate (MTX) was performed in 60 patients who received high-dose MTX at 500 mg/m2 infused over 24 hours. MTX levels reached 1.2 X 10(-7) M in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within 10 minutes and remained constant at that level for 24 hours. Forty of these 60 patients were children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In these 40 patients, simultaneous intrathecal MTX was given along with high-dose MTX. The resultant CSF levels (lumbar area) were higher than those obtained with either high-dose MTX alone or simultaneous intrathecal MTX alone. To date, there have been one systemic and one central nervous system relapse in these 40 children, and the treatment program appears safe to administer."}
{"id": "PMID:267515", "title": "Cyclic alteration of electrophoretic property associated with growth circle in HeLa S3 cells.", "content": "Changes of electrical cell-surface charge associated with cell cycle were examined electrophoretically in the synchronous culture of HeLa S3 cells. The electrophoretic mobility of the cells increased abruptly in the mitotic phase as high as 45% compared with that of cells in the S phase. This difference of mobility was obtained by comparing pure population of mitotic cells and S-phase cells. Mitotic cells were also found to be more susceptible to neuraminidase than S-phase cells in term of electrophoretic mobility, a greater amount of sialic acid being correspondingly released from the former. The mechanism of the electrokinetic change associated with the processes of cell cycle is discussed, with special reference to the distribution of electric charge in the cell surface membrane.", "contents": "Cyclic alteration of electrophoretic property associated with growth circle in HeLa S3 cells. Changes of electrical cell-surface charge associated with cell cycle were examined electrophoretically in the synchronous culture of HeLa S3 cells. The electrophoretic mobility of the cells increased abruptly in the mitotic phase as high as 45% compared with that of cells in the S phase. This difference of mobility was obtained by comparing pure population of mitotic cells and S-phase cells. Mitotic cells were also found to be more susceptible to neuraminidase than S-phase cells in term of electrophoretic mobility, a greater amount of sialic acid being correspondingly released from the former. The mechanism of the electrokinetic change associated with the processes of cell cycle is discussed, with special reference to the distribution of electric charge in the cell surface membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:267516", "title": "Postoperative scars and cleavage lines.", "content": "We elucidated the pattern of skin cleavage lines of the neck of Japanese cadavers and studied the scarring in 42 cases of radical neck dissection for the removal of metastatic nodules from the malignant tumors of the oral region, in the operation of which one incision was made parallel to, and another perpendicular to, the cleavage lines. From this study we came to the following conclusions: 1) The cleavage lines run parallel in ring-form around the neck, with the exception of the back and the lowermost part of the base of the neck. Seen from the side, the lines run horizontally across the neck.  2) Raised and widened scars were few at the site of the incision parallel to the cleavage lines but there were seen often at the site of the perpendicular incision. 3) There were no raised postoperative scars in the patients who had received radiotherapy prior to the time of observation.", "contents": "Postoperative scars and cleavage lines. We elucidated the pattern of skin cleavage lines of the neck of Japanese cadavers and studied the scarring in 42 cases of radical neck dissection for the removal of metastatic nodules from the malignant tumors of the oral region, in the operation of which one incision was made parallel to, and another perpendicular to, the cleavage lines. From this study we came to the following conclusions: 1) The cleavage lines run parallel in ring-form around the neck, with the exception of the back and the lowermost part of the base of the neck. Seen from the side, the lines run horizontally across the neck.  2) Raised and widened scars were few at the site of the incision parallel to the cleavage lines but there were seen often at the site of the perpendicular incision. 3) There were no raised postoperative scars in the patients who had received radiotherapy prior to the time of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:267517", "title": "A comparison of plaque removal by different toothbrushes and toothbrushing methods.", "content": "Six toothbrushing methods were evaluated using several kinds of toothbrushes. Two kinds of electric toothbrushes were tested also. Forty-two adults who had normal dentition and clinically healthy peridontal tissue, aged 20 to 34, 36 males and 6 females, volunteered for this study. The plaque score was calculated by the modified Volpe's method on which Suzuki et al. reported before. The scoring of the plaque was restricted to the six teeth (formula: see text) The average percentage of plaque removal from the total (labial and lingual) tooth surface by different toothbrushing methods was as follows: (1) 75.2 +/- 9.9% by the Fones method with a hard brush, (2) 71.7 +/- 11.1% by the Scrub method with a hard brush, (3) 67.4 +/- 12.5% by the modified Stillman's method with a hard brush, (4) 64.7 +/- 13.7% by the National electric toothbrush with a soft brush, (5) 62.9 +/- 13.6% by the Roll method with a hard brush (6) 58.1 +/- 16.3% by the Charters method with a brush of a medium hardness, (7) 55.2 +/- 10.2% by the Bass method with a brush of a medium harness. A similar tendency was obtained independently on the labial, lingual and papillary tooth surface. The hard brush was the most effective for the plaque removal by all kinds of brushing methods.", "contents": "A comparison of plaque removal by different toothbrushes and toothbrushing methods. Six toothbrushing methods were evaluated using several kinds of toothbrushes. Two kinds of electric toothbrushes were tested also. Forty-two adults who had normal dentition and clinically healthy peridontal tissue, aged 20 to 34, 36 males and 6 females, volunteered for this study. The plaque score was calculated by the modified Volpe's method on which Suzuki et al. reported before. The scoring of the plaque was restricted to the six teeth (formula: see text) The average percentage of plaque removal from the total (labial and lingual) tooth surface by different toothbrushing methods was as follows: (1) 75.2 +/- 9.9% by the Fones method with a hard brush, (2) 71.7 +/- 11.1% by the Scrub method with a hard brush, (3) 67.4 +/- 12.5% by the modified Stillman's method with a hard brush, (4) 64.7 +/- 13.7% by the National electric toothbrush with a soft brush, (5) 62.9 +/- 13.6% by the Roll method with a hard brush (6) 58.1 +/- 16.3% by the Charters method with a brush of a medium hardness, (7) 55.2 +/- 10.2% by the Bass method with a brush of a medium harness. A similar tendency was obtained independently on the labial, lingual and papillary tooth surface. The hard brush was the most effective for the plaque removal by all kinds of brushing methods."}
{"id": "PMID:267518", "title": "Anthropometry of the face in lateral facial dysplasia: the unilateral form.", "content": "The skull, face and ears of 46 patients with the unilateral form of lateral facial dysplasia were examined at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, using anthropometric methods for the purpose of contributing to the morphology of this syndrome. The classical picture of unilateral facial asymmetry with microtia was found in 13 cases (28.3%). The study showed bilaterally defective mandibular arc measurements in 28 per cent of the cases. The facial damage was associated in 15 per cent with ears normal in size but defective in location, level, and shape. The anthropometric examination revealed a great variety of defects on both sides of the face, often barely detectable by routine inspection. It was also found that great deficiencies in the surface measurements were accompanied by great bone deficiencies.", "contents": "Anthropometry of the face in lateral facial dysplasia: the unilateral form. The skull, face and ears of 46 patients with the unilateral form of lateral facial dysplasia were examined at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, using anthropometric methods for the purpose of contributing to the morphology of this syndrome. The classical picture of unilateral facial asymmetry with microtia was found in 13 cases (28.3%). The study showed bilaterally defective mandibular arc measurements in 28 per cent of the cases. The facial damage was associated in 15 per cent with ears normal in size but defective in location, level, and shape. The anthropometric examination revealed a great variety of defects on both sides of the face, often barely detectable by routine inspection. It was also found that great deficiencies in the surface measurements were accompanied by great bone deficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:267519", "title": "Performance of normal six- and seven-year-old males on oral manometer tasks.", "content": "An assessment was made of oral manometric performance of normal speaking six- and seven-year-old boys. Readings of maximum, sustained, positive and negative pressure with bleed and nostrils occluded and open were obtained from each of forty subjects. It was found that the majority of normal speaking six- and seven-year-old boys had considerable difficulty generating and maintaining stable, maximal positive and negative pressure upon repeated trials of each of four manometric tasks. The findings of this project support the general hypothesis that oral manometric ratio data may be of questionable diagnostic value in predicting velopharyngeal adequacy for speech, particularly if ratio data must be interpreted dichotomously. The observations made were interpreted to support the view that there may be substantial differences even within the normal population in the ability to perform manometric tasks. The present results suggest that operational procedures commonly used during manometric testing merit rigorous scrutiny, re-examination and analysis.", "contents": "Performance of normal six- and seven-year-old males on oral manometer tasks. An assessment was made of oral manometric performance of normal speaking six- and seven-year-old boys. Readings of maximum, sustained, positive and negative pressure with bleed and nostrils occluded and open were obtained from each of forty subjects. It was found that the majority of normal speaking six- and seven-year-old boys had considerable difficulty generating and maintaining stable, maximal positive and negative pressure upon repeated trials of each of four manometric tasks. The findings of this project support the general hypothesis that oral manometric ratio data may be of questionable diagnostic value in predicting velopharyngeal adequacy for speech, particularly if ratio data must be interpreted dichotomously. The observations made were interpreted to support the view that there may be substantial differences even within the normal population in the ability to perform manometric tasks. The present results suggest that operational procedures commonly used during manometric testing merit rigorous scrutiny, re-examination and analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:267520", "title": "The role of the mandible in mouse palatal development revisited.", "content": "Growth changes associated with formation of the secondary palate were studied in H-Velaz mouse embryos by morphometric measurement of medial sagittal sections of the heads between days 13 and 15 of embryonic development. Horizontalization of the palatine processes depends primarily on the length of the mandible and is effected by a shift of palatine process material into the supralingual space. The administration of 7.5 mg cortisone acetate im to the female on day 12, of 0.5 mg 6-aminonicotinamide im on day 14, or amniocentesis on day 14 significantly retards growth of the embryo in general and of the mandible in particular without significantly affecting deflexion of the skull base. The different spatial conditions created by disproportion between deflexion of the base and the length of the mandible cause irregularities in the course of horizontalization which lead, as a rule, to cleft palate.", "contents": "The role of the mandible in mouse palatal development revisited. Growth changes associated with formation of the secondary palate were studied in H-Velaz mouse embryos by morphometric measurement of medial sagittal sections of the heads between days 13 and 15 of embryonic development. Horizontalization of the palatine processes depends primarily on the length of the mandible and is effected by a shift of palatine process material into the supralingual space. The administration of 7.5 mg cortisone acetate im to the female on day 12, of 0.5 mg 6-aminonicotinamide im on day 14, or amniocentesis on day 14 significantly retards growth of the embryo in general and of the mandible in particular without significantly affecting deflexion of the skull base. The different spatial conditions created by disproportion between deflexion of the base and the length of the mandible cause irregularities in the course of horizontalization which lead, as a rule, to cleft palate."}
{"id": "PMID:267521", "title": "Dermatoglyphic analysis of primary and secondary cleft palate patients.", "content": "No significant differences are found among the different groups. Some of the observed minor differences between the cleft and the control groups may be the result of sampling error. Our findings are not surprising because our cleft patients have no other congenital anomalies. Indeed aberrant dermatoglyphic patterns are found mainly in generalized dysmorphogenesis, such as in chromosomal syndromes, rather than in isolated congenital malformations, exception being made of course for congenital malformations of the hand itself.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic analysis of primary and secondary cleft palate patients. No significant differences are found among the different groups. Some of the observed minor differences between the cleft and the control groups may be the result of sampling error. Our findings are not surprising because our cleft patients have no other congenital anomalies. Indeed aberrant dermatoglyphic patterns are found mainly in generalized dysmorphogenesis, such as in chromosomal syndromes, rather than in isolated congenital malformations, exception being made of course for congenital malformations of the hand itself."}
{"id": "PMID:267522", "title": "Prevalence of cleft uvula among 2,732 Danes.", "content": "A total of 2,732 patients at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, were studied for occurrence of cleft uvula. The prevalence was 1.13%, and the ratio of partial to total clefts was 30:1. From a comparison with results of previous studies, it is concluded that the prevalence of cleft uvula in the Danish population appears to be in the same range as in other white populations which have been studied.", "contents": "Prevalence of cleft uvula among 2,732 Danes. A total of 2,732 patients at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, were studied for occurrence of cleft uvula. The prevalence was 1.13%, and the ratio of partial to total clefts was 30:1. From a comparison with results of previous studies, it is concluded that the prevalence of cleft uvula in the Danish population appears to be in the same range as in other white populations which have been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:267523", "title": "Cleft palate in two syndromes.", "content": "Patients with cleft palates with or without cleft lip need more special attention at birth when the cleft is associated with other malformations. For example, the Pierre-Robin and the Klippel-Feil Syndromes are both well known for the special problems they present. Reported here are three cases, with Crouzon's and two with Franceschetti Syndromes, all of whom have palatal clefts.", "contents": "Cleft palate in two syndromes. Patients with cleft palates with or without cleft lip need more special attention at birth when the cleft is associated with other malformations. For example, the Pierre-Robin and the Klippel-Feil Syndromes are both well known for the special problems they present. Reported here are three cases, with Crouzon's and two with Franceschetti Syndromes, all of whom have palatal clefts."}
{"id": "PMID:267527", "title": "Cleft palate and multiple anomalies in one of two siblings with partial 13 trisomy.", "content": "Siblings with multiple congenital anomalies secondary to familial partial trisomy of chromosome number 13 are described. In addition to other findings, the younger child exhibited a cleft of the soft palate. The mechanism of transmission of the chromosomal abnormalities, the relationship of the physical abnormalities and the chromosome findings, and the significance of these findings in the consideration of recurrence risks in future pregnancies are discussed.", "contents": "Cleft palate and multiple anomalies in one of two siblings with partial 13 trisomy. Siblings with multiple congenital anomalies secondary to familial partial trisomy of chromosome number 13 are described. In addition to other findings, the younger child exhibited a cleft of the soft palate. The mechanism of transmission of the chromosomal abnormalities, the relationship of the physical abnormalities and the chromosome findings, and the significance of these findings in the consideration of recurrence risks in future pregnancies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267530", "title": "Properties of the alpha-glucosidase from various human tissues in relation to glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease).", "content": "The physico-chemical and electrophoretical properties of alpha-glucosidases from various human tissues and urine have been studied. There were some differences among Peak I enzymes (neutral alpha-glucosidases) obtained from liver, heart, muscle, kidney and urine. These differences are based on different effects of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and various thermostabilities of the Peak I enzymes. Electrophoretically, the Peak I enzyme activity at pH 6.5 from control tissues displayed a two-banded pattern except in kidney and urine. In the patient with the adult form of Pompe's disease the faster band of the Peak I enzyme from heart and muscle was not found and the slower band of the Peak I enzyme from liver was more cathodic. The results are discussed in relation to glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease).", "contents": "Properties of the alpha-glucosidase from various human tissues in relation to glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease). The physico-chemical and electrophoretical properties of alpha-glucosidases from various human tissues and urine have been studied. There were some differences among Peak I enzymes (neutral alpha-glucosidases) obtained from liver, heart, muscle, kidney and urine. These differences are based on different effects of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and various thermostabilities of the Peak I enzymes. Electrophoretically, the Peak I enzyme activity at pH 6.5 from control tissues displayed a two-banded pattern except in kidney and urine. In the patient with the adult form of Pompe's disease the faster band of the Peak I enzyme from heart and muscle was not found and the slower band of the Peak I enzyme from liver was more cathodic. The results are discussed in relation to glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease)."}
{"id": "PMID:267531", "title": "Radical resection for osteogenic sarcoma of fibula with preservation of the limb.", "content": "This is a report of a 15 year old girl with osteogenic sarcoma of the proximal fibula treated by en bloc radical excision without amputation of the limb. The anatomical individuality of the fibula, vascularization of the leg and effective adjuvant chemotherapy determined the feasibility of the procedure. There is no evidence of tumor recurrence 27 months after surgery.", "contents": "Radical resection for osteogenic sarcoma of fibula with preservation of the limb. This is a report of a 15 year old girl with osteogenic sarcoma of the proximal fibula treated by en bloc radical excision without amputation of the limb. The anatomical individuality of the fibula, vascularization of the leg and effective adjuvant chemotherapy determined the feasibility of the procedure. There is no evidence of tumor recurrence 27 months after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:267557", "title": "Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Case report of an adult with severe respiratory difficulty.", "content": "Pompe's disease (acid maltase deficiency) classically affects infants and children, with a few sporadic cases occurring in adults. An adult patient initially have progressive muscular weakness, exertional dyspnea, diaphragmatic paralysis, and objective evidence of restrictive respiratory disease. Muscle biopsy established the diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency. The patient's brother had died at the age of 44 years, after 23 years of a \"progressive muscular dystrophy.\" Acid maltase deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive respiratory insufficiency associated with weakness.", "contents": "Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Case report of an adult with severe respiratory difficulty. Pompe's disease (acid maltase deficiency) classically affects infants and children, with a few sporadic cases occurring in adults. An adult patient initially have progressive muscular weakness, exertional dyspnea, diaphragmatic paralysis, and objective evidence of restrictive respiratory disease. Muscle biopsy established the diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency. The patient's brother had died at the age of 44 years, after 23 years of a \"progressive muscular dystrophy.\" Acid maltase deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive respiratory insufficiency associated with weakness."}
{"id": "PMID:267563", "title": "[The effect of toothpaste on the gingiva].", "content": "Under standarized conditions, foils are applied and removed from the attached gingiva of the mandibular anterior region. The amount of epithelial cells clinging to the test foils was determined. When compared to toothpastes with the usual content of surface active substances, the short contact of a toothpaste containing a high percentage of wetting agents increases the number of epithelial cells loosened by mechanic forces.", "contents": "[The effect of toothpaste on the gingiva]. Under standarized conditions, foils are applied and removed from the attached gingiva of the mandibular anterior region. The amount of epithelial cells clinging to the test foils was determined. When compared to toothpastes with the usual content of surface active substances, the short contact of a toothpaste containing a high percentage of wetting agents increases the number of epithelial cells loosened by mechanic forces."}
{"id": "PMID:267564", "title": "[Endosseous endodontic implantation in front teeth with horizontal fractures in the median third].", "content": "The recommendation to use pin implants as fixing elements in horizontally fractured roots of anterior teeth is based on our own animal experiments as well as on clinical and radiological examinations of six patients. The examinations were made in 14 anterior teeth fixed to the bone by a pin the roots of which had been reduced to about half the physiologic length by resorption, amputation or fracture. The original biomechanical situation was the same in all three types of root reduction. We observed the pin-fixed teeth for 2 1/2 years on the average.", "contents": "[Endosseous endodontic implantation in front teeth with horizontal fractures in the median third]. The recommendation to use pin implants as fixing elements in horizontally fractured roots of anterior teeth is based on our own animal experiments as well as on clinical and radiological examinations of six patients. The examinations were made in 14 anterior teeth fixed to the bone by a pin the roots of which had been reduced to about half the physiologic length by resorption, amputation or fracture. The original biomechanical situation was the same in all three types of root reduction. We observed the pin-fixed teeth for 2 1/2 years on the average."}
{"id": "PMID:267565", "title": "[Therapy of chronic apical periodontitis in traumatically injuring front teeth with ongoing root growth].", "content": "Because of the patient's age and the width of the apical foramen, conventional or surgical root canal fillings are frequently not indicated for the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis in teeth whose roots have not yet fully grown. Therefore resorbable paste fillings are applied either to induce deposition of apical hard substance or to bridge the time until root canal filling is possible. In a comparative clinical and radiological study in 171 young patients, Walkhoff's iodoform paste and calcium hydroxide were examined with regard to their inductive effect on the formation of an apical hard substance barrier.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic apical periodontitis in traumatically injuring front teeth with ongoing root growth]. Because of the patient's age and the width of the apical foramen, conventional or surgical root canal fillings are frequently not indicated for the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis in teeth whose roots have not yet fully grown. Therefore resorbable paste fillings are applied either to induce deposition of apical hard substance or to bridge the time until root canal filling is possible. In a comparative clinical and radiological study in 171 young patients, Walkhoff's iodoform paste and calcium hydroxide were examined with regard to their inductive effect on the formation of an apical hard substance barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:267566", "title": "[Simulation studies on depot iontophoresis].", "content": "The rapidity with which OH-ions as well as long-acting Cu-compounds are transported from a depot of copper calcium hydroxide through all canals of the apical delta to all openings of the delta even when mechanically inaccessible is demonstrated by means of model experiments in extracted teeth.", "contents": "[Simulation studies on depot iontophoresis]. The rapidity with which OH-ions as well as long-acting Cu-compounds are transported from a depot of copper calcium hydroxide through all canals of the apical delta to all openings of the delta even when mechanically inaccessible is demonstrated by means of model experiments in extracted teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:267567", "title": "[New developments in depot inotophoresis of copper compounds].", "content": "By means of two methods of the depot ionophoresis using an exterior voltage source and the galvanic pin element, polyvalent bactericidal compounds can be transported from a depot of copper calcium hydroxide into all arms of the apical delta. The method of working and long-term effects are described.", "contents": "[New developments in depot inotophoresis of copper compounds]. By means of two methods of the depot ionophoresis using an exterior voltage source and the galvanic pin element, polyvalent bactericidal compounds can be transported from a depot of copper calcium hydroxide into all arms of the apical delta. The method of working and long-term effects are described."}
{"id": "PMID:267568", "title": "[Length measurement of the root canal].", "content": "Twenty-five years of experience in the field of length measurements of the root canal are summarized. It must be concluded that there is no absolutely accurate method to measure the length of the root canal in vivo because of the specific anatomic conditions and the sources or error inherent in all methods. Of the various methods, preference should be given to the so-called graduated instruments. They do not require additional work and enable the observation of aseptic precautions. The industry must be requested to make these instruments available again.", "contents": "[Length measurement of the root canal]. Twenty-five years of experience in the field of length measurements of the root canal are summarized. It must be concluded that there is no absolutely accurate method to measure the length of the root canal in vivo because of the specific anatomic conditions and the sources or error inherent in all methods. Of the various methods, preference should be given to the so-called graduated instruments. They do not require additional work and enable the observation of aseptic precautions. The industry must be requested to make these instruments available again."}
{"id": "PMID:267571", "title": "[Natural fluorides. The distinction between technically produced and naturally occurring fluorides in caries prophylaxis].", "content": "In the controversial discussion of the bio-availability of fluoride in caries prophylaxis by fluoridation, fluorides coming from the geochemical circulation to the biochemical circulation are sometimes differentiated from synthetic fluorides introduced into fluoride medication. The question as to whether such a differentiation is essential can be answered from the physical-chemical point of view. This requires a wide field of scientific research starting with geochemistry and the knowledge of fluoride deposits, sedimentology, hydrology, technology of inorganic and organic fluorine compounds, thermodynamics of dissolved fluorides, up to biocrystallography and biochemistry of fluorine.", "contents": "[Natural fluorides. The distinction between technically produced and naturally occurring fluorides in caries prophylaxis]. In the controversial discussion of the bio-availability of fluoride in caries prophylaxis by fluoridation, fluorides coming from the geochemical circulation to the biochemical circulation are sometimes differentiated from synthetic fluorides introduced into fluoride medication. The question as to whether such a differentiation is essential can be answered from the physical-chemical point of view. This requires a wide field of scientific research starting with geochemistry and the knowledge of fluoride deposits, sedimentology, hydrology, technology of inorganic and organic fluorine compounds, thermodynamics of dissolved fluorides, up to biocrystallography and biochemistry of fluorine."}
{"id": "PMID:267572", "title": "[Bioavailability of fluorides from various salts and from various dietary components].", "content": "In six male subjects fluoride bio-availability after oral application of NaF and MgF2 was examined and the influence of food on fluoride absorption was studied by recording fluoride level in plasma and parotid saliva for 24 hours. In addition, fluoride profiles in the plasma of four beagle dogs after the intake of fluoride as NaF, MgF2 and CaF2 with and without addition of milk and dairy products were established. There were great differences in extent and speed of absorption among the different preparations some of which were demonstrated not to release fluoride at all. As was expected, absorption was quicker and more complete in patients with empty stomach than with simultaneous food intake. Milk and dairy products delay fluoride uptake without considerably reducing the overally amount of fluoride resorption.", "contents": "[Bioavailability of fluorides from various salts and from various dietary components]. In six male subjects fluoride bio-availability after oral application of NaF and MgF2 was examined and the influence of food on fluoride absorption was studied by recording fluoride level in plasma and parotid saliva for 24 hours. In addition, fluoride profiles in the plasma of four beagle dogs after the intake of fluoride as NaF, MgF2 and CaF2 with and without addition of milk and dairy products were established. There were great differences in extent and speed of absorption among the different preparations some of which were demonstrated not to release fluoride at all. As was expected, absorption was quicker and more complete in patients with empty stomach than with simultaneous food intake. Milk and dairy products delay fluoride uptake without considerably reducing the overally amount of fluoride resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:267574", "title": "[Oral leukoplakias. I. Classification, differential diagnosis, etiological conditions for neoplastic transformation, prognosis].", "content": "Leucoplakia is due to abnormal keratinization of squamous epithelial mucosa and constitutes a pattern of reaction of the oral mucosa which is typical for the tissue but unspecific for any stimulus. Because of its numerous causes leucoplakia cannot be defined as a pathologic entity. There is leucoplakia in the narrow sense and leucoplakia in the broad sense; the first should be regarded as a polyetiologic symptom but not as a disease in itself. Leucoplakias in the broad sense comprise those caused by well defined disorders. A classification of oral leucoplakias must include both categories, for differential diagnostic reasons. Therefore a classification of leucoplakias in the broad sense (hereditary 1., endogenous-irritative 1.) and leucoplakias in the narrow sense (exogenous-irritative 1., precancerous 1.) is proposed. The latter category is largely identical with the WHO definition of leucoplakia. The most important clinical and histological grounds on which this classification is based are explained. The precancerous lesions and the present knowledge of stomatology and oral pathology are particularly taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Oral leukoplakias. I. Classification, differential diagnosis, etiological conditions for neoplastic transformation, prognosis]. Leucoplakia is due to abnormal keratinization of squamous epithelial mucosa and constitutes a pattern of reaction of the oral mucosa which is typical for the tissue but unspecific for any stimulus. Because of its numerous causes leucoplakia cannot be defined as a pathologic entity. There is leucoplakia in the narrow sense and leucoplakia in the broad sense; the first should be regarded as a polyetiologic symptom but not as a disease in itself. Leucoplakias in the broad sense comprise those caused by well defined disorders. A classification of oral leucoplakias must include both categories, for differential diagnostic reasons. Therefore a classification of leucoplakias in the broad sense (hereditary 1., endogenous-irritative 1.) and leucoplakias in the narrow sense (exogenous-irritative 1., precancerous 1.) is proposed. The latter category is largely identical with the WHO definition of leucoplakia. The most important clinical and histological grounds on which this classification is based are explained. The precancerous lesions and the present knowledge of stomatology and oral pathology are particularly taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:267575", "title": "[Branchiogenic preauricular fistulae].", "content": "Seventeen patients with dimples, fistulae and cysts in the region of the cheek and the preauricular field are reported. All are located in the neighborhood of the dorsal end of the first visceral arch. Both the fistulae of the ascending helix and the upper preauricular fistulae must be regarded as relics of the dorsal end of the first branchial cleft. This interpretation supports the theory of Wood-Jones and I-Chuan according to which the tragus is formed from the material of the mandibular arch, and the remaining part of the auricle from the mesoderm of the second visceral arch. Similar anomalies in the neighborhood of the angle of the mouth, the extraoral opening of an accessory duct of Stensen and the inferior preauricular fistula are sufficiently explained by the incomplete closure or tearing of the embryonal oral aperture.", "contents": "[Branchiogenic preauricular fistulae]. Seventeen patients with dimples, fistulae and cysts in the region of the cheek and the preauricular field are reported. All are located in the neighborhood of the dorsal end of the first visceral arch. Both the fistulae of the ascending helix and the upper preauricular fistulae must be regarded as relics of the dorsal end of the first branchial cleft. This interpretation supports the theory of Wood-Jones and I-Chuan according to which the tragus is formed from the material of the mandibular arch, and the remaining part of the auricle from the mesoderm of the second visceral arch. Similar anomalies in the neighborhood of the angle of the mouth, the extraoral opening of an accessory duct of Stensen and the inferior preauricular fistula are sufficiently explained by the incomplete closure or tearing of the embryonal oral aperture."}
{"id": "PMID:267577", "title": "[Experience with titanium mesh as a temporary foreign material implant for the reconstruction of mandibular defects].", "content": "Restoration of a loadable mandible after extensive resections, defects or comminuted fractures, serious osteomyelitis and pseudarthrosis will be successful only if sufficiently stable fixation of the fragments and immobilization beyond the physiological period of bone healing are guaranteed. By means of various types of plates and extroral appliances for osteosynthesis the conventional methods have been improved, but failures and complications are still frequent. The treatment itself is a great strain for the patient. The titanium mesh implant system developed by Ph. Boyne and  his group for reconstruction in mandibular defects means, in our opinion, an important therapeutical step forward. Its technical advantages and our own clinical experience advocate application of this system.", "contents": "[Experience with titanium mesh as a temporary foreign material implant for the reconstruction of mandibular defects]. Restoration of a loadable mandible after extensive resections, defects or comminuted fractures, serious osteomyelitis and pseudarthrosis will be successful only if sufficiently stable fixation of the fragments and immobilization beyond the physiological period of bone healing are guaranteed. By means of various types of plates and extroral appliances for osteosynthesis the conventional methods have been improved, but failures and complications are still frequent. The treatment itself is a great strain for the patient. The titanium mesh implant system developed by Ph. Boyne and  his group for reconstruction in mandibular defects means, in our opinion, an important therapeutical step forward. Its technical advantages and our own clinical experience advocate application of this system."}
{"id": "PMID:267579", "title": "[The image of the temporomandibular joint in the panoramic radiographs].", "content": "Of the general panoramic radiographs those with an intraoral focus (magnifying panoramic radiography) are not suitable to represent the temporo-mandibular joint. In contrast, panoramic tomograms represent the temporo-mandibular joint better, but they cannot be recommended unreservedly for the exact evaluation of this region. Presently there is no substitute for conventional radiographs.", "contents": "[The image of the temporomandibular joint in the panoramic radiographs]. Of the general panoramic radiographs those with an intraoral focus (magnifying panoramic radiography) are not suitable to represent the temporo-mandibular joint. In contrast, panoramic tomograms represent the temporo-mandibular joint better, but they cannot be recommended unreservedly for the exact evaluation of this region. Presently there is no substitute for conventional radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:267581", "title": "[Epidemiology of hypodontia in the permanent dentition].", "content": "The incidence of hypodontia of the permanent dentition was studied in a total of 3986 students, 11 to 21 years old, in secondary schools in F\u00fcrth in Bavaria. In 5.1% of all subjects hypodontia was observed. Most frequently involved were the lower second premalars (37.8%), the upper lateral incisors (29.0%), and the upper second premolars (22.4%).", "contents": "[Epidemiology of hypodontia in the permanent dentition]. The incidence of hypodontia of the permanent dentition was studied in a total of 3986 students, 11 to 21 years old, in secondary schools in F\u00fcrth in Bavaria. In 5.1% of all subjects hypodontia was observed. Most frequently involved were the lower second premalars (37.8%), the upper lateral incisors (29.0%), and the upper second premolars (22.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:267583", "title": "[Microsymptoms as an indication for familial hypodontia, hyperdontia and tooth displacement].", "content": "Hitherto several micromanifestations could be recognized as signals of pathognomic etiological factors indicative of aplasia, or, better, as disposition to disorders of the odontogenetic organs. Such microsymptoms are reduction of size, especially observed in upper lateral incisors (peg-shaped teeth), delayed mineralization, and dystopia of tooth-germs. Our findings suggest that many further phenomena belong to the same group of micromanifestations such as supernumerary teeth, either of typical or atypical shape (mesiodentes), supernumerary cusps and roots, gemination and fusion of teeth, infraposition of deciduous molars with a tendency to inclusion, just as undermining resorption of the (upper) second deciduous molar caused by the first molar, and, last but not least, a large distance of the germ of the (lower) second molar from the first molar as well as retention of those teeth. Such micromanifestations are theoretically important as clues on the trail of hereditary and practically useful as indicators of hyper- and hypodontia and dystopias in the same patient or among his close relatives.", "contents": "[Microsymptoms as an indication for familial hypodontia, hyperdontia and tooth displacement]. Hitherto several micromanifestations could be recognized as signals of pathognomic etiological factors indicative of aplasia, or, better, as disposition to disorders of the odontogenetic organs. Such microsymptoms are reduction of size, especially observed in upper lateral incisors (peg-shaped teeth), delayed mineralization, and dystopia of tooth-germs. Our findings suggest that many further phenomena belong to the same group of micromanifestations such as supernumerary teeth, either of typical or atypical shape (mesiodentes), supernumerary cusps and roots, gemination and fusion of teeth, infraposition of deciduous molars with a tendency to inclusion, just as undermining resorption of the (upper) second deciduous molar caused by the first molar, and, last but not least, a large distance of the germ of the (lower) second molar from the first molar as well as retention of those teeth. Such micromanifestations are theoretically important as clues on the trail of hereditary and practically useful as indicators of hyper- and hypodontia and dystopias in the same patient or among his close relatives."}
{"id": "PMID:267584", "title": "Studies of malformation syndromes of man XLVII: disappearance of spermatogonia in the Fanconi anemia syndrome.", "content": "A 15 year old boy with the Fanconi malformation-aplastic anemia syndrome developed erythroleukemia and died of multiple arterial thromboses and hemorrhage. He was one of 10 siblings including 3 affected sisters. He was short of stature and had hypoplastic thumbs; his testes were small and secondary sexual characteristics were inadequately developed. At autopsy he was found to have very few spermatogonia, i.e., a histological picture compatible with the \"Sertoli-cell-only\" defect. Male hypogonadism in other chromosome breakage syndromes (the Bloom syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia) may have a similar pathogenesis.", "contents": "Studies of malformation syndromes of man XLVII: disappearance of spermatogonia in the Fanconi anemia syndrome. A 15 year old boy with the Fanconi malformation-aplastic anemia syndrome developed erythroleukemia and died of multiple arterial thromboses and hemorrhage. He was one of 10 siblings including 3 affected sisters. He was short of stature and had hypoplastic thumbs; his testes were small and secondary sexual characteristics were inadequately developed. At autopsy he was found to have very few spermatogonia, i.e., a histological picture compatible with the \"Sertoli-cell-only\" defect. Male hypogonadism in other chromosome breakage syndromes (the Bloom syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia) may have a similar pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:267598", "title": "Dentist-staff interpersonal relationships.", "content": "The growing demand for dental services has resulted in an expanded utilization of auxiliary personnel in an effort to increase productivity. Enlarged dental teams which have evolved from this effort have also magnified the potential for interpersonal conflicts in the office. Although such conflicts are sometimes unavoidable, they can be reduced through effective preventive management. Careful selection of personnel, well designed training programs, and attention to those factors which assist retention of qualified staff members are important in this process. Finally, the entire team must have common goals and work in a coordinated fashion to achieve ultimate success. The dentist of today must possess the skills of an effective manager as well as those of a competent clinician.", "contents": "Dentist-staff interpersonal relationships. The growing demand for dental services has resulted in an expanded utilization of auxiliary personnel in an effort to increase productivity. Enlarged dental teams which have evolved from this effort have also magnified the potential for interpersonal conflicts in the office. Although such conflicts are sometimes unavoidable, they can be reduced through effective preventive management. Careful selection of personnel, well designed training programs, and attention to those factors which assist retention of qualified staff members are important in this process. Finally, the entire team must have common goals and work in a coordinated fashion to achieve ultimate success. The dentist of today must possess the skills of an effective manager as well as those of a competent clinician."}
{"id": "PMID:267599", "title": "Sharing leadership influence: a life-cycle model.", "content": "We have described the effective leader in terms of several concepts: (1) leadership style as a means of sharing the influence of leadership with a ready group; (2) the readiness of a group to successfully exert influence on the practice; (3) the matching of leadership styles with group readiness; and (4) the impact of the environment on the readiness of a group. We have described how all of these elements combine to determine a leader's effectiveness. All elements interact and present the leader with a situation for which he must adopt an appropriate leadership style (Table 1). Several elements combine to change the readiness of a group through four phases - unready, ready, mature, and professional. The leader then matches leadership styles I through IV to these levels of readiness. We believe a dentist will be effective as a leader in proportion to his success in matching an appropriate leadership style to the readiness of his group to perform in its particular environment.", "contents": "Sharing leadership influence: a life-cycle model. We have described the effective leader in terms of several concepts: (1) leadership style as a means of sharing the influence of leadership with a ready group; (2) the readiness of a group to successfully exert influence on the practice; (3) the matching of leadership styles with group readiness; and (4) the impact of the environment on the readiness of a group. We have described how all of these elements combine to determine a leader's effectiveness. All elements interact and present the leader with a situation for which he must adopt an appropriate leadership style (Table 1). Several elements combine to change the readiness of a group through four phases - unready, ready, mature, and professional. The leader then matches leadership styles I through IV to these levels of readiness. We believe a dentist will be effective as a leader in proportion to his success in matching an appropriate leadership style to the readiness of his group to perform in its particular environment."}
{"id": "PMID:267600", "title": "Management by objectives for the dental office.", "content": "Management by objectives is a better way to run a dental practice. The required planning will take additional time in the initial stages but can save a great deal of time in the long run. The major requirement is the establishment of specific measurable objectives over a defined period of time. Encouraging your staff to participate whenever possible will result in better objectives, more commitment, and greater motivation. By stating where you want to go and developing plans to reach this destination, you will be able to work smarter and not harder.", "contents": "Management by objectives for the dental office. Management by objectives is a better way to run a dental practice. The required planning will take additional time in the initial stages but can save a great deal of time in the long run. The major requirement is the establishment of specific measurable objectives over a defined period of time. Encouraging your staff to participate whenever possible will result in better objectives, more commitment, and greater motivation. By stating where you want to go and developing plans to reach this destination, you will be able to work smarter and not harder."}
{"id": "PMID:267602", "title": "Effect of patient behavior and personality on treatment planning.", "content": "Several models are described that show the interrelationship between the patient and his behavior/personality, the dentist, and the proposed plan of treatment for each patient. The patient assessment model is introduced, which asks neither the patient nor dentist to change, but through identification of personality characteristics of the patient, modifies the plan of treatment to fit the individual's need. To accomplish the aspect of personality assessment, the locus of control is employed. This instrument distinguishes between two distinct types of individuals, \"internal\" and \"external.\" Through this classification of patients, the dentist can more clearly define the necessary treatment plan that fits the needs and wants of dissimilar patients.", "contents": "Effect of patient behavior and personality on treatment planning. Several models are described that show the interrelationship between the patient and his behavior/personality, the dentist, and the proposed plan of treatment for each patient. The patient assessment model is introduced, which asks neither the patient nor dentist to change, but through identification of personality characteristics of the patient, modifies the plan of treatment to fit the individual's need. To accomplish the aspect of personality assessment, the locus of control is employed. This instrument distinguishes between two distinct types of individuals, \"internal\" and \"external.\" Through this classification of patients, the dentist can more clearly define the necessary treatment plan that fits the needs and wants of dissimilar patients."}
{"id": "PMID:267604", "title": "Effective utilization of forms for efficient office communication.", "content": "The efficient use of forms can increase the effectiveness of communication with the office, staff, and with the patient. An effective form meets a specific need, does so in the simplest possible way, and is flexible in its use. The use of the modified buck slip with the pegboard system directs the treatment schedule for the receptionist, gives the patient more detailed financial information, and postpones the ledger card and journal entry until a more convenient time. It also permits you to communicate with the office staff in a clear manner. At the very least it eliminates second guessing. The use of the modified truth-in-lending form increases the effectiveness of the communication with the patient as to the procedures to be performed and reinforces the diagnosis and the payment arrangements. The use of a patient treatment follow-up slip provides a simple system for communication between the postoperative patient and doctor. Such forms increase the efficiency of the total practice.", "contents": "Effective utilization of forms for efficient office communication. The efficient use of forms can increase the effectiveness of communication with the office, staff, and with the patient. An effective form meets a specific need, does so in the simplest possible way, and is flexible in its use. The use of the modified buck slip with the pegboard system directs the treatment schedule for the receptionist, gives the patient more detailed financial information, and postpones the ledger card and journal entry until a more convenient time. It also permits you to communicate with the office staff in a clear manner. At the very least it eliminates second guessing. The use of the modified truth-in-lending form increases the effectiveness of the communication with the patient as to the procedures to be performed and reinforces the diagnosis and the payment arrangements. The use of a patient treatment follow-up slip provides a simple system for communication between the postoperative patient and doctor. Such forms increase the efficiency of the total practice."}
{"id": "PMID:267605", "title": "Psychological, physiological, and pharmacological management of pain.", "content": "It has been the intent of the authors to impress upon the clinician the multifaceted nature of the human pain experience. We have sought to create an understanding of the emotional nature of pain. The treatment of pain as a pure sensation without directing attention to its behavioral and psychological aspects will generally lead to failure in understanding and ultimately in treating this ubiquitous problem in our profession. The use of drugs alone will have only a minor effect on the treatment of pain. Knowledge of environmental control and an understanding and empathetic approach to the patient in pain or in stress will carry the dentist a long way toward his goal of dental treatment without pain or emotional upset.", "contents": "Psychological, physiological, and pharmacological management of pain. It has been the intent of the authors to impress upon the clinician the multifaceted nature of the human pain experience. We have sought to create an understanding of the emotional nature of pain. The treatment of pain as a pure sensation without directing attention to its behavioral and psychological aspects will generally lead to failure in understanding and ultimately in treating this ubiquitous problem in our profession. The use of drugs alone will have only a minor effect on the treatment of pain. Knowledge of environmental control and an understanding and empathetic approach to the patient in pain or in stress will carry the dentist a long way toward his goal of dental treatment without pain or emotional upset."}
{"id": "PMID:267607", "title": "The child and the adolescent: new rights for an \"old\" minority.", "content": "The use of the learning model is a necessary prerequisite for rendering dental care to the child or adolescent. The awareness of the emotional needs of the child and adolescent and the ability of the doctor to handle them is a requirement for an individual to treat these persons. The treatment plan and methods of treatment are essential factors in the behavioral management of the child or adolescent. There is a normal range for grwoth, development, and maturation in which sequences, timing, and rates of changes are critical. A cross-sectional approach in rendering care is not appropriate in learning to work with children and adolescents. The doctor who renders the care for this age group should be well versed in certain aspects of behavior, as this will affect the treatment plan and methodology, but that doctor must also have the technical abilities to do the spectrum of services to which the patient is entitled. One without the other is a definite compromise for the patient. If the doctor does not further pursue additional assistance from his colleagues, the rights of the child or adolescent have been violated.", "contents": "The child and the adolescent: new rights for an \"old\" minority. The use of the learning model is a necessary prerequisite for rendering dental care to the child or adolescent. The awareness of the emotional needs of the child and adolescent and the ability of the doctor to handle them is a requirement for an individual to treat these persons. The treatment plan and methods of treatment are essential factors in the behavioral management of the child or adolescent. There is a normal range for grwoth, development, and maturation in which sequences, timing, and rates of changes are critical. A cross-sectional approach in rendering care is not appropriate in learning to work with children and adolescents. The doctor who renders the care for this age group should be well versed in certain aspects of behavior, as this will affect the treatment plan and methodology, but that doctor must also have the technical abilities to do the spectrum of services to which the patient is entitled. One without the other is a definite compromise for the patient. If the doctor does not further pursue additional assistance from his colleagues, the rights of the child or adolescent have been violated."}
{"id": "PMID:267611", "title": "[Pyoderma gangraenosum associated with Philadelphia-chromosome-negative chronic myeloid leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia was observed 20 months after onset of pyoderma gangraenosum in a 35-year-old female. In this case an induction by cytostatic drugs could be excluded, confirming the association of pyoderma gangraenosum with leukaemias.", "contents": "[Pyoderma gangraenosum associated with Philadelphia-chromosome-negative chronic myeloid leukaemia (author's transl)]. Chronic myeloid leukaemia was observed 20 months after onset of pyoderma gangraenosum in a 35-year-old female. In this case an induction by cytostatic drugs could be excluded, confirming the association of pyoderma gangraenosum with leukaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:267614", "title": "Variation in the Philadelphia chromosome.", "content": "Cytogenetic study of 17 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia has shown that the Philadelphia chromosome is a variable entity, differing in size and banding pattern between individuals.", "contents": "Variation in the Philadelphia chromosome. Cytogenetic study of 17 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia has shown that the Philadelphia chromosome is a variable entity, differing in size and banding pattern between individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:267620", "title": "Patient evaluation.", "content": "Failure to diagnose periodontal disease is a frequent and unnecessary error. A new periodontal screening examination has been proposed that will accurately detect periodontal disease in approximately five minutes and can be incorporated into a routine dental examination. Simplified treatment planning based on the findings of the periodontal screening examination has also been proposed. Its use could significantly improve the quality of periodontal care for most dental patients.", "contents": "Patient evaluation. Failure to diagnose periodontal disease is a frequent and unnecessary error. A new periodontal screening examination has been proposed that will accurately detect periodontal disease in approximately five minutes and can be incorporated into a routine dental examination. Simplified treatment planning based on the findings of the periodontal screening examination has also been proposed. Its use could significantly improve the quality of periodontal care for most dental patients."}
{"id": "PMID:267621", "title": "Juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis).", "content": "Juvenile periodontitis, characterized by early age of onset, rapid rate of periodontal tissue destruction and selective tooth involvement in the absence of commensurate aetiological factors, is recognized as a distinct clinical entity. The present paper describes the clinical findings and some immunological characteristics in a group of thirty-four patients under the age of thirty. Clinical aspects studied included the influence of sex, race, family history and general health. Immunological findings relating to the level of immunoglobulins in serum and saliva, lymphocyte transformation in response to veillonella, bacteroides, fusobacterium and actinomyces species and to ultrasonicated plaque, and the inhibition of macrophage migration by these antigens. Differences were shown to exist between those patients below the age of 22 years and the group aged 23-29 years.", "contents": "Juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis). Juvenile periodontitis, characterized by early age of onset, rapid rate of periodontal tissue destruction and selective tooth involvement in the absence of commensurate aetiological factors, is recognized as a distinct clinical entity. The present paper describes the clinical findings and some immunological characteristics in a group of thirty-four patients under the age of thirty. Clinical aspects studied included the influence of sex, race, family history and general health. Immunological findings relating to the level of immunoglobulins in serum and saliva, lymphocyte transformation in response to veillonella, bacteroides, fusobacterium and actinomyces species and to ultrasonicated plaque, and the inhibition of macrophage migration by these antigens. Differences were shown to exist between those patients below the age of 22 years and the group aged 23-29 years."}
{"id": "PMID:267622", "title": "Cancer and the environment.", "content": "The environment is becoming an increasingly important factor in the aetiology of cancer. In addition to physical carcinogenic substances, chemical agents, in particular, are identified in ever increasing numbers as being oncongenic. This has been experimentally shown in the case of more than 1000 substances, of which 30 are also regarded as carcinogenic in humans. To be effective, aetiological research should lead to the elimination of the substances which are identified as harmful. In the present state of our knowledge, this will be a considerable contribution to prophylaxis.", "contents": "Cancer and the environment. The environment is becoming an increasingly important factor in the aetiology of cancer. In addition to physical carcinogenic substances, chemical agents, in particular, are identified in ever increasing numbers as being oncongenic. This has been experimentally shown in the case of more than 1000 substances, of which 30 are also regarded as carcinogenic in humans. To be effective, aetiological research should lead to the elimination of the substances which are identified as harmful. In the present state of our knowledge, this will be a considerable contribution to prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:267623", "title": "Clinical signs for the early recognition of cancer of the oral cavity.", "content": "The dentist bears a particularly great responsibility with regard to the early detection of cancer of the oral cavity, since only early detection provides the greatest prospect of a cure. A description is therefore given of the features of the oral mucous membrane on which the differential diagnosis of 'carcinoma of the oral cavity' must in particular be made. The author then sets out an examination procedure which every dentist should follow before any treatment is given; this will also make it possible to detect those carcinomas of which the patient himself is not yet aware.", "contents": "Clinical signs for the early recognition of cancer of the oral cavity. The dentist bears a particularly great responsibility with regard to the early detection of cancer of the oral cavity, since only early detection provides the greatest prospect of a cure. A description is therefore given of the features of the oral mucous membrane on which the differential diagnosis of 'carcinoma of the oral cavity' must in particular be made. The author then sets out an examination procedure which every dentist should follow before any treatment is given; this will also make it possible to detect those carcinomas of which the patient himself is not yet aware."}
{"id": "PMID:267624", "title": "Epidemiological studies of oral cancer.", "content": "The FDI has shown considerable interest in the oral cancer and has in recent years arranged three symposia on the subject. The incidence of oral cancer shows marked geographic differences mostly depending upon environmental factors. In the present paper the epidemiology of oral cancer is illustrated by the relative frequency to total number of cancers and incidence rates from a number of countries. Canada has the highest rate of cancer of the vermilion border, which is extremely rare among dark-skinned people. Even within one country differences may be found, a fact which is illustrated by findings from Czechoslovakia and India. In most of the studies dealing with the etiology of oral cancer tobacco usage in its various forms is shown to be the outstanding factor.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies of oral cancer. The FDI has shown considerable interest in the oral cancer and has in recent years arranged three symposia on the subject. The incidence of oral cancer shows marked geographic differences mostly depending upon environmental factors. In the present paper the epidemiology of oral cancer is illustrated by the relative frequency to total number of cancers and incidence rates from a number of countries. Canada has the highest rate of cancer of the vermilion border, which is extremely rare among dark-skinned people. Even within one country differences may be found, a fact which is illustrated by findings from Czechoslovakia and India. In most of the studies dealing with the etiology of oral cancer tobacco usage in its various forms is shown to be the outstanding factor."}
{"id": "PMID:267625", "title": "Dental education in S\u00e9n\u00e9gal.", "content": "At the present time Senegal has two types of dental education: a full university training for dentists and a training programme for operating dental auxiliaries. The teaching objectives of the Institute of Dentistry and Stomatology were defined in such a way that these two grades work together in a public health team trained in accordance with the general principles of a common education in preventive and social dentistry. This dental education system which has received the full support of WHO and is backed by the educational and hess in all the African countries which send students for training in Dakar. This success is undoubtedly due to the fact that the system is designed to train personnel adapted to the special problems found in Africa, with a realistic approach to local conditions, and capable of providing effective help for the African communities whose dental health needs have for too long been neglected.", "contents": "Dental education in S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. At the present time Senegal has two types of dental education: a full university training for dentists and a training programme for operating dental auxiliaries. The teaching objectives of the Institute of Dentistry and Stomatology were defined in such a way that these two grades work together in a public health team trained in accordance with the general principles of a common education in preventive and social dentistry. This dental education system which has received the full support of WHO and is backed by the educational and hess in all the African countries which send students for training in Dakar. This success is undoubtedly due to the fact that the system is designed to train personnel adapted to the special problems found in Africa, with a realistic approach to local conditions, and capable of providing effective help for the African communities whose dental health needs have for too long been neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:267635", "title": "Teaching clinical judgment in periodontics.", "content": "Clinical judgment is a complex process that is difficult to develop. It is the essence of the health professional, yet most dental curricula do not emphasize the learning of the judgmental process. In this paper the judgmental process is analyzed into three components: input, mediation, and output. Following the analysis, suggestions for using these components are presented in four instructional phases: the introductory phase, the initial guidance phase, the application phase, and the feedback phase. While the illustrations used are drawn from periodontics, the principles are generalizable to the teaching of all clinical disciplines.", "contents": "Teaching clinical judgment in periodontics. Clinical judgment is a complex process that is difficult to develop. It is the essence of the health professional, yet most dental curricula do not emphasize the learning of the judgmental process. In this paper the judgmental process is analyzed into three components: input, mediation, and output. Following the analysis, suggestions for using these components are presented in four instructional phases: the introductory phase, the initial guidance phase, the application phase, and the feedback phase. While the illustrations used are drawn from periodontics, the principles are generalizable to the teaching of all clinical disciplines."}
{"id": "PMID:267637", "title": "The oral-facial geneticist: his training and role in dentistry.", "content": "There is a great need today for clinical geneticists who can diagnose hereditary malformation complexes and counsel afflicted patients and their families. The vast majority of these heritable syndromes have significant expression in the oral-craniofacial complex. This paper describes the minimal qualifications and training needed by postgraduate dentists to function as oral-facial geneticists. The oral-facial geneticist is defined as a human geneticist who has special interest and training in diseases of the oral-facial complex. In addition to patient care and consultation, persons with such training may make important contributions to teaching and research in cranio-facial growth and development.", "contents": "The oral-facial geneticist: his training and role in dentistry. There is a great need today for clinical geneticists who can diagnose hereditary malformation complexes and counsel afflicted patients and their families. The vast majority of these heritable syndromes have significant expression in the oral-craniofacial complex. This paper describes the minimal qualifications and training needed by postgraduate dentists to function as oral-facial geneticists. The oral-facial geneticist is defined as a human geneticist who has special interest and training in diseases of the oral-facial complex. In addition to patient care and consultation, persons with such training may make important contributions to teaching and research in cranio-facial growth and development."}
{"id": "PMID:267638", "title": "A survey of human genetics in the dental school curriculum.", "content": "A survey of American dental schools was conducted to determine the extent to which genetics is currently taught. Results indicate that there is a stronger emphasis at the postdoctoral level than at the predoctoral level and that the approach to teaching genetics tends to multidisciplinary. Some dental schools have already given organizational status to genetics and have instituted clinical activities in orofacial or craniofacial genetics. Considerable interest was shown in audiovisual materials and autotutorial programs in genetics. A greater emphasis on the teaching of genetics at the predoctoral, postdoctoral, and continuing education level is recommended. More trained orofacial geneticists are needed to support didactic and clinical activities within the dental schools.", "contents": "A survey of human genetics in the dental school curriculum. A survey of American dental schools was conducted to determine the extent to which genetics is currently taught. Results indicate that there is a stronger emphasis at the postdoctoral level than at the predoctoral level and that the approach to teaching genetics tends to multidisciplinary. Some dental schools have already given organizational status to genetics and have instituted clinical activities in orofacial or craniofacial genetics. Considerable interest was shown in audiovisual materials and autotutorial programs in genetics. A greater emphasis on the teaching of genetics at the predoctoral, postdoctoral, and continuing education level is recommended. More trained orofacial geneticists are needed to support didactic and clinical activities within the dental schools."}
{"id": "PMID:267639", "title": "Genetics in the postdoctoral dental curriculum.", "content": "Over the past decade, genetics has played an increasingly important role in both predoctoral and postdoctoral dental programs. In an effort to define the scope of genetics education at the postdoctoral level, this paper outlines desired learning objectives and presents a curriculum model which has proven effective in meeting these objectives.", "contents": "Genetics in the postdoctoral dental curriculum. Over the past decade, genetics has played an increasingly important role in both predoctoral and postdoctoral dental programs. In an effort to define the scope of genetics education at the postdoctoral level, this paper outlines desired learning objectives and presents a curriculum model which has proven effective in meeting these objectives."}
{"id": "PMID:267640", "title": "Correlation between preclinical and clinical grades.", "content": "This study indicated that grades for preclinical performance in the restorative laboratory were seldom predictive of the same student's performance in the clinic and should be used very carefully by promotions committees in evaluating a student's potential for success.", "contents": "Correlation between preclinical and clinical grades. This study indicated that grades for preclinical performance in the restorative laboratory were seldom predictive of the same student's performance in the clinic and should be used very carefully by promotions committees in evaluating a student's potential for success."}
{"id": "PMID:267645", "title": "Teaching physical evaluation and physical diagnosis in a hospital setting.", "content": "The inclusion of physical evaluation as a predoctoral course emphasizes the physical and emotional needs of the patient to the dental student. The dental graduate who enters a general practice residency program will have better preparation for his hospital training and he will have more time to develop diagnostic skills if his predoctoral training includes physical evaluation.", "contents": "Teaching physical evaluation and physical diagnosis in a hospital setting. The inclusion of physical evaluation as a predoctoral course emphasizes the physical and emotional needs of the patient to the dental student. The dental graduate who enters a general practice residency program will have better preparation for his hospital training and he will have more time to develop diagnostic skills if his predoctoral training includes physical evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:267646", "title": "Dental aspects of patients with cystic fibrosis: a preliminary clinical study.", "content": "The oral conditions of 42 patients being treated for cystic fibrosis were evaluated. The patients were grouped by age and, in some aspects, were compared with a small control group of their siblings. The patient group had a lowered incidence of plaque and less gingival disease than did the control group in which every person had some amount of plaque or gingival disease. Calculus formation was minimal. The reasons for the finding of minimal plaque in the patient group could be related to several factors, including the life-long use of various antibiotic agents, the chewing of digestive enzyme supplements, the effect of medical management on tooth hardness, and the effect of stained teeth (possible tetracycline deposition) on the plaque microorganisms. It appears that the therapy for cystic fibrosis was beneficial to the periodontal health of these patients. Much further study is needed to understand the interrelationship between an altered oral environment (salivary changes in cystic fibrosis), altered microbial flora (by antibiotics, enzymes) and even altered tooth surfaces (possible tetracycline deposition). Most patients were found to have one or more oral habits. Tooth mobility was associated with tension habits. Patients who had clubbed fingers (indicating pulmonary compromise) and possibly a severe disease process, did not appear to have either stained teeth or the severity of the gingivitis associated with this. The relationship of tetracycline to tooth staining could not be pinpointed.", "contents": "Dental aspects of patients with cystic fibrosis: a preliminary clinical study. The oral conditions of 42 patients being treated for cystic fibrosis were evaluated. The patients were grouped by age and, in some aspects, were compared with a small control group of their siblings. The patient group had a lowered incidence of plaque and less gingival disease than did the control group in which every person had some amount of plaque or gingival disease. Calculus formation was minimal. The reasons for the finding of minimal plaque in the patient group could be related to several factors, including the life-long use of various antibiotic agents, the chewing of digestive enzyme supplements, the effect of medical management on tooth hardness, and the effect of stained teeth (possible tetracycline deposition) on the plaque microorganisms. It appears that the therapy for cystic fibrosis was beneficial to the periodontal health of these patients. Much further study is needed to understand the interrelationship between an altered oral environment (salivary changes in cystic fibrosis), altered microbial flora (by antibiotics, enzymes) and even altered tooth surfaces (possible tetracycline deposition). Most patients were found to have one or more oral habits. Tooth mobility was associated with tension habits. Patients who had clubbed fingers (indicating pulmonary compromise) and possibly a severe disease process, did not appear to have either stained teeth or the severity of the gingivitis associated with this. The relationship of tetracycline to tooth staining could not be pinpointed."}
{"id": "PMID:267656", "title": "Apparent viscosity of materials used for making edentulous impressions.", "content": "The viscosity of commercially available impression materials used for making edentulous impressions was determined as a function of time and rotational speed. The impression materials studied showed large differences in viscosity and could be ranked into three groups. The values for one group--Plastogum, Ackerman cement (1:1 powder-to-liquid ratio), and light-bodied Permlastic--ranged from 23,800 cp to 57,200 cp. The viscosity values for a second group--Unilastic, syringe Elasticon, Luralite, and Coe-Flo--ranged from 92,200 cp to 107,000 cp. For a third group--Omniflex, Jeltrate, and Ackerman cement (2:1 powder-to-liquid ratio)--the viscosity values ranged from 239,000 cp to 257,000 cp. Light-bodied Permlastic, Ackerman cement (1:1 powder-to-liquid ratio), Jeltrate, and syringe Elasticon functioned as Newtonian liquids immediately after mixing. All other materials were non-Newtonian in behavior. The viscosity of most impression materials increased dramatically with time; the only exceptions were the zinc oxide-eugenol impression materials.", "contents": "Apparent viscosity of materials used for making edentulous impressions. The viscosity of commercially available impression materials used for making edentulous impressions was determined as a function of time and rotational speed. The impression materials studied showed large differences in viscosity and could be ranked into three groups. The values for one group--Plastogum, Ackerman cement (1:1 powder-to-liquid ratio), and light-bodied Permlastic--ranged from 23,800 cp to 57,200 cp. The viscosity values for a second group--Unilastic, syringe Elasticon, Luralite, and Coe-Flo--ranged from 92,200 cp to 107,000 cp. For a third group--Omniflex, Jeltrate, and Ackerman cement (2:1 powder-to-liquid ratio)--the viscosity values ranged from 239,000 cp to 257,000 cp. Light-bodied Permlastic, Ackerman cement (1:1 powder-to-liquid ratio), Jeltrate, and syringe Elasticon functioned as Newtonian liquids immediately after mixing. All other materials were non-Newtonian in behavior. The viscosity of most impression materials increased dramatically with time; the only exceptions were the zinc oxide-eugenol impression materials."}
{"id": "PMID:267657", "title": "Citric acid consumption and the human dentition.", "content": "The habitual and abusive use of fruits and foods containing citric acid can cause serious dissolution effects on human tooth enamel. Because these effects can occur so easily, this paper suggests that foods and fruits containing citric acid, as well as other acids, could be definite contributors to the many other forms of idiopathic erosion so often observed by the dentist. There is a need for continued research and study in this area.", "contents": "Citric acid consumption and the human dentition. The habitual and abusive use of fruits and foods containing citric acid can cause serious dissolution effects on human tooth enamel. Because these effects can occur so easily, this paper suggests that foods and fruits containing citric acid, as well as other acids, could be definite contributors to the many other forms of idiopathic erosion so often observed by the dentist. There is a need for continued research and study in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:267658", "title": "Character and frequency of discomfort immediately following restorative procedures.", "content": "Within 24 hours after dental treatment, discomfort was experienced by 78% of the patients questioned. Sensitivity to cold was the most frequent type of discomfort experienced (reported by 50% of the patients). Postoperative discomfort resulting from cold stimulus was most often mild (in 78%), occasionally moderate (in 22%), and never severe. The duration of postoperative discomfort resulting from cold stimulus was most often fleeting (reported by 94%) and seldom prolonged (reported by 6%). The second most frequent type of postoperative discomfort reported was associated with the administration of the local anesthetic. Sensitivity to sweets does not seem to be a source of postoperative discomfort following routine operative dental procedures.", "contents": "Character and frequency of discomfort immediately following restorative procedures. Within 24 hours after dental treatment, discomfort was experienced by 78% of the patients questioned. Sensitivity to cold was the most frequent type of discomfort experienced (reported by 50% of the patients). Postoperative discomfort resulting from cold stimulus was most often mild (in 78%), occasionally moderate (in 22%), and never severe. The duration of postoperative discomfort resulting from cold stimulus was most often fleeting (reported by 94%) and seldom prolonged (reported by 6%). The second most frequent type of postoperative discomfort reported was associated with the administration of the local anesthetic. Sensitivity to sweets does not seem to be a source of postoperative discomfort following routine operative dental procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:267659", "title": "Endodontic perforations: their prognosis and treatment.", "content": "Causes of tooth perforation include resorption, caries, and operator performance. The prognosis for a tooth with a perforation is related to the location of the perforation, negotiability of the canal, contamination, and treatment. Alternative treatment approaches include routine endodontic treatment, correction via the chamber, surgical correction, and stimulation of calcification. In most instances, a perforation can be treated so that satisfactory healing will occur.", "contents": "Endodontic perforations: their prognosis and treatment. Causes of tooth perforation include resorption, caries, and operator performance. The prognosis for a tooth with a perforation is related to the location of the perforation, negotiability of the canal, contamination, and treatment. Alternative treatment approaches include routine endodontic treatment, correction via the chamber, surgical correction, and stimulation of calcification. In most instances, a perforation can be treated so that satisfactory healing will occur."}
{"id": "PMID:267663", "title": "Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies.", "content": "In a prolonged field trial a 4% chlorhexidine digluconate detergent scrub (Hibiscrub(R)), that had earlier proved to be an effective hand disinfectant, was studied in hospital wards. Finger tips were found to harbour more bacteria than the hand dorsum and the samples collected from them yielded more information on the bacteriological and dermatological effects of hand disinfectants in practice.In wards with a relatively low hand-washing frequency (less than 20 times in 8 hours) the bacteriological results resembled those obtained by in-use tests with volunteers. In the neonatal unit where the hand washing frequency was remarkably high, even occasionally over 100 times/8 h shift, an increase in the bacterial colony counts of the majority of the staff was recorded both before and after hand washing already after using the preparation for 1 week. Age, occupation and hand-washing frequency all correlated with the bacteriological results. Twenty-seven out of 37 persons complained of side effects such as wounds of finger tips and redness or heavy drying of the skin. Wounds, particularly on finger tips, resulted in the failure of disinfection. An increase in bacterial counts was sometimes noted without any dermatological or subjective changes. Drying of the skin was complained of less often when no increase in skin bacteria occurred.After the changeover of washing practice to a detergent followed by a rinse with spirit solution containing chlorhexidine and glycerol a decrease was recorded in the bacterial counts. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to long-term testing of hand washing and disinfection methods to ensure optimum final results in practice. It is obvious that the knowledge obtained from short time in-use testing cannot be applied to all conditions of use.", "contents": "Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies. In a prolonged field trial a 4% chlorhexidine digluconate detergent scrub (Hibiscrub(R)), that had earlier proved to be an effective hand disinfectant, was studied in hospital wards. Finger tips were found to harbour more bacteria than the hand dorsum and the samples collected from them yielded more information on the bacteriological and dermatological effects of hand disinfectants in practice.In wards with a relatively low hand-washing frequency (less than 20 times in 8 hours) the bacteriological results resembled those obtained by in-use tests with volunteers. In the neonatal unit where the hand washing frequency was remarkably high, even occasionally over 100 times/8 h shift, an increase in the bacterial colony counts of the majority of the staff was recorded both before and after hand washing already after using the preparation for 1 week. Age, occupation and hand-washing frequency all correlated with the bacteriological results. Twenty-seven out of 37 persons complained of side effects such as wounds of finger tips and redness or heavy drying of the skin. Wounds, particularly on finger tips, resulted in the failure of disinfection. An increase in bacterial counts was sometimes noted without any dermatological or subjective changes. Drying of the skin was complained of less often when no increase in skin bacteria occurred.After the changeover of washing practice to a detergent followed by a rinse with spirit solution containing chlorhexidine and glycerol a decrease was recorded in the bacterial counts. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to long-term testing of hand washing and disinfection methods to ensure optimum final results in practice. It is obvious that the knowledge obtained from short time in-use testing cannot be applied to all conditions of use."}
{"id": "PMID:267664", "title": "Bacterial contamination in a modern operating suite. 1. Effect of ventilation on airborne bacteria and transfer of airborne particles.", "content": "The effect of ventilation on airborne contamination was studied in a new operating suite containing operating rooms with conventional ventilation (17-20 turnovers/h) and operating rooms with zonal ventilation, where the turnover in the central part of the room was approximately 80/h. The efficacy of the ventilation was first examined with gas tracer experiments and found satisfactory. Experiments using potassium iodide particles showed the transfer between adjacent rooms in the suite to be less than 10(-3)% with closed doors and from 1% to 2.5 x 10(-2)% when the doors were opened once a minute. The transfer between two adjacent operating rooms was calculated to be approximately 10(-4)%. There is thus little risk of spread of airborne infection between operating rooms.Experiments with potassium iodide particles showed that in operating rooms with zonal ventilation the particle concentration in the centre of the room was about one-tenth that in the periphery; in conventionally ventilated operating rooms the concentration was about one-half. With bacteria-carrying particles generated by human activity the concentration in the centre of operating rooms with zonal ventilation was about half that in the periphery both during experimental activity and operations; in conventionally ventilated operating rooms it was about equal in both cases. Bacterial counts at the periphery were found to be lower in rooms with zonal ventilation ( approximately 50 c.f.u./m(3)) than in conventionally ventilated ( approximately 70 c.f.u./m(3)).", "contents": "Bacterial contamination in a modern operating suite. 1. Effect of ventilation on airborne bacteria and transfer of airborne particles. The effect of ventilation on airborne contamination was studied in a new operating suite containing operating rooms with conventional ventilation (17-20 turnovers/h) and operating rooms with zonal ventilation, where the turnover in the central part of the room was approximately 80/h. The efficacy of the ventilation was first examined with gas tracer experiments and found satisfactory. Experiments using potassium iodide particles showed the transfer between adjacent rooms in the suite to be less than 10(-3)% with closed doors and from 1% to 2.5 x 10(-2)% when the doors were opened once a minute. The transfer between two adjacent operating rooms was calculated to be approximately 10(-4)%. There is thus little risk of spread of airborne infection between operating rooms.Experiments with potassium iodide particles showed that in operating rooms with zonal ventilation the particle concentration in the centre of the room was about one-tenth that in the periphery; in conventionally ventilated operating rooms the concentration was about one-half. With bacteria-carrying particles generated by human activity the concentration in the centre of operating rooms with zonal ventilation was about half that in the periphery both during experimental activity and operations; in conventionally ventilated operating rooms it was about equal in both cases. Bacterial counts at the periphery were found to be lower in rooms with zonal ventilation ( approximately 50 c.f.u./m(3)) than in conventionally ventilated ( approximately 70 c.f.u./m(3))."}
{"id": "PMID:267665", "title": "Bacterial contamination control mats: a comparative study.", "content": "The ability of six different types of contamination control mats currently in use at the entrances to theatre suites and other clean areas to remove bacteria-carrying particles from theatre trolley wheeels was compared. Marked differences in the effectiveness of this property were obtained; and all mats showed some disadvantages. Modification of one of the mats has resulted in improved efficiency under working conditions.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination control mats: a comparative study. The ability of six different types of contamination control mats currently in use at the entrances to theatre suites and other clean areas to remove bacteria-carrying particles from theatre trolley wheeels was compared. Marked differences in the effectiveness of this property were obtained; and all mats showed some disadvantages. Modification of one of the mats has resulted in improved efficiency under working conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:267666", "title": "Air exchange through doorways. The effect of temperature difference, turbulence and ventilation flow.", "content": "Analytical expressions have been derived for the exchange of air across doorways or similar apertures, in terms of the temperature difference between the spaces on both sides of the opening and the net volume of air flowing through this as a result of unbalanced air supply or extract. A simple allowance for turbulence which gives reasonable correspondence with observation is included. The formulae, which assume complete air mixing on both sides of the doorway up to the plane of the aperture, predict outflows from the warmer side, when there is an excess air supply to this side, which are progressively smaller than those observed as the temperature difference rises above 2-3 degrees C and the volume of excess air supply increases to produce an averaged outflow velocity greater than 0-1-0-15 m/s. This seems to be due to lack of mixing of the warm outflowing air with the cooler air mass. A correction factor for this can be deduced as a function of the pressure difference due to the excess air supply. The limiting magnitude and general form of this function are compatible with a simple theoretical model of the air flow patterns involved.", "contents": "Air exchange through doorways. The effect of temperature difference, turbulence and ventilation flow. Analytical expressions have been derived for the exchange of air across doorways or similar apertures, in terms of the temperature difference between the spaces on both sides of the opening and the net volume of air flowing through this as a result of unbalanced air supply or extract. A simple allowance for turbulence which gives reasonable correspondence with observation is included. The formulae, which assume complete air mixing on both sides of the doorway up to the plane of the aperture, predict outflows from the warmer side, when there is an excess air supply to this side, which are progressively smaller than those observed as the temperature difference rises above 2-3 degrees C and the volume of excess air supply increases to produce an averaged outflow velocity greater than 0-1-0-15 m/s. This seems to be due to lack of mixing of the warm outflowing air with the cooler air mass. A correction factor for this can be deduced as a function of the pressure difference due to the excess air supply. The limiting magnitude and general form of this function are compatible with a simple theoretical model of the air flow patterns involved."}
{"id": "PMID:267667", "title": "Age-sex incidence in symptomatic allergies: an excess of females in the child-bearing years.", "content": "Eight-hundred and one patients amongst 1912 referred for skin testing because of suspected allergies were found suffering from asthma due to the house-dust mite or from grass pollenosis. They were analysed in terms of sex, age of referral and age of onset of symptoms. Amongst children referred below the age of 10 with house-dust mite asthma the ratio of males to females was 3:1; with grass pollenosis 2-1:1, as expected. The sex ratio gradually became reversed with increasing age of referral, females overtaking males in the third decade. Female-male ratios increased to a mean of 1-8:1 in the fourth and fifth decades. Reliable ages of onset of symptoms were obtained in 388 males and 323 females. Of these, 280 males and 162 females experienced their first symptoms before the age of 10 whereas 96 males and 148 females first developed symptoms between 10 and 29 years of age. The remaining 12 males and 13 females showed their first symptoms after the age of 29.", "contents": "Age-sex incidence in symptomatic allergies: an excess of females in the child-bearing years. Eight-hundred and one patients amongst 1912 referred for skin testing because of suspected allergies were found suffering from asthma due to the house-dust mite or from grass pollenosis. They were analysed in terms of sex, age of referral and age of onset of symptoms. Amongst children referred below the age of 10 with house-dust mite asthma the ratio of males to females was 3:1; with grass pollenosis 2-1:1, as expected. The sex ratio gradually became reversed with increasing age of referral, females overtaking males in the third decade. Female-male ratios increased to a mean of 1-8:1 in the fourth and fifth decades. Reliable ages of onset of symptoms were obtained in 388 males and 323 females. Of these, 280 males and 162 females experienced their first symptoms before the age of 10 whereas 96 males and 148 females first developed symptoms between 10 and 29 years of age. The remaining 12 males and 13 females showed their first symptoms after the age of 29."}
{"id": "PMID:267668", "title": "Virulence factors of Francisella tularensis.", "content": "The mechanism causing viable Francisella tularensis to lose virulence in aerosols has been investigated. Fully virulent organisms were found to be encapsulated and avirulent organisms from aged aerosols, decapsulated. Capsules were also removed by suspension of F. tularensis in hypertonic sodium chloride. The resulting naked, but viable, organisms were predominantly avirulent for guinea-pigs challenged intraperitoneally. Capsular material and cell walls were found to contain large amounts of lipid, about 50 and 70% (w/w) respectively, and to differ in lipid and sugar composition. Isolated capsular material was not found to contain a lethal toxin for mice or guinea-pigs, or to induce an immunological response in these animals to fully virulent F. tularensis.", "contents": "Virulence factors of Francisella tularensis. The mechanism causing viable Francisella tularensis to lose virulence in aerosols has been investigated. Fully virulent organisms were found to be encapsulated and avirulent organisms from aged aerosols, decapsulated. Capsules were also removed by suspension of F. tularensis in hypertonic sodium chloride. The resulting naked, but viable, organisms were predominantly avirulent for guinea-pigs challenged intraperitoneally. Capsular material and cell walls were found to contain large amounts of lipid, about 50 and 70% (w/w) respectively, and to differ in lipid and sugar composition. Isolated capsular material was not found to contain a lethal toxin for mice or guinea-pigs, or to induce an immunological response in these animals to fully virulent F. tularensis."}
{"id": "PMID:267669", "title": "Salmonella serotypes, Salmonella typhi phage types, and anti-microbial resistance at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica.", "content": "Bacteriologically proved cases of salmonellosis presenting at the University Hospital have increased nearly threefold since 1957. The most striking change has been a considerable increase in the incidence of Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella derby in the last 5 years, probably resulting from hospital acquired infection. About 80 cases of typhoid fever are reported each year in Jamaica. There has been little change in the prevalence of different phage types of Salmonella typhi since 1961. Paratyphoid fever is rare. Standardized antimicrobial disk-sensitivity testing was performed on selected surviving salmonella strains since 1964. S. typhi has remained fully sensitive to all the agents tested except streptomycin. Other salmonellas, however have shown a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance since 1970. Most of this increase was due to multiple resistance in S. heidelberg and S. derby, and the survival and dissemination of these strains in the hospital environment may be related to antibiotic usage.", "contents": "Salmonella serotypes, Salmonella typhi phage types, and anti-microbial resistance at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica. Bacteriologically proved cases of salmonellosis presenting at the University Hospital have increased nearly threefold since 1957. The most striking change has been a considerable increase in the incidence of Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella derby in the last 5 years, probably resulting from hospital acquired infection. About 80 cases of typhoid fever are reported each year in Jamaica. There has been little change in the prevalence of different phage types of Salmonella typhi since 1961. Paratyphoid fever is rare. Standardized antimicrobial disk-sensitivity testing was performed on selected surviving salmonella strains since 1964. S. typhi has remained fully sensitive to all the agents tested except streptomycin. Other salmonellas, however have shown a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance since 1970. Most of this increase was due to multiple resistance in S. heidelberg and S. derby, and the survival and dissemination of these strains in the hospital environment may be related to antibiotic usage."}
{"id": "PMID:267670", "title": "Travellers' diarrhoea: does it occur in the United Kingdom?", "content": "Of 485 persons who replied to a questionnaire after attending a European Congress in September 1974, diarrhoea was experienced by 4 of 143 British residents and 2 of 342 visitors to the United Kingdom. This extremely low incidence of travellers' diarrhoea contrasts with the high incidence reported in travellers from countries with cool climates and north European standards of hygiene to countries where these conditions do not hold.", "contents": "Travellers' diarrhoea: does it occur in the United Kingdom? Of 485 persons who replied to a questionnaire after attending a European Congress in September 1974, diarrhoea was experienced by 4 of 143 British residents and 2 of 342 visitors to the United Kingdom. This extremely low incidence of travellers' diarrhoea contrasts with the high incidence reported in travellers from countries with cool climates and north European standards of hygiene to countries where these conditions do not hold."}
{"id": "PMID:267671", "title": "The laboratory surveillance of influenza epidemics in the United Kingdom 1968-1976.", "content": "The extensive laboratory investigations of respiratory disease in the U.K. over many years have demonstrated the frequency with which influenza viruses, both A and B, are found each winter. Only rarely are none isolated. These findings correlate well with other indicators of influenza such as increases in sickness benefit claims and in deaths attributed to influenza and pneumonia. However, outside these demonstrable peaks of incidence influenza viruses have been found to circulate over considerably longer periods often first appearing as early as November and continuing through to April or even May. But there has been no regular or predictable pattern determined. The period of 1968-76 has seen a series of differently developing influenza winter epidemics caused by a series of the H3N2 virus. The contributions of virus isolation and serology to influenza surveillance is discussed.", "contents": "The laboratory surveillance of influenza epidemics in the United Kingdom 1968-1976. The extensive laboratory investigations of respiratory disease in the U.K. over many years have demonstrated the frequency with which influenza viruses, both A and B, are found each winter. Only rarely are none isolated. These findings correlate well with other indicators of influenza such as increases in sickness benefit claims and in deaths attributed to influenza and pneumonia. However, outside these demonstrable peaks of incidence influenza viruses have been found to circulate over considerably longer periods often first appearing as early as November and continuing through to April or even May. But there has been no regular or predictable pattern determined. The period of 1968-76 has seen a series of differently developing influenza winter epidemics caused by a series of the H3N2 virus. The contributions of virus isolation and serology to influenza surveillance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267694", "title": "The cellular transport of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol.", "content": "The transport of chloramphenicol (CAP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) was examined in several mammalian cell systems. Chloramphenicol was concentrated by all cells by a factor of 2 to 4 (cellular/extracellular concentration [CE] ratio). Both the uptake and efflux were rapid and temperature independent. In contrast, the influx and efflux of TAP progressed slowly at 37 degrees C over a period exceeding 30 min, the maximal C/E ratios in most instances being slightly greater than 1. Thiamphenicol was virtually excluded from cells at 0 degrees C. Cells preloaded with TAP at 37 degrees C lost little or no drug at 0 degrees C. The uptake of labeled CAP and TAP was uninfluenced by metabolic inhibitors, and was only slightly reduced by the presence of relatively large concentrations of unlabeled drug. This transport pattern is most consistent with a mechanism of simple diffusion based on partitioning of CAP in cellular compartments. It is postulated that the greater polarity of the methylsulfonyl moiety of TAP renders this drug less soluble in membrane lipids and hence more slowly diffusible. The possible significance of these findings in relation to hematologic toxicity from CAP is discussed.", "contents": "The cellular transport of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. The transport of chloramphenicol (CAP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) was examined in several mammalian cell systems. Chloramphenicol was concentrated by all cells by a factor of 2 to 4 (cellular/extracellular concentration [CE] ratio). Both the uptake and efflux were rapid and temperature independent. In contrast, the influx and efflux of TAP progressed slowly at 37 degrees C over a period exceeding 30 min, the maximal C/E ratios in most instances being slightly greater than 1. Thiamphenicol was virtually excluded from cells at 0 degrees C. Cells preloaded with TAP at 37 degrees C lost little or no drug at 0 degrees C. The uptake of labeled CAP and TAP was uninfluenced by metabolic inhibitors, and was only slightly reduced by the presence of relatively large concentrations of unlabeled drug. This transport pattern is most consistent with a mechanism of simple diffusion based on partitioning of CAP in cellular compartments. It is postulated that the greater polarity of the methylsulfonyl moiety of TAP renders this drug less soluble in membrane lipids and hence more slowly diffusible. The possible significance of these findings in relation to hematologic toxicity from CAP is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267700", "title": "Results of standardized lip repair after tumour resection.", "content": "Modifying and extending Bernard's method Fries (1971) developed a universal technique for reconstructive surgery of the lip after tumour resection. So far this technique has been employed in 80 cases, 50 of which were available for follow-up studies. Cosmetic results were invariably found to be optimal. Functional deficits were predominantly associated with whistling and pouting, while eating, speaking and laughing were unimpaired.", "contents": "Results of standardized lip repair after tumour resection. Modifying and extending Bernard's method Fries (1971) developed a universal technique for reconstructive surgery of the lip after tumour resection. So far this technique has been employed in 80 cases, 50 of which were available for follow-up studies. Cosmetic results were invariably found to be optimal. Functional deficits were predominantly associated with whistling and pouting, while eating, speaking and laughing were unimpaired."}
{"id": "PMID:267701", "title": "Kaposi sarcoma on the base of the tongue. Case report.", "content": "A 76-years-old female (housewife) with a Kaposi sarcoma presenting as a single, isolated pedunculated tumour on the base of the tongue, is described. No skin or alimentary tract involvements were found, and  there were no signs of recurrence locally or generally with the exception of one nodule on the neck 3 years after a local removal.", "contents": "Kaposi sarcoma on the base of the tongue. Case report. A 76-years-old female (housewife) with a Kaposi sarcoma presenting as a single, isolated pedunculated tumour on the base of the tongue, is described. No skin or alimentary tract involvements were found, and  there were no signs of recurrence locally or generally with the exception of one nodule on the neck 3 years after a local removal."}
{"id": "PMID:267702", "title": "Multiple recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. Case report.", "content": "A case of a 31-year-old Caucasian female with multiple recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the maxilla and mandible is presented. The patient's mother was also treated for an extensive giant cell granuloma of the maxilla. Hyperparathyroidism was excluded.", "contents": "Multiple recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. Case report. A case of a 31-year-old Caucasian female with multiple recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the maxilla and mandible is presented. The patient's mother was also treated for an extensive giant cell granuloma of the maxilla. Hyperparathyroidism was excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:267703", "title": "Sail flap excision for the iguana neck deformity.", "content": "A method of recontouring the lax submental tissues of the sagging neck is discussed.", "contents": "Sail flap excision for the iguana neck deformity. A method of recontouring the lax submental tissues of the sagging neck is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267704", "title": "Reduction cheiloplasty: its role in the correction of dentofacial deformities.", "content": "The presence of prominent lips is common in individuals with various dentofacial and craniofacial deformities. The aetiology must be diagnosed to differentiate between pseudo-macrochelia and true macrocheilia. When considering surgical correction of the prominent lip, a precise description of the location and the magnitude of the deformity is required. With careful treatment planning, proper sequencing of the treatment, and a good understanding of the various surgical techniques, optimum results can be achieved. These aspects will be discussed in detail illustrated with appropriate cases.", "contents": "Reduction cheiloplasty: its role in the correction of dentofacial deformities. The presence of prominent lips is common in individuals with various dentofacial and craniofacial deformities. The aetiology must be diagnosed to differentiate between pseudo-macrochelia and true macrocheilia. When considering surgical correction of the prominent lip, a precise description of the location and the magnitude of the deformity is required. With careful treatment planning, proper sequencing of the treatment, and a good understanding of the various surgical techniques, optimum results can be achieved. These aspects will be discussed in detail illustrated with appropriate cases."}
{"id": "PMID:267705", "title": "Sagittal splitting of the body of the mandible (Mehnert's technique) for correction of open bite and deep over bite.", "content": "The sliding of the inner and outer cortex of the mandible based on the sagittal splitting (Obsegeser 1955) is usually confined to the ramus and angle area. It can, however, also be performed in the body of the mandible even in cases with normal dentition. In these cases, the sagittal split is carried out below the dentoalveolar region (Mehnert 1959). The technical possibilities and the experiences made are shown. It can be concluded that this technique is particularly indicated in cases of open bite and severe deep over bite whether they are associated or not with a prognathism or retromandibulism of moderate degree.", "contents": "Sagittal splitting of the body of the mandible (Mehnert's technique) for correction of open bite and deep over bite. The sliding of the inner and outer cortex of the mandible based on the sagittal splitting (Obsegeser 1955) is usually confined to the ramus and angle area. It can, however, also be performed in the body of the mandible even in cases with normal dentition. In these cases, the sagittal split is carried out below the dentoalveolar region (Mehnert 1959). The technical possibilities and the experiences made are shown. It can be concluded that this technique is particularly indicated in cases of open bite and severe deep over bite whether they are associated or not with a prognathism or retromandibulism of moderate degree."}
{"id": "PMID:267706", "title": "Surgical treatment of habitual luxation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "The various operations which aim at increasing the articular eminence are discussed. A modifications of one of these procedures is described in detail with reference to 12 patients on whom this operation was performed 23 times. In discussion of advantages and disadvantages, the results obtained are compared with those of a procedure which produces the opposite effect, namely a flattening of the articular eminence of the temporomandibular joint. It is finally demonstrated that the two procedures can effectively complement each other, provided they are carried out for the correct indication and in the proper sequence.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of habitual luxation of the temporomandibular joint. The various operations which aim at increasing the articular eminence are discussed. A modifications of one of these procedures is described in detail with reference to 12 patients on whom this operation was performed 23 times. In discussion of advantages and disadvantages, the results obtained are compared with those of a procedure which produces the opposite effect, namely a flattening of the articular eminence of the temporomandibular joint. It is finally demonstrated that the two procedures can effectively complement each other, provided they are carried out for the correct indication and in the proper sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:267707", "title": "Malar bone fractures: experimental fractures on the dried skull and clinical sensory disturbances.", "content": "To improve understanding of malar bone fracture, experimental fractures on dried skulls and clinical sensory dysfunctions were investigated. In the experimental study, the fracture lines are largely confined to the suture lines between the zygoma and neighbouring bones in addition to the maxillo-ethmoidal suture. Antral walls, anterior and posterior, are relatively free from fracture lines in the region of the superior dental plexus. This coincides with the findings of dento-alveolar sensory disturbances which are relatively lower in incidence and earlier in recovery than those following Le Fort type fractures. To study this sensory status gives interesting information about the fracture lines and the anatomical course of the superior dental nerves.", "contents": "Malar bone fractures: experimental fractures on the dried skull and clinical sensory disturbances. To improve understanding of malar bone fracture, experimental fractures on dried skulls and clinical sensory dysfunctions were investigated. In the experimental study, the fracture lines are largely confined to the suture lines between the zygoma and neighbouring bones in addition to the maxillo-ethmoidal suture. Antral walls, anterior and posterior, are relatively free from fracture lines in the region of the superior dental plexus. This coincides with the findings of dento-alveolar sensory disturbances which are relatively lower in incidence and earlier in recovery than those following Le Fort type fractures. To study this sensory status gives interesting information about the fracture lines and the anatomical course of the superior dental nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:267708", "title": "Principles of the surgical therapy of eyelid tumours.", "content": "The case histories of 290 eyelid tumours at the North-West Germany Clinic for Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hamburg, are evaluated and the experiences gained in the surgical therapy of this type of tumour reported. It is emphasized how necessary it is that the radicality of tumour resection by controlled by frozen section microscopy during the operation. This ensures a low recurrence rate. The results which were evaluated at the earliest six months after eyelid reconstruction, show that, despite different initial situations, a high percentage of both good functional and aesthetic results may be obtained after extensive tumour resection. This requires that the reconstructive method most suitable for the individual case be chosen out of the wealth of techniques. The most important ones used at our hospital are discussed on the basis of various examples.", "contents": "Principles of the surgical therapy of eyelid tumours. The case histories of 290 eyelid tumours at the North-West Germany Clinic for Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hamburg, are evaluated and the experiences gained in the surgical therapy of this type of tumour reported. It is emphasized how necessary it is that the radicality of tumour resection by controlled by frozen section microscopy during the operation. This ensures a low recurrence rate. The results which were evaluated at the earliest six months after eyelid reconstruction, show that, despite different initial situations, a high percentage of both good functional and aesthetic results may be obtained after extensive tumour resection. This requires that the reconstructive method most suitable for the individual case be chosen out of the wealth of techniques. The most important ones used at our hospital are discussed on the basis of various examples."}
{"id": "PMID:267711", "title": "Chemotactic defect in Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "Chemotaxis of the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from nine Wegener's granulomatosis patients was examined in vitro. All the patients except one showed remarkable decrease in their chemotactic activity: This might be caused by abnormality in the PMN leukocytes themselves. It was confirmed that there was no increase in chemotactic inhibitory substance(s). There was chemotactic factor(s) in sufficient amount in the serum to react with the antigen-antibody complex for normal chemotaxis. As to the random mobility of PMN leukocytes there was no abnormality in these patients.", "contents": "Chemotactic defect in Wegener's granulomatosis. Chemotaxis of the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from nine Wegener's granulomatosis patients was examined in vitro. All the patients except one showed remarkable decrease in their chemotactic activity: This might be caused by abnormality in the PMN leukocytes themselves. It was confirmed that there was no increase in chemotactic inhibitory substance(s). There was chemotactic factor(s) in sufficient amount in the serum to react with the antigen-antibody complex for normal chemotaxis. As to the random mobility of PMN leukocytes there was no abnormality in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:267712", "title": "Iodoamino acids in abnormal and grossly normal thyroids: Comparison between 125I and 127I distribution.", "content": "Patients with thyroid cyst (TC), non-toxic nodular goiter (NNG), follicular adenoma (FA) and papillary carcinoma (PC) were given a tracer dose of 125I 40h prior to surgery. Tissue specimens were hydrolysed with Pronase and their labeled iodocompound distribution determined by paper or thin layer chromatography; they were then derivatized and their stable iodoamino acids (IAA) determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Specific activity (SA) of MIT, DIT and T4 was within the same range in TC, FA and grossly normal part of a PC, and was markedly lower in two NNG. SA of T3 was very high in a TC, and higher than that of other IAA, in one NNG, indicating preferential synthesis. SA of MIT and DIT was very high in grossly normal part of a second PC but stable iodothyronines were undetectable. Specimen therefore was biochemically abnormal though grossly normal. In the two abnormal specimens of PC stable IAA were undetectable, even though type of distribution of labeled IAA in one specimen closely approximated that found in TC, FA and NNG. In a second abnormal PC specimen RAI uptake was too low for analysis to be carried out. By combining labeled and stable IAA measurements new parameters for studying human thyroids have been obtained.", "contents": "Iodoamino acids in abnormal and grossly normal thyroids: Comparison between 125I and 127I distribution. Patients with thyroid cyst (TC), non-toxic nodular goiter (NNG), follicular adenoma (FA) and papillary carcinoma (PC) were given a tracer dose of 125I 40h prior to surgery. Tissue specimens were hydrolysed with Pronase and their labeled iodocompound distribution determined by paper or thin layer chromatography; they were then derivatized and their stable iodoamino acids (IAA) determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Specific activity (SA) of MIT, DIT and T4 was within the same range in TC, FA and grossly normal part of a PC, and was markedly lower in two NNG. SA of T3 was very high in a TC, and higher than that of other IAA, in one NNG, indicating preferential synthesis. SA of MIT and DIT was very high in grossly normal part of a second PC but stable iodothyronines were undetectable. Specimen therefore was biochemically abnormal though grossly normal. In the two abnormal specimens of PC stable IAA were undetectable, even though type of distribution of labeled IAA in one specimen closely approximated that found in TC, FA and NNG. In a second abnormal PC specimen RAI uptake was too low for analysis to be carried out. By combining labeled and stable IAA measurements new parameters for studying human thyroids have been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:267713", "title": "Studies on the topical action of 10-undecen-1-il thiopseudourea iodide (AHR-1911) in acute and chronic dermatitis.", "content": "As a follow-up of a preliminary trial, the therapeutic results obtained in 40 cases of acute and chronic dermatitis by the topical application of 10-undecen-1-yl-pseudothiourea hydroiodide (AHR-1911) in an evanescent vehicle containing triethanolamine stearate are presented. The treatment led to complete remission in 14/40 and to favorable results in 18/40 cases. In 2 out of 3 cases of infantile atopic dermatitis improvement was followed by relapse. The responsiveness to AHR-1911 of patients with delayed hypersensitivity, which requires steroids for treatment, is considered of clinical importance. The prompt action of the drug in acute dermatitis, such as is produced by insect-bites, appeared to be impressive. None of the total of 50 cases treated by the author with this new preparation showed any manifestation of intolerance or reaction to the drug.", "contents": "Studies on the topical action of 10-undecen-1-il thiopseudourea iodide (AHR-1911) in acute and chronic dermatitis. As a follow-up of a preliminary trial, the therapeutic results obtained in 40 cases of acute and chronic dermatitis by the topical application of 10-undecen-1-yl-pseudothiourea hydroiodide (AHR-1911) in an evanescent vehicle containing triethanolamine stearate are presented. The treatment led to complete remission in 14/40 and to favorable results in 18/40 cases. In 2 out of 3 cases of infantile atopic dermatitis improvement was followed by relapse. The responsiveness to AHR-1911 of patients with delayed hypersensitivity, which requires steroids for treatment, is considered of clinical importance. The prompt action of the drug in acute dermatitis, such as is produced by insect-bites, appeared to be impressive. None of the total of 50 cases treated by the author with this new preparation showed any manifestation of intolerance or reaction to the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:267714", "title": "Canine and human renal toxicity of inosine dialdehyde (NSC 118994).", "content": "A new antitumor agent, inosine dialdehyde, has shown minimal hematologic, but dose limiting, renal toxicity. The renal impairment is tubular necrosis due to reduction in renal blood by the drug. In addition, elevated serum calcium will return to normal within one week of drug administration. This effect is not secondary to urinary calcium excretion, but possibly an alteration of bone metabolism.", "contents": "Canine and human renal toxicity of inosine dialdehyde (NSC 118994). A new antitumor agent, inosine dialdehyde, has shown minimal hematologic, but dose limiting, renal toxicity. The renal impairment is tubular necrosis due to reduction in renal blood by the drug. In addition, elevated serum calcium will return to normal within one week of drug administration. This effect is not secondary to urinary calcium excretion, but possibly an alteration of bone metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:267715", "title": "Antileukemic properties of combinations of radiation and malonato(1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum(ii) (NSC-224964).", "content": "Mean survival times were increased an average of 23, 53 and 61%, when 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, respectively, of the organoplatinum congener, malonato(1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum(II)(NSC-224964), was given as the only treatment modality to BDF1 mice bearing 1-day-old L1210 leukemia. When a single dose of 10 mg/kg was combined with either 300 or 100 R on day 1 only, the anticipated response (ILS = 30 and 38%, respectively) based on the additive effects of the single modalities was surpassed by 26 and 21%, respectively (i.e. extent of therapeutic synergism). When divided doses of radiation (200 R/day x 3 days) were combined with 15 or 20 mg/kg of NSC-224964, survival times were enhanced an average of 15% (extent of synergism) greater than would be expected if these modalities were acting through an additive process(es).", "contents": "Antileukemic properties of combinations of radiation and malonato(1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum(ii) (NSC-224964). Mean survival times were increased an average of 23, 53 and 61%, when 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, respectively, of the organoplatinum congener, malonato(1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum(II)(NSC-224964), was given as the only treatment modality to BDF1 mice bearing 1-day-old L1210 leukemia. When a single dose of 10 mg/kg was combined with either 300 or 100 R on day 1 only, the anticipated response (ILS = 30 and 38%, respectively) based on the additive effects of the single modalities was surpassed by 26 and 21%, respectively (i.e. extent of therapeutic synergism). When divided doses of radiation (200 R/day x 3 days) were combined with 15 or 20 mg/kg of NSC-224964, survival times were enhanced an average of 15% (extent of synergism) greater than would be expected if these modalities were acting through an additive process(es)."}
{"id": "PMID:267716", "title": "Effects of edible oils on blood and arterial lipids in rats after one year's balanced normolipidic diet.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed during one year with diets containing 12% of one of the following fats: butter, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, palm oil, canbra oil and arachid oil. Total serum cholesterol was lower in the arachid, suflower and butter groups and higher in the palm and hydrogenated soybean groups (p less than 0.01); serum cholesterol esters were lower in the arachid, sunflower and soybean groups, but higher in the palm and hydrogenated soybean groups ( p less than 0.01). Serum triglycerides were lower in the sunflower and arachid groups and higher in the butter and palm groups (p less than 0.01). There was a positive, significant correlation between serum cholesterol and phospholipids in the various groups. In aortas, free cholesterol levels were the same in different groups, but cholesterol ester levels increased in the following order: canbra, butter, arachid, palm, sunflower, rapeseed, hydrogenated soybean and soybean red groups (p less than 0.01). There was a significant correlation between aorta cholesterol esters and the ratio 18:0 + 18:1 of the dietary fat (r = 0.69; p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Effects of edible oils on blood and arterial lipids in rats after one year's balanced normolipidic diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed during one year with diets containing 12% of one of the following fats: butter, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, palm oil, canbra oil and arachid oil. Total serum cholesterol was lower in the arachid, suflower and butter groups and higher in the palm and hydrogenated soybean groups (p less than 0.01); serum cholesterol esters were lower in the arachid, sunflower and soybean groups, but higher in the palm and hydrogenated soybean groups ( p less than 0.01). Serum triglycerides were lower in the sunflower and arachid groups and higher in the butter and palm groups (p less than 0.01). There was a positive, significant correlation between serum cholesterol and phospholipids in the various groups. In aortas, free cholesterol levels were the same in different groups, but cholesterol ester levels increased in the following order: canbra, butter, arachid, palm, sunflower, rapeseed, hydrogenated soybean and soybean red groups (p less than 0.01). There was a significant correlation between aorta cholesterol esters and the ratio 18:0 + 18:1 of the dietary fat (r = 0.69; p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:267737", "title": "Is interferon tissue specific?- Effect of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons on the growth of lymphoblastoid and osteosarcoma cell lines.", "content": "The growth inhibitory effect of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons was tested in vitro. The effect of fibroblast interferon was more pronounced on osteosarcoma cells and the effect of leukocyte interferon was more pronounced on lymphoid cells. This suggests that the capacity of interferon to inhibit cell growth is, in some measure, tissue specific.", "contents": "Is interferon tissue specific?- Effect of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons on the growth of lymphoblastoid and osteosarcoma cell lines. The growth inhibitory effect of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons was tested in vitro. The effect of fibroblast interferon was more pronounced on osteosarcoma cells and the effect of leukocyte interferon was more pronounced on lymphoid cells. This suggests that the capacity of interferon to inhibit cell growth is, in some measure, tissue specific."}
{"id": "PMID:267746", "title": "The manpower survey of oral surgery in 1974. Part 1 of two parts. 1. Introduction and some general characteristics of oral surgeons.", "content": "Questionnaires requesting much data about oral surgeons and their practice of the specialty were mailed to the members of the American Society of Oral Surgeons. A total of 2,251 usable questionnaires were returned. The methods used in the survey and to summarize the data have been described and some general characteristics of the responding oral surgeons have been supplied in this report. Almost 76% (75.8%) of the oral surgeons returned usable questionnaires. Only 2.4% of the respondents were younger than 30 years and 60.5% were in the age range of 30 to 44 years. The average age of all respondents was 43.0 years. Slightly more than 80% participate in private practice either full-time or part-time teaching. Only 5.1% of the respondents aged 65 to 69 had retired. Almost 82% (81.7%) were active members of the Society. More respondents (24.7%) practiced in cities with populations larger than 500,000 and only 4.5% practiced in cities with populations less than 25,000. More than half of the 2,251 respondents (53.8%) practiced in cities with populations less than 150,000, and 44.4% were in cities with populations less than 100,000.", "contents": "The manpower survey of oral surgery in 1974. Part 1 of two parts. 1. Introduction and some general characteristics of oral surgeons. Questionnaires requesting much data about oral surgeons and their practice of the specialty were mailed to the members of the American Society of Oral Surgeons. A total of 2,251 usable questionnaires were returned. The methods used in the survey and to summarize the data have been described and some general characteristics of the responding oral surgeons have been supplied in this report. Almost 76% (75.8%) of the oral surgeons returned usable questionnaires. Only 2.4% of the respondents were younger than 30 years and 60.5% were in the age range of 30 to 44 years. The average age of all respondents was 43.0 years. Slightly more than 80% participate in private practice either full-time or part-time teaching. Only 5.1% of the respondents aged 65 to 69 had retired. Almost 82% (81.7%) were active members of the Society. More respondents (24.7%) practiced in cities with populations larger than 500,000 and only 4.5% practiced in cities with populations less than 25,000. More than half of the 2,251 respondents (53.8%) practiced in cities with populations less than 150,000, and 44.4% were in cities with populations less than 100,000."}
{"id": "PMID:267750", "title": "Current concepts of blood transfusion.", "content": "Extensive research into the physiology of red blood cells and platelets has shown that it is more advantageous to separate blood into its components than to store it as whole blood. After the red blood cells and platelets have reached the restricted period of storage in the liquid state, they can be freeze-preserved and stored for prolonged periods. Plasma can be frozen for future use or can be fractionated into the various stable components. The use of a combination of liquid-preservation and freeze-preservation methods affords a more efficient use of the limited supply of available blood.", "contents": "Current concepts of blood transfusion. Extensive research into the physiology of red blood cells and platelets has shown that it is more advantageous to separate blood into its components than to store it as whole blood. After the red blood cells and platelets have reached the restricted period of storage in the liquid state, they can be freeze-preserved and stored for prolonged periods. Plasma can be frozen for future use or can be fractionated into the various stable components. The use of a combination of liquid-preservation and freeze-preservation methods affords a more efficient use of the limited supply of available blood."}
{"id": "PMID:267751", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of locally applied epinephrine used with various general anesthetic techniques.", "content": "Halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen (GOF), nitrous oxide-oxygen with diallyl-nor-toxiferine (Jackson-Rees method), or nitrous oxide-oxygen with droperidol-pentazocine (modified NLA) were administered in 190 instances of repair of cleft lips and cleft palates. Epinephrine, 1:30,000, 1:100,000, or 1:300,000, was injected as the vasoconstrictor around the operative field. Epinephrine concentration of 1:100,000 provided sufficient hemostasis, whereas 1:300,000 was insufficient. With the same concentration of epinephrine, GOF and modified NLA seemed to be better than the Jackson-Rees method, since the GOF and modified NLA groups showed less increase of pulse rate, blood pressure, and plethysmographic changes. A 1:30,000 concentration of epinephrine could be used safely with the Jackson-Rees method and the hemostasis with this concentration was superior to 1:100,000. However, it is recommended only for the cleft lip operation, since these patients are younger and need better hemostasis, and hypersalivation after reversal does not disturb the postoperative course. So-called epinephrine-induced arrhythmia with halothane anesthesia occurred in 1 of 34 instances with 1:300,000 solution and in 5 of 48 instances with 1:100,000 solution. Propranolol was given in only one instance. All others returned to normal rhythm with hyperventilation with pure oxygen. The use of 1:100,000 solution of epinephrine as an adjunct with modified NLA is the most satisfactory and safe method for cleft palate operations, and 1:30,000 with the Jackson-Rees is the better method for cleft lip repairs.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of locally applied epinephrine used with various general anesthetic techniques. Halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen (GOF), nitrous oxide-oxygen with diallyl-nor-toxiferine (Jackson-Rees method), or nitrous oxide-oxygen with droperidol-pentazocine (modified NLA) were administered in 190 instances of repair of cleft lips and cleft palates. Epinephrine, 1:30,000, 1:100,000, or 1:300,000, was injected as the vasoconstrictor around the operative field. Epinephrine concentration of 1:100,000 provided sufficient hemostasis, whereas 1:300,000 was insufficient. With the same concentration of epinephrine, GOF and modified NLA seemed to be better than the Jackson-Rees method, since the GOF and modified NLA groups showed less increase of pulse rate, blood pressure, and plethysmographic changes. A 1:30,000 concentration of epinephrine could be used safely with the Jackson-Rees method and the hemostasis with this concentration was superior to 1:100,000. However, it is recommended only for the cleft lip operation, since these patients are younger and need better hemostasis, and hypersalivation after reversal does not disturb the postoperative course. So-called epinephrine-induced arrhythmia with halothane anesthesia occurred in 1 of 34 instances with 1:300,000 solution and in 5 of 48 instances with 1:100,000 solution. Propranolol was given in only one instance. All others returned to normal rhythm with hyperventilation with pure oxygen. The use of 1:100,000 solution of epinephrine as an adjunct with modified NLA is the most satisfactory and safe method for cleft palate operations, and 1:30,000 with the Jackson-Rees is the better method for cleft lip repairs."}
{"id": "PMID:267753", "title": "Coccidioides immitis osteomyelitis of the mandible in an infant.", "content": "Coccidioidomycotic osteomyelitis developed at the angle of the right side of the mandible in a 5-month-old Papago infant. The disease was successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B, surgery, and transfer factor with complete immunological, microbiological, and radiological cure. At 4 years of age, the only residual effect is prominence of the right hemimandible with asymmetry of the jaw.", "contents": "Coccidioides immitis osteomyelitis of the mandible in an infant. Coccidioidomycotic osteomyelitis developed at the angle of the right side of the mandible in a 5-month-old Papago infant. The disease was successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B, surgery, and transfer factor with complete immunological, microbiological, and radiological cure. At 4 years of age, the only residual effect is prominence of the right hemimandible with asymmetry of the jaw."}
{"id": "PMID:267754", "title": "Fatal mediastinitis after a dental infection.", "content": "The pertinent features of life-threatening complications of dental infections have been briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the alterations of the clinical features of these conditions induced by antibiotic therapy. The clinician who deals with dental infections must exercise a high index of suspicion to consistently abort the development of these complications, especially when treating debilitated patients or individuals with compromised immune functions.", "contents": "Fatal mediastinitis after a dental infection. The pertinent features of life-threatening complications of dental infections have been briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the alterations of the clinical features of these conditions induced by antibiotic therapy. The clinician who deals with dental infections must exercise a high index of suspicion to consistently abort the development of these complications, especially when treating debilitated patients or individuals with compromised immune functions."}
{"id": "PMID:267755", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis.", "content": "Necrotizing fasciitis is a relatively uncommon severe soft tissue infection that is characterized by rapid widespread superficial fascial necrosis with undermining of surrounding soft tissue. Recent advances in anaerobic culture techniques have allowed identification of anaerobic organisms, which are now considered to have a vital role in the pathogenesis of this soft tissue infection. Therapy requires both rapid institution of a high level of antibiotics and a radical surgical incision and drainage procedure. All of the aerobic and anaerobic organisms isolated in the reported case of necrotizing fasciitis arising from a periapically infected mandibular third molar demonstrated in vitro sensitivity to penicillin.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis. Necrotizing fasciitis is a relatively uncommon severe soft tissue infection that is characterized by rapid widespread superficial fascial necrosis with undermining of surrounding soft tissue. Recent advances in anaerobic culture techniques have allowed identification of anaerobic organisms, which are now considered to have a vital role in the pathogenesis of this soft tissue infection. Therapy requires both rapid institution of a high level of antibiotics and a radical surgical incision and drainage procedure. All of the aerobic and anaerobic organisms isolated in the reported case of necrotizing fasciitis arising from a periapically infected mandibular third molar demonstrated in vitro sensitivity to penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:267757", "title": "Metastatic thyroid carcinoma of the mandible mimicking an arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "A case of thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the mandible is presented. Particular attention has been called to its extremely vascular nature and a recommendation has been made that all lesions of such suspected vascularity should be preoperatively studied by angiography in an effort to provide insight into the nature of the lesion as well as the exact blood supply. With this information, appropriate devascularization either by surgical ligation or intravascular embolization can be performed before biopsy and hence sudden and potentially overwhelming hemorrhage during incisional or excisional surgery can be avoided.", "contents": "Metastatic thyroid carcinoma of the mandible mimicking an arteriovenous malformation. A case of thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the mandible is presented. Particular attention has been called to its extremely vascular nature and a recommendation has been made that all lesions of such suspected vascularity should be preoperatively studied by angiography in an effort to provide insight into the nature of the lesion as well as the exact blood supply. With this information, appropriate devascularization either by surgical ligation or intravascular embolization can be performed before biopsy and hence sudden and potentially overwhelming hemorrhage during incisional or excisional surgery can be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:267758", "title": "Pedicle tongue flap for closure of an oroantral defect after partial maxillectomy.", "content": "The position, size, and composition of the tongue make it ideal as a potential donor site for repair of certain oral defects. Adherence to principles of sound flap design must be followed. A technique for closure of large oroantral communications with use of a pedicled graft from the lateral border of the tongue has been described. This procedure provides the patient with immediate repair of the defect, while maintaining the relatively normal anatomic architecture of the oral cavity. We believe that this technique is also applicable to closure of other types of oroantral defects in addition to those described.", "contents": "Pedicle tongue flap for closure of an oroantral defect after partial maxillectomy. The position, size, and composition of the tongue make it ideal as a potential donor site for repair of certain oral defects. Adherence to principles of sound flap design must be followed. A technique for closure of large oroantral communications with use of a pedicled graft from the lateral border of the tongue has been described. This procedure provides the patient with immediate repair of the defect, while maintaining the relatively normal anatomic architecture of the oral cavity. We believe that this technique is also applicable to closure of other types of oroantral defects in addition to those described."}
{"id": "PMID:267759", "title": "Immediate reconstruction of an orbital complex fracture with autogenous mandibular bone.", "content": "A case of fracture of the zygomaticomaxillary complex with an associated defect of the infraorbital rim and orbital floor is discussed. Use of the lateral plate of the mandibular ramus to reconstruct the defect and advantages of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction of an orbital complex fracture with autogenous mandibular bone. A case of fracture of the zygomaticomaxillary complex with an associated defect of the infraorbital rim and orbital floor is discussed. Use of the lateral plate of the mandibular ramus to reconstruct the defect and advantages of this technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267760", "title": "Zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis.", "content": "Although zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis may have been encountered by many oral surgeons, its occurrence has rarely been reported. A review of the literature has disclosed only nine reported cases. The treatment of these cases has been by coronoidectomy with either an intraoral or extraoral approach.", "contents": "Zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis. Although zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis may have been encountered by many oral surgeons, its occurrence has rarely been reported. A review of the literature has disclosed only nine reported cases. The treatment of these cases has been by coronoidectomy with either an intraoral or extraoral approach."}
{"id": "PMID:267762", "title": "Oral dysplasia and in situ carcinoma: clinicopathologic correlations of eight patients.", "content": "Eight patients with multiple oral dysplastic epithelial lesions were followed by clinical examinations and serial biopsies for periods varying from four to 22 years. The dysplasias and in situ carcinomas were characterized by persistence, recurrence, and eventual progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. It could not be determined whether dysplasia and in situ carcinoma were separate clinical-pathologic entities with similar end points or whether they were part of a continuum in a spectrum of epithelial neoplasia. The need for close clinical observation and local excision was emphasized because of the multiplicity of lesions and because of the protracted clinical course. Treatment of these patients was problematic because of similarities of the disease to lichen planus. It is possible that they had a premalignant disease process that mimicked lichen planus, or that they had an unusual form of lichen planus for which criteria have not been established. The progressive nature of the disease was exemplified by one death, one patient with cervical metastasis, and one with generalized remote metastatic disease.", "contents": "Oral dysplasia and in situ carcinoma: clinicopathologic correlations of eight patients. Eight patients with multiple oral dysplastic epithelial lesions were followed by clinical examinations and serial biopsies for periods varying from four to 22 years. The dysplasias and in situ carcinomas were characterized by persistence, recurrence, and eventual progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. It could not be determined whether dysplasia and in situ carcinoma were separate clinical-pathologic entities with similar end points or whether they were part of a continuum in a spectrum of epithelial neoplasia. The need for close clinical observation and local excision was emphasized because of the multiplicity of lesions and because of the protracted clinical course. Treatment of these patients was problematic because of similarities of the disease to lichen planus. It is possible that they had a premalignant disease process that mimicked lichen planus, or that they had an unusual form of lichen planus for which criteria have not been established. The progressive nature of the disease was exemplified by one death, one patient with cervical metastasis, and one with generalized remote metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:267764", "title": "Retreatment in periodontal practice.", "content": "Periodontal disease has a greater or lesser tendency to recur. The therapist controls rather than cures the condition. Careful maintenance is as important as skillful original treatment if periodontal health is to be maintained. At the time of the original treatment, every patient should be informed that retreatment of some type is occasionally necessary. Patients with recurrence of disease should be treated as conservatively as possible and every effort should be made to find the cause of failure. Surgical retreatment should be done only after a reasonable effort has been made to improve the situation by other means. The deepened crevice that does not bleed when probed and is not accompanied by bone loss does not provide justification for surgical retreatment. This report has reviewed some of the reasons for treatment failures and has presented a philosophy for their management.", "contents": "Retreatment in periodontal practice. Periodontal disease has a greater or lesser tendency to recur. The therapist controls rather than cures the condition. Careful maintenance is as important as skillful original treatment if periodontal health is to be maintained. At the time of the original treatment, every patient should be informed that retreatment of some type is occasionally necessary. Patients with recurrence of disease should be treated as conservatively as possible and every effort should be made to find the cause of failure. Surgical retreatment should be done only after a reasonable effort has been made to improve the situation by other means. The deepened crevice that does not bleed when probed and is not accompanied by bone loss does not provide justification for surgical retreatment. This report has reviewed some of the reasons for treatment failures and has presented a philosophy for their management."}
{"id": "PMID:267765", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine on the hamster cheek pouch. Microcirculation and penetration studies.", "content": "The application of chlorhexidine gluconate on the intact cheek pouch of hamsters led to an immediate increase of flow velocity determined in venules beneath the epithelium. The application of [14C]chlorhexidine on the intact cheek pouch led to accumulation of labeled material in the liver and kidneys. Both findings indicate that penetration of the drug occurred through the epithelium of the cheek pouch.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine on the hamster cheek pouch. Microcirculation and penetration studies. The application of chlorhexidine gluconate on the intact cheek pouch of hamsters led to an immediate increase of flow velocity determined in venules beneath the epithelium. The application of [14C]chlorhexidine on the intact cheek pouch led to accumulation of labeled material in the liver and kidneys. Both findings indicate that penetration of the drug occurred through the epithelium of the cheek pouch."}
{"id": "PMID:267768", "title": "A study of the acceptability of lateral records by the Whip-Mix articulator.", "content": "1. Of 50 lateral condylar settings made, 10 were not accepted by the Whip-Mix articulator. 2. An improved method of obtaining lateral interocclusal records was described. 3. The Whip-Mix articulator is considered useful in diagnosis and treatment in prosthodontic procedures if one is aware of its limitations.", "contents": "A study of the acceptability of lateral records by the Whip-Mix articulator. 1. Of 50 lateral condylar settings made, 10 were not accepted by the Whip-Mix articulator. 2. An improved method of obtaining lateral interocclusal records was described. 3. The Whip-Mix articulator is considered useful in diagnosis and treatment in prosthodontic procedures if one is aware of its limitations."}
{"id": "PMID:267770", "title": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part II. Condylar position.", "content": "A model to quantify muscle response to occlusal contacts is useful in developing an understanding of the mechanism by which the occlusion programs muscle function. A knowledge of how the occlusion programs muscle function enables the dentist to develop manipulative skills of the mandible which are necessary for diagnosis and effective occlusal treatment. This article presents complicated neuromuscular responses (reflexes) to occlusal contacts in an oversimplified way and with analogies so that the clinical significance of these neuromuscular reflexes in diagnosis and treatment can be more easily understood.", "contents": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part II. Condylar position. A model to quantify muscle response to occlusal contacts is useful in developing an understanding of the mechanism by which the occlusion programs muscle function. A knowledge of how the occlusion programs muscle function enables the dentist to develop manipulative skills of the mandible which are necessary for diagnosis and effective occlusal treatment. This article presents complicated neuromuscular responses (reflexes) to occlusal contacts in an oversimplified way and with analogies so that the clinical significance of these neuromuscular reflexes in diagnosis and treatment can be more easily understood."}
{"id": "PMID:267804", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Two names for one disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 14 non-T-cell malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas (mNHL) 5/14 presented with leukemic transformation of the bone marrow; in three more cases bone marrow involvement developed during an observation period of 60--200weeks. In 2/14 cases mNHL terminated the first continuous and complete remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CNS involvement has been observed without preceding bone marrow involvement. Only 4/14 mNHL remained local diseases. These clinical courses as well as hematological findings and further clinical observations suggests a very close relationship between mNHL and ALL if not basic identity. With the same systemic treatment additional to local treatment, prognosis of mNHL is by no means worse but rather better than the prognosis of ALL.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Two names for one disease (author's transl)]. Of 14 non-T-cell malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas (mNHL) 5/14 presented with leukemic transformation of the bone marrow; in three more cases bone marrow involvement developed during an observation period of 60--200weeks. In 2/14 cases mNHL terminated the first continuous and complete remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CNS involvement has been observed without preceding bone marrow involvement. Only 4/14 mNHL remained local diseases. These clinical courses as well as hematological findings and further clinical observations suggests a very close relationship between mNHL and ALL if not basic identity. With the same systemic treatment additional to local treatment, prognosis of mNHL is by no means worse but rather better than the prognosis of ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:267800", "title": "[Reimplantation of a mandibular segment resected for the removal of a voluminous osteoma].", "content": "Total resection of the host bone for compact voluminous osteoma of the angle and ascending branch of the mandible was followed by immediate reinsertion of the unimpaired segment in its original site. Radiographical check-up 2 yrs later showed that the segment was notably atrophic and flattened, and looked like a long-standing iliac crest graft.", "contents": "[Reimplantation of a mandibular segment resected for the removal of a voluminous osteoma]. Total resection of the host bone for compact voluminous osteoma of the angle and ascending branch of the mandible was followed by immediate reinsertion of the unimpaired segment in its original site. Radiographical check-up 2 yrs later showed that the segment was notably atrophic and flattened, and looked like a long-standing iliac crest graft."}
{"id": "PMID:267801", "title": "[Hyperostosis on the alveolar process margin].", "content": "Defects of the bone margin requiring ostectomy and osteoplasty include hyperostotic processes, formations which, while recalling palatine and mandibular tori, have their own nosological slot. Hyperostosis is characterized by thickening of the cervical margin and is linked by a narrow isthmus to the underlying bone plane; it occurs with greatest frequency in the vestibular region. The personal case, in a man of 52, presented two sausage-shaped protuberances located apically at the alveolar margin in the two left arches. Their removal presented no problem of surgical technique as the hyperostosis had no close links with the underlying bone planes. Histological examination of the fragments showed that the hyperostotic tissue consisted of fascicular bone with an intima vascular component. Two years after the operation, the patient presents no signs of relapse and would appear to be completely cured.", "contents": "[Hyperostosis on the alveolar process margin]. Defects of the bone margin requiring ostectomy and osteoplasty include hyperostotic processes, formations which, while recalling palatine and mandibular tori, have their own nosological slot. Hyperostosis is characterized by thickening of the cervical margin and is linked by a narrow isthmus to the underlying bone plane; it occurs with greatest frequency in the vestibular region. The personal case, in a man of 52, presented two sausage-shaped protuberances located apically at the alveolar margin in the two left arches. Their removal presented no problem of surgical technique as the hyperostosis had no close links with the underlying bone planes. Histological examination of the fragments showed that the hyperostotic tissue consisted of fascicular bone with an intima vascular component. Two years after the operation, the patient presents no signs of relapse and would appear to be completely cured."}
{"id": "PMID:267803", "title": "[The topical use of Boutycin (indomethacin) in odontostomatology. Clinical study].", "content": "The effect of indomethacin used topically for postoperative pain and oedema has been studied. The effect is positive and is particularly evident in the case of pain.", "contents": "[The topical use of Boutycin (indomethacin) in odontostomatology. Clinical study]. The effect of indomethacin used topically for postoperative pain and oedema has been studied. The effect is positive and is particularly evident in the case of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:267811", "title": "[Leukemic meningeal involvement in adults and its treatment].", "content": "The authors report two cases of acute leukaemia in adults with development of sings central nervous system involvement at the time of full haematological remission. In the first case the diagnosis was: acute undifferentiated-cell leukaemia, in the second one: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In both cases in the first stage of the disease complete remission of neurological manifestations was obtained; in the second case it was also obtained after the following relapse. In the first case death occurred during successive haematological exacerbation. Ametopterin was given intrathecally or X-ray therapy was applied.", "contents": "[Leukemic meningeal involvement in adults and its treatment]. The authors report two cases of acute leukaemia in adults with development of sings central nervous system involvement at the time of full haematological remission. In the first case the diagnosis was: acute undifferentiated-cell leukaemia, in the second one: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In both cases in the first stage of the disease complete remission of neurological manifestations was obtained; in the second case it was also obtained after the following relapse. In the first case death occurred during successive haematological exacerbation. Ametopterin was given intrathecally or X-ray therapy was applied."}
{"id": "PMID:267868", "title": "Pulpal status after autogenous transplantation of fully developed maxillary canines.", "content": "By means of histologic and histochemical studies of oxidative enzymes, the pulps of transplanted fully developed maxillary canines have been evaluated after an observation period of 3 to 25 months. No pulp had survived the transplantation trauma, and endodontic treatment of fully developed transplant teeth was considered to be a prerequisite to an optimal clinical result.", "contents": "Pulpal status after autogenous transplantation of fully developed maxillary canines. By means of histologic and histochemical studies of oxidative enzymes, the pulps of transplanted fully developed maxillary canines have been evaluated after an observation period of 3 to 25 months. No pulp had survived the transplantation trauma, and endodontic treatment of fully developed transplant teeth was considered to be a prerequisite to an optimal clinical result."}
{"id": "PMID:267869", "title": "Scanning microscopic evaluation of canal d\u00e9bridement as compared to present methods.", "content": "Ninety-one samples of root canal contents were obtained from thirty-one teeth. The paper point samples were evaluated for exudate, subjected to bacteriologic analysis, and/or examined with the scanning electron microscope. A comparison was made between the presence or absence of exudate, positive and negative cultures, and the presence or absence of contaminants as examined under the SEM. All three methods of evaluation showed some degree of correlationmscanning electron microscopy appears to be a more sensitive test for canal status.", "contents": "Scanning microscopic evaluation of canal d\u00e9bridement as compared to present methods. Ninety-one samples of root canal contents were obtained from thirty-one teeth. The paper point samples were evaluated for exudate, subjected to bacteriologic analysis, and/or examined with the scanning electron microscope. A comparison was made between the presence or absence of exudate, positive and negative cultures, and the presence or absence of contaminants as examined under the SEM. All three methods of evaluation showed some degree of correlationmscanning electron microscopy appears to be a more sensitive test for canal status."}
{"id": "PMID:267872", "title": "Effect of lavage on the incidence of localized osteitis in mandibular third molar extraction sites.", "content": "Four hundred twenty-two mandibular third molars were extracted in 211 patients. After extraction, one half of the surgical sites were subjected to a 175 ml. lavage with normal saline solution, and the other half received a lavage of less than 25 ml. of normal saline solution. Comparisons revealed the following: 1. The overall incidence of localized osteitis was 8.3 per cent (thirty-five of 422 sites). 2. Localized osteitis occurred at twelve of 211 (5.7 per cent) sites which were subjected to the higher-volume lavage. 3. Localized osteitis occurred at twenty-three of 211 (10.9 per cent) sites which were subjected to minimal lavage. 4. The incidence of localized osteitis was determined in the various age groups as follows: ages 15 to 20, 5.0 per cent; ages 21 to 35, 10.4 per cent; ages 26 to 30, 14.7 per cent. 5. Localized osteitis occurred at eight of 175 (4.5 per cent) partial-impaction sites, whereas it occurred at twenty-seven of 246 (11 per cent) complete-impaction sites. 6. The incidence of localized osteitis at extraction sites in female patients taking oral contraceptives was 19.4 per cent (seven of thirty-six sites). 7. Postoperative infection occurred at seven of 422 extraction sites (1.4 per cent); six of these occurred at sites which were subjected to minimal lavage. These results indicate that the use of a 175 ml. lavage with normal saline solution after extraction of mandibular third molars will significantly reduce the incidence of localized osteitis to approximately one half of that observed when only a minimal-volume lavage is used. The results also suggest that age, type of impaction, and whether the patient is taking oral contraceptives are all important factors to be considered in the incidence of localized osteitis.", "contents": "Effect of lavage on the incidence of localized osteitis in mandibular third molar extraction sites. Four hundred twenty-two mandibular third molars were extracted in 211 patients. After extraction, one half of the surgical sites were subjected to a 175 ml. lavage with normal saline solution, and the other half received a lavage of less than 25 ml. of normal saline solution. Comparisons revealed the following: 1. The overall incidence of localized osteitis was 8.3 per cent (thirty-five of 422 sites). 2. Localized osteitis occurred at twelve of 211 (5.7 per cent) sites which were subjected to the higher-volume lavage. 3. Localized osteitis occurred at twenty-three of 211 (10.9 per cent) sites which were subjected to minimal lavage. 4. The incidence of localized osteitis was determined in the various age groups as follows: ages 15 to 20, 5.0 per cent; ages 21 to 35, 10.4 per cent; ages 26 to 30, 14.7 per cent. 5. Localized osteitis occurred at eight of 175 (4.5 per cent) partial-impaction sites, whereas it occurred at twenty-seven of 246 (11 per cent) complete-impaction sites. 6. The incidence of localized osteitis at extraction sites in female patients taking oral contraceptives was 19.4 per cent (seven of thirty-six sites). 7. Postoperative infection occurred at seven of 422 extraction sites (1.4 per cent); six of these occurred at sites which were subjected to minimal lavage. These results indicate that the use of a 175 ml. lavage with normal saline solution after extraction of mandibular third molars will significantly reduce the incidence of localized osteitis to approximately one half of that observed when only a minimal-volume lavage is used. The results also suggest that age, type of impaction, and whether the patient is taking oral contraceptives are all important factors to be considered in the incidence of localized osteitis."}
{"id": "PMID:267873", "title": "Xeroradiography of dental structures. I. Preliminary investigations.", "content": "Xeroradiography has several inherent technical advantages over intraoral film radiography, as well as many convenience features. We found that a conventional dental x-ray unit can act as an excellent source of radiation for xeroradiography of dental structures. Furthermore, high-quality images of soft tissue, bone, and teeth were produced at radiation exposures up to seven times less than for conventional intraoral film radiography. This demonstration of reduced radiation exposure should further encourage research into the applicability of xeroradiography to the imaging of dental structures.", "contents": "Xeroradiography of dental structures. I. Preliminary investigations. Xeroradiography has several inherent technical advantages over intraoral film radiography, as well as many convenience features. We found that a conventional dental x-ray unit can act as an excellent source of radiation for xeroradiography of dental structures. Furthermore, high-quality images of soft tissue, bone, and teeth were produced at radiation exposures up to seven times less than for conventional intraoral film radiography. This demonstration of reduced radiation exposure should further encourage research into the applicability of xeroradiography to the imaging of dental structures."}
{"id": "PMID:267878", "title": "Oral manifestations of an arteriovenous anastomosis.", "content": "Described is the case of a healthy 30-year-old Caucasian man who presented with marked unilateral loss of alveolar bone and tooth mobility on the left side. The history and clinical signs and symptoms were consistent with the diagnosis of congenital arteriovenous anastomosis.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of an arteriovenous anastomosis. Described is the case of a healthy 30-year-old Caucasian man who presented with marked unilateral loss of alveolar bone and tooth mobility on the left side. The history and clinical signs and symptoms were consistent with the diagnosis of congenital arteriovenous anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:267881", "title": "A modified stent for decompression of cysts.", "content": "Presented is a simple method for decompression of a cyst with the use of a modified stent. The patient is instructed in methods of removal, insertion, and irrigation by means of a blunt No. 16 gauge needle. Periodic follow-up radiographic examinations permit reduction in tube length as the defect \"fills in\".", "contents": "A modified stent for decompression of cysts. Presented is a simple method for decompression of a cyst with the use of a modified stent. The patient is instructed in methods of removal, insertion, and irrigation by means of a blunt No. 16 gauge needle. Periodic follow-up radiographic examinations permit reduction in tube length as the defect \"fills in\"."}
{"id": "PMID:267882", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Report of a case.", "content": "Reported is the case of a well-circumscribed radiopaque ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Treatment was by means of a conservative partial resection of the maxilla. The procedure was successful in completely removing the tumor mass without causing any noticeable facial disfigurement. Long-term follow-up was stressed to the patient for early detection of any recurrence.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Report of a case. Reported is the case of a well-circumscribed radiopaque ameloblastoma of the maxilla. Treatment was by means of a conservative partial resection of the maxilla. The procedure was successful in completely removing the tumor mass without causing any noticeable facial disfigurement. Long-term follow-up was stressed to the patient for early detection of any recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:267884", "title": "Tetracycline-induced extrinsic discoloration of the dentition.", "content": "Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is known to cause intrinsic discoloration of the dentition. A case is being presented of extrinsic discoloration of the teeth associated with the use of this drug. This is believed to be the first such reported case in the literature. Possible mechanisms of how tetracycline may cause extrinsic tooth discoloration are discussed.", "contents": "Tetracycline-induced extrinsic discoloration of the dentition. Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is known to cause intrinsic discoloration of the dentition. A case is being presented of extrinsic discoloration of the teeth associated with the use of this drug. This is believed to be the first such reported case in the literature. Possible mechanisms of how tetracycline may cause extrinsic tooth discoloration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267885", "title": "Clinicopathologic effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on human buccal mucosa.", "content": "Specimens of buccal mucosa obtained at autopsy from 216 patients were examined for histopathologic alterations. Atrophic oral epithelium was found in thirty cases. A retrospective study of the hospital records revealed that thirteen of these latter patients had been on a cancer chemotherapeutic regimen prior to death. There was a significantly higher incidence of atrophy in the chemotherapy group (p less than 0.001) than in control patients. These findings, as well as the expected inherent susceptibility of rapidly replicating oral epithelial cells to metabolic inhibitors, suggest a causal relationship between oral atrophy and the administration of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. This atrophy may therefore represent a preliminary stage of mucosal alteration that ultimately progresses to the clinical sequelae of stomatitis and oral ulcerations frequently encountered during cancer chemotherapy. Some alternative mechanisms are also discussed.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on human buccal mucosa. Specimens of buccal mucosa obtained at autopsy from 216 patients were examined for histopathologic alterations. Atrophic oral epithelium was found in thirty cases. A retrospective study of the hospital records revealed that thirteen of these latter patients had been on a cancer chemotherapeutic regimen prior to death. There was a significantly higher incidence of atrophy in the chemotherapy group (p less than 0.001) than in control patients. These findings, as well as the expected inherent susceptibility of rapidly replicating oral epithelial cells to metabolic inhibitors, suggest a causal relationship between oral atrophy and the administration of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. This atrophy may therefore represent a preliminary stage of mucosal alteration that ultimately progresses to the clinical sequelae of stomatitis and oral ulcerations frequently encountered during cancer chemotherapy. Some alternative mechanisms are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267886", "title": "Why can't you achieve adequate regional anesthesia in the presence of infection?", "content": "Observed in this study were morphologic changes in inflamed nerves, along with biochemical changes, which appear to act concurrently to deactivate or prevent activation of the local anesthetic solution. Morphologic changes were observed along the nerve fiber distant from the inflammatory site. These neuro-degenerative changes were seen at the axon and myelin sheaths level. The biochemical data support the presence in the inflamed nerve of amino acids which may be the product of lysosomal rupture and proteolytic enzyme release. These inflammatory mediators may affect either the local anesthetic or the environment of the nerve fiber. The precise mechanism of action of these catalytic products cannot be determined from this study.", "contents": "Why can't you achieve adequate regional anesthesia in the presence of infection? Observed in this study were morphologic changes in inflamed nerves, along with biochemical changes, which appear to act concurrently to deactivate or prevent activation of the local anesthetic solution. Morphologic changes were observed along the nerve fiber distant from the inflammatory site. These neuro-degenerative changes were seen at the axon and myelin sheaths level. The biochemical data support the presence in the inflamed nerve of amino acids which may be the product of lysosomal rupture and proteolytic enzyme release. These inflammatory mediators may affect either the local anesthetic or the environment of the nerve fiber. The precise mechanism of action of these catalytic products cannot be determined from this study."}
{"id": "PMID:267887", "title": "Aberrant salivary gland tissue in the anterior mandible.", "content": "Salivary gland tissue inclusions in the posterior part of the mandible are not rare. Inclusions in the anterior portion, however, are very unusual, and the case presented here brings the number of reported cases up to a total of seven. The aberrant gland appeared on a panoramic radiograph as a radiolucency judged to be a periapical lesion on the right mandibular second premolar.", "contents": "Aberrant salivary gland tissue in the anterior mandible. Salivary gland tissue inclusions in the posterior part of the mandible are not rare. Inclusions in the anterior portion, however, are very unusual, and the case presented here brings the number of reported cases up to a total of seven. The aberrant gland appeared on a panoramic radiograph as a radiolucency judged to be a periapical lesion on the right mandibular second premolar."}
{"id": "PMID:267888", "title": "Primary localized amyloidosis of the palate.", "content": "A case of amyloid tumor of the palate is reported in a 10-year-old girl. The past history, the detailed general clinical and laboratory examinations, and biopsy specimens collected from the rectal mucosa, gingiva, tongue, and skin excluded other forms of localizations of amyloidosis. The isolated amyloid tumor is an exceptional form of amyloidosis, and in the available literature we have not found mention of its localization on the palate.", "contents": "Primary localized amyloidosis of the palate. A case of amyloid tumor of the palate is reported in a 10-year-old girl. The past history, the detailed general clinical and laboratory examinations, and biopsy specimens collected from the rectal mucosa, gingiva, tongue, and skin excluded other forms of localizations of amyloidosis. The isolated amyloid tumor is an exceptional form of amyloidosis, and in the available literature we have not found mention of its localization on the palate."}
{"id": "PMID:267889", "title": "Median mandibular cyst.", "content": "Since the median mandibular cyst is an extremely rare lesion, there is difficulty in determining the nature and origin of this entity. An additional case of a median mandibular cyst is described and an attempt is made to clarify the confusion associated with the diagnosis of this lesion. After a review of the literature it is suggested that the median mandibular cyst is a much rarer entity than was previously believed.", "contents": "Median mandibular cyst. Since the median mandibular cyst is an extremely rare lesion, there is difficulty in determining the nature and origin of this entity. An additional case of a median mandibular cyst is described and an attempt is made to clarify the confusion associated with the diagnosis of this lesion. After a review of the literature it is suggested that the median mandibular cyst is a much rarer entity than was previously believed."}
{"id": "PMID:267890", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible.", "content": "Ewing's sarcoma of the head and neck, particularly of the mandible, has a low incidence of occurrence (fifty-five cases in the literature). The present case report demonstrates well the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features in a patient treated at the Head and Neck Service of the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Antonio Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The etiologic, clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic features are discussed, with the conclusion that radiation is the best therapeutic procedure when associated with chemotherapy.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible. Ewing's sarcoma of the head and neck, particularly of the mandible, has a low incidence of occurrence (fifty-five cases in the literature). The present case report demonstrates well the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features in a patient treated at the Head and Neck Service of the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Antonio Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The etiologic, clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic features are discussed, with the conclusion that radiation is the best therapeutic procedure when associated with chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:267891", "title": "Microscopic study of the pulps of human teeth following vital root resection.", "content": "The effects of vital root resection upon the remaining pulp were studied in twenty-six periodontally involved human molars. The pulp was extirpated 14 days after the intervention. Granulomatous tissue present in the pulp chamber protruded from the site of the exposure as a polyp in eleven cases. Mild chronic inflammatory changes were present in the coronalmost part of the radicular pulp. The apical pulp was not affected at this time interval.", "contents": "Microscopic study of the pulps of human teeth following vital root resection. The effects of vital root resection upon the remaining pulp were studied in twenty-six periodontally involved human molars. The pulp was extirpated 14 days after the intervention. Granulomatous tissue present in the pulp chamber protruded from the site of the exposure as a polyp in eleven cases. Mild chronic inflammatory changes were present in the coronalmost part of the radicular pulp. The apical pulp was not affected at this time interval."}
{"id": "PMID:267912", "title": "A rare presentation of splenic rupture.", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the spleen is a well known problem, complicating many types of abdominal injury. In contrast, a spontaneous rupture is a rare occurrence, mainly associated with a large spleen resulting from infections, the most common in this country being infectious mononucleosis. It is also a rare complication of leukaemias and lymphomas and the case presented here demonstrates a peculiar diagnostic problem.", "contents": "A rare presentation of splenic rupture. Traumatic rupture of the spleen is a well known problem, complicating many types of abdominal injury. In contrast, a spontaneous rupture is a rare occurrence, mainly associated with a large spleen resulting from infections, the most common in this country being infectious mononucleosis. It is also a rare complication of leukaemias and lymphomas and the case presented here demonstrates a peculiar diagnostic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:267913", "title": "[The loss of volume in modern respirators during change of compliance and resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "Respirators with constant volume proved to have a distinct loss of originally set tidal volume, when mechanical respiratory disturbances are present. In cases with decreased compliance the loss of volume is mainly caused by compression of the basic volume of the apparatus. In cases with increased bronchial flow resistance - unfavourable inspiration - expiration ratio, too short or even lacking endinspiratory pressure plateau result in the distinct decrease of the set respiratory minute volume, which then requires an appropriate correction. The degree of volume loss was measured and analysed in 10 respirators which are in current use.", "contents": "[The loss of volume in modern respirators during change of compliance and resistance (author's transl)]. Respirators with constant volume proved to have a distinct loss of originally set tidal volume, when mechanical respiratory disturbances are present. In cases with decreased compliance the loss of volume is mainly caused by compression of the basic volume of the apparatus. In cases with increased bronchial flow resistance - unfavourable inspiration - expiration ratio, too short or even lacking endinspiratory pressure plateau result in the distinct decrease of the set respiratory minute volume, which then requires an appropriate correction. The degree of volume loss was measured and analysed in 10 respirators which are in current use."}
{"id": "PMID:267914", "title": "[The laerdal ventilation bag for newborns and infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The Laerdal resuscitator for neonates and infants is a ventilation bag designed for resuscitation, anaesthesia and intensive care (CPAP PEEP). As the apparatus allows CPAP therapy and PEEP ventilation is particularly useful in the labour and neonate ward and in paediatric intensive care units.", "contents": "[The laerdal ventilation bag for newborns and infants (author's transl)]. The Laerdal resuscitator for neonates and infants is a ventilation bag designed for resuscitation, anaesthesia and intensive care (CPAP PEEP). As the apparatus allows CPAP therapy and PEEP ventilation is particularly useful in the labour and neonate ward and in paediatric intensive care units."}
{"id": "PMID:267911", "title": "5-Methoxytryptamine-induced head twitches in rats.", "content": "In rats pretreated with pargyline ip injection of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), but not of 5-HT, produced characteristic head twitches. 5-HT receptor blocking agents (cyproheptadine, methergoline, mianserine, WA-335-BS, and methsergide) reduced the effect of 5-MT. These substances in doses 20-160 times higher than their ED50 in head twitch test did not antagonize the pinna reflex. 5-MT-induced head twitches were also inhibited by imipramine, morphine, phenoxybenzamine and aceperone. However, their ED50 were only 3-8 times below the doses necessary to inhibit the pinna reflex. Reserpine, phentolamine, spiroperidol, pimozide and LiCl did not modify head twitches produced by 5-MT, while PCPA even potentiated them. Our results suggest the 5-MT-induced head twitches are due to the activation of the central 5-HT mechanisms probably as a result of direct stimulation of 5-HT receptors by 5-MT. Antagonism of 5-MT-induced head twitches and the dissociation of doses effective in this test from those inhibiting the pinna reflex may be of value in the prediction of central 5-HT receptor blocking properties.", "contents": "5-Methoxytryptamine-induced head twitches in rats. In rats pretreated with pargyline ip injection of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), but not of 5-HT, produced characteristic head twitches. 5-HT receptor blocking agents (cyproheptadine, methergoline, mianserine, WA-335-BS, and methsergide) reduced the effect of 5-MT. These substances in doses 20-160 times higher than their ED50 in head twitch test did not antagonize the pinna reflex. 5-MT-induced head twitches were also inhibited by imipramine, morphine, phenoxybenzamine and aceperone. However, their ED50 were only 3-8 times below the doses necessary to inhibit the pinna reflex. Reserpine, phentolamine, spiroperidol, pimozide and LiCl did not modify head twitches produced by 5-MT, while PCPA even potentiated them. Our results suggest the 5-MT-induced head twitches are due to the activation of the central 5-HT mechanisms probably as a result of direct stimulation of 5-HT receptors by 5-MT. Antagonism of 5-MT-induced head twitches and the dissociation of doses effective in this test from those inhibiting the pinna reflex may be of value in the prediction of central 5-HT receptor blocking properties."}
{"id": "PMID:267917", "title": "New methylcyclopentanoid terpenes from the larval defensive secretion of a chrysomelid beetle (Plagiodera versicolora).", "content": "The defensive secretion of larvae of the chrysomelid beetle Plagiodera versicolora contains two unstable, volatile methylcyclopentanoid terpenes: a dialdehyde (chrysomelidial) isomeric with dolichodial and anisomorphal, and a closely related enol lactone (plagiolactone). Chrysomelidial and plagiolactone are shown to have structures III and IV on the basis of a detailed analysis of their spectra, coupled with chemical transformations to products of known structure.", "contents": "New methylcyclopentanoid terpenes from the larval defensive secretion of a chrysomelid beetle (Plagiodera versicolora). The defensive secretion of larvae of the chrysomelid beetle Plagiodera versicolora contains two unstable, volatile methylcyclopentanoid terpenes: a dialdehyde (chrysomelidial) isomeric with dolichodial and anisomorphal, and a closely related enol lactone (plagiolactone). Chrysomelidial and plagiolactone are shown to have structures III and IV on the basis of a detailed analysis of their spectra, coupled with chemical transformations to products of known structure."}
{"id": "PMID:267918", "title": "Conformational basis for the activation of adenylate cyclase by adenosine.", "content": "The ability of adenosine to stimulate adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] and increase adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels has important biochemical consequences. These include the suppression of immune responses and cardiovascular effects. Recent investigations involving the ability of adenosine and adenosine analogs to stimulate adenylate cyclase provided experimental data that appear to be correlated with the ability of adenosine and analogs of adenosine to exist in the glycosidic high anti conformation. 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine, which is not stable in the high anti conformation, is inactive as a stimulator of adenylate cyclase. 2'-Deoxyadenosine is also not stable in the high anti conformation but its instability may be significantly decreased by intramolecular adjustments promoted by receptor or active site interactions. 2'-Deoxyadenosine does not activate adenylate cyclase in lymphocytes when ATP is the substrate but is able to activate adenylate cyclase when 2-fluoro ATP is the substrate. The inability of certain analogs of adenosine, with bulky groups substituted for hydrogen at the 8 position of the adenine base, to activate adenylate cyclase and increase either lymphocyte or cardiac cell cAMP levels is consistent with the designation of the high anti conformation as being the conformation required for the activation of adenylate cyclase. An understanding of the glycosidic conformation required by the extracellular adenosine receptor of the adenosine molecule provides the basis for designing nucleoside analogs of adenosine that will exert a desired effect on cAMP levels. The avoidance of unwanted immunosuppressive or cardiotoxic effects can be arranged by structural changes that prohibit the high anti conformation.", "contents": "Conformational basis for the activation of adenylate cyclase by adenosine. The ability of adenosine to stimulate adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] and increase adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels has important biochemical consequences. These include the suppression of immune responses and cardiovascular effects. Recent investigations involving the ability of adenosine and adenosine analogs to stimulate adenylate cyclase provided experimental data that appear to be correlated with the ability of adenosine and analogs of adenosine to exist in the glycosidic high anti conformation. 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine, which is not stable in the high anti conformation, is inactive as a stimulator of adenylate cyclase. 2'-Deoxyadenosine is also not stable in the high anti conformation but its instability may be significantly decreased by intramolecular adjustments promoted by receptor or active site interactions. 2'-Deoxyadenosine does not activate adenylate cyclase in lymphocytes when ATP is the substrate but is able to activate adenylate cyclase when 2-fluoro ATP is the substrate. The inability of certain analogs of adenosine, with bulky groups substituted for hydrogen at the 8 position of the adenine base, to activate adenylate cyclase and increase either lymphocyte or cardiac cell cAMP levels is consistent with the designation of the high anti conformation as being the conformation required for the activation of adenylate cyclase. An understanding of the glycosidic conformation required by the extracellular adenosine receptor of the adenosine molecule provides the basis for designing nucleoside analogs of adenosine that will exert a desired effect on cAMP levels. The avoidance of unwanted immunosuppressive or cardiotoxic effects can be arranged by structural changes that prohibit the high anti conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:267919", "title": "Synthesis of 13,14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "content": "The structure of the most recently discovered, biologically highly active prostaglandin, PGI2 or prostacyclin, is correctly predicted on biogenetic grounds, and a general synthesis starting with prostaglandins of the F2alpha series is reported. Starting with the biologically active 13,14-dehydro-PGF2alpha, the synthesis involves formation of a 5-bromo-6,9alpha-epoxy derivative, followed by esterification and dehydrobromination of the methyl ester to form the prostacyclin structure. The stereochemistry at C-5 and C-6 of all reported products is assigned on the basis of experimental findings and mechanistic reasoning. 13,14-Dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester is considerably more stable at pH 7.5 than prostacyclin. It inhibits platelet aggregation induced by a variety of agents and causes an increase in renal blood flow in the dog at nanomolar levels.", "contents": "Synthesis of 13,14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The structure of the most recently discovered, biologically highly active prostaglandin, PGI2 or prostacyclin, is correctly predicted on biogenetic grounds, and a general synthesis starting with prostaglandins of the F2alpha series is reported. Starting with the biologically active 13,14-dehydro-PGF2alpha, the synthesis involves formation of a 5-bromo-6,9alpha-epoxy derivative, followed by esterification and dehydrobromination of the methyl ester to form the prostacyclin structure. The stereochemistry at C-5 and C-6 of all reported products is assigned on the basis of experimental findings and mechanistic reasoning. 13,14-Dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester is considerably more stable at pH 7.5 than prostacyclin. It inhibits platelet aggregation induced by a variety of agents and causes an increase in renal blood flow in the dog at nanomolar levels."}
{"id": "PMID:267920", "title": "Oligouridylate stretches in heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "content": "Three classes of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) alpha, beta, and gamma, with different chemical and physical properties, can be identified in the early sea urchin embryo by hybridization with poly(U). The relative amounts of these classes vary as a function of embryonic development. It is demonstrated here that the adenyl-containing classes of HnRNA, alpha and beta, can be subfractionated by hybridization with poly(A)-agarose into species containing and lacking oligo(U)-enriched segments. These oligo(U) segments could not be detected in gamma HnRNA, which was previously shown to also lack adenylate segments. The relative proportions of these species undergo marked changes during development from early blastula (7 hr) to mesenchyme blastula (20 hr). I propose models to explain the possible effects of complementary sequences of adenylate and uridylate on the secondary structure of HnRNA, and speculate on the functional significance of such complexes.", "contents": "Oligouridylate stretches in heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Three classes of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) alpha, beta, and gamma, with different chemical and physical properties, can be identified in the early sea urchin embryo by hybridization with poly(U). The relative amounts of these classes vary as a function of embryonic development. It is demonstrated here that the adenyl-containing classes of HnRNA, alpha and beta, can be subfractionated by hybridization with poly(A)-agarose into species containing and lacking oligo(U)-enriched segments. These oligo(U) segments could not be detected in gamma HnRNA, which was previously shown to also lack adenylate segments. The relative proportions of these species undergo marked changes during development from early blastula (7 hr) to mesenchyme blastula (20 hr). I propose models to explain the possible effects of complementary sequences of adenylate and uridylate on the secondary structure of HnRNA, and speculate on the functional significance of such complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:267921", "title": "Cytoplasmic nonpolysomal ribonucleoprotein particles in sea urchin embryos and their relationship to protein synthesis.", "content": "We have examined the relationship between the newly synthesized mRNA that enters polysomes in sea urchin embryos and the messengerlike RNA that enters the pool of ribosome-free ribonucleoprotein particles (free RNPs or informosomes). Although the RNA in the free RNPs turns over 25% more rapidly than in the polysomes, labeling kinetics indicate that the RNA containing poly(A) [poly(A)(+)RNA] and the RNA not containing poly(A) [poly(A)(-)RNA] within each cytoplasmic compartment have very similar half-lives. The poly(A)(+)RNA from both free RNPs and polysomes binds ribosomes almost equally well in a reticulocyte lysate, and this binding is sensitive to inhibitors of initiation. The poly(A)(-)RNA from polysomes initiates as well as poly(A)(+)RNA; however, poly(A)(-)RNA from free RNPs is only half as efficient in binding to ribosomes, and by this criterion is only 50% mRNA. We have also examined the size and dynamics of shortening of the poly(A) tails of poly(A)(+)RNA from free RNPs and polysomes. Pulse-labeled poly(A) from both free RNPs and polysomes is about 180 nucleotides in length. Poly(A) shortening is very rapid in polysomes; steady-state labeled polysomal RNA is largely devoid of the 180-nucleotide-long poly(A) segments. Poly(A) shortening in free RNPs is slower; half of the poly(A) derived from steady-state free RNPs is still 180 nucleotides long. Despite this difference in the rates of poly(A) shortening, polysomes and free RNPs have very similar half-lives. There is, then, no obvious relationship between poly(A) shortening and turnover of mRNA in these embryos. The data are interpreted to mean that poly(A)(+)RNA from free RNPs is enriched for a class of mRNA that initiates less frequently in vivo than the bulk of the cellular mRNA.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic nonpolysomal ribonucleoprotein particles in sea urchin embryos and their relationship to protein synthesis. We have examined the relationship between the newly synthesized mRNA that enters polysomes in sea urchin embryos and the messengerlike RNA that enters the pool of ribosome-free ribonucleoprotein particles (free RNPs or informosomes). Although the RNA in the free RNPs turns over 25% more rapidly than in the polysomes, labeling kinetics indicate that the RNA containing poly(A) [poly(A)(+)RNA] and the RNA not containing poly(A) [poly(A)(-)RNA] within each cytoplasmic compartment have very similar half-lives. The poly(A)(+)RNA from both free RNPs and polysomes binds ribosomes almost equally well in a reticulocyte lysate, and this binding is sensitive to inhibitors of initiation. The poly(A)(-)RNA from polysomes initiates as well as poly(A)(+)RNA; however, poly(A)(-)RNA from free RNPs is only half as efficient in binding to ribosomes, and by this criterion is only 50% mRNA. We have also examined the size and dynamics of shortening of the poly(A) tails of poly(A)(+)RNA from free RNPs and polysomes. Pulse-labeled poly(A) from both free RNPs and polysomes is about 180 nucleotides in length. Poly(A) shortening is very rapid in polysomes; steady-state labeled polysomal RNA is largely devoid of the 180-nucleotide-long poly(A) segments. Poly(A) shortening in free RNPs is slower; half of the poly(A) derived from steady-state free RNPs is still 180 nucleotides long. Despite this difference in the rates of poly(A) shortening, polysomes and free RNPs have very similar half-lives. There is, then, no obvious relationship between poly(A) shortening and turnover of mRNA in these embryos. The data are interpreted to mean that poly(A)(+)RNA from free RNPs is enriched for a class of mRNA that initiates less frequently in vivo than the bulk of the cellular mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:267922", "title": "Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4.", "content": "Human platelet factor 4, a protein that binds heparin, has been purified to apparent homogeneity and the complete amino acid sequence of the protein has been determined. The 70-residue polypeptide chain contains no methionine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine, and contains only a single tyrosyl residue. The sequence analysis demonstrates a highly negatively charged amino-terminal region. The carboxyl-terminal region of the polypeptide is unusual in that it contains a repetitive clustering of positively charged and hydrophobic pairs of amino acids; preliminary evidence suggests that this domain may play a role in the binding of heparin.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. Human platelet factor 4, a protein that binds heparin, has been purified to apparent homogeneity and the complete amino acid sequence of the protein has been determined. The 70-residue polypeptide chain contains no methionine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine, and contains only a single tyrosyl residue. The sequence analysis demonstrates a highly negatively charged amino-terminal region. The carboxyl-terminal region of the polypeptide is unusual in that it contains a repetitive clustering of positively charged and hydrophobic pairs of amino acids; preliminary evidence suggests that this domain may play a role in the binding of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:267923", "title": "Synthesis of opiate peptides by a clonal pituitary tumor cell line.", "content": "Clonal mouse pituitary tumor cells, AtT-20, synthesize at least four species of peptides with opiate activity. The endorphin concentration of AtT-20 cells was estimated to be 300-600 pmol/mg of protein. The two most abundant endorphins with apparent molecular weights of 1800 and 2400 were purified 300- and 24-fold, respectively; additional minor components were found with apparent molecular weights of greater than 3000 and less than 750.", "contents": "Synthesis of opiate peptides by a clonal pituitary tumor cell line. Clonal mouse pituitary tumor cells, AtT-20, synthesize at least four species of peptides with opiate activity. The endorphin concentration of AtT-20 cells was estimated to be 300-600 pmol/mg of protein. The two most abundant endorphins with apparent molecular weights of 1800 and 2400 were purified 300- and 24-fold, respectively; additional minor components were found with apparent molecular weights of greater than 3000 and less than 750."}
{"id": "PMID:267924", "title": "Translation of tobacco necrosis virus and its satellite in a cell-free wheat germ system.", "content": "Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and its satellite virus (STNV) each contain a single-stranded RNA genome, of about 1.4 X 10(6) and 0.4 X 10(6) daltons, respectively, which is very active in stimulating amino acid incorporation in a wheat germ cell-free system. With STNV RNA the predominant incorporation product of 22,000 daltons coelectrophoreses with viral coat protein and crossreacts with antibody to viral coat protein. A similar result is obtained with TNV RNA, the only major translation product being a 30,000-dalton protein which corresponds to the coat protein by gel sizing, serological tests, and tryptic peptide analysis. Other products appearing in smaller amounts are about 63,000, 43,000, and 26,000 daltons and smaller. The possible nature of these products is discussed, as well as the unusual feature of a large, presumably multigenic, viral RNA yielding the coat protein as the predominant translation product in a eukaryotic system. Much less STNV RNA than TNV RNA produces maximal translation. Cotranslation of both RNAs in vitro indicates that STNV RNA has a translational advantage over TNV RNA. The fact that these RNAs lack 5'-terminal capping and 3'-terminal poly(A) is discussed.", "contents": "Translation of tobacco necrosis virus and its satellite in a cell-free wheat germ system. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and its satellite virus (STNV) each contain a single-stranded RNA genome, of about 1.4 X 10(6) and 0.4 X 10(6) daltons, respectively, which is very active in stimulating amino acid incorporation in a wheat germ cell-free system. With STNV RNA the predominant incorporation product of 22,000 daltons coelectrophoreses with viral coat protein and crossreacts with antibody to viral coat protein. A similar result is obtained with TNV RNA, the only major translation product being a 30,000-dalton protein which corresponds to the coat protein by gel sizing, serological tests, and tryptic peptide analysis. Other products appearing in smaller amounts are about 63,000, 43,000, and 26,000 daltons and smaller. The possible nature of these products is discussed, as well as the unusual feature of a large, presumably multigenic, viral RNA yielding the coat protein as the predominant translation product in a eukaryotic system. Much less STNV RNA than TNV RNA produces maximal translation. Cotranslation of both RNAs in vitro indicates that STNV RNA has a translational advantage over TNV RNA. The fact that these RNAs lack 5'-terminal capping and 3'-terminal poly(A) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267925", "title": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: retarded rate of hybridization of RNA with excess DNA.", "content": "The rate of reaction of excess double-stranded bacteriophage phiX174 and plasmid RSF2124 DNA drivers with enzymatically synthesized asymmetric RNA tracers was measured. Other reactions were carried out with excess Escherichia coli DNA and E. coli RNA labeled in vivo. RNA and DNA fragment lengths were held approximately equal. For each case it was shown that in DNA excess the rate constant for RNA-DNA hybridization is 3- to 4.5-fold lower than that of the renaturation rate constant for the driver DNA. This retardation was also observed in pseudo-first-order hybridization reactions driven by excess strand-separated RSF2124 DNA. It was concluded that the rate constant for RNA-DNA by hybridization depends partially on which species is in excess.", "contents": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: retarded rate of hybridization of RNA with excess DNA. The rate of reaction of excess double-stranded bacteriophage phiX174 and plasmid RSF2124 DNA drivers with enzymatically synthesized asymmetric RNA tracers was measured. Other reactions were carried out with excess Escherichia coli DNA and E. coli RNA labeled in vivo. RNA and DNA fragment lengths were held approximately equal. For each case it was shown that in DNA excess the rate constant for RNA-DNA hybridization is 3- to 4.5-fold lower than that of the renaturation rate constant for the driver DNA. This retardation was also observed in pseudo-first-order hybridization reactions driven by excess strand-separated RSF2124 DNA. It was concluded that the rate constant for RNA-DNA by hybridization depends partially on which species is in excess."}
{"id": "PMID:267926", "title": "Unwinding protein specific for mRNA translation fractionated together with rabbit reticulocyte initiation factor 3 complex.", "content": "Experiments with a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system dependent on the addition of initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) and mRNA were carried out. In this system, using ribosomal subunits, AUG(U)(n) can direct polyphenylalanine synthesis in the absence of eIF-3 at 3 mM MgCl(2). Globin mRNA was not translated under similar conditions; its translation requires the addition of eIF-3. Moreover, the maximal rate of globin synthesis was achieved when the molar ratio of eIF-3 to ribosomes was approximately 1. This was taken to indicate that some ribosomal proteins were fractionated with eIF-3 and functioned in reconstitution of salt-washed ribosomes. In our system, almost all ribosomes were active, as evident from the fact that all were found in polysomes when analyzed at the time of linear incorporation, and the molar ratio of ribosomes to mRNA was maintained at 4:1. When AUG(U)(n) was hybridized with poly(A), it could not direct polyphenylalanine synthesis with or without eIF-3 and was a potent inhibitor of the translation of globin mRNA in the presence of eIF-3. When poly(A) containing 10% U was hybridized with AUG(U)(n) and added to the cell-free system, addition of eIF-3 promoted polyphenylalanine synthesis to about 80% of control. Moreover, eIF-3 was seen to shift significantly the melting temperature of globin and synthetic double-stranded RNA. These observations suggest that extraction of ribosomes with 0.5 M KCl may release a ribosomal protein that fractionates with eIF-3. This protein may function in unwinding or melting the secondary structure of mRNA and thus facilitate translation.", "contents": "Unwinding protein specific for mRNA translation fractionated together with rabbit reticulocyte initiation factor 3 complex. Experiments with a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system dependent on the addition of initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) and mRNA were carried out. In this system, using ribosomal subunits, AUG(U)(n) can direct polyphenylalanine synthesis in the absence of eIF-3 at 3 mM MgCl(2). Globin mRNA was not translated under similar conditions; its translation requires the addition of eIF-3. Moreover, the maximal rate of globin synthesis was achieved when the molar ratio of eIF-3 to ribosomes was approximately 1. This was taken to indicate that some ribosomal proteins were fractionated with eIF-3 and functioned in reconstitution of salt-washed ribosomes. In our system, almost all ribosomes were active, as evident from the fact that all were found in polysomes when analyzed at the time of linear incorporation, and the molar ratio of ribosomes to mRNA was maintained at 4:1. When AUG(U)(n) was hybridized with poly(A), it could not direct polyphenylalanine synthesis with or without eIF-3 and was a potent inhibitor of the translation of globin mRNA in the presence of eIF-3. When poly(A) containing 10% U was hybridized with AUG(U)(n) and added to the cell-free system, addition of eIF-3 promoted polyphenylalanine synthesis to about 80% of control. Moreover, eIF-3 was seen to shift significantly the melting temperature of globin and synthetic double-stranded RNA. These observations suggest that extraction of ribosomes with 0.5 M KCl may release a ribosomal protein that fractionates with eIF-3. This protein may function in unwinding or melting the secondary structure of mRNA and thus facilitate translation."}
{"id": "PMID:267927", "title": "Nerve growth factor in mouse serum and saliva: role of the submandibular gland.", "content": "The concept that the salivary gland of the mouse is an endocrine organ for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reexamined. Serum concentrations of the protein have been measured by radioimmunoassay in male and female mice and in mice from which the submandibular glands were removed. In spite of the fact that the submandibular glands of male mice contained more NGF than did those of female mice, no sex differences in circulating concentrations of the factor were detected. Furthermore, serum concentrations of NGF did not change after submandibular gland removal or after administration of several autonomic agonists. These results indicate that the submandibular glands are not endocrine organs with respect to NGF. On the other hand, extremely high concentrations of the factor are normally secreted in mouse saliva at levels that reflect the sex differences in the amount of NGF present in the glands. This finding suggests that the salivary gland is an exocrine organ for NGF and that the protein may play a biological role in saliva.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor in mouse serum and saliva: role of the submandibular gland. The concept that the salivary gland of the mouse is an endocrine organ for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reexamined. Serum concentrations of the protein have been measured by radioimmunoassay in male and female mice and in mice from which the submandibular glands were removed. In spite of the fact that the submandibular glands of male mice contained more NGF than did those of female mice, no sex differences in circulating concentrations of the factor were detected. Furthermore, serum concentrations of NGF did not change after submandibular gland removal or after administration of several autonomic agonists. These results indicate that the submandibular glands are not endocrine organs with respect to NGF. On the other hand, extremely high concentrations of the factor are normally secreted in mouse saliva at levels that reflect the sex differences in the amount of NGF present in the glands. This finding suggests that the salivary gland is an exocrine organ for NGF and that the protein may play a biological role in saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:267928", "title": "4,4'-Bis (1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate) (bis-ANS): a new probe of the active site of myosin.", "content": "The interaction of myosin subfragment-1 (S-1) with 4,4'-bis(1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate) (bis-ANS) has been studied by monitoring the fluorescence of the latter when the two components form a complex. Because ATP and ATP analogs partially displace complexed bis-ANS it has also been possible to study interactions of S-1 and nucleotides by using the displacement effect. Approximate values of the parameters of these various interactions have been measured. Some possible applications of bis-ANS have been explored. For example, it provides a very convenient method for obtaining the Michaelis constant, Km, in steady-state S-1 nucleoside triphosphatase; this particular application has also provided some evidence for inferring that in Ca2+ (but not in Mg2+) adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) S-1 behaves like a mixture of two components, each with its own Km. Clear energy transfer occurs between tryptophan residues and bound bis-ANS. The fluorescence also suggests that S-1 undergoes some slow relaxations following substrate binding.", "contents": "4,4'-Bis (1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate) (bis-ANS): a new probe of the active site of myosin. The interaction of myosin subfragment-1 (S-1) with 4,4'-bis(1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate) (bis-ANS) has been studied by monitoring the fluorescence of the latter when the two components form a complex. Because ATP and ATP analogs partially displace complexed bis-ANS it has also been possible to study interactions of S-1 and nucleotides by using the displacement effect. Approximate values of the parameters of these various interactions have been measured. Some possible applications of bis-ANS have been explored. For example, it provides a very convenient method for obtaining the Michaelis constant, Km, in steady-state S-1 nucleoside triphosphatase; this particular application has also provided some evidence for inferring that in Ca2+ (but not in Mg2+) adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) S-1 behaves like a mixture of two components, each with its own Km. Clear energy transfer occurs between tryptophan residues and bound bis-ANS. The fluorescence also suggests that S-1 undergoes some slow relaxations following substrate binding."}
{"id": "PMID:267929", "title": "Effect of uridine on cellular UTP and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle: stimulation of UTP formation by insulin.", "content": "The relation between cellular uracil nucleotides and ability to synthesize glycogen was studied in rat diaphragm incubated in vitro. In the absence of exogenous uridine the tissue content of UTP and rate of glycogen synthesis decreased with time. Uridine added to the medium increased cellular UTP and UDPG and stimulated glycogen synthesis. Insulin significantly increased the synthesis of UTP from extracellular uridine. This action of insulin appeared to be due to a stimulation of phosphorylation of the nucleoside and not to an effect on transport at the concentrations of uridine studied. However, an effect of insulin on transport of uridine at low concentrations cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Effect of uridine on cellular UTP and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle: stimulation of UTP formation by insulin. The relation between cellular uracil nucleotides and ability to synthesize glycogen was studied in rat diaphragm incubated in vitro. In the absence of exogenous uridine the tissue content of UTP and rate of glycogen synthesis decreased with time. Uridine added to the medium increased cellular UTP and UDPG and stimulated glycogen synthesis. Insulin significantly increased the synthesis of UTP from extracellular uridine. This action of insulin appeared to be due to a stimulation of phosphorylation of the nucleoside and not to an effect on transport at the concentrations of uridine studied. However, an effect of insulin on transport of uridine at low concentrations cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:267930", "title": "Pregrowth hormone messenger RNA: glucocorticoid induction and identification in rat pituitary cells.", "content": "We have investigated whether the large (5- to 15-fold) stimulation of synthesis of growth hormone (somatotropin) observed upon exposure of a strain of rat pituitary (GH3) cells to dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) arises from a stimulation of pregrowth hormone mRNA. A good agreement was observed between the stimulation of growth hormone synthesis and the stimulation of cytoplasmic levels of pregrowth hormone mRNA, assayed by translation in wheat germ extracts. Electrophoresis on formamide-acrylamide gels of oligo(dT)-treated membrane fraction RNA revealed a band that was induced by dexamethasone to about the same extent as was translatable pregrowth hormone mRNA. Elution of the band and translation in wheat germ extracts showed directly that it contained pregrowth hormone mRNA. These results suggest that the dexamethasone induction of growth hormone synthesis in GH3 cells arises from an accumulation of pregrowth hormone mRNA in the cytoplasm of the cells. The pregrowth hormone mRNA band observed by gel electrophoresis had an estimated molecular weight of 3.6 X 10(5), suggesting the existence in this molecule of an untranslated region at least 200 nucleotides in length.", "contents": "Pregrowth hormone messenger RNA: glucocorticoid induction and identification in rat pituitary cells. We have investigated whether the large (5- to 15-fold) stimulation of synthesis of growth hormone (somatotropin) observed upon exposure of a strain of rat pituitary (GH3) cells to dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) arises from a stimulation of pregrowth hormone mRNA. A good agreement was observed between the stimulation of growth hormone synthesis and the stimulation of cytoplasmic levels of pregrowth hormone mRNA, assayed by translation in wheat germ extracts. Electrophoresis on formamide-acrylamide gels of oligo(dT)-treated membrane fraction RNA revealed a band that was induced by dexamethasone to about the same extent as was translatable pregrowth hormone mRNA. Elution of the band and translation in wheat germ extracts showed directly that it contained pregrowth hormone mRNA. These results suggest that the dexamethasone induction of growth hormone synthesis in GH3 cells arises from an accumulation of pregrowth hormone mRNA in the cytoplasm of the cells. The pregrowth hormone mRNA band observed by gel electrophoresis had an estimated molecular weight of 3.6 X 10(5), suggesting the existence in this molecule of an untranslated region at least 200 nucleotides in length."}
{"id": "PMID:267931", "title": "Formation of the four isomers of hen egg white lysozyme containing three negative disulfide bonds and one open disulfide bond.", "content": "Reduced partially carboxymethylated hen egg white lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase; EC 3.2.1.17) (approximately 0.8 mol of [1-(14)C]carboxymethyl groups) was air oxidized at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees in the presence of 1.5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol for 36 hr. Gel filtration of this product gave the lower (native) and higher hydrodynamic volume forms, both containing radioactivity (approximately 35 and 65%, respectively). Ion exchange chromatography of the lower hydrodynamic volume forms yielded renatured lysozyme, two major radioactive samples (LH(C) and LH(D)) eluting at the positions of monocarboxymethylated lysozyme, and two minor radioactive samples eluting at the positions of dicarboxymethylated lysozyme. Sample LH(C) (approximately 23% of the radioactivity) was essentially homogeneous with respect to electrophoretic mobility, exhibited approximately 39% of the enzymic activity of lysozyme, and contained 0.95 mol of [(14)C]carboxymethyl groups. Sample LH(D) (approximately 8% of the radioactivity) was also enzymically active and contained approximately 0.5 mol of [(14)C]carboxymethyl groups; this low value is apparently due to contamination of noncarboxymethylated species. The radioactive tryptic peptides from samples LH(C) and LH(D) were characterized. The results indicated that all eight isomers, containing three presumably native disulfide bonds and one free and one carboxymethylated sulfhydryl group, are formed on air oxidation of reduced partially carboxymethylated lysozyme. Since in each of these isomers the formation of one of the four native disulfide bonds is permanently blocked, it would follow that no one of the four disulfide bonds of native lysozyme is obligatory in the formation of the other three native disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Formation of the four isomers of hen egg white lysozyme containing three negative disulfide bonds and one open disulfide bond. Reduced partially carboxymethylated hen egg white lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase; EC 3.2.1.17) (approximately 0.8 mol of [1-(14)C]carboxymethyl groups) was air oxidized at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees in the presence of 1.5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol for 36 hr. Gel filtration of this product gave the lower (native) and higher hydrodynamic volume forms, both containing radioactivity (approximately 35 and 65%, respectively). Ion exchange chromatography of the lower hydrodynamic volume forms yielded renatured lysozyme, two major radioactive samples (LH(C) and LH(D)) eluting at the positions of monocarboxymethylated lysozyme, and two minor radioactive samples eluting at the positions of dicarboxymethylated lysozyme. Sample LH(C) (approximately 23% of the radioactivity) was essentially homogeneous with respect to electrophoretic mobility, exhibited approximately 39% of the enzymic activity of lysozyme, and contained 0.95 mol of [(14)C]carboxymethyl groups. Sample LH(D) (approximately 8% of the radioactivity) was also enzymically active and contained approximately 0.5 mol of [(14)C]carboxymethyl groups; this low value is apparently due to contamination of noncarboxymethylated species. The radioactive tryptic peptides from samples LH(C) and LH(D) were characterized. The results indicated that all eight isomers, containing three presumably native disulfide bonds and one free and one carboxymethylated sulfhydryl group, are formed on air oxidation of reduced partially carboxymethylated lysozyme. Since in each of these isomers the formation of one of the four native disulfide bonds is permanently blocked, it would follow that no one of the four disulfide bonds of native lysozyme is obligatory in the formation of the other three native disulfide bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:267932", "title": "Regulation by estrogen of the vitellogenin gene.", "content": "The vitellogenin gene is inactive in the liver of male Xenopus laevis, unless exogenous estrogen is administered. We have previously shown that conventional doses of estradiol-17beta result in the appearance of new hepatic messenger RNAs, some of which are encoded for vitellogenin. We now report that much higher doses of the hormone (2 mg/frog per day for 4 days) are required to elicit maximal responses. The relative levels of membrane-bound polysomes and vitellogenin mRNA were determined as a function of time and dose of hormone. Translation of total polysomal RNA in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ was used to estimate the relative levels of vitellogenin messenger RNA. Faithful translation of this messenger RNA was indicated by two lines of evidence: labeled cell-free products were immunoprecipitated with antivitellogenin antibody, and the migration of the major labeled product in sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gels was identical to that of native vitellogenin. Our results establish conditions for maximal estrogen-induced responses in this system, and are compatible with the hypothesis that a major regulatory mechanism of steroid hormones in the control of protein synthesis is that of gene activation and regulation of messenger RNA levels.", "contents": "Regulation by estrogen of the vitellogenin gene. The vitellogenin gene is inactive in the liver of male Xenopus laevis, unless exogenous estrogen is administered. We have previously shown that conventional doses of estradiol-17beta result in the appearance of new hepatic messenger RNAs, some of which are encoded for vitellogenin. We now report that much higher doses of the hormone (2 mg/frog per day for 4 days) are required to elicit maximal responses. The relative levels of membrane-bound polysomes and vitellogenin mRNA were determined as a function of time and dose of hormone. Translation of total polysomal RNA in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ was used to estimate the relative levels of vitellogenin messenger RNA. Faithful translation of this messenger RNA was indicated by two lines of evidence: labeled cell-free products were immunoprecipitated with antivitellogenin antibody, and the migration of the major labeled product in sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gels was identical to that of native vitellogenin. Our results establish conditions for maximal estrogen-induced responses in this system, and are compatible with the hypothesis that a major regulatory mechanism of steroid hormones in the control of protein synthesis is that of gene activation and regulation of messenger RNA levels."}
{"id": "PMID:267933", "title": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of radiation damage: radiation-induced degradation of glycine.", "content": "The stable products generated in polycrystalline glycine exposed to ionizing radiation and subsequently dissolved in water were identified by using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The study was done on isotopically enriched samples. The results can be correlated with the results of many other studies on irradiated glycine using other methods.", "contents": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of radiation damage: radiation-induced degradation of glycine. The stable products generated in polycrystalline glycine exposed to ionizing radiation and subsequently dissolved in water were identified by using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The study was done on isotopically enriched samples. The results can be correlated with the results of many other studies on irradiated glycine using other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:267934", "title": "Elastic model of supercoiling.", "content": "An elastic model for the supercoiling of duplex DNA is developed. The simplest assumptions regarding the elastic properties of double-helical DNA (homogeneous, isotropic, of circular cross section, and remaining straight when unstressed) will generate two orders of superhelicity when stressed. Recent experimental results [Brady, G.W., Fein, D.B. & Brumberger, H. (1976) Nature 264, 231-234] suggest that in supercoiled DNA molecules there are regions where two distinct orders of supercoiling arise, as predicted by this model.", "contents": "Elastic model of supercoiling. An elastic model for the supercoiling of duplex DNA is developed. The simplest assumptions regarding the elastic properties of double-helical DNA (homogeneous, isotropic, of circular cross section, and remaining straight when unstressed) will generate two orders of superhelicity when stressed. Recent experimental results [Brady, G.W., Fein, D.B. & Brumberger, H. (1976) Nature 264, 231-234] suggest that in supercoiled DNA molecules there are regions where two distinct orders of supercoiling arise, as predicted by this model."}
{"id": "PMID:267935", "title": "Effect of medium composition on protein degradation and DNA synthesis in rat embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Fibroblasts in medium deficient in serum, amino acids, phosphate, or glucose stop synthesizing DNA and increase the rate of degradation of their long-lived cellular proteins approximately 2-fold. There is no difference in the rate of degradation of short-lived proteins under these conditions. Insulin, dexamethasone, and fibroblast growth factor act synergistically to inhibit protein degradation and to stimulate thymidine incorporation to about the same extent as serum. When the medium content in serum or fibroblast growth factor is varied over a wide range, there is a close, inverse correlation between the rate of protein degradation and the extent of thymidine incorporation. When serum is added to cells that have been deprived of serum, the inhibition of protein degradation is immediate whereas the enhanced rate of protein degradation in serum-free medium is attained within 1 hr after serum removal. A 30-min exposure to serum followed by incubation in serum-free medium was as effective as continuous exposure to serum in stimulating thymidine incorporation after 8-24 hr.", "contents": "Effect of medium composition on protein degradation and DNA synthesis in rat embryo fibroblasts. Fibroblasts in medium deficient in serum, amino acids, phosphate, or glucose stop synthesizing DNA and increase the rate of degradation of their long-lived cellular proteins approximately 2-fold. There is no difference in the rate of degradation of short-lived proteins under these conditions. Insulin, dexamethasone, and fibroblast growth factor act synergistically to inhibit protein degradation and to stimulate thymidine incorporation to about the same extent as serum. When the medium content in serum or fibroblast growth factor is varied over a wide range, there is a close, inverse correlation between the rate of protein degradation and the extent of thymidine incorporation. When serum is added to cells that have been deprived of serum, the inhibition of protein degradation is immediate whereas the enhanced rate of protein degradation in serum-free medium is attained within 1 hr after serum removal. A 30-min exposure to serum followed by incubation in serum-free medium was as effective as continuous exposure to serum in stimulating thymidine incorporation after 8-24 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:267936", "title": "Nascent prehormones are intermediates in the biosynthesis of authentic bovine pituitary growth hormone and prolactin.", "content": "Major translation products of bovine pituitary RNA in a wheat germ cell-free system were identified as larger forms (prehormones) of growth hormone and prolactin containing amino-terminal extensions of 26 or 27 and 30 amino acid residues, respectively. However, translation of bovine pituitary RNA in the wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of microsomal membranes prepared from canine pancreas or bovine pituitary yielded products that were of the same size as authentic growth hormone and prolactin; by partial amino-terminal sequence analysis they were shown to contain the correct unique amino-terminal sequence of prolactin and the two correct amino termini of authentic growth hormone; moreover, they were found to be segregated within the microsomal vesicles in that they were largely inaccessible to degradation by proteolytic enzymes. When microsomal membranes were present after rather than during translation, prehormones were neither cleaved nor segregated. These results strongly suggest that the synthesis and segregation of the authentic hormone observed in the presence of membranes proceeds via a nascent prehormone rather than a completed prehormone.", "contents": "Nascent prehormones are intermediates in the biosynthesis of authentic bovine pituitary growth hormone and prolactin. Major translation products of bovine pituitary RNA in a wheat germ cell-free system were identified as larger forms (prehormones) of growth hormone and prolactin containing amino-terminal extensions of 26 or 27 and 30 amino acid residues, respectively. However, translation of bovine pituitary RNA in the wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of microsomal membranes prepared from canine pancreas or bovine pituitary yielded products that were of the same size as authentic growth hormone and prolactin; by partial amino-terminal sequence analysis they were shown to contain the correct unique amino-terminal sequence of prolactin and the two correct amino termini of authentic growth hormone; moreover, they were found to be segregated within the microsomal vesicles in that they were largely inaccessible to degradation by proteolytic enzymes. When microsomal membranes were present after rather than during translation, prehormones were neither cleaved nor segregated. These results strongly suggest that the synthesis and segregation of the authentic hormone observed in the presence of membranes proceeds via a nascent prehormone rather than a completed prehormone."}
{"id": "PMID:267937", "title": "Hormone-inducible casein messenger RNA in a serum-free organ culture of whole mammary gland.", "content": "The whole second thoracic mammary gland of estradiol-17beta + progesterone primed 3- to 4-week-old BALB/c female mice was induced to pregnancy-like lobulo-alveolar morphogenesis after 6-day cultivation in a serum-free culture medium containing a \"growth promoting\" hormone mixture, insulin + prolactin + growth hormone (somatotropin) + estradiol + progesterone. No radioimmunologically detectable casein was present in these glands. Subsequent cultivation for another 6 days in a \"lactogenic\" medium with the hormones insulin + prolactin + cortisol produced abundant milk-like secretory material in the alveolar lumen. RNA of the mammary gland after estradiol + progesterone priming or cultivation in the \"growth-promoting\" medium failed to show a measurable amount of casein mRNA activity when assayed in a cell-free protein synthesis system derived from Ehrlich ascites ribosomes, rabbit reticulocyte factors, and tRNA. However, the glands sequentially cultivated in the \"growth-promoting\" and the \"lactogenic\" media showed a high level of casein mRNA activity in the heterologous cell-free protein synthesis system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic characteristics of the immunoprecipitable (by antibody to mouse milk casein) polypeptides directed by the mammary RNA induced in organ culture medium containing the lactogenic hormones were similar to the characteristics of the polypeptides directed by mammary polysomes of lactating mice. These results demonstrate hormonal induction of a specific mRNA in a sequential two-step culture of an entire organ in a serum-free chemically defined medium.", "contents": "Hormone-inducible casein messenger RNA in a serum-free organ culture of whole mammary gland. The whole second thoracic mammary gland of estradiol-17beta + progesterone primed 3- to 4-week-old BALB/c female mice was induced to pregnancy-like lobulo-alveolar morphogenesis after 6-day cultivation in a serum-free culture medium containing a \"growth promoting\" hormone mixture, insulin + prolactin + growth hormone (somatotropin) + estradiol + progesterone. No radioimmunologically detectable casein was present in these glands. Subsequent cultivation for another 6 days in a \"lactogenic\" medium with the hormones insulin + prolactin + cortisol produced abundant milk-like secretory material in the alveolar lumen. RNA of the mammary gland after estradiol + progesterone priming or cultivation in the \"growth-promoting\" medium failed to show a measurable amount of casein mRNA activity when assayed in a cell-free protein synthesis system derived from Ehrlich ascites ribosomes, rabbit reticulocyte factors, and tRNA. However, the glands sequentially cultivated in the \"growth-promoting\" and the \"lactogenic\" media showed a high level of casein mRNA activity in the heterologous cell-free protein synthesis system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic characteristics of the immunoprecipitable (by antibody to mouse milk casein) polypeptides directed by the mammary RNA induced in organ culture medium containing the lactogenic hormones were similar to the characteristics of the polypeptides directed by mammary polysomes of lactating mice. These results demonstrate hormonal induction of a specific mRNA in a sequential two-step culture of an entire organ in a serum-free chemically defined medium."}
{"id": "PMID:267938", "title": "Heteroploid conversion of human skin cells by methylcholanthrene.", "content": "Cultured epithelial cells from human skin generally had 3- to 30-fold more hydrocarbon-metabolizing activity than fibroblasts from skin of the same donor. This activity was constant for up to 55 days in primary culture but was lost rapidly upon physical subdivision of the cultures. Treatment of primary mixed fibroblasts and epithelial cell cultures with methylcholanthrene, but not phenanthrene, led to development of actively growing fibroblastic cultures with many heteroploid cells. Unique marker chromosomes, stable over a number of cell population doublings, were identified in several of the heteroploid cell strains. Pure cultures of fibroblasts from the same donors did not undergo heteroploid conversion in response to methylcholanthrene. Spontaneously occurring heteroploidy in logarithmic phase human fibroblasts is a rare event; thus, heteroploid conversion may be a useful marker for chemical transformation of human cells. Because methylcholanthrene seems to have little transforming effect on human skin fibroblasts, human skin epithelial cells, because of their hydrocarbon-metabolizing activity, may serve to convert methylcholanthrene from a distal to an ultimate carcinogenic form.", "contents": "Heteroploid conversion of human skin cells by methylcholanthrene. Cultured epithelial cells from human skin generally had 3- to 30-fold more hydrocarbon-metabolizing activity than fibroblasts from skin of the same donor. This activity was constant for up to 55 days in primary culture but was lost rapidly upon physical subdivision of the cultures. Treatment of primary mixed fibroblasts and epithelial cell cultures with methylcholanthrene, but not phenanthrene, led to development of actively growing fibroblastic cultures with many heteroploid cells. Unique marker chromosomes, stable over a number of cell population doublings, were identified in several of the heteroploid cell strains. Pure cultures of fibroblasts from the same donors did not undergo heteroploid conversion in response to methylcholanthrene. Spontaneously occurring heteroploidy in logarithmic phase human fibroblasts is a rare event; thus, heteroploid conversion may be a useful marker for chemical transformation of human cells. Because methylcholanthrene seems to have little transforming effect on human skin fibroblasts, human skin epithelial cells, because of their hydrocarbon-metabolizing activity, may serve to convert methylcholanthrene from a distal to an ultimate carcinogenic form."}
{"id": "PMID:267939", "title": "Isolation of bindin: the protein responsible for adhesion of sperm to sea urchin eggs.", "content": "The insoluble granular material of the acrosome vesicle of sea urchin sperm has been isolated and shown to be a single 30,500 dalton protein for which the name \"bindin\" is proposed. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that bindin is the adhesive responsible for the attachment of sperm to the vitelline layer of the egg. Experimental results suggest that bindin may act by binding to carbohydrate receptors of vitelline layer glycoproteins. The speculation is made that sperm bindins may be the general mechanism by which animal sperm attach to eggs.", "contents": "Isolation of bindin: the protein responsible for adhesion of sperm to sea urchin eggs. The insoluble granular material of the acrosome vesicle of sea urchin sperm has been isolated and shown to be a single 30,500 dalton protein for which the name \"bindin\" is proposed. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that bindin is the adhesive responsible for the attachment of sperm to the vitelline layer of the egg. Experimental results suggest that bindin may act by binding to carbohydrate receptors of vitelline layer glycoproteins. The speculation is made that sperm bindins may be the general mechanism by which animal sperm attach to eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:267940", "title": "Gene activation in somatic nuclei after injection into amphibian oocytes.", "content": "Genes that are unexpressed in somatic cells have been activated by injecting cultured cell nuclei of the frog Xenopus laevis into oocytes of the newt Pleurodeles waltlii. The genes that were activated are normally expressed in oocytes but not in cultured cells. Conversely, genes that are normally expressed in cultured cells but not in oocytes became inactive when cultured cell nuclei were injected into oocytes. These changes in gene activity were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized by oocytes injected with nuclei. Controls, which included the use of alpha-amanitin, showed that these changes in protein synthesis are dependent on gene transcription. We conclude that genes that become inactive during cell differentiation can be reactivated, in the absence of cell division, by normal components of oocyte cytoplasm.", "contents": "Gene activation in somatic nuclei after injection into amphibian oocytes. Genes that are unexpressed in somatic cells have been activated by injecting cultured cell nuclei of the frog Xenopus laevis into oocytes of the newt Pleurodeles waltlii. The genes that were activated are normally expressed in oocytes but not in cultured cells. Conversely, genes that are normally expressed in cultured cells but not in oocytes became inactive when cultured cell nuclei were injected into oocytes. These changes in gene activity were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized by oocytes injected with nuclei. Controls, which included the use of alpha-amanitin, showed that these changes in protein synthesis are dependent on gene transcription. We conclude that genes that become inactive during cell differentiation can be reactivated, in the absence of cell division, by normal components of oocyte cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:267941", "title": "Globin RNA synthesis in vitro by isolated erythroleukemic cell nuclei: direct evidence for increased transcription during erythroid differentiation.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemic cells accumulate cytoplasmic globin mRNA during differentiation induced in tissue culture by dimethyl sulfoxide. Cellular accumulation of globin RNA may reflect transcriptional activation of the globin genes and/or posttranscriptional stabilization of globin RNA during differentiation. To evaluate possible transcriptional controls directly; globin RNA synthesis by isolated erythroleukemic cell nuclei was studied. Conditions were established for optimal nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro in the presence of a mercurinucleotide (Hg-CTP). Mercurated RNA synthesized in vitro was purified free of endogenous RNA by affinity chromatography on sulfhydryl-Sepharose, and analyzed for the presence of newly synthesized globin RNA sequences by molecular hybridization to globin complementary [32P]DNA. The results demonstrate markedly increased synthesis of globin RNA by nuclei isolated from dimethyl sulfoxide-treated cells, even within 5 min of nuclear transcription in vitro. These findings are most consistent with transcriptional activation of the globin genes upon induction of differentiation.", "contents": "Globin RNA synthesis in vitro by isolated erythroleukemic cell nuclei: direct evidence for increased transcription during erythroid differentiation. Murine erythroleukemic cells accumulate cytoplasmic globin mRNA during differentiation induced in tissue culture by dimethyl sulfoxide. Cellular accumulation of globin RNA may reflect transcriptional activation of the globin genes and/or posttranscriptional stabilization of globin RNA during differentiation. To evaluate possible transcriptional controls directly; globin RNA synthesis by isolated erythroleukemic cell nuclei was studied. Conditions were established for optimal nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro in the presence of a mercurinucleotide (Hg-CTP). Mercurated RNA synthesized in vitro was purified free of endogenous RNA by affinity chromatography on sulfhydryl-Sepharose, and analyzed for the presence of newly synthesized globin RNA sequences by molecular hybridization to globin complementary [32P]DNA. The results demonstrate markedly increased synthesis of globin RNA by nuclei isolated from dimethyl sulfoxide-treated cells, even within 5 min of nuclear transcription in vitro. These findings are most consistent with transcriptional activation of the globin genes upon induction of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:267942", "title": "Binding of 25-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol to different cytoplasmic proteins.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine whether or not oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (e.g., 25-hydroxycholesterol) that specifically suppress the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], bind to a soluble component of the cytoplasm different from that which binds the nonsuppressor, cholesterol. Density gradient fractionation of the cytosolic fraction isolated from L cell cultures that had been incubated with low concentrations of 25-hydroxy[26,27-(3)H]cholesterol or [1,2-(3)H]cholesterol provided evidence for the existence of at least two different sterol-binding proteins. Bound cholesterol sedimented in a sucrose density gradient as two or more broad bands with coefficients of approximately 9 S and 21 S. Two relatively narrow bands of bound 25-hydroxycholesterol had sedimentation coefficients of 5 S and 8 S. Preincubation of the cells with a relatively high concentration of unlabeled 25-hydroxycholesterol altered the banding pattern of the 25-hydroxy[(3)H]cholesterol taken up during a subsequent incubation period by decreasing the size of the major (8S) band. Under these conditions, cholesterol did not affect the banding pattern of 25-hydroxy[(3)H]cholesterol. The density gradient banding pattern of bound [(3)H]cholesterol was only slightly affected by preincubating the cells with unlabeled cholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol. Both sterols appeared to be bound to proteins because the bound sterols were eliminated from cytosol that had been heated at 100 degrees , and their sedimentation coefficients were altered by proteolysis.", "contents": "Binding of 25-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol to different cytoplasmic proteins. Studies were carried out to determine whether or not oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (e.g., 25-hydroxycholesterol) that specifically suppress the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], bind to a soluble component of the cytoplasm different from that which binds the nonsuppressor, cholesterol. Density gradient fractionation of the cytosolic fraction isolated from L cell cultures that had been incubated with low concentrations of 25-hydroxy[26,27-(3)H]cholesterol or [1,2-(3)H]cholesterol provided evidence for the existence of at least two different sterol-binding proteins. Bound cholesterol sedimented in a sucrose density gradient as two or more broad bands with coefficients of approximately 9 S and 21 S. Two relatively narrow bands of bound 25-hydroxycholesterol had sedimentation coefficients of 5 S and 8 S. Preincubation of the cells with a relatively high concentration of unlabeled 25-hydroxycholesterol altered the banding pattern of the 25-hydroxy[(3)H]cholesterol taken up during a subsequent incubation period by decreasing the size of the major (8S) band. Under these conditions, cholesterol did not affect the banding pattern of 25-hydroxy[(3)H]cholesterol. The density gradient banding pattern of bound [(3)H]cholesterol was only slightly affected by preincubating the cells with unlabeled cholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol. Both sterols appeared to be bound to proteins because the bound sterols were eliminated from cytosol that had been heated at 100 degrees , and their sedimentation coefficients were altered by proteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:267943", "title": "Bacteriophage phiX174: gene A overlaps gene B.", "content": "The map position of several phiX174 mutations in the genes A and B was determined by marker rescue with DNA fragments produced by the restriction enzymes Hha I, HindII, Hae III, and Alu I. All the gene B mutants were found to be located within gene A. Genetic complementation and analysis of phage-specific protein synthesis show that, under restrictive conditions, nonsense mutants in gene A do not block the synthesis and activity of the B protein and nonsense mutants in gene B do not affect the gene A function. The map position of the COOH-terminal end of gene A was determined using an amber mutant that synthesizes slightly shortened A and A proteins. It is concluded from these experiments that gene A overlaps gene B completely (or almost completely) and that the overlap region can be translated in two ways with different reading frames: one frame for the synthesis of the A and A proteins and another for the synthesis of the B protein.", "contents": "Bacteriophage phiX174: gene A overlaps gene B. The map position of several phiX174 mutations in the genes A and B was determined by marker rescue with DNA fragments produced by the restriction enzymes Hha I, HindII, Hae III, and Alu I. All the gene B mutants were found to be located within gene A. Genetic complementation and analysis of phage-specific protein synthesis show that, under restrictive conditions, nonsense mutants in gene A do not block the synthesis and activity of the B protein and nonsense mutants in gene B do not affect the gene A function. The map position of the COOH-terminal end of gene A was determined using an amber mutant that synthesizes slightly shortened A and A proteins. It is concluded from these experiments that gene A overlaps gene B completely (or almost completely) and that the overlap region can be translated in two ways with different reading frames: one frame for the synthesis of the A and A proteins and another for the synthesis of the B protein."}
{"id": "PMID:267944", "title": "Maintenance of genetic variability under mutation and selection pressures in a finite population.", "content": "Formulas are developed for the distribution of allele frequencies and the mean and variance of heterozygosity under mutation and selection pressures. In large populations, even slight selection drastically changes the shape of the distribution of allele frequencies and reduces heterozygosity. On the other hand, the number of rare alleles in a sample is much less affected by selection. Under genic selection, heterozygosity may decrease with increasing population size. As a test statistic, the variance of heterozygosity can be used to detect the presence of selection, though it is not efficient when selection is very slight.", "contents": "Maintenance of genetic variability under mutation and selection pressures in a finite population. Formulas are developed for the distribution of allele frequencies and the mean and variance of heterozygosity under mutation and selection pressures. In large populations, even slight selection drastically changes the shape of the distribution of allele frequencies and reduces heterozygosity. On the other hand, the number of rare alleles in a sample is much less affected by selection. Under genic selection, heterozygosity may decrease with increasing population size. As a test statistic, the variance of heterozygosity can be used to detect the presence of selection, though it is not efficient when selection is very slight."}
{"id": "PMID:267945", "title": "Decay of genetic variability in geographically structured populations.", "content": "The ultimate rate and pattern of approach to equilibrium of a diploid, monoecious population subdivided into a finite number of equal, large, panmictic colonies are calculated. The analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection, and every mutant is assumed to be new to the population. It is supposed that either the time-independent backward migration pattern is symmetric in the sense that the probability that an individual at position x migrated from y equals the probability that one at y migrated from x, or it depends only on displacements and not on initial and final positions. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping. Asymptotically, the rate of convergence is approximately (I-u)2t[I-(2NT)-1]t, where u, NT, and t denote the mutation rate, total population size, and time in generations, respectively; the transient part of the probability that two homologous genes are the same allele is approximately independent of their spatial separation. Thus, in this respect the population behaves as if it were panmictic.", "contents": "Decay of genetic variability in geographically structured populations. The ultimate rate and pattern of approach to equilibrium of a diploid, monoecious population subdivided into a finite number of equal, large, panmictic colonies are calculated. The analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection, and every mutant is assumed to be new to the population. It is supposed that either the time-independent backward migration pattern is symmetric in the sense that the probability that an individual at position x migrated from y equals the probability that one at y migrated from x, or it depends only on displacements and not on initial and final positions. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping. Asymptotically, the rate of convergence is approximately (I-u)2t[I-(2NT)-1]t, where u, NT, and t denote the mutation rate, total population size, and time in generations, respectively; the transient part of the probability that two homologous genes are the same allele is approximately independent of their spatial separation. Thus, in this respect the population behaves as if it were panmictic."}
{"id": "PMID:267946", "title": "On the location of palindromes in immunoglobulin genes.", "content": "We present a statistical method for detection of palindromes in mRNA or DNA, starting from the protein sequence. Analysis of immunoglobulin genes by this method demonstrates that palindromic sequences are not randomly distributed. They are located at each side of the hypervariable regions in the variable (V) genes, whereas no such regular design is observed in the constant (C) genes. In addition, palindromic sequences overlap the V-C junction in all immunoglobulin classes and significant palindromes are present near residue 216 of the heavy chain, which is the end of deletions in many heavy chain diseases. The relevance of these palindromes to gene translocation and generation of diversity in antibodies is discussed.", "contents": "On the location of palindromes in immunoglobulin genes. We present a statistical method for detection of palindromes in mRNA or DNA, starting from the protein sequence. Analysis of immunoglobulin genes by this method demonstrates that palindromic sequences are not randomly distributed. They are located at each side of the hypervariable regions in the variable (V) genes, whereas no such regular design is observed in the constant (C) genes. In addition, palindromic sequences overlap the V-C junction in all immunoglobulin classes and significant palindromes are present near residue 216 of the heavy chain, which is the end of deletions in many heavy chain diseases. The relevance of these palindromes to gene translocation and generation of diversity in antibodies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:267947", "title": "Conversion of incomplete antibodies to direct agglutinins by mild reduction: evidence for segmental flexibility within the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Reduction of interchain disulfide bonds converted some IgG incomplete antibodies to direct hemagglutinins. This conversion occurred whether antibody was free in solution or bound to the red-cell surface. Reduced antibody permitted to reoxidize in air no longer behaved as a direct agglutinin; reversion to an incomplete antibody did not occur when reoxidation was prevented by S-alkylation. These results suggest that mild reduction of the antibody imparts sufficient freedom to permit bridging between cells and are interpreted as evidence that the interheavy-chain disulfide bonds restrict segmental flexibility within the Fc fragment of IgG.", "contents": "Conversion of incomplete antibodies to direct agglutinins by mild reduction: evidence for segmental flexibility within the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G. Reduction of interchain disulfide bonds converted some IgG incomplete antibodies to direct hemagglutinins. This conversion occurred whether antibody was free in solution or bound to the red-cell surface. Reduced antibody permitted to reoxidize in air no longer behaved as a direct agglutinin; reversion to an incomplete antibody did not occur when reoxidation was prevented by S-alkylation. These results suggest that mild reduction of the antibody imparts sufficient freedom to permit bridging between cells and are interpreted as evidence that the interheavy-chain disulfide bonds restrict segmental flexibility within the Fc fragment of IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:267948", "title": "Kinetics of cell death and disintegration in human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "In order to quantitate lymphocyte proliferative responses, we explored the role of cell death in the kinetics of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures. Unless the disintegration time (tDIS) of nonviable lymphocytes in culture is known, the rate of cell death cannot be calculated. To obtain tDIS, we determined the time interval between total and viable cell population decay after various killing events. Two subpopulations of lymphocytes were observed, the major (80%) with a mean (+/-SEM) tDIS of 16+/-2 hr and the minor (20%) with a tDIS of 45+/-7 hr. Kinetic balance sheets were constructed predicting total culture DNA content (cells plus medium), as calculated both from proliferation rates and from observed death and disintegration rates. In an experiment characterized by extensive cell death, the two tallies were well-matched when the above data were utilized. The large discrepancy between predicted and observed DNA contents of the medium indicates that the DNA of disintegrated lymphocytes is extensively degraded. We conclude that cell death explains proliferation deficits in stimulated lymphocyte cultures. Our approach to quantitation of cell death may have general applicability to kinetic studies of cultured cells.", "contents": "Kinetics of cell death and disintegration in human lymphocyte cultures. In order to quantitate lymphocyte proliferative responses, we explored the role of cell death in the kinetics of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures. Unless the disintegration time (tDIS) of nonviable lymphocytes in culture is known, the rate of cell death cannot be calculated. To obtain tDIS, we determined the time interval between total and viable cell population decay after various killing events. Two subpopulations of lymphocytes were observed, the major (80%) with a mean (+/-SEM) tDIS of 16+/-2 hr and the minor (20%) with a tDIS of 45+/-7 hr. Kinetic balance sheets were constructed predicting total culture DNA content (cells plus medium), as calculated both from proliferation rates and from observed death and disintegration rates. In an experiment characterized by extensive cell death, the two tallies were well-matched when the above data were utilized. The large discrepancy between predicted and observed DNA contents of the medium indicates that the DNA of disintegrated lymphocytes is extensively degraded. We conclude that cell death explains proliferation deficits in stimulated lymphocyte cultures. Our approach to quantitation of cell death may have general applicability to kinetic studies of cultured cells."}
{"id": "PMID:267949", "title": "Ligands and oxidants in ferrihemochrome formation and oxidative hemolysis.", "content": "We have investigated the effect of size of a single neutral ring substituent on the induction of hemolytic anemia and the formation of a ferrihemochrome by substituted phenylhydrazines. The severity of induced anemia decreased with increase in size of a halogen atom or an alkyl group ortho to the hydrazino group, little anemia resulting from 2-iodophenylhydrazine and no anemia from 2-tert-butylphenylhydrazine. The size of a halogen atom or an alkyl group at the meta or para position had relatively little effect on the severity of induced anemia. The ability of an arylhydrazine to induce hemolytic anemia paralleled its ability to produce a ferrihemochrome with an exogenous ligand, probably the corresponding aryldiazene. In general, rapid and complete formation of ferrihemochrome occurred with arylhydrazines that induced severe anemia. The degree of hemolysis induced by an arylhydrazine was not related to its rate of autooxidation, i.e., the rate at which oxidants are formed by the reduction of oxygen. We propose a mechanism of arylhydrazine-induced oxidative denaturation based on the simultaneous formation of hydroxyl radical and aryldiazene ferrihemochrome in a reaction of oxyhemoglobin with arylhydrazine. We suggest that after oxidation of the porphyrin ring is initiated by a hydroxyl radical, oxidative cleavage of the ring is facilitated by the presence of a large ligand in the heme crevice. Thus, aryldiazene ferrihemochrome may contribute to instability in a hemoglobin molecule, whereas globin ferrihemochrome results from instability.", "contents": "Ligands and oxidants in ferrihemochrome formation and oxidative hemolysis. We have investigated the effect of size of a single neutral ring substituent on the induction of hemolytic anemia and the formation of a ferrihemochrome by substituted phenylhydrazines. The severity of induced anemia decreased with increase in size of a halogen atom or an alkyl group ortho to the hydrazino group, little anemia resulting from 2-iodophenylhydrazine and no anemia from 2-tert-butylphenylhydrazine. The size of a halogen atom or an alkyl group at the meta or para position had relatively little effect on the severity of induced anemia. The ability of an arylhydrazine to induce hemolytic anemia paralleled its ability to produce a ferrihemochrome with an exogenous ligand, probably the corresponding aryldiazene. In general, rapid and complete formation of ferrihemochrome occurred with arylhydrazines that induced severe anemia. The degree of hemolysis induced by an arylhydrazine was not related to its rate of autooxidation, i.e., the rate at which oxidants are formed by the reduction of oxygen. We propose a mechanism of arylhydrazine-induced oxidative denaturation based on the simultaneous formation of hydroxyl radical and aryldiazene ferrihemochrome in a reaction of oxyhemoglobin with arylhydrazine. We suggest that after oxidation of the porphyrin ring is initiated by a hydroxyl radical, oxidative cleavage of the ring is facilitated by the presence of a large ligand in the heme crevice. Thus, aryldiazene ferrihemochrome may contribute to instability in a hemoglobin molecule, whereas globin ferrihemochrome results from instability."}
{"id": "PMID:267950", "title": "Sex differences in response to hepatitis B infection among patients receiving chronic dialysis treatment.", "content": "Patients undergoing treatment at a community-based renal dialysis clinic were monitored monthly for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). Of 160 patients who began treatment HBsAg(-)/anti-HBs(-), 77 subsequently became HBsAg(+). Once HBsAg(+), males were more likely to remain HBsAg(+) indefinitely, whereas females were more likely to convert to HBsAg(-) and develop anti-HBs. This was not due to a sex difference in exposure to hepatitis B virus because only patients who became infected while undergoing treatment were included in the analysis. These data are clear evidence of a sex difference in response to hepatitis B virus, which may partially explain the greater incidence of several chronic liver diseases, including primary hepatocellular carcinoma, in males.", "contents": "Sex differences in response to hepatitis B infection among patients receiving chronic dialysis treatment. Patients undergoing treatment at a community-based renal dialysis clinic were monitored monthly for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). Of 160 patients who began treatment HBsAg(-)/anti-HBs(-), 77 subsequently became HBsAg(+). Once HBsAg(+), males were more likely to remain HBsAg(+) indefinitely, whereas females were more likely to convert to HBsAg(-) and develop anti-HBs. This was not due to a sex difference in exposure to hepatitis B virus because only patients who became infected while undergoing treatment were included in the analysis. These data are clear evidence of a sex difference in response to hepatitis B virus, which may partially explain the greater incidence of several chronic liver diseases, including primary hepatocellular carcinoma, in males."}
{"id": "PMID:267951", "title": "Neuronal actions of endorphins and enkephalins among brain regions: a comparative microiontophoretic study.", "content": "The brain peptides alpha- and beta-endorphin, leucine- and methionine-enkephalin, as well as the opiate normorphine, have been evaluated by microiontophoresis for their effects on neuronal activity in several regions of the rat brain. In cerebral cortex, brainstem, caudate nucleus, and thalamus, most responsive cells were inhibited by the peptides and by normorphine, while in hippocampus all responsive cells were excited. Both inhibitory and excitatory responses were blocked by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. Occurrence of responsive cells encountered in a particular region was loosely correlated with density of stereospecific opiate binding sites as reported by others. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the endorphins and enkephalins may represent a new class of central neurotransmitters; among other functions, these peptides may play a role in the regulation of behavior and the expression of psychopharmacological agents such as the opiate alkaloids.", "contents": "Neuronal actions of endorphins and enkephalins among brain regions: a comparative microiontophoretic study. The brain peptides alpha- and beta-endorphin, leucine- and methionine-enkephalin, as well as the opiate normorphine, have been evaluated by microiontophoresis for their effects on neuronal activity in several regions of the rat brain. In cerebral cortex, brainstem, caudate nucleus, and thalamus, most responsive cells were inhibited by the peptides and by normorphine, while in hippocampus all responsive cells were excited. Both inhibitory and excitatory responses were blocked by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. Occurrence of responsive cells encountered in a particular region was loosely correlated with density of stereospecific opiate binding sites as reported by others. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the endorphins and enkephalins may represent a new class of central neurotransmitters; among other functions, these peptides may play a role in the regulation of behavior and the expression of psychopharmacological agents such as the opiate alkaloids."}
{"id": "PMID:267952", "title": "Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism of freezing resistance in polar fishes.", "content": "Polar fishes are known to have serum proteins and glycoproteins that protect them from freezing, by a noncolligative process. Measurements of antifreeze concentrations in ice and scanning electron micrographs of freeze-dried antifreeze solutions indicate that the antifreezes are incorporated in ice during freezing. The antifreezes also have a pronounced effect on the crystal habit of ice grown in their presence. Each of four antifreezes investigated caused ice to grow in long needles whose axes were parallel to the ice c axis. Together these results indicate the antifreezes adsorb to ice surfaces and inhibit their growth. A model in which adsorbed antifreezes raise the curvature of growth steps on the ice surface is proposed to account for the observed depression of the temperature at which freezing occurs and agrees well with experimental observations. The model is similar to one previously proposed for other cases of crystal growth inhibition.", "contents": "Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism of freezing resistance in polar fishes. Polar fishes are known to have serum proteins and glycoproteins that protect them from freezing, by a noncolligative process. Measurements of antifreeze concentrations in ice and scanning electron micrographs of freeze-dried antifreeze solutions indicate that the antifreezes are incorporated in ice during freezing. The antifreezes also have a pronounced effect on the crystal habit of ice grown in their presence. Each of four antifreezes investigated caused ice to grow in long needles whose axes were parallel to the ice c axis. Together these results indicate the antifreezes adsorb to ice surfaces and inhibit their growth. A model in which adsorbed antifreezes raise the curvature of growth steps on the ice surface is proposed to account for the observed depression of the temperature at which freezing occurs and agrees well with experimental observations. The model is similar to one previously proposed for other cases of crystal growth inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:267956", "title": "Radionuclide bone scanning in diseases of the spine.", "content": "Radionuclide bone scans provide a sensitive, no-risk diagnostic technique for the detection and evaluation of a wide variety of diseases of the spine. Scans and radiographs provide complementary diagnostic information, and should both be considered in the medical imaging portion of the diagnostic plan.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone scanning in diseases of the spine. Radionuclide bone scans provide a sensitive, no-risk diagnostic technique for the detection and evaluation of a wide variety of diseases of the spine. Scans and radiographs provide complementary diagnostic information, and should both be considered in the medical imaging portion of the diagnostic plan."}
{"id": "PMID:268006", "title": "[Recurrence factors in the surgical treatment of prognathism of the mandible].", "content": "With regard to recurrences following surgery for prognathia of the mandible, the authors draw the distinction between immediate and secondary recurrences caused by errors in surgical indication or technique. They then review late recurrences, which they classify as being alveolar, basal or by forward sliding. They then study the role played in recurrences by growth of the condyle, neuromuscular balance and the hyoid suspensor system. Finally they stress the action of the tongue and the age factor (over 17 years being, in their view, desirable).", "contents": "[Recurrence factors in the surgical treatment of prognathism of the mandible]. With regard to recurrences following surgery for prognathia of the mandible, the authors draw the distinction between immediate and secondary recurrences caused by errors in surgical indication or technique. They then review late recurrences, which they classify as being alveolar, basal or by forward sliding. They then study the role played in recurrences by growth of the condyle, neuromuscular balance and the hyoid suspensor system. Finally they stress the action of the tongue and the age factor (over 17 years being, in their view, desirable)."}
{"id": "PMID:268007", "title": "[Resection of the mandibular angles in the treatment of prognathism].", "content": "The technique involves transposition at the site of the angle of resection via an intrabuccal approach of the horizontal ramus at its various stages. The technique is dependable and is indicated whenever correction of the malformation requires mass displacement of the dental arcade. It is preferable to sagittal split of the ascending ramus since it is more precise and less dangerous as far as the neurovascular bundle is concerned.", "contents": "[Resection of the mandibular angles in the treatment of prognathism]. The technique involves transposition at the site of the angle of resection via an intrabuccal approach of the horizontal ramus at its various stages. The technique is dependable and is indicated whenever correction of the malformation requires mass displacement of the dental arcade. It is preferable to sagittal split of the ascending ramus since it is more precise and less dangerous as far as the neurovascular bundle is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:268008", "title": "[Secondary sliding of the mandible after sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus].", "content": "Thus in the area of prognathism, modifications would seem to develop during the first three months after deblocking:-true recurrences are rare and would appear to be avoidable by careful technique;-secondary sliding shoud not be the source of too much anxiety, being the result of spontaneous attempts at equilibrium and are of little aesthetic consequence. Our statistics indicate that sagittal osteotomy of the ascending rami gives 82% good results. This would agree with statistics generally found in the literature.", "contents": "[Secondary sliding of the mandible after sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus]. Thus in the area of prognathism, modifications would seem to develop during the first three months after deblocking:-true recurrences are rare and would appear to be avoidable by careful technique;-secondary sliding shoud not be the source of too much anxiety, being the result of spontaneous attempts at equilibrium and are of little aesthetic consequence. Our statistics indicate that sagittal osteotomy of the ascending rami gives 82% good results. This would agree with statistics generally found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:268009", "title": "[Recurrence of mandibular prognathism caused by disorders of cervical stasis].", "content": "Cranio-facial morphogenesis and (in particular) maxillo-mandibular relations are linked with cervico-cephalic stasic. In cases of mandibular prognathia in the presence of cervical lordosis, treatment should thus take this special feature into account and seek for preference anterior maxillo-mandibular adaptation (associated when necessary with partial glossectomy), rather than the correction of skeletal abnormalities linked to a problem of position which cannot be influenced. At a time when the most highly qualified American orthodontists accept the possibility of altering basic bone features and recommend the replacement of the term orthodontics by more suitable expression dento-facial orthopaedics (10), attention must also be paid to the possibilities of true cervico-cephalic orthopaedics (in the context of general orthopaedics (17, 18, 19, 20)).", "contents": "[Recurrence of mandibular prognathism caused by disorders of cervical stasis]. Cranio-facial morphogenesis and (in particular) maxillo-mandibular relations are linked with cervico-cephalic stasic. In cases of mandibular prognathia in the presence of cervical lordosis, treatment should thus take this special feature into account and seek for preference anterior maxillo-mandibular adaptation (associated when necessary with partial glossectomy), rather than the correction of skeletal abnormalities linked to a problem of position which cannot be influenced. At a time when the most highly qualified American orthodontists accept the possibility of altering basic bone features and recommend the replacement of the term orthodontics by more suitable expression dento-facial orthopaedics (10), attention must also be paid to the possibilities of true cervico-cephalic orthopaedics (in the context of general orthopaedics (17, 18, 19, 20))."}
{"id": "PMID:268010", "title": "[Prevention of recurrence after sagittal cleaving of the ascending ramus].", "content": "The authors describe the preparatory conditions for osteotomy, the peroperative ancillary techniques which, in their opinion, make it possible to reduce considerably the number of recurrences. The latter are to be feared if corrective technique consists only of osteotomy procedure.", "contents": "[Prevention of recurrence after sagittal cleaving of the ascending ramus]. The authors describe the preparatory conditions for osteotomy, the peroperative ancillary techniques which, in their opinion, make it possible to reduce considerably the number of recurrences. The latter are to be feared if corrective technique consists only of osteotomy procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:268011", "title": "[Salivary calcinosis and the immunologic context].", "content": "On the strength of three new cases, it is suggested that the term \"calcifying parotiditis\" must be replaced by \"salivary calcinosis\". This suggestion is based on clinical and pathological grounds. An analysis of 11 cases of salivary calcinosis encountered in the last eight years points to clinical analogies between this condition and Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren's disease as well as to the fairly frequent involvement of the immune system in the calcinoses.", "contents": "[Salivary calcinosis and the immunologic context]. On the strength of three new cases, it is suggested that the term \"calcifying parotiditis\" must be replaced by \"salivary calcinosis\". This suggestion is based on clinical and pathological grounds. An analysis of 11 cases of salivary calcinosis encountered in the last eight years points to clinical analogies between this condition and Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren's disease as well as to the fairly frequent involvement of the immune system in the calcinoses."}
{"id": "PMID:268012", "title": "[Experimental study of Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren disease in mice. Initial results].", "content": "The mouse was selected to provide an experimental model for Sj\u00f6gren's disease. A comparative study was made between the normal mouse (C 57 Bl 6) and the spontaneously auto-immune mouse (NZB) from an immunological and scintigraphic standpoint. The first immunological results involve study of the effects of sub-mandibulectomy on the thymus of the C 57 Bl 6 mouse. The are of little significance. First scintigraphic results show marked differences from the point of view of the uptake and excretion of Technetium 99 between normal old mice (17 months) (C 57 Bl 6) and those with spontaneous auto-immune behavior. Dynamic graphs of the uptake and excretion of Technetium 99 in the latter are closely similar to those found in mice after sub-mandibulectomy.", "contents": "[Experimental study of Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren disease in mice. Initial results]. The mouse was selected to provide an experimental model for Sj\u00f6gren's disease. A comparative study was made between the normal mouse (C 57 Bl 6) and the spontaneously auto-immune mouse (NZB) from an immunological and scintigraphic standpoint. The first immunological results involve study of the effects of sub-mandibulectomy on the thymus of the C 57 Bl 6 mouse. The are of little significance. First scintigraphic results show marked differences from the point of view of the uptake and excretion of Technetium 99 between normal old mice (17 months) (C 57 Bl 6) and those with spontaneous auto-immune behavior. Dynamic graphs of the uptake and excretion of Technetium 99 in the latter are closely similar to those found in mice after sub-mandibulectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:268023", "title": "Cytochemical demonstration of dihydrofolate reductase in leukaemia and other haematological diseases.", "content": "The dihydrofolate reductase activity has been studied cytochemically in various haematological diseases. The variation between normal controls, Hodgkin's disease, myeloma, polycythaemia vera, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukamia was not significant, comparing the same type of cells. In acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the blast cells were weakly positive or negative. This finding is very interesting as the blast cells are capable of division. Probably the dihydrofolate reductase appears in the blast cells in some stage of mitosis. Lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin showed increased enzyme activity compared with normal non-stimulated lymphocytes. The \"blast like\" cells were more strongly positive than the blast cells of leukaemic patients. The patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or acute myeloid leukaemia treated with methotrexate showed increased dihydrofolate reductase activity cytochemically.", "contents": "Cytochemical demonstration of dihydrofolate reductase in leukaemia and other haematological diseases. The dihydrofolate reductase activity has been studied cytochemically in various haematological diseases. The variation between normal controls, Hodgkin's disease, myeloma, polycythaemia vera, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukamia was not significant, comparing the same type of cells. In acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the blast cells were weakly positive or negative. This finding is very interesting as the blast cells are capable of division. Probably the dihydrofolate reductase appears in the blast cells in some stage of mitosis. Lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin showed increased enzyme activity compared with normal non-stimulated lymphocytes. The \"blast like\" cells were more strongly positive than the blast cells of leukaemic patients. The patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or acute myeloid leukaemia treated with methotrexate showed increased dihydrofolate reductase activity cytochemically."}
{"id": "PMID:268024", "title": "[Bone destructive foci as precursors of the blastic crisis in chronic myelocytic leukemia].", "content": "Shortly after diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 38-year-old woman, an osteolytic lesion was found in the right femur. Cytology showed this to be a destructive process caused by polymorphic myeloblast. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems of this case are discussed in the light of the very rare literature references.", "contents": "[Bone destructive foci as precursors of the blastic crisis in chronic myelocytic leukemia]. Shortly after diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 38-year-old woman, an osteolytic lesion was found in the right femur. Cytology showed this to be a destructive process caused by polymorphic myeloblast. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems of this case are discussed in the light of the very rare literature references."}
{"id": "PMID:268025", "title": "[Value and limitations of radiography in dental implantology].", "content": "Numerous studies have been done on the subject of the biological, histological and clinical reactions concerned with the insertion of dental implants. The method and techniques used by various authors, based on various parameters, are hardly comparable. Also the estimated criterious of the results obtained are often influenced by a tendency to a personal interpretation varying considerably from one author to another. It is thus difficult to compare the results of studies, where the observation protocols have nothing in common with them, especially where X-ray examination is concerned. The papers which place the emphasis on the X-ray exams of the dental implantology, being few and unalike, it seemed interesting to put into evidence the X-ray indications, to state exactly the techniques and particularly to show the limits that concern the diagnosis, the pre- and postoperative control and the assessment of the clinical success. This work tries to lay down some guide lines may be of use to the practitioner.", "contents": "[Value and limitations of radiography in dental implantology]. Numerous studies have been done on the subject of the biological, histological and clinical reactions concerned with the insertion of dental implants. The method and techniques used by various authors, based on various parameters, are hardly comparable. Also the estimated criterious of the results obtained are often influenced by a tendency to a personal interpretation varying considerably from one author to another. It is thus difficult to compare the results of studies, where the observation protocols have nothing in common with them, especially where X-ray examination is concerned. The papers which place the emphasis on the X-ray exams of the dental implantology, being few and unalike, it seemed interesting to put into evidence the X-ray indications, to state exactly the techniques and particularly to show the limits that concern the diagnosis, the pre- and postoperative control and the assessment of the clinical success. This work tries to lay down some guide lines may be of use to the practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:268026", "title": "[Preprosthetic straightening of tilted lower molars with reference to the condition of the periodontium].", "content": "30 mesially tipped lower molars in 18 patients have been uprighted previous to prosthetic treatment. The uprighting was performed using arch wires, box loops and uprighting springs. The plaque and gingival conditions as well as the pocket depths and levels of periodontal attachment were assessed at the start of the treatment, after a successfully completed hygienic phase and after the uprighting of the tipped molars. Following the successful completion of the hygienic phase a significant pocket reduction was seen on all surfaces of the teeth besides a highly significant reduction of plaque and gingival index scores. As a result of the orthodontic uprighting, a further significant reduction in pocket depth, associated with a gain of periodontal attachment, was found on the mesial and lingual aspects of the molars. The results indicate that the uprighting of lower tipped molars prior to prosthetic treatment is a simple and predictable procedure to positively influence the prognosis of the teeth involved.", "contents": "[Preprosthetic straightening of tilted lower molars with reference to the condition of the periodontium]. 30 mesially tipped lower molars in 18 patients have been uprighted previous to prosthetic treatment. The uprighting was performed using arch wires, box loops and uprighting springs. The plaque and gingival conditions as well as the pocket depths and levels of periodontal attachment were assessed at the start of the treatment, after a successfully completed hygienic phase and after the uprighting of the tipped molars. Following the successful completion of the hygienic phase a significant pocket reduction was seen on all surfaces of the teeth besides a highly significant reduction of plaque and gingival index scores. As a result of the orthodontic uprighting, a further significant reduction in pocket depth, associated with a gain of periodontal attachment, was found on the mesial and lingual aspects of the molars. The results indicate that the uprighting of lower tipped molars prior to prosthetic treatment is a simple and predictable procedure to positively influence the prognosis of the teeth involved."}
{"id": "PMID:268027", "title": "[Mercury vapors in dental practice].", "content": "Mercury as a hazard to health for dental office personnel and patients has been discussed for a long time. With the efforts of ecology in this country it was necessary to examine the situation again. 32 dental offices of a Swiss town of 90000 inhabitants were examined regarding their air contamination with mercury. A relationship was determined between dosage, working method, cleaning methods and texture of office floors. The results were not alarming. If specific rules are observed, mercury is no hazard for either dental personnel or patient.", "contents": "[Mercury vapors in dental practice]. Mercury as a hazard to health for dental office personnel and patients has been discussed for a long time. With the efforts of ecology in this country it was necessary to examine the situation again. 32 dental offices of a Swiss town of 90000 inhabitants were examined regarding their air contamination with mercury. A relationship was determined between dosage, working method, cleaning methods and texture of office floors. The results were not alarming. If specific rules are observed, mercury is no hazard for either dental personnel or patient."}
{"id": "PMID:268029", "title": "[Long-term results in regularly treated and untreated periodontitis patients].", "content": "37 patients who were treated 6-21 years ago at the institute, were recalled. The examination revealed that these patients must continue regular dental check-ups and home-care to maintain oral health and retention of the dental apparatus. It is the responsibility of the dentist to put his patients on a regular \"recall\" system after treatment. Depending on the severity of the case, the control intervals should be from 4-12 months apart. Oral hygiene, pocket depth, function and the hard tissues must be inspected and corrective treatment done where necessary. One time periodontal treatment is of questionable value over a long-time span. Only with regular supervision the dental structures can be retained.", "contents": "[Long-term results in regularly treated and untreated periodontitis patients]. 37 patients who were treated 6-21 years ago at the institute, were recalled. The examination revealed that these patients must continue regular dental check-ups and home-care to maintain oral health and retention of the dental apparatus. It is the responsibility of the dentist to put his patients on a regular \"recall\" system after treatment. Depending on the severity of the case, the control intervals should be from 4-12 months apart. Oral hygiene, pocket depth, function and the hard tissues must be inspected and corrective treatment done where necessary. One time periodontal treatment is of questionable value over a long-time span. Only with regular supervision the dental structures can be retained."}
{"id": "PMID:268030", "title": "Phi bodies: peroxidatic particles that produce crystalloidal cellular inclusions.", "content": "Unique, spindle-shaped particles (phi bodies) and rods with peroxidatic activity are found in certain epithelial cells of normal mice, clofibrate-fed rats, and in leukemic leukocytes. The ellipsoidal shape of phi bodies apparently results from the deformation of spherical granules by extrusion of axial crystalloid that subsequently fragments into rods.", "contents": "Phi bodies: peroxidatic particles that produce crystalloidal cellular inclusions. Unique, spindle-shaped particles (phi bodies) and rods with peroxidatic activity are found in certain epithelial cells of normal mice, clofibrate-fed rats, and in leukemic leukocytes. The ellipsoidal shape of phi bodies apparently results from the deformation of spherical granules by extrusion of axial crystalloid that subsequently fragments into rods."}
{"id": "PMID:268067", "title": "[Bacteriological control of surgical hand disinfection by means of selected agents].", "content": "Three techniques of surgical hand disinfection (use of Fesia-cito, utilization of a Wofasteril-alcohol-water mixture and a modified F\u00fcrbringer-Ahlfeld method) were verified with regard to the reduction in the bacterial count of the non-infected day-hand. The Wofasteril-alcohol-water mixture caused a 99.8% reduction in the bacterial count on the right hand, and a 99.9% reduction on the left hand. The data obtained with Fesia-cito were 80.2% and 66.6% respectively. With the modified F\u00fcrbringer-Ahlfeld method the reduction in the bacterial count was 96.9% and 98.6% respectively. The authors emphasize the claim for the principle of non-infection in the field of maxillofacial surgery and recommended to exercise reserve in regard to the routine use of Fesia-cito for surgical hand disinfection.", "contents": "[Bacteriological control of surgical hand disinfection by means of selected agents]. Three techniques of surgical hand disinfection (use of Fesia-cito, utilization of a Wofasteril-alcohol-water mixture and a modified F\u00fcrbringer-Ahlfeld method) were verified with regard to the reduction in the bacterial count of the non-infected day-hand. The Wofasteril-alcohol-water mixture caused a 99.8% reduction in the bacterial count on the right hand, and a 99.9% reduction on the left hand. The data obtained with Fesia-cito were 80.2% and 66.6% respectively. With the modified F\u00fcrbringer-Ahlfeld method the reduction in the bacterial count was 96.9% and 98.6% respectively. The authors emphasize the claim for the principle of non-infection in the field of maxillofacial surgery and recommended to exercise reserve in regard to the routine use of Fesia-cito for surgical hand disinfection."}
{"id": "PMID:268068", "title": "[Classification of periodontologically indicated vestibuloplasties].", "content": "The present paper deals with periodontologically indicated vestibule deepenings. For the first time, a grouping of the vestibule deepenings has been elaborated that comprises all fundamental possibilities of plastic-surgical intervention. This grouping gives a survey and a classification of the different methods of operation (in part designated by the names of the respective authors) and permits to trace back many methods to a fundamental principle whereby the number of seemingly different techniques of operation is reduced.", "contents": "[Classification of periodontologically indicated vestibuloplasties]. The present paper deals with periodontologically indicated vestibule deepenings. For the first time, a grouping of the vestibule deepenings has been elaborated that comprises all fundamental possibilities of plastic-surgical intervention. This grouping gives a survey and a classification of the different methods of operation (in part designated by the names of the respective authors) and permits to trace back many methods to a fundamental principle whereby the number of seemingly different techniques of operation is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:268069", "title": "[Surgical closure of cleft palate and its immediate effect on the maxillary development].", "content": "During the service life of the primary dentition, the direct effects of surgical closure of the palate on the size of the maxilla are unimportant for all types of clefts. Narrowings of more than 1 mm occurred only in the posterior region of the dental arch. Narrowings in the anterior region of the dental arch were observed to a small extent in patients with unilateral and bilateral clefts. There was no difference in the changes of the upper dental arch between one-stage and two-stage closures of the palate.", "contents": "[Surgical closure of cleft palate and its immediate effect on the maxillary development]. During the service life of the primary dentition, the direct effects of surgical closure of the palate on the size of the maxilla are unimportant for all types of clefts. Narrowings of more than 1 mm occurred only in the posterior region of the dental arch. Narrowings in the anterior region of the dental arch were observed to a small extent in patients with unilateral and bilateral clefts. There was no difference in the changes of the upper dental arch between one-stage and two-stage closures of the palate."}
{"id": "PMID:268070", "title": "[Secondary retention of a permanent tooth].", "content": "The authors report of a case of secondary retention of a lower first molar. It turned out to be a true \"re-inclusion\" of the tooth without involvement of the antrum. The radiograph of a central metal filling performed 10 years ago also suggests a retrograde movement of this teeth and its re-inclusion in the mandible.", "contents": "[Secondary retention of a permanent tooth]. The authors report of a case of secondary retention of a lower first molar. It turned out to be a true \"re-inclusion\" of the tooth without involvement of the antrum. The radiograph of a central metal filling performed 10 years ago also suggests a retrograde movement of this teeth and its re-inclusion in the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:268071", "title": "[Experiences with aluminum matrices of anterior teeth with a clamping device--a contribution to the planning of front tooth fillings].", "content": "Starting from the description of an innovator's suggestion (registration number: 172097), the author deals with the use of suitable anterior matrixes made of aluminium foil. Practical experience and clinical results with the filling material Frontasil recommend the technique described for wide use.", "contents": "[Experiences with aluminum matrices of anterior teeth with a clamping device--a contribution to the planning of front tooth fillings]. Starting from the description of an innovator's suggestion (registration number: 172097), the author deals with the use of suitable anterior matrixes made of aluminium foil. Practical experience and clinical results with the filling material Frontasil recommend the technique described for wide use."}
{"id": "PMID:268072", "title": "[Individual instruction for proper dental and oral hygiene and patients' reaction].", "content": "The authors examined the oral hygiene conditions in patients who had been instructed in adequate dental and oral hygiene 3 years ago. It was stated that a single individual instruction without subsequent control is not sufficient to realize plaque-free dentitions. The mean OHI of the patients under consideration was 4.7.", "contents": "[Individual instruction for proper dental and oral hygiene and patients' reaction]. The authors examined the oral hygiene conditions in patients who had been instructed in adequate dental and oral hygiene 3 years ago. It was stated that a single individual instruction without subsequent control is not sufficient to realize plaque-free dentitions. The mean OHI of the patients under consideration was 4.7."}
{"id": "PMID:268074", "title": "Loa-loa microfilaremia in the Nigerian population.", "content": "In about half of 1026 Nigerians infected with Loa loa, the microfilaria levels were low, less than 8% had more than 1000 microfilariae in 50 cumm blood. The length range of 445 microfilariae obtained from 39 infected people was 156.8 to 308.7 micron with a mean of 236.4 micron, or microgram; smaller than in the Kumba strain of Cameroon. The persistence of a rather high number of microfilariae in the peripheral blood of four patients till 22 hours was discussed in relation to the importance of Mansonia africana mosquitoes as a vector of Loa loa.", "contents": "Loa-loa microfilaremia in the Nigerian population. In about half of 1026 Nigerians infected with Loa loa, the microfilaria levels were low, less than 8% had more than 1000 microfilariae in 50 cumm blood. The length range of 445 microfilariae obtained from 39 infected people was 156.8 to 308.7 micron with a mean of 236.4 micron, or microgram; smaller than in the Kumba strain of Cameroon. The persistence of a rather high number of microfilariae in the peripheral blood of four patients till 22 hours was discussed in relation to the importance of Mansonia africana mosquitoes as a vector of Loa loa."}
{"id": "PMID:268078", "title": "[Immunologic reactivity of patients with acute leukemia].", "content": "In sera of patients with acute leucosis the authors have determined antibodies to alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, the complement, lysosyme. B-lysins and C-reactive protein. It was found that the indices of immune reactivity in patients with acute leucosis are dependent on a morphological variant of the disease, the duration of the conducted therapy and presence of complications. The most high immunity indices in patients with acute leucosis were observed in a primary active stage of the disease and during the period of remission. Considerable reduction of the immunity was noted in the terminal stage of the disease.", "contents": "[Immunologic reactivity of patients with acute leukemia]. In sera of patients with acute leucosis the authors have determined antibodies to alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, the complement, lysosyme. B-lysins and C-reactive protein. It was found that the indices of immune reactivity in patients with acute leucosis are dependent on a morphological variant of the disease, the duration of the conducted therapy and presence of complications. The most high immunity indices in patients with acute leucosis were observed in a primary active stage of the disease and during the period of remission. Considerable reduction of the immunity was noted in the terminal stage of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:268082", "title": "[Distinct hypokalemia in leukotic infiltrates of the kidney].", "content": "Report on a 74-year-old female patient falling ill from a chronic myelosis. Due to leukotic infiltrates of the kidneys renal loss of potassium and extreme hypopotassaemia appeared. On the basis of the present literature clinical symptomatology and morphological finding are discussed.", "contents": "[Distinct hypokalemia in leukotic infiltrates of the kidney]. Report on a 74-year-old female patient falling ill from a chronic myelosis. Due to leukotic infiltrates of the kidneys renal loss of potassium and extreme hypopotassaemia appeared. On the basis of the present literature clinical symptomatology and morphological finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268083", "title": "[Eosinophilic infiltration in chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "Specific infiltrations in myelogenous leukemia are rare and occur mostly in the course of an acute blast crisis often representing the terminal phase of the disease. A 50 year-old female patient is described who developed specific cutaneous lesions during such a blast crisis. The infiltrates consisted to a major part of eosinophilic myelocytes although the peripheral blood smear showed only relatively few mature eosinophils.", "contents": "[Eosinophilic infiltration in chronic myeloid leukemia]. Specific infiltrations in myelogenous leukemia are rare and occur mostly in the course of an acute blast crisis often representing the terminal phase of the disease. A 50 year-old female patient is described who developed specific cutaneous lesions during such a blast crisis. The infiltrates consisted to a major part of eosinophilic myelocytes although the peripheral blood smear showed only relatively few mature eosinophils."}
{"id": "PMID:268116", "title": "Epithelial repair and regeneration in the uterine cervix. I. An analysis of the cells.", "content": "Cell studies from 1,376 patients with abnormal cells derived from so-called tissue repair or regeneration comprised the basis for this study. Planimetric measurements were performed on camera lucida tractings of 1,573 atypical reparative cells (ARC). A total of 3,377 ARC were anlyzed with respect to cytoplasmic and nuclear features. On the basis of these analyses, ARC were subclassified into three types. In most instances, the morphologic type corresponded with the cervical epithelium of origin. The differential morphologic features of ARC were compared with the morphologic features of endocervidal adenocarcinoma and large cell nonkeratininzing squamous cell carcinoma. The biologic potential and clinical significance of ARC is to be the subject of a subsequent report.", "contents": "Epithelial repair and regeneration in the uterine cervix. I. An analysis of the cells. Cell studies from 1,376 patients with abnormal cells derived from so-called tissue repair or regeneration comprised the basis for this study. Planimetric measurements were performed on camera lucida tractings of 1,573 atypical reparative cells (ARC). A total of 3,377 ARC were anlyzed with respect to cytoplasmic and nuclear features. On the basis of these analyses, ARC were subclassified into three types. In most instances, the morphologic type corresponded with the cervical epithelium of origin. The differential morphologic features of ARC were compared with the morphologic features of endocervidal adenocarcinoma and large cell nonkeratininzing squamous cell carcinoma. The biologic potential and clinical significance of ARC is to be the subject of a subsequent report."}
{"id": "PMID:268119", "title": "Direct-vision endoscopic cytology and biopsy in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric tumors: current experience.", "content": "In a series of 183 patients with proven cancers of the esophagus and stomach, endoscopic cytology was positive in 155 or 84.7 per cent. Endoscopic biopsy in 173 of these patients was positive in 137 or 79 per cent. At least one of the techiques was positive in 164 patients or 94.8 per cent. These results emphasize the overall accuracy of endoscopic cytology and biopsy and their complementary value in detection of malignancy. Meticulous care in technique is stressed for achievement of such accuracy rates.", "contents": "Direct-vision endoscopic cytology and biopsy in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric tumors: current experience. In a series of 183 patients with proven cancers of the esophagus and stomach, endoscopic cytology was positive in 155 or 84.7 per cent. Endoscopic biopsy in 173 of these patients was positive in 137 or 79 per cent. At least one of the techiques was positive in 164 patients or 94.8 per cent. These results emphasize the overall accuracy of endoscopic cytology and biopsy and their complementary value in detection of malignancy. Meticulous care in technique is stressed for achievement of such accuracy rates."}
{"id": "PMID:268121", "title": "On the interpretation of atypical cells in pleural and peritoneal effusion.", "content": "A histochemical method demonstrating the cellular amount of non-specific esterase is applied in the cytologic examination of pleural and peritoneal effusions concerning the recognition of malignant cells. Because of the presence of both false positive and false negative results it is concluded that the method is not conclusive of the benign or the malignant nature of the atypical cells found, but the method may be of value in certain cases.", "contents": "On the interpretation of atypical cells in pleural and peritoneal effusion. A histochemical method demonstrating the cellular amount of non-specific esterase is applied in the cytologic examination of pleural and peritoneal effusions concerning the recognition of malignant cells. Because of the presence of both false positive and false negative results it is concluded that the method is not conclusive of the benign or the malignant nature of the atypical cells found, but the method may be of value in certain cases."}
{"id": "PMID:268118", "title": "Sputum cytology in pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sputum cytology in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis has been investigated. All cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis with roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and scarring have revealed diagnostically significant cytologic features in their pulmonary material. These include multinucleated epitheloid giant cells, epithelioid cells and lymphoid mononuclear cells in an otherwise noninflammatory, clean specimen. The characteristic cells occur in streaks, either singly or as syncytium. They are dark, cyanophilic with little phagocytic activity. Schaumann and asteroid bodies may be present. Cytologic examination of induced sputum specimens in asymptomatic patients of suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis with interstitial involvement can help in diagnosis and management of these cases.", "contents": "Sputum cytology in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sputum cytology in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis has been investigated. All cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis with roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and scarring have revealed diagnostically significant cytologic features in their pulmonary material. These include multinucleated epitheloid giant cells, epithelioid cells and lymphoid mononuclear cells in an otherwise noninflammatory, clean specimen. The characteristic cells occur in streaks, either singly or as syncytium. They are dark, cyanophilic with little phagocytic activity. Schaumann and asteroid bodies may be present. Cytologic examination of induced sputum specimens in asymptomatic patients of suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis with interstitial involvement can help in diagnosis and management of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:268122", "title": "Prostatic duct carcinoma: exfoliative cytology.", "content": "The cytologic findings in voided urine specimens from prostatic duct carcinoma are presented. Neoplastic cells from these unusual tumors were identified as well as the occasional red blood cell and histiocyte. The adenocarcinoma cells features irregular nuclei and their cytoplasm was occupied almost entirely by large secretory vacuoles. The differential diagnosis of this tumor from some other neoplasms and its association with transitional cell carcinoma as well as its histogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Prostatic duct carcinoma: exfoliative cytology. The cytologic findings in voided urine specimens from prostatic duct carcinoma are presented. Neoplastic cells from these unusual tumors were identified as well as the occasional red blood cell and histiocyte. The adenocarcinoma cells features irregular nuclei and their cytoplasm was occupied almost entirely by large secretory vacuoles. The differential diagnosis of this tumor from some other neoplasms and its association with transitional cell carcinoma as well as its histogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268120", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid cytomorphology identification of benign cells originating in the central nervous system.", "content": "The chief cellular consituents of CSF are the \"free cells\" of the pia-arachnoid, ependyma, and choroid. These cells are of diverse types, but have their mesenchymal origin in common. Usually they offer no difficulty in identification since they are predominantly histiocytic. However, these \"free cells\" may be morphologically changed in reaction to an appropriate stimulus, and may therefore be a source of error in diagnostic material. Cells having mesothelial characteristics are not found in the CSF compartment and therefore the term pia-arachnoid mesothelial cells appears inappropriate. The only neuroectodermal derivative that was easily identifiable was the choroidal cell. It is distinctive and unequivocal. We were unable to recognize ependymal cells in our present study. Glial cells (protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes) and neurons can be recognized when neural tissue is penetrated in the process of collecting CSF.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid cytomorphology identification of benign cells originating in the central nervous system. The chief cellular consituents of CSF are the \"free cells\" of the pia-arachnoid, ependyma, and choroid. These cells are of diverse types, but have their mesenchymal origin in common. Usually they offer no difficulty in identification since they are predominantly histiocytic. However, these \"free cells\" may be morphologically changed in reaction to an appropriate stimulus, and may therefore be a source of error in diagnostic material. Cells having mesothelial characteristics are not found in the CSF compartment and therefore the term pia-arachnoid mesothelial cells appears inappropriate. The only neuroectodermal derivative that was easily identifiable was the choroidal cell. It is distinctive and unequivocal. We were unable to recognize ependymal cells in our present study. Glial cells (protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes) and neurons can be recognized when neural tissue is penetrated in the process of collecting CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:268124", "title": "Cytology at the end of pregnancy: significance of determinations of the eosinophilic and karyopyknotic indices.", "content": "The clinical usefulness of the cytologic findings \"pre-term,\" \"at term\" and \"post-term\" are discussed briefly. For this investigation, the eosinophilic and pyknotic indices were obtained by counting one hundred cells in each of four microscopic fields. A separation function was calculated using the eosinophilic and pyknotic indices. The results of our study permitted a highly significant separation of the collectives \"pre-term\" and \"at term.\"", "contents": "Cytology at the end of pregnancy: significance of determinations of the eosinophilic and karyopyknotic indices. The clinical usefulness of the cytologic findings \"pre-term,\" \"at term\" and \"post-term\" are discussed briefly. For this investigation, the eosinophilic and pyknotic indices were obtained by counting one hundred cells in each of four microscopic fields. A separation function was calculated using the eosinophilic and pyknotic indices. The results of our study permitted a highly significant separation of the collectives \"pre-term\" and \"at term.\""}
{"id": "PMID:268125", "title": "Cytologic screening for cervical cancer in southern Iran.", "content": "In an 11 year study of cytologic examinations from the southern part of Iran with a 99 percent Moslem population, the prevalence rate of invasive cervical carcinomas in 35,222 women screened for the first time was 2.3 per 1,000 examinations. With the initiation of a mass screening program begun in 1974, the rates of CIS and moderate and severe dysplasia rose threefold. These findings indicate that carcinoma of the cervix is an important problem in Iran, despite previous reports of the contrary. There is, thus, a clear need for encouraging and expanding the mass screening program which has been initiated in this country.", "contents": "Cytologic screening for cervical cancer in southern Iran. In an 11 year study of cytologic examinations from the southern part of Iran with a 99 percent Moslem population, the prevalence rate of invasive cervical carcinomas in 35,222 women screened for the first time was 2.3 per 1,000 examinations. With the initiation of a mass screening program begun in 1974, the rates of CIS and moderate and severe dysplasia rose threefold. These findings indicate that carcinoma of the cervix is an important problem in Iran, despite previous reports of the contrary. There is, thus, a clear need for encouraging and expanding the mass screening program which has been initiated in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:268123", "title": "Microhematuria found by mass screening of apparently healthy males.", "content": "Preparation of urinary sediments was adapted for mass screening purposes. The procedure, characterized by most careful collection and transfer of the sediment and by a rigidly controlled work scheme, was tested in a limited population screening program with 446 healthy male participants. A capacity of 100 samples per 12 manhours was achieved. The procedure was found effective in collecting the cellular content, but there was serious cytolysis due to a 11 hours delay between micturition and processing. An unexpected finding was the presence of erythrocytes in all the samples. In 8.8 per cent of the smears more than ten RBC/hpf were present. The significance of this feature is still in study, but it might prove to be a useful prescreening criterion in the cytologic assessment of bladder cancer in large populations.", "contents": "Microhematuria found by mass screening of apparently healthy males. Preparation of urinary sediments was adapted for mass screening purposes. The procedure, characterized by most careful collection and transfer of the sediment and by a rigidly controlled work scheme, was tested in a limited population screening program with 446 healthy male participants. A capacity of 100 samples per 12 manhours was achieved. The procedure was found effective in collecting the cellular content, but there was serious cytolysis due to a 11 hours delay between micturition and processing. An unexpected finding was the presence of erythrocytes in all the samples. In 8.8 per cent of the smears more than ten RBC/hpf were present. The significance of this feature is still in study, but it might prove to be a useful prescreening criterion in the cytologic assessment of bladder cancer in large populations."}
{"id": "PMID:268127", "title": "The effect of intrauterine progesterone on the DNA-content in isolated human endometrial cells.", "content": "The effect of an intrauterine progesterone-releasing device on the DNA-content in human endometrial cells has been studied by means of a microfluorometric method. Following six of seven months' use of the progesterone-releasing device a significant decrease in the mean DNA-content per cell nucleus was found in the epithelial cells indicating a suppression of the proliferative activity of the endometrium. The mean DNA-values of the endometrial cells remained at a low level throughout the cycles in spite of circulating levels of steroids indicating a normal ovarian function. It is suggested that the progesterone released in utero interferes with the DNA-synthesis of the epithelial cells, which may result in a disturbed metabolic function of the endometrium at the time of implantation.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine progesterone on the DNA-content in isolated human endometrial cells. The effect of an intrauterine progesterone-releasing device on the DNA-content in human endometrial cells has been studied by means of a microfluorometric method. Following six of seven months' use of the progesterone-releasing device a significant decrease in the mean DNA-content per cell nucleus was found in the epithelial cells indicating a suppression of the proliferative activity of the endometrium. The mean DNA-values of the endometrial cells remained at a low level throughout the cycles in spite of circulating levels of steroids indicating a normal ovarian function. It is suggested that the progesterone released in utero interferes with the DNA-synthesis of the epithelial cells, which may result in a disturbed metabolic function of the endometrium at the time of implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:268128", "title": "The surface coat of the human effusion cells.", "content": "Cancer cells of human effusions have a prominent surface coat clearly demonstrated by ruthenium red staining. The cancer cells forming clumps are usually interconnected with each other by gap junctions which is expressed by a free penetration of the ruthenium red through the majority of the junctions. The benign cells encountered in human effusions are also covered with the surface coat, which, however, is usually thinner in comparison to the coat observed on the cancer cells.", "contents": "The surface coat of the human effusion cells. Cancer cells of human effusions have a prominent surface coat clearly demonstrated by ruthenium red staining. The cancer cells forming clumps are usually interconnected with each other by gap junctions which is expressed by a free penetration of the ruthenium red through the majority of the junctions. The benign cells encountered in human effusions are also covered with the surface coat, which, however, is usually thinner in comparison to the coat observed on the cancer cells."}
{"id": "PMID:268129", "title": "An analysis technique for biological shape-II.", "content": "A discrete function representing the curvature of closed contours has been derived. The function is easily computable and has properties desirable for use in shape analysis. Two curvature measures (as well as the traditional P2A) have then been applied to a set of shapes extracted from leukocyte nuclei in order to evaluate their effectiveness as numeric descriptors of shape complexity. Bending energy, (BEN), was shown to be, on the average, the most sensitive indicator of complex shape, normalized mean absolute curvature (NMAC) was next, and P2A was last. Bending energy could also have important biolgical significance due to its possible relation to developmental processes. Further studies on bending energy will be necessary in order to substantiate this possibility. Many of the discrepancies between P2A, NMAC, BEN, and the study subjects are explainable by the lack of \"syntactic\", or form, information used by the computer features. If an observer really classifies an object by decomposing it into simpler pieces, then a more sophisticated shape analysis procedure must be used. Such a procedure will be described in a sequel to this paper.", "contents": "An analysis technique for biological shape-II. A discrete function representing the curvature of closed contours has been derived. The function is easily computable and has properties desirable for use in shape analysis. Two curvature measures (as well as the traditional P2A) have then been applied to a set of shapes extracted from leukocyte nuclei in order to evaluate their effectiveness as numeric descriptors of shape complexity. Bending energy, (BEN), was shown to be, on the average, the most sensitive indicator of complex shape, normalized mean absolute curvature (NMAC) was next, and P2A was last. Bending energy could also have important biolgical significance due to its possible relation to developmental processes. Further studies on bending energy will be necessary in order to substantiate this possibility. Many of the discrepancies between P2A, NMAC, BEN, and the study subjects are explainable by the lack of \"syntactic\", or form, information used by the computer features. If an observer really classifies an object by decomposing it into simpler pieces, then a more sophisticated shape analysis procedure must be used. Such a procedure will be described in a sequel to this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:268130", "title": "Primary gastric lymphoplasmacytoid malignant lymphoma (gastric plasmacytoma): an endoscopic cytologic diagnosis.", "content": "A case of primary gastric plasmacytoma in which diagnosis was made preoperatively by an endoscopic technique is presented. Exfoliative cytology using a brush under direct visual control enabled the case to be classified as lymphoplasmacytoid malignant lymphoma. Data which favor the diagnosis of plasmacytoma are: 1) plasma cells in various stages of maturation, 2) abnormal plasma cells often in mitotic division, 3) the presence of atypical immunoblasts.", "contents": "Primary gastric lymphoplasmacytoid malignant lymphoma (gastric plasmacytoma): an endoscopic cytologic diagnosis. A case of primary gastric plasmacytoma in which diagnosis was made preoperatively by an endoscopic technique is presented. Exfoliative cytology using a brush under direct visual control enabled the case to be classified as lymphoplasmacytoid malignant lymphoma. Data which favor the diagnosis of plasmacytoma are: 1) plasma cells in various stages of maturation, 2) abnormal plasma cells often in mitotic division, 3) the presence of atypical immunoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:268135", "title": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. II. General organization of the transitional region in S1 dorsal rootlets.", "content": "The aproximal segment of feline S1 dorsal rootlets were investigated light and electronmicroscopically. A one shaped protrusion of CNS tissue was found to extend distally into each rootlet for a distance of 100-1000 micrometer. That free segment of a rootlet which when cross sectioned revealed both CNS and PNS constituents was denoted the transitional region (TR). The TR was subdivided into an axial CNS compartment and a surrounding PNS compartment. The CNS compartment consisted of a core zone that showed the organisation of a CNS fiber tract, and of an outer astrocytic mantle zone which corresponded to the external glial limiting membrane of the brain and the spinal cord. The outer aspect of the mantle zone constituted the PNS-CNS borderline. The mantle zone was rich in astrocytes and projected a large number of thin processes--the glial fringe--distally into the endoneural space of the PNS compartment. There were large fenestration defects in the basement membrane that demarcated the endoneural space from the glial space. The mantle zone contained many large myelinoid bodies and some encapsulated small dark unclassified cells. Similar cells, some covered by a basement membrane, were at hand in the adjacent endoneural space. The myelinated nerve fibres were equipped with a node of Ranvier at their borderline passage.", "contents": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. II. General organization of the transitional region in S1 dorsal rootlets. The aproximal segment of feline S1 dorsal rootlets were investigated light and electronmicroscopically. A one shaped protrusion of CNS tissue was found to extend distally into each rootlet for a distance of 100-1000 micrometer. That free segment of a rootlet which when cross sectioned revealed both CNS and PNS constituents was denoted the transitional region (TR). The TR was subdivided into an axial CNS compartment and a surrounding PNS compartment. The CNS compartment consisted of a core zone that showed the organisation of a CNS fiber tract, and of an outer astrocytic mantle zone which corresponded to the external glial limiting membrane of the brain and the spinal cord. The outer aspect of the mantle zone constituted the PNS-CNS borderline. The mantle zone was rich in astrocytes and projected a large number of thin processes--the glial fringe--distally into the endoneural space of the PNS compartment. There were large fenestration defects in the basement membrane that demarcated the endoneural space from the glial space. The mantle zone contained many large myelinoid bodies and some encapsulated small dark unclassified cells. Similar cells, some covered by a basement membrane, were at hand in the adjacent endoneural space. The myelinated nerve fibres were equipped with a node of Ranvier at their borderline passage."}
{"id": "PMID:268136", "title": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. III. Myelinated fibres in S1 dorsal rootlets.", "content": "Myelinated nerve fibres were analysed at their passage of the PNS-CNS borderline in the transitional region (TR) of feline S1 dorsal rootlets by means of light and electron microscopy. At the borderline, PNS internodal length was 30% shorter than noted further distally in the root. Analysis of variance based on the numerical estimation of various fibre parameters did not support the current idea that a myelinated nerve fibre decreases in diameter as it passes from the PNS into the CNS. There was a rough rectilinear correlation between axon size and number of myelin lamellae in small and medium sized fibres. In large fibres the number of myelin lamellae was highly variable and could not be predicated from axon size. The nodes of Ranvier found at the borderline showed an organization that could be described as a compound node where the PNS-CNS demarcation line runs across the nodal axon segment in the midst of the node gap. Branching at the borderline nodes was a very rare phenomenon. The length of the nodal axon segment, the nodal axon membrane area and the amount of paranodal mitochondria were similar to earlier presented data of feline ventral root fibres. The hypothesis that the elements of the paranodal apparatus of PNS fibres compensates for the lack in the PNS of nodally connected astrocytes is presented and discussed. A small number of the fibres lacked a borderline node. In these cases the CNS myelin sheath projected uninterrupted for hundreds of micrometer into the PNS compartment where it was enclosed by a Schwann cell and PNS myelin. This rare arrangement was referred to as a transitional internode.", "contents": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. III. Myelinated fibres in S1 dorsal rootlets. Myelinated nerve fibres were analysed at their passage of the PNS-CNS borderline in the transitional region (TR) of feline S1 dorsal rootlets by means of light and electron microscopy. At the borderline, PNS internodal length was 30% shorter than noted further distally in the root. Analysis of variance based on the numerical estimation of various fibre parameters did not support the current idea that a myelinated nerve fibre decreases in diameter as it passes from the PNS into the CNS. There was a rough rectilinear correlation between axon size and number of myelin lamellae in small and medium sized fibres. In large fibres the number of myelin lamellae was highly variable and could not be predicated from axon size. The nodes of Ranvier found at the borderline showed an organization that could be described as a compound node where the PNS-CNS demarcation line runs across the nodal axon segment in the midst of the node gap. Branching at the borderline nodes was a very rare phenomenon. The length of the nodal axon segment, the nodal axon membrane area and the amount of paranodal mitochondria were similar to earlier presented data of feline ventral root fibres. The hypothesis that the elements of the paranodal apparatus of PNS fibres compensates for the lack in the PNS of nodally connected astrocytes is presented and discussed. A small number of the fibres lacked a borderline node. In these cases the CNS myelin sheath projected uninterrupted for hundreds of micrometer into the PNS compartment where it was enclosed by a Schwann cell and PNS myelin. This rare arrangement was referred to as a transitional internode."}
{"id": "PMID:268133", "title": "[Impulse-cytophotometric determination of DNA content in blood cells in patients with leukemia].", "content": "The method of impulse cytophotometry was applied for determination of DNA content of blood cells in patients with various types of leukaemia. It was found that at the time of improvement in acute leukaemia the proportion of cells in the non-proliferative stage increases. In chronic leukaemias the improvement was associated with shifts in reverse direction.", "contents": "[Impulse-cytophotometric determination of DNA content in blood cells in patients with leukemia]. The method of impulse cytophotometry was applied for determination of DNA content of blood cells in patients with various types of leukaemia. It was found that at the time of improvement in acute leukaemia the proportion of cells in the non-proliferative stage increases. In chronic leukaemias the improvement was associated with shifts in reverse direction."}
{"id": "PMID:268137", "title": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. IV. Unmyelinated fibres in S1 dorsal rootlets.", "content": "Unmyelinated (d.r.C) fibres have been investigated electronmicroscopically at their passage from the peripheral to the central nervous system in feline S1 dorsal rootlets. The earlier demonstrated rearrangement of C-fibres during their passage along the transitional region (TR) was confirmed by the observation of extensive fibre divergence. The transitional region Schwann cells was calculated to be 10-20 times as high in the TR as in the more distal parts of the rootlets. Analysis of consecutive ultra-thin sections showed that PNS unmyelinated axons 0.8 micrometer or more acquired a myelin sheath as they entered the CNS. Fibres 0.6-0.8 micrometer in diameter appeared to be segmentally myelinated in the CNS. Fibres less than 0.6 micrometer remained unmyelinated at their CNS entrance. A few fibres showed degenerative signs and terminated in the transitional region.", "contents": "Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat. IV. Unmyelinated fibres in S1 dorsal rootlets. Unmyelinated (d.r.C) fibres have been investigated electronmicroscopically at their passage from the peripheral to the central nervous system in feline S1 dorsal rootlets. The earlier demonstrated rearrangement of C-fibres during their passage along the transitional region (TR) was confirmed by the observation of extensive fibre divergence. The transitional region Schwann cells was calculated to be 10-20 times as high in the TR as in the more distal parts of the rootlets. Analysis of consecutive ultra-thin sections showed that PNS unmyelinated axons 0.8 micrometer or more acquired a myelin sheath as they entered the CNS. Fibres 0.6-0.8 micrometer in diameter appeared to be segmentally myelinated in the CNS. Fibres less than 0.6 micrometer remained unmyelinated at their CNS entrance. A few fibres showed degenerative signs and terminated in the transitional region."}
{"id": "PMID:268144", "title": "Tweed triangle and soft-tissue consideration of Japanese with normal occlusion and good facial profile.", "content": "A total of thirty-six Japanese adult subjects (consisting of eighteen men and eighteen women) with normal occlusion and harmonious facial features were subjected to cephalographic examination for the purpose of studying their soft tissues. Out of this group, twenty were selected and compared with twenty Class II, Division 1 and twenty Class III patients for the purpose of establishing an appropriate diagnostic guide for the Tweed triangle. These are our conclusions: 1. The Z angle of the Japanese subjects with normal occlusion was 69.70 degrees for the men and 71.75 degrees for the women. There is no significant difference between the sexes. 2. Although there are no significant differences between the sexes for the integumental and total chins, there is slight sexual difference for the upper lip measurement. 3. As compared to the subjects with normal occlusion, there is a significant difference for the Z angle of Class II, Division 1 and Class III patients. 4. In this study, the measurements of the Tweed triangle were FMA 27.28 degrees, IMPA 95.50 degrees, and FMIA 57.22 degrees. On the basis of this study and the reports of other Japanese investigators, we would like to suggest an FMIA of 57 degrees as being the most suitable basis for the diagnosis of Japanese patients, but this should be modified according to the FMA value.", "contents": "Tweed triangle and soft-tissue consideration of Japanese with normal occlusion and good facial profile. A total of thirty-six Japanese adult subjects (consisting of eighteen men and eighteen women) with normal occlusion and harmonious facial features were subjected to cephalographic examination for the purpose of studying their soft tissues. Out of this group, twenty were selected and compared with twenty Class II, Division 1 and twenty Class III patients for the purpose of establishing an appropriate diagnostic guide for the Tweed triangle. These are our conclusions: 1. The Z angle of the Japanese subjects with normal occlusion was 69.70 degrees for the men and 71.75 degrees for the women. There is no significant difference between the sexes. 2. Although there are no significant differences between the sexes for the integumental and total chins, there is slight sexual difference for the upper lip measurement. 3. As compared to the subjects with normal occlusion, there is a significant difference for the Z angle of Class II, Division 1 and Class III patients. 4. In this study, the measurements of the Tweed triangle were FMA 27.28 degrees, IMPA 95.50 degrees, and FMIA 57.22 degrees. On the basis of this study and the reports of other Japanese investigators, we would like to suggest an FMIA of 57 degrees as being the most suitable basis for the diagnosis of Japanese patients, but this should be modified according to the FMA value."}
{"id": "PMID:268145", "title": "Vertical proportions: a guide for prognosis and treatment in anterior open-bite.", "content": "1. Most open-bites are deficient in growth of the upper face and in growth of the posterior face. However, some varieties  have adequate posterior face height. A compensatory increase in lower anterior face height occurs in both types. 2. The ratio of upper anterior face height to lower anterior face height (UAFH/LAFH) is suggested as an aid in determining the prognosis for the orthodontic correction of anterior open-bite. 3. The treatments of eight patients were presented to illustrate this concept. The results were critically analyzed. 4. The validity of this index can be determined only after prolonged use by many orthodontists.", "contents": "Vertical proportions: a guide for prognosis and treatment in anterior open-bite. 1. Most open-bites are deficient in growth of the upper face and in growth of the posterior face. However, some varieties  have adequate posterior face height. A compensatory increase in lower anterior face height occurs in both types. 2. The ratio of upper anterior face height to lower anterior face height (UAFH/LAFH) is suggested as an aid in determining the prognosis for the orthodontic correction of anterior open-bite. 3. The treatments of eight patients were presented to illustrate this concept. The results were critically analyzed. 4. The validity of this index can be determined only after prolonged use by many orthodontists."}
{"id": "PMID:268146", "title": "Treatment of anterior skeletal open-bite deformity.", "content": "Two patients with severe skeletal anterior open-bite have been presented. Treatment of these patients was accomplished mainly by mandibular repositioning (Case 1 by orthodontic means and Case 2 by a combination of surgery and orthodontics) and by an orthodontic change in the mandibular occlusal plane. A review and a discussion of the cause of this deformity were presented.", "contents": "Treatment of anterior skeletal open-bite deformity. Two patients with severe skeletal anterior open-bite have been presented. Treatment of these patients was accomplished mainly by mandibular repositioning (Case 1 by orthodontic means and Case 2 by a combination of surgery and orthodontics) and by an orthodontic change in the mandibular occlusal plane. A review and a discussion of the cause of this deformity were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:268148", "title": "Severe mandibular retrognathism: orthodontic versus surgical orthodontic treatment.", "content": "1. Treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusions should be accomplished by normalization of the abnormal structures that are identified diagnostically. 2. In the presence of mandibular retrognathism and unfavorable growth potential (limited amount, undesirable direction), surgical mandibular lengthening should be incorporated into the treatment plan. 3. Compensation for mandibular retrognathism by conventional orthodontic and facial orthopedic treatment incurs the risk of (a) increase in nasolabial angle, (b) reduction in upper lip support, (c) increase in lower facial concavity, (d) excessive proclination of lower incisors with compromise of labial periodontal support, and (e) protracted duration of appliance therapy and accompanying detrimental periodontal and root resorption effects.", "contents": "Severe mandibular retrognathism: orthodontic versus surgical orthodontic treatment. 1. Treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusions should be accomplished by normalization of the abnormal structures that are identified diagnostically. 2. In the presence of mandibular retrognathism and unfavorable growth potential (limited amount, undesirable direction), surgical mandibular lengthening should be incorporated into the treatment plan. 3. Compensation for mandibular retrognathism by conventional orthodontic and facial orthopedic treatment incurs the risk of (a) increase in nasolabial angle, (b) reduction in upper lip support, (c) increase in lower facial concavity, (d) excessive proclination of lower incisors with compromise of labial periodontal support, and (e) protracted duration of appliance therapy and accompanying detrimental periodontal and root resorption effects."}
{"id": "PMID:268149", "title": "Tooth-size discrepancy in mandibular prognathism.", "content": "A Bolton analysis of seventy-eight cases of Angle Class III malocclusion, twenty-six cases of Angle Class I malocclusion, and twenty-six cases of Angle Class II malocclusion was recorded. Frequency of excess mandibular tooth structure, magnitude of the excess, over-all ratios, and anterior segment ratios were computed and analyzed. Two clinical cases were presented to show the advantage of tooth-size harmony in mandibular prognathism.  Analysis of the data as presented above suggests the following conclusions: 1. The frequency of mandibular tooth-size excess (over-all ratio) in this sample was greater in cases of mandibular prognathism than in Angle Class I and Angle Class II cases. 2. In those cases with mandibular tooth-size excess, there was a suggestion that the magnitude of the excess was greater in cases of mandibular prognathism than in Angle Class I and Angle Class II cases. 3. A tooth-size discrepancy analysis should be included as one part of the diagnostic records for mandibular prognathism.", "contents": "Tooth-size discrepancy in mandibular prognathism. A Bolton analysis of seventy-eight cases of Angle Class III malocclusion, twenty-six cases of Angle Class I malocclusion, and twenty-six cases of Angle Class II malocclusion was recorded. Frequency of excess mandibular tooth structure, magnitude of the excess, over-all ratios, and anterior segment ratios were computed and analyzed. Two clinical cases were presented to show the advantage of tooth-size harmony in mandibular prognathism.  Analysis of the data as presented above suggests the following conclusions: 1. The frequency of mandibular tooth-size excess (over-all ratio) in this sample was greater in cases of mandibular prognathism than in Angle Class I and Angle Class II cases. 2. In those cases with mandibular tooth-size excess, there was a suggestion that the magnitude of the excess was greater in cases of mandibular prognathism than in Angle Class I and Angle Class II cases. 3. A tooth-size discrepancy analysis should be included as one part of the diagnostic records for mandibular prognathism."}
{"id": "PMID:268151", "title": "Psychological timing of orthodontic treatment.", "content": "A questionnaire type of study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that prepubescent patients are more cooperative than adolescents. Older children were held to be psychologically resistant to the demands of orthodontic treatment because of their involvement in Oedipal conflicts, a normal but distracting aspect of \"growing up\". Our observers found that patients under 12 were more cooperative than other age groups in the wearing of headgear and other removable devices. They were less cooperative in keeping appointments or in protecting appliances from breakage. The differences were significant at the 5 per cent level of confidence. If responders' observations are an accurate index of true performance, the study suggests that, from a psychological standpoint, activator and headgear treatment should be begun sometime after age 6 and soon enough to be completed before the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Psychological timing of orthodontic treatment. A questionnaire type of study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that prepubescent patients are more cooperative than adolescents. Older children were held to be psychologically resistant to the demands of orthodontic treatment because of their involvement in Oedipal conflicts, a normal but distracting aspect of \"growing up\". Our observers found that patients under 12 were more cooperative than other age groups in the wearing of headgear and other removable devices. They were less cooperative in keeping appointments or in protecting appliances from breakage. The differences were significant at the 5 per cent level of confidence. If responders' observations are an accurate index of true performance, the study suggests that, from a psychological standpoint, activator and headgear treatment should be begun sometime after age 6 and soon enough to be completed before the onset of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:268155", "title": "Hemoglobin E and glucose-6-phosphate deficiency in the Khmer Air Force (Cambodia).", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the use of primaquine in malaria control in the Khmer Republic (Cambodia). Blood was drawn from 106 male Khmer Air Force troops for analysis of hemoglobin E and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-PD) deficiency. A test group of 15 men with G-6-PD deficiency and a group of 31 normal controls were given 15 mg of primaquine each morning for 14 days. The patients were followed for hemoglobinuria and changes in hematocrit. Primaquine induced a significant, but not a dangerous, hemolysis in G-6pD-deficient Khmer troops. The G-6-PD deficiency seen in Khmer Air Force subjects was G-6-PD Mahidol. Statistically, G-6-PD Mahidol was linked to hemoglobin E.", "contents": "Hemoglobin E and glucose-6-phosphate deficiency in the Khmer Air Force (Cambodia). This study was designed to investigate the use of primaquine in malaria control in the Khmer Republic (Cambodia). Blood was drawn from 106 male Khmer Air Force troops for analysis of hemoglobin E and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-PD) deficiency. A test group of 15 men with G-6-PD deficiency and a group of 31 normal controls were given 15 mg of primaquine each morning for 14 days. The patients were followed for hemoglobinuria and changes in hematocrit. Primaquine induced a significant, but not a dangerous, hemolysis in G-6pD-deficient Khmer troops. The G-6-PD deficiency seen in Khmer Air Force subjects was G-6-PD Mahidol. Statistically, G-6-PD Mahidol was linked to hemoglobin E."}
{"id": "PMID:268156", "title": "[The \"Emona\" anaesthetic baby system (author's transl)].", "content": "A paediatric breathing system, called the Emona system has been devised because commercially available anaesthetic baby systems used in head and neck surgery did not give satisfactory results. The system provides for fresh gas inflow while the expiratory path is positioned close to the patient. A precise description and schematic presentation of its action is given. The efficiency of the Emona system was tested in 65 infants and children using blood gas analyses. Furthermore, CO2 analyses of mixed expired and inspired gases, as well as some measurements applying the respiratory nomogram, were carried out. The efficiency of the Emona system is compared with results of some other baby systems (Jackson-Rees and Ruben's systems). The problems of paediatric anaesthetic systems are discussed and the dilemma of normal values for some respiratory parameters in children exposed. The results show that the Emona system is particularly advantageous in manually controlled ventilation in comparison to the results of other authors applying mechanical respiratory support.", "contents": "[The \"Emona\" anaesthetic baby system (author's transl)]. A paediatric breathing system, called the Emona system has been devised because commercially available anaesthetic baby systems used in head and neck surgery did not give satisfactory results. The system provides for fresh gas inflow while the expiratory path is positioned close to the patient. A precise description and schematic presentation of its action is given. The efficiency of the Emona system was tested in 65 infants and children using blood gas analyses. Furthermore, CO2 analyses of mixed expired and inspired gases, as well as some measurements applying the respiratory nomogram, were carried out. The efficiency of the Emona system is compared with results of some other baby systems (Jackson-Rees and Ruben's systems). The problems of paediatric anaesthetic systems are discussed and the dilemma of normal values for some respiratory parameters in children exposed. The results show that the Emona system is particularly advantageous in manually controlled ventilation in comparison to the results of other authors applying mechanical respiratory support."}
{"id": "PMID:268159", "title": "Cutaneous infarction. Manifestation of disseminated mucormycosis.", "content": "We describe the second reported case of cutaneous infarction as a manifestation of disseminated mucormycosis. The lesion, which closely resembled ecthyma gangrenosum, occurred in a leukemic patient who was on a regimen of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In this case as in the only other reported case, Mucor pusillus was the cause.", "contents": "Cutaneous infarction. Manifestation of disseminated mucormycosis. We describe the second reported case of cutaneous infarction as a manifestation of disseminated mucormycosis. The lesion, which closely resembled ecthyma gangrenosum, occurred in a leukemic patient who was on a regimen of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In this case as in the only other reported case, Mucor pusillus was the cause."}
{"id": "PMID:268160", "title": "[Erythroleukemia revealed by diabetes insipidus].", "content": "A 4 year-old girl presented simultaneously with an erythroleukemia and a diabetes insipidus. The cytologic signs of dyserythropoiesis, the increase of some red blood cell glycolytic enzymes and of fetal hemoglobin, led to discuss the existence of a double population in the red blood cell series. The revealing character of diabetes insipidus, not yet reported, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Erythroleukemia revealed by diabetes insipidus]. A 4 year-old girl presented simultaneously with an erythroleukemia and a diabetes insipidus. The cytologic signs of dyserythropoiesis, the increase of some red blood cell glycolytic enzymes and of fetal hemoglobin, led to discuss the existence of a double population in the red blood cell series. The revealing character of diabetes insipidus, not yet reported, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:268161", "title": "Surgical diseases of the mandible. The principles of diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Several unusual abnormalities are presented in this abstract of a lecture on surgical diseases of the mandible. The importance of physical signs in clinical dental surgery is emphasized. A protocol of treatment of mandibular condylar hyperplasia and masseteric hypertrophy is suggested.", "contents": "Surgical diseases of the mandible. The principles of diagnosis and treatment. Several unusual abnormalities are presented in this abstract of a lecture on surgical diseases of the mandible. The importance of physical signs in clinical dental surgery is emphasized. A protocol of treatment of mandibular condylar hyperplasia and masseteric hypertrophy is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:268162", "title": "A review of the structure and function of the gingival seal.", "content": "The results of previous studies on the gingival seal at the level of the light microscope have now been correlated with studies conducted on the electron microscope. This paper attempts to correlate the findings at the two different levels and to clarify the functional role of the gingival seal.", "contents": "A review of the structure and function of the gingival seal. The results of previous studies on the gingival seal at the level of the light microscope have now been correlated with studies conducted on the electron microscope. This paper attempts to correlate the findings at the two different levels and to clarify the functional role of the gingival seal."}
{"id": "PMID:268163", "title": "A prevention orientated patient management programme for a dental hospital.", "content": "A patient management programme with a marked emphasis on prevention of dental disease through plaque control has been commenced in the Royal Adelaide Hospital Dental Department, and its benefits will be closely examined over two years.", "contents": "A prevention orientated patient management programme for a dental hospital. A patient management programme with a marked emphasis on prevention of dental disease through plaque control has been commenced in the Royal Adelaide Hospital Dental Department, and its benefits will be closely examined over two years."}
{"id": "PMID:268165", "title": "The effect of verapamil on experimental myocardial ischaemia with a particular reference to regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism.", "content": "The effects of verapamil on epicardial ST segment elevation, regional myocardial metabolism and collateral blood flow were studied in open-chest anesthetized dogs following left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Collateral blood flow was measured by radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 micron diameter) and regional metabolism was studied by measuring lactate concentration in venous blood draining the infarcting myocardium. Verapamil (0-2 mg/kg intravenously) produced a significant reduction (50-60%) in the epicardial ST elevation when it was given before coronary occlusion; when administered 15 minutes after coronary occlusion and infusion continued for two hours, it minimized (30-40%) ST segment elevation, and prevented the fall in cardiac index and rise in systemic resistance found in the untreated animals in which the ST segment remained persistently elevated. Changes in epicardial ST segment occurred without alterations in the QRS duration. Verapamil had no effect on either the total collateral blood flow or the relative distribution of flow to the endocardial and epicardial halves of the ischemic ventricular myocardium. No significant differences were found between the levels of lactate in blood sampled from small epicardial veins at the center of the infarct when the control animals were compared with those treated with verapamil.", "contents": "The effect of verapamil on experimental myocardial ischaemia with a particular reference to regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism. The effects of verapamil on epicardial ST segment elevation, regional myocardial metabolism and collateral blood flow were studied in open-chest anesthetized dogs following left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Collateral blood flow was measured by radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 micron diameter) and regional metabolism was studied by measuring lactate concentration in venous blood draining the infarcting myocardium. Verapamil (0-2 mg/kg intravenously) produced a significant reduction (50-60%) in the epicardial ST elevation when it was given before coronary occlusion; when administered 15 minutes after coronary occlusion and infusion continued for two hours, it minimized (30-40%) ST segment elevation, and prevented the fall in cardiac index and rise in systemic resistance found in the untreated animals in which the ST segment remained persistently elevated. Changes in epicardial ST segment occurred without alterations in the QRS duration. Verapamil had no effect on either the total collateral blood flow or the relative distribution of flow to the endocardial and epicardial halves of the ischemic ventricular myocardium. No significant differences were found between the levels of lactate in blood sampled from small epicardial veins at the center of the infarct when the control animals were compared with those treated with verapamil."}
{"id": "PMID:268166", "title": "Recent insights into paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia--an integrated approach to diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia may result from re-entrance in the AV node, the normal A-V pathway with an accessory AV connection, in the sino-atrial node, in the atria, or else reflect ectopic impulse formation in a spontaneously automatic supraventricular focus. Electrocardiographic criteria which are helpful in differentiating these mechanisms involve an analysis of cycle length, changes in cycle length with intermittent bundle branch block, P wave morphology and the relationship of P wave to QRS complex, P-R interval, the presence of A-V block during tachycardia and the influence of autonomic tone on the tachycardia. Electrophysiologic studies further elucidate mechanism by demonstrating the mode of induction and termination of the tachycardia, the characteristics of antegrade and retrograde A-V conduction curves and refractory periods, atrial activation sequence of echo beats and the influence of premature beats introduced during tachycardia. These features are summarised in Table 1. Therapy can be accurately planned according to the results of experimental administration of antiarrhythmic agents and of pacing sequences upon induction and termination of tachycardia in the catheterisation laboratory.", "contents": "Recent insights into paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia--an integrated approach to diagnosis and therapy. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia may result from re-entrance in the AV node, the normal A-V pathway with an accessory AV connection, in the sino-atrial node, in the atria, or else reflect ectopic impulse formation in a spontaneously automatic supraventricular focus. Electrocardiographic criteria which are helpful in differentiating these mechanisms involve an analysis of cycle length, changes in cycle length with intermittent bundle branch block, P wave morphology and the relationship of P wave to QRS complex, P-R interval, the presence of A-V block during tachycardia and the influence of autonomic tone on the tachycardia. Electrophysiologic studies further elucidate mechanism by demonstrating the mode of induction and termination of the tachycardia, the characteristics of antegrade and retrograde A-V conduction curves and refractory periods, atrial activation sequence of echo beats and the influence of premature beats introduced during tachycardia. These features are summarised in Table 1. Therapy can be accurately planned according to the results of experimental administration of antiarrhythmic agents and of pacing sequences upon induction and termination of tachycardia in the catheterisation laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:268167", "title": "The use of clonidine by intramuscular injection in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Clonidine (Catapres) administered intramuscularly in a dose of 150 microng produced a satisfactory reduction in blood pressure in 13 of 16 hypertensive patients. Its effect occurred within five minutes, was maximal at 75 minutes and persisted for five hours. In six patients who received two doses (150 microng and 300 microng), the response was shown to be dose-related. No serious side effects were noted. Intramuscular administration of clonidine thus appears to be safe and effective. It has a place in the management of uncontrolled hypertension when a rapid reduction in blood pressure is undesirable and in the maintenance of blood pressure control when oral therapy cannot be tolerated.", "contents": "The use of clonidine by intramuscular injection in the treatment of hypertension. Clonidine (Catapres) administered intramuscularly in a dose of 150 microng produced a satisfactory reduction in blood pressure in 13 of 16 hypertensive patients. Its effect occurred within five minutes, was maximal at 75 minutes and persisted for five hours. In six patients who received two doses (150 microng and 300 microng), the response was shown to be dose-related. No serious side effects were noted. Intramuscular administration of clonidine thus appears to be safe and effective. It has a place in the management of uncontrolled hypertension when a rapid reduction in blood pressure is undesirable and in the maintenance of blood pressure control when oral therapy cannot be tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:268168", "title": "Blood lipids and lipoproteins in a rural New Zealand population.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides have been measured in 1202 residents of Milton, a rural town in New Zealand. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the serum lipoprotein classes of a random subgroup of the population are also reported. Mean plasma triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were higher for men, but mean high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was higher in women. Urban-rural differences in plasma cholesterol are suggested since mean plasma cholesterol concentration in men reached a maximum in the 50-59 decade in the rural town (Milton) but the maximum for a nearby urban community was in the 40-49 decade. An evaluation of hyperlipidaemia by using arbitrary cut-off values for plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations showed a prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia in men, resulting in approximately three times as many men as women in some of the categories of hyperlipidaemia. Further, 26% of the 35-59 age group in the population had lipid risk factors for coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Blood lipids and lipoproteins in a rural New Zealand population. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides have been measured in 1202 residents of Milton, a rural town in New Zealand. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the serum lipoprotein classes of a random subgroup of the population are also reported. Mean plasma triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were higher for men, but mean high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was higher in women. Urban-rural differences in plasma cholesterol are suggested since mean plasma cholesterol concentration in men reached a maximum in the 50-59 decade in the rural town (Milton) but the maximum for a nearby urban community was in the 40-49 decade. An evaluation of hyperlipidaemia by using arbitrary cut-off values for plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations showed a prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia in men, resulting in approximately three times as many men as women in some of the categories of hyperlipidaemia. Further, 26% of the 35-59 age group in the population had lipid risk factors for coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:268169", "title": "Lack of relationship between viruses and human diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Antibodies titres against Coxsackie-B (CB) and mumps virus (MV) were determined in 180 normal subjects and two groups of diabetics, 236 with diabetes of recent onset (DRO) and 108 with diabetes of long duration (DLD). Positive antibody titres to these viruses were found more frequently in controls than in diabetics. In fact, the percentage of positive titres was significantly less than in controls in several instances particularly in juvenile onset diabetes of long duration. These data suggest that CB and MV are not causally related to human diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Lack of relationship between viruses and human diabetes mellitus. Antibodies titres against Coxsackie-B (CB) and mumps virus (MV) were determined in 180 normal subjects and two groups of diabetics, 236 with diabetes of recent onset (DRO) and 108 with diabetes of long duration (DLD). Positive antibody titres to these viruses were found more frequently in controls than in diabetics. In fact, the percentage of positive titres was significantly less than in controls in several instances particularly in juvenile onset diabetes of long duration. These data suggest that CB and MV are not causally related to human diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:268170", "title": "An Auckland high school health survey.", "content": "To assess the importance of racial and socio-economic factors on the health of teenagers attending an Auckland High School a full clinical examination was conducted. The socio-economic status of the four major racial groups, European, Maori, Pacific Island Polynesian and Asian was relatively constant and predominantly from Social Classes 4 and 5. The pattern of health in each group was not significantly different between races with the exception of a high incidence of scabies and impetigo among the Maori and Pacific Island Polynesians. These skin infections were possibly related to a significant degree of overcrowding that was found in this group where 21 to 29% of the families had five or more children under 15 years of age in the one house. Dental caries was commoner among Maori teenagers. These findings are in accord with the hypothesis that health differences between races are a reflection of socio-economic factors rather than due to any intrinsic differences in susceptibility to disease.", "contents": "An Auckland high school health survey. To assess the importance of racial and socio-economic factors on the health of teenagers attending an Auckland High School a full clinical examination was conducted. The socio-economic status of the four major racial groups, European, Maori, Pacific Island Polynesian and Asian was relatively constant and predominantly from Social Classes 4 and 5. The pattern of health in each group was not significantly different between races with the exception of a high incidence of scabies and impetigo among the Maori and Pacific Island Polynesians. These skin infections were possibly related to a significant degree of overcrowding that was found in this group where 21 to 29% of the families had five or more children under 15 years of age in the one house. Dental caries was commoner among Maori teenagers. These findings are in accord with the hypothesis that health differences between races are a reflection of socio-economic factors rather than due to any intrinsic differences in susceptibility to disease."}
{"id": "PMID:268171", "title": "Plasma disappearance of intravenously injected radiolabelled glycocholic acid in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The plasma disappearance of an intravenously injected tracer dose of glycocholic acid (glycine-1-14C) was compared in patients with and without diffuse hepatocellular disease. No difference was found between the two groups of patients. We conclude that this test is not a sensitive index of the presence of significant liver disease.", "contents": "Plasma disappearance of intravenously injected radiolabelled glycocholic acid in patients with liver disease. The plasma disappearance of an intravenously injected tracer dose of glycocholic acid (glycine-1-14C) was compared in patients with and without diffuse hepatocellular disease. No difference was found between the two groups of patients. We conclude that this test is not a sensitive index of the presence of significant liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:268172", "title": "Cholesterol and phospholipid: influence of body weight on the output of lipids in mesenteric lymph.", "content": "In ageing humans there is accumulation of cholesterol in adipose tissue, muscle and other organs. In human obesity increased synthesis of cholesterol has been demonstrated. In order to ascertain possible endogenous sources of lipids, the output of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride from the bile and small intestine was studied in rats in relationship to body weight. The output of lipid in mesenteric lymph showed an almost two-fold increase in the heaviest rats. Small intestinal concentrations of phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol rose significantly with increase of body weight. Output of cholesterol and phospholipid in bile was found to be related to body weight and total bile salt output. The increased lipid content of mesenteric lymph may reflect lipid synthesis in the small intestine, as well as increased absorption from biliary sources, and contribute to cholesterol accumulation in obese rats. Although these are major differences between human and rat cholesterol metabolism, the intestine is a major source of endogenous cholesterol in both species, and could be part of the source of the additional cholesterol load in obese humans.", "contents": "Cholesterol and phospholipid: influence of body weight on the output of lipids in mesenteric lymph. In ageing humans there is accumulation of cholesterol in adipose tissue, muscle and other organs. In human obesity increased synthesis of cholesterol has been demonstrated. In order to ascertain possible endogenous sources of lipids, the output of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride from the bile and small intestine was studied in rats in relationship to body weight. The output of lipid in mesenteric lymph showed an almost two-fold increase in the heaviest rats. Small intestinal concentrations of phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol rose significantly with increase of body weight. Output of cholesterol and phospholipid in bile was found to be related to body weight and total bile salt output. The increased lipid content of mesenteric lymph may reflect lipid synthesis in the small intestine, as well as increased absorption from biliary sources, and contribute to cholesterol accumulation in obese rats. Although these are major differences between human and rat cholesterol metabolism, the intestine is a major source of endogenous cholesterol in both species, and could be part of the source of the additional cholesterol load in obese humans."}
{"id": "PMID:268173", "title": "Insulin aggravated postural hypotension.", "content": "In a 76-year-old diabetic with symptomatic postural hypotension during the mornings, this was greatly improved by changing his time of insulin administration from 7.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.", "contents": "Insulin aggravated postural hypotension. In a 76-year-old diabetic with symptomatic postural hypotension during the mornings, this was greatly improved by changing his time of insulin administration from 7.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m."}
{"id": "PMID:268174", "title": "A case of myxoedema coma successfully treated by low dose oral triiodothyronine.", "content": "Myxoedema coma is fortunately rare and is probably rarer in a warm climate such as Australia. It carries a high mortality rate. Its correct management is still a controversial issue. A case of severe myxoedema coma who was successfully treated is described. Thyroid hormone was replaced in the form of triiodothyronine given orally in doses of 20-40 microng/day. There was an improvement in body temperature within six hours of the first dose; this was accompanied by a brisk fall in serum CPK and cholesterol with a rapid rise of plasma T3 into the euthyroid range. There was a defect in water excretion which was rapidly reversed as renal function returned to normal. Review of the literature suggests that low dose oral therapy with T3 is a satisfactory form of initial management.", "contents": "A case of myxoedema coma successfully treated by low dose oral triiodothyronine. Myxoedema coma is fortunately rare and is probably rarer in a warm climate such as Australia. It carries a high mortality rate. Its correct management is still a controversial issue. A case of severe myxoedema coma who was successfully treated is described. Thyroid hormone was replaced in the form of triiodothyronine given orally in doses of 20-40 microng/day. There was an improvement in body temperature within six hours of the first dose; this was accompanied by a brisk fall in serum CPK and cholesterol with a rapid rise of plasma T3 into the euthyroid range. There was a defect in water excretion which was rapidly reversed as renal function returned to normal. Review of the literature suggests that low dose oral therapy with T3 is a satisfactory form of initial management."}
{"id": "PMID:268175", "title": "The treatment of malignant pericardial effusion in carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In three patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast, control of a malignant pericardial effusion was achieved with a single pericardiocentesis followed by intensive systemic combination chemotherapy. No patient required reaspiration or any other form of local treatment. A trial of this conservative initial approach is therefore recommended in patients with pericardial effusions due to breast carcinoma. Its use in those with other tumours likely to be sensitive to systemic chemotherapy warrants further evaluation.", "contents": "The treatment of malignant pericardial effusion in carcinoma of the breast. In three patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast, control of a malignant pericardial effusion was achieved with a single pericardiocentesis followed by intensive systemic combination chemotherapy. No patient required reaspiration or any other form of local treatment. A trial of this conservative initial approach is therefore recommended in patients with pericardial effusions due to breast carcinoma. Its use in those with other tumours likely to be sensitive to systemic chemotherapy warrants further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:268207", "title": "Small animal ventilation using a co-axial circuit.", "content": "A method is presented for the ventilation of small animals using standard adult anaesthetic equipment.", "contents": "Small animal ventilation using a co-axial circuit. A method is presented for the ventilation of small animals using standard adult anaesthetic equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:268208", "title": "The Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) in adults presenting with acute leukaemia: a comparison of Ph1+ and Ph1-patients.", "content": "To evaluate the frequency and clinical significance of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) in adult acute leukaemia, bone marrow chromosomes were studied in 15 adults with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and 55 with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). Morphology, clinical findings, therapeutic response and survival were compared in patients with and without the Ph1. The Ph1 was found in six newly diagnosed adults presenting with ALL. Adults with Ph1+ ALL differed from those with Ph1-ALL in being older, in having more frequent lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly and in demonstrating higher initial leucocyte counts and more peripheral blasts. Complete remissions were obtained in all nine adults with Ph1-All but in only three of six with Ph1+ ALL. Adults with Ph1-ALL survived significantly longer. Four adults with ANALL were Ph1+. They did not respond to treatment and survived significantly shorter periods than adults with Ph1-ANLL. No clinical or morphologic features indicated which patients with acute leukaemia would have the Ph1. Since the presence of the Ph1 in acute leukaemia has therapeutic and prognostic significance, marrow chromosome studies should be performed in adults presenting with acute leukaemia, especially ALL.", "contents": "The Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) in adults presenting with acute leukaemia: a comparison of Ph1+ and Ph1-patients. To evaluate the frequency and clinical significance of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) in adult acute leukaemia, bone marrow chromosomes were studied in 15 adults with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and 55 with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). Morphology, clinical findings, therapeutic response and survival were compared in patients with and without the Ph1. The Ph1 was found in six newly diagnosed adults presenting with ALL. Adults with Ph1+ ALL differed from those with Ph1-ALL in being older, in having more frequent lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly and in demonstrating higher initial leucocyte counts and more peripheral blasts. Complete remissions were obtained in all nine adults with Ph1-All but in only three of six with Ph1+ ALL. Adults with Ph1-ALL survived significantly longer. Four adults with ANALL were Ph1+. They did not respond to treatment and survived significantly shorter periods than adults with Ph1-ANLL. No clinical or morphologic features indicated which patients with acute leukaemia would have the Ph1. Since the presence of the Ph1 in acute leukaemia has therapeutic and prognostic significance, marrow chromosome studies should be performed in adults presenting with acute leukaemia, especially ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:268209", "title": "Basophilic chronic granulocytic leukaemia with hyperhistaminaemia.", "content": "Two patients with typical Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) developed an accelerated phase of the disease characterized by an increase white blood cell count and marked basophilia in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Histamine levels were extremely high in both patients. Hyperhistaminaemia was manifested as wheezing, urticaria, diarrhoea, and pruritus in one patient and as peptic ulcer disease and peripheral oedema in both patients. In one case, gastric acid studies revealed a very high basal to stimulated ratio (BAO/MAO). Treatment with the investigational agent metiamide, an H2 receptor histamine antagonist, resulted in marked improvement in symptoms and reduction in gastric acid output. Extreme basophilia in CGL may be associated with hyperhistaminaemia, and manifestations of both the H1 and H2 type may occur.", "contents": "Basophilic chronic granulocytic leukaemia with hyperhistaminaemia. Two patients with typical Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) developed an accelerated phase of the disease characterized by an increase white blood cell count and marked basophilia in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Histamine levels were extremely high in both patients. Hyperhistaminaemia was manifested as wheezing, urticaria, diarrhoea, and pruritus in one patient and as peptic ulcer disease and peripheral oedema in both patients. In one case, gastric acid studies revealed a very high basal to stimulated ratio (BAO/MAO). Treatment with the investigational agent metiamide, an H2 receptor histamine antagonist, resulted in marked improvement in symptoms and reduction in gastric acid output. Extreme basophilia in CGL may be associated with hyperhistaminaemia, and manifestations of both the H1 and H2 type may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:268210", "title": "Occurrence of acute leukaemia in myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "In a series of 306 cases of myeloproliferative disorders followed over a period of 21 years, 18 cases of well-documented acute leukaemia were encountered. Leukaemias were either acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic and occurred from 6 months to 20 years after the initial diagnosis. Onset was relatively abrupt and the course rapidly fatal with with a median survival of 4 weeks. Due to the prolonged preleukaemic phase, it was possible to carry out a variety of clinical and laboratory observations. While no consistent features were noted, dysplastic haemopoiesis, a fall in leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity, presence of Pelger-H\u00fcet anomaly and other abnormalities suggest a disturbance in granulocytic maturation. These findings suggest that, following an initial injury to a pleuripotential haemopoietic stem cell, a prolonged 'latent' period occurs and, due to exposure to additional injurious agents or to a lack of cell regulating factors, acute leukaemia develops.", "contents": "Occurrence of acute leukaemia in myeloproliferative disorders. In a series of 306 cases of myeloproliferative disorders followed over a period of 21 years, 18 cases of well-documented acute leukaemia were encountered. Leukaemias were either acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic and occurred from 6 months to 20 years after the initial diagnosis. Onset was relatively abrupt and the course rapidly fatal with with a median survival of 4 weeks. Due to the prolonged preleukaemic phase, it was possible to carry out a variety of clinical and laboratory observations. While no consistent features were noted, dysplastic haemopoiesis, a fall in leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity, presence of Pelger-H\u00fcet anomaly and other abnormalities suggest a disturbance in granulocytic maturation. These findings suggest that, following an initial injury to a pleuripotential haemopoietic stem cell, a prolonged 'latent' period occurs and, due to exposure to additional injurious agents or to a lack of cell regulating factors, acute leukaemia develops."}
{"id": "PMID:268211", "title": "Ocular ultrastructural study in a fetus with type II glycogenosis.", "content": "The general pathological and ocular studies in an aborted fetus with type II glycogenosis revealed the widespread lysosomal storage of glycogen. Obvious lesions are observed in the viscera, in the skeletal and ocular muscles, and in all ocular tissues except the pigment epithelium of the retina. Brain and heart are relatively spared. Conjunctival and skin biopsies have a diagnostic importance, since specific alterations are evident early in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Ocular ultrastructural study in a fetus with type II glycogenosis. The general pathological and ocular studies in an aborted fetus with type II glycogenosis revealed the widespread lysosomal storage of glycogen. Obvious lesions are observed in the viscera, in the skeletal and ocular muscles, and in all ocular tissues except the pigment epithelium of the retina. Brain and heart are relatively spared. Conjunctival and skin biopsies have a diagnostic importance, since specific alterations are evident early in the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:268212", "title": "A new approach to the mandibular nerve block.", "content": "A new method for the block anaesthesia of the oral branches of the mandibular nerve is described. Only one penetration of the oral mucosa is made in this injection at a site which is relatively painless and which results in a more rapid onset of anaesthesia. This method is also of value when trismus or ankylsis is present and is free of common complications.", "contents": "A new approach to the mandibular nerve block. A new method for the block anaesthesia of the oral branches of the mandibular nerve is described. Only one penetration of the oral mucosa is made in this injection at a site which is relatively painless and which results in a more rapid onset of anaesthesia. This method is also of value when trismus or ankylsis is present and is free of common complications."}
{"id": "PMID:268217", "title": "Variations in the normal anatomy of the inferior dental (mandibular) canal: a retrospective study of panoramic radiographs from 3612 routine dental patients.", "content": "A review of 3612 panoramic radiographys from routine dental patients indicates that the mandibular canals are usually, but not invariably, single and bilaterally symmetrical. The position of the canal varies with respect to the lower border of the mandible and the apices of the roots of the teeth and this excludes its use as a set reference point for prosthetic or orthodontic assessment. Three distinct varieties of supplemental mandibular canals, large enough to be seen on panoramic radiographs, are described.", "contents": "Variations in the normal anatomy of the inferior dental (mandibular) canal: a retrospective study of panoramic radiographs from 3612 routine dental patients. A review of 3612 panoramic radiographys from routine dental patients indicates that the mandibular canals are usually, but not invariably, single and bilaterally symmetrical. The position of the canal varies with respect to the lower border of the mandible and the apices of the roots of the teeth and this excludes its use as a set reference point for prosthetic or orthodontic assessment. Three distinct varieties of supplemental mandibular canals, large enough to be seen on panoramic radiographs, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:268218", "title": "Pathological conditions of the mandible: their effect on the radiographic appearance of the inferior dental (mandibular) canal.", "content": "Whilst the special anatomical features of the mandible may make radiographic comparison of jaw lesions with similar conditions in other bones more difficult, the changes that occur in respect to the mandibular canal and the teeth may in themselves aid diagnosis. Benign cysts and neoplasms generally cause a displacement of the mandibular canal, but its cortical plate remains intact, Severe infections and malignant tumours result in an irregular erosion of bone and loss of the sclerotic outlines of the canal.", "contents": "Pathological conditions of the mandible: their effect on the radiographic appearance of the inferior dental (mandibular) canal. Whilst the special anatomical features of the mandible may make radiographic comparison of jaw lesions with similar conditions in other bones more difficult, the changes that occur in respect to the mandibular canal and the teeth may in themselves aid diagnosis. Benign cysts and neoplasms generally cause a displacement of the mandibular canal, but its cortical plate remains intact, Severe infections and malignant tumours result in an irregular erosion of bone and loss of the sclerotic outlines of the canal."}
{"id": "PMID:268220", "title": "Thymic hormone (THF) therapy in immunosuppressed children with lymphoproliferative neoplasia and generalized varicella.", "content": "Four children with lymphoproliferative malignant disease, two with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission and two with Hodgkin's disease, were treated with a Thymic Hormone, THF, for disseminated varicella infecition. It is suggested that THF increased significantly the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and T-rosette forming lymphocytes in 3 out of 4 children, who developed the varicella at the time of impaired cellular immunity. On the other hand, in the fourth child, with Hodgkin's disease, who had a normal number of T-rosettes, a decreased absolute number of lymphocytes as well as T-rosettes was observed over a course of 14 days THF treatment, although the percent of T-cells has not changed significantly. All of the four children recovered, including the child who was at high risk, with a marked lymphopenia, severe bilateral pneumonitis, hepatitis secondary infected skin lesions and psudomonas sepsis. It is indicated that THF therapy may restore the depressed cellular immunity in immunosuppressed children with malignant disease, and has its value as a supportive immunotherapy in life-threatening disseminated varicella infection.", "contents": "Thymic hormone (THF) therapy in immunosuppressed children with lymphoproliferative neoplasia and generalized varicella. Four children with lymphoproliferative malignant disease, two with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission and two with Hodgkin's disease, were treated with a Thymic Hormone, THF, for disseminated varicella infecition. It is suggested that THF increased significantly the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and T-rosette forming lymphocytes in 3 out of 4 children, who developed the varicella at the time of impaired cellular immunity. On the other hand, in the fourth child, with Hodgkin's disease, who had a normal number of T-rosettes, a decreased absolute number of lymphocytes as well as T-rosettes was observed over a course of 14 days THF treatment, although the percent of T-cells has not changed significantly. All of the four children recovered, including the child who was at high risk, with a marked lymphopenia, severe bilateral pneumonitis, hepatitis secondary infected skin lesions and psudomonas sepsis. It is indicated that THF therapy may restore the depressed cellular immunity in immunosuppressed children with malignant disease, and has its value as a supportive immunotherapy in life-threatening disseminated varicella infection."}
{"id": "PMID:268221", "title": "Subacute myelocytic leukemia associated with the philadelphia chromosome and supplementary translocation : 9-12.", "content": "The authors report a case of subacute myelocytic leukemia presenting some severe aspects. The cytogenetic findings show the Philadelphia chromosome ; t (9-22) and a second translocation between the chromosome 12, and the other chromosome 9 : t (9-12). They think that this second translocation represents a supplementary cytogenetic argument for the isolation of \"Subacute myeloid Leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome\" within chronic myeloid Leukemia.", "contents": "Subacute myelocytic leukemia associated with the philadelphia chromosome and supplementary translocation : 9-12. The authors report a case of subacute myelocytic leukemia presenting some severe aspects. The cytogenetic findings show the Philadelphia chromosome ; t (9-22) and a second translocation between the chromosome 12, and the other chromosome 9 : t (9-12). They think that this second translocation represents a supplementary cytogenetic argument for the isolation of \"Subacute myeloid Leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome\" within chronic myeloid Leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:268222", "title": "Polymorphonuclear function in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "A study of granulocyte functions in acute myeloblastic leukemia is reported. Functions were assessed by the ability of polymorphonuclear to migrate in Boyden's chamber, to ingest and kill staphylococcus aureus. Chemotaxis was grossly impaired. Cellular imparirment of phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity was observed in 5 and 9 patients. An inhibitor of phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity was observed in 9 and 4 patients. Results improved in complete remission.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear function in acute myeloblastic leukemia. A study of granulocyte functions in acute myeloblastic leukemia is reported. Functions were assessed by the ability of polymorphonuclear to migrate in Boyden's chamber, to ingest and kill staphylococcus aureus. Chemotaxis was grossly impaired. Cellular imparirment of phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity was observed in 5 and 9 patients. An inhibitor of phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity was observed in 9 and 4 patients. Results improved in complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:268223", "title": "[Myelomonocytic leukemia: clinical, cytological, and cytogenetic studies of acute, subacute, and chronic forms (author's transl)].", "content": "44 patients suffering from myelomonocytic leukemia (MML) have been observed over the last four years. They have been subclassified in acute myelomonocytic and acute monoblastic leukemias (AMML, n = 12; AMoL, n = 10), subacute myelomonocytic leukemias (SMML, n = 13), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML, n = 9) on the basis of bone marrow cytology(blast and promonocyte counts, maturation of granulopoesis) and cytochemical findings (peroxydase and unspecific esterase reaction). This subclassification has been proved to be of prognostic relevance by its good correlation with the mean survival times (AMML : 4.5 months, AMoL : 2.4 months, SMML : 8 months, CMML : 18 months). The acute forms have been treated in general with combined cytostatic chemotherapy, whereas SMML and CMML have been treated this way only in case of progression to an acute phase. These progressions to an AMML have been observed more often and earlier in subacute forms than in chronic forms. The diagnosis of SMML and CMML is supported by the finding of sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow, increased lysozyme levels in serum and urine and by the absence of the Philadelphia-Chromosome.", "contents": "[Myelomonocytic leukemia: clinical, cytological, and cytogenetic studies of acute, subacute, and chronic forms (author's transl)]. 44 patients suffering from myelomonocytic leukemia (MML) have been observed over the last four years. They have been subclassified in acute myelomonocytic and acute monoblastic leukemias (AMML, n = 12; AMoL, n = 10), subacute myelomonocytic leukemias (SMML, n = 13), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML, n = 9) on the basis of bone marrow cytology(blast and promonocyte counts, maturation of granulopoesis) and cytochemical findings (peroxydase and unspecific esterase reaction). This subclassification has been proved to be of prognostic relevance by its good correlation with the mean survival times (AMML : 4.5 months, AMoL : 2.4 months, SMML : 8 months, CMML : 18 months). The acute forms have been treated in general with combined cytostatic chemotherapy, whereas SMML and CMML have been treated this way only in case of progression to an acute phase. These progressions to an AMML have been observed more often and earlier in subacute forms than in chronic forms. The diagnosis of SMML and CMML is supported by the finding of sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow, increased lysozyme levels in serum and urine and by the absence of the Philadelphia-Chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:268229", "title": "Prolonged remission maintenance in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were treated with three quadruple drug combinations in predetermined rotation: TRAP (thioguanine, daunorubicin, cytarabine, prednisolone); COAP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytarabine, prednisolone); and POMP (prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, mercaptopurine). Fifteen patients (60%) achieved complete remission and five (20%) partial remission. For maintenance, five-day courses of drugs were administered every 14 to 21 days and doses were increased to tolerance. The median length of complete remission was 66 weeks. In eight patients remission maintenance treatment was discontinued and some remained in complete remission for over two years. In this series the remission induction rate was comparable with that reported for other regimens and complete remission lasted longer with this intensive maintenance regimen than with others. Nevertheless, the TRAP programme must still be regarded as only palliative treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Prolonged remission maintenance in acute myeloid leukaemia. Twenty-five patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were treated with three quadruple drug combinations in predetermined rotation: TRAP (thioguanine, daunorubicin, cytarabine, prednisolone); COAP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytarabine, prednisolone); and POMP (prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate, mercaptopurine). Fifteen patients (60%) achieved complete remission and five (20%) partial remission. For maintenance, five-day courses of drugs were administered every 14 to 21 days and doses were increased to tolerance. The median length of complete remission was 66 weeks. In eight patients remission maintenance treatment was discontinued and some remained in complete remission for over two years. In this series the remission induction rate was comparable with that reported for other regimens and complete remission lasted longer with this intensive maintenance regimen than with others. Nevertheless, the TRAP programme must still be regarded as only palliative treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:268231", "title": "Lymphoid blastic crisis at the onset of chronic granulocytic leukemia: report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with a typical hematologic pattern of acute lymphatic leukemia were brought into complete remission by treatment. A few weeks later they developed a typical peripheral and bone marrow pattern of chronic granulocytic leukemia, with Philadelphia chromosome and very low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. These cases, along with other findings recently reported in the literature, support the possibility of a previously unrecognized relationship between lymphoblastic cell populations and chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Lymphoid blastic crisis at the onset of chronic granulocytic leukemia: report of two cases. Two patients with a typical hematologic pattern of acute lymphatic leukemia were brought into complete remission by treatment. A few weeks later they developed a typical peripheral and bone marrow pattern of chronic granulocytic leukemia, with Philadelphia chromosome and very low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. These cases, along with other findings recently reported in the literature, support the possibility of a previously unrecognized relationship between lymphoblastic cell populations and chronic granulocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:268232", "title": "Clostridium septicum infection in childhood leukemia: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Overwhelming Clostridium septicum infection is a rare occurrence in children. It is seen almost exclusively as a complication of acute leukemia. A high index of suspicion in the leukemic child with an acute abdomen is the key to early diagnosis and improved survival. A case in a 13-year-old girl with acute myelogenous leukemia is reported and six pediatric cases in the literature were reviewed.", "contents": "Clostridium septicum infection in childhood leukemia: report of a case and review of the literature. Overwhelming Clostridium septicum infection is a rare occurrence in children. It is seen almost exclusively as a complication of acute leukemia. A high index of suspicion in the leukemic child with an acute abdomen is the key to early diagnosis and improved survival. A case in a 13-year-old girl with acute myelogenous leukemia is reported and six pediatric cases in the literature were reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:268245", "title": "Urinary lysozyme phenotypes in monocytic leukemia.", "content": "A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis has been devised to allow the study of the electrophoretic mobility of urinary lysozyme. Three different phenotypes have been defined in a study of thirteen purified lysozymes obtained from different patients with monocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Urinary lysozyme phenotypes in monocytic leukemia. A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis has been devised to allow the study of the electrophoretic mobility of urinary lysozyme. Three different phenotypes have been defined in a study of thirteen purified lysozymes obtained from different patients with monocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:268246", "title": "Pharmacologic studies of continuous infusion of arabinosylcytosine by liquid infusion system.", "content": "Arabinosylcytosine (ara-C) was administered by prolonged intravenous infusion with a portable liquid infusion system (LIS) to patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. With the use of tritiated ara-C and this portable system, pharmacologic studies were performed in 8 patients. Most of the plasma radioactivity is in the deaminated product, arabinosyluracil (ara-U). After continuous intravenous infusion, a constant ara-C level is achieved slowly in the plasma. Unless a loading (priming) dose is administered immediately before beginning the infusion, a steady-state ara-C level cannot be achieved until 8 to 24 hr after the infusion. The infusion system has two mechanisms--one for giving a loading dose (3 ml/min) and the other for regular infusion at a rate of 0.5 to 2.0 ml/hr. If a loading dose is given before continuous infusion, a steady-state are-C level is achieved within an hour. The plasma ara-C disappearance curves are biphasic with a terminal half-life of 104 min, which is the same as that of a single injection. The cumulative urinary excretion after approximately 23 hr of infusion varied from 14% to 35% in different patients; more than 90% is ara-U and the remainder is ara-C. Our results have demonstrated that LIS can be used conveniently to sustain a constant plasma level of ara-C. The LIS increases mobility of both inpatients and outpatients and is particularly convenient for ambulatory patients.", "contents": "Pharmacologic studies of continuous infusion of arabinosylcytosine by liquid infusion system. Arabinosylcytosine (ara-C) was administered by prolonged intravenous infusion with a portable liquid infusion system (LIS) to patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. With the use of tritiated ara-C and this portable system, pharmacologic studies were performed in 8 patients. Most of the plasma radioactivity is in the deaminated product, arabinosyluracil (ara-U). After continuous intravenous infusion, a constant ara-C level is achieved slowly in the plasma. Unless a loading (priming) dose is administered immediately before beginning the infusion, a steady-state ara-C level cannot be achieved until 8 to 24 hr after the infusion. The infusion system has two mechanisms--one for giving a loading dose (3 ml/min) and the other for regular infusion at a rate of 0.5 to 2.0 ml/hr. If a loading dose is given before continuous infusion, a steady-state are-C level is achieved within an hour. The plasma ara-C disappearance curves are biphasic with a terminal half-life of 104 min, which is the same as that of a single injection. The cumulative urinary excretion after approximately 23 hr of infusion varied from 14% to 35% in different patients; more than 90% is ara-U and the remainder is ara-C. Our results have demonstrated that LIS can be used conveniently to sustain a constant plasma level of ara-C. The LIS increases mobility of both inpatients and outpatients and is particularly convenient for ambulatory patients."}
{"id": "PMID:268259", "title": "A computerized system for the evaluation of community dental programs.", "content": "This paper reports on a relatively uncomplicated and inexpensive computerized system for prospective evaluation of clinical dental programs from the point of view of effectiveness and efficiency. Availability of this system does away with some high start-up costs. Three forms of input data, new case information, examination findings and operative procedure information, are regularly collected on data sheets and specially designed Port-a-punch IBM cards. Easily interpreted output tables are generated monthly on such variables as completed cases according to treatment series and clinician, number of various procedures performed by clinicians, etc. Productivity is measured, in part, by application of monetary constants to procedure data. This paper describes the computer programs used, the cost of setting up and operating the system (which is within the budgetary constraints of most small, publicly funded programs) and the benefits that can be derived from the use of such a system. The system provides prompt feedback of relevant administrative data, thus allowing for relatively quick response to problems. Use of the system reduces clerical needs to a minimum and the program can easily be implemented on any except the very smallest digital computer.", "contents": "A computerized system for the evaluation of community dental programs. This paper reports on a relatively uncomplicated and inexpensive computerized system for prospective evaluation of clinical dental programs from the point of view of effectiveness and efficiency. Availability of this system does away with some high start-up costs. Three forms of input data, new case information, examination findings and operative procedure information, are regularly collected on data sheets and specially designed Port-a-punch IBM cards. Easily interpreted output tables are generated monthly on such variables as completed cases according to treatment series and clinician, number of various procedures performed by clinicians, etc. Productivity is measured, in part, by application of monetary constants to procedure data. This paper describes the computer programs used, the cost of setting up and operating the system (which is within the budgetary constraints of most small, publicly funded programs) and the benefits that can be derived from the use of such a system. The system provides prompt feedback of relevant administrative data, thus allowing for relatively quick response to problems. Use of the system reduces clerical needs to a minimum and the program can easily be implemented on any except the very smallest digital computer."}
{"id": "PMID:268260", "title": "Time utilization, productivity and costs of solo and extended duty auxiliary dental practice.", "content": "A study was conducted to compare the time utilization of the dentist, and productivity and costs for solo (one dentist, one chairside assistant and one treatment room) and extended duty settings (one dentist, two extended duty dental hygienists, one chairside assistant and two treatment rooms). Only amalgam and composite restorations done in a general group practice were included. In the extended duty setting the dentist spent more time in managerial activities and less time in treatment than in the solo setting. Nevertheless, the dentist in the extended duty setting produced 53% more restorations as compared with solo practice. The cost ratio of solo to extended duty practice was computed to 1:1.52. From the point of view of microeconomics, the extended duty setting was found no worse than the solo setting.", "contents": "Time utilization, productivity and costs of solo and extended duty auxiliary dental practice. A study was conducted to compare the time utilization of the dentist, and productivity and costs for solo (one dentist, one chairside assistant and one treatment room) and extended duty settings (one dentist, two extended duty dental hygienists, one chairside assistant and two treatment rooms). Only amalgam and composite restorations done in a general group practice were included. In the extended duty setting the dentist spent more time in managerial activities and less time in treatment than in the solo setting. Nevertheless, the dentist in the extended duty setting produced 53% more restorations as compared with solo practice. The cost ratio of solo to extended duty practice was computed to 1:1.52. From the point of view of microeconomics, the extended duty setting was found no worse than the solo setting."}
{"id": "PMID:268261", "title": "The distribution of dentists and the uptake of dental treatment by schoolchildren in England.", "content": "The uptake of treatment by 508 14-year-old children in different social classes in two towns in England with different dentist:population ratios was investigated. In the town with the unfavorable dentist:population ratio (Town U) the uptake of treatment was considerably higher in the higher social classes. In the town with the favorable dentist:population ratio (Town F) the uptake was similar throughout the social scale. The results suggest that the availability of dentists rather than sociologic attitudes to dental health is largely responsible for the differential uptake of treatment by children in the different social classes.", "contents": "The distribution of dentists and the uptake of dental treatment by schoolchildren in England. The uptake of treatment by 508 14-year-old children in different social classes in two towns in England with different dentist:population ratios was investigated. In the town with the unfavorable dentist:population ratio (Town U) the uptake of treatment was considerably higher in the higher social classes. In the town with the favorable dentist:population ratio (Town F) the uptake was similar throughout the social scale. The results suggest that the availability of dentists rather than sociologic attitudes to dental health is largely responsible for the differential uptake of treatment by children in the different social classes."}
{"id": "PMID:268262", "title": "Role of health education among services rendered by dental personnel in Finland.", "content": "The quantity and origins of dental health education information were surveyed in June 1973 by interviews with a sample comprising 505 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over. The interview revealed that tooth extraction was the most frequent (43%) of the measures performed during the last visit to dentist and tooth filling was the measure second in frequency (41%). Rare measures were periodontal treatment (13%) and teaching of home care (2%). Radio and television were the most frequently mentioned sources of information (47%); however, the evaluations of the reliability of information on dental health education in the mass media were skeptical. Dental service personnel was a not minor source of information (33%) and its effectiveness was recognized. Although dental health education performed on the personal level is a great challenge, which should be accepted by the whole dental personnel, a total of 58% of the interviewees were of the opinion that they had not received sufficient information on dental home care.", "contents": "Role of health education among services rendered by dental personnel in Finland. The quantity and origins of dental health education information were surveyed in June 1973 by interviews with a sample comprising 505 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over. The interview revealed that tooth extraction was the most frequent (43%) of the measures performed during the last visit to dentist and tooth filling was the measure second in frequency (41%). Rare measures were periodontal treatment (13%) and teaching of home care (2%). Radio and television were the most frequently mentioned sources of information (47%); however, the evaluations of the reliability of information on dental health education in the mass media were skeptical. Dental service personnel was a not minor source of information (33%) and its effectiveness was recognized. Although dental health education performed on the personal level is a great challenge, which should be accepted by the whole dental personnel, a total of 58% of the interviewees were of the opinion that they had not received sufficient information on dental home care."}
{"id": "PMID:268263", "title": "A marked difference in caries prevalence between 5-year-old children in two areas of Staffordshire, England.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in an urban and rural area of Staffordshire, England. The populations comprised 365 children and 206 children, respectively. 161 children in the urban area and 124 children from the rural area were examined. Those in the rural area had 44% less dental caries experience (P less than 0.01). The mean dmf of children with good dental cleanliness was similar in each area but there was a 39% and 33% interarea difference between those with fair and poor standards of dental cleanliness. A larger proportion in the rural area belonged to social classes 1 + 2 and fewer to social classes 4 + 5. A significant difference in dmf (P less than 0.01) between the areas in social classes 3N and 3M was found. Water supplies had less than 0.20 parts/10(6) fluoride. The interarea difference in caries prevalence cannot be fully explained by consideration of the variables of dental cleanliness, social class and waterborne fluoride. It is hypothesized that tooth resistance may differ between the areas. The study will be repeated to confirm the findings.", "contents": "A marked difference in caries prevalence between 5-year-old children in two areas of Staffordshire, England. The purpose of this study was to compare the dental caries experience of 5-year-old children in an urban and rural area of Staffordshire, England. The populations comprised 365 children and 206 children, respectively. 161 children in the urban area and 124 children from the rural area were examined. Those in the rural area had 44% less dental caries experience (P less than 0.01). The mean dmf of children with good dental cleanliness was similar in each area but there was a 39% and 33% interarea difference between those with fair and poor standards of dental cleanliness. A larger proportion in the rural area belonged to social classes 1 + 2 and fewer to social classes 4 + 5. A significant difference in dmf (P less than 0.01) between the areas in social classes 3N and 3M was found. Water supplies had less than 0.20 parts/10(6) fluoride. The interarea difference in caries prevalence cannot be fully explained by consideration of the variables of dental cleanliness, social class and waterborne fluoride. It is hypothesized that tooth resistance may differ between the areas. The study will be repeated to confirm the findings."}
{"id": "PMID:268264", "title": "Prevalence of hypodontia and malformations of permanent teeth in Iceland.", "content": "This study was performed to elucidate the prevalence of hypodontia and congenital malformations of permanent teeth in Iceland. Computer analysis was done on the basis of results from examining 1,116 children (521 boys and 595 girls), or about 9.5% of all schoolchildren in Reykjav\u00edk in stages DS 3 (canines and premolars erupting) and DS 4 (canines and premolars fully erupted) of dental development at the time of the study. The age range was mainly from 8-16 years. The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth (second and third molars excluded) was 6.7% in boys and somewhat higher, 8.9%, in girls, 7.9% for both sexes combined. On the average, each child was missing 1.9 teeth. In the girls, the most commonly absent teeth were the mandibular second premolar (55%), the maxillary second premolar (19%), and the maxillary lateral incisors (18%). In the boys the figures were 51%, 18%, and 10%, respectively. Malformation of permanent teeth, mainly in the form of pegshaped maxillary laterals, was also less common in the boys, 1.3% against 3.0% in the girls, and 2.2% for both sexes combined. Among Icelandic children hypodontia and/or congenital malformation of permanent teeth were found in 9.1%.", "contents": "Prevalence of hypodontia and malformations of permanent teeth in Iceland. This study was performed to elucidate the prevalence of hypodontia and congenital malformations of permanent teeth in Iceland. Computer analysis was done on the basis of results from examining 1,116 children (521 boys and 595 girls), or about 9.5% of all schoolchildren in Reykjav\u00edk in stages DS 3 (canines and premolars erupting) and DS 4 (canines and premolars fully erupted) of dental development at the time of the study. The age range was mainly from 8-16 years. The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth (second and third molars excluded) was 6.7% in boys and somewhat higher, 8.9%, in girls, 7.9% for both sexes combined. On the average, each child was missing 1.9 teeth. In the girls, the most commonly absent teeth were the mandibular second premolar (55%), the maxillary second premolar (19%), and the maxillary lateral incisors (18%). In the boys the figures were 51%, 18%, and 10%, respectively. Malformation of permanent teeth, mainly in the form of pegshaped maxillary laterals, was also less common in the boys, 1.3% against 3.0% in the girls, and 2.2% for both sexes combined. Among Icelandic children hypodontia and/or congenital malformation of permanent teeth were found in 9.1%."}
{"id": "PMID:268265", "title": "Tooth survival in institutionalized elderly Cape Coloreds from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa.", "content": "An investigation has been conducted in order to assess the oral health status and need for dental treatment among Cape Coloreds resident in homes for the aged in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Tooth loss was greater in females than in males (P less than 0.002) but a statistically significantly greater proportion of surviving teeth were grossly carious in men than in women (P less than 0.002). More teeth had survived in the mandible than in the maxilla (P less than 0.002) and proportionately more teeth were grossly carious in the maxilla than in the mandible (P less than 0.002). The distribution pattern of the remaining dentition according to tooth type was similar for both jaws, the canines being the most persistent teeth.", "contents": "Tooth survival in institutionalized elderly Cape Coloreds from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. An investigation has been conducted in order to assess the oral health status and need for dental treatment among Cape Coloreds resident in homes for the aged in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Tooth loss was greater in females than in males (P less than 0.002) but a statistically significantly greater proportion of surviving teeth were grossly carious in men than in women (P less than 0.002). More teeth had survived in the mandible than in the maxilla (P less than 0.002) and proportionately more teeth were grossly carious in the maxilla than in the mandible (P less than 0.002). The distribution pattern of the remaining dentition according to tooth type was similar for both jaws, the canines being the most persistent teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:268267", "title": "[Acute myeloid leukaemia in the course of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute myeloid leukaemia occurred in six patients who had been treated for Hodgkin's disease for a number of years. Usually the leukaemia diagnosis was preceded by a striking pancytopenic phase, bone-marrow aspiration being more useful diagnostically than biopsy. Five of these six patients have come under observation in the last eighteen months. This extraordinary frequency of secondary acute myeloid leukaemia once again raises the question of the leukaemogenic effect of intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and also new aspects in the therapeutic management of Hodgkin's disease, especially combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as well as long-term maintenance chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Acute myeloid leukaemia in the course of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Acute myeloid leukaemia occurred in six patients who had been treated for Hodgkin's disease for a number of years. Usually the leukaemia diagnosis was preceded by a striking pancytopenic phase, bone-marrow aspiration being more useful diagnostically than biopsy. Five of these six patients have come under observation in the last eighteen months. This extraordinary frequency of secondary acute myeloid leukaemia once again raises the question of the leukaemogenic effect of intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and also new aspects in the therapeutic management of Hodgkin's disease, especially combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as well as long-term maintenance chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:268268", "title": "[Combination chemotherapy in acute blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen patients in an acute blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were treated with a combination of vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine, hydroxyurea and prednisone. Only two of these patients had complete remission on this treatment, while four had partial remission. This experience, comparable to that reported by others, suggests that aggressive treatment in the terminal phase of CML is justified only as part of a prospective and well-controlled study.", "contents": "[Combination chemotherapy in acute blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (author's transl)]. Sixteen patients in an acute blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were treated with a combination of vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine, hydroxyurea and prednisone. Only two of these patients had complete remission on this treatment, while four had partial remission. This experience, comparable to that reported by others, suggests that aggressive treatment in the terminal phase of CML is justified only as part of a prospective and well-controlled study."}
{"id": "PMID:268269", "title": "[Epidemiological study on hepatitis morbidity in dental personnel on the model of the Erlangen university dental clinic].", "content": "1. The dentist and staff are exposed to nearly double the risk of hepatitis than the population in general. The risk of infection rises with proved contact with hepatitis patients. 2. About 60% of dental personnel suffers subclinical infections. A subclinically infected person is a source of infection for his patients. 3. The chief source of infection is blood contact. In comparisons with the practitioner with mixed dental practice, the surgically active dentist is exposed to three or four times the infection risk. 4. Serological determination of hepatitis antibodies makes it possible to demonstrate subclinical infections. 5. Consistent prophylaxis against infection is required. After proved contact with a hepatitis patient, infection can be prevented by timely treatment with hyperimmune serum.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study on hepatitis morbidity in dental personnel on the model of the Erlangen university dental clinic]. 1. The dentist and staff are exposed to nearly double the risk of hepatitis than the population in general. The risk of infection rises with proved contact with hepatitis patients. 2. About 60% of dental personnel suffers subclinical infections. A subclinically infected person is a source of infection for his patients. 3. The chief source of infection is blood contact. In comparisons with the practitioner with mixed dental practice, the surgically active dentist is exposed to three or four times the infection risk. 4. Serological determination of hepatitis antibodies makes it possible to demonstrate subclinical infections. 5. Consistent prophylaxis against infection is required. After proved contact with a hepatitis patient, infection can be prevented by timely treatment with hyperimmune serum."}
{"id": "PMID:268270", "title": "[Clinical aspects of osteomyelitis sicca (pseudo-Paget)].", "content": "Osteomyelitis sicca of the mandible in its dry, tumour-producing form was described clinically and radiologically as pseudo-Paget's disease by Axhausen in 1934. In 1969, Hoppe et al. were able to corroborate in animal experiments different stages of this disease, previously outlined by Hoppe in a pathological histological study in 1964. Empirically, an anti-rheumatic treatment offers itself with which an exacerbation can be cut short and complete remission obtained later.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of osteomyelitis sicca (pseudo-Paget)]. Osteomyelitis sicca of the mandible in its dry, tumour-producing form was described clinically and radiologically as pseudo-Paget's disease by Axhausen in 1934. In 1969, Hoppe et al. were able to corroborate in animal experiments different stages of this disease, previously outlined by Hoppe in a pathological histological study in 1964. Empirically, an anti-rheumatic treatment offers itself with which an exacerbation can be cut short and complete remission obtained later."}
{"id": "PMID:268271", "title": "[Contribution to the microbial catabolism of xylitol].", "content": "Five xylitol metabolizing streptococci strains from the oral cavity of the rat were examined with regard to their metabolic capacities for xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, fructose, glucose and saccharose by means of the Warburg technique. The amounts metabolized were smallest with xylitol and sorbitol and considerably bigger with mannitol and fructose. By far the highest CO2 values were obtained with glucose, while saccharose was not metabolized at all. The experimental results confirm the weak metabolic capability of these organisms with regard to the sugar substitute xylitol.", "contents": "[Contribution to the microbial catabolism of xylitol]. Five xylitol metabolizing streptococci strains from the oral cavity of the rat were examined with regard to their metabolic capacities for xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, fructose, glucose and saccharose by means of the Warburg technique. The amounts metabolized were smallest with xylitol and sorbitol and considerably bigger with mannitol and fructose. By far the highest CO2 values were obtained with glucose, while saccharose was not metabolized at all. The experimental results confirm the weak metabolic capability of these organisms with regard to the sugar substitute xylitol."}
{"id": "PMID:268273", "title": "[Cephalometric analysis of the mid-facial region in Central Europeans].", "content": "In the evaluation of 101 cephalometric x-rays, the measuring point infraorbitale Io is established for the cephalometric analysis of the middle third of the face. Being the most ventral point in the infraorbital region Io can easily be identified on radiograms. As cephalometric parameters of the middle third of the face, the angles SNaIo, IoNaA as well as the distance Io-NaA are chosen. The most favorable measurement seems to be the angle SNaIo. There are correlations between the newly introduced angle SNaIo and SNaA/SNaB. When combining the two angles in pairs, hypoplasia of the middle third of the face can be cephalometrically differentiated into infraorbital, maxillary and total hypoplasia. The practical significance of this method for surgical corrections of deformations of the middle third of the face is pointed out.", "contents": "[Cephalometric analysis of the mid-facial region in Central Europeans]. In the evaluation of 101 cephalometric x-rays, the measuring point infraorbitale Io is established for the cephalometric analysis of the middle third of the face. Being the most ventral point in the infraorbital region Io can easily be identified on radiograms. As cephalometric parameters of the middle third of the face, the angles SNaIo, IoNaA as well as the distance Io-NaA are chosen. The most favorable measurement seems to be the angle SNaIo. There are correlations between the newly introduced angle SNaIo and SNaA/SNaB. When combining the two angles in pairs, hypoplasia of the middle third of the face can be cephalometrically differentiated into infraorbital, maxillary and total hypoplasia. The practical significance of this method for surgical corrections of deformations of the middle third of the face is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:268275", "title": "[Geometric-mathematical analysis of transition errors in the articulator and their practical effects].", "content": "In a computerized program based on the conditions in the Dentatus articulator, those errors were calculated and graphically represented which resulted from the inaccurate registration of the following parameters: Sagittal and caudal distance of incisal point to condyle axis, condyle dise put into relation to 2 mm laterotrusion of a molar point. In both the frontal and the horizontal plane, the individual parameters led to differently great errors which influenced the working and the balancing sides differently. The greatest errors occur when changing the angle of the inclination of the mandibular condyle path and the sagittal and caudal distance of incisal point to condyle axis. Errors of several tenths of a millimeter in the frontal plane are potential disturbing factors.", "contents": "[Geometric-mathematical analysis of transition errors in the articulator and their practical effects]. In a computerized program based on the conditions in the Dentatus articulator, those errors were calculated and graphically represented which resulted from the inaccurate registration of the following parameters: Sagittal and caudal distance of incisal point to condyle axis, condyle dise put into relation to 2 mm laterotrusion of a molar point. In both the frontal and the horizontal plane, the individual parameters led to differently great errors which influenced the working and the balancing sides differently. The greatest errors occur when changing the angle of the inclination of the mandibular condyle path and the sagittal and caudal distance of incisal point to condyle axis. Errors of several tenths of a millimeter in the frontal plane are potential disturbing factors."}
{"id": "PMID:268276", "title": "[Lipid analysis in jaw cysts].", "content": "In patients with jaw cysts, cyst content and blood serum are examined by means of thin section chromatography with regard to their contents of cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters. The increase in lipid content found in the cyst is primarily due to the increase in free cholesterol. Since the serum values are within normal ranges, it is unlikely that cysts are the result of endogenous causes. Our examinations showed that they are primarily due to local processes.", "contents": "[Lipid analysis in jaw cysts]. In patients with jaw cysts, cyst content and blood serum are examined by means of thin section chromatography with regard to their contents of cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol esters. The increase in lipid content found in the cyst is primarily due to the increase in free cholesterol. Since the serum values are within normal ranges, it is unlikely that cysts are the result of endogenous causes. Our examinations showed that they are primarily due to local processes."}
{"id": "PMID:268277", "title": "[Dentomaxillary destructions in oxalosis].", "content": "Oxalosis, a rare metabolic disorder, leads to excessive formation of oxalate and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the tissue. This leads to renal insufficiency with resulting secondary hyperparathyroidism and myelofibrosis. In a 27 year old female patient, extensive destruction of the maxilla, mandible and teeth was observed which has not yet been described and which led to the loss of all teeth.", "contents": "[Dentomaxillary destructions in oxalosis]. Oxalosis, a rare metabolic disorder, leads to excessive formation of oxalate and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the tissue. This leads to renal insufficiency with resulting secondary hyperparathyroidism and myelofibrosis. In a 27 year old female patient, extensive destruction of the maxilla, mandible and teeth was observed which has not yet been described and which led to the loss of all teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:268284", "title": "Amino acid control of stable RNA synthesis in Friend leukemia cells in relation to intracellular purine nucleoside triphosphate levels.", "content": "Histidinol is known to cause deacylation of histidyl-tRNA in cultured mammalian cells, thereby producing a functional deprivation of histidine. Such deprivation of an essential amino acid is known to produce various effects, including inhibition of tRNA synthesis and of nucleolar RNA synthesis and processing. It has been proposed [Grummt, F. & Grummt, I. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 64, 307-312] that this response to amino acid deprivation is mediated by decreases in GTP and ATP pool sizes caused by a deacylated-tRNA-dependent hydrolysis of GTP. In contrast, we find that Friend leukemia cells treated with histidinol show no significant changes in GTP or ATP pool sizes, although this treatment does produce the expected inhibition of rRNA and tRNA synthesis.", "contents": "Amino acid control of stable RNA synthesis in Friend leukemia cells in relation to intracellular purine nucleoside triphosphate levels. Histidinol is known to cause deacylation of histidyl-tRNA in cultured mammalian cells, thereby producing a functional deprivation of histidine. Such deprivation of an essential amino acid is known to produce various effects, including inhibition of tRNA synthesis and of nucleolar RNA synthesis and processing. It has been proposed [Grummt, F. & Grummt, I. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 64, 307-312] that this response to amino acid deprivation is mediated by decreases in GTP and ATP pool sizes caused by a deacylated-tRNA-dependent hydrolysis of GTP. In contrast, we find that Friend leukemia cells treated with histidinol show no significant changes in GTP or ATP pool sizes, although this treatment does produce the expected inhibition of rRNA and tRNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:268293", "title": "Sex selection with biased technologies and its effect on the population sex ratio.", "content": "Current biomedical research on sex selection techniques may soon offer couples the opportunity to choose the sex of their children with greater certainty. A technique planned for marketing by mid-1978 can increase the probability of bearing a son to as much as 0.90. However, couples who wish to improve their chances of bearing a daughter have no such opportunity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, a decision-making model is provided which describes how couples should choose among alternative sex-selection methods so as to maximize the probability of bearing their desired number of sons and daughters. Second, the effect of the widespread use of sex-selection techniques on the population sex ratio is explored. It is shown that even if populations have unbiased sex preferences, or sex preferences biased towards daughters, the use of biased sex-selection technologies may result in very high population sex ratios.", "contents": "Sex selection with biased technologies and its effect on the population sex ratio. Current biomedical research on sex selection techniques may soon offer couples the opportunity to choose the sex of their children with greater certainty. A technique planned for marketing by mid-1978 can increase the probability of bearing a son to as much as 0.90. However, couples who wish to improve their chances of bearing a daughter have no such opportunity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, a decision-making model is provided which describes how couples should choose among alternative sex-selection methods so as to maximize the probability of bearing their desired number of sons and daughters. Second, the effect of the widespread use of sex-selection techniques on the population sex ratio is explored. It is shown that even if populations have unbiased sex preferences, or sex preferences biased towards daughters, the use of biased sex-selection technologies may result in very high population sex ratios."}
{"id": "PMID:268295", "title": "Differentiation of a resistant clone of mouse myeloid leukemia cells with dimethyl sulfoxide and ascitic fluid.", "content": "Mouse myeloid leukemia line cells, M1, could be induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes with ascitic fluid of animals bearing various tumors. M1 cells could not be induced to differentiate with dimethyl sulfoxide alone. During the culture of M1 cells, spontaneously appearing cells resistant to factors stimulating differentiation (D-factor) in ascitic fluid were isolated. These resistant cells were more refractile to the toxic action of dimethyl sulfoxide than sensitive cells and grew in culture medium with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide. Although the resistant cells were not induced to differentiate with dimethyl sulfoxide alone, they were sensitized with the aid of dimethyl sulfoxide to undergo differentiation with the D-factor in ascitic fluid.", "contents": "Differentiation of a resistant clone of mouse myeloid leukemia cells with dimethyl sulfoxide and ascitic fluid. Mouse myeloid leukemia line cells, M1, could be induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes with ascitic fluid of animals bearing various tumors. M1 cells could not be induced to differentiate with dimethyl sulfoxide alone. During the culture of M1 cells, spontaneously appearing cells resistant to factors stimulating differentiation (D-factor) in ascitic fluid were isolated. These resistant cells were more refractile to the toxic action of dimethyl sulfoxide than sensitive cells and grew in culture medium with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide. Although the resistant cells were not induced to differentiate with dimethyl sulfoxide alone, they were sensitized with the aid of dimethyl sulfoxide to undergo differentiation with the D-factor in ascitic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:268296", "title": "Glucorticoid-induced differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Mouse myeloid leukemia cells were induced by some corticoid hormones to migrate in agar, phagocytize, and change into forms which were morphologically similar to macrophages and granulocytes. Inducing ability of corticoids was correlated with glucocorticoid activity, not mineralocorticoid activity. Other steroids were ineffective to induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Glucocorticoid-resistant cells, which could not differentiate even in a high concentrations of dexamethasone, were selected from steroid-sensitive cells by stepwise increase in concentrations of dexamethasone in culture medium.", "contents": "Glucorticoid-induced differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Mouse myeloid leukemia cells were induced by some corticoid hormones to migrate in agar, phagocytize, and change into forms which were morphologically similar to macrophages and granulocytes. Inducing ability of corticoids was correlated with glucocorticoid activity, not mineralocorticoid activity. Other steroids were ineffective to induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Glucocorticoid-resistant cells, which could not differentiate even in a high concentrations of dexamethasone, were selected from steroid-sensitive cells by stepwise increase in concentrations of dexamethasone in culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:268309", "title": "Fluorescence banding techniques in the identification of sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex.", "content": "The mitotic chromosomes of the sibling species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae complex were stained with Hoechst 33258 and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The autosomes fluoresce homogenously and similarly in both species while the sex chromosomes differ in the location and brightness of some heterochromatic blocks. These cytochemical differences allow the cytotaxonomic identification of these cryptic species.", "contents": "Fluorescence banding techniques in the identification of sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex. The mitotic chromosomes of the sibling species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae complex were stained with Hoechst 33258 and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The autosomes fluoresce homogenously and similarly in both species while the sex chromosomes differ in the location and brightness of some heterochromatic blocks. These cytochemical differences allow the cytotaxonomic identification of these cryptic species."}
{"id": "PMID:268310", "title": "The evolution of dominance: Haldane v Fisher revisited.", "content": "Fisher's model for the evolution of dominance indicates that the accumulation of dominance modifiers will be accelerated by (1) an increased frequency of the mutant heterozygote, (2) increased selection for the phenotype of the normal homozygote. The model has been criticised by Haldane on the grounds that point (1) is not fulfilled, that is dominance appears to be more common in populations with a low frequency of mutant heterozygotes (populations of inbreeders). In support of Fisher's model it is argued that intense selection for the wild type phenotype is more common in inbreeders than outbreeders. This situation should promote the accumulation of dominance modifiers (point (2) above).", "contents": "The evolution of dominance: Haldane v Fisher revisited. Fisher's model for the evolution of dominance indicates that the accumulation of dominance modifiers will be accelerated by (1) an increased frequency of the mutant heterozygote, (2) increased selection for the phenotype of the normal homozygote. The model has been criticised by Haldane on the grounds that point (1) is not fulfilled, that is dominance appears to be more common in populations with a low frequency of mutant heterozygotes (populations of inbreeders). In support of Fisher's model it is argued that intense selection for the wild type phenotype is more common in inbreeders than outbreeders. This situation should promote the accumulation of dominance modifiers (point (2) above)."}
{"id": "PMID:268311", "title": "The effective size of a natural drosophila subobscura population.", "content": "The effective size of a natural Drosophila subobscura population has been computed by drawing together various pieces of ecological information. The value, for both variance and inbreeding effective numbers, is approximately 400. This is largely due to reductions caused by a winter bottleneck and non-random distributions of family sizes. Areas where such estimates might be refined further are pointed out, and the implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "The effective size of a natural drosophila subobscura population. The effective size of a natural Drosophila subobscura population has been computed by drawing together various pieces of ecological information. The value, for both variance and inbreeding effective numbers, is approximately 400. This is largely due to reductions caused by a winter bottleneck and non-random distributions of family sizes. Areas where such estimates might be refined further are pointed out, and the implications of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268312", "title": "Linkage mapping from pair-wise recombination data.", "content": "The problem of obtaining a genetic map of a linkage group from pair-wise recombination data is considered. A non-parametric approach is proposed, that does not require the definition of a mapping function, computation of coefficients of coincidence, nor knowledge of map length or sex differences in recombination. An application to Bridges and Morgan's (1923) data on chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster is presented.", "contents": "Linkage mapping from pair-wise recombination data. The problem of obtaining a genetic map of a linkage group from pair-wise recombination data is considered. A non-parametric approach is proposed, that does not require the definition of a mapping function, computation of coefficients of coincidence, nor knowledge of map length or sex differences in recombination. An application to Bridges and Morgan's (1923) data on chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:268313", "title": "The genetical analysis of covariance structure.", "content": "The analysis of covariance structures (J\u00f6reskog, 1973) is adapted to the simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of genetical and environmental factor loadings and specific variances. The goodness of fit is tested by chi square and standard errors of parameter estimates can be obtained. Any linear model used in univariate genetical analyses can be extended to the multivariate case. Most biological hypotheses about the relationships between variables can be specified by a variety of factor models. Individual parameters can be given fixed values or set to zero and hypotheses concerning the congruence of genetical and environmental correlations can be tested. The method is illustrated with published twin data on cognitive abilities.", "contents": "The genetical analysis of covariance structure. The analysis of covariance structures (J\u00f6reskog, 1973) is adapted to the simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of genetical and environmental factor loadings and specific variances. The goodness of fit is tested by chi square and standard errors of parameter estimates can be obtained. Any linear model used in univariate genetical analyses can be extended to the multivariate case. Most biological hypotheses about the relationships between variables can be specified by a variety of factor models. Individual parameters can be given fixed values or set to zero and hypotheses concerning the congruence of genetical and environmental correlations can be tested. The method is illustrated with published twin data on cognitive abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:268314", "title": "The consequences of using inadequate testers in the simplified triple test-cross.", "content": "The genetical consequences of common alleles in the L1 and L2 testers of a simplified version of the triple test-cross which is applicable to populations of inbred lines are examined. The test for epistasis under these circumstances becomes ambiguous and can spuriously detect non-allelic interactions when they may not exist although it still provides a test for epistasis and the adequacy of the testers simultaneously. The tests of significance and the estimates of additive variation are biased to an extent related to the dominance and dominance x additive effects of the common loci while the significance and estimates of dominance variation are deflated because they reflect the dominance effects at the non-common loci only. The covariance of sums and differences is also underestimated for the same reasons. These expectations are illustrated by analysing the 190 simplified triple test-crosses that could be extracted from a 20 x 20 diallel set of crosses between pure-breeding lines of Nicotiana rustica.", "contents": "The consequences of using inadequate testers in the simplified triple test-cross. The genetical consequences of common alleles in the L1 and L2 testers of a simplified version of the triple test-cross which is applicable to populations of inbred lines are examined. The test for epistasis under these circumstances becomes ambiguous and can spuriously detect non-allelic interactions when they may not exist although it still provides a test for epistasis and the adequacy of the testers simultaneously. The tests of significance and the estimates of additive variation are biased to an extent related to the dominance and dominance x additive effects of the common loci while the significance and estimates of dominance variation are deflated because they reflect the dominance effects at the non-common loci only. The covariance of sums and differences is also underestimated for the same reasons. These expectations are illustrated by analysing the 190 simplified triple test-crosses that could be extracted from a 20 x 20 diallel set of crosses between pure-breeding lines of Nicotiana rustica."}
{"id": "PMID:268315", "title": "The use of regression methods to study genotype-environment interactions: extending Griffing's model for diallel cross experiments and testing an empirical grouping method.", "content": "A model combining features of Griffing's diallel cross analysis with regression analysis for genotype-environment interactions is introduced using carp data of Moav et al. (1975) as an example. An analysis of variance based on this model provides information on the combining abilities of genetic effects and the interactions of these effects with environments from which inferences can readily be made on heterosis and heterosis-environment interactions. Applying the empirical grouping method of Lin and Thompson (1975) to these data (ignoring their diallel cross structure) established groups which were remarkably consistent with their members' crossing backgrounds.", "contents": "The use of regression methods to study genotype-environment interactions: extending Griffing's model for diallel cross experiments and testing an empirical grouping method. A model combining features of Griffing's diallel cross analysis with regression analysis for genotype-environment interactions is introduced using carp data of Moav et al. (1975) as an example. An analysis of variance based on this model provides information on the combining abilities of genetic effects and the interactions of these effects with environments from which inferences can readily be made on heterosis and heterosis-environment interactions. Applying the empirical grouping method of Lin and Thompson (1975) to these data (ignoring their diallel cross structure) established groups which were remarkably consistent with their members' crossing backgrounds."}
{"id": "PMID:268316", "title": "A new index for the intensity of natural selection.", "content": "A new index for the intensity of natural selection is proposed, based upon the double exponential model for fitness functions. This index is defined as a variance and is such that a value of zero indicates no selection while a value of one indicates quite strong selection. The use of the index is demonstrated using published data on the survival of human infants with different birth weights and gestation times.", "contents": "A new index for the intensity of natural selection. A new index for the intensity of natural selection is proposed, based upon the double exponential model for fitness functions. This index is defined as a variance and is such that a value of zero indicates no selection while a value of one indicates quite strong selection. The use of the index is demonstrated using published data on the survival of human infants with different birth weights and gestation times."}
{"id": "PMID:268317", "title": "Genetics of obesity of Zucker rats and Koletsky rats.", "content": "The breeding data on Zucker rats and on Koletsky rats confirm that the obesity in these two strains of rats is inherited recessively and results from single gene mutations. Mating a Zucker heterozygote to a Koletsky heterozygote produced obese F1 progeny. Inter-stock breeding results indicate that the obesity in the Zucker-Koletsky hybrid stock is also inherited in a recessive manner. The gene that controls obesity in the Zucker rats, fatty (fa), and the gene that controls obesity in the Koletsky rats, f, are thus alleles at the same locus. We propose that f be renamed fak until it can be proven that fa and fak are identical.", "contents": "Genetics of obesity of Zucker rats and Koletsky rats. The breeding data on Zucker rats and on Koletsky rats confirm that the obesity in these two strains of rats is inherited recessively and results from single gene mutations. Mating a Zucker heterozygote to a Koletsky heterozygote produced obese F1 progeny. Inter-stock breeding results indicate that the obesity in the Zucker-Koletsky hybrid stock is also inherited in a recessive manner. The gene that controls obesity in the Zucker rats, fatty (fa), and the gene that controls obesity in the Koletsky rats, f, are thus alleles at the same locus. We propose that f be renamed fak until it can be proven that fa and fak are identical."}
{"id": "PMID:268320", "title": "A model for the specific pairing of homologous double-stranded nucleic acid molecules during genetic recombination.", "content": "A model involving a specific pairing of homologous double-stranded nucleic acid molecules is applied to some parts of genetic recombination. The most original features of this application of the model relate to the initiation process, a part of which can be described by a highly compact and symmetrical structure. The model also provides a simple view of the formation of hybrid nucleic acid. The possibilities of detecting four-strand structures are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A model for the specific pairing of homologous double-stranded nucleic acid molecules during genetic recombination. A model involving a specific pairing of homologous double-stranded nucleic acid molecules is applied to some parts of genetic recombination. The most original features of this application of the model relate to the initiation process, a part of which can be described by a highly compact and symmetrical structure. The model also provides a simple view of the formation of hybrid nucleic acid. The possibilities of detecting four-strand structures are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268322", "title": "A model of assortative mating with partial dominance.", "content": "A model of assortative mating incorporating partial dominance is proposed for a single locus with two alleles. It is derived by starting from an arbitrary genotypic distribution and finding symmetric and non-selective mating frequencies which duplicate this distribution. Numerical values are imputed to genotypes, the homozygotes having numerically equal values, opposite in sign, and the heterozygote having a value determined by the gene and heterozygote frequencies. The model is specified in a canonical form which reveals the correlation between mates based on genotypic values, and relates the correlation to the fixation index. It permits negative as well as positive values of the fixation index. It is shown that this general model includes several particular cases, in equilibrium phase, occurring in the literature.", "contents": "A model of assortative mating with partial dominance. A model of assortative mating incorporating partial dominance is proposed for a single locus with two alleles. It is derived by starting from an arbitrary genotypic distribution and finding symmetric and non-selective mating frequencies which duplicate this distribution. Numerical values are imputed to genotypes, the homozygotes having numerically equal values, opposite in sign, and the heterozygote having a value determined by the gene and heterozygote frequencies. The model is specified in a canonical form which reveals the correlation between mates based on genotypic values, and relates the correlation to the fixation index. It permits negative as well as positive values of the fixation index. It is shown that this general model includes several particular cases, in equilibrium phase, occurring in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:268327", "title": "Treatment of feline myelogenous leukemia: four case reports.", "content": "Of 4 cats with myelogenous leukemia, 3 had the neutrophilic type and 1 had the basophilic type. Partial remission was achieved with chemotherapy in 2 of the cats. Their survival times, however, were 77 and 31 days from time of diagnosis. The other 2 cats did not respond to treatment and died 16 days from time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Treatment of feline myelogenous leukemia: four case reports. Of 4 cats with myelogenous leukemia, 3 had the neutrophilic type and 1 had the basophilic type. Partial remission was achieved with chemotherapy in 2 of the cats. Their survival times, however, were 77 and 31 days from time of diagnosis. The other 2 cats did not respond to treatment and died 16 days from time of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:268328", "title": "Induction of globin gene expression in cultured erythroleukemia cells by butyric acid.", "content": "Butyric acid induces erythroid differentiation of cultured Friend leukemia cells when added to the culture medium. A high level of globin messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected in Friend leukemia cells treated with butyric acid by a liquid hybridization method using radioactive DNA complementary to reticulocyte globin mRNA. The content of globin mRNA molecules induced in the cytoplasm of the butyric acid-treated Friend leukemia cells paralleled the hemoglobin content determined by the benzidine staining method. Therefore, this hemoglobin synthesis may be most reasonably explained in terms of transcriptional activation of globin genes, as previously proposed in the case of dimethylsulfoxide, another inducer of erythroid differentiation. Induced accumulation of globin mRNA in the nuclei also supports this interpretation.", "contents": "Induction of globin gene expression in cultured erythroleukemia cells by butyric acid. Butyric acid induces erythroid differentiation of cultured Friend leukemia cells when added to the culture medium. A high level of globin messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected in Friend leukemia cells treated with butyric acid by a liquid hybridization method using radioactive DNA complementary to reticulocyte globin mRNA. The content of globin mRNA molecules induced in the cytoplasm of the butyric acid-treated Friend leukemia cells paralleled the hemoglobin content determined by the benzidine staining method. Therefore, this hemoglobin synthesis may be most reasonably explained in terms of transcriptional activation of globin genes, as previously proposed in the case of dimethylsulfoxide, another inducer of erythroid differentiation. Induced accumulation of globin mRNA in the nuclei also supports this interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:268329", "title": "Renal aspergillosis: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of opportunistic aspergillosis of the kidney are presented. One patient, a child with unsuspected chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, presented with a renal mass which proved to be an abscess secondary to aspergillosis. The other patient, a terminal leukemic, had a renal vein thrombosis secondary to invasion of the renal vein by aspergillosis. Aspergillosis and other fungal diseases of the kidney should be considered in debilitated patients with an abnormal urogram.", "contents": "Renal aspergillosis: a report of two cases. Two cases of opportunistic aspergillosis of the kidney are presented. One patient, a child with unsuspected chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, presented with a renal mass which proved to be an abscess secondary to aspergillosis. The other patient, a terminal leukemic, had a renal vein thrombosis secondary to invasion of the renal vein by aspergillosis. Aspergillosis and other fungal diseases of the kidney should be considered in debilitated patients with an abnormal urogram."}
{"id": "PMID:268331", "title": "Growth of plaque while chewing sucrose and sorbitol flavoured gum.", "content": "The aim of the study was to assess the claimed toothcleansing effect of sorbitol and sucrose flavoured chewing gums. A total of 24 dental students participated in a double-blind, four times crossed over clinical trial during which each student chewed both types of gum for 4 days each. No other means to clean the teeth were allowed during the test periods. Two 4-day periods of no oral hygiene and no chewing were used as controls indicating the normal growth rate of plaque. The results confirmed earlier observations that sorbitol flavoured gum does neither increase or decrease plaque formation. Chewing of sucrose gum, however, was found to promote the growth rate of plaque. The cleansing effect of the gums was also tested on the plaque formed during the 4-day no-oral-hygiene periods. In this part of the study the chewing of 10 pieces of sorbitol flavoured gum during a time period of 3 h did not significantly reduce the plaque scores, while the sucrose flavoured gum, correspondingly used, again resulted in a statistically significant increase in the amount of bacterial deposits. Because of the rapid reaction of the plaque to sucrose flavoured gum, so-called sugarless substitutes were recommended for those who insist on chewing.", "contents": "Growth of plaque while chewing sucrose and sorbitol flavoured gum. The aim of the study was to assess the claimed toothcleansing effect of sorbitol and sucrose flavoured chewing gums. A total of 24 dental students participated in a double-blind, four times crossed over clinical trial during which each student chewed both types of gum for 4 days each. No other means to clean the teeth were allowed during the test periods. Two 4-day periods of no oral hygiene and no chewing were used as controls indicating the normal growth rate of plaque. The results confirmed earlier observations that sorbitol flavoured gum does neither increase or decrease plaque formation. Chewing of sucrose gum, however, was found to promote the growth rate of plaque. The cleansing effect of the gums was also tested on the plaque formed during the 4-day no-oral-hygiene periods. In this part of the study the chewing of 10 pieces of sorbitol flavoured gum during a time period of 3 h did not significantly reduce the plaque scores, while the sucrose flavoured gum, correspondingly used, again resulted in a statistically significant increase in the amount of bacterial deposits. Because of the rapid reaction of the plaque to sucrose flavoured gum, so-called sugarless substitutes were recommended for those who insist on chewing."}
{"id": "PMID:268330", "title": "Clinical relevance of circulating immune complexes in human leukemia. Association in acute leukemia of the presence of immune complexes with unfavorable prognosis.", "content": "The occurrence of circulating immune complexes was investigated in 467 serum samples from 230 leukemia patients using the [(125)I]Clq-binding test. There was an increased serum [(125)I]Clq-binding activity in 40% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, 23% with acute lymphatic leukemia, 46% in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, 12% with chronic lymphatic leukemia, and 13% with chronic myeloid leukemia. In 48 patients, serum was also tested for soluble immune complexes by the Raji cell radioassay; the correlation between results of the two tests was significant. The Clq-binding material had properties identical with those of immune complexes. It sedimented as 14-28s material on sucrose density gradient. It contained IgG which could be dissociated at acid pH. Its Clq-binding properties could be removed after passage through anti-IgG immuno-absorbant or after a mild reduction-alkylation treatment, but were not sensitive to deoxyribonuclease treatment. Circulating immune complexes were found most commonly during the blastic stage of leukemia.Remission took place in 75.4% of patients with no detectable circulating immune complexes at the onset of acute leukemia, but in only 32.7% of those with detected complexes during this period. Median survival times of the former group of patients were more than 18 mo in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphatic leukemia and more than 8(1/2) mo in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. The corresponding median survival times in the latter patient group were 64, 135, and 90 days. These findings were unrelated to prognostic features already known.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of circulating immune complexes in human leukemia. Association in acute leukemia of the presence of immune complexes with unfavorable prognosis. The occurrence of circulating immune complexes was investigated in 467 serum samples from 230 leukemia patients using the [(125)I]Clq-binding test. There was an increased serum [(125)I]Clq-binding activity in 40% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, 23% with acute lymphatic leukemia, 46% in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, 12% with chronic lymphatic leukemia, and 13% with chronic myeloid leukemia. In 48 patients, serum was also tested for soluble immune complexes by the Raji cell radioassay; the correlation between results of the two tests was significant. The Clq-binding material had properties identical with those of immune complexes. It sedimented as 14-28s material on sucrose density gradient. It contained IgG which could be dissociated at acid pH. Its Clq-binding properties could be removed after passage through anti-IgG immuno-absorbant or after a mild reduction-alkylation treatment, but were not sensitive to deoxyribonuclease treatment. Circulating immune complexes were found most commonly during the blastic stage of leukemia.Remission took place in 75.4% of patients with no detectable circulating immune complexes at the onset of acute leukemia, but in only 32.7% of those with detected complexes during this period. Median survival times of the former group of patients were more than 18 mo in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphatic leukemia and more than 8(1/2) mo in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. The corresponding median survival times in the latter patient group were 64, 135, and 90 days. These findings were unrelated to prognostic features already known."}
{"id": "PMID:268332", "title": "The reversal of localized experimental gingivitis. A comparison between mechanical toothbrushing procedures and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse.", "content": "Twenty dental students randomly divided into four groups of five participated in this trial. Three weeks of supervised oral hygiene preceded the study in order to ensure a optimum state of gingival health. The gingival condition was assessed by means of the Gingival Index and measurements of gingival exudate. Plaque accumulation was assessed by means of the Plaque Index. Using plaque-guards, two 21-day periods were alllowed for the induction of localized experimental gingivitis around a lateral incisor and adjacent canine in each jaw. The contralateral areas served as controls. Habitual oral hygiene procedures were maintained in all other areas of the mouth throughout the experimental periods. Following 21 days of localized plaque accumulation in the mandibular experimental areas, mechanical toothcleaning procedures were introduced at intervals of once a day (Group A), once every second day (Group B), once every third day (Group C) and once every fourth day (Group D). Groups A and B regained gingival health in 10 days. The experiment was then repeated in the maxillary experimental areas. Group A, rinsing once daily with chlorhexidine solution regained gingival health in 4 days. The results obtained in the localized experimental gingivitis model were similar to those reported when totally withdrawing oral hygiene.", "contents": "The reversal of localized experimental gingivitis. A comparison between mechanical toothbrushing procedures and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Twenty dental students randomly divided into four groups of five participated in this trial. Three weeks of supervised oral hygiene preceded the study in order to ensure a optimum state of gingival health. The gingival condition was assessed by means of the Gingival Index and measurements of gingival exudate. Plaque accumulation was assessed by means of the Plaque Index. Using plaque-guards, two 21-day periods were alllowed for the induction of localized experimental gingivitis around a lateral incisor and adjacent canine in each jaw. The contralateral areas served as controls. Habitual oral hygiene procedures were maintained in all other areas of the mouth throughout the experimental periods. Following 21 days of localized plaque accumulation in the mandibular experimental areas, mechanical toothcleaning procedures were introduced at intervals of once a day (Group A), once every second day (Group B), once every third day (Group C) and once every fourth day (Group D). Groups A and B regained gingival health in 10 days. The experiment was then repeated in the maxillary experimental areas. Group A, rinsing once daily with chlorhexidine solution regained gingival health in 4 days. The results obtained in the localized experimental gingivitis model were similar to those reported when totally withdrawing oral hygiene."}
{"id": "PMID:268333", "title": "Microscopic evaluation of clinical measurements of connective tissue attachment levels.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine how accurately periodontal probes measure connective tissue attachment levels in beagle dogs with (1) clinically healthy gingivae, (2) experimental gingivitis, and (3) periodontitis. In the healthy and experimental gingivitis specimens the probes were inserted with a standardized force of 25 ponds. In periodontitis specimens the probes were inserted with a gentle, but nonstandardized force. After insertion, 120 plastic periodontal probes (40 in each group) were held in place by fusing them to the teeth. Blocks of periodontal tissue with the probes in situ were subsequently processed and serially sectioned. Histometric measurements were made from the sections in order to compare the level of connective tissue attachment to the level of probe penetration. In healthy specimens the probes consistently failed to reach the apical termination of the junctional epithelium (x = -0.39 mm). In the experimental gingivitis group most probes came closer to the apical termination of the junctional epithelium, but on the average still fell short by x = -0.10 mm. In periodontitis specimens the probes consistently went past the most apical cells of the junctional epithelium (x = +0.24 mm). A significant relationship between the degree of inflammation and level of probe penetration was found. No relationship was observed between histological and clinical sulcus depths. It is concluded that in beagle dogs (1) periodontal probes do not precisely measure connective tissue attachment levels, (2) inflammation has a significant influence on the degree of probe penetration, and (3) histological and clinical sulcus depths differ significantly.", "contents": "Microscopic evaluation of clinical measurements of connective tissue attachment levels. The purpose of this study was to determine how accurately periodontal probes measure connective tissue attachment levels in beagle dogs with (1) clinically healthy gingivae, (2) experimental gingivitis, and (3) periodontitis. In the healthy and experimental gingivitis specimens the probes were inserted with a standardized force of 25 ponds. In periodontitis specimens the probes were inserted with a gentle, but nonstandardized force. After insertion, 120 plastic periodontal probes (40 in each group) were held in place by fusing them to the teeth. Blocks of periodontal tissue with the probes in situ were subsequently processed and serially sectioned. Histometric measurements were made from the sections in order to compare the level of connective tissue attachment to the level of probe penetration. In healthy specimens the probes consistently failed to reach the apical termination of the junctional epithelium (x = -0.39 mm). In the experimental gingivitis group most probes came closer to the apical termination of the junctional epithelium, but on the average still fell short by x = -0.10 mm. In periodontitis specimens the probes consistently went past the most apical cells of the junctional epithelium (x = +0.24 mm). A significant relationship between the degree of inflammation and level of probe penetration was found. No relationship was observed between histological and clinical sulcus depths. It is concluded that in beagle dogs (1) periodontal probes do not precisely measure connective tissue attachment levels, (2) inflammation has a significant influence on the degree of probe penetration, and (3) histological and clinical sulcus depths differ significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:268334", "title": "A clinical study of the relationship between crowding of teeth, plaque and gingival condition.", "content": "A clinical trial was undertaken to assess whether crowded teeth were more likely to accumulate plaque and develop gingivitis than non-crowded teeth. A tooth was considered crowded if it was displaced by 2 mm and/or rotated 15 degrees or more from the normal position in the arch. The material consisted of 50 dental students aged 21 to 32 years. An initial examination comprised assessment of Plaque Index, Gingival Index and pocket depths. After this examination the subjects refrained from using interdental cleaning aids but continued with their normal toothbrushing for 40 days. After re-examination they were instructed in the effective use of dental floss. A final examination was carried out after 140 days. At the start of the trial no difference was found in regard to the Plaque Index between crowded and non-crowded teeth. The Gingival Index for growded front teeth, but not for crowded premolars, was somewhat higher than for the corresponding controls. The cessation of interdental cleaning resulted in a similar increase in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in both non-crowded and crowded teeth. The use of dental floss for approximal tooth cleaning resulted in a similar decrease in the Plaque- and Gingival Indices for both types of teeth. The results demonstrate that in a group of young adults, crowding of teeth (1) did not favour plaque accumulation on approximal tooth surfaces and (2) influenced the degree of gingival inflammation only to a minor extent.", "contents": "A clinical study of the relationship between crowding of teeth, plaque and gingival condition. A clinical trial was undertaken to assess whether crowded teeth were more likely to accumulate plaque and develop gingivitis than non-crowded teeth. A tooth was considered crowded if it was displaced by 2 mm and/or rotated 15 degrees or more from the normal position in the arch. The material consisted of 50 dental students aged 21 to 32 years. An initial examination comprised assessment of Plaque Index, Gingival Index and pocket depths. After this examination the subjects refrained from using interdental cleaning aids but continued with their normal toothbrushing for 40 days. After re-examination they were instructed in the effective use of dental floss. A final examination was carried out after 140 days. At the start of the trial no difference was found in regard to the Plaque Index between crowded and non-crowded teeth. The Gingival Index for growded front teeth, but not for crowded premolars, was somewhat higher than for the corresponding controls. The cessation of interdental cleaning resulted in a similar increase in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in both non-crowded and crowded teeth. The use of dental floss for approximal tooth cleaning resulted in a similar decrease in the Plaque- and Gingival Indices for both types of teeth. The results demonstrate that in a group of young adults, crowding of teeth (1) did not favour plaque accumulation on approximal tooth surfaces and (2) influenced the degree of gingival inflammation only to a minor extent."}
{"id": "PMID:268335", "title": "Microbial characterization of an experimental cariogenic plaque in man.", "content": "Experimentally induced plaque seemed to originate by direct contact inoculation from the vestibular mucosa and saliva. During the next seven days, this plaque developed its own characteristics. Populations of Streptococcus mutans usually less than 2% of total streptococci population in plaques that were less than three days old, increased between days 3 and 7. Proportions of S sanguis, high in early samples, decreased after day 3. Populations of S salivarius, which usually outnumbered other streptococci, fluctuated widely through day 3, and then increased in proportion in subjects who were more productive of experimental caries, but decreased in subjects who were less productive. Proportions of plaque flora comprising lactobacilli paralleled those of S salivarius.", "contents": "Microbial characterization of an experimental cariogenic plaque in man. Experimentally induced plaque seemed to originate by direct contact inoculation from the vestibular mucosa and saliva. During the next seven days, this plaque developed its own characteristics. Populations of Streptococcus mutans usually less than 2% of total streptococci population in plaques that were less than three days old, increased between days 3 and 7. Proportions of S sanguis, high in early samples, decreased after day 3. Populations of S salivarius, which usually outnumbered other streptococci, fluctuated widely through day 3, and then increased in proportion in subjects who were more productive of experimental caries, but decreased in subjects who were less productive. Proportions of plaque flora comprising lactobacilli paralleled those of S salivarius."}
{"id": "PMID:268336", "title": "Comparison of antiplaque agents using an in vitro assay reflecting oral conditions.", "content": "An in vitro assay is described using saliva-treated bovine enamel slabs for determining the potential of chemotherapeutic agents to adsorb to tooth surfaces and act against plaque-forming bacteria. Chlorhexidine was found to inhibit the formation of in vitro plaque by Actinomyces viscosus, A naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans and S sanguis. Actinobolin was found to have marked antibacterial properties but limited adsorptive qualities.", "contents": "Comparison of antiplaque agents using an in vitro assay reflecting oral conditions. An in vitro assay is described using saliva-treated bovine enamel slabs for determining the potential of chemotherapeutic agents to adsorb to tooth surfaces and act against plaque-forming bacteria. Chlorhexidine was found to inhibit the formation of in vitro plaque by Actinomyces viscosus, A naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans and S sanguis. Actinobolin was found to have marked antibacterial properties but limited adsorptive qualities."}
{"id": "PMID:268337", "title": "Snack food intake of adolescents and caries development.", "content": "The relationship between the frequency of eating various snack foods, socioeconomic variables, and an increment in caries was studied in 143 adolescents. There were negative correlations between DMFT increments and the frequency of apples, fruit juice, and sugarless gum intake, and a positive association of DMFT increments with chocolate candy intake and spending money.", "contents": "Snack food intake of adolescents and caries development. The relationship between the frequency of eating various snack foods, socioeconomic variables, and an increment in caries was studied in 143 adolescents. There were negative correlations between DMFT increments and the frequency of apples, fruit juice, and sugarless gum intake, and a positive association of DMFT increments with chocolate candy intake and spending money."}
{"id": "PMID:268338", "title": "Effect of interdental flossing on the incidence of proximal caries in children.", "content": "A clinical study was designed to evaluate the effect of frequent interdental flossing on the incidence of proximal dental caries. School children from a fluoride-deficient area were studied after clinical and radiographic examinations. Each child had at least one contralateral pair of intact, contacting proximal tooth surfaces between the distal surface of the primary cuspid and the mesial surface of the first permanent molar. Randomly selected test surfaces were flossed each school day with unwaxed dental floss by researchers. The contralateral surfaces served as controls. Flossing was done for eight months, discontinued for four months, and reinstituted for another eight months. A significant reduction in the incidence of proximal caries resulted.", "contents": "Effect of interdental flossing on the incidence of proximal caries in children. A clinical study was designed to evaluate the effect of frequent interdental flossing on the incidence of proximal dental caries. School children from a fluoride-deficient area were studied after clinical and radiographic examinations. Each child had at least one contralateral pair of intact, contacting proximal tooth surfaces between the distal surface of the primary cuspid and the mesial surface of the first permanent molar. Randomly selected test surfaces were flossed each school day with unwaxed dental floss by researchers. The contralateral surfaces served as controls. Flossing was done for eight months, discontinued for four months, and reinstituted for another eight months. A significant reduction in the incidence of proximal caries resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:268339", "title": "Sorption of water by filled-resin composites.", "content": "Water-sorption studies discriminate between passive (those containing Sn, Nb, and Ti) and reactive (those containing Zn and an alloy of CoCrMo) metal-resin composites. The reactive ones form hydrated oxides or hydroxides or both, in accord with a parabolic rate law. The nature of the chemical reaction is elucidated in two instances by analysis of the resultant gases.", "contents": "Sorption of water by filled-resin composites. Water-sorption studies discriminate between passive (those containing Sn, Nb, and Ti) and reactive (those containing Zn and an alloy of CoCrMo) metal-resin composites. The reactive ones form hydrated oxides or hydroxides or both, in accord with a parabolic rate law. The nature of the chemical reaction is elucidated in two instances by analysis of the resultant gases."}
{"id": "PMID:268340", "title": "Effect of packing pressure on the abrasion resistance of dental amalgams.", "content": "Three dental amalgams were investigated to determine if their abrasion resistance was significantly affected by different packing pressures. Abrasive wear tests were performed on a machine designed to test materials under conditions similar to masticatory function. The results show that the abrasion resistance of the amalgams is unaffected by the packing pressure.", "contents": "Effect of packing pressure on the abrasion resistance of dental amalgams. Three dental amalgams were investigated to determine if their abrasion resistance was significantly affected by different packing pressures. Abrasive wear tests were performed on a machine designed to test materials under conditions similar to masticatory function. The results show that the abrasion resistance of the amalgams is unaffected by the packing pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:268341", "title": "Influence of certain manipulative variables on the static creep of amalgam.", "content": "The effects of trituration time on the creep of eight commercial dental amalgams was determined. The data show that trituration time does influence the creep of amalgam, but its magnitude varies from one alloy to another. The condensing procedure also influences creep.", "contents": "Influence of certain manipulative variables on the static creep of amalgam. The effects of trituration time on the creep of eight commercial dental amalgams was determined. The data show that trituration time does influence the creep of amalgam, but its magnitude varies from one alloy to another. The condensing procedure also influences creep."}
{"id": "PMID:268342", "title": "Rheology of composite filling material pastes.", "content": "The rheology of composite pastes in the unset state has been studied using a cone and plate viscometer. All materials behaved as Bingham bodies, exhibiting linear shear stress-shear rate plots, with a positive shear-stress intercept (the yield stress of the material). The shape of the plot gave the coefficient of viscosity of the material; at sufficiently high shear rates, shear failure occurred, marked by a breakdown of the linear relationship. The materials studied gave a very wide range of the various rheological factors.", "contents": "Rheology of composite filling material pastes. The rheology of composite pastes in the unset state has been studied using a cone and plate viscometer. All materials behaved as Bingham bodies, exhibiting linear shear stress-shear rate plots, with a positive shear-stress intercept (the yield stress of the material). The shape of the plot gave the coefficient of viscosity of the material; at sufficiently high shear rates, shear failure occurred, marked by a breakdown of the linear relationship. The materials studied gave a very wide range of the various rheological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:268343", "title": "Tonometric measurement of dental pulpal and mandibular marrow blood pressures.", "content": "Dental pulpal and mandibular marrow vascular pressures were studied with a tonometric method under conditions of autoperfusion and step flow controlled perfusion. The tonometric pulpal and marrow pressures averaged 17 +/- 5 mm Hg and 20 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively. The venous end pressure was 16 +/- 8 mm Hg at a perfusion pressure of 156 +/- 28 mm Hg. The tonometric pulpal pressures were lower and were less variable than the comparable canulation pulpal pressures.", "contents": "Tonometric measurement of dental pulpal and mandibular marrow blood pressures. Dental pulpal and mandibular marrow vascular pressures were studied with a tonometric method under conditions of autoperfusion and step flow controlled perfusion. The tonometric pulpal and marrow pressures averaged 17 +/- 5 mm Hg and 20 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively. The venous end pressure was 16 +/- 8 mm Hg at a perfusion pressure of 156 +/- 28 mm Hg. The tonometric pulpal pressures were lower and were less variable than the comparable canulation pulpal pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:268344", "title": "Duration of the electromyographic silent period following the jaw-jerk reflex in human subjects.", "content": "During voluntary jaw clenching, a sharp tap to the menton of the mandible resulted in a transitory silent period (pause) in the electromyographic activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Factors that could influence the duration of the silent period were studied, including direction and magnitude of the stimulus applied by the operator, the amount of muscular effort exerted by the subjects, and varying occlusal vertical dimensions. Decreased isometric muscle force resulted in statistically significant increases in silent period durations.", "contents": "Duration of the electromyographic silent period following the jaw-jerk reflex in human subjects. During voluntary jaw clenching, a sharp tap to the menton of the mandible resulted in a transitory silent period (pause) in the electromyographic activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Factors that could influence the duration of the silent period were studied, including direction and magnitude of the stimulus applied by the operator, the amount of muscular effort exerted by the subjects, and varying occlusal vertical dimensions. Decreased isometric muscle force resulted in statistically significant increases in silent period durations."}
{"id": "PMID:268345", "title": "Effects of GK-101 (NMG) and sodium hypochlorite on salivary amylase activity.", "content": "A study was designed to assess the effects of the sodium salt of N-monochloroglycine (NMG) and sodium hypochlorite on the activity of salivary amylase. Concentrations of each agent were varied to determine the concentration at which the threshold and total inhibition of enzyme would be obtained. The data indicated that NMG at concentrations of 0.10% (w/v) does not affect amylase activity, whereas sodium hypochlorite at concentrations of 0.05% (w/v) totally inhibits salivary amylase activity.", "contents": "Effects of GK-101 (NMG) and sodium hypochlorite on salivary amylase activity. A study was designed to assess the effects of the sodium salt of N-monochloroglycine (NMG) and sodium hypochlorite on the activity of salivary amylase. Concentrations of each agent were varied to determine the concentration at which the threshold and total inhibition of enzyme would be obtained. The data indicated that NMG at concentrations of 0.10% (w/v) does not affect amylase activity, whereas sodium hypochlorite at concentrations of 0.05% (w/v) totally inhibits salivary amylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:268346", "title": "Lack of effect of excess glucocorticoid hormone on the rate of dentin deposition in rats.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the effect on the rate of deposition of dentin when high levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormone are administered to rats. The results indicate that in the hypercorticoid rat, despite an increased eruption rate and a reduced width of incisor wall, no alteration occurs in the rate of dentin formation.", "contents": "Lack of effect of excess glucocorticoid hormone on the rate of dentin deposition in rats. A study was undertaken to determine the effect on the rate of deposition of dentin when high levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormone are administered to rats. The results indicate that in the hypercorticoid rat, despite an increased eruption rate and a reduced width of incisor wall, no alteration occurs in the rate of dentin formation."}
{"id": "PMID:268356", "title": "Gastrointestinal absorption studies in cardiac cachexia.", "content": "The nutritional status of 11 patients with severe mitral valve disease was investigated pre-operatively and 3 months post-operatively. It was shown that they were malnourished pre-operatively, and that this appeared to be related mainly to anorexia.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal absorption studies in cardiac cachexia. The nutritional status of 11 patients with severe mitral valve disease was investigated pre-operatively and 3 months post-operatively. It was shown that they were malnourished pre-operatively, and that this appeared to be related mainly to anorexia."}
{"id": "PMID:268377", "title": "Enamel biopsy results of children receiving fluoride tablets.", "content": "This study measured the fluoride in tooth enamel of 338 schoolchildren after daily use of acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) tablets, and investigated the relationship between observed amounts of enamel fluoride and incidence of caries. Randomly selected study groups received under supervision either one placebo tablet, one APF tablet containing 1 mg fluoride, or 2 APF tablets (3 hours apart) each school day. An abrasive enamel-type biopsy of a maxillary central incisor was taken 30 months after the start of fluoride tablet treatments at the time of the follow-up examinations. Mean fluoride levels in the biopsied enamel from each of the three groups were similar despite a significant restriction in caries in the group receiving two APF tablets per day. These findings suggest that fluoride can restrict dental caries by some mechanism other than fluoride uptake in the enamel.", "contents": "Enamel biopsy results of children receiving fluoride tablets. This study measured the fluoride in tooth enamel of 338 schoolchildren after daily use of acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) tablets, and investigated the relationship between observed amounts of enamel fluoride and incidence of caries. Randomly selected study groups received under supervision either one placebo tablet, one APF tablet containing 1 mg fluoride, or 2 APF tablets (3 hours apart) each school day. An abrasive enamel-type biopsy of a maxillary central incisor was taken 30 months after the start of fluoride tablet treatments at the time of the follow-up examinations. Mean fluoride levels in the biopsied enamel from each of the three groups were similar despite a significant restriction in caries in the group receiving two APF tablets per day. These findings suggest that fluoride can restrict dental caries by some mechanism other than fluoride uptake in the enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:268378", "title": "Patients of record.", "content": "Although the case of Smith vs Jones helped settle some of the problems in defining patients of record, it did not address itself to all the situations in which a definition of patients of record would be needed. The question of which dentist should have the records of certain patients will present difficulty as long as two or more dentists continue to practice without a formal agreement that addresses this question. And the rights of partners, associates or employees should be determined in writing in the partnership agreement, employment contract, or bylaws of corporate practice before the association is established.", "contents": "Patients of record. Although the case of Smith vs Jones helped settle some of the problems in defining patients of record, it did not address itself to all the situations in which a definition of patients of record would be needed. The question of which dentist should have the records of certain patients will present difficulty as long as two or more dentists continue to practice without a formal agreement that addresses this question. And the rights of partners, associates or employees should be determined in writing in the partnership agreement, employment contract, or bylaws of corporate practice before the association is established."}
{"id": "PMID:268381", "title": "Paul-Bunnell antigen in lymphoma and leukemia spleens.", "content": "Lymphoid cells obtained from spleens of patients with lymphomas or leukemias were studied for the presence of heterophile (Paul-Bunnell (P-B)) antigen. A mixed agglutination (MA) test was established utilizing monolayers of cells attached to poly-L-lysine-coated wells of plastic U plates. After incubation of the monolayers with infectious mononeucleosis (IM) sera, indicator cells, sheep, or trypsinized bovine erythrocytes were added. The results were assessed according to sedimentation patterns of the indicator cells on the monolayers. Positive MA reactions were shown to be due to specific binding of P-B antibodies to the corresponding antigens on the spleen cells. Positive results were obtained with 15 of 37 spleens from patients with Hodgkin's disease, 5 of 8 lymphoma spleens, 4 of 15 chronic myelocytic leukemia spleens and 2 of 4 chronic lymphocytic leukemia spleens. Only 2 of 25 spleens from patients with various other diseases and 1 of 26 apparently normal thymus specimens gave positive results. This study confirmed demonstration of P-B antigen in lymphoma and leukemia by means of absorption experiments, which was reported previously.", "contents": "Paul-Bunnell antigen in lymphoma and leukemia spleens. Lymphoid cells obtained from spleens of patients with lymphomas or leukemias were studied for the presence of heterophile (Paul-Bunnell (P-B)) antigen. A mixed agglutination (MA) test was established utilizing monolayers of cells attached to poly-L-lysine-coated wells of plastic U plates. After incubation of the monolayers with infectious mononeucleosis (IM) sera, indicator cells, sheep, or trypsinized bovine erythrocytes were added. The results were assessed according to sedimentation patterns of the indicator cells on the monolayers. Positive MA reactions were shown to be due to specific binding of P-B antibodies to the corresponding antigens on the spleen cells. Positive results were obtained with 15 of 37 spleens from patients with Hodgkin's disease, 5 of 8 lymphoma spleens, 4 of 15 chronic myelocytic leukemia spleens and 2 of 4 chronic lymphocytic leukemia spleens. Only 2 of 25 spleens from patients with various other diseases and 1 of 26 apparently normal thymus specimens gave positive results. This study confirmed demonstration of P-B antigen in lymphoma and leukemia by means of absorption experiments, which was reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:268396", "title": "Platelet-cancer cell interaction in metastasis formation: a possible therapeutic approcach to metastasis prophylaxis.", "content": "The mechanism of the early stage of metastasis formation by sticky blood-born cancer cells is discussed. Abnormal platelet aggregation to circulating and lodged cancer cells, as well as alterations of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis play an important role. The reducing effect of several platelet aggregation inhibitors on cancer cell stickiness and tumor embolism mortality has been investigated in rats after intravenous transplantation of 1 X 10(6) Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells. The tested substances diminished platelet aggregation to circulating cancer cells, leading to a dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell lodgment to the endothelium. Furthermore, some of the substances prevented lethal pulmonary tumor cell embolism which was observed in 60% of the controls. These results are interpreted by assuming an inhibition of disseminated intravascular coagulation which occured after intravenous transplantation of Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. On this basis a clinical long-term study for metastasis prophylaxis was started more than 4 years ago with one of the tested substances, the dipyridamole derivative RA 233, in 40 patients with sarcoma or malignant lymphoma of the head and neck region. The provisional results obtained in matched pairs are discussed.", "contents": "Platelet-cancer cell interaction in metastasis formation: a possible therapeutic approcach to metastasis prophylaxis. The mechanism of the early stage of metastasis formation by sticky blood-born cancer cells is discussed. Abnormal platelet aggregation to circulating and lodged cancer cells, as well as alterations of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis play an important role. The reducing effect of several platelet aggregation inhibitors on cancer cell stickiness and tumor embolism mortality has been investigated in rats after intravenous transplantation of 1 X 10(6) Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells. The tested substances diminished platelet aggregation to circulating cancer cells, leading to a dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell lodgment to the endothelium. Furthermore, some of the substances prevented lethal pulmonary tumor cell embolism which was observed in 60% of the controls. These results are interpreted by assuming an inhibition of disseminated intravascular coagulation which occured after intravenous transplantation of Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. On this basis a clinical long-term study for metastasis prophylaxis was started more than 4 years ago with one of the tested substances, the dipyridamole derivative RA 233, in 40 patients with sarcoma or malignant lymphoma of the head and neck region. The provisional results obtained in matched pairs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268397", "title": "Preliminary clinical study of prednimustine in lung cancer.", "content": "Prednimustine is a prednisolone ester of chlorambucil which has been found effective in a variety of tumors. Eleven patients with advanced carcinoma of the lung (5 adenocarcinoma, 3 squamous cell carcinoma, 2 small cell carcinoma and 1 large cell carcinoma) were treated at a dosage of 40 mg. per day. Nine had previously failed on combination chemotherapy. No objective responses were observed. Leukopenia or thrombocytopenia were found in 4 patients with nadirs of 2,000 WBC and 60,000 platelets. The lack of response may be a function of the inability of lung carcinoma to concentrate the drug as shown with radioactive labeled Prednimustine. The malignant cells may lose their glucocorticoid binding capacity normally present in the lung. Determination of glucocorticoid binding capacity or Prednimustine uptake might predict the effectiveness of Prednimustine in the treatment of tumor. Prednimustine was well tolerated and may be given safely in advanced malignancies. Further studies with high intermittent doses and selection of tumors with steroid binding properties are now in progress.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical study of prednimustine in lung cancer. Prednimustine is a prednisolone ester of chlorambucil which has been found effective in a variety of tumors. Eleven patients with advanced carcinoma of the lung (5 adenocarcinoma, 3 squamous cell carcinoma, 2 small cell carcinoma and 1 large cell carcinoma) were treated at a dosage of 40 mg. per day. Nine had previously failed on combination chemotherapy. No objective responses were observed. Leukopenia or thrombocytopenia were found in 4 patients with nadirs of 2,000 WBC and 60,000 platelets. The lack of response may be a function of the inability of lung carcinoma to concentrate the drug as shown with radioactive labeled Prednimustine. The malignant cells may lose their glucocorticoid binding capacity normally present in the lung. Determination of glucocorticoid binding capacity or Prednimustine uptake might predict the effectiveness of Prednimustine in the treatment of tumor. Prednimustine was well tolerated and may be given safely in advanced malignancies. Further studies with high intermittent doses and selection of tumors with steroid binding properties are now in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:268398", "title": "Effects of the simultaneous administration of diethylstilbestrol and prednisolone on serum enzymes in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and prednisolone (Pr), administered alone or in combination, on the serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been evaluated. When DES and Pr were given simultaneously to four boys with DMD, the mean creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels fell to about one half those achieved with either agent alone. No untoward or unexpected side effects were encountered. These observations, and our previous demonstration that both agents reduce enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle, give promise that a safe combination therapy may be found to approximately normalize the serum in DMD. This will permit us to test the hypothesis that lowering the serum enzymes, by reducing their loss from skeletal muscle, will slow or arrest the muscle deterioration characteristic of this disease.", "contents": "Effects of the simultaneous administration of diethylstilbestrol and prednisolone on serum enzymes in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and prednisolone (Pr), administered alone or in combination, on the serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been evaluated. When DES and Pr were given simultaneously to four boys with DMD, the mean creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels fell to about one half those achieved with either agent alone. No untoward or unexpected side effects were encountered. These observations, and our previous demonstration that both agents reduce enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle, give promise that a safe combination therapy may be found to approximately normalize the serum in DMD. This will permit us to test the hypothesis that lowering the serum enzymes, by reducing their loss from skeletal muscle, will slow or arrest the muscle deterioration characteristic of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:268399", "title": "Giant platelets and thrombocytopenia: a bleeding disorder in siblings. Clinical laboratory and electron microscopic aspects.", "content": "This report presents the findings of an inherited platelet abnormality in two members of the same family. The authors tested hemostasis of six normal and two abnormal members, studied the platelets using optical and electron microscopy, and genetic transmission in the family. The literature is also reviewed.", "contents": "Giant platelets and thrombocytopenia: a bleeding disorder in siblings. Clinical laboratory and electron microscopic aspects. This report presents the findings of an inherited platelet abnormality in two members of the same family. The authors tested hemostasis of six normal and two abnormal members, studied the platelets using optical and electron microscopy, and genetic transmission in the family. The literature is also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:268400", "title": "Serotonin and monoamine oxidase in mouse skin: effects of cigarette smoke exposure.", "content": "Mice were exposed to either air or cigarette smoke and the content and uptake of serotonin and activity of monoamine oxidase were determined. Serotonin concentration increased as a function of the frequency of exposure, while serotonin uptake by the skin was maximally increased after two 8 min. exposures. MAO activity for serotonin, but not for tyramine, was decreased by cigarette smoke exposure of more than 8 min.", "contents": "Serotonin and monoamine oxidase in mouse skin: effects of cigarette smoke exposure. Mice were exposed to either air or cigarette smoke and the content and uptake of serotonin and activity of monoamine oxidase were determined. Serotonin concentration increased as a function of the frequency of exposure, while serotonin uptake by the skin was maximally increased after two 8 min. exposures. MAO activity for serotonin, but not for tyramine, was decreased by cigarette smoke exposure of more than 8 min."}
{"id": "PMID:268415", "title": "Preparation areas resisting displacement of artificial crowns.", "content": "The areas of luting cement resisting rotation of artificial full crowns subjected to non-axial forces were calculated for varying values of preparation diameter, height, and convergence angle. The calculations were performed for regular conical and pyramidal preparations. The results showed that the resisting areas are larger in pyramidal than in conical preparations. Increasing the convergence angle resulted in an almost linear reduction in resisting area. The reduction was particularly pronounced for preparations of large diameters.", "contents": "Preparation areas resisting displacement of artificial crowns. The areas of luting cement resisting rotation of artificial full crowns subjected to non-axial forces were calculated for varying values of preparation diameter, height, and convergence angle. The calculations were performed for regular conical and pyramidal preparations. The results showed that the resisting areas are larger in pyramidal than in conical preparations. Increasing the convergence angle resulted in an almost linear reduction in resisting area. The reduction was particularly pronounced for preparations of large diameters."}
{"id": "PMID:268416", "title": "Occlusion between removable dentures and natural teeth.", "content": "Study casts on thirty-five partially edentulous patients were analysed at their arch level and at the interarch levels. At the arch level the crest of the residual ridge is located lingually to the position of the remaining teeth in the maxilla as well as in the mandible. The spatial interarch relationship between the residual edentulous ridge and the antagonist natural teeth in the buccolingual plane indicated that the crest of the residual ridge is lingual to the occlusal surfaces of the antagonist teeth. In the maxilla the positioning of the artificial teeth in the area previously occupied by the natural extracted teeth will place the denture teeth far buccal as well as away from the crest of the residual ridge. Other possibilities are to place the artificial teeth in a cross bite relation or to eliminate the buccal cusps of the replacement teeth. In the mandible the denture teeth can be placed at the position occupied formerly by the natural teeth.", "contents": "Occlusion between removable dentures and natural teeth. Study casts on thirty-five partially edentulous patients were analysed at their arch level and at the interarch levels. At the arch level the crest of the residual ridge is located lingually to the position of the remaining teeth in the maxilla as well as in the mandible. The spatial interarch relationship between the residual edentulous ridge and the antagonist natural teeth in the buccolingual plane indicated that the crest of the residual ridge is lingual to the occlusal surfaces of the antagonist teeth. In the maxilla the positioning of the artificial teeth in the area previously occupied by the natural extracted teeth will place the denture teeth far buccal as well as away from the crest of the residual ridge. Other possibilities are to place the artificial teeth in a cross bite relation or to eliminate the buccal cusps of the replacement teeth. In the mandible the denture teeth can be placed at the position occupied formerly by the natural teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:268417", "title": "Assessment of the quality of restorations. A literature review.", "content": "Most assessments of the quality of restorations are entirely subjective and involve standard clinical diagnostic equipment. However in recent years there has been an increasing demand for more accurate and reliable methods. Attempts to achieve these have been directed mainly towards the standardization of clinical judgements by the provision of various systems of guidelines of criteria upon which to base them. While these have improved the usefulness of the assessments, they have remained largely subjective. Furthermore, the efficacy of using the particular criteria selected are themselves open to questioning. By the use of more complex methods of examination, often in the field of restorative materials research, assessments have been made of various features of restorations and a body of knowledge concerning factors that might influence or manifest their quality has been build up. However the true significance of much of this knowledge in terms of the clinical behaviour, and thus the finite quality of restorations in service, has yet to be established, for many of the studies have been undertaken in isolation from the dynamic conditions of function in the mouth. Notably, however, a few objective clinical studies have been carried out and objective measurements of some factors affecting the quality of restorations have been reported.", "contents": "Assessment of the quality of restorations. A literature review. Most assessments of the quality of restorations are entirely subjective and involve standard clinical diagnostic equipment. However in recent years there has been an increasing demand for more accurate and reliable methods. Attempts to achieve these have been directed mainly towards the standardization of clinical judgements by the provision of various systems of guidelines of criteria upon which to base them. While these have improved the usefulness of the assessments, they have remained largely subjective. Furthermore, the efficacy of using the particular criteria selected are themselves open to questioning. By the use of more complex methods of examination, often in the field of restorative materials research, assessments have been made of various features of restorations and a body of knowledge concerning factors that might influence or manifest their quality has been build up. However the true significance of much of this knowledge in terms of the clinical behaviour, and thus the finite quality of restorations in service, has yet to be established, for many of the studies have been undertaken in isolation from the dynamic conditions of function in the mouth. Notably, however, a few objective clinical studies have been carried out and objective measurements of some factors affecting the quality of restorations have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:268419", "title": "Kinematics of the tooth tapping movement.", "content": "Electrical activity in the masseter muscles and tooth contact vibrations were recorded simultaneously from subjects tapping their teeth slowly into maximal intercuspidation and again with maximal frequency. High speed cinephotography was also used with four of the ten subjects. Three main parts could be distinguished on the obtained graphical representation of the tooth tapping movement: tooth contact phase (TCP), opening phase (OP) and closing phase (CP). Tapping frequency was increased by decreasing the jaw opening degree and the durations of TCP, OP and CP. The jaw velocity immediately before tooth contact, which may be of significance for the reflex response, was however not increased. The average jaw speed was nevertheless increased from 10 to 15 cm/s since the turning from OP to CP was more abrupt in high than in low frequency tapping. The duration of electrical activity after tooth contact was significantly shorter at tapping with high than with low frequency. The teeth maintained contact without detectable rebound between each open-close cycle. The OP started about 100 ms after the cessation of electrical activity both at low and high tapping frequency. The time between end of electrical activity and the start of a new OP was supposed to be dependent upon the relaxation time of the masseter muscles.", "contents": "Kinematics of the tooth tapping movement. Electrical activity in the masseter muscles and tooth contact vibrations were recorded simultaneously from subjects tapping their teeth slowly into maximal intercuspidation and again with maximal frequency. High speed cinephotography was also used with four of the ten subjects. Three main parts could be distinguished on the obtained graphical representation of the tooth tapping movement: tooth contact phase (TCP), opening phase (OP) and closing phase (CP). Tapping frequency was increased by decreasing the jaw opening degree and the durations of TCP, OP and CP. The jaw velocity immediately before tooth contact, which may be of significance for the reflex response, was however not increased. The average jaw speed was nevertheless increased from 10 to 15 cm/s since the turning from OP to CP was more abrupt in high than in low frequency tapping. The duration of electrical activity after tooth contact was significantly shorter at tapping with high than with low frequency. The teeth maintained contact without detectable rebound between each open-close cycle. The OP started about 100 ms after the cessation of electrical activity both at low and high tapping frequency. The time between end of electrical activity and the start of a new OP was supposed to be dependent upon the relaxation time of the masseter muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:268421", "title": "The in vitro measurement of amalgam corrosion rates by the polarization resistance technique.", "content": "Measurement of the corrosion rates of three distinctive amalgam alloys (lathe-cut, spherical and dispersed-phase) when immersed in three different electrolytes, including saliva, is reported. The results indicate that the dispersed phase alloy amalgam exhibits a lower corrosion rate than a conventional lathe-cut alloy amalgam but is somewhat inferior to a spherical alloy amalgam.", "contents": "The in vitro measurement of amalgam corrosion rates by the polarization resistance technique. Measurement of the corrosion rates of three distinctive amalgam alloys (lathe-cut, spherical and dispersed-phase) when immersed in three different electrolytes, including saliva, is reported. The results indicate that the dispersed phase alloy amalgam exhibits a lower corrosion rate than a conventional lathe-cut alloy amalgam but is somewhat inferior to a spherical alloy amalgam."}
{"id": "PMID:268423", "title": "Evoked EMG of masseter and temporal muscles in man.", "content": "Following a percutaneous stimulation on the mandibular notch skin, two kinds of responses were recorded in the ipsilateral masseter and temporal muscles in man. The two responses had their proper stimulating points. The early response appeared with about a 2 ms latency and the late one with about a 6 ms latency which was shorter than that of T wave of the same muscle by about 1 ms. No responses were induced in the contralateral masseter and temporal muscles. Regarding the recovery process of the late response following double stimuli, a testing late response was released about 100% from the effect of conditioning shock at a longer interval than 80 approximately 95 ms. It might be safe to consider that the previous assumption, i.e. those two responses seemed to be M and H waves respectively, had been fortified. H response evoked in muscles tested seems to be sensitive enough to show the difference between excitatory states of its reflex arc.", "contents": "Evoked EMG of masseter and temporal muscles in man. Following a percutaneous stimulation on the mandibular notch skin, two kinds of responses were recorded in the ipsilateral masseter and temporal muscles in man. The two responses had their proper stimulating points. The early response appeared with about a 2 ms latency and the late one with about a 6 ms latency which was shorter than that of T wave of the same muscle by about 1 ms. No responses were induced in the contralateral masseter and temporal muscles. Regarding the recovery process of the late response following double stimuli, a testing late response was released about 100% from the effect of conditioning shock at a longer interval than 80 approximately 95 ms. It might be safe to consider that the previous assumption, i.e. those two responses seemed to be M and H waves respectively, had been fortified. H response evoked in muscles tested seems to be sensitive enough to show the difference between excitatory states of its reflex arc."}
{"id": "PMID:268426", "title": "Ecologic changes in the oral cavity caused by removable partial dentures.", "content": "1. The introduction of a removable partial denture into the oral cavity adversely affects the prevailing ecologic situation in terms of plaque formation. 2. The rehabilitative effect of a removable partial denture may be safeguarded by controlling plaque formation by strict personal hygienic measures on the part of the patient. In particular, proximal surfaces adjacent to denture bases should be pointed out to patients as surfaces to which they must give special attention. 3. Simplification of the design of removable partial dentures can reduce their damaging potentialities. 4. Further prophylactic measures, such as topical application of fluorides and perhaps other chemicals, should also be taken.", "contents": "Ecologic changes in the oral cavity caused by removable partial dentures. 1. The introduction of a removable partial denture into the oral cavity adversely affects the prevailing ecologic situation in terms of plaque formation. 2. The rehabilitative effect of a removable partial denture may be safeguarded by controlling plaque formation by strict personal hygienic measures on the part of the patient. In particular, proximal surfaces adjacent to denture bases should be pointed out to patients as surfaces to which they must give special attention. 3. Simplification of the design of removable partial dentures can reduce their damaging potentialities. 4. Further prophylactic measures, such as topical application of fluorides and perhaps other chemicals, should also be taken."}
{"id": "PMID:268427", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of marginal adaptation of amalgam in restoration finishing techniques.", "content": "Voids and gaps between the surfaces of the amalgam and the cavity preparation were apparent in the carved and the polished samples. These spaces in the burnished specimens were filled with an amorphous bulk of amalgam apparently caused by the burnishing process. Since the margins of burnished amalgam restorations have been shown to leak less than those of carved and polished specimens, it is hypothesized that this is due to the improved marginal adaptation attained through the burnishing process.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of marginal adaptation of amalgam in restoration finishing techniques. Voids and gaps between the surfaces of the amalgam and the cavity preparation were apparent in the carved and the polished samples. These spaces in the burnished specimens were filled with an amorphous bulk of amalgam apparently caused by the burnishing process. Since the margins of burnished amalgam restorations have been shown to leak less than those of carved and polished specimens, it is hypothesized that this is due to the improved marginal adaptation attained through the burnishing process."}
{"id": "PMID:268428", "title": "Effect of a carious dentin softener on the dentin and pulp.", "content": "The application of GK-101 to carious dentin softens the first or outer layer which contains denatured collagen. The second or inner layer of carious dentin, containing normal collagen fibers, is unaffected. The pulps of dog teeth were not affected by applying the solution to freshly prepared sound dentin.", "contents": "Effect of a carious dentin softener on the dentin and pulp. The application of GK-101 to carious dentin softens the first or outer layer which contains denatured collagen. The second or inner layer of carious dentin, containing normal collagen fibers, is unaffected. The pulps of dog teeth were not affected by applying the solution to freshly prepared sound dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:268429", "title": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part III. Speed of closure--manipulation of the mandible.", "content": "The character of the occlusal surfaces of teeth programs the functions of muscles that move the mandible and imposes specifications upon the dentist within which he must work in manipulating the patient's mandible. If he exceeds those specifications, protective responses that inhibit his efforts are elicited in the patient's musculature. A knowledge of the laws governing functions of the muscles that move the mandible enables the dentist to acquire mandibular-manipulation skills necessary for diagnosis and effective occlusal treatment. A model in which the dentist visualizes the patient, the patient's protective reflexes, the components of the patient's gnathostomatic system, and himself as four independent personalities participating in the jaw manipulation is a useful tool in acquiring mandibular-manipulation skills. This article is Part III of a series presented in four parts on the \"Biologic Laws Governing Functions of Muscles That Move the Mandible.\"", "contents": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part III. Speed of closure--manipulation of the mandible. The character of the occlusal surfaces of teeth programs the functions of muscles that move the mandible and imposes specifications upon the dentist within which he must work in manipulating the patient's mandible. If he exceeds those specifications, protective responses that inhibit his efforts are elicited in the patient's musculature. A knowledge of the laws governing functions of the muscles that move the mandible enables the dentist to acquire mandibular-manipulation skills necessary for diagnosis and effective occlusal treatment. A model in which the dentist visualizes the patient, the patient's protective reflexes, the components of the patient's gnathostomatic system, and himself as four independent personalities participating in the jaw manipulation is a useful tool in acquiring mandibular-manipulation skills. This article is Part III of a series presented in four parts on the \"Biologic Laws Governing Functions of Muscles That Move the Mandible.\""}
{"id": "PMID:268430", "title": "Characteristics of temporomandibular joint problems.", "content": "A review of the characteristics of 145 patients with temporomandibular joint and myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome is presented. The material includes both temporomandibular and myofascial involvements. The evidence supports the psychophysiologic etiology theory for most patients. This does not exclude anatomic abnormalities which may be present in such patients nor anatomic abnormalities which may be present without psychogenic causes. The lack of awareness of the range of condylar movement is contributory to iatrogenic trauma. A classification of etiologic factors is proposed. The superimposition of one upon another can create a severe problem. The superimposition of two upon a third can create an unusually severe problem.", "contents": "Characteristics of temporomandibular joint problems. A review of the characteristics of 145 patients with temporomandibular joint and myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome is presented. The material includes both temporomandibular and myofascial involvements. The evidence supports the psychophysiologic etiology theory for most patients. This does not exclude anatomic abnormalities which may be present in such patients nor anatomic abnormalities which may be present without psychogenic causes. The lack of awareness of the range of condylar movement is contributory to iatrogenic trauma. A classification of etiologic factors is proposed. The superimposition of one upon another can create a severe problem. The superimposition of two upon a third can create an unusually severe problem."}
{"id": "PMID:268433", "title": "Effects of supervised daily dental plaque removal by children: II. 24 months' results.", "content": "After two school years of a supervised daily plaque-removal program in school, children in the treatment group showed a significant reduction in plaque and gingival inflammation scores compared with children in the control group. However, differences between groups in terms of plaque and gingivitis scores virtually disappeared during the summer vacation. The increment of dental caries was lower in the treatment group than in the control group, but the reduction, which averaged about 20 percent, was not statistically significant either for teeth or for surfaces. Although the 24-month findings of the present study indicate some degree of success in reducing plaque and gingivitis and a marginal effect in reducing the incidence of dental caries among children who engaged in daily, supervised plaque-removal in school, obvious drawbacks limit the value of this regimen.", "contents": "Effects of supervised daily dental plaque removal by children: II. 24 months' results. After two school years of a supervised daily plaque-removal program in school, children in the treatment group showed a significant reduction in plaque and gingival inflammation scores compared with children in the control group. However, differences between groups in terms of plaque and gingivitis scores virtually disappeared during the summer vacation. The increment of dental caries was lower in the treatment group than in the control group, but the reduction, which averaged about 20 percent, was not statistically significant either for teeth or for surfaces. Although the 24-month findings of the present study indicate some degree of success in reducing plaque and gingivitis and a marginal effect in reducing the incidence of dental caries among children who engaged in daily, supervised plaque-removal in school, obvious drawbacks limit the value of this regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:268435", "title": "Expenditures for the dental care of indigent children in the Chattanooga project, 1971-1975.", "content": "This paper is part of a continuing study of the cost of children's dental care in a publicly funded model program. The Program--the Chattanooga Project--was designed to provide information and experience necessary for the development of similar programs elsewhere in the United States. From 1970 to 1975 comprehensive dental care was provided, at no charge, to an average of 5,500 indigent children per year. Children were treated in private practices (39%), public fixed clinics (20%), and public mobile clinics (41%). Costs were defined as public expenditures for purchasing care from private practitioners or producing care in public practices. As a framework for the analysis, program activities and their respective costs were divided into direct and indirect components. The former relate to the provision of care and the latter to noncare-oriented activities. Direct (indirect) costs per patient were $46.56 ($16.31) in private practices, $40.17 ($16.11) in fixed clinics, and $35.49 ($13.41) in mobile clinics. These results substantiate previous findings from a shorter period. A priori reasons for differences among the three modes in terms of patients' health status or the type of care provided have been specified and are currently under investigation.", "contents": "Expenditures for the dental care of indigent children in the Chattanooga project, 1971-1975. This paper is part of a continuing study of the cost of children's dental care in a publicly funded model program. The Program--the Chattanooga Project--was designed to provide information and experience necessary for the development of similar programs elsewhere in the United States. From 1970 to 1975 comprehensive dental care was provided, at no charge, to an average of 5,500 indigent children per year. Children were treated in private practices (39%), public fixed clinics (20%), and public mobile clinics (41%). Costs were defined as public expenditures for purchasing care from private practitioners or producing care in public practices. As a framework for the analysis, program activities and their respective costs were divided into direct and indirect components. The former relate to the provision of care and the latter to noncare-oriented activities. Direct (indirect) costs per patient were $46.56 ($16.31) in private practices, $40.17 ($16.11) in fixed clinics, and $35.49 ($13.41) in mobile clinics. These results substantiate previous findings from a shorter period. A priori reasons for differences among the three modes in terms of patients' health status or the type of care provided have been specified and are currently under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:268436", "title": "The cost of providing restorative dentistry in an alternative delivery mode.", "content": "This study is based on the Forsyth Dental School experiment, where it was shown that dental hygienists can be trained to perform restorative dental functions which are now the exclusive responsibility of dentists. The focus of the Forsyth study was to determine the length of training time required and to measure the qualitative and quantitative aspects of services carried out by the hygienists. As a follow-up to that study, this paper is concerned with the economic aspects of the personnel substitution suggested by the Forsyth project. The basic hypothesis of the study is that there would be a considerable gain from this change, and that this gain can be measured by estimating the costs of operation in the new setting anc comparing them to costs in the conventional setting. Combining estimated clinic costs and productivity data provides a measure of the per-surface supply price for an amalgam restoration. This estimate is 44 percent lower than usual fees and 29 percent lower than current welfare fees. The magnitude of this difference implies that the introduction of Forsyth clinics would lead to considerable economics in the elivery of these services.", "contents": "The cost of providing restorative dentistry in an alternative delivery mode. This study is based on the Forsyth Dental School experiment, where it was shown that dental hygienists can be trained to perform restorative dental functions which are now the exclusive responsibility of dentists. The focus of the Forsyth study was to determine the length of training time required and to measure the qualitative and quantitative aspects of services carried out by the hygienists. As a follow-up to that study, this paper is concerned with the economic aspects of the personnel substitution suggested by the Forsyth project. The basic hypothesis of the study is that there would be a considerable gain from this change, and that this gain can be measured by estimating the costs of operation in the new setting anc comparing them to costs in the conventional setting. Combining estimated clinic costs and productivity data provides a measure of the per-surface supply price for an amalgam restoration. This estimate is 44 percent lower than usual fees and 29 percent lower than current welfare fees. The magnitude of this difference implies that the introduction of Forsyth clinics would lead to considerable economics in the elivery of these services."}
{"id": "PMID:268448", "title": "[Degenerative retinal conditions after treatment with Busulfan during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia was treated with Busulfan for the three last months of pregnancy. The infant appeared normal except for an atypical tapetoretinal degeneration. We studied the other cases in the literature. All pregnancies produced an apparently normal infant although three infants were small. The case of Diamond had microphthalmia. We conclude that Busulfan is perhaps toxic to fetal retina.", "contents": "[Degenerative retinal conditions after treatment with Busulfan during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia was treated with Busulfan for the three last months of pregnancy. The infant appeared normal except for an atypical tapetoretinal degeneration. We studied the other cases in the literature. All pregnancies produced an apparently normal infant although three infants were small. The case of Diamond had microphthalmia. We conclude that Busulfan is perhaps toxic to fetal retina."}
{"id": "PMID:268449", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease during remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "1 1/2 years after diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, stage IIA of cervical lymphnodes could be verified microscopically in a 7 year old girl in continuous complete remission (of leukemia) and was treated with regional irradiation and combination chemotherapy after exploratory laporotomy with splenectomy. The patient now is off therapy, healthy and without any signs of relapse of the two malignancies.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease during remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. 1 1/2 years after diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, stage IIA of cervical lymphnodes could be verified microscopically in a 7 year old girl in continuous complete remission (of leukemia) and was treated with regional irradiation and combination chemotherapy after exploratory laporotomy with splenectomy. The patient now is off therapy, healthy and without any signs of relapse of the two malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:268450", "title": "[Clinical significance of cationic proteins of leukocyte lysosomes: cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) as a marker of blast crisis in chronic myelocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) was estimated in urine of acute and chronic leukaemics using quantitative immuno-precipitation techniques. The studies demonstrated that CLA is a marker of the (myelo-) blast crisis in patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). By these studies the value of the determination of CLA for the differential diagnosis of acute myeloblastic leukaemia versus initial (myelo-) blast crisis in CML and the lymphatic leukaemias, respectively, was evident. The terminal blastic transformation in CML was indicated early by an elevation of the urinary CLA-level. The blast-crisis was accompanied by a heavy CLA-uria. The results are documented by demonstration of special studies of characteristic cases and discussed in the light of recent results of immunological and cytochemical findings on the nature of blast crisis in CML.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of cationic proteins of leukocyte lysosomes: cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) as a marker of blast crisis in chronic myelocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) was estimated in urine of acute and chronic leukaemics using quantitative immuno-precipitation techniques. The studies demonstrated that CLA is a marker of the (myelo-) blast crisis in patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). By these studies the value of the determination of CLA for the differential diagnosis of acute myeloblastic leukaemia versus initial (myelo-) blast crisis in CML and the lymphatic leukaemias, respectively, was evident. The terminal blastic transformation in CML was indicated early by an elevation of the urinary CLA-level. The blast-crisis was accompanied by a heavy CLA-uria. The results are documented by demonstration of special studies of characteristic cases and discussed in the light of recent results of immunological and cytochemical findings on the nature of blast crisis in CML."}
{"id": "PMID:268482", "title": "Histopathological study of regional lymph nodes in osteosarcoma.", "content": "This paper presents the histological appearance of the lymph nodes in cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the limb bones. The nodes were studied for the degree of sinus histiocytosis. Cases with no sinus histiocytosis showed a poor prognosis while cases with moderate to marked sinus histiocytosis showed a better rate of survival. Since the regional lymph nodes play an important part in the immunological process, preservation of regional nodes is suggested.", "contents": "Histopathological study of regional lymph nodes in osteosarcoma. This paper presents the histological appearance of the lymph nodes in cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the limb bones. The nodes were studied for the degree of sinus histiocytosis. Cases with no sinus histiocytosis showed a poor prognosis while cases with moderate to marked sinus histiocytosis showed a better rate of survival. Since the regional lymph nodes play an important part in the immunological process, preservation of regional nodes is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:268486", "title": "Paget's sarcoma in Tasmania.", "content": "Six proven cases of Paget's sarcoma occurred in Tasmania in the decade 1965 to 1974. The incidence was 0-16 cases per 100,000 population per year. The sex ratio was two male: one female. The average age was 61-2 years. All cases occurred in the pelvis or adjacent femur. Average time of survival after onset of symptoms was one year. Two patients had lymph node metastases. One patient had no pulmonary metastases; a further patient may have had no pulmonary metastases. All patients were born in Australia (State of Tasmania) of predominantly Anglo-Saxon stock.", "contents": "Paget's sarcoma in Tasmania. Six proven cases of Paget's sarcoma occurred in Tasmania in the decade 1965 to 1974. The incidence was 0-16 cases per 100,000 population per year. The sex ratio was two male: one female. The average age was 61-2 years. All cases occurred in the pelvis or adjacent femur. Average time of survival after onset of symptoms was one year. Two patients had lymph node metastases. One patient had no pulmonary metastases; a further patient may have had no pulmonary metastases. All patients were born in Australia (State of Tasmania) of predominantly Anglo-Saxon stock."}
{"id": "PMID:268487", "title": "[Juvenile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 3 6/12 year old boy with trisomy 21 mosaicism but no symptoms of Down's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 3 6/12 year old boy, with the juvenile type of chronic myelogeneous leukemia cytogenetic examination of bone marrow and blood, performed two months before onset of the acute blastic crisis, showed two cell lines: the first one with a normal karyotype 46, XY and the second one with a trisomic karyotype 47, XY, +21. This finding of a mosaic trisomy 21 in a patient without symptoms of Down's syndrome allow to assume the trisomy cells to be malignant, and the type of mosaicism to be proliferative. This karyologic finding could be taken for an early prognostic, unfavourable sign of the disease. The significance of karyologic examination with exact classification of atypical leukemias is stressed.", "contents": "[Juvenile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 3 6/12 year old boy with trisomy 21 mosaicism but no symptoms of Down's syndrome (author's transl)]. In a 3 6/12 year old boy, with the juvenile type of chronic myelogeneous leukemia cytogenetic examination of bone marrow and blood, performed two months before onset of the acute blastic crisis, showed two cell lines: the first one with a normal karyotype 46, XY and the second one with a trisomic karyotype 47, XY, +21. This finding of a mosaic trisomy 21 in a patient without symptoms of Down's syndrome allow to assume the trisomy cells to be malignant, and the type of mosaicism to be proliferative. This karyologic finding could be taken for an early prognostic, unfavourable sign of the disease. The significance of karyologic examination with exact classification of atypical leukemias is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:268495", "title": "Planimetric evaluation and comparison of roentgenograms of osteogenic sarcomas induced by 226Ra and 224Ra in mice.", "content": "Osteosarcomas were induced in mice by three activities of 226Ra (8.8 micronCi, 24.6 micronC and 70.5 micron Ci/kg) and by three activity levels of 224Ra administered in fractionated doses during a period of 75 weeks (total activity per mouse: 0.65 micron Ci, 1.88 micron Ci). In the 226Ra series 74 cases and in the 224Ra series 89 cases of osteosarcomas were evaluated by means of planimetric measurements of roentgenographic images, including the calcified structures. Even though it is not possible to differentiate the series precisely, still some differences between tumors under study could be found. In comparison with 226Ra series, the sarcomas induced by 224Ra are in average rather larger, calcified stuctures appear not to be fully developed and differentiated, he anatomical distribution is different from that characteristic to the 226Ra induced tumors, the mean life span is shorter. It is quite likely that not only the incidence but also some of the features of osteosarcomas are dependent on the time and tissue distribution of the dose delivered.", "contents": "Planimetric evaluation and comparison of roentgenograms of osteogenic sarcomas induced by 226Ra and 224Ra in mice. Osteosarcomas were induced in mice by three activities of 226Ra (8.8 micronCi, 24.6 micronC and 70.5 micron Ci/kg) and by three activity levels of 224Ra administered in fractionated doses during a period of 75 weeks (total activity per mouse: 0.65 micron Ci, 1.88 micron Ci). In the 226Ra series 74 cases and in the 224Ra series 89 cases of osteosarcomas were evaluated by means of planimetric measurements of roentgenographic images, including the calcified structures. Even though it is not possible to differentiate the series precisely, still some differences between tumors under study could be found. In comparison with 226Ra series, the sarcomas induced by 224Ra are in average rather larger, calcified stuctures appear not to be fully developed and differentiated, he anatomical distribution is different from that characteristic to the 226Ra induced tumors, the mean life span is shorter. It is quite likely that not only the incidence but also some of the features of osteosarcomas are dependent on the time and tissue distribution of the dose delivered."}
{"id": "PMID:268496", "title": "Nephrotoxicity associated with combined gentamicin-amphotericin B therapy.", "content": "The administration of a low total dose of amphotericin B to four consecutive patients already receiving gentamicin resulted in a deterioration of renal function in all. No other cause of the renal dysfunction was apparent in three cases. It appears probable that these drugs exhibit synergistic nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity associated with combined gentamicin-amphotericin B therapy. The administration of a low total dose of amphotericin B to four consecutive patients already receiving gentamicin resulted in a deterioration of renal function in all. No other cause of the renal dysfunction was apparent in three cases. It appears probable that these drugs exhibit synergistic nephrotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:268552", "title": "Retinoblastoma and osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Radiogenic and non-radiogenic osteosarcomas are rather frequent in retinoblastoma patients and probably also in retinoblastoma families. Besides the pathologic gene for retinoblastoma, there must be a predisposition to develop osteogenic sarcomas, which is probably genetic.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma and osteogenic sarcoma. Radiogenic and non-radiogenic osteosarcomas are rather frequent in retinoblastoma patients and probably also in retinoblastoma families. Besides the pathologic gene for retinoblastoma, there must be a predisposition to develop osteogenic sarcomas, which is probably genetic."}
{"id": "PMID:268567", "title": "Cephalic kinetics of intra-arterially injected lidocaine.", "content": "The intravenous injection of 3 mg./kg. of lidocaine into the facial artery resulted in internal carotid artery blood levels between 5 and 7 microgram/ml. 15 seconds thereafter. Internal and external jugular vein blood levels exceeded 30 microgram/ml. at the same time. When the same amount of lidocaine was injected into the facial vein, carotid blood levels were less than 3 microgram/ml., peaking at 30 seconds. Concentrations of the local anesthetics in the jugular vein peaked at 15 seconds, exceeding 35 microgram/ml. The feasibility of local anesthetic drugs reaching the cerebral circulation through a retrograde pathway was indicated, suggesting that this mechanism may be the route for some of the untoward reactions observed after the injection of local anesthetics in the head and neck area.", "contents": "Cephalic kinetics of intra-arterially injected lidocaine. The intravenous injection of 3 mg./kg. of lidocaine into the facial artery resulted in internal carotid artery blood levels between 5 and 7 microgram/ml. 15 seconds thereafter. Internal and external jugular vein blood levels exceeded 30 microgram/ml. at the same time. When the same amount of lidocaine was injected into the facial vein, carotid blood levels were less than 3 microgram/ml., peaking at 30 seconds. Concentrations of the local anesthetics in the jugular vein peaked at 15 seconds, exceeding 35 microgram/ml. The feasibility of local anesthetic drugs reaching the cerebral circulation through a retrograde pathway was indicated, suggesting that this mechanism may be the route for some of the untoward reactions observed after the injection of local anesthetics in the head and neck area."}
{"id": "PMID:268568", "title": "Vestibular extension with xenogenous fascial grafts.", "content": "Fascia obtained from the abdominal wall of a rat was transplanted to the oral cavity of five dogs as a graft material for vestibular extension. In all five dogs the grafted fascia remained in place as the surgical defects were covered with epithelium, which transpired within a period of 4 weeks. After 6 months, the vestibular depth was increased significantly and the vestibule was smooth and regular.", "contents": "Vestibular extension with xenogenous fascial grafts. Fascia obtained from the abdominal wall of a rat was transplanted to the oral cavity of five dogs as a graft material for vestibular extension. In all five dogs the grafted fascia remained in place as the surgical defects were covered with epithelium, which transpired within a period of 4 weeks. After 6 months, the vestibular depth was increased significantly and the vestibule was smooth and regular."}
{"id": "PMID:268569", "title": "Biopsy technique for fibro-osseous and osteolytic lesions of the jaws.", "content": "A biopsy technique is presented for obtaining small tissue samples from fibro-osseous and osteolytic lesions which are not readily accessible for surgical biopsy. Trephine burs and a nonaspirating biopsy needle may be utilized for obtaining adequate tissue from fibro-osseous and osteolytic lesions for frozen section and routine histopathologic examination.", "contents": "Biopsy technique for fibro-osseous and osteolytic lesions of the jaws. A biopsy technique is presented for obtaining small tissue samples from fibro-osseous and osteolytic lesions which are not readily accessible for surgical biopsy. Trephine burs and a nonaspirating biopsy needle may be utilized for obtaining adequate tissue from fibro-osseous and osteolytic lesions for frozen section and routine histopathologic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:268570", "title": "Garr\u00e9's osteomyelitis of the mandible. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of Garr\u00e9's disease has been reported. This case is atypical in that the patient presented with only a periosteal bone mass and a negative history of toothache, abscess, or trauma to the area. Because of this, diagnosis was not possible without microscopic examination. Atypical cases of this nature cause diagnostic problems, and several disease states must be considered in a differential diagnosis. These include the following: 1. Ewing's sarcoma, which also occurs in this age group and may show cortical reduplication on radiographic examination. The prognosis in cases of Ewing's sarcoma is poor, and death may occur in a matter of weeks. 2. Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease), which is characterized by development of soft-tissue swelling and cortical thickening of the mandible. The disease runs a benign course and regresses without treatment. 3. Osteogenic sarcoma, which occurs in slightly older age groups but presents as a cortical expansion with facial deformity. The disease is highly malignant and carries a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Garr\u00e9's osteomyelitis of the mandible. Report of a case. A case of Garr\u00e9's disease has been reported. This case is atypical in that the patient presented with only a periosteal bone mass and a negative history of toothache, abscess, or trauma to the area. Because of this, diagnosis was not possible without microscopic examination. Atypical cases of this nature cause diagnostic problems, and several disease states must be considered in a differential diagnosis. These include the following: 1. Ewing's sarcoma, which also occurs in this age group and may show cortical reduplication on radiographic examination. The prognosis in cases of Ewing's sarcoma is poor, and death may occur in a matter of weeks. 2. Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease), which is characterized by development of soft-tissue swelling and cortical thickening of the mandible. The disease runs a benign course and regresses without treatment. 3. Osteogenic sarcoma, which occurs in slightly older age groups but presents as a cortical expansion with facial deformity. The disease is highly malignant and carries a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:268571", "title": "The incidence and relationship of the lateral ramus prominence to the mandibular foramen.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the incidence of the lateral ramus prominence and its relationship to the mandibular foramen. The lateral ramus prominence, as determined by inspection and palpation, was identified on both the right and left rami of all specimens. Bilateral measurements were made on fifty randomly selected adult dentulous mandibles. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained for all measurements between right and left rami. Therefore, either the left or right side measurement for each parameter was selected at random, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The lateral ramus prominence varied from 4.7 mm. anterior to 4.7 mm. posterior to the foramen, and from 0.9 mm. to 16.2 mm. superior to the foramen. It was located anterior to the foramen 66 per cent of the time.", "contents": "The incidence and relationship of the lateral ramus prominence to the mandibular foramen. A study was undertaken to determine the incidence of the lateral ramus prominence and its relationship to the mandibular foramen. The lateral ramus prominence, as determined by inspection and palpation, was identified on both the right and left rami of all specimens. Bilateral measurements were made on fifty randomly selected adult dentulous mandibles. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained for all measurements between right and left rami. Therefore, either the left or right side measurement for each parameter was selected at random, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The lateral ramus prominence varied from 4.7 mm. anterior to 4.7 mm. posterior to the foramen, and from 0.9 mm. to 16.2 mm. superior to the foramen. It was located anterior to the foramen 66 per cent of the time."}
{"id": "PMID:268572", "title": "Vitamin E and periodontitis in the rat.", "content": "This investigation was designed to study the effect of vitamin E on the course of periodontitis in thirty-six adult male albino rats. The rats were divided into three groups of twelve and placed on test diets which consisted of pelleted feed that either was deficient in, or contained adequate and high amounts of, vitamin E. After the animals had been on their respective diets for 8 weeks, a local irritant in the form of a stainless steel wire was placed around the maxillary left second molar of each animal. The wire served both as a mechanical irritant and as a collector of plaque and debris. Six weeks after the wire was placed, the animals were killed and the periodontium was examined histologically. Migration of the epithelial attachment, alveolar bone level, and numbers of inflammatory round cells were then evaluated on both sides of the maxilla. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine significant difference in the parameters. The results of this experiment indicate that a deficiency of vitamin E does not cause increased destruction of the periodontium in the presence of periodontitis. Moreover, no beneficial effects from the therapeutic use of vitamin E to combat periodontitis were found.", "contents": "Vitamin E and periodontitis in the rat. This investigation was designed to study the effect of vitamin E on the course of periodontitis in thirty-six adult male albino rats. The rats were divided into three groups of twelve and placed on test diets which consisted of pelleted feed that either was deficient in, or contained adequate and high amounts of, vitamin E. After the animals had been on their respective diets for 8 weeks, a local irritant in the form of a stainless steel wire was placed around the maxillary left second molar of each animal. The wire served both as a mechanical irritant and as a collector of plaque and debris. Six weeks after the wire was placed, the animals were killed and the periodontium was examined histologically. Migration of the epithelial attachment, alveolar bone level, and numbers of inflammatory round cells were then evaluated on both sides of the maxilla. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine significant difference in the parameters. The results of this experiment indicate that a deficiency of vitamin E does not cause increased destruction of the periodontium in the presence of periodontitis. Moreover, no beneficial effects from the therapeutic use of vitamin E to combat periodontitis were found."}
{"id": "PMID:268573", "title": "The oral melanotic macule.", "content": "A clinical and histologic study of eighty oral melanotic lesions which do not readily fit into recognized categories of melanotic lesions was conducted. These lesions tend to occur in the fifth decade of life and are most frequently seen on the gingiva, with the buccal mucosa and palate the next most frequent sites. The lesions are usually single, smaller than 1 cm., but they may also occur as multiple lesions. There is no sex bias, and there seems to be a number of etiologic factors. In a few cases long-term follow-up was possible. There is no indication of a tendency toward recurrence or development of malignant lesions. Histologically, none of the lesions shows atypia. Melanin pigmentation tends to be present in significant amounts in the basal-cell layer and less often in the lamina propria. There are no outstanding histologic differences among the eighty specimens. It is suggested that the term oral melanotic macule be used for these lesions, unless a specific cause can be confirmed by clinical data. Although these lesions should not be considered premalignant, it would be prudent to remove them for histologic confirmation of clinical impressions.", "contents": "The oral melanotic macule. A clinical and histologic study of eighty oral melanotic lesions which do not readily fit into recognized categories of melanotic lesions was conducted. These lesions tend to occur in the fifth decade of life and are most frequently seen on the gingiva, with the buccal mucosa and palate the next most frequent sites. The lesions are usually single, smaller than 1 cm., but they may also occur as multiple lesions. There is no sex bias, and there seems to be a number of etiologic factors. In a few cases long-term follow-up was possible. There is no indication of a tendency toward recurrence or development of malignant lesions. Histologically, none of the lesions shows atypia. Melanin pigmentation tends to be present in significant amounts in the basal-cell layer and less often in the lamina propria. There are no outstanding histologic differences among the eighty specimens. It is suggested that the term oral melanotic macule be used for these lesions, unless a specific cause can be confirmed by clinical data. Although these lesions should not be considered premalignant, it would be prudent to remove them for histologic confirmation of clinical impressions."}
{"id": "PMID:268574", "title": "Histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunologic findings in an oral psoriatic lesion.", "content": "There has been some controversy over whether psoriasis can involve the oral mucosa. An oral lesion in a 32-year-old man with a psoriatic scalp lesion has been studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunologic methods. Results from each of these three techniques are consistent with previous findings in psoriatic lesions and suggest that oral psoriasis can occur.", "contents": "Histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunologic findings in an oral psoriatic lesion. There has been some controversy over whether psoriasis can involve the oral mucosa. An oral lesion in a 32-year-old man with a psoriatic scalp lesion has been studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunologic methods. Results from each of these three techniques are consistent with previous findings in psoriatic lesions and suggest that oral psoriasis can occur."}
{"id": "PMID:268575", "title": "Sebaceous choristoma of the thyroglossal duct.", "content": "The presence of sebaceous glands within the oral mucosa is not uncommon. Such Fordyce granules are frequently seen on the buccal mucosa and lips, as well as in the retromolar area, gingiva, and palate. Whereas sebaceous elements are rarely encountered on the tongue, three cases of ectopic sebaceous glands have been reported in association with apparently patent thyroglossal ducts. An interesting case of a previously unreported sebaceous choristoma of the thyroglossal duct is described.", "contents": "Sebaceous choristoma of the thyroglossal duct. The presence of sebaceous glands within the oral mucosa is not uncommon. Such Fordyce granules are frequently seen on the buccal mucosa and lips, as well as in the retromolar area, gingiva, and palate. Whereas sebaceous elements are rarely encountered on the tongue, three cases of ectopic sebaceous glands have been reported in association with apparently patent thyroglossal ducts. An interesting case of a previously unreported sebaceous choristoma of the thyroglossal duct is described."}
{"id": "PMID:268576", "title": "Intraoral melanocytic cellular nevi.", "content": "Eight cases of intraoral melanocytic cellular nevi are presented, together with the clinical features and limited follow-up information. These cases are added to those already published, so that a meaningful series may eventually be analyzed.", "contents": "Intraoral melanocytic cellular nevi. Eight cases of intraoral melanocytic cellular nevi are presented, together with the clinical features and limited follow-up information. These cases are added to those already published, so that a meaningful series may eventually be analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:268577", "title": "Taurodontism, short roots, and external resorption, associated with short stature and a small head.", "content": "This article describes a patient who exhibited taurodontism, relatively short roots, external resorption of the roots of the anterior teeth, and a marked tendency toward microcephalic dwarfism. This case is similar to that reported previously by Sauk and Delaney.", "contents": "Taurodontism, short roots, and external resorption, associated with short stature and a small head. This article describes a patient who exhibited taurodontism, relatively short roots, external resorption of the roots of the anterior teeth, and a marked tendency toward microcephalic dwarfism. This case is similar to that reported previously by Sauk and Delaney."}
{"id": "PMID:268578", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma in a residual mandibular cyst.", "content": "Described is a case of squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a residual cyst in a 60-year-old edentulous woman. The clinical and radiographic diagnosis was residual cyst, and the treatment employed was conservative surgical enucleation. The cause of these changes is unknown. Theoretically, the inflammatory reaction may have been a predisposing factor.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma in a residual mandibular cyst. Described is a case of squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a residual cyst in a 60-year-old edentulous woman. The clinical and radiographic diagnosis was residual cyst, and the treatment employed was conservative surgical enucleation. The cause of these changes is unknown. Theoretically, the inflammatory reaction may have been a predisposing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:268579", "title": "Villonodular synovitis with synovial chondromatosis.", "content": "Pigmented villonodular synovitis and synovial chondromatosis are uncommon benign lesions involving the articular surfaces of diarthrodial joints. Reported is a case of a benign synovial lesion of the temporomandibular joint, which was clinically thought to be a malignant parotid compartment tumor, showing histologic features of both pigmented villonodular synovitis and synovial chondromatosis. A review of the literature reveals a single case in which cartilaginous bodies were found in the joint; however, the synovial tissue showed features of only villonodular synovitis, with no mention of cartilaginous foci.", "contents": "Villonodular synovitis with synovial chondromatosis. Pigmented villonodular synovitis and synovial chondromatosis are uncommon benign lesions involving the articular surfaces of diarthrodial joints. Reported is a case of a benign synovial lesion of the temporomandibular joint, which was clinically thought to be a malignant parotid compartment tumor, showing histologic features of both pigmented villonodular synovitis and synovial chondromatosis. A review of the literature reveals a single case in which cartilaginous bodies were found in the joint; however, the synovial tissue showed features of only villonodular synovitis, with no mention of cartilaginous foci."}
{"id": "PMID:268580", "title": "Simple metallic compounds as pulp-capping agents. A pilot study.", "content": "A pilot study is described in which the exposed pulps of molar teeth of normal laboratory rats were capped with various metallic compounds in general medical usage. There appeared to be no relationship between the response obtained and the pH of the compounds studied. Aluminum powder, aluminum hydroxide, Aludrox, aluminum oxide, light magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and titanium dioxide gave poor results. Barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, cupric oxide, ferric oxide, heavy magnesium oxide, and stannic oxide merited more detailed study.", "contents": "Simple metallic compounds as pulp-capping agents. A pilot study. A pilot study is described in which the exposed pulps of molar teeth of normal laboratory rats were capped with various metallic compounds in general medical usage. There appeared to be no relationship between the response obtained and the pH of the compounds studied. Aluminum powder, aluminum hydroxide, Aludrox, aluminum oxide, light magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and titanium dioxide gave poor results. Barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, cupric oxide, ferric oxide, heavy magnesium oxide, and stannic oxide merited more detailed study."}
{"id": "PMID:268581", "title": "Polyethylene tubes as a model for the root canal.", "content": "Polyethylene tubes, closed at both ends with casting wax and with four perforations in the middle, were implanted subcutaneously in rats and evaluated as a research model simulating the root canal. As controls, wax bars and unperforated tubes were implanted. Attention was given to the reaction of the tissue surrounding the perforated empty tube, the tissue reaction to polyethylene and casting wax, and to the displacement of the tubes.", "contents": "Polyethylene tubes as a model for the root canal. Polyethylene tubes, closed at both ends with casting wax and with four perforations in the middle, were implanted subcutaneously in rats and evaluated as a research model simulating the root canal. As controls, wax bars and unperforated tubes were implanted. Attention was given to the reaction of the tissue surrounding the perforated empty tube, the tissue reaction to polyethylene and casting wax, and to the displacement of the tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:268582", "title": "Effectiveness of root canal irrigation.", "content": "When root canals are being enlarged, repeated irrigation is mandatory. Under the conditions of this study, the most significant factor in obtaining maximum results in root canal irrigation is the diameter of the canals. The removal of debris seems to be a function of canal diameter rather than the type of solution used.", "contents": "Effectiveness of root canal irrigation. When root canals are being enlarged, repeated irrigation is mandatory. Under the conditions of this study, the most significant factor in obtaining maximum results in root canal irrigation is the diameter of the canals. The removal of debris seems to be a function of canal diameter rather than the type of solution used."}
{"id": "PMID:268583", "title": "Radiation exposure and distribution measurements for three panoramic x-ray machines.", "content": "1. Exposures to internal sites in the phantom varied as follows: Panorex, 0.3 mr to 2.4 r; Orthopantomography, 0.4 mr to 0.8 r; Panelipse, 0.2 mr to 1.4 r. 2. With the phantom exposed for a normal-density radiograph at 65 KVP, the average radiation exposure at the sites measured were for the Panorex, Orthopantomograph, and Panelipse respectively: 8, 13, and 4 mr at the pituitary gland; 22, 62, and 8 mr at the superior area of the parotid gland; 13, 8, and 5 mr at the thyroid gland; 343, 425, and 365 mr at the submaxillary gland; and 50, 154, and 272 mr at the base of the tongue. 3. External exposures to the phantom and patients were found to be in good agreement at the low KVP. At the high KVP (using patients who were larger than the phantom), exposures at lateral and posterior sites showed relatively good agreement between phantom and patients, while exposures at anterior sites were less in patients. 4. The average stray radiation measurement at 1 meter from the phantom during pantomography with the three machines was 0.125 mr per exposure cycle. Individual averages were: Panorex, 0.10 mr; Orthopantomograph, 0.13 mr; and Panelipse, 0.15 mr.", "contents": "Radiation exposure and distribution measurements for three panoramic x-ray machines. 1. Exposures to internal sites in the phantom varied as follows: Panorex, 0.3 mr to 2.4 r; Orthopantomography, 0.4 mr to 0.8 r; Panelipse, 0.2 mr to 1.4 r. 2. With the phantom exposed for a normal-density radiograph at 65 KVP, the average radiation exposure at the sites measured were for the Panorex, Orthopantomograph, and Panelipse respectively: 8, 13, and 4 mr at the pituitary gland; 22, 62, and 8 mr at the superior area of the parotid gland; 13, 8, and 5 mr at the thyroid gland; 343, 425, and 365 mr at the submaxillary gland; and 50, 154, and 272 mr at the base of the tongue. 3. External exposures to the phantom and patients were found to be in good agreement at the low KVP. At the high KVP (using patients who were larger than the phantom), exposures at lateral and posterior sites showed relatively good agreement between phantom and patients, while exposures at anterior sites were less in patients. 4. The average stray radiation measurement at 1 meter from the phantom during pantomography with the three machines was 0.125 mr per exposure cycle. Individual averages were: Panorex, 0.10 mr; Orthopantomograph, 0.13 mr; and Panelipse, 0.15 mr."}
{"id": "PMID:268584", "title": "New device to quantitate alveolar bone loss.", "content": "The advantages of the device described here are that (1) it produces sharp grid outlines on the film that can be accurately measured, (2) distortion factors can be compensated so that an accurate measurement can be obtained of any bony changes, and (3) the patient is exposed to radiation only once and two films are produced with and without the grid.", "contents": "New device to quantitate alveolar bone loss. The advantages of the device described here are that (1) it produces sharp grid outlines on the film that can be accurately measured, (2) distortion factors can be compensated so that an accurate measurement can be obtained of any bony changes, and (3) the patient is exposed to radiation only once and two films are produced with and without the grid."}
{"id": "PMID:268599", "title": "[Exposure to mercury in public dental clinics in Oslo--an occupational hazard evaluation].", "content": "To evaluate the occupational hazard in use of mercury by dentists, the work environment and procedures of 22 dentists and their 33 assistants were surveyed. Determinations were made of a) the mercury vapour concentrations in the offices b) the urinary excretion of mercury by the 55 persons concerned c) the mercury concentration in blood. In three of the offices surveyed, mercury vapour concentration exceeded the threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/m3, implying a lack of care in handling mercury. Urinary mercury contents of one dentist and four dental assistants exceeded 0.05 mg/l i.e. the upper \"normal\" value for a population with no known exposure to mercury. The manner in preparation and handling of the amalgam were considered to be the predominant comtamination factor.", "contents": "[Exposure to mercury in public dental clinics in Oslo--an occupational hazard evaluation]. To evaluate the occupational hazard in use of mercury by dentists, the work environment and procedures of 22 dentists and their 33 assistants were surveyed. Determinations were made of a) the mercury vapour concentrations in the offices b) the urinary excretion of mercury by the 55 persons concerned c) the mercury concentration in blood. In three of the offices surveyed, mercury vapour concentration exceeded the threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/m3, implying a lack of care in handling mercury. Urinary mercury contents of one dentist and four dental assistants exceeded 0.05 mg/l i.e. the upper \"normal\" value for a population with no known exposure to mercury. The manner in preparation and handling of the amalgam were considered to be the predominant comtamination factor."}
{"id": "PMID:268607", "title": "Cerebromeningeal localizations in acute myeloblastic leukemia of the adult. Clinical and pathological study of 15 cases.", "content": "68 consecutive adults were treated for acute myeloblastic leukaemia (A.M.L). Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) developed in 15 cases. The clinical characteristics of nine of these patients were: symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure in 5, cranial nerve lesions in 4, peripheral nerve lesions in 5, cord compression in 1, hemispherical symptoms in 7. Lumbar puncture vas performed systematically on seven patients, two of them with evidence of meningeal leukaemia (M.L.). Post-mortem examination was performed on seven patients who died during the first induction treatment: three had evidence of C.N.S. involvement. M.L. developed in three patients during complete hematologic remission (R.C.) In patients younger than 60 years old, the incidence of M.L. was 8/24 (approximately 33%). Medial survival time was reduced:8 months in cases with M.L., compared to 13.5 months. Cerebro-fluid protein levels were increased in six cases without blast cells: in four cases, M.L. occurred within a few months. The frequency of meningeal leukaemia in A.M.I. is under-estimated. Eradication of this frequent complication is difficult. Prophylactic meningeal treatment may be instituted for patients younger than 60, to reduce the incidence of M.L. and to improve the median remission time.", "contents": "Cerebromeningeal localizations in acute myeloblastic leukemia of the adult. Clinical and pathological study of 15 cases. 68 consecutive adults were treated for acute myeloblastic leukaemia (A.M.L). Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) developed in 15 cases. The clinical characteristics of nine of these patients were: symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure in 5, cranial nerve lesions in 4, peripheral nerve lesions in 5, cord compression in 1, hemispherical symptoms in 7. Lumbar puncture vas performed systematically on seven patients, two of them with evidence of meningeal leukaemia (M.L.). Post-mortem examination was performed on seven patients who died during the first induction treatment: three had evidence of C.N.S. involvement. M.L. developed in three patients during complete hematologic remission (R.C.) In patients younger than 60 years old, the incidence of M.L. was 8/24 (approximately 33%). Medial survival time was reduced:8 months in cases with M.L., compared to 13.5 months. Cerebro-fluid protein levels were increased in six cases without blast cells: in four cases, M.L. occurred within a few months. The frequency of meningeal leukaemia in A.M.I. is under-estimated. Eradication of this frequent complication is difficult. Prophylactic meningeal treatment may be instituted for patients younger than 60, to reduce the incidence of M.L. and to improve the median remission time."}
{"id": "PMID:268605", "title": "[Does blastic crisis as revealed in chronic myeloid leukemia simulate either acute primary leukemia or acute primary leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome?].", "content": "In ten cases of apparently primary acute leukaemia, the discovery of a Philadelphia chromosome at routine examination of the caryotype led a diagnosis of blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. The clinical, cytological and cytogenetic pictures varied and only routine caryotypic examination may be used in reaching the diagnosis. The prognosis appear to be less bad than in blastic crises occurring after a long course of chronic myeloid leukaemia and closer to that of primary acute myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "[Does blastic crisis as revealed in chronic myeloid leukemia simulate either acute primary leukemia or acute primary leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome?]. In ten cases of apparently primary acute leukaemia, the discovery of a Philadelphia chromosome at routine examination of the caryotype led a diagnosis of blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. The clinical, cytological and cytogenetic pictures varied and only routine caryotypic examination may be used in reaching the diagnosis. The prognosis appear to be less bad than in blastic crises occurring after a long course of chronic myeloid leukaemia and closer to that of primary acute myeloid leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:268610", "title": "Arrangement of water molecules in cavities and channels of the lattice of [Phe4Val6]antamanide dodecahydrate.", "content": "The synthetic, biologically active, [Phe4Val6] analog of natural antamanide has been crystallized from a solution containing calcium nitrate, acetone, and acetonitrile. The crystal does not contain any Ca2+ ions but does contain 12 water molecules per peptide molecule. The conformation of this dodecahydrate is identical to the trihydrate crystallized from n-hexane/methyl acetate. The packing in both crystals is very similar, governed by parallel bands of phenyl and pyrrolidine ring stacking and by continuous channels for the solvement molecules, water in this case and n-hexane/methyl acetate in the previous study. The two structures are not ideally isomorphous, since the c cell parameter differs by more than 1.0 A in the two cells. There are three functions for H2O molecules: the three intrinsic H2O molecules in the interior of the peptide ring, the H2O bound to the exposed C=O groups, and the H2O molecules that fill space in the solvent channels. There are no direct hydrogen bonds between neighboring peptide molecules and there are only two intramolecular NH-O=C bonds (of the 5 leads to 1 type).", "contents": "Arrangement of water molecules in cavities and channels of the lattice of [Phe4Val6]antamanide dodecahydrate. The synthetic, biologically active, [Phe4Val6] analog of natural antamanide has been crystallized from a solution containing calcium nitrate, acetone, and acetonitrile. The crystal does not contain any Ca2+ ions but does contain 12 water molecules per peptide molecule. The conformation of this dodecahydrate is identical to the trihydrate crystallized from n-hexane/methyl acetate. The packing in both crystals is very similar, governed by parallel bands of phenyl and pyrrolidine ring stacking and by continuous channels for the solvement molecules, water in this case and n-hexane/methyl acetate in the previous study. The two structures are not ideally isomorphous, since the c cell parameter differs by more than 1.0 A in the two cells. There are three functions for H2O molecules: the three intrinsic H2O molecules in the interior of the peptide ring, the H2O bound to the exposed C=O groups, and the H2O molecules that fill space in the solvent channels. There are no direct hydrogen bonds between neighboring peptide molecules and there are only two intramolecular NH-O=C bonds (of the 5 leads to 1 type)."}
{"id": "PMID:268611", "title": "Magnetic properties and structure of oxyhemoglobin.", "content": "A review of the published evidence reinforces the conclusion reached by Pauling and Coryell in 1936 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 22, 210-216) that oxyhemoglobin in blood or in solution at 20 degrees has zero magnetic moment and fails to support a recent contradictory suggestion based on magnetic susceptibility of frozen samples at temperatures below 250 K. Predicted values of bond lengths and bound angles for carbonmonoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin are given.", "contents": "Magnetic properties and structure of oxyhemoglobin. A review of the published evidence reinforces the conclusion reached by Pauling and Coryell in 1936 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 22, 210-216) that oxyhemoglobin in blood or in solution at 20 degrees has zero magnetic moment and fails to support a recent contradictory suggestion based on magnetic susceptibility of frozen samples at temperatures below 250 K. Predicted values of bond lengths and bound angles for carbonmonoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin are given."}
{"id": "PMID:268612", "title": "Kinetics of hemoglobin-carbon monoxide reactions measured with a superconducting magnetometer: a new method for fast reactions in solution.", "content": "A new technique for measuring fast reactions in solution has been demonstrated. The changes in magnetic susceptibility during the recombination reaction of human hemoglobin with carbon monoxide after flash photolysis have been measured with a new high-sensitivity instrument using cryogenic technology. The rate constants determined at 20 degrees (pH 7.3) are in excellent agreement with those obtained by photometric techniques [Gray, R.D. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2879-2885]. A unique capability of this new method is the determination of the magnetic susceptibilities of short-lived reaction intermediates. The magnetic moment of the intermediate species Hb4(CO)3 was found to be 4.9+/-0.1 muB in 0.1 M phosphate buffer by partial photolysis experiments. This value agrees with the predictions of two-state allosteric models of cooperativity in hemoglobin. Possible applications and improvements in this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of hemoglobin-carbon monoxide reactions measured with a superconducting magnetometer: a new method for fast reactions in solution. A new technique for measuring fast reactions in solution has been demonstrated. The changes in magnetic susceptibility during the recombination reaction of human hemoglobin with carbon monoxide after flash photolysis have been measured with a new high-sensitivity instrument using cryogenic technology. The rate constants determined at 20 degrees (pH 7.3) are in excellent agreement with those obtained by photometric techniques [Gray, R.D. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2879-2885]. A unique capability of this new method is the determination of the magnetic susceptibilities of short-lived reaction intermediates. The magnetic moment of the intermediate species Hb4(CO)3 was found to be 4.9+/-0.1 muB in 0.1 M phosphate buffer by partial photolysis experiments. This value agrees with the predictions of two-state allosteric models of cooperativity in hemoglobin. Possible applications and improvements in this technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268613", "title": "Sequence specificity of mutagen-nucleic acid complexes in solution: intercalation and mutagen-base pair overlap geometries for proflavine binding to dC-dC-dG-dG and dG-dG-dC-dC self-complementary duplexes.", "content": "The complex formed between the mutagen proflavine and the dC-dC-dG-dG and dG-dG-dC-dC self-complementary tetranucleotide duplexes has been monitored by proton high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 0.1 M phosphate solution at high nucleotide/drug ratios. The large upfield shifts (0.5 to 0.85 ppm) observed at all the proflavine ring nonexchangeable protons on complex formation are consistent with intercalation of the mutagen between base pairs of the tetranucleotide duplex. We have proposed an approximate overlap geometry between the proflavine ring and nearest neighbor base pairs at the intercalation site from a comparison between experimental shifts and those calculated for various stacking orientations. We have compared the binding of actinomycin D, propidium diiodide, and proflavine to self-complementary tetranucleotide sequences dC-dC-dG-dG and dG-dG-dC-dC by UV absorbance changes in the drug bands between 400 and 500 nm. Actinomycin D exhibits a pronounced specificity for sequences with dG-dC sites (dG-dG-dC-dC), while propidium diiodide and proflavine exhibit a specificity for sequences with dC-dG sites (dC-dC-dG-dG). Actinomycin D binds more strongly than propidium diiodide and proflavine to dC-dG-dC-dG (contains dC-dG and dG-dC binding sites), indicative of the additional stabilization from hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the pentapeptide lactone rings of actinomycin D and the base pair edges and sugar-phosphate backbone of the tetranucleotide duplex.", "contents": "Sequence specificity of mutagen-nucleic acid complexes in solution: intercalation and mutagen-base pair overlap geometries for proflavine binding to dC-dC-dG-dG and dG-dG-dC-dC self-complementary duplexes. The complex formed between the mutagen proflavine and the dC-dC-dG-dG and dG-dG-dC-dC self-complementary tetranucleotide duplexes has been monitored by proton high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 0.1 M phosphate solution at high nucleotide/drug ratios. The large upfield shifts (0.5 to 0.85 ppm) observed at all the proflavine ring nonexchangeable protons on complex formation are consistent with intercalation of the mutagen between base pairs of the tetranucleotide duplex. We have proposed an approximate overlap geometry between the proflavine ring and nearest neighbor base pairs at the intercalation site from a comparison between experimental shifts and those calculated for various stacking orientations. We have compared the binding of actinomycin D, propidium diiodide, and proflavine to self-complementary tetranucleotide sequences dC-dC-dG-dG and dG-dG-dC-dC by UV absorbance changes in the drug bands between 400 and 500 nm. Actinomycin D exhibits a pronounced specificity for sequences with dG-dC sites (dG-dG-dC-dC), while propidium diiodide and proflavine exhibit a specificity for sequences with dC-dG sites (dC-dC-dG-dG). Actinomycin D binds more strongly than propidium diiodide and proflavine to dC-dG-dC-dG (contains dC-dG and dG-dC binding sites), indicative of the additional stabilization from hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the pentapeptide lactone rings of actinomycin D and the base pair edges and sugar-phosphate backbone of the tetranucleotide duplex."}
{"id": "PMID:268614", "title": "Structures of enzyme-substrate complexes of lysozyme.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations were used to determine the binding structures of two oligosaccharides (GlcNAc)(n), in which n = 5 and 6, in the rigid active site of lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17). Starting with the lowest energy binding structures of (GlcNAc)(4) as determined in a previous publication, we added a fifth GlcNAc residue to this tetramer in three different conformations, corresponding to the left-handed and right-handed helical structures and an intermediate structure, and the energy of each complex was minimized. The most stable binding conformation of the fifth residue of the pentamer was closest to the left-handed helical one. During energy minimization, the fourth residue of the pentamer moved from its initial position near the surface of the active site farther into the active site cleft at binding site D. Binding structures of (GlcNAc)(6) were then examined by addition of a residue to the lowest energy structure of (GlcNAc)(5), and it was found that the sixth residue of the hexamer binds in a conformation again close to the left-handed helical one. Stable binding regions of the rigid active site for the fifth and sixth residues were found to be near arginyl 45 and asparaginyl 46, on the opposite side of the active site cleft from arginyl 114. When the calculated structure of the lysozyme-(GlcNAc)(4) complex (used here as the starting structure for addition of the fifth and sixth residues) is compared with recent experimental data, it is found that the calculated structure is a reasonable one. Of all binding regions available to the saccharide residues, the C site binds GlcNAc with the lowest energy, in agreement with experiments.", "contents": "Structures of enzyme-substrate complexes of lysozyme. Conformational energy calculations were used to determine the binding structures of two oligosaccharides (GlcNAc)(n), in which n = 5 and 6, in the rigid active site of lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17). Starting with the lowest energy binding structures of (GlcNAc)(4) as determined in a previous publication, we added a fifth GlcNAc residue to this tetramer in three different conformations, corresponding to the left-handed and right-handed helical structures and an intermediate structure, and the energy of each complex was minimized. The most stable binding conformation of the fifth residue of the pentamer was closest to the left-handed helical one. During energy minimization, the fourth residue of the pentamer moved from its initial position near the surface of the active site farther into the active site cleft at binding site D. Binding structures of (GlcNAc)(6) were then examined by addition of a residue to the lowest energy structure of (GlcNAc)(5), and it was found that the sixth residue of the hexamer binds in a conformation again close to the left-handed helical one. Stable binding regions of the rigid active site for the fifth and sixth residues were found to be near arginyl 45 and asparaginyl 46, on the opposite side of the active site cleft from arginyl 114. When the calculated structure of the lysozyme-(GlcNAc)(4) complex (used here as the starting structure for addition of the fifth and sixth residues) is compared with recent experimental data, it is found that the calculated structure is a reasonable one. Of all binding regions available to the saccharide residues, the C site binds GlcNAc with the lowest energy, in agreement with experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:268615", "title": "Ultraviolet resonant Raman spectroscopy of nucleic acid components.", "content": "The first resonant Raman excitation profile using UV as well as visible radiation is presented. Measurements of the intensity of the Raman spectrum of adenosine 5'-monophosphate as a function of the frequency of the incident laser light are presented in the range from 20 to 38 kK (1000 cm-1). The scattering intensity per molecule increases by about 10(5) as the laser is tuned from low to high frequencies. The Raman excitation profile has been calculated by using a simple form of the vibronic theory of Raman scattering. The theoretical curves are found to adequately fit the data using only the frequencies of the excited electronic states of AMP and their corresponding vibronic linewidths as adjustable parameters. The Raman bands at 1484 cm-1 and 1583 cm-1 appear to obtain virtually all of their intensity from a weak electronic transition at 276 nm. The set of Raman bands in the range 1300 cm-1-1400 cm-1 appear to derive at least part of their intensity from an electronic band whose 0-0 transition is in the 269-259 nm region although the possibility of some intensity arising from the vibronic mixing between these two electronic states cannot as yet be ruled out.", "contents": "Ultraviolet resonant Raman spectroscopy of nucleic acid components. The first resonant Raman excitation profile using UV as well as visible radiation is presented. Measurements of the intensity of the Raman spectrum of adenosine 5'-monophosphate as a function of the frequency of the incident laser light are presented in the range from 20 to 38 kK (1000 cm-1). The scattering intensity per molecule increases by about 10(5) as the laser is tuned from low to high frequencies. The Raman excitation profile has been calculated by using a simple form of the vibronic theory of Raman scattering. The theoretical curves are found to adequately fit the data using only the frequencies of the excited electronic states of AMP and their corresponding vibronic linewidths as adjustable parameters. The Raman bands at 1484 cm-1 and 1583 cm-1 appear to obtain virtually all of their intensity from a weak electronic transition at 276 nm. The set of Raman bands in the range 1300 cm-1-1400 cm-1 appear to derive at least part of their intensity from an electronic band whose 0-0 transition is in the 269-259 nm region although the possibility of some intensity arising from the vibronic mixing between these two electronic states cannot as yet be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:268616", "title": "Molecular properties of the nerve growth factor secreted in mouse saliva.", "content": "Some molecular properties of the nerve growth factor (NGF) secreted in mouse saliva and that present in submandibular glands have been measured for comparison with previously studied forms of NGF. The results show that mouse saliva contains two biologically active NGF species. One has a molecular weight near 114,000, and the other, a molecular weight of 13,000. The larger form is being continuously degraded to yield the smaller one, probably as a result of a slow enzymatic process. Virtually identical results were obtained with crude submandibular gland extracts. The larger NGF is neither the well-known 7S NGF nor 2.5S NGF. Our results indicate that the larger salivary NGF is the naturally occurring form of NGF as it exists in the submandibular gland and as it is secreted in saliva. Its biological properties and its function in saliva, if any, remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Molecular properties of the nerve growth factor secreted in mouse saliva. Some molecular properties of the nerve growth factor (NGF) secreted in mouse saliva and that present in submandibular glands have been measured for comparison with previously studied forms of NGF. The results show that mouse saliva contains two biologically active NGF species. One has a molecular weight near 114,000, and the other, a molecular weight of 13,000. The larger form is being continuously degraded to yield the smaller one, probably as a result of a slow enzymatic process. Virtually identical results were obtained with crude submandibular gland extracts. The larger NGF is neither the well-known 7S NGF nor 2.5S NGF. Our results indicate that the larger salivary NGF is the naturally occurring form of NGF as it exists in the submandibular gland and as it is secreted in saliva. Its biological properties and its function in saliva, if any, remain to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:268617", "title": "Loss of infectivity of brome mosaic virus RNA after chemical modification of the 3' or 5' terminus.", "content": "Brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA that had both termini chemically modified by periodate oxidation and aniline-catalyzed cleavage of the terminal nucleotide had drastically reduced infectivity. BMV RNA that was first enzymatically tyrosylated to protect the 3' terminus from modification, and then modified at the 5' terminus by periodate oxidation and aniline cleavage, had a similar reduction in infectivity. Tyrosylation followed by acetylation modifies only the 3' terminus. Nevertheless, acetylated tyrosyl-BMV RNA was less than one-fourth as infectious as a control sample subjected to procedures that differed only by the presence of tyrosinol (which prevents aminoacylation and subsequent acetylation). For each modified form of viral RNA, care was taken to test the infectivity of appropriate control samples. The integrity of the modified RNAs was examined by gel electrophoresis and by biological translation and aminoacylation assays. We conclude that, in different ways, both the 5'- and 3'-terminal structures of BMV RNA play important roles during infection of the host.", "contents": "Loss of infectivity of brome mosaic virus RNA after chemical modification of the 3' or 5' terminus. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA that had both termini chemically modified by periodate oxidation and aniline-catalyzed cleavage of the terminal nucleotide had drastically reduced infectivity. BMV RNA that was first enzymatically tyrosylated to protect the 3' terminus from modification, and then modified at the 5' terminus by periodate oxidation and aniline cleavage, had a similar reduction in infectivity. Tyrosylation followed by acetylation modifies only the 3' terminus. Nevertheless, acetylated tyrosyl-BMV RNA was less than one-fourth as infectious as a control sample subjected to procedures that differed only by the presence of tyrosinol (which prevents aminoacylation and subsequent acetylation). For each modified form of viral RNA, care was taken to test the infectivity of appropriate control samples. The integrity of the modified RNAs was examined by gel electrophoresis and by biological translation and aminoacylation assays. We conclude that, in different ways, both the 5'- and 3'-terminal structures of BMV RNA play important roles during infection of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:268618", "title": "A site-specific single-strand endonuclease from the eukaryote Chlamydomonas.", "content": "We have found a unique deoxyribonuclease in extracts of the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas. When incubated with viral DNA from adenovirus-2, this enzyme produces discrete fragments that form bands upon electrophoresis in an agarose gel. Site specificity of the enzymatic cleavage examined by identifying the 5'-terminal nucleotides in cleaved adenovirus-2 DNA and by studies with synthetic polynucleotides of defined sequence, indicates that the initial endonucleolytic cleavage occurs at a site containing a deoxythymidine residue. Electron microscopy of cleaved adenovirus-2 DNA revealed single-strand segments within duplex DNA. We propose that the enzyme acts by making initial site-specific single-strand incisions, followed by subsequent excision on the same strand, producing a gapped duplex molecule; and that double-strand scissions result from limited occurrence of overlapping single-strand gaps on complementary strands.", "contents": "A site-specific single-strand endonuclease from the eukaryote Chlamydomonas. We have found a unique deoxyribonuclease in extracts of the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas. When incubated with viral DNA from adenovirus-2, this enzyme produces discrete fragments that form bands upon electrophoresis in an agarose gel. Site specificity of the enzymatic cleavage examined by identifying the 5'-terminal nucleotides in cleaved adenovirus-2 DNA and by studies with synthetic polynucleotides of defined sequence, indicates that the initial endonucleolytic cleavage occurs at a site containing a deoxythymidine residue. Electron microscopy of cleaved adenovirus-2 DNA revealed single-strand segments within duplex DNA. We propose that the enzyme acts by making initial site-specific single-strand incisions, followed by subsequent excision on the same strand, producing a gapped duplex molecule; and that double-strand scissions result from limited occurrence of overlapping single-strand gaps on complementary strands."}
{"id": "PMID:268619", "title": "Biotinylinsulins as potential tools for receptor studies.", "content": "The preparation of affinity columns that contain insulin attached to Sepharose in a targeted manner by way of biotin-avidin noncovalent bonds is described. Insulin was acylated selectively at the amino terminus of the B chain with the N-hydroxysuccinimido ester of biotin to form N(alpha,B1)-biotinylinsulin. The ability of this modified insulin to stimulate rat epididymal adipocytes was (mean +/- SD) 94 +/- 9.6% (P, 0.05) that of the control insulin. N(alpha,B1)-Biotinylinsulin displaced 4-hydroxyazobenzene-2'-carboxylic acid from avidin, demonstrating affinity for this protein. The formation of the N(alpha,B1)-biotinylinsulin-avidin complex was visualized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 4. N(alpha,B1)-Biotinylinsulin combined with avidin attached to Sepharose to form affinity columns in which the hormone was attached to the support by strong noncovalent bonds. The determination of the loading of avidin-Sepharose columns with biotinylinsulin was greatly facilitated by the attached biotin which provided a marker whose concentration could be assessed accurately by titration with avidin. Biotinylinsulin attached to avidin-Sepharose beads retained the ability to stimulate rat epididymal adipocytes. The activity of several samples of these beads was about 15% that of free biotinylinsulin, based on the amount of biotinylinsulin anchored to the support. The advantages of biotinylated hormones for the targeted attachment of hormones to solid supports are discussed.", "contents": "Biotinylinsulins as potential tools for receptor studies. The preparation of affinity columns that contain insulin attached to Sepharose in a targeted manner by way of biotin-avidin noncovalent bonds is described. Insulin was acylated selectively at the amino terminus of the B chain with the N-hydroxysuccinimido ester of biotin to form N(alpha,B1)-biotinylinsulin. The ability of this modified insulin to stimulate rat epididymal adipocytes was (mean +/- SD) 94 +/- 9.6% (P, 0.05) that of the control insulin. N(alpha,B1)-Biotinylinsulin displaced 4-hydroxyazobenzene-2'-carboxylic acid from avidin, demonstrating affinity for this protein. The formation of the N(alpha,B1)-biotinylinsulin-avidin complex was visualized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 4. N(alpha,B1)-Biotinylinsulin combined with avidin attached to Sepharose to form affinity columns in which the hormone was attached to the support by strong noncovalent bonds. The determination of the loading of avidin-Sepharose columns with biotinylinsulin was greatly facilitated by the attached biotin which provided a marker whose concentration could be assessed accurately by titration with avidin. Biotinylinsulin attached to avidin-Sepharose beads retained the ability to stimulate rat epididymal adipocytes. The activity of several samples of these beads was about 15% that of free biotinylinsulin, based on the amount of biotinylinsulin anchored to the support. The advantages of biotinylated hormones for the targeted attachment of hormones to solid supports are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268620", "title": "Interaction between the third complement protein and cell surface macromolecules.", "content": "The activated form of the third complement protein, C3b, forms a stable complex with components of plasma membranes and particulate entities such as zymosan. The complex resists the action of detergents and protein denaturants as well as extremes of temperature, salt concentration, and pH. It can, however, be broken by exposure to hydroxylamine or by ammonolysis followed by incubation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thus, the complex appears to result from a hydrophobic interaction as well as a bond susceptible to nucleophilic attack.", "contents": "Interaction between the third complement protein and cell surface macromolecules. The activated form of the third complement protein, C3b, forms a stable complex with components of plasma membranes and particulate entities such as zymosan. The complex resists the action of detergents and protein denaturants as well as extremes of temperature, salt concentration, and pH. It can, however, be broken by exposure to hydroxylamine or by ammonolysis followed by incubation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thus, the complex appears to result from a hydrophobic interaction as well as a bond susceptible to nucleophilic attack."}
{"id": "PMID:268621", "title": "A DNA fragment containing the origin of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "content": "A 38 kilobase pair region of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome containing the replication origin has been physically mapped with restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII. Replication starts within or very near a 1.3 kilobase pair HindIII fragment in the middle of this region and proceeds outward in both directions with apparently equal speed. This pattern was observed in both dnaA and dnaC temperature-sensitive (ts) initiation mutants at the start of the synchronous round of replication which occurs after downshift from the nonpermissive to the permissive temperature.", "contents": "A DNA fragment containing the origin of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. A 38 kilobase pair region of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome containing the replication origin has been physically mapped with restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII. Replication starts within or very near a 1.3 kilobase pair HindIII fragment in the middle of this region and proceeds outward in both directions with apparently equal speed. This pattern was observed in both dnaA and dnaC temperature-sensitive (ts) initiation mutants at the start of the synchronous round of replication which occurs after downshift from the nonpermissive to the permissive temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:268622", "title": "Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in chromatin.", "content": "The content of 5-methylcytosine in eukaryotic DNA was measured by mass spectrometry. Almost equal amounts of methylated cytosine were found in the DNA of various tissues of the chicken. When chromatin or nuclei were digested with micrococcal nuclease, 50% of the DNA was found to be nuclease resistant. In contrast to this, over 75% of the 5-methylcytosine was protected from nuclease digestion by chromatin proteins. These results suggest that 5-methylcytosine is nonrandomly distributed with respect to the nucleoproteins.", "contents": "Distribution of 5-methylcytosine in chromatin. The content of 5-methylcytosine in eukaryotic DNA was measured by mass spectrometry. Almost equal amounts of methylated cytosine were found in the DNA of various tissues of the chicken. When chromatin or nuclei were digested with micrococcal nuclease, 50% of the DNA was found to be nuclease resistant. In contrast to this, over 75% of the 5-methylcytosine was protected from nuclease digestion by chromatin proteins. These results suggest that 5-methylcytosine is nonrandomly distributed with respect to the nucleoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:268623", "title": "Enzymes as reagents in peptide synthesis: enzyme-labile protection for carboxyl groups.", "content": "N-Benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of isoglutamine and isoasparagine were coupled with arginine methyl ester through the action of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The resulting benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of isoglutaminylarginine methyl ester and isoasparaginylarginine methyl ester were treated with trypsin for removal of the ester groups and then with porcine pancreatic carboxypeptidase B for liberation of arginine and the original benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of isoglutamine and isoasparagine. This scheme represents a reversible masking of the side-chain carboxyl functions of aspartic and glutamic acid residues. Possible applications of esters and amides of arginine as reversible blocking groups in protein semi-synthesis are discussed along with prospects and strategies for developing related techniques of higher efficiency.", "contents": "Enzymes as reagents in peptide synthesis: enzyme-labile protection for carboxyl groups. N-Benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of isoglutamine and isoasparagine were coupled with arginine methyl ester through the action of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The resulting benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of isoglutaminylarginine methyl ester and isoasparaginylarginine methyl ester were treated with trypsin for removal of the ester groups and then with porcine pancreatic carboxypeptidase B for liberation of arginine and the original benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of isoglutamine and isoasparagine. This scheme represents a reversible masking of the side-chain carboxyl functions of aspartic and glutamic acid residues. Possible applications of esters and amides of arginine as reversible blocking groups in protein semi-synthesis are discussed along with prospects and strategies for developing related techniques of higher efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:268624", "title": "Glycophorin and the concanavalin A receptor of human erythrocytes: their receptor function in lipid bilayers.", "content": "Two integral glycoproteins from the human erythrocyte have been studied after their incorporation into lipid bilayer systems. Glycophorin (which is the M/N blood group determinant) and the concanavalin A receptor were isolated and purified prior to incorporation into model membranes by dialytic removal of detergent from lipid/protein solutions. Under the conditions described, glycoprotein receptors maintain their function in that they bind external agents specific for them, such as concanavalin A and immunoglobulins. So-called intramembranous particles are a feature of freeze-fractured preparations of lipid bilayers containing either (or both) glycoprotein(s), and to some extent each has a characteristic particle appearance. Liposomes containing the concanavalin A receptor (with or without glycophorin) are agglutinable by concanavalin A, whereas human erythrocytes are normally considered to be nonagglutinable by this lectin. Liposomes containing glycophorin alone are readily agglutinable by the appropriate glycophorin-directed M/N antiserum, as are human erythrocytes. The added presence of concanavalin A receptor in the liposomes can markedly inhibit agglutination by M/N antiserum without preventing immunoglobulin binding.", "contents": "Glycophorin and the concanavalin A receptor of human erythrocytes: their receptor function in lipid bilayers. Two integral glycoproteins from the human erythrocyte have been studied after their incorporation into lipid bilayer systems. Glycophorin (which is the M/N blood group determinant) and the concanavalin A receptor were isolated and purified prior to incorporation into model membranes by dialytic removal of detergent from lipid/protein solutions. Under the conditions described, glycoprotein receptors maintain their function in that they bind external agents specific for them, such as concanavalin A and immunoglobulins. So-called intramembranous particles are a feature of freeze-fractured preparations of lipid bilayers containing either (or both) glycoprotein(s), and to some extent each has a characteristic particle appearance. Liposomes containing the concanavalin A receptor (with or without glycophorin) are agglutinable by concanavalin A, whereas human erythrocytes are normally considered to be nonagglutinable by this lectin. Liposomes containing glycophorin alone are readily agglutinable by the appropriate glycophorin-directed M/N antiserum, as are human erythrocytes. The added presence of concanavalin A receptor in the liposomes can markedly inhibit agglutination by M/N antiserum without preventing immunoglobulin binding."}
{"id": "PMID:268625", "title": "Superiority of interconvertible enzyme cascades in metabolic regulation: analysis of monocyclic systems.", "content": "A theoretical analysis of monocyclic cascade models shows that the steady-state fraction of covalently modified interconvertible enzyme is a function of 10 different cascade parameters. Because each parameter can be varied independently, or several can be varied simultaneously, by single or multiple allosteric interactions of ligands with one or more of the cascade enzymes, interconvertible enzymes are exquisitely designed for the rigorous control of key metabolic steps. Compared with other reglatory enzymes, they can respond to a greater number of allosteric stimuli, they exhibit greater flexibility in overall control patterns, and they can generate a greatly amplified response to primary allosteric interactions of effectors with the converter enzymes. Contrary to earlier views, the decomposition of ATP associated with cyclic coupling of the covalent modification and demodification reactions is not a futile process. ATP decomposition supplies the energy needed to maintain concentrations of modified enzyme at steady-state levels that are in excess of those obtainable at true thermodynamic equilibrium.", "contents": "Superiority of interconvertible enzyme cascades in metabolic regulation: analysis of monocyclic systems. A theoretical analysis of monocyclic cascade models shows that the steady-state fraction of covalently modified interconvertible enzyme is a function of 10 different cascade parameters. Because each parameter can be varied independently, or several can be varied simultaneously, by single or multiple allosteric interactions of ligands with one or more of the cascade enzymes, interconvertible enzymes are exquisitely designed for the rigorous control of key metabolic steps. Compared with other reglatory enzymes, they can respond to a greater number of allosteric stimuli, they exhibit greater flexibility in overall control patterns, and they can generate a greatly amplified response to primary allosteric interactions of effectors with the converter enzymes. Contrary to earlier views, the decomposition of ATP associated with cyclic coupling of the covalent modification and demodification reactions is not a futile process. ATP decomposition supplies the energy needed to maintain concentrations of modified enzyme at steady-state levels that are in excess of those obtainable at true thermodynamic equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:268626", "title": "Concept of internal structural controls for evaluation of inactive synthetic peptide analogs: synthesis of [Orn13,14]apamin and its guanidination to an apamin derivative with full neurotoxic activity.", "content": "The importance of arginine residues 13 and 14 in the bee venom neurotoxin, apamin, was teste by the synthesis of replacement analogs. [13,14-di-Ndelta-trifluoroacetylornithine]Apamin was synthesized by the solid phase method on a benzhydrylamine resin. It was deprotected to [13,14-diornithine]apamin, which was then guanidinated to produce the 4-homoarginine-13,14-diarginine analog, [Har4]apamin. Neither the trifluoroacetylornithine analog nor the ornithine analog produced any detectable symptoms when injected intravenously into mice. However, the synthetic [Har4]apamin exhibited the full neurotoxic activity of native apamin and of [Har4]apamin derived from the natural toxin. This provided an internal structural control for the correctness of the primary structure of the inactive synthetic analogs and strengthened the conclusion that one, or both, of the arginine residues plays an important role in the action of apamin.", "contents": "Concept of internal structural controls for evaluation of inactive synthetic peptide analogs: synthesis of [Orn13,14]apamin and its guanidination to an apamin derivative with full neurotoxic activity. The importance of arginine residues 13 and 14 in the bee venom neurotoxin, apamin, was teste by the synthesis of replacement analogs. [13,14-di-Ndelta-trifluoroacetylornithine]Apamin was synthesized by the solid phase method on a benzhydrylamine resin. It was deprotected to [13,14-diornithine]apamin, which was then guanidinated to produce the 4-homoarginine-13,14-diarginine analog, [Har4]apamin. Neither the trifluoroacetylornithine analog nor the ornithine analog produced any detectable symptoms when injected intravenously into mice. However, the synthetic [Har4]apamin exhibited the full neurotoxic activity of native apamin and of [Har4]apamin derived from the natural toxin. This provided an internal structural control for the correctness of the primary structure of the inactive synthetic analogs and strengthened the conclusion that one, or both, of the arginine residues plays an important role in the action of apamin."}
{"id": "PMID:268627", "title": "Discontinuous replication of replicative form DNA from bacteriophage phiX174.", "content": "Bacteriophage phiX174 DNA has been labeled with short pulses of [3H]thymidine during synthesis of replicative form molecules in infected Escherichia coli HF4704 cells. The replicating phiX174 DNA was isolated and analyzed by sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose gradient. During a brief pulse (5 sec at 30 degrees), the radioactivity incorporated into the complementary strand was found in chains much shorter than one genome length. Of the radioactivity incorporated into the viral strand, two-thirds was in the short pieces and the rest was in chains of one genome length or longer. RNA attachment to the 5' end of both strand components of the nascent short pieces was shown by the appearance of spleen exonuclease-digestable nascent molecules after alkali treatment. These observations suggest that the viral as well as the complementary strand is synthesized by the discontinuous mechanism with RNA primers during replication of duplex phiX174 DNA.", "contents": "Discontinuous replication of replicative form DNA from bacteriophage phiX174. Bacteriophage phiX174 DNA has been labeled with short pulses of [3H]thymidine during synthesis of replicative form molecules in infected Escherichia coli HF4704 cells. The replicating phiX174 DNA was isolated and analyzed by sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose gradient. During a brief pulse (5 sec at 30 degrees), the radioactivity incorporated into the complementary strand was found in chains much shorter than one genome length. Of the radioactivity incorporated into the viral strand, two-thirds was in the short pieces and the rest was in chains of one genome length or longer. RNA attachment to the 5' end of both strand components of the nascent short pieces was shown by the appearance of spleen exonuclease-digestable nascent molecules after alkali treatment. These observations suggest that the viral as well as the complementary strand is synthesized by the discontinuous mechanism with RNA primers during replication of duplex phiX174 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:268628", "title": "Nerve growth factor receptors: identification of distinct classes in plasma membranes and nuclei of embryonic dorsal root neurons.", "content": "Two classes of receptors for 125I-labeled nerve growth factor in chick embryonic dorsal root neurons have been observed. One type is associated with the plasma membrane (or microsomal fraction) and can be completely solubilized by Triton X-100. These receptors display the nonsaturable binding isotherms and curvilinear Scatchard plots previously reported for nerve growth factor receptors in whole cells. The second class of binding sites is located in the nucleus, firmly bound to chromatin. These receptors are not solubilized by detergent, show saturable binding, and yield linear Scatchard plots of the type associated with a single class of binding sites of high affinity. The presence of the two receptor types suggests a bimodal mechanism of action for nerve growth factor.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor receptors: identification of distinct classes in plasma membranes and nuclei of embryonic dorsal root neurons. Two classes of receptors for 125I-labeled nerve growth factor in chick embryonic dorsal root neurons have been observed. One type is associated with the plasma membrane (or microsomal fraction) and can be completely solubilized by Triton X-100. These receptors display the nonsaturable binding isotherms and curvilinear Scatchard plots previously reported for nerve growth factor receptors in whole cells. The second class of binding sites is located in the nucleus, firmly bound to chromatin. These receptors are not solubilized by detergent, show saturable binding, and yield linear Scatchard plots of the type associated with a single class of binding sites of high affinity. The presence of the two receptor types suggests a bimodal mechanism of action for nerve growth factor."}
{"id": "PMID:268629", "title": "Isolation and identification of aliphatic short-chain acylcarnitines from beef heart: possible role for carnitine in branched-chain amino acid metabolism.", "content": "Aliphatic acylearnitines isolated from a water-soluble fraction of beef heart have been characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The following acyl residues derived from the acylcarnitine fraction were unequivocally identified: acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, butyryl, alpha-methylbutyryl, valeryl, isovaleryl, tiglyl, and caproyl. beta-methylcrotonyl and methacrylyl were tentatively identified. This occurrence of considerable quantities of branched-chain acylcarnitines indicates a role for carnitine in branched-chain amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of aliphatic short-chain acylcarnitines from beef heart: possible role for carnitine in branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Aliphatic acylearnitines isolated from a water-soluble fraction of beef heart have been characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The following acyl residues derived from the acylcarnitine fraction were unequivocally identified: acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, butyryl, alpha-methylbutyryl, valeryl, isovaleryl, tiglyl, and caproyl. beta-methylcrotonyl and methacrylyl were tentatively identified. This occurrence of considerable quantities of branched-chain acylcarnitines indicates a role for carnitine in branched-chain amino acid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:268630", "title": "Molecular weight of bacteriorhodopsin solubilized in Triton X-100.", "content": "Bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium halobium has been solubilized in the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The circular dichroic spectrum and hydrodynamic properties indicate that the structure of this protein in the detergent is not significantly altered from that of the native membrane-bound form. Bacteriorhodopsin is monomeric under the conditions of solubilization with a molecular weight of 24,250+/-2,000 and binds approximately one micelle of Triton X-100.", "contents": "Molecular weight of bacteriorhodopsin solubilized in Triton X-100. Bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium halobium has been solubilized in the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The circular dichroic spectrum and hydrodynamic properties indicate that the structure of this protein in the detergent is not significantly altered from that of the native membrane-bound form. Bacteriorhodopsin is monomeric under the conditions of solubilization with a molecular weight of 24,250+/-2,000 and binds approximately one micelle of Triton X-100."}
{"id": "PMID:268631", "title": "Selective association of the trout-specific H6 protein with chromatin regions susceptible to DNase I and DNase II: possible location of HMG-T in the spacer region between core nucleosomes.", "content": "Nuclei and chromatin from trout testis cells were digested with three different nucleases (DNase I, DNase II, and micrococcal nuclease), and the acid-soluble proteins that were solubilized and those remaining bound to the nuclease-resistant DNA were compared electrophoretically. With the conditions described by H. Weintraub and M Groudine [(1976) science, 193, 848-856], which we previously found to be selective in digesting actively transcribed regions in trout testis chromatin, a single chromosomal protein, H6, was solubilized. The nucleosomal histones and H1 remained insoluble, bound to the resistant DNA. In contrast, digestion with micrococcal nuclease led to a preferential solubilization of a second protein, HMG-T, together with the release of some nucleosomal histones and H1 into the soluble fraction. DNase II also discriminated between \"active\" and \"inactive\" chromatins; when a DNase II-solubilized \"active\" chromatin fraction was prepared, it too was enriched in H6 and HMG-T. Thus, both H6 and HMG-T, the two major low-salt extractable chromosomal nonhistone the two major low-salt extractable chromosomal nonhistone proteins from trout testis, are associated with chromatin regions selectively sensitive to nucleases. The preferential solubilization of HMG-T by micrococcal nuclease action suggests that it might be located at the internucleosomal \"spacer\" region.", "contents": "Selective association of the trout-specific H6 protein with chromatin regions susceptible to DNase I and DNase II: possible location of HMG-T in the spacer region between core nucleosomes. Nuclei and chromatin from trout testis cells were digested with three different nucleases (DNase I, DNase II, and micrococcal nuclease), and the acid-soluble proteins that were solubilized and those remaining bound to the nuclease-resistant DNA were compared electrophoretically. With the conditions described by H. Weintraub and M Groudine [(1976) science, 193, 848-856], which we previously found to be selective in digesting actively transcribed regions in trout testis chromatin, a single chromosomal protein, H6, was solubilized. The nucleosomal histones and H1 remained insoluble, bound to the resistant DNA. In contrast, digestion with micrococcal nuclease led to a preferential solubilization of a second protein, HMG-T, together with the release of some nucleosomal histones and H1 into the soluble fraction. DNase II also discriminated between \"active\" and \"inactive\" chromatins; when a DNase II-solubilized \"active\" chromatin fraction was prepared, it too was enriched in H6 and HMG-T. Thus, both H6 and HMG-T, the two major low-salt extractable chromosomal nonhistone the two major low-salt extractable chromosomal nonhistone proteins from trout testis, are associated with chromatin regions selectively sensitive to nucleases. The preferential solubilization of HMG-T by micrococcal nuclease action suggests that it might be located at the internucleosomal \"spacer\" region."}
{"id": "PMID:268632", "title": "DNA or RNA priming of bacteriophage G4 DNA synthesis by Escherichia coli dnaG protein.", "content": "Escherichia coli dnaG protein is involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis dependent on G4 or ST-1 single-stranded phage DNAs [Bouche, J.-P., Zechel, K & Kornberg, A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5995-6001]. The reaction occurs by the following mechanism: dnaG protein binds to specific sites on the DNA in a reaction requiring E. coli DNA binding protein. An oligonucleotide is synthesized in a reaction involving dnaG protein, DNA binding protein, and DNA. With G4 DNA this reaction requires ADP, dTTP (or UTP), and dGTP (or GTP). Elongation of the oligonucleotide can be catalyzed by DNA polymerase II or III in combination with dnaZ protein and DNA elongation factors I and III, presumably by the mechanism previously reported [Wickner, S. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3511-3515] or by DNA polymerase I.", "contents": "DNA or RNA priming of bacteriophage G4 DNA synthesis by Escherichia coli dnaG protein. Escherichia coli dnaG protein is involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis dependent on G4 or ST-1 single-stranded phage DNAs [Bouche, J.-P., Zechel, K & Kornberg, A. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5995-6001]. The reaction occurs by the following mechanism: dnaG protein binds to specific sites on the DNA in a reaction requiring E. coli DNA binding protein. An oligonucleotide is synthesized in a reaction involving dnaG protein, DNA binding protein, and DNA. With G4 DNA this reaction requires ADP, dTTP (or UTP), and dGTP (or GTP). Elongation of the oligonucleotide can be catalyzed by DNA polymerase II or III in combination with dnaZ protein and DNA elongation factors I and III, presumably by the mechanism previously reported [Wickner, S. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3511-3515] or by DNA polymerase I."}
{"id": "PMID:268633", "title": "Structural convergence during protein evolution.", "content": "Several recent protein crystallographic structure determinations have demonstrated the existence of considerable tertiary structural similarity among proteins otherwise having little similarity in either amino acid sequence or biological function. In order to assess the possibility that such proteins may have arisen through processes of divergent evolution from a common ancestor, a graphical presentation is given which correlates the pattern of allowed single base substitutions defined by the genetic code with the associated changes in the structural properties of the encoded amino acids. The results show that while a large degree of structural conservation is evident due to codon synonomy, there is, in general, little tendency for the code to be structurally conservative in the majority of the cases where codon single-base changes result in amino acid substitutions. The possible consequences of this pattern of potential amino acid substitutions are discussed in relation to protein evolutionary processes.", "contents": "Structural convergence during protein evolution. Several recent protein crystallographic structure determinations have demonstrated the existence of considerable tertiary structural similarity among proteins otherwise having little similarity in either amino acid sequence or biological function. In order to assess the possibility that such proteins may have arisen through processes of divergent evolution from a common ancestor, a graphical presentation is given which correlates the pattern of allowed single base substitutions defined by the genetic code with the associated changes in the structural properties of the encoded amino acids. The results show that while a large degree of structural conservation is evident due to codon synonomy, there is, in general, little tendency for the code to be structurally conservative in the majority of the cases where codon single-base changes result in amino acid substitutions. The possible consequences of this pattern of potential amino acid substitutions are discussed in relation to protein evolutionary processes."}
{"id": "PMID:268634", "title": "Method for obtaining a high resolution protein map starting from a low resolution map.", "content": "A method is described for estimating the phases of high resolution single-crystal diffraction data from proteins, by using as a starting point a set of low resolution phases (about 3 A) derived by multiple isomorphous replacement (or other) methods. The method consists in refining by least-squares the positions and thermal parameters of a set of dummy atoms placed in the initial low resolution electron density map, so as to minimize the discrepancy between the calculated scattering intensities and the scattering intensities observed in the high resolution data set. Phases calculated from these refined atomic positions are used to extend the resolution and to improve the quality of the electron density map. The success of the method depends on a new least-squares algorithm that has a radius of convergence of about 0.75 A. This large radius of convergence, together with the severe restrictions placed on the initial positions of the dummy atoms by the requirement that they lie within limited regions of the isomorphous electron density map, and the constraint imposed by the polymeric nature of a polypeptide chain account for the success of the method. The method has been successfully used to phase the structure factors of 2-zinc insulin at a resolution of 2 A and 1.5 A, starting from a set of isomorphous phases at 3-A resolution.", "contents": "Method for obtaining a high resolution protein map starting from a low resolution map. A method is described for estimating the phases of high resolution single-crystal diffraction data from proteins, by using as a starting point a set of low resolution phases (about 3 A) derived by multiple isomorphous replacement (or other) methods. The method consists in refining by least-squares the positions and thermal parameters of a set of dummy atoms placed in the initial low resolution electron density map, so as to minimize the discrepancy between the calculated scattering intensities and the scattering intensities observed in the high resolution data set. Phases calculated from these refined atomic positions are used to extend the resolution and to improve the quality of the electron density map. The success of the method depends on a new least-squares algorithm that has a radius of convergence of about 0.75 A. This large radius of convergence, together with the severe restrictions placed on the initial positions of the dummy atoms by the requirement that they lie within limited regions of the isomorphous electron density map, and the constraint imposed by the polymeric nature of a polypeptide chain account for the success of the method. The method has been successfully used to phase the structure factors of 2-zinc insulin at a resolution of 2 A and 1.5 A, starting from a set of isomorphous phases at 3-A resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:268635", "title": "The living state and cancer.", "content": "Complex living structures developed on our globe after the appearance of light and oxygen. In functions of these structures, solid state phenomena play a major role. The structural proteins were made into radicals by doping, the covalent incorporation of electron acceptors. This lent mobility to their electrons and a subtle reactivity to their molecules. Cancer is unable to go into the radical state.", "contents": "The living state and cancer. Complex living structures developed on our globe after the appearance of light and oxygen. In functions of these structures, solid state phenomena play a major role. The structural proteins were made into radicals by doping, the covalent incorporation of electron acceptors. This lent mobility to their electrons and a subtle reactivity to their molecules. Cancer is unable to go into the radical state."}
{"id": "PMID:268636", "title": "Extensive disulfide bonding at the mammalian cell surface.", "content": "Cell surface proteins of cultured cells are disulfide bonded to a greater degree than are total cellular proteins. In particular, the \"large external transformation-sensitive\" (LETS) protein, a major surface protein, is present almost exclusively in disulfide-bonded complexes including homodimers and also higher aggregates held together by disulfide bonds or concovalent interactions. Other cell surface proteins also appear to be involved in disulfide bonding, both intramolecular and intermolecular. In virally transformed cells, LETS protein and its disulfide complexes are absent and certain other disulfide-bonded proteins are also not observed.", "contents": "Extensive disulfide bonding at the mammalian cell surface. Cell surface proteins of cultured cells are disulfide bonded to a greater degree than are total cellular proteins. In particular, the \"large external transformation-sensitive\" (LETS) protein, a major surface protein, is present almost exclusively in disulfide-bonded complexes including homodimers and also higher aggregates held together by disulfide bonds or concovalent interactions. Other cell surface proteins also appear to be involved in disulfide bonding, both intramolecular and intermolecular. In virally transformed cells, LETS protein and its disulfide complexes are absent and certain other disulfide-bonded proteins are also not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:268637", "title": "Effects of antitubulins on the redistribution of crosslinked receptors on the surface of fibroblasts and epithelial cells.", "content": "Substrate-attached normal mouse fibroblasts, transformed mouse fibroblasts (L strain), and epithelial cells (MPTR strain) were incubated with two ligands crosslinking different groups of the surface receptors: concanavalin A and cationic ferritin. Surface-attached ligands were revealed by an indirect immunofluorescence method. Incubation of control cells with these ligands induced the patching of corresponding surface receptors and the clearing of these receptors from the surface zones located on the lamellar cytoplasm near cell edges actively protruding pseudopodia. Effects of three antitubulins (microtubule-destroying drugs: Colcemid, colchicine, and vinblastine) on the ligand-induced redistribution of receptors were investigated and compared with the previously described effects of these drugs on the distribution of active cell edges. Incubation of normal and transformed fibroblasts with these antitubulins led to the disappearance of nonactive cell edges; the whole cell perimeter became active. Correspondingly, the clearing pattern of the surface receptors of fibroblasts was altered by antitubulins: the cleared area in antitubulin-treated cells formed a circular band along the whole peripheral cell edge. In epithelial cultures, in contrast to fibroblastic ones, antitubulins changed neither the distribution of the active sites of the surface nor the distribution of the areas cleared of crosslinked receptors. Thus, the specific ability of the surface areas located near the active cell edges to become cleared of crosslinked receptors is characteristic not only for the cells with intact microtubules, but also for the cells with microtubules destroyed with antitubulins.", "contents": "Effects of antitubulins on the redistribution of crosslinked receptors on the surface of fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Substrate-attached normal mouse fibroblasts, transformed mouse fibroblasts (L strain), and epithelial cells (MPTR strain) were incubated with two ligands crosslinking different groups of the surface receptors: concanavalin A and cationic ferritin. Surface-attached ligands were revealed by an indirect immunofluorescence method. Incubation of control cells with these ligands induced the patching of corresponding surface receptors and the clearing of these receptors from the surface zones located on the lamellar cytoplasm near cell edges actively protruding pseudopodia. Effects of three antitubulins (microtubule-destroying drugs: Colcemid, colchicine, and vinblastine) on the ligand-induced redistribution of receptors were investigated and compared with the previously described effects of these drugs on the distribution of active cell edges. Incubation of normal and transformed fibroblasts with these antitubulins led to the disappearance of nonactive cell edges; the whole cell perimeter became active. Correspondingly, the clearing pattern of the surface receptors of fibroblasts was altered by antitubulins: the cleared area in antitubulin-treated cells formed a circular band along the whole peripheral cell edge. In epithelial cultures, in contrast to fibroblastic ones, antitubulins changed neither the distribution of the active sites of the surface nor the distribution of the areas cleared of crosslinked receptors. Thus, the specific ability of the surface areas located near the active cell edges to become cleared of crosslinked receptors is characteristic not only for the cells with intact microtubules, but also for the cells with microtubules destroyed with antitubulins."}
{"id": "PMID:268638", "title": "Regulation of DNA synthesis: age-dependent cooperation among G1 cells upon fusion.", "content": "The object of this study was to determine whether the inducer(s) of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells accumulates gradually throughout the G1 period or becomes available suddenly at the G1-S transition. HeLa cells, synchronized at various points in the G1 period, were fused by using UV-inactivated Sendai virus. Early G1 cells were fused with mid-G1 or late G1 cells and late G1 cells were fused with mid-G1 cells. The G1 traverse of mono-, bi-, and trinucleated cells was studied. The bi- and trinucleated cells of mid-G1 and late G1 parents traversed the G1 period significantly faster than did their mononucleated counterparts. The reduction in the duration of the G1 period was proportional to the number and age of nuclei at the time of fusion. There was no significant difference between the mono- and binucleated cells of the early G1 parent in their rates of entry into S period. In light of these findings, a model is proposed in which the inducer(s) of DNA synthesis accumulates gradually throughout the G1 period, reaching a critical level at the G1-S boundary when DNA replication is initiated; after reaching a peak during early or mid-S period, it declines to below the critical level when DNA synthesis ceases.", "contents": "Regulation of DNA synthesis: age-dependent cooperation among G1 cells upon fusion. The object of this study was to determine whether the inducer(s) of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells accumulates gradually throughout the G1 period or becomes available suddenly at the G1-S transition. HeLa cells, synchronized at various points in the G1 period, were fused by using UV-inactivated Sendai virus. Early G1 cells were fused with mid-G1 or late G1 cells and late G1 cells were fused with mid-G1 cells. The G1 traverse of mono-, bi-, and trinucleated cells was studied. The bi- and trinucleated cells of mid-G1 and late G1 parents traversed the G1 period significantly faster than did their mononucleated counterparts. The reduction in the duration of the G1 period was proportional to the number and age of nuclei at the time of fusion. There was no significant difference between the mono- and binucleated cells of the early G1 parent in their rates of entry into S period. In light of these findings, a model is proposed in which the inducer(s) of DNA synthesis accumulates gradually throughout the G1 period, reaching a critical level at the G1-S boundary when DNA replication is initiated; after reaching a peak during early or mid-S period, it declines to below the critical level when DNA synthesis ceases."}
{"id": "PMID:268639", "title": "Inhibition of cytokinesis in Friend leukemia cells by membrane mobility agents.", "content": "Treatment of a line of Friend leukemia cells with a dispersion of the membrane mobility agent, A2C, yields cells that undergo successive nuclear divisions without cytokinesis, resulting eventually in cells with as many as 30 nuclei. Neither the DNA replication rate of the cells nor the generation time is different after treatment; in addition, the multiple nuclei divide synchronously, and the chromosome number corresponds to the number of nuclei in the cell. Inhibition of cytokinesis is not observed if the cells are washed with reagent-free medium within 1 hr of treatment, but is observed if washing is delayed for 24 hr. Membrane mobility agent loaded with the fluorescent probe, Flomol F20C, leads to fluorescent membrane; fluorescence disappears from the membrane after a change of medium within 1 hr, but not after a change of medium within 24 hr. Some stages in the overall development resemble those seen for cytochalasin B inhibition of cytokinesis, although the mechanisms may well be different for the inhibition promoted by membrane mobility agent. The inhibition of cytokinesis by A2C provides a potentially interesting means of studying cytokinesis and the regulation of differentiation.", "contents": "Inhibition of cytokinesis in Friend leukemia cells by membrane mobility agents. Treatment of a line of Friend leukemia cells with a dispersion of the membrane mobility agent, A2C, yields cells that undergo successive nuclear divisions without cytokinesis, resulting eventually in cells with as many as 30 nuclei. Neither the DNA replication rate of the cells nor the generation time is different after treatment; in addition, the multiple nuclei divide synchronously, and the chromosome number corresponds to the number of nuclei in the cell. Inhibition of cytokinesis is not observed if the cells are washed with reagent-free medium within 1 hr of treatment, but is observed if washing is delayed for 24 hr. Membrane mobility agent loaded with the fluorescent probe, Flomol F20C, leads to fluorescent membrane; fluorescence disappears from the membrane after a change of medium within 1 hr, but not after a change of medium within 24 hr. Some stages in the overall development resemble those seen for cytochalasin B inhibition of cytokinesis, although the mechanisms may well be different for the inhibition promoted by membrane mobility agent. The inhibition of cytokinesis by A2C provides a potentially interesting means of studying cytokinesis and the regulation of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:268640", "title": "Tumor promoters inhibit spontaneous differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in culture.", "content": "Clones of Friend erythroleukemia cells, characterized by the presence of 40-70% benzidine-positive cells synthesizing hemoglobin in the absence of inducing drugs, were treated with several phorbol diesters with a known range of tumor-promoting activity on mouse skin. Good correlation was found between the reported tumor-promoting activity of a particular phorbol diester and its ability to inhibit spontaneous erythroid differentiation in culture. The inhibition of differentiation by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, the most active tumor promoter, was maximum after 4 days of treatment; this inhibition was reversed by removal of the phorbol diester no matter how long the period of treatment. Unlike control cells, which gradually revert to a population with a low percentage of benzidine-positive cells, cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate retained a high potential for spontaneous differentiation.", "contents": "Tumor promoters inhibit spontaneous differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in culture. Clones of Friend erythroleukemia cells, characterized by the presence of 40-70% benzidine-positive cells synthesizing hemoglobin in the absence of inducing drugs, were treated with several phorbol diesters with a known range of tumor-promoting activity on mouse skin. Good correlation was found between the reported tumor-promoting activity of a particular phorbol diester and its ability to inhibit spontaneous erythroid differentiation in culture. The inhibition of differentiation by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, the most active tumor promoter, was maximum after 4 days of treatment; this inhibition was reversed by removal of the phorbol diester no matter how long the period of treatment. Unlike control cells, which gradually revert to a population with a low percentage of benzidine-positive cells, cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate retained a high potential for spontaneous differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:268641", "title": "Independent expression of the adrenergic phenotype by neural crest cells in vitro.", "content": "Neural crest cells obtained from Japanese quail and grown in vitro without other embryonic tissues differentiate into adrenergic cells. These cells show intense catecholamine-specific histochemical fluorescence, and some have long, varicose neuronal processes. Ultrastructural examination shows two populations of cells, one with small (about 90 nm) dense-core vesicles resembling principal sympathetic neurons and the other with larger (about 150 nm) dense-core granules resembling chromaffin or small intensely fluorescent cells. Neuronal cells without adrenergic characteristics are also present. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that a population of cells determined along neuronal lines exists in the neural crest prior to migration.", "contents": "Independent expression of the adrenergic phenotype by neural crest cells in vitro. Neural crest cells obtained from Japanese quail and grown in vitro without other embryonic tissues differentiate into adrenergic cells. These cells show intense catecholamine-specific histochemical fluorescence, and some have long, varicose neuronal processes. Ultrastructural examination shows two populations of cells, one with small (about 90 nm) dense-core vesicles resembling principal sympathetic neurons and the other with larger (about 150 nm) dense-core granules resembling chromaffin or small intensely fluorescent cells. Neuronal cells without adrenergic characteristics are also present. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that a population of cells determined along neuronal lines exists in the neural crest prior to migration."}
{"id": "PMID:268642", "title": "Food, drug, and cosmetic dyes: biological effects related to lipid solubility.", "content": "Food, drug, and cosmetic dyes of the xanthane type (analogs of fluorescein) were applied to isolated molluscan ganglia and changes in the electrophysiological properties of identified neurons were monitored. The synthetic coloring agents increased the resting membrane potential and conductance of the neurons in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the potassium permeability of the membrane relative to that of other ions. The relative activity of these anionic dyes was highly correlated with their lipid solubility. The structure-activity study of the effects of the dyes on molluscan neurophysiology provides a basis for estimating the toxicity and brain uptake of the dyes in vertebrates, and predicting their effects on metabolism and blood clotting.", "contents": "Food, drug, and cosmetic dyes: biological effects related to lipid solubility. Food, drug, and cosmetic dyes of the xanthane type (analogs of fluorescein) were applied to isolated molluscan ganglia and changes in the electrophysiological properties of identified neurons were monitored. The synthetic coloring agents increased the resting membrane potential and conductance of the neurons in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the potassium permeability of the membrane relative to that of other ions. The relative activity of these anionic dyes was highly correlated with their lipid solubility. The structure-activity study of the effects of the dyes on molluscan neurophysiology provides a basis for estimating the toxicity and brain uptake of the dyes in vertebrates, and predicting their effects on metabolism and blood clotting."}
{"id": "PMID:268643", "title": "Hemoglobin F synthesis in vitro: evidence for control at the level of primitive erythroid stem cells.", "content": "The in vitro regulation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF was investigated in clones of cultured adult human erythroid cells by in situ immunofluorescent identification of the hemoglobins synthesized. Formation of Hb F-containing clones was enhanced by erythropoietin and by culture conditions favoring the proliferation of less-differentiated stem cells of the burst-forming-unit type. Burst-forming units differed in their capacity to direct Hb F synthesis in their terminally differentiated progeny. A class of early precursors that can produce descendent stem cells with or without commitment to Hb F production was identified. The findings suggest that the capability for expression of Hb F in terminally differentiated cells of the adult is determined at the level of less-differentiated erythroid stem cells with characteristics of burst-forming units. It is proposed that the regulation of Hb F synthesis in vivo is also linked to the process of differentiation of the erythroid stem cells and that the patterns of Hb F synthesis during ontogeny reflect the attainment of progressively higher levels of differentiation of erythroid stem cells as development proceeds.", "contents": "Hemoglobin F synthesis in vitro: evidence for control at the level of primitive erythroid stem cells. The in vitro regulation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF was investigated in clones of cultured adult human erythroid cells by in situ immunofluorescent identification of the hemoglobins synthesized. Formation of Hb F-containing clones was enhanced by erythropoietin and by culture conditions favoring the proliferation of less-differentiated stem cells of the burst-forming-unit type. Burst-forming units differed in their capacity to direct Hb F synthesis in their terminally differentiated progeny. A class of early precursors that can produce descendent stem cells with or without commitment to Hb F production was identified. The findings suggest that the capability for expression of Hb F in terminally differentiated cells of the adult is determined at the level of less-differentiated erythroid stem cells with characteristics of burst-forming units. It is proposed that the regulation of Hb F synthesis in vivo is also linked to the process of differentiation of the erythroid stem cells and that the patterns of Hb F synthesis during ontogeny reflect the attainment of progressively higher levels of differentiation of erythroid stem cells as development proceeds."}
{"id": "PMID:268644", "title": "Epigenetic variation of cultured somatic cells: evidence for gradual changes in the requirement for factors promoting cell division.", "content": "Cells of higher plant species in culture sometimes lose their requirement for an exogenous supply of a cell division factor that, thereafter, they are able to produce. This heritable change, known as cytokinin habituation, appears to be an epigenetic one rather than a classical mutation because it is directed, potentially reversible, leaves the cell totipotent, and involves the expression of a latent differentiated function. By using cloned cell lines derived from pith parenchyma of tobacco, we have obtained evidence that the habituation process is gradual rather than all-or-none and leads to progressively more autotrophic tissues. Cells in culture show reversible shifts among a range of habituated states but remain totipotent and can be induced to regain their requirement for a cell division factor. Thus, it appears that habituation involves epigenetic changes in a quantitative cellular phenotype. Our findings support the hypothesis that tumor progression in crown gall, a neoplastic disease of higher plants, can be accounted for by heritable changes in the pattern of gene expression.", "contents": "Epigenetic variation of cultured somatic cells: evidence for gradual changes in the requirement for factors promoting cell division. Cells of higher plant species in culture sometimes lose their requirement for an exogenous supply of a cell division factor that, thereafter, they are able to produce. This heritable change, known as cytokinin habituation, appears to be an epigenetic one rather than a classical mutation because it is directed, potentially reversible, leaves the cell totipotent, and involves the expression of a latent differentiated function. By using cloned cell lines derived from pith parenchyma of tobacco, we have obtained evidence that the habituation process is gradual rather than all-or-none and leads to progressively more autotrophic tissues. Cells in culture show reversible shifts among a range of habituated states but remain totipotent and can be induced to regain their requirement for a cell division factor. Thus, it appears that habituation involves epigenetic changes in a quantitative cellular phenotype. Our findings support the hypothesis that tumor progression in crown gall, a neoplastic disease of higher plants, can be accounted for by heritable changes in the pattern of gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:268645", "title": "Serial transfer of a human gene to rodent cells by sequential chromosome-mediated gene transfer.", "content": "The human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) gene (hprt) has been serially transferred to mouse cells and then to Chinese hamster fibroblasts by two cycles of metaphase chromosome isolation and incubation with recipient cells. Human metaphase chromosomes were incubated with mouse A9 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and independent colonies expressing the human species form of this gene were isolated in a selective medium. Metaphase chromosomes isolated from two of these clonal lines were incubated with Chinese hamster fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; five resulting independent colonies again expressed the human species of this gene. The transfer frequencies in the two cycles of chromosome-mediated gene transfer were similar (about 10(-7)). These results indicate that the transferred human chromosome fragment is closely associated with the chromosomes of the mouse A9 cells and it is probably integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the recipient cell.", "contents": "Serial transfer of a human gene to rodent cells by sequential chromosome-mediated gene transfer. The human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) gene (hprt) has been serially transferred to mouse cells and then to Chinese hamster fibroblasts by two cycles of metaphase chromosome isolation and incubation with recipient cells. Human metaphase chromosomes were incubated with mouse A9 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and independent colonies expressing the human species form of this gene were isolated in a selective medium. Metaphase chromosomes isolated from two of these clonal lines were incubated with Chinese hamster fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; five resulting independent colonies again expressed the human species of this gene. The transfer frequencies in the two cycles of chromosome-mediated gene transfer were similar (about 10(-7)). These results indicate that the transferred human chromosome fragment is closely associated with the chromosomes of the mouse A9 cells and it is probably integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the recipient cell."}
{"id": "PMID:268646", "title": "Detection of active heteropolymeric beta-glucuronidase in hybrids between mouse cells and human fibroblasts with beta-glucuronidase deficiency.", "content": "Heteropolymeric beta-glucuronidases are detected in somatic cell hybrids between mouse cells and human fibroblasts deficient in beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) by electrophoresis and column chromatography. Specific antisera against human beta-glucuronidase prepared in mice recognize these heteropolymeric beta-glucuronidases. Our results demonstrate that synthesis of mutant subunits of variant beta-glucuronidase continues in deficient human fibroblasts; these mutant subunits of human beta-glucuronidase retain the ability to associate with normal subunits of mouse beta-glucuronidase to form the enzymatically and immunologically active tetramer. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of interspecific cell hybrids for study of structural gene mutations of polymeric enzymes, such as those of beta-glucuronidase in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII.", "contents": "Detection of active heteropolymeric beta-glucuronidase in hybrids between mouse cells and human fibroblasts with beta-glucuronidase deficiency. Heteropolymeric beta-glucuronidases are detected in somatic cell hybrids between mouse cells and human fibroblasts deficient in beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) by electrophoresis and column chromatography. Specific antisera against human beta-glucuronidase prepared in mice recognize these heteropolymeric beta-glucuronidases. Our results demonstrate that synthesis of mutant subunits of variant beta-glucuronidase continues in deficient human fibroblasts; these mutant subunits of human beta-glucuronidase retain the ability to associate with normal subunits of mouse beta-glucuronidase to form the enzymatically and immunologically active tetramer. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of interspecific cell hybrids for study of structural gene mutations of polymeric enzymes, such as those of beta-glucuronidase in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII."}
{"id": "PMID:268647", "title": "Production of antibodies against influenza virus by somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma and primed spleen cells.", "content": "We have produced somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from a BALB/c mouse immunized with purified influenza virus. The hybrid cells were found to produce large amounts of antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin of the virus and were able to induce tumor formation when injected into BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Production of antibodies against influenza virus by somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma and primed spleen cells. We have produced somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from a BALB/c mouse immunized with purified influenza virus. The hybrid cells were found to produce large amounts of antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin of the virus and were able to induce tumor formation when injected into BALB/c mice."}
{"id": "PMID:268648", "title": "Glycolipid-bound sialic acid in serum: increased levels in mice and humans bearing mammary carcinomas.", "content": "In mice bearing transplantable mammary carcinomas, serum levels of sialic acid-containing glycolipids were elevated 2.5-fold in pooled serum samples from which gangliosides were purified by column chromatography. A method is also described by which ganglioside content was estimated on as little as 1.0 ml of whole blood to permit studies with individual tumor-bearing mice and age- and litter-matched controls. Using this method, we observed similar elevations in ganglioside levels that were independent of age and sex of the animal and appeared in advance of palpable tumors. Following excision of the tumors, the glycolipid sialic acid values dropped below control levels and remained there. Serum sialic acid of the glycolipid fraction was elevated nearly 2-fold in human carcinoma patients and appeared to decline after surgery.", "contents": "Glycolipid-bound sialic acid in serum: increased levels in mice and humans bearing mammary carcinomas. In mice bearing transplantable mammary carcinomas, serum levels of sialic acid-containing glycolipids were elevated 2.5-fold in pooled serum samples from which gangliosides were purified by column chromatography. A method is also described by which ganglioside content was estimated on as little as 1.0 ml of whole blood to permit studies with individual tumor-bearing mice and age- and litter-matched controls. Using this method, we observed similar elevations in ganglioside levels that were independent of age and sex of the animal and appeared in advance of palpable tumors. Following excision of the tumors, the glycolipid sialic acid values dropped below control levels and remained there. Serum sialic acid of the glycolipid fraction was elevated nearly 2-fold in human carcinoma patients and appeared to decline after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:268649", "title": "Isoantigenic expression of Forssman glycolipid in human gastric and colonic mucosa: its possible identity with \"A-like antigen\" in human cancer.", "content": "The heterogenetic Forssman antigen is a glycosphingolipid, a ceramide pentasaccharide with the structure GalNAcalpha1-->3GalNAcbeta1-->3Galalpha1-->4Galbeta1-->4Glc-->ceramide. Forssman-positive animals are capable of synthesizing this compound in tissues or in erythrocytes, in contrast to the Forssman-negative species, including humans, which are incapable of adding the last carbohydrate in the sequence of the Forssman antigen, namely alphaGalNAc. The Forssman glycolipid and its precursor globoside were examined in twenty-one samples of surgically extirpated gastrointestinal mucosa and tumors derived therefrom. The results revealed that a few patients had chemically and immunologically detectable levels of the Forssman glycolipid as a normal component of their gastrointestinal mucosa (F(+) population); in contrast, the majority of patients did not contain this glycolipid in their normal mucosa (F(-) population). Whereas the F(-) population included blood groups A, B, and O, the F(+) population did not correspond to blood group A. The Forssman status in tumors taken from the F(+) or F(-) population showed the following striking features: (i) all tumors derived from F(-) mucosa possessed Forssman glycolipid, whereas (ii) none of the tumors originating in F(+) mucosa contained Forssman glycolipid. Globoside, the immediate precursor of Forssman antigen, was distributed equally among F(+) and F(-) mucosa and the tumors derived therefrom. Thus, the expression of Forssman antigen in gastrointestinal mucosa appears akin to that of an isoantigen. Furthermore, the Forssman antigen that appears in tumors of the F(-) population could represent a human tumor-associated antigen. In view of the strong crossreactivity of Forssman antigen with blood group A determinants, the appearance of Forssman antigen in human tumors could be related to the \"A-like antigen\" (or \"neo-A antigen\") of human tumors reported previously [Hakomori, S., Koscielak, J., Black, K. J. & Jeanloz, R. W. (1967) J. Immunol. 98, 31-38; H\u00e4kkinen, I. (1970) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 44, 1183-1193].", "contents": "Isoantigenic expression of Forssman glycolipid in human gastric and colonic mucosa: its possible identity with \"A-like antigen\" in human cancer. The heterogenetic Forssman antigen is a glycosphingolipid, a ceramide pentasaccharide with the structure GalNAcalpha1-->3GalNAcbeta1-->3Galalpha1-->4Galbeta1-->4Glc-->ceramide. Forssman-positive animals are capable of synthesizing this compound in tissues or in erythrocytes, in contrast to the Forssman-negative species, including humans, which are incapable of adding the last carbohydrate in the sequence of the Forssman antigen, namely alphaGalNAc. The Forssman glycolipid and its precursor globoside were examined in twenty-one samples of surgically extirpated gastrointestinal mucosa and tumors derived therefrom. The results revealed that a few patients had chemically and immunologically detectable levels of the Forssman glycolipid as a normal component of their gastrointestinal mucosa (F(+) population); in contrast, the majority of patients did not contain this glycolipid in their normal mucosa (F(-) population). Whereas the F(-) population included blood groups A, B, and O, the F(+) population did not correspond to blood group A. The Forssman status in tumors taken from the F(+) or F(-) population showed the following striking features: (i) all tumors derived from F(-) mucosa possessed Forssman glycolipid, whereas (ii) none of the tumors originating in F(+) mucosa contained Forssman glycolipid. Globoside, the immediate precursor of Forssman antigen, was distributed equally among F(+) and F(-) mucosa and the tumors derived therefrom. Thus, the expression of Forssman antigen in gastrointestinal mucosa appears akin to that of an isoantigen. Furthermore, the Forssman antigen that appears in tumors of the F(-) population could represent a human tumor-associated antigen. In view of the strong crossreactivity of Forssman antigen with blood group A determinants, the appearance of Forssman antigen in human tumors could be related to the \"A-like antigen\" (or \"neo-A antigen\") of human tumors reported previously [Hakomori, S., Koscielak, J., Black, K. J. & Jeanloz, R. W. (1967) J. Immunol. 98, 31-38; H\u00e4kkinen, I. (1970) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 44, 1183-1193]."}
{"id": "PMID:268650", "title": "In vitro and in vivo correlation of clotting protease activity: effect of heparin.", "content": "The thrombogenicity of three highly purified proteases (thrombin, activated Factor X, and activated Factor IX) was determined quantitatively in an animal model. The minimal amounts required to produce a standard score 4 thrombus were 1.1 nmol for thrombin, 0.12 nmol for activated Factor X, and 0.018 nmol for activated Factor IX. After the administration of heparin at 5, 10, and 20 units/kg in rabbits, the thrombogenicity of each of these proteases decreased progressively. The heparin-induced inhibition of thrombosis decreased in the order, activated Factor IX > activated Factor X > thrombin at each heparin concentration. These differences were statistically significant. These in vivo data provide support for the following hypotheses originally developed from in vitro experiments: (i) activation of the blood coagulation system, which proceeds through a cascade mechanism, incorporates biochemical amplification; (ii) the inhibition of activated Factor IX by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin is an important reaction in the prevention of thrombosis; (iii) less heparin is required to inhibit thrombosis prior to thrombin generation than afterward; (iv) an increase in the reactivity of antithrombin III reflects a decreased tendency to thrombosis while a decrease in this reactivity reflects an increased tendency to thrombosis.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo correlation of clotting protease activity: effect of heparin. The thrombogenicity of three highly purified proteases (thrombin, activated Factor X, and activated Factor IX) was determined quantitatively in an animal model. The minimal amounts required to produce a standard score 4 thrombus were 1.1 nmol for thrombin, 0.12 nmol for activated Factor X, and 0.018 nmol for activated Factor IX. After the administration of heparin at 5, 10, and 20 units/kg in rabbits, the thrombogenicity of each of these proteases decreased progressively. The heparin-induced inhibition of thrombosis decreased in the order, activated Factor IX > activated Factor X > thrombin at each heparin concentration. These differences were statistically significant. These in vivo data provide support for the following hypotheses originally developed from in vitro experiments: (i) activation of the blood coagulation system, which proceeds through a cascade mechanism, incorporates biochemical amplification; (ii) the inhibition of activated Factor IX by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin is an important reaction in the prevention of thrombosis; (iii) less heparin is required to inhibit thrombosis prior to thrombin generation than afterward; (iv) an increase in the reactivity of antithrombin III reflects a decreased tendency to thrombosis while a decrease in this reactivity reflects an increased tendency to thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:268651", "title": "Cholecystokinin and its COOH-terminal octapeptide in the pig brain.", "content": "Two components--one resembling intact cholecystokinin in size and charge and immunologic specificity, and the other resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin--have been found in extracts of the pig cerebral cortex. The relative concentrations of the two peptides in the extracts were dependent on the extractant, boiling 0.1 M HCl being more effective than boiling water for the extraction of intact cholecystokinin but less effective for the extraction of the octapeptide. The physiologic role of these peptides in the brain has yet to be elucidated.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin and its COOH-terminal octapeptide in the pig brain. Two components--one resembling intact cholecystokinin in size and charge and immunologic specificity, and the other resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin--have been found in extracts of the pig cerebral cortex. The relative concentrations of the two peptides in the extracts were dependent on the extractant, boiling 0.1 M HCl being more effective than boiling water for the extraction of intact cholecystokinin but less effective for the extraction of the octapeptide. The physiologic role of these peptides in the brain has yet to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:268652", "title": "Fatty liver induced in Zucker \"fatty\" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose.", "content": "A new fatty liver model is described in which heredity plays a major role. A marked fatty liver develops when the homozygous mutant Zucker rat (ff or \"fatty\") is fed a semisynthetic diet enriched in sucrose. Lean littermates do not develop fatty liver on this experimental diet. Even old ff rats do not develop fatty livers on chow; the experimental diet is required. The fatty liver is described, including light microscopic and preliminary electron microscopic observations.", "contents": "Fatty liver induced in Zucker \"fatty\" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose. A new fatty liver model is described in which heredity plays a major role. A marked fatty liver develops when the homozygous mutant Zucker rat (ff or \"fatty\") is fed a semisynthetic diet enriched in sucrose. Lean littermates do not develop fatty liver on this experimental diet. Even old ff rats do not develop fatty livers on chow; the experimental diet is required. The fatty liver is described, including light microscopic and preliminary electron microscopic observations."}
{"id": "PMID:268653", "title": "Measurement of daily cholesterol synthesis rates in man by assay of the fractional conversion of mevalonic acid to cholesterol.", "content": "A significant correlation has been found in man between total daily cholesterol synthesis rates as determined by sterol balance measurements and the fraction of intravenously administered R-[5-14C]mevalonic acid converted to cholesterol. In 30 studies it was found that the mean daily cholesterol synthesis rates estimated by sterol balance measurements ranged from 395 to 3047 mg/day, whereas the fractional conversion of mevalonate to cholesterol varied from 0.28 to 0.99. The two parameters correlated with a coefficient of 0.87, P less than 0.001. This method for estimating cholesterol synthesis rates requires low doses of radioisotopic materials (25 muCi of [14C]mevalonate and 5 muCi of [3H]cholesterol) and less than 1 hr of the patient's time; it can be repeated at intervals of 3 weeks and reflects cholesterol synthesis over a short period of time.", "contents": "Measurement of daily cholesterol synthesis rates in man by assay of the fractional conversion of mevalonic acid to cholesterol. A significant correlation has been found in man between total daily cholesterol synthesis rates as determined by sterol balance measurements and the fraction of intravenously administered R-[5-14C]mevalonic acid converted to cholesterol. In 30 studies it was found that the mean daily cholesterol synthesis rates estimated by sterol balance measurements ranged from 395 to 3047 mg/day, whereas the fractional conversion of mevalonate to cholesterol varied from 0.28 to 0.99. The two parameters correlated with a coefficient of 0.87, P less than 0.001. This method for estimating cholesterol synthesis rates requires low doses of radioisotopic materials (25 muCi of [14C]mevalonate and 5 muCi of [3H]cholesterol) and less than 1 hr of the patient's time; it can be repeated at intervals of 3 weeks and reflects cholesterol synthesis over a short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:268654", "title": "Authentic beta-globin mRNA sequences in homozygous betaO-thalassemia.", "content": "In a patient with homozygous betaO-thalassemia in whom studies of reticulocyte hemoglobin synthesis showed no beta-globin chain synthesis in vivo and in vitro, molecular hybridization studies revealed RNA sequences complementary to beta-globin cDNA. The fact that these sequences were authentic beta-globin mRNA was shown by fingerprint analysis of T1 ribonuclease-digested mRNA and by sequencing of oligonucleotides unique to beta-globin mRNA. The beta-mRNA that failed to direct beta-globin chain synthesis was not detectably shortened or degraded and contained poly(A) sequences.", "contents": "Authentic beta-globin mRNA sequences in homozygous betaO-thalassemia. In a patient with homozygous betaO-thalassemia in whom studies of reticulocyte hemoglobin synthesis showed no beta-globin chain synthesis in vivo and in vitro, molecular hybridization studies revealed RNA sequences complementary to beta-globin cDNA. The fact that these sequences were authentic beta-globin mRNA was shown by fingerprint analysis of T1 ribonuclease-digested mRNA and by sequencing of oligonucleotides unique to beta-globin mRNA. The beta-mRNA that failed to direct beta-globin chain synthesis was not detectably shortened or degraded and contained poly(A) sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:268655", "title": "Variation in ability of measles virus plaque progeny to induce interferon.", "content": "Plaque progeny of three interferon (IF)-inducing strains of measles virus (Edmonston, Schwarz, and CC) were examined for ability to induce IF in BSC-1 cells. Only after passage in Vero cells did any of the Edmonston progeny induce IF. The vast majority of plaque progeny selected from the Schwarz strain induced IF, even though this virus was originally derived from the Edmonston strain. This property was retained even after serial plaque purification of the progeny. However, the Schwarz-derived CC strain consisted of a population generally unable to induce IF. Stocks grown from both Edmonston and CC plaques demonstrating the IF+ phenotype maintained this characteristic as a whole, but it was not a property that was inherited by all progeny in the stocks. Levels of IF induced were approximately the same for all strains, even though the proportion of inducing progeny varied markedly among them. These noninducing variants appeared to be normal, fully infectious measles virions. The results suggest that induction of IF by measles virus is at least partially under the genetic control of the virus.", "contents": "Variation in ability of measles virus plaque progeny to induce interferon. Plaque progeny of three interferon (IF)-inducing strains of measles virus (Edmonston, Schwarz, and CC) were examined for ability to induce IF in BSC-1 cells. Only after passage in Vero cells did any of the Edmonston progeny induce IF. The vast majority of plaque progeny selected from the Schwarz strain induced IF, even though this virus was originally derived from the Edmonston strain. This property was retained even after serial plaque purification of the progeny. However, the Schwarz-derived CC strain consisted of a population generally unable to induce IF. Stocks grown from both Edmonston and CC plaques demonstrating the IF+ phenotype maintained this characteristic as a whole, but it was not a property that was inherited by all progeny in the stocks. Levels of IF induced were approximately the same for all strains, even though the proportion of inducing progeny varied markedly among them. These noninducing variants appeared to be normal, fully infectious measles virions. The results suggest that induction of IF by measles virus is at least partially under the genetic control of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:268656", "title": "Nonlinear analysis of cat retinal ganglion cells in the frequency domain.", "content": "We have analyzed the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells to luminosity gratings that are modulated in time by a sum of sinusoids. A judicious choice of the component temporal frequencies permits a separation of the linear and second-order nonlinear components. Y cell responses show harmonic generation and intermodulation distortion over a wide frequency range. These nonlinear components predominate over the linear components for certain types of spatial stimuli. Nonlinear components in X cells are greatly diminished in comparison. The character of the nonlinear responses provides strong constraints on prospective models for the nonlinear pathway of the Y cell.", "contents": "Nonlinear analysis of cat retinal ganglion cells in the frequency domain. We have analyzed the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells to luminosity gratings that are modulated in time by a sum of sinusoids. A judicious choice of the component temporal frequencies permits a separation of the linear and second-order nonlinear components. Y cell responses show harmonic generation and intermodulation distortion over a wide frequency range. These nonlinear components predominate over the linear components for certain types of spatial stimuli. Nonlinear components in X cells are greatly diminished in comparison. The character of the nonlinear responses provides strong constraints on prospective models for the nonlinear pathway of the Y cell."}
{"id": "PMID:268657", "title": "Modulation of acetylcholine receptor by antibody against the receptor.", "content": "Antibody against acetylcholine receptor induces an increase in the rate of degradation of acetylcholine receptors on a mouse cell line (BC(3)H-1) and cultured rat skeletal muscle. The increased rate of degradation results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptors on muscle membrane and a lowered sensitivity to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The modulation of acetylcholine receptor is energy, temperature, and time dependent and may be related to antigenic modulation found in other systems. Acetylcholine noise analysis demonstrates that antibody against acetylcholine receptor reduces the channel mean conductance and mean open time slightly. It is concluded that antibody binds to the acetylcholine receptor, impairs its function, and induces receptor degradation. This results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptor and a lowered sensitivity to acetylcholine. Patients with myasthenia gravis have antibodies to their acetylcholine receptor in their serum. Antigenic modulation of receptor in the muscle of patients with myasthenia gravis could contribute to the observed decrease in amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials and in muscle acetylcholine sensitivity, and the symptoms of muscular weakness.", "contents": "Modulation of acetylcholine receptor by antibody against the receptor. Antibody against acetylcholine receptor induces an increase in the rate of degradation of acetylcholine receptors on a mouse cell line (BC(3)H-1) and cultured rat skeletal muscle. The increased rate of degradation results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptors on muscle membrane and a lowered sensitivity to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The modulation of acetylcholine receptor is energy, temperature, and time dependent and may be related to antigenic modulation found in other systems. Acetylcholine noise analysis demonstrates that antibody against acetylcholine receptor reduces the channel mean conductance and mean open time slightly. It is concluded that antibody binds to the acetylcholine receptor, impairs its function, and induces receptor degradation. This results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptor and a lowered sensitivity to acetylcholine. Patients with myasthenia gravis have antibodies to their acetylcholine receptor in their serum. Antigenic modulation of receptor in the muscle of patients with myasthenia gravis could contribute to the observed decrease in amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials and in muscle acetylcholine sensitivity, and the symptoms of muscular weakness."}
{"id": "PMID:268658", "title": "Lithium efflux through the Na/K pump in human erythrocytes.", "content": "ACTIVE LI EFFLUX FROM HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES WAS SHOWN TO BE MEDIATED BY THE NA/K PUMP: (i) intracellular Li (Li(c)) activated ouabain-sensitive K influx, and (ii) a portion of the Li efflux required external K and was inhibited by ouabain. In activating K influx, Li(c) interacts with the pump like Na rather than like K-depleting the cells of orthophosphate inhibited activation of K influx by intracellular K (K/K exchange) but did not inhibit Li-activated K influx. (To show these interactions of Li(c) with the Na/K pump, p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate or nystatin was used to allow replacement of intracellular Na and K with Li and choline.) From kinetic studies of the pump, it was shown that the apparent affinity of the intracellular aspect of the Na/K pump for Li was an order of magnitude less than that for Na. From simultaneous measurements of ouabain-sensitive net fluxes of Li and K in Na-free cells, it was shown that the pump-mediated K influx and Li efflux were coupled. The stoichiometry of the coupling ratio was close to 1:1 for Li:K, different from the coupling ratio of 3:2 for Na:K in the pump's normal mode of operation. It had been shown previously that the Na/K pump in human erythrocytes mediates active Li influx. Because it also mediates active Li efflux, the molecular mechanisms for distinguishing between Na and K must be qualitatively different at the internal and external aspects of the pump. The possible relevance of the results of this study to manic depressive illness and Li therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Lithium efflux through the Na/K pump in human erythrocytes. ACTIVE LI EFFLUX FROM HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES WAS SHOWN TO BE MEDIATED BY THE NA/K PUMP: (i) intracellular Li (Li(c)) activated ouabain-sensitive K influx, and (ii) a portion of the Li efflux required external K and was inhibited by ouabain. In activating K influx, Li(c) interacts with the pump like Na rather than like K-depleting the cells of orthophosphate inhibited activation of K influx by intracellular K (K/K exchange) but did not inhibit Li-activated K influx. (To show these interactions of Li(c) with the Na/K pump, p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate or nystatin was used to allow replacement of intracellular Na and K with Li and choline.) From kinetic studies of the pump, it was shown that the apparent affinity of the intracellular aspect of the Na/K pump for Li was an order of magnitude less than that for Na. From simultaneous measurements of ouabain-sensitive net fluxes of Li and K in Na-free cells, it was shown that the pump-mediated K influx and Li efflux were coupled. The stoichiometry of the coupling ratio was close to 1:1 for Li:K, different from the coupling ratio of 3:2 for Na:K in the pump's normal mode of operation. It had been shown previously that the Na/K pump in human erythrocytes mediates active Li influx. Because it also mediates active Li efflux, the molecular mechanisms for distinguishing between Na and K must be qualitatively different at the internal and external aspects of the pump. The possible relevance of the results of this study to manic depressive illness and Li therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268671", "title": "[Increased occurrence of mycoplasmal pneumonia: radiologic appearance and observation of the development of the disease in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemic occurrence of mycoplasmal pneumonia in children was reported. It composed 8% of all cases of pneumonia during 1975 occurring in the area served by the University Pediatric Hospital in Giessen. It should be noted that the cases were distributed throughout the year and that one fourth of the patients were small children. The diversity of the radiologic appearance with primarily interstitial-alveolar lesions in the lungs was explained in more detail. Observations of the course of the disease indicate that the illness can be recurrent; the course can be complicated as a result of immunosuppression through a primary illness which is already present, in this case an acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "[Increased occurrence of mycoplasmal pneumonia: radiologic appearance and observation of the development of the disease in children (author's transl)]. The epidemic occurrence of mycoplasmal pneumonia in children was reported. It composed 8% of all cases of pneumonia during 1975 occurring in the area served by the University Pediatric Hospital in Giessen. It should be noted that the cases were distributed throughout the year and that one fourth of the patients were small children. The diversity of the radiologic appearance with primarily interstitial-alveolar lesions in the lungs was explained in more detail. Observations of the course of the disease indicate that the illness can be recurrent; the course can be complicated as a result of immunosuppression through a primary illness which is already present, in this case an acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:268672", "title": "Bacteria in cavities beneath intermediary base materials.", "content": "The ability of six different intermediary base materials to prevent bacterial entrance beneath silicate cement fillings was investigated in vivo in primary molars. After an observation period of 1 month, bacteria were found on the pulpal wall in two out of 10 cavities beneath Fluoritec and four out of 10 cavities beneath Durelon solid mixed, De Trey phosphate cement solid or creamy mixed. Beneath the intermediary base materials Dycal, zinc oxide-eugenol cement, Dropsin and Durelon creamy mixed, no bacteria were found. In cavities filled with silicate cement or silver amalgam only, bacteria were observed in nine out of 10 and in five out of 10 cavities, respectively.", "contents": "Bacteria in cavities beneath intermediary base materials. The ability of six different intermediary base materials to prevent bacterial entrance beneath silicate cement fillings was investigated in vivo in primary molars. After an observation period of 1 month, bacteria were found on the pulpal wall in two out of 10 cavities beneath Fluoritec and four out of 10 cavities beneath Durelon solid mixed, De Trey phosphate cement solid or creamy mixed. Beneath the intermediary base materials Dycal, zinc oxide-eugenol cement, Dropsin and Durelon creamy mixed, no bacteria were found. In cavities filled with silicate cement or silver amalgam only, bacteria were observed in nine out of 10 and in five out of 10 cavities, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:268673", "title": "Binding of dyes to chlorhexidine-treated hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The binding of some selected food dyes to hydroxyapatite with and without a coating of chlorhexidine was studied. The apatite had bound 0.6 mumol chlorhexidine per g dry weight. The bound chlorhexidine was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 115 microgram ml (128 micron). The dyes investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. 1), indigo carmine (FD&C Blue No. 2), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6), amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2), and riboflavin. Riboflavin did not bind to either chlorhexidine-treated apatite or untreated apatite, whereas the other dyes showed a considerable affinity for chlorhexidine-treated apatite as compared with untreated apatite. Because the dyes with binding ability possess two or three acidic groups, and because riboflavin has none, it was suggested that the binding of the dyes is mediated by an interaction between the anionic groups of the dye molecules and the cationic groups of the chlorhexidine molecules. The results are discussed and related to the formation of the brownish discolorations seen on the teeth of patients using chlorhexidine mouthrinses. A mechanism to explain the development of tooth stains is proposed.", "contents": "Binding of dyes to chlorhexidine-treated hydroxyapatite. The binding of some selected food dyes to hydroxyapatite with and without a coating of chlorhexidine was studied. The apatite had bound 0.6 mumol chlorhexidine per g dry weight. The bound chlorhexidine was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 115 microgram ml (128 micron). The dyes investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. 1), indigo carmine (FD&C Blue No. 2), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6), amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2), and riboflavin. Riboflavin did not bind to either chlorhexidine-treated apatite or untreated apatite, whereas the other dyes showed a considerable affinity for chlorhexidine-treated apatite as compared with untreated apatite. Because the dyes with binding ability possess two or three acidic groups, and because riboflavin has none, it was suggested that the binding of the dyes is mediated by an interaction between the anionic groups of the dye molecules and the cationic groups of the chlorhexidine molecules. The results are discussed and related to the formation of the brownish discolorations seen on the teeth of patients using chlorhexidine mouthrinses. A mechanism to explain the development of tooth stains is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:268674", "title": "Lipidhistochemical and microradiographic study of distribution of lipids in relation to mineral content in dentin caries.", "content": "Fifteen human molars were investigated using lipidhistochemical and microradiographic methods. A peripheral necrotic and totally decalcified part of the carious lesion revealed a markedly positive staining reaction for sphingomyelin, sulfatides, cholesterol- and/or triglyceride-esters. The reaction was probably conditioned by the presence of debris and plaque within this area. Pulpally and immediately below the necrotic zone, an area of demineralization was found which on the microradiographs appeared as a radiolucent zone. The zone showed a mineral gradient with an increasing mineral content towards the pulp. In the zone of demineralization a positive reaction occurred for sphingomyelin decreasing in a pulpal direction with increasing mineral content. A weakly positive reaction for cholesterol- and/or triglyceride-esters was also detected but only in the most pulpal part of the zone of demineralization; the intensity of the staining reaction was comparable to that found in normal dentin. In those areas which were represented by a sclerotized, radiopaque zone, only a very weak reaction for sphingomyelin, cholesterol-and/or triglyceride-esters could be observed of the same staining intensity as in normal dentin. The region between the lesion and the pulp showed the same staining intensity as normal dentin.", "contents": "Lipidhistochemical and microradiographic study of distribution of lipids in relation to mineral content in dentin caries. Fifteen human molars were investigated using lipidhistochemical and microradiographic methods. A peripheral necrotic and totally decalcified part of the carious lesion revealed a markedly positive staining reaction for sphingomyelin, sulfatides, cholesterol- and/or triglyceride-esters. The reaction was probably conditioned by the presence of debris and plaque within this area. Pulpally and immediately below the necrotic zone, an area of demineralization was found which on the microradiographs appeared as a radiolucent zone. The zone showed a mineral gradient with an increasing mineral content towards the pulp. In the zone of demineralization a positive reaction occurred for sphingomyelin decreasing in a pulpal direction with increasing mineral content. A weakly positive reaction for cholesterol- and/or triglyceride-esters was also detected but only in the most pulpal part of the zone of demineralization; the intensity of the staining reaction was comparable to that found in normal dentin. In those areas which were represented by a sclerotized, radiopaque zone, only a very weak reaction for sphingomyelin, cholesterol-and/or triglyceride-esters could be observed of the same staining intensity as in normal dentin. The region between the lesion and the pulp showed the same staining intensity as normal dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:268675", "title": "Quantitative observation on teeth during calcium deprivation in rats.", "content": "Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate (Group A). Furthermore, pregnant and lactating animals were subjected to the same diet (Group B). The mandibular teeth were collected for ash determination and for linear measurements. The ash content of the growing incisors was only slightly reduced in Group A, while the reduction in Group B was 27%. Linear measurements demonstrated that the outer dimensions of the incisors were not affected by the calcium-depriving regimen in either group, while the inner dimensions (pulp cavity) were considerably increased in Group B due to reduced thickness of the dentin mantle. The daily dentin apposition in Group A did not deviate much from the control values, while in Group B it was severely reduced. The thickness of incisor enamel was unaffected by the calcium-depriving regimen. The ash content of the molars was normal in Group A, but slightly reduced in Group B.", "contents": "Quantitative observation on teeth during calcium deprivation in rats. Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate (Group A). Furthermore, pregnant and lactating animals were subjected to the same diet (Group B). The mandibular teeth were collected for ash determination and for linear measurements. The ash content of the growing incisors was only slightly reduced in Group A, while the reduction in Group B was 27%. Linear measurements demonstrated that the outer dimensions of the incisors were not affected by the calcium-depriving regimen in either group, while the inner dimensions (pulp cavity) were considerably increased in Group B due to reduced thickness of the dentin mantle. The daily dentin apposition in Group A did not deviate much from the control values, while in Group B it was severely reduced. The thickness of incisor enamel was unaffected by the calcium-depriving regimen. The ash content of the molars was normal in Group A, but slightly reduced in Group B."}
{"id": "PMID:268676", "title": "Enzymatic iodination of salivary proteins by the 125I-lactoperoxidase system.", "content": "Purified milk lactoperoxidase and endogenous human salivary peroxidase were used to label the proteins of whole mouth saliva with [125I]iodide. The proteins were then analyzed by isoelectric focusing or they were subjected to one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4. The radioactivity of the resolved protein fractions was determined. There were three to four major and four to five minor areas of radioactivity which were carried together with more or less distinctive protein fractions. Amylase and albumin were shown to be the most effective in binding [125I]iodide. No significant differences were observed in the iodination patterns of salivary proteins iodinated in the presence of endogenous saliva peroxidase and those iodinated in the presence of added milk lactoperoxidase. Hydrogen peroxide was necessary for iodination to take place. The significance of iodoproteins and the role of salivary peroxidases in the nonthyroidal metabolism of iodine are discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic iodination of salivary proteins by the 125I-lactoperoxidase system. Purified milk lactoperoxidase and endogenous human salivary peroxidase were used to label the proteins of whole mouth saliva with [125I]iodide. The proteins were then analyzed by isoelectric focusing or they were subjected to one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4. The radioactivity of the resolved protein fractions was determined. There were three to four major and four to five minor areas of radioactivity which were carried together with more or less distinctive protein fractions. Amylase and albumin were shown to be the most effective in binding [125I]iodide. No significant differences were observed in the iodination patterns of salivary proteins iodinated in the presence of endogenous saliva peroxidase and those iodinated in the presence of added milk lactoperoxidase. Hydrogen peroxide was necessary for iodination to take place. The significance of iodoproteins and the role of salivary peroxidases in the nonthyroidal metabolism of iodine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268677", "title": "A longitudinal study on the effect of unilateral extraction of primary molars.", "content": "The effect of unilateral extraction of the first or second primary molar on space conditions, need for orthodontic treatment, and eruption stage of permanent canines and second molars has been studied longitudinally in two groups. In Group 1 the first primary molar had been extracted early in 13 cases in the maxilla and in 14 cases in the mandible. In Group 2 the corresponding figures for the second primary molar were 14 and 24 for the maxilla and mandible, respectively. The space on the extraction side in Group 1 was significantly less than on the control side at the age of 9 but not at the age of 13. In Group 2 there was significantly less space on the extraction side than on the control side at the two registration ages (10.5 and 12 years). Need for orthodontic treatment was low in Group 1 and high in Group 2. As for eruption stage of permanent canines and second molars, no significant differences were found between the extraction side and the control side in the two groups.", "contents": "A longitudinal study on the effect of unilateral extraction of primary molars. The effect of unilateral extraction of the first or second primary molar on space conditions, need for orthodontic treatment, and eruption stage of permanent canines and second molars has been studied longitudinally in two groups. In Group 1 the first primary molar had been extracted early in 13 cases in the maxilla and in 14 cases in the mandible. In Group 2 the corresponding figures for the second primary molar were 14 and 24 for the maxilla and mandible, respectively. The space on the extraction side in Group 1 was significantly less than on the control side at the age of 9 but not at the age of 13. In Group 2 there was significantly less space on the extraction side than on the control side at the two registration ages (10.5 and 12 years). Need for orthodontic treatment was low in Group 1 and high in Group 2. As for eruption stage of permanent canines and second molars, no significant differences were found between the extraction side and the control side in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:268679", "title": "[Synoviorthesis of the knee with osmic acid (OsO4). Results at mid-term].", "content": "Synoviorthesis of the knee joint with OsO4 is a simple procedure with few short or long term side effects. The substance used is inexpensive and easy to handle. All studies published so far have confirmed its suitability in the treatment of synovitis of the knee and various other joints. The initial good results deteriorate steadily, primarily in the first year following injection. However, intra-articular administration of OsO4 may be repeated without risk, and achieves as good results as the first synoviorthesis. The less advanced the lesions and the less active clinically and biologically the systemic manifestations, the better the results. Osmic acid does not appear to damage the joint either radiologically or functionally. The effect of OsO4, although probably shorter in duration, is comparable to that of yttrium-90, with the additional advantage that it can be used in young patients. 100 mg (5 ml of 2% solution) can be considered the optimal dose. Synoviorthesis with osmic acid can be performed before going on to surgical synovectomy. Synoviorthesis with osmic acid is ineffective in the treatment of gonarthrosis.", "contents": "[Synoviorthesis of the knee with osmic acid (OsO4). Results at mid-term]. Synoviorthesis of the knee joint with OsO4 is a simple procedure with few short or long term side effects. The substance used is inexpensive and easy to handle. All studies published so far have confirmed its suitability in the treatment of synovitis of the knee and various other joints. The initial good results deteriorate steadily, primarily in the first year following injection. However, intra-articular administration of OsO4 may be repeated without risk, and achieves as good results as the first synoviorthesis. The less advanced the lesions and the less active clinically and biologically the systemic manifestations, the better the results. Osmic acid does not appear to damage the joint either radiologically or functionally. The effect of OsO4, although probably shorter in duration, is comparable to that of yttrium-90, with the additional advantage that it can be used in young patients. 100 mg (5 ml of 2% solution) can be considered the optimal dose. Synoviorthesis with osmic acid can be performed before going on to surgical synovectomy. Synoviorthesis with osmic acid is ineffective in the treatment of gonarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:268691", "title": "Dental caries and restorations in teenagers. I. Index and score system for radiographic studies of proximal surfaces.", "content": "An index and a score system for radiographical longitudinal studies of caries progression on proximal tooth surfaces are presented and compared with the DF-surface system. Generally, a good correlation between DF-surface differences and scores was found in a three-year study on teenagers. However, the score system seems to forward better means for a detailed study of the individual.", "contents": "Dental caries and restorations in teenagers. I. Index and score system for radiographic studies of proximal surfaces. An index and a score system for radiographical longitudinal studies of caries progression on proximal tooth surfaces are presented and compared with the DF-surface system. Generally, a good correlation between DF-surface differences and scores was found in a three-year study on teenagers. However, the score system seems to forward better means for a detailed study of the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:268692", "title": "Dental caries and restorations in teenargers. II. A longitudinal radiographic study of the caries increment of proximal surfaces among urban teenagers in Sweden.", "content": "Within a group of 16 year old school children leaving the regular school dental care, the number of carious lesions and fillings in proximal tooth surfaces was radiographically studied, using an index system. Three years later, the same individuals were re-examined. The results showed that intact surfaces and surfaces with small carious lesions were more resistant to change than others. A minority of the individuals was found to be responsible for a majority of the lesions established during the three year interval. Generally, the progress of caries was slow.", "contents": "Dental caries and restorations in teenargers. II. A longitudinal radiographic study of the caries increment of proximal surfaces among urban teenagers in Sweden. Within a group of 16 year old school children leaving the regular school dental care, the number of carious lesions and fillings in proximal tooth surfaces was radiographically studied, using an index system. Three years later, the same individuals were re-examined. The results showed that intact surfaces and surfaces with small carious lesions were more resistant to change than others. A minority of the individuals was found to be responsible for a majority of the lesions established during the three year interval. Generally, the progress of caries was slow."}
{"id": "PMID:268694", "title": "Masseter motor pause frequency as related to different bolus sizes.", "content": "The frequency of motor pauses in the masseter EMG is recorded for different bolus sizes of chewing gum on ten dentate subjects. The bolus sizes were from one two five tables of chewing gum, and the instructions to the subjects were to chew normally. No correlation between bolus size and frequency of motor pauses was found.", "contents": "Masseter motor pause frequency as related to different bolus sizes. The frequency of motor pauses in the masseter EMG is recorded for different bolus sizes of chewing gum on ten dentate subjects. The bolus sizes were from one two five tables of chewing gum, and the instructions to the subjects were to chew normally. No correlation between bolus size and frequency of motor pauses was found."}
{"id": "PMID:268695", "title": "Specific conditions of distress in the dental situation.", "content": "The general feeling of distress in the dental situation has been studied in 60 female dental patients and correlated to the following variables: Experimentally evaluated sensitivity to pain, self-rating and the dentist's rating of sensitivity to pain, the pain-threshold value in the teeth, the need of local anesthesia, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and some percept-genetic psychological measures of adaptive behavior. The subjects have also answered a questionnaire for grading their distress in regard to different aspects of the treatment-situation, which were combined into eight groups using factor analysis and then correlated to the general distress. The variables having a significant relation to distress in the dental situation were: the dentist's rating of the patient's sensitivity, the need of anesthesia, four groups of treatment-components and two of the percept-genetic measures. There was also a certain relation to the pain threshold in the teeth.", "contents": "Specific conditions of distress in the dental situation. The general feeling of distress in the dental situation has been studied in 60 female dental patients and correlated to the following variables: Experimentally evaluated sensitivity to pain, self-rating and the dentist's rating of sensitivity to pain, the pain-threshold value in the teeth, the need of local anesthesia, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and some percept-genetic psychological measures of adaptive behavior. The subjects have also answered a questionnaire for grading their distress in regard to different aspects of the treatment-situation, which were combined into eight groups using factor analysis and then correlated to the general distress. The variables having a significant relation to distress in the dental situation were: the dentist's rating of the patient's sensitivity, the need of anesthesia, four groups of treatment-components and two of the percept-genetic measures. There was also a certain relation to the pain threshold in the teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:268698", "title": "[Contribution to the discussion about the induction of tumors by ionizing radiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe six observations of malignant tumors which had appeared in the region of the irradiation fields after a period of 11 to 51 years following to a radiotherapy. The doses were between approximately 2000 and 9000 R resp. rd. The individual tumors were: one osteogenic sarcoma, one chondrosarcoma, two fibrosarcomas, one lymphangio-hemangio-sarcoma and one basal cell carcinoma. According to the present state of our knowledge about the induction of tumors by ionizing radiation, we presume that no threshold dose does exist and that the danger of a tumor induction increases with the dose. The function of the tumor induction is still in general discussion.", "contents": "[Contribution to the discussion about the induction of tumors by ionizing radiation (author's transl)]. The authors describe six observations of malignant tumors which had appeared in the region of the irradiation fields after a period of 11 to 51 years following to a radiotherapy. The doses were between approximately 2000 and 9000 R resp. rd. The individual tumors were: one osteogenic sarcoma, one chondrosarcoma, two fibrosarcomas, one lymphangio-hemangio-sarcoma and one basal cell carcinoma. According to the present state of our knowledge about the induction of tumors by ionizing radiation, we presume that no threshold dose does exist and that the danger of a tumor induction increases with the dose. The function of the tumor induction is still in general discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:268699", "title": "[Clinical and microstructural comparative studies on fillings made from gallium-tin-nickel alloys and from silver-tin amalgam].", "content": "The filling material \"Gallodent\" has been clinically controlled for a period of one year. Scanning electron microscopic examinnations revealed greater surface porosity with negligible microleakage and better marginal adaptation as compared to amalgam. Early corrosion phenomena required re-polishing every three months. This disadvantage and the brittleness of the gallium-tin-nickel alloys hinder, at present, these alloys from superseding high-silver amalgams.", "contents": "[Clinical and microstructural comparative studies on fillings made from gallium-tin-nickel alloys and from silver-tin amalgam]. The filling material \"Gallodent\" has been clinically controlled for a period of one year. Scanning electron microscopic examinnations revealed greater surface porosity with negligible microleakage and better marginal adaptation as compared to amalgam. Early corrosion phenomena required re-polishing every three months. This disadvantage and the brittleness of the gallium-tin-nickel alloys hinder, at present, these alloys from superseding high-silver amalgams."}
{"id": "PMID:268700", "title": "[Periodontol problems in the mixed dentition].", "content": "The authors studied the periodontal and oral hygiene conditions in 343 children from the children's town of F\u00f3t. They observed a not too great increase in gingivitis intensity in the mixed dentition which is very seldom seen under physiological conditions of the change to permanent dentition; but which occurs frequently in individuals with badly decayed milk molars associated with poor oral hygiene and impaired masticatory function.", "contents": "[Periodontol problems in the mixed dentition]. The authors studied the periodontal and oral hygiene conditions in 343 children from the children's town of F\u00f3t. They observed a not too great increase in gingivitis intensity in the mixed dentition which is very seldom seen under physiological conditions of the change to permanent dentition; but which occurs frequently in individuals with badly decayed milk molars associated with poor oral hygiene and impaired masticatory function."}
{"id": "PMID:268701", "title": "[Specialization in periodontology].", "content": "In addition to the demand that periodontal therapy should be the task of any stomatologist, the considerable morbidity and the aetiopathological special features of periodontal diseases call for specialists. Periodontal basic care and specialized therapy easy to delimitate. The specified stomatological curriculum allows for the demands on periodontology; it is imperative to enforce them in education and continuing education.", "contents": "[Specialization in periodontology]. In addition to the demand that periodontal therapy should be the task of any stomatologist, the considerable morbidity and the aetiopathological special features of periodontal diseases call for specialists. Periodontal basic care and specialized therapy easy to delimitate. The specified stomatological curriculum allows for the demands on periodontology; it is imperative to enforce them in education and continuing education."}
{"id": "PMID:268702", "title": "[Diseases of the temporomandibular joint--a clinical statistical study].", "content": "Affections of the temporo-mandibular joint are rare clinical pictures; but their incidence is ever increasing. Their scientific elucidation is imperative, especially since discrepancies concerning the terminology, definitions and practical treatment methods hinder uniform conceptions from becoming effective. From the clinico-statistical analysis of 587 cases the authors deduce statements regarding the frequency of the different diagnosis groups and the distribution according to age, sex and side affected. The distribution according to occupational groups is also presented. A uniform nomenclature (according to Birke) of the affections of the temporo-mandibular joint being now available, the next step must be to dilimitate the validity of different diagnostic methods and to arrive at clear-cut treatment directives, interdisciplinary cooperation being absolutely necessary.", "contents": "[Diseases of the temporomandibular joint--a clinical statistical study]. Affections of the temporo-mandibular joint are rare clinical pictures; but their incidence is ever increasing. Their scientific elucidation is imperative, especially since discrepancies concerning the terminology, definitions and practical treatment methods hinder uniform conceptions from becoming effective. From the clinico-statistical analysis of 587 cases the authors deduce statements regarding the frequency of the different diagnosis groups and the distribution according to age, sex and side affected. The distribution according to occupational groups is also presented. A uniform nomenclature (according to Birke) of the affections of the temporo-mandibular joint being now available, the next step must be to dilimitate the validity of different diagnostic methods and to arrive at clear-cut treatment directives, interdisciplinary cooperation being absolutely necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:268703", "title": "[Studies on the uses of the electronic image evaluating device \"Densitron\" for the evaluation of dental radiographs. III. Standardisation in densitometry].", "content": "The authors outline in two papers to what extent the interpretability of a radiograph is changed when converted by means of the Densitron. They confined themselves to the interpretation of dental films and panoramic radiographs. For reasons of clinical interest, particular attention was paid in dental films on localized processes (such as dental caries), and in panoramic radiographs on possible bone diseases as a sequel or concomitant affection in case of renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyreosis.", "contents": "[Studies on the uses of the electronic image evaluating device \"Densitron\" for the evaluation of dental radiographs. III. Standardisation in densitometry]. The authors outline in two papers to what extent the interpretability of a radiograph is changed when converted by means of the Densitron. They confined themselves to the interpretation of dental films and panoramic radiographs. For reasons of clinical interest, particular attention was paid in dental films on localized processes (such as dental caries), and in panoramic radiographs on possible bone diseases as a sequel or concomitant affection in case of renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyreosis."}
{"id": "PMID:268709", "title": "[Caries prevention by means of local fluoride application].", "content": "The topical application of fluoride has developed into an effective health-saving measure for the individual and the collective prevention of caries. A reduction in caries increment of 30 to 40% may be expected. With reference to the mode of action of topically applied fluorides on dental enamel and plaques, methods and preparations are recommended for acceptance in the framework of socialist health protection.", "contents": "[Caries prevention by means of local fluoride application]. The topical application of fluoride has developed into an effective health-saving measure for the individual and the collective prevention of caries. A reduction in caries increment of 30 to 40% may be expected. With reference to the mode of action of topically applied fluorides on dental enamel and plaques, methods and preparations are recommended for acceptance in the framework of socialist health protection."}
{"id": "PMID:268710", "title": "[Comparative studies on the breaking strength of tissue adhesives of the butylcyanoacrylate type].", "content": "Four tissue adhesives of the butylcyano-acrylate type were tested for breaking strength. The addition of dyes and stabilizers results in an increase in breaking strength. Adhesives coloured with an anthraquinone dye and stabilized with SO2 significantly surpass in breaking strength adhesives that are only coloured or stabilized. Fiomed II (coloured, stabilized with SO2) yields significantly (at P=0.001) better values than Histoacryl blue. Addition of the dye alone seems to exert a better effect on breaking strength than addition of the stabilizer alone. As evidenced by our results, the breaking strength is in the order: 1. Fiomed II (coloured, stabilized with SO2), 2. Histoacryl blue, 3. Fiomed III (coloured, without SO2), 4. Fiomed I (without dye, stabilized with SO2).", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the breaking strength of tissue adhesives of the butylcyanoacrylate type]. Four tissue adhesives of the butylcyano-acrylate type were tested for breaking strength. The addition of dyes and stabilizers results in an increase in breaking strength. Adhesives coloured with an anthraquinone dye and stabilized with SO2 significantly surpass in breaking strength adhesives that are only coloured or stabilized. Fiomed II (coloured, stabilized with SO2) yields significantly (at P=0.001) better values than Histoacryl blue. Addition of the dye alone seems to exert a better effect on breaking strength than addition of the stabilizer alone. As evidenced by our results, the breaking strength is in the order: 1. Fiomed II (coloured, stabilized with SO2), 2. Histoacryl blue, 3. Fiomed III (coloured, without SO2), 4. Fiomed I (without dye, stabilized with SO2)."}
{"id": "PMID:268711", "title": "[Long-term experiences with surgery of large jaw cysts by the Nasteff-Rosenthal method].", "content": "Of a total of almost 200 patients operated upon by means of the Nasteff-Rosenthal method during the years 1962-1972, 80 could be re-examined. The results obtained show that this operating method stands the comparison with other techniques and that it may be recommended further on for the treatment of great cysts in the mandible as well as in the maxillae.", "contents": "[Long-term experiences with surgery of large jaw cysts by the Nasteff-Rosenthal method]. Of a total of almost 200 patients operated upon by means of the Nasteff-Rosenthal method during the years 1962-1972, 80 could be re-examined. The results obtained show that this operating method stands the comparison with other techniques and that it may be recommended further on for the treatment of great cysts in the mandible as well as in the maxillae."}
{"id": "PMID:268713", "title": "[Studies on the surgical approach in vital pulp excision in relation to the root canal cross section].", "content": "The authors examined in 38 teeth the condition of the pulp stump after vital extirpation of the pulp in relation to the cross-section of the  root canal. They found that the wound conditions could not be evaluated in 17 teeth as there was no pulp stump in the apical region. Relatively favourable conditions were seen in 11 teeth, which was achieved only in case of circular or oval cross-section of the root canal. These findings permit the conclusion that the state of the pulp stump after vital extirpation depends upon the anatomical conditions and the accuracy of the mechanical manipulation.", "contents": "[Studies on the surgical approach in vital pulp excision in relation to the root canal cross section]. The authors examined in 38 teeth the condition of the pulp stump after vital extirpation of the pulp in relation to the cross-section of the  root canal. They found that the wound conditions could not be evaluated in 17 teeth as there was no pulp stump in the apical region. Relatively favourable conditions were seen in 11 teeth, which was achieved only in case of circular or oval cross-section of the root canal. These findings permit the conclusion that the state of the pulp stump after vital extirpation depends upon the anatomical conditions and the accuracy of the mechanical manipulation."}
{"id": "PMID:268714", "title": "[Biodevelopmental and biostatistical aspects of the concept of normal values in the 1st and 2d dentition].", "content": "In conformity with the practice in other biological sciences, it is suggested to adopt in dentition chronology the double of the range around the mean as the range of normal. The great variance especially in the second dentition agrees with the variance of other developmental characteristics and must be considered to be typical of human development. The integration of dentition with the complex of the characteristics of physical and psychical development is advocated.", "contents": "[Biodevelopmental and biostatistical aspects of the concept of normal values in the 1st and 2d dentition]. In conformity with the practice in other biological sciences, it is suggested to adopt in dentition chronology the double of the range around the mean as the range of normal. The great variance especially in the second dentition agrees with the variance of other developmental characteristics and must be considered to be typical of human development. The integration of dentition with the complex of the characteristics of physical and psychical development is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:268715", "title": "[The need for stomatological care in the light of an analysis of the frequency of stomatologic diseases].", "content": "The present paper deals with a method for determining the extent of stomatological care for the population of the GDR. The components \"stomatological morbidity\", \"available amount of time\" and \"average amount of working time spent on each prosthetic/conservative service\" are linked to determine the extent of stomatological care with regard to the three variants of prosthetic/conservative treatment. The calculation method is used to find out the optimal variant.", "contents": "[The need for stomatological care in the light of an analysis of the frequency of stomatologic diseases]. The present paper deals with a method for determining the extent of stomatological care for the population of the GDR. The components \"stomatological morbidity\", \"available amount of time\" and \"average amount of working time spent on each prosthetic/conservative service\" are linked to determine the extent of stomatological care with regard to the three variants of prosthetic/conservative treatment. The calculation method is used to find out the optimal variant."}
{"id": "PMID:268716", "title": "[How aware are our patients? A contribution to health education].", "content": "821 new-admitted patients were examined to substantiate the present state of health-oriented modes of behaviour in the field of stomatology. 20% of the patients consulted for prophylactic reasons. 59% of the total of patients presenting with pain had been fully aware of their need for treatment prior to the acute event. Relationships between age and mode of behaviour and the significance of the family dentist are demonstrated.", "contents": "[How aware are our patients? A contribution to health education]. 821 new-admitted patients were examined to substantiate the present state of health-oriented modes of behaviour in the field of stomatology. 20% of the patients consulted for prophylactic reasons. 59% of the total of patients presenting with pain had been fully aware of their need for treatment prior to the acute event. Relationships between age and mode of behaviour and the significance of the family dentist are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:268718", "title": "The diagnostic usefulness of electron microscopy investigation of orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas.", "content": "The ultrastructural study of three malignant orbital tumors, only one of which was correctly diagnosed as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma upon histologic examination, is reported. In all 3 cases electron microscopic investigation revealed the presence of rhabdomyoblasts. These are easily recognizable in one case in which the diagnosis was made on the basis of the optical microscopic study. The other two cases needed further tests to evince rhabdomyoblasts. The importance of an ultrastructural study for a histogenetic characterization of this kind of tumor is emphasized. As far as embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas are concerned the electron microscopic study is possible, and it gives useful results even when material fixed with routine histologic methods (formalin, Bouin's solution) are used.", "contents": "The diagnostic usefulness of electron microscopy investigation of orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. The ultrastructural study of three malignant orbital tumors, only one of which was correctly diagnosed as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma upon histologic examination, is reported. In all 3 cases electron microscopic investigation revealed the presence of rhabdomyoblasts. These are easily recognizable in one case in which the diagnosis was made on the basis of the optical microscopic study. The other two cases needed further tests to evince rhabdomyoblasts. The importance of an ultrastructural study for a histogenetic characterization of this kind of tumor is emphasized. As far as embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas are concerned the electron microscopic study is possible, and it gives useful results even when material fixed with routine histologic methods (formalin, Bouin's solution) are used."}
{"id": "PMID:268728", "title": "Traumatic fibromyositis: a critical review of an enigmatic concept.", "content": "Traumatic fibromyositis is not an inflammation; there is no fever, leukocytosis or increased sedimentation rate; electrical characteristics and serum enzyme levels are within normal limits, and there are no observable pathologic alterations, although they have been carefully searched for. Recent attempts to express the effects of muscular sprain or strain as a biochemical disturbance expressed in an unusual pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes appear not only to be technically flawed but inconsistent with results of conventional enzyme studies on other muscle and interstitial inflammations. In the author's view, \"traumatic\" fibromyositis is no more than a verbal construct arrived at by adding an adjectival modifier to the old terms for idiopathic rheumatic disorders. An examination of the evolution of the concept of traumatic fibromyositis shows that it lacks validity as a clinical diagnosis and ought to be abandoned.", "contents": "Traumatic fibromyositis: a critical review of an enigmatic concept. Traumatic fibromyositis is not an inflammation; there is no fever, leukocytosis or increased sedimentation rate; electrical characteristics and serum enzyme levels are within normal limits, and there are no observable pathologic alterations, although they have been carefully searched for. Recent attempts to express the effects of muscular sprain or strain as a biochemical disturbance expressed in an unusual pattern of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes appear not only to be technically flawed but inconsistent with results of conventional enzyme studies on other muscle and interstitial inflammations. In the author's view, \"traumatic\" fibromyositis is no more than a verbal construct arrived at by adding an adjectival modifier to the old terms for idiopathic rheumatic disorders. An examination of the evolution of the concept of traumatic fibromyositis shows that it lacks validity as a clinical diagnosis and ought to be abandoned."}
{"id": "PMID:268729", "title": "[Serum methotrexate determination by microbiological assay in patients receiving high-dosage methotrexate (author's transl)].", "content": "Microbiological assay according to Burchenal (modified by Mehta) is used for the determination of the serum methotrexate (MTX) level. Fifty cycles of high-dose MTX therapy were monitored in 11 patients with osteogenic sarcoma. The results showed close correlation with the clinical course of the therapy. The serum level of MTX was elevated in patients with symptoms of toxicity.", "contents": "[Serum methotrexate determination by microbiological assay in patients receiving high-dosage methotrexate (author's transl)]. Microbiological assay according to Burchenal (modified by Mehta) is used for the determination of the serum methotrexate (MTX) level. Fifty cycles of high-dose MTX therapy were monitored in 11 patients with osteogenic sarcoma. The results showed close correlation with the clinical course of the therapy. The serum level of MTX was elevated in patients with symptoms of toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:268745", "title": "Intraperitoneal drain in cholelithiasis operations.", "content": "571 patients were operated on for cholelithiasis, 70 acute cases and 501 chronic ones. On 142 cases of the latter type choledochus exploration was performed, while on the others only simple cholecystectomy was carried out. Intraperitoneal drain in the form of a latex tube was used on all the acute cases except 4, on all who underwent choledochus exploration except 3, and on 254 of the 359 chronic cases on whom simple cholecystectomy was performed. The analysi of the material shows that the indications for intraperitoneal drainage are not very convincing after cholecystectomy at a chronic stage, considering the amount of fluid drawn via the intraperitoneal drain and the complications that arose. After choledochus exploration, however, intraperitoneal drain serves its purpose in connection with the removal of the choledochus drain. Intraperitoneal drain should therefore be used when choledochus has been explored. In routine cases it should not be removed until the choledochus drain has been withdrawn.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal drain in cholelithiasis operations. 571 patients were operated on for cholelithiasis, 70 acute cases and 501 chronic ones. On 142 cases of the latter type choledochus exploration was performed, while on the others only simple cholecystectomy was carried out. Intraperitoneal drain in the form of a latex tube was used on all the acute cases except 4, on all who underwent choledochus exploration except 3, and on 254 of the 359 chronic cases on whom simple cholecystectomy was performed. The analysi of the material shows that the indications for intraperitoneal drainage are not very convincing after cholecystectomy at a chronic stage, considering the amount of fluid drawn via the intraperitoneal drain and the complications that arose. After choledochus exploration, however, intraperitoneal drain serves its purpose in connection with the removal of the choledochus drain. Intraperitoneal drain should therefore be used when choledochus has been explored. In routine cases it should not be removed until the choledochus drain has been withdrawn."}
{"id": "PMID:268747", "title": "Pre-ovulatory plasma levels of 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and conception in patients treated with gonadotrophins.", "content": "Twenty-six patients seeking advice for sterility were given courses of treatment with HMG-HCG. Ovarian maturation was followed by daily evaluation of plasma 17beta-oestradiol concentrations. HCG was administered as soon as 17beta-oestradiol levels reached 250 pg/ml. In a first group of 7 amenorrheic patients with lack of oestrogen activity, a pregnancy rate of 71.4% and an ovulation rate of 91.7% were achieved. In a second group of 5 amenorrheic patients showing evidence of oestrogen activity, a pregnancy rate of 80.0% and an ovulation rate of 100% were obtained. In a third group of 14 oligomenorrheic patients, the pregnancy rate attained 71.4% and the ovulation rate 96.9%. The overall pregnancy rate was 73.0%. With this procedure of monitoring HMG-HCG treatment by means of plasma 17beta-oestradiol levels, the multiple pregnancy rate reached only 11.7% and only one case of mild ovarian hyperstimulation was observed. Pre-ovulatory and pre-conceptional 17beta-oestradiol concentration were identical with those observed in spontaneous ovulatory cycles with or without conception.", "contents": "Pre-ovulatory plasma levels of 17beta-oestradiol (E2) and conception in patients treated with gonadotrophins. Twenty-six patients seeking advice for sterility were given courses of treatment with HMG-HCG. Ovarian maturation was followed by daily evaluation of plasma 17beta-oestradiol concentrations. HCG was administered as soon as 17beta-oestradiol levels reached 250 pg/ml. In a first group of 7 amenorrheic patients with lack of oestrogen activity, a pregnancy rate of 71.4% and an ovulation rate of 91.7% were achieved. In a second group of 5 amenorrheic patients showing evidence of oestrogen activity, a pregnancy rate of 80.0% and an ovulation rate of 100% were obtained. In a third group of 14 oligomenorrheic patients, the pregnancy rate attained 71.4% and the ovulation rate 96.9%. The overall pregnancy rate was 73.0%. With this procedure of monitoring HMG-HCG treatment by means of plasma 17beta-oestradiol levels, the multiple pregnancy rate reached only 11.7% and only one case of mild ovarian hyperstimulation was observed. Pre-ovulatory and pre-conceptional 17beta-oestradiol concentration were identical with those observed in spontaneous ovulatory cycles with or without conception."}
{"id": "PMID:268749", "title": "Conception, contraception and misconception.", "content": "Because of Dr. G. A. Overbeek's interest and contributions in the field of oral contraception a survey is given of present leads and developments in this area. It is concluded that contraceptive preparations known under names such as: once-a-month pill, morning-after pill and post-coitum pill, although desired, do not really exist at the moment. It is further expected that oral contraception based on the inhibition of ovulation will stay with us for many years to come. Better preparations, not exclusively containing oestrogen progestagen combinations but possibly including a non-hormonal pituitary inhibitor as well, might be developed. This will allow better control over the endometrium, and the unwanted effects of the presently used hormonal substances. It is likely that an implantation-inhibiting compound or an abortifacient which acts shortly after implantation will be found. With respect to oral contraception for males it is concluded that, although inhibition of spermatogenesis with drugs is possible, a satisfactory contraceptive treatment for men is not yet available.", "contents": "Conception, contraception and misconception. Because of Dr. G. A. Overbeek's interest and contributions in the field of oral contraception a survey is given of present leads and developments in this area. It is concluded that contraceptive preparations known under names such as: once-a-month pill, morning-after pill and post-coitum pill, although desired, do not really exist at the moment. It is further expected that oral contraception based on the inhibition of ovulation will stay with us for many years to come. Better preparations, not exclusively containing oestrogen progestagen combinations but possibly including a non-hormonal pituitary inhibitor as well, might be developed. This will allow better control over the endometrium, and the unwanted effects of the presently used hormonal substances. It is likely that an implantation-inhibiting compound or an abortifacient which acts shortly after implantation will be found. With respect to oral contraception for males it is concluded that, although inhibition of spermatogenesis with drugs is possible, a satisfactory contraceptive treatment for men is not yet available."}
{"id": "PMID:268918", "title": "The effect of chlorhexidine and some other detergents on the activity of dextransucrase from Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine and other bis-biguanides on the formation of dental plaque is not fully understood. The present paper describes the effect of chlorhexidine and some selected detergents on the activity of dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5.), an enzyme involved in the formation of important components of dental plaque. All detergents examined exerted an inhibitory effect on dextransucrase activity, to some degree dependent on the presence of charged groups and their characters. The high concentrations of chlorhexidine necessary to inhibit dextransucrase activity seem to exclude the possibility that chlorhexidine exerts its plaque inhibiting effect by means of an effect on dextransucrase.", "contents": "The effect of chlorhexidine and some other detergents on the activity of dextransucrase from Streptococcus mutans. The inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine and other bis-biguanides on the formation of dental plaque is not fully understood. The present paper describes the effect of chlorhexidine and some selected detergents on the activity of dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5.), an enzyme involved in the formation of important components of dental plaque. All detergents examined exerted an inhibitory effect on dextransucrase activity, to some degree dependent on the presence of charged groups and their characters. The high concentrations of chlorhexidine necessary to inhibit dextransucrase activity seem to exclude the possibility that chlorhexidine exerts its plaque inhibiting effect by means of an effect on dextransucrase."}
{"id": "PMID:268919", "title": "The effect of muscle function in discriminating thickness differences interocclusally and the duration of the perceptive memory.", "content": "The thresholds in discriminating the thickness differences interocclusally were measured with three different mouth openings on subjects having natural dentitions. Also the duration of the perceptive memory was studied. The results showed that the functional activation or fatiguing of masticatory muscles and the degree of mouth opening affect size discrimination interocclusally. The ability to perceive thickness differences between the incisors was more accurate after 1 hour's chewing than normally. The trend was significant with 0.5 mm and 10 mm mouth openings (2 P less than 0.01) and highly significant with an 20 mm mouth opening (2 P less than 0.001). With a 20 mm mouth opening (2 P less than 0.01) and 10 mm mouth opening (2 P less than 0.05) size discrimination was less accurate after two hours' fatiguing chewing than after one hour's conventional chewing. After 30 seconds' forceful isometric contraction and with 20 mm mouth opening discrimination was more accurate than normally (2 P less than 0.01). The trend was the same with a 10 mm mouth opening, but no difference could be observed when the mouth opening was 0.5 mm. The memory tests showed that with a 0.5 mm mouth opening thickness differences of 0.3-0.5 mm were most commonly correctly perceived twenty-four hours later, but when the mouth openings were 10 and 20 mm an interval of only 1 min between the reference and test piece trial impaired the performance.", "contents": "The effect of muscle function in discriminating thickness differences interocclusally and the duration of the perceptive memory. The thresholds in discriminating the thickness differences interocclusally were measured with three different mouth openings on subjects having natural dentitions. Also the duration of the perceptive memory was studied. The results showed that the functional activation or fatiguing of masticatory muscles and the degree of mouth opening affect size discrimination interocclusally. The ability to perceive thickness differences between the incisors was more accurate after 1 hour's chewing than normally. The trend was significant with 0.5 mm and 10 mm mouth openings (2 P less than 0.01) and highly significant with an 20 mm mouth opening (2 P less than 0.001). With a 20 mm mouth opening (2 P less than 0.01) and 10 mm mouth opening (2 P less than 0.05) size discrimination was less accurate after two hours' fatiguing chewing than after one hour's conventional chewing. After 30 seconds' forceful isometric contraction and with 20 mm mouth opening discrimination was more accurate than normally (2 P less than 0.01). The trend was the same with a 10 mm mouth opening, but no difference could be observed when the mouth opening was 0.5 mm. The memory tests showed that with a 0.5 mm mouth opening thickness differences of 0.3-0.5 mm were most commonly correctly perceived twenty-four hours later, but when the mouth openings were 10 and 20 mm an interval of only 1 min between the reference and test piece trial impaired the performance."}
{"id": "PMID:268920", "title": "Intra-examiner reliability of epidemiologic registrations of malocclusion.", "content": "Intra-examiner consistency in the recording of single traits of malocclusion according to a previously described method was assessed by duplicate registrations on study models of 292 children. The level of agreement was expressed by the consistency ratio and the phi coefficient. A high level of consistency was obtained for most of the malocclusion traits, and it was concluded that the method employed is appropriate also for analyses of interrelations between these traits.", "contents": "Intra-examiner reliability of epidemiologic registrations of malocclusion. Intra-examiner consistency in the recording of single traits of malocclusion according to a previously described method was assessed by duplicate registrations on study models of 292 children. The level of agreement was expressed by the consistency ratio and the phi coefficient. A high level of consistency was obtained for most of the malocclusion traits, and it was concluded that the method employed is appropriate also for analyses of interrelations between these traits."}
{"id": "PMID:268921", "title": "Arthrosis and deviation in form in the temporomandibular joint. A macroscopic study on a human autopsy material.", "content": "The right TMJ from 115 individuals, aged 1 day--93 years, were examined macroscopically regarding the occurrence of deviation in form and arthrosis in the three articulating joint components. The changes were classified according to extent. In addition, the depth of the arthrotic lesions was determined. Nearly half (48 of 102) of the adult TMJs revealed some form of change. No changes in the joint surfaces were noted from individuals under 20 years of age. Deviations in form occurred in 45 of the 48 affected joints and arthrosis in 24. The deviations in form were most common in the condyle while arthrotic lesions were noted mainly in the disk and temporal component of the joint. The changes were usually local in nature and located in the lateral one-third of the joint.", "contents": "Arthrosis and deviation in form in the temporomandibular joint. A macroscopic study on a human autopsy material. The right TMJ from 115 individuals, aged 1 day--93 years, were examined macroscopically regarding the occurrence of deviation in form and arthrosis in the three articulating joint components. The changes were classified according to extent. In addition, the depth of the arthrotic lesions was determined. Nearly half (48 of 102) of the adult TMJs revealed some form of change. No changes in the joint surfaces were noted from individuals under 20 years of age. Deviations in form occurred in 45 of the 48 affected joints and arthrosis in 24. The deviations in form were most common in the condyle while arthrotic lesions were noted mainly in the disk and temporal component of the joint. The changes were usually local in nature and located in the lateral one-third of the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:268922", "title": "Contraction stresses of composite resin filling materials.", "content": "The polymerization shrinkage of composite resin filling materials and the tensile stresses developed when the shrinkage is restrained were measured in an in vitro experiment. This allows an estimation to be made of the forces exerted upon the enamel walls of cavities filled with the resin in the acid etch technique. The results indicate that the stresses acting on the enamel are low compared to the tensile strength of the enamel.", "contents": "Contraction stresses of composite resin filling materials. The polymerization shrinkage of composite resin filling materials and the tensile stresses developed when the shrinkage is restrained were measured in an in vitro experiment. This allows an estimation to be made of the forces exerted upon the enamel walls of cavities filled with the resin in the acid etch technique. The results indicate that the stresses acting on the enamel are low compared to the tensile strength of the enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:268923", "title": "Subjective symptoms in temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Questionnaires about subjective symptoms were sent by post to 120 patients referred to the clinic for mandibular dysfunction. A group of 20 patients with crepitation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and a group of 19 patients with palpatory tenderness of the TMJ were compared with a reference group of 29 patients for any difference in local subjective symptoms, frequency of headache and symptoms in other joints. The patients with TMJ crepitation, which were considered to have TMJ osteoarthrosis, were older and reported a higher frequency of grating sound from the TMJ than the patients in the reference group. The patients with palpatory tenderness of the TMJ reported a higher frequency of toothgrinding, more severe symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and a higher frequency of symptoms in the hand joints. No correlation was found between subjective symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and those of other joints. The results of the study indicate that patients with TMJ osteoarthrosis do not differ from other patients with mandibular dysfunction with respect to subjective symptoms and that subjective symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in general develop independently of those in other joints.", "contents": "Subjective symptoms in temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis. Questionnaires about subjective symptoms were sent by post to 120 patients referred to the clinic for mandibular dysfunction. A group of 20 patients with crepitation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and a group of 19 patients with palpatory tenderness of the TMJ were compared with a reference group of 29 patients for any difference in local subjective symptoms, frequency of headache and symptoms in other joints. The patients with TMJ crepitation, which were considered to have TMJ osteoarthrosis, were older and reported a higher frequency of grating sound from the TMJ than the patients in the reference group. The patients with palpatory tenderness of the TMJ reported a higher frequency of toothgrinding, more severe symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and a higher frequency of symptoms in the hand joints. No correlation was found between subjective symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and those of other joints. The results of the study indicate that patients with TMJ osteoarthrosis do not differ from other patients with mandibular dysfunction with respect to subjective symptoms and that subjective symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in general develop independently of those in other joints."}
{"id": "PMID:268924", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function during the injection of adriamycin.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to evaluate left ventricular function in 8 children treated with adriamycin for malignant disease. Preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and percent change in left ventricular internal dimension with systole (delta LVID) were measured before, during and immediately after 22 injections of adriamycin as well as 14 injections of other cytotoxic drugs and physiologic saline. No immediate effects on left ventricular function could be discerned. When functional parameters were evaluated longitudinally in patients with relatively higher cumulative doses of adriamycin, percent change in left ventricular internal dimension with systole showed some tendency to decrease, while the other parameters remained essentially unchanged.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function during the injection of adriamycin. Echocardiography was used to evaluate left ventricular function in 8 children treated with adriamycin for malignant disease. Preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and percent change in left ventricular internal dimension with systole (delta LVID) were measured before, during and immediately after 22 injections of adriamycin as well as 14 injections of other cytotoxic drugs and physiologic saline. No immediate effects on left ventricular function could be discerned. When functional parameters were evaluated longitudinally in patients with relatively higher cumulative doses of adriamycin, percent change in left ventricular internal dimension with systole showed some tendency to decrease, while the other parameters remained essentially unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:268925", "title": "The effect of immunotherapy with BCG on the development of radiostrontium (90Sr)-induced osteosarcoma.", "content": "The development of radiostrontium-induced osteosarcoma was studied in BCG-treated and in untreated control mice. Within the observation period of 420 days after the administration of radiostrontium there was a total tumour-incidence of 89.5 and 90.5 per cent for the respective groups of animals. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, neither with regard to the time of the first roentgenographic appearance of the osteosarcoma, nor concerning the total tumour incidence , nor with regard to the distribution of the primary sites of the tumours. The tumours of the BCG-treated animals showed a clear tendency to a slower growth rate in comparison to that of the tumours in the control animals. This effect was probably immunological in nature. The mortality in osteosarcoma following radiostrontium administration, however, showed no significant difference between the two groups. Light microscopical and ultrastructural examination did not disclose any clear structural difference between the tumours from BCG-treated and untreated control animals.", "contents": "The effect of immunotherapy with BCG on the development of radiostrontium (90Sr)-induced osteosarcoma. The development of radiostrontium-induced osteosarcoma was studied in BCG-treated and in untreated control mice. Within the observation period of 420 days after the administration of radiostrontium there was a total tumour-incidence of 89.5 and 90.5 per cent for the respective groups of animals. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, neither with regard to the time of the first roentgenographic appearance of the osteosarcoma, nor concerning the total tumour incidence , nor with regard to the distribution of the primary sites of the tumours. The tumours of the BCG-treated animals showed a clear tendency to a slower growth rate in comparison to that of the tumours in the control animals. This effect was probably immunological in nature. The mortality in osteosarcoma following radiostrontium administration, however, showed no significant difference between the two groups. Light microscopical and ultrastructural examination did not disclose any clear structural difference between the tumours from BCG-treated and untreated control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:268928", "title": "The prevention of hypertension.", "content": "Our way to prevention is to find a list of traits known to be predictors of elevated blood pressure. This list of predictors offers means for the early identification of susceptibile persons. Years of experience in preventive work indicate that such identification is always useful for developing preventive programmes, since it gives a focus for action (5). Most of the predictors show possible ways in which action could be directed towards prevention of hypertension and reduction of elevated blood pressure. We will focus on salt, control of obesity, physical exercise, and meditation. We would like to discuss preventive aspects of hypertension and the possibility of treating with other methods than drugs.", "contents": "The prevention of hypertension. Our way to prevention is to find a list of traits known to be predictors of elevated blood pressure. This list of predictors offers means for the early identification of susceptibile persons. Years of experience in preventive work indicate that such identification is always useful for developing preventive programmes, since it gives a focus for action (5). Most of the predictors show possible ways in which action could be directed towards prevention of hypertension and reduction of elevated blood pressure. We will focus on salt, control of obesity, physical exercise, and meditation. We would like to discuss preventive aspects of hypertension and the possibility of treating with other methods than drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:268930", "title": "Long-term aspects on essential hypertension.", "content": "Hypertension has been found to imply a disease entity since the beginning of this century. Effective treatment available in the last two decades has changed the outlook remarkably, especially in malignant hypertension. There are more and more evidence that less severe forms of hypertension will benefit from keeping the blood pressure under control.", "contents": "Long-term aspects on essential hypertension. Hypertension has been found to imply a disease entity since the beginning of this century. Effective treatment available in the last two decades has changed the outlook remarkably, especially in malignant hypertension. There are more and more evidence that less severe forms of hypertension will benefit from keeping the blood pressure under control."}
{"id": "PMID:268933", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of pindolol in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Five men and five women, mean age 48 years, with hypertension in stages I or II of the WHO classification, were given preoral treatment with pindolol. The pindolol treatment lead a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, at rest and during work both after 2 months and after 16 months treatment. Three mechanisms seem to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of pindolol: 1) a negative chronotropic effect on the heart, 2) a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and 3) an increase in venous capacitance affecting the venous return. Comparison of the results after 2 and after 16 months of treatment suggests that a decrease in cardiac output is an early mechanism in the lowering of the blood pressure, while a decrease in vascular resistance seems to be more important after long-term treatment with pindolol.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of pindolol in hypertensive patients. Five men and five women, mean age 48 years, with hypertension in stages I or II of the WHO classification, were given preoral treatment with pindolol. The pindolol treatment lead a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, at rest and during work both after 2 months and after 16 months treatment. Three mechanisms seem to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of pindolol: 1) a negative chronotropic effect on the heart, 2) a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and 3) an increase in venous capacitance affecting the venous return. Comparison of the results after 2 and after 16 months of treatment suggests that a decrease in cardiac output is an early mechanism in the lowering of the blood pressure, while a decrease in vascular resistance seems to be more important after long-term treatment with pindolol."}
{"id": "PMID:268934", "title": "Once a day treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Two studies are presented on the possibility of treating hypertension with pindolol once daily. In the first one, patients already treated with multiple doses of pindolol, propranolol or alprenolol were shifted to single dose regime with pindolol, given in the morning. In most cases an adequate blood pressure control could be maintained on a dose of up to 20 mg pindolol. In the other study, previously untreated patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated from the beginning with a single dose of pindolol. An adequate pressure control was also obtained in most of these patients with a dose not surpassing 20 mg pindolol once daily. In non-responders, the addition of a once daily dose of a diuretic resulted in an adequate pressure control. In both studies side-effects were few. The absence of sleep disturbances and beta-blocker induced bradycardia was particularly noteworthy.", "contents": "Once a day treatment of hypertension. Two studies are presented on the possibility of treating hypertension with pindolol once daily. In the first one, patients already treated with multiple doses of pindolol, propranolol or alprenolol were shifted to single dose regime with pindolol, given in the morning. In most cases an adequate blood pressure control could be maintained on a dose of up to 20 mg pindolol. In the other study, previously untreated patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated from the beginning with a single dose of pindolol. An adequate pressure control was also obtained in most of these patients with a dose not surpassing 20 mg pindolol once daily. In non-responders, the addition of a once daily dose of a diuretic resulted in an adequate pressure control. In both studies side-effects were few. The absence of sleep disturbances and beta-blocker induced bradycardia was particularly noteworthy."}
{"id": "PMID:268940", "title": "Postoperative stabilization and intrusion of midface osteotomies with high-pull headgear.", "content": "The two cases presented here illustrate advantageous uses of orthopedic-type craniomandibular headgear. Both cases demonstrate the use of headgear for postoperative cephalad movement of the maxilla. In Case 1 the use of headgear accomplished 6 mm. of anterior maxillary cephalad movement and 3.5 mm. of posterior maxillary cephalad movement. In Case 2 the use of postoperative headgear accomplished 8 mm. of anterior maxillary cephaled movement and 6.25 mm. of posterior maxillary cephalad movement. Table I indicates the duration of intermaxillary immobilization and the ensuing time that the cranial traction appliance was used. Fig. 10 illustrates the profile changes for Cases 1 and 2.", "contents": "Postoperative stabilization and intrusion of midface osteotomies with high-pull headgear. The two cases presented here illustrate advantageous uses of orthopedic-type craniomandibular headgear. Both cases demonstrate the use of headgear for postoperative cephalad movement of the maxilla. In Case 1 the use of headgear accomplished 6 mm. of anterior maxillary cephalad movement and 3.5 mm. of posterior maxillary cephalad movement. In Case 2 the use of postoperative headgear accomplished 8 mm. of anterior maxillary cephaled movement and 6.25 mm. of posterior maxillary cephalad movement. Table I indicates the duration of intermaxillary immobilization and the ensuing time that the cranial traction appliance was used. Fig. 10 illustrates the profile changes for Cases 1 and 2."}
{"id": "PMID:268941", "title": "Force-extension characteristics of orthodontic elastics.", "content": "The force-extension characteristics for a wide range of elastics were determined. It was found that (1) selection of elastics were determined. It was found that (1) selection of elastics based on 3 x lumen size will probably result in more force being generated than was previously reported, (2) there is very little difference seen in force-extension characteristics when the two manufacturers' elastics are compared, and (3) for experimental purposes, elastic testing can be done in the dry state for force-extension characteristic studies. This investigation has shown that stretching an orthodontic elastic to twice its original lumen diameter produces a force which better represents the manufacturer's expected value. Keeping these principles in mind, a more effective tooth-moving force can be realized, enabling the clinician to properly select orthodontic elastics for intra- and intermaxillary biomechanical procedures.", "contents": "Force-extension characteristics of orthodontic elastics. The force-extension characteristics for a wide range of elastics were determined. It was found that (1) selection of elastics were determined. It was found that (1) selection of elastics based on 3 x lumen size will probably result in more force being generated than was previously reported, (2) there is very little difference seen in force-extension characteristics when the two manufacturers' elastics are compared, and (3) for experimental purposes, elastic testing can be done in the dry state for force-extension characteristic studies. This investigation has shown that stretching an orthodontic elastic to twice its original lumen diameter produces a force which better represents the manufacturer's expected value. Keeping these principles in mind, a more effective tooth-moving force can be realized, enabling the clinician to properly select orthodontic elastics for intra- and intermaxillary biomechanical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:268942", "title": "Accurate arch-discrepancy measurements.", "content": "A new technique for accurately measuring tooth-to-arch-length discrepancies according to the ideal arch form is discussed. The armamentarium for making these measurements is explained, and the technique is demonstrated. Clearly, this is an important part of orthodontic diagnosis, and there is a need for greater accuracy than that which techniques of the past have made possible.", "contents": "Accurate arch-discrepancy measurements. A new technique for accurately measuring tooth-to-arch-length discrepancies according to the ideal arch form is discussed. The armamentarium for making these measurements is explained, and the technique is demonstrated. Clearly, this is an important part of orthodontic diagnosis, and there is a need for greater accuracy than that which techniques of the past have made possible."}
{"id": "PMID:268943", "title": "A longitudinal study of dental arch growth.", "content": "Changes in dental arch size and form were assessed by means of univariate and multivariate analysis in a longitudinal study of children between 2 and 10 years of age. The multivariate analysis served to assess the arches as a biologic whole rather than as a series of independent dimensions. Dental arches do not seem to undergo a steady rate of change up to the age of 10 years. In the arches anterior to the first permanent molars, peaks of growth occur between 2 and 3 years and 7 and 8 years in the maxilla, and between 2 and 3 years and 5 and 6 years in the mandible. In the arches, including the first permanent molars, peaks of growth occur between 6 and 8 years in the maxilla and between 9 and 10 years in the mandible.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of dental arch growth. Changes in dental arch size and form were assessed by means of univariate and multivariate analysis in a longitudinal study of children between 2 and 10 years of age. The multivariate analysis served to assess the arches as a biologic whole rather than as a series of independent dimensions. Dental arches do not seem to undergo a steady rate of change up to the age of 10 years. In the arches anterior to the first permanent molars, peaks of growth occur between 2 and 3 years and 7 and 8 years in the maxilla, and between 2 and 3 years and 5 and 6 years in the mandible. In the arches, including the first permanent molars, peaks of growth occur between 6 and 8 years in the maxilla and between 9 and 10 years in the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:268948", "title": "Dentoalveolar morphology in relation to craniocervical posture.", "content": "The associations between dentoalveolar morphology and the posture of the head and the cervical column were studied in a sample of 120 Danish male students aged 22-30 years. Two head positions were recorded on lateral cephalometric radiographs, one determined by the subjects's own feeling of a natural head balance (self balance position) and the other by the subject looking straight into a mirror (mirror position). Dentoalveolar morphology was described by 17 linear and angular variables and postural relationships by 18 angular variables. The position of the head in relation to the cervical column showed positive correlations with the anterior upper and lower dentoalveolar heights and with the inclinations of the upper and lower occlusal planes. These correlations were considered to reflect the dentoalveolar compensatory adaptation to the variation in vertical jaw relationship, which in a previous study had been found to be associated with craniocervical angulation. No associations were observed between craniocervical angulation and alveolar prognathism or incisor inclination. This was in accordance with the previous findings of a lack of associations between sagittal jaw relationship and craniocervical angulation.", "contents": "Dentoalveolar morphology in relation to craniocervical posture. The associations between dentoalveolar morphology and the posture of the head and the cervical column were studied in a sample of 120 Danish male students aged 22-30 years. Two head positions were recorded on lateral cephalometric radiographs, one determined by the subjects's own feeling of a natural head balance (self balance position) and the other by the subject looking straight into a mirror (mirror position). Dentoalveolar morphology was described by 17 linear and angular variables and postural relationships by 18 angular variables. The position of the head in relation to the cervical column showed positive correlations with the anterior upper and lower dentoalveolar heights and with the inclinations of the upper and lower occlusal planes. These correlations were considered to reflect the dentoalveolar compensatory adaptation to the variation in vertical jaw relationship, which in a previous study had been found to be associated with craniocervical angulation. No associations were observed between craniocervical angulation and alveolar prognathism or incisor inclination. This was in accordance with the previous findings of a lack of associations between sagittal jaw relationship and craniocervical angulation."}
{"id": "PMID:268949", "title": "The etiology and prediction of mandibular third molar impaction.", "content": "1. Skeletal Class II dental base relationship with a shorter, narrower, more acute angled madible was found in association with impacted third molars, compared with erupted teeth. 2. These differences were found at age 18+ years but were less obvious at age 10 to 11 years. 3. There was a reduced amount of mandibular growth in impacted third molar cases. 4. There was a slight tendency for impacted third molars to be larger than those which erupted. 5. The presence of a space between second and third molars in the early stages of development is not an indication that the third molar will erupt. 6. The developmental angulation of the third molar to the mandibular plane was higher in the impacted third molar group. 7. Accurate prediction of third molar impaction from radiographic measurements is not possible at age 10 to 11 years.", "contents": "The etiology and prediction of mandibular third molar impaction. 1. Skeletal Class II dental base relationship with a shorter, narrower, more acute angled madible was found in association with impacted third molars, compared with erupted teeth. 2. These differences were found at age 18+ years but were less obvious at age 10 to 11 years. 3. There was a reduced amount of mandibular growth in impacted third molar cases. 4. There was a slight tendency for impacted third molars to be larger than those which erupted. 5. The presence of a space between second and third molars in the early stages of development is not an indication that the third molar will erupt. 6. The developmental angulation of the third molar to the mandibular plane was higher in the impacted third molar group. 7. Accurate prediction of third molar impaction from radiographic measurements is not possible at age 10 to 11 years."}
{"id": "PMID:268950", "title": "Proplast genioplasty: a retrospective study with treatment recommendations.", "content": "The treatment results in 31 consecutive patients treated with Proplast for chin augmentation show good clinical succes with the implant. A critical analysis of treatment results reveals that attention to certain details of the preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, and postoperative care can make for impressive results. These facts are discussed.", "contents": "Proplast genioplasty: a retrospective study with treatment recommendations. The treatment results in 31 consecutive patients treated with Proplast for chin augmentation show good clinical succes with the implant. A critical analysis of treatment results reveals that attention to certain details of the preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, and postoperative care can make for impressive results. These facts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:268947", "title": "The flomasta. A new anaesthetic ventilator.", "content": "A new ventilator for use during anaesthesia is described. It operates as a minute-volume divider and derives its power from the energy stored in a distended reservoir bag. The unit is autoclavable, suitable for use with explosive anaesthetics and has a rational control system which avoids many of the hazards associated with other ventilators when the mode of ventilation is changed. The nature of the inspired gas mixture is known accurately because the internal volume of the ventilator is small and the system is non-rebreathing. The design of the exhaust system facilitates ventilation monitoring, the use of positive end-expiratory pressure and connection to ducted pollution-control systems.", "contents": "The flomasta. A new anaesthetic ventilator. A new ventilator for use during anaesthesia is described. It operates as a minute-volume divider and derives its power from the energy stored in a distended reservoir bag. The unit is autoclavable, suitable for use with explosive anaesthetics and has a rational control system which avoids many of the hazards associated with other ventilators when the mode of ventilation is changed. The nature of the inspired gas mixture is known accurately because the internal volume of the ventilator is small and the system is non-rebreathing. The design of the exhaust system facilitates ventilation monitoring, the use of positive end-expiratory pressure and connection to ducted pollution-control systems."}
{"id": "PMID:268952", "title": "Cases six years postretention.", "content": "1. The cuspid width is most likely to decrease after treatment (9 of 11) although on occasion a slight increase (2 of 11) was maintained. 2. The molar width is apt to decrease from the beginning of treatment through the postretention period. 3. The cephalometric measurements studied in this sample of good stable occlusions coincided with with the norms and ranges as used by R.M. 4. The age changes of the various cephalometric measurements also agreed with the age changes that R.M. utilize. 5. Lower arch crowding may be due to multiple factors of expanded cuspids, protrusive and labially inclined mandibular incisors, and late skeletal growth changes.", "contents": "Cases six years postretention. 1. The cuspid width is most likely to decrease after treatment (9 of 11) although on occasion a slight increase (2 of 11) was maintained. 2. The molar width is apt to decrease from the beginning of treatment through the postretention period. 3. The cephalometric measurements studied in this sample of good stable occlusions coincided with with the norms and ranges as used by R.M. 4. The age changes of the various cephalometric measurements also agreed with the age changes that R.M. utilize. 5. Lower arch crowding may be due to multiple factors of expanded cuspids, protrusive and labially inclined mandibular incisors, and late skeletal growth changes."}
{"id": "PMID:268953", "title": "Factors of human skeletal craniofacial morphology.", "content": "Thirty cephalometric measurements representing craniofacial depth, height, and width were obtained from lateral and posterior rediographs of 66 boys, 8 years of age. A multivariate factor analysis was performed on these measurements in an effort to locate specific areas of variability within the craniofacial complex. Twelve uncorrelated factors were extracted which account for 91% of the total variance and these were identified as: 1) retrognathic facial type, 2) anterior dentoalveolar height, 3) maxillary body length, 4) cranial base and facial width, 5) mandibular ramus height, 6) anterior maxillary body height, 7) mandibular length, 8) cranial vault height, 9) vertical position of the condyles, 10) cranial vault and clivus length, 11) bigonial width, and 12) cranial vault width.", "contents": "Factors of human skeletal craniofacial morphology. Thirty cephalometric measurements representing craniofacial depth, height, and width were obtained from lateral and posterior rediographs of 66 boys, 8 years of age. A multivariate factor analysis was performed on these measurements in an effort to locate specific areas of variability within the craniofacial complex. Twelve uncorrelated factors were extracted which account for 91% of the total variance and these were identified as: 1) retrognathic facial type, 2) anterior dentoalveolar height, 3) maxillary body length, 4) cranial base and facial width, 5) mandibular ramus height, 6) anterior maxillary body height, 7) mandibular length, 8) cranial vault height, 9) vertical position of the condyles, 10) cranial vault and clivus length, 11) bigonial width, and 12) cranial vault width."}
{"id": "PMID:268954", "title": "The effect of central nervous system stimulants on Tourette syndrome.", "content": "A survey of patients with  Tourette syndrome uncovered 32 who had been exposed to central nervous system stimulants. In 17 (53%) of these patients, symptoms were markedly accentuated by the drugs. Two patients whose Tourette syndrome developed suddenly when methylphenidate was administered are also reported.", "contents": "The effect of central nervous system stimulants on Tourette syndrome. A survey of patients with  Tourette syndrome uncovered 32 who had been exposed to central nervous system stimulants. In 17 (53%) of these patients, symptoms were markedly accentuated by the drugs. Two patients whose Tourette syndrome developed suddenly when methylphenidate was administered are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:268956", "title": "Hydroxyurea in the prevention of the effects of leukostasis in acute leukemia.", "content": "Hydroxyurea was administered orally to prevent the effects of leukostasis in adults with acute leukemia who had peripheral blast cell counts greater than 100,000/cu mm. A single oral dose of 50 to 100 mg/kg was given daily until the absolute blast cell count decreased to less than 100,000/cu mm. Hydroxyurea was effective in rapidly lowering the blast cell count by an average of 50% after one dose in each of ten episodes. No patient developed symptoms or signs of the leukostasis syndrome, and no side effects directly attributable to hydroxyurea were observed. The leukostasis syndrome associated with very high blast cell counts in adults with acute leukemia can be avoided by the use of hydroxyurea in the manner described. This treatment can be particularly useful in the interval before consultation or referral and prior to the cytotoxic effect of definitive induction chemotherapy.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea in the prevention of the effects of leukostasis in acute leukemia. Hydroxyurea was administered orally to prevent the effects of leukostasis in adults with acute leukemia who had peripheral blast cell counts greater than 100,000/cu mm. A single oral dose of 50 to 100 mg/kg was given daily until the absolute blast cell count decreased to less than 100,000/cu mm. Hydroxyurea was effective in rapidly lowering the blast cell count by an average of 50% after one dose in each of ten episodes. No patient developed symptoms or signs of the leukostasis syndrome, and no side effects directly attributable to hydroxyurea were observed. The leukostasis syndrome associated with very high blast cell counts in adults with acute leukemia can be avoided by the use of hydroxyurea in the manner described. This treatment can be particularly useful in the interval before consultation or referral and prior to the cytotoxic effect of definitive induction chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:268980", "title": "Cytogenetic evidence of clonal evolution in 5q- anemia.", "content": "The clinical homogeneity of myeloproliferative syndromes associated with a 5 q- marker can be contested, but nevertheless finds support in the 2 case reports we have cited. One of these observations of refractory anemia with partial myeloblastosis and 5 q- marker has shown a transformation into an acute myelomonocytic leukemia with clonal chromosomal evolution.", "contents": "Cytogenetic evidence of clonal evolution in 5q- anemia. The clinical homogeneity of myeloproliferative syndromes associated with a 5 q- marker can be contested, but nevertheless finds support in the 2 case reports we have cited. One of these observations of refractory anemia with partial myeloblastosis and 5 q- marker has shown a transformation into an acute myelomonocytic leukemia with clonal chromosomal evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:268981", "title": "Initial prognostic factors and lymphoblast-erythrocyte rosette formation in 109 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Bone marrow lymphoblasts from 109 children admitted with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were tested for spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes. Twenty-six children (24%) had lymphoblasts that formed rosettes (E+). Of 13 initial clinical characteristics, 8 were significantly associated with E+ lymphoblasts: mediastinal enlargement (86% of patients E+), leukocyte counts over 100 X 10(9)/liter (65% E+), nodes greater than 2 cm in any diameter (65% E+), age over 5 yr (46% E+), hemoglobin over 8 g/dl (44% E+), hepatomegaly greater than 5 cm (38% E+), boys (35% E+), and lymph node enlargement outside of the cervical area (28% E+). Spleen size, initial platelet counts, and periodic acid-Schiff scores did not distinguish E+ from E- patients. Since few patients were black and few presented with central nervous system leukemia, the association of these two characteristics with E+ blasts could not be determined. A hierarchical classification scheme and a linear logistic regression model were used to define the patterns of characteristics associated with E+ lymphoblasts. The initial clinical characteristics and the poorer course of E+ patients suggest that ALL comprises at least two biologically and clinically distinct types. The E+ ALL may result from a leukemic transformation of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "contents": "Initial prognostic factors and lymphoblast-erythrocyte rosette formation in 109 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone marrow lymphoblasts from 109 children admitted with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were tested for spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes. Twenty-six children (24%) had lymphoblasts that formed rosettes (E+). Of 13 initial clinical characteristics, 8 were significantly associated with E+ lymphoblasts: mediastinal enlargement (86% of patients E+), leukocyte counts over 100 X 10(9)/liter (65% E+), nodes greater than 2 cm in any diameter (65% E+), age over 5 yr (46% E+), hemoglobin over 8 g/dl (44% E+), hepatomegaly greater than 5 cm (38% E+), boys (35% E+), and lymph node enlargement outside of the cervical area (28% E+). Spleen size, initial platelet counts, and periodic acid-Schiff scores did not distinguish E+ from E- patients. Since few patients were black and few presented with central nervous system leukemia, the association of these two characteristics with E+ blasts could not be determined. A hierarchical classification scheme and a linear logistic regression model were used to define the patterns of characteristics associated with E+ lymphoblasts. The initial clinical characteristics and the poorer course of E+ patients suggest that ALL comprises at least two biologically and clinically distinct types. The E+ ALL may result from a leukemic transformation of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:268983", "title": "Globin synthesis in mouse erythroleukemia cells in vitro: a switch in beta chains due to inducing agent.", "content": "Friend erythroleukemia cells, originally derived from DBA/2 mice, differentiate when cultured with inducing agents. Studies of the different effects of inducing agents on clone 745 have revealed that both dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and hemin produce benzidine-positive cells. Butyric acid produced mature but benzidine-negative cells in this clone. All agents induced globin synthesis above the 0.1% of protein synthesis found in uninduced cells. DMSO induction stimulated globin synthesis 9%, hemin 2%, and butyric acid 3%. Total beta/alpha ratios were approximately unity with all agents. Although the inducing agents all stimulated total globin synthesis in Friend cells, the relative rates of synthesis of the two mouse beta chains were affected differently by the various agents. Hemin markedly increased the proportion of beta minor. For example, DBA/2 mouse reticulocytes synthesized 20% beta minor and 80% beta major. DMSO induction of clone 745 caused 20%-33% synthesis of beta minor. In contrast, hemin increased the proportion of beta minor to 64%-69%. Thus the Friend erythroleukemia cell system provides an in vitro approach to the study of the regulation of globin-chain switching.", "contents": "Globin synthesis in mouse erythroleukemia cells in vitro: a switch in beta chains due to inducing agent. Friend erythroleukemia cells, originally derived from DBA/2 mice, differentiate when cultured with inducing agents. Studies of the different effects of inducing agents on clone 745 have revealed that both dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and hemin produce benzidine-positive cells. Butyric acid produced mature but benzidine-negative cells in this clone. All agents induced globin synthesis above the 0.1% of protein synthesis found in uninduced cells. DMSO induction stimulated globin synthesis 9%, hemin 2%, and butyric acid 3%. Total beta/alpha ratios were approximately unity with all agents. Although the inducing agents all stimulated total globin synthesis in Friend cells, the relative rates of synthesis of the two mouse beta chains were affected differently by the various agents. Hemin markedly increased the proportion of beta minor. For example, DBA/2 mouse reticulocytes synthesized 20% beta minor and 80% beta major. DMSO induction of clone 745 caused 20%-33% synthesis of beta minor. In contrast, hemin increased the proportion of beta minor to 64%-69%. Thus the Friend erythroleukemia cell system provides an in vitro approach to the study of the regulation of globin-chain switching."}
{"id": "PMID:268994", "title": "Bone remodeling in pathologic conditions. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Bone remodeling in pathologic conditions was studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Benign and malignant ossification were examined in cases of myositis ossificans, ossifying fibroma, osteoid osteoma, and osteosarcoma, Resorption of bone due to invasion by non-ossifying tumors was found in cases of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, ameloblastoma, and multiple myeloma. Bone formation due to excessive production of growth hormone was studied in a case of acromegaly. Resorption of bone due to pathologic processes resembled the pattern found in surfaces which were undergoing resorption by osteoclasts. Lamelar-cortical bone formation in acromegally was similar in nature to normal bone. The deformities were rleated to the excessive continuous osteogenesis that occurs in these instances. Neoplastic ossification was characterized by calcifying globules, the diameters of which ranged from 1 to 3 micron. The surfaces of these globules were constructed of minute calcospherites with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 micron. It is suggested that the pattern of globular calcification is similar to the type that was found with the SEM in fetal bone and cartilage, during healing of fractured bone, and also with the TEM in normal and pathologic calcification.", "contents": "Bone remodeling in pathologic conditions. A scanning electron microscopic study. Bone remodeling in pathologic conditions was studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Benign and malignant ossification were examined in cases of myositis ossificans, ossifying fibroma, osteoid osteoma, and osteosarcoma, Resorption of bone due to invasion by non-ossifying tumors was found in cases of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, ameloblastoma, and multiple myeloma. Bone formation due to excessive production of growth hormone was studied in a case of acromegaly. Resorption of bone due to pathologic processes resembled the pattern found in surfaces which were undergoing resorption by osteoclasts. Lamelar-cortical bone formation in acromegally was similar in nature to normal bone. The deformities were rleated to the excessive continuous osteogenesis that occurs in these instances. Neoplastic ossification was characterized by calcifying globules, the diameters of which ranged from 1 to 3 micron. The surfaces of these globules were constructed of minute calcospherites with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 micron. It is suggested that the pattern of globular calcification is similar to the type that was found with the SEM in fetal bone and cartilage, during healing of fractured bone, and also with the TEM in normal and pathologic calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:268995", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXIII. Near-haploidy in acute leukemia.", "content": "A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a near-haploid (27 chromosomes) leukemic cell population in the marrow has been described and the findings compared to those of the only other such case in the literature. In both cases the cells with 27 chromosomes, except for one chromosomal group, had karyotypic findings which were identical. Cells with 54 chromosomes, karyotypically exact duplicates of the cells with 27 chromosomes, were also encountered; on morphological basis it appeared that the marrow contained large and small lymphoblasts, possibly matching the metaphases with 54 and 27 chromosomes, respectively. The genesis of the cells with 27 chromosomes was uncertain and several postulates are discussed, as well as the relation of the findings to the cytogenetic observations encountered in ALL and their possible role in human leukemogenesis.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXIII. Near-haploidy in acute leukemia. A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a near-haploid (27 chromosomes) leukemic cell population in the marrow has been described and the findings compared to those of the only other such case in the literature. In both cases the cells with 27 chromosomes, except for one chromosomal group, had karyotypic findings which were identical. Cells with 54 chromosomes, karyotypically exact duplicates of the cells with 27 chromosomes, were also encountered; on morphological basis it appeared that the marrow contained large and small lymphoblasts, possibly matching the metaphases with 54 and 27 chromosomes, respectively. The genesis of the cells with 27 chromosomes was uncertain and several postulates are discussed, as well as the relation of the findings to the cytogenetic observations encountered in ALL and their possible role in human leukemogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:268996", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXVI. Binding studies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "Chromosomes were studied in the bone marrow cells of 101 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) hospitalized at or attending the clinics of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) between January, 1968, and December, 1976. Aneuploidy was observed in about 50% (54/101) of the cases. Two cases were hypodiploid and the remaining were either pseudo or hyperdiploid. The frequency of abnormalities and the chromosomal numbers were similar to those of 106 cases studied in our laboratory prior to 1968. Of 50 recently unselected cases of ALL in whom Q- and G-banded karyotypes were attempted, 31 were successfully analyzed with these techniques. The banding patterns revealed 16 cases to have chromosome abnormalities and four of these to have a similar abnormality, i.e., partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome no. 6: two cases had a 6q- with additional abnormalities and two had 6q- as the sole karyotypic abnormality. The breakpoint in chromosome no. 6 seemed to involve a segment from q21 to q25. An isochromosome of the long arm of no. 7, i(7q), was observed in two cases, two additional no. 21 chromosomes were observed in five cases and, except for the Y, all other chromosomes participated in the karyotypic changes encountered in the 16 cases in which banding analyses were performed. Banding analysis has afforded the first reliable approach towards ascertaining karyotypic evolution in ALL, which was achieved in eight cases of the present study. The chromosomes contributing to this karyotypic evolution were distributed widely. Thus, all chromosomes except the Y participated in numerical and/or structural karyotypic changes. Even though nonrandom chromosome changes may occur early in ALL, the pristine prototypic picture of the karyotypes in ALL is often obfuscated by successive chromosomal changes and hyperdiploidy by the time the karyotypes are analyzed in this condition. Further cytogenetic studies are required, with special attention to karyotypic evolution, in order to uncover the significance of chromosomal changes in early and late ALL.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXVI. Binding studies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Chromosomes were studied in the bone marrow cells of 101 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) hospitalized at or attending the clinics of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) between January, 1968, and December, 1976. Aneuploidy was observed in about 50% (54/101) of the cases. Two cases were hypodiploid and the remaining were either pseudo or hyperdiploid. The frequency of abnormalities and the chromosomal numbers were similar to those of 106 cases studied in our laboratory prior to 1968. Of 50 recently unselected cases of ALL in whom Q- and G-banded karyotypes were attempted, 31 were successfully analyzed with these techniques. The banding patterns revealed 16 cases to have chromosome abnormalities and four of these to have a similar abnormality, i.e., partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome no. 6: two cases had a 6q- with additional abnormalities and two had 6q- as the sole karyotypic abnormality. The breakpoint in chromosome no. 6 seemed to involve a segment from q21 to q25. An isochromosome of the long arm of no. 7, i(7q), was observed in two cases, two additional no. 21 chromosomes were observed in five cases and, except for the Y, all other chromosomes participated in the karyotypic changes encountered in the 16 cases in which banding analyses were performed. Banding analysis has afforded the first reliable approach towards ascertaining karyotypic evolution in ALL, which was achieved in eight cases of the present study. The chromosomes contributing to this karyotypic evolution were distributed widely. Thus, all chromosomes except the Y participated in numerical and/or structural karyotypic changes. Even though nonrandom chromosome changes may occur early in ALL, the pristine prototypic picture of the karyotypes in ALL is often obfuscated by successive chromosomal changes and hyperdiploidy by the time the karyotypes are analyzed in this condition. Further cytogenetic studies are required, with special attention to karyotypic evolution, in order to uncover the significance of chromosomal changes in early and late ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:268997", "title": "Disseminated atypical tuberculosis-antedating the clinical onset of neoplasia.", "content": "Two cases of disseminated atypical tuberculosis are presented in which the infection anteceded by over four years the development of acute granulocytic leukemia on one and Hodgkin's Disease in the other patient. The presence of disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis in the absence of a clearcut underlying illness suggests a \"preneoplastic state.\" It should alert the clinician to the possibility of a neoplastic disorder which may not become clinically manifest for several years.", "contents": "Disseminated atypical tuberculosis-antedating the clinical onset of neoplasia. Two cases of disseminated atypical tuberculosis are presented in which the infection anteceded by over four years the development of acute granulocytic leukemia on one and Hodgkin's Disease in the other patient. The presence of disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis in the absence of a clearcut underlying illness suggests a \"preneoplastic state.\" It should alert the clinician to the possibility of a neoplastic disorder which may not become clinically manifest for several years."}
{"id": "PMID:268998", "title": "Prolonged remission of leukemia associated with polycythemia vera.", "content": "A patient with polycythemia vera (PV) received successive treatment by phlebotomies, radioactive phosphorus, myleran and cyclophosphamide. Sixteen years after the diagnosis, he developed acute myeloblastic leukemia. A complete remission was achieved following two courses of COAP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Cytosine Arabinoside, and prednisone) therapy. Four months later, while still in leukemic remission, he became mildly polycythemic again and the treatment with phlebotomies and cyclophosphamide was resume. The patient has subsequently been in complete remission of leukemia for over three years and his polycythemia is controlled by small doses of cyclophosphamide. This appears to be a unique case of such a prolonged remission of leukemia in the course of PV, with a return to a mild polycythemia state.", "contents": "Prolonged remission of leukemia associated with polycythemia vera. A patient with polycythemia vera (PV) received successive treatment by phlebotomies, radioactive phosphorus, myleran and cyclophosphamide. Sixteen years after the diagnosis, he developed acute myeloblastic leukemia. A complete remission was achieved following two courses of COAP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Cytosine Arabinoside, and prednisone) therapy. Four months later, while still in leukemic remission, he became mildly polycythemic again and the treatment with phlebotomies and cyclophosphamide was resume. The patient has subsequently been in complete remission of leukemia for over three years and his polycythemia is controlled by small doses of cyclophosphamide. This appears to be a unique case of such a prolonged remission of leukemia in the course of PV, with a return to a mild polycythemia state."}
{"id": "PMID:268999", "title": "Adult acute leukemia: frequency of central system involvement in long term survivors.", "content": "The incidence and frequency of CNS relapses in long term surviving adults, age eighteen and over, covering the period 1967-1972, were presented. Four of 20 patients with ANLL and 12 of 24 patients with ALL were demonstrated to have CNS leukemia during the course of their illness. The onset of neurologic manifestation in three of four ANLL patients with CNS leukemia was observed within three months of the diagnosis, whereas it was delayed to 6-12 months interval in eight of 12 ALL patients. CNS relapses, a major determinant for CNS prophylactic and maintenance therapy, were observed in 75% of the patients with ALL and none in ANLL patients who were treated with I.T. chemotherapy and cranial radiation of 2000 R. Therefore, our observation suggests that CNS prophylactic and maintenance therapy should be of value in adults with ALL as in children; whereas, in ANLL, further observation is warranted before any definite therapy can be advocated.", "contents": "Adult acute leukemia: frequency of central system involvement in long term survivors. The incidence and frequency of CNS relapses in long term surviving adults, age eighteen and over, covering the period 1967-1972, were presented. Four of 20 patients with ANLL and 12 of 24 patients with ALL were demonstrated to have CNS leukemia during the course of their illness. The onset of neurologic manifestation in three of four ANLL patients with CNS leukemia was observed within three months of the diagnosis, whereas it was delayed to 6-12 months interval in eight of 12 ALL patients. CNS relapses, a major determinant for CNS prophylactic and maintenance therapy, were observed in 75% of the patients with ALL and none in ANLL patients who were treated with I.T. chemotherapy and cranial radiation of 2000 R. Therefore, our observation suggests that CNS prophylactic and maintenance therapy should be of value in adults with ALL as in children; whereas, in ANLL, further observation is warranted before any definite therapy can be advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:269000", "title": "Intraosseous well-differentiated osteosarcoma.", "content": "A series of 27 patients with intramedullary osteogenic sarcomas that were so well-differentiated histologically as to be confused with benign lesions was studied. Of the 27 patients, 14 were females and 13 were males, and most were adults. The tibia and femur were involved commonly. Roentgenographically, the tumors showed a mixture of sclerosis and lysis with poor margination. However, they lacked the highly destructive appearance of high-grade osteosarcomas. Histologically, spindle cells with minimal cytologic atypia were arranged in interlacing bundles. Mitotic figures were scarce. The amount of osteoid was variable, commonly being abundant. With recurrence, three tumors became highly anaplastic. Excision of tumor almost invariably led to recurrences. Resection or amputation has led to good results in seven patients. Only three of the 27 patients died with metastatic tumor; one patient is alive with metastasis. Central low-grade osteosarcomas have been misdiagnosed frequently and hence treated inadequately. Careful roentgenographic and histologic correlation is required to make the diagnosis.", "contents": "Intraosseous well-differentiated osteosarcoma. A series of 27 patients with intramedullary osteogenic sarcomas that were so well-differentiated histologically as to be confused with benign lesions was studied. Of the 27 patients, 14 were females and 13 were males, and most were adults. The tibia and femur were involved commonly. Roentgenographically, the tumors showed a mixture of sclerosis and lysis with poor margination. However, they lacked the highly destructive appearance of high-grade osteosarcomas. Histologically, spindle cells with minimal cytologic atypia were arranged in interlacing bundles. Mitotic figures were scarce. The amount of osteoid was variable, commonly being abundant. With recurrence, three tumors became highly anaplastic. Excision of tumor almost invariably led to recurrences. Resection or amputation has led to good results in seven patients. Only three of the 27 patients died with metastatic tumor; one patient is alive with metastasis. Central low-grade osteosarcomas have been misdiagnosed frequently and hence treated inadequately. Careful roentgenographic and histologic correlation is required to make the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:269001", "title": "Cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in the treatment of childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "Twenty children with acute myeloblastic leukemia were given induction and maintenance regimens combining cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) and 6-thioguanine (TG). Two died before completing induction therapy and were considered unevaluable. Of the 18 remaining patients, 3 died shortly after induction, 2 had no response, 1 had a partial response and 12 (66%) had a complete remission (CR) lasting 4 to 68 months. Six still survive: two in their initial CR and four who relapsed but were reinduced to CR. Although no prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) therapy was given, only one patient has developed CNS involvement after diagnosis. Two girls became pregnant while on maintenance therapy. One delivered a normal, full-term infant; both she and the child are well 24 months later.", "contents": "Cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in the treatment of childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia. Twenty children with acute myeloblastic leukemia were given induction and maintenance regimens combining cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) and 6-thioguanine (TG). Two died before completing induction therapy and were considered unevaluable. Of the 18 remaining patients, 3 died shortly after induction, 2 had no response, 1 had a partial response and 12 (66%) had a complete remission (CR) lasting 4 to 68 months. Six still survive: two in their initial CR and four who relapsed but were reinduced to CR. Although no prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) therapy was given, only one patient has developed CNS involvement after diagnosis. Two girls became pregnant while on maintenance therapy. One delivered a normal, full-term infant; both she and the child are well 24 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:269002", "title": "Methotrexate-induced sudden fatal pulmonary reaction.", "content": "A teenage girl in bone marrow remission with acute lymphocytic leukemia died suddenly from pulmonary edema. She had taken her first oral dose of methotrexate and cyclophosphamide 10 hours previously when she was feeling well and was asymptomatic. One week previously she had received the last of four intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Autopsy showed marked pulmonary edema as well as chronic lung changes, as previously described in patients with methotrexate pneumonitis. There is usually at least a 12-day interval from the onset of administration of methotrexate to the onset of the lung toxicity. The authors suggest the patient was sensitized by the intrathecal methotrexate and then reacted with angioneurotic edema of the lung when given the first oral dose of methotrexate. Careful examination for infectious agents, including electron microscopy, was negative.", "contents": "Methotrexate-induced sudden fatal pulmonary reaction. A teenage girl in bone marrow remission with acute lymphocytic leukemia died suddenly from pulmonary edema. She had taken her first oral dose of methotrexate and cyclophosphamide 10 hours previously when she was feeling well and was asymptomatic. One week previously she had received the last of four intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Autopsy showed marked pulmonary edema as well as chronic lung changes, as previously described in patients with methotrexate pneumonitis. There is usually at least a 12-day interval from the onset of administration of methotrexate to the onset of the lung toxicity. The authors suggest the patient was sensitized by the intrathecal methotrexate and then reacted with angioneurotic edema of the lung when given the first oral dose of methotrexate. Careful examination for infectious agents, including electron microscopy, was negative."}
{"id": "PMID:269003", "title": "The effect of L-asparaginase of plasma coagulation factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Serial coagulation studies were performed in 26 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during initial induction therapy with vincristine, prednisone, and L-asparaginase. Prolongation of screening coagulation tests was frequent: prothrombin time (in 16 of 26 patients), partial thromboplastin time (23/26) and thrombin time (21/26). In all 26 patients fibrinogen levels fell below .20 g/100 ml and 16 had levels below .10 g/100 ml. Sixteen patients had plasma coagulation factor assays performed. In these 16 patients, Factor XI was less than 40% in 14 and Factor XI was less than 70% in 9, with only a few scattered low levels of other factors. There were no clinical bleeding episodes. Coagulation abnormalities returned to normal at the completion of L-asparaginase therapy while the patients remained on vincristine and prednisone.", "contents": "The effect of L-asparaginase of plasma coagulation factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Serial coagulation studies were performed in 26 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during initial induction therapy with vincristine, prednisone, and L-asparaginase. Prolongation of screening coagulation tests was frequent: prothrombin time (in 16 of 26 patients), partial thromboplastin time (23/26) and thrombin time (21/26). In all 26 patients fibrinogen levels fell below .20 g/100 ml and 16 had levels below .10 g/100 ml. Sixteen patients had plasma coagulation factor assays performed. In these 16 patients, Factor XI was less than 40% in 14 and Factor XI was less than 70% in 9, with only a few scattered low levels of other factors. There were no clinical bleeding episodes. Coagulation abnormalities returned to normal at the completion of L-asparaginase therapy while the patients remained on vincristine and prednisone."}
{"id": "PMID:269004", "title": "Long-term survival in acute leukemia in Argentina: a study of 78 cases.", "content": "A total of 78 patients with acute leukemia [69 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 9 acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)] survived more than 4 years. In the years between 1958 and 1967 the number of patients with ALL in Argentina who survived 4 years was 1%. This increased to 21% in the years between 1967 and 1972. The major cause of this increase was the initiation in 1967 of protocols of therapy on a national scale through a cooperative group known as GATLA. In AML patients the number of long-term survivals remained unchanged during both periods. A large percent of the long-term survivors had lower WBC, a higher platelet count, and no hepato- or splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, or hemorrhagic manifestations at diagnosis. However, only for those patients with a WBC under 100,000/mm3 at diagnosis was there a significant prognostic implication (p less than 0.01). Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who survive more than 4 years without relapse have about an 80% chance of long survival. For those who have lived 4 years with one or more lapses, there is only a 17% chance of long survival, and of these only those who develop extramedullar relapse (CNS or testicular) without bone marrow involvement have a chance of long survival. Patients who live 4 years in continuous complete remission have the same chance of very long survival regardless of previous therapy.", "contents": "Long-term survival in acute leukemia in Argentina: a study of 78 cases. A total of 78 patients with acute leukemia [69 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 9 acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)] survived more than 4 years. In the years between 1958 and 1967 the number of patients with ALL in Argentina who survived 4 years was 1%. This increased to 21% in the years between 1967 and 1972. The major cause of this increase was the initiation in 1967 of protocols of therapy on a national scale through a cooperative group known as GATLA. In AML patients the number of long-term survivals remained unchanged during both periods. A large percent of the long-term survivors had lower WBC, a higher platelet count, and no hepato- or splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, or hemorrhagic manifestations at diagnosis. However, only for those patients with a WBC under 100,000/mm3 at diagnosis was there a significant prognostic implication (p less than 0.01). Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who survive more than 4 years without relapse have about an 80% chance of long survival. For those who have lived 4 years with one or more lapses, there is only a 17% chance of long survival, and of these only those who develop extramedullar relapse (CNS or testicular) without bone marrow involvement have a chance of long survival. Patients who live 4 years in continuous complete remission have the same chance of very long survival regardless of previous therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:269006", "title": "Acute myelomomocytic leukemia terminating in histiocytic medullary reticulosis: cytochemical, cytogenetic and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "A case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia terminating in histiocytic medullary reticulosis is reported. The evolution of a single cellular clone presenting with progressive change of the morphological features of the leukemic cells towards more anaplastic elements endowed with prominent phagocytic properties is suggested on the basis of both cytochemical and chromosomal data. The histiocytic nature of the malignant proliferating cells and platelet phagocytosis has been confirmed by electron microscopic investigation. The main pathogenetic explanations of the evolutionary patterns of the disease are discussed with relation to: a) involvement of a common stem cell giving rise to different proliferative patterns of cells in a multiphasic sequence; b) release of dysplastic platelets and defective erythrocytes with massive sequestration by histioid phagocytic cells; and c) coexistence of two different disorders.", "contents": "Acute myelomomocytic leukemia terminating in histiocytic medullary reticulosis: cytochemical, cytogenetic and electron microscopic studies. A case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia terminating in histiocytic medullary reticulosis is reported. The evolution of a single cellular clone presenting with progressive change of the morphological features of the leukemic cells towards more anaplastic elements endowed with prominent phagocytic properties is suggested on the basis of both cytochemical and chromosomal data. The histiocytic nature of the malignant proliferating cells and platelet phagocytosis has been confirmed by electron microscopic investigation. The main pathogenetic explanations of the evolutionary patterns of the disease are discussed with relation to: a) involvement of a common stem cell giving rise to different proliferative patterns of cells in a multiphasic sequence; b) release of dysplastic platelets and defective erythrocytes with massive sequestration by histioid phagocytic cells; and c) coexistence of two different disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:269009", "title": "Quantification by DNA-based cytophotometry of the 9q+/22q-chromosomal translocation associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "DNA-based cytophotometry was used to analyze metaphase chromosomes in four patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. In three of these patients, both Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive and Ph1-negative cells were measured. On the basis of these three patients, the characteristic 9q+/22q- translocation of chronic myelogenous leukemia involves the net transfer of 0.325% of the autosomal genome; there is no evidence of net gain or loss of DNA (apart from duplication of the Ph1 chromosome in one patient), and no significant difference is found in the amount of DNA transferred in different patients. Significant differences are found among patients in the derived Chromosomes 9 and the Ph1 chromosomes and are ascribed to preexisting variations in the Ph1-negative cells of these patients. There is no evidence in these patients of any further cytogenetic lesion associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Quantification by DNA-based cytophotometry of the 9q+/22q-chromosomal translocation associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia. DNA-based cytophotometry was used to analyze metaphase chromosomes in four patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. In three of these patients, both Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive and Ph1-negative cells were measured. On the basis of these three patients, the characteristic 9q+/22q- translocation of chronic myelogenous leukemia involves the net transfer of 0.325% of the autosomal genome; there is no evidence of net gain or loss of DNA (apart from duplication of the Ph1 chromosome in one patient), and no significant difference is found in the amount of DNA transferred in different patients. Significant differences are found among patients in the derived Chromosomes 9 and the Ph1 chromosomes and are ascribed to preexisting variations in the Ph1-negative cells of these patients. There is no evidence in these patients of any further cytogenetic lesion associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:269011", "title": "Characterization of a glucocorticoid-sensitive human lymphoid cell line.", "content": "A human lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM), the growth of which is inhibited by glucocorticoids, is described. Although growth of the original uncloned cell line is only slightly retarded by dexamethasone, sensitive clones were isolated in which growth is completely blocked by 2 to 3 days of exposure to 10(-6) M dexamethasone. After 4 to 5 days, these cells become pyknotic and lyse. The inhibitory affect of dexamethasone first become apparent in suspension culture at a concentration of about 5 X 10(-8) M. Receptor analysis showed the presence of specific glucocorticoid receptors with an apparent dissociation constant for dexamethasone of about 1.3 X 10(-8) M both in the sensitive and in one resistant clone analyzed. Ability to displace dexamethasone from the receptor is correlated with the known glucocorticoid activity of all steroids tested, as is their ability to inhibit cloning of sensitive cells in agarose. These results indicate that the specificity of inhibitory effects is related to receptor specificity of inhibitory effects is related to receptor specificity. Dexamethasone is a potent inhibitor when cells are cloned in agarose, having a marked effect even at a concentration of 7 X 10(-9) M. CEM cells thus provide human cell lines suitable for in vitro analysis of steroid effects on leukemic cells.", "contents": "Characterization of a glucocorticoid-sensitive human lymphoid cell line. A human lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM), the growth of which is inhibited by glucocorticoids, is described. Although growth of the original uncloned cell line is only slightly retarded by dexamethasone, sensitive clones were isolated in which growth is completely blocked by 2 to 3 days of exposure to 10(-6) M dexamethasone. After 4 to 5 days, these cells become pyknotic and lyse. The inhibitory affect of dexamethasone first become apparent in suspension culture at a concentration of about 5 X 10(-8) M. Receptor analysis showed the presence of specific glucocorticoid receptors with an apparent dissociation constant for dexamethasone of about 1.3 X 10(-8) M both in the sensitive and in one resistant clone analyzed. Ability to displace dexamethasone from the receptor is correlated with the known glucocorticoid activity of all steroids tested, as is their ability to inhibit cloning of sensitive cells in agarose. These results indicate that the specificity of inhibitory effects is related to receptor specificity of inhibitory effects is related to receptor specificity. Dexamethasone is a potent inhibitor when cells are cloned in agarose, having a marked effect even at a concentration of 7 X 10(-9) M. CEM cells thus provide human cell lines suitable for in vitro analysis of steroid effects on leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:269012", "title": "Alteration of prostaglandin biosynthesis in rat chloroleukemic tumor.", "content": "Data from our present studies demonstrate the capability of a 105,000 X g pellet from rat normal bone marrow, turpentine-induced hyperplastic bone marrow, and chloroma tumor to transform precursor arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. The activity of the prostaglandin synthetase systems in these tissues is inhibited by the known nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug indomethacin and by two unsaturated fatty acids previously demonstrated in other tissues. Although the overall biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was higher in the hyperplastic bone marrow than in the chloroma tumor, the PGF2alpha:PGE2 ratio was markedly higher (8-fold) in the chloroma tissue. This latter increase was probably due to the increased transformation of PGE2 into PGF2alpha by the NADPH-dependent PGE2 9-ketoreductase (an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of PGE2 and PGF2alpha). These results indicate the greater capability of the malignant chloroma tissue to form PGF2alpha than of nonmalignant hyperplastic bone marrow. Although the role of PGF2alpha in the malignant myelogenous leukemic tumor is presently unclear, its increased formation in this tissue suggests that this substance may play a role in the hyperproliferative process.", "contents": "Alteration of prostaglandin biosynthesis in rat chloroleukemic tumor. Data from our present studies demonstrate the capability of a 105,000 X g pellet from rat normal bone marrow, turpentine-induced hyperplastic bone marrow, and chloroma tumor to transform precursor arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. The activity of the prostaglandin synthetase systems in these tissues is inhibited by the known nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug indomethacin and by two unsaturated fatty acids previously demonstrated in other tissues. Although the overall biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was higher in the hyperplastic bone marrow than in the chloroma tumor, the PGF2alpha:PGE2 ratio was markedly higher (8-fold) in the chloroma tissue. This latter increase was probably due to the increased transformation of PGE2 into PGF2alpha by the NADPH-dependent PGE2 9-ketoreductase (an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of PGE2 and PGF2alpha). These results indicate the greater capability of the malignant chloroma tissue to form PGF2alpha than of nonmalignant hyperplastic bone marrow. Although the role of PGF2alpha in the malignant myelogenous leukemic tumor is presently unclear, its increased formation in this tissue suggests that this substance may play a role in the hyperproliferative process."}
{"id": "PMID:269026", "title": "Studies on flies in Korea I. Taxonomical studies on calliphorid flies (Diptera).", "content": "A total of 97 species of flies collected in Korea since 1919 is described which consists of the collections by Kobayashi, Hori and the author. They include 19 species belonging to 12 genera of the family Calliphoridae, 38 species belonging to 15 genera of the family Sarcophagidae and 40 species belonging to 14 genera of the family Muscidae. The specimens were identified according to the male genitalia, which generally show little variations among the flies of the same species, and were illustrated. The geographical distribution and localities in Korea of all the species are presented, and the medically important species are discussed in detail. Of these flies, the calliphorid species in Korea are described and illustrated in this paper. The author found newly 8 species of calliphorid flies including a new species. As for the families Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, the descriptions on these will be published in part II and part III, respectively, in the near future.", "contents": "Studies on flies in Korea I. Taxonomical studies on calliphorid flies (Diptera). A total of 97 species of flies collected in Korea since 1919 is described which consists of the collections by Kobayashi, Hori and the author. They include 19 species belonging to 12 genera of the family Calliphoridae, 38 species belonging to 15 genera of the family Sarcophagidae and 40 species belonging to 14 genera of the family Muscidae. The specimens were identified according to the male genitalia, which generally show little variations among the flies of the same species, and were illustrated. The geographical distribution and localities in Korea of all the species are presented, and the medically important species are discussed in detail. Of these flies, the calliphorid species in Korea are described and illustrated in this paper. The author found newly 8 species of calliphorid flies including a new species. As for the families Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, the descriptions on these will be published in part II and part III, respectively, in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:269027", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. III. Report of species belonging to the genus Musca Linn\u00e9, including the taxonomic key (Diptera: Muscidae).", "content": "Twenty species belonging to the genus Musca Linn\u00e9 are reported from Thailand with taxonomic key. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection and 8 species are the new records from this country. The newly recorded species are Musca interrupta pilifacies, M. lucens, M. fasciata, M. pattoni, M. planiceps, M. xanthomelas, M. bezzii and M. convexifrons.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. III. Report of species belonging to the genus Musca Linn\u00e9, including the taxonomic key (Diptera: Muscidae). Twenty species belonging to the genus Musca Linn\u00e9 are reported from Thailand with taxonomic key. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection and 8 species are the new records from this country. The newly recorded species are Musca interrupta pilifacies, M. lucens, M. fasciata, M. pattoni, M. planiceps, M. xanthomelas, M. bezzii and M. convexifrons."}
{"id": "PMID:269028", "title": "Histotoxic properties of carbon monoxide in the living organ I. Fluorometry of oxidation-reduction state of the rabbit kidney in situ.", "content": "Effect of carbon monoxide on the redox state and blood flow in the renal cortex of the rabbit was examined by the fluorometric method. By a short-period (1-3 min) inhalation of CO in concentrations over 1%, the following were revealed: (1) Reduced pyridine nucleotide was increased, (2) oscillatory change of the reduced pyridine nucleotide, which is characteristic for the histotoxic reaction, developed, and (3) extent of the fluorescence changes tended to be in proportion to the concentration of CO, but no change was caused by inhalation of CO in lower concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%) even if the inhalation was continued for 30 min. As to the blood flow, CO in concentrations over 0.5% decreased it, whereas anoxia due to nitrogen increased it. Some implications were discussed from toxicological points of view on the results obtained.", "contents": "Histotoxic properties of carbon monoxide in the living organ I. Fluorometry of oxidation-reduction state of the rabbit kidney in situ. Effect of carbon monoxide on the redox state and blood flow in the renal cortex of the rabbit was examined by the fluorometric method. By a short-period (1-3 min) inhalation of CO in concentrations over 1%, the following were revealed: (1) Reduced pyridine nucleotide was increased, (2) oscillatory change of the reduced pyridine nucleotide, which is characteristic for the histotoxic reaction, developed, and (3) extent of the fluorescence changes tended to be in proportion to the concentration of CO, but no change was caused by inhalation of CO in lower concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%) even if the inhalation was continued for 30 min. As to the blood flow, CO in concentrations over 0.5% decreased it, whereas anoxia due to nitrogen increased it. Some implications were discussed from toxicological points of view on the results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:269029", "title": "Biocompatibility of polysulfone composite materials for dental implant.", "content": "As a part of the work designed to find a material suitable for a dental implant, tissue reaction of various kinds of polysulfone composite materials has first been studied by implantation in the femur of rats and in the mandible of rabbits. Histological examination showed that the porous polysulfone composite containing 20 wt.% of tricalcium phosphate exhibited a favorable osteogenesis. The tooth replica implants made of this composite material were inserted into the extraction sockets of dogs. During 5.5 months of observation, horizontal or diagonal orientation of periodontal fibers, no epithelization, and no alveolar bone resorption were noted. This study suggests a promising feasibility of the polysulfone-calcium phosphate composite material as a dental implant material.", "contents": "Biocompatibility of polysulfone composite materials for dental implant. As a part of the work designed to find a material suitable for a dental implant, tissue reaction of various kinds of polysulfone composite materials has first been studied by implantation in the femur of rats and in the mandible of rabbits. Histological examination showed that the porous polysulfone composite containing 20 wt.% of tricalcium phosphate exhibited a favorable osteogenesis. The tooth replica implants made of this composite material were inserted into the extraction sockets of dogs. During 5.5 months of observation, horizontal or diagonal orientation of periodontal fibers, no epithelization, and no alveolar bone resorption were noted. This study suggests a promising feasibility of the polysulfone-calcium phosphate composite material as a dental implant material."}
{"id": "PMID:269032", "title": "Immunological characteristics of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children.", "content": "By analysing the electrophoretic mobility (EM) of lymphocytes and by comparing their surface charge it is possible to distinguish rapid-moving lymphocytes (T) and slow-moving lymphocytes (B). The authors studied the EM of blood lymphocytes in children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, before they underwent treatment. At the same time they carried out a study of classical immunological markers (E rosettes, membrane immunoglobulins, and blastic-transformation ability). The authors were able to distinguish three types of lymphocytes according to their EM i.e., rapid, slow or intermediate. This heterogeneousness could be explained by the fact that the origin of leukaemic proliferation may vary according to different stages in the maturation of the lymphoid cells. It would seem premature to establish any correlation between the initial clinical signs of the disease and its evolution.", "contents": "Immunological characteristics of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. By analysing the electrophoretic mobility (EM) of lymphocytes and by comparing their surface charge it is possible to distinguish rapid-moving lymphocytes (T) and slow-moving lymphocytes (B). The authors studied the EM of blood lymphocytes in children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, before they underwent treatment. At the same time they carried out a study of classical immunological markers (E rosettes, membrane immunoglobulins, and blastic-transformation ability). The authors were able to distinguish three types of lymphocytes according to their EM i.e., rapid, slow or intermediate. This heterogeneousness could be explained by the fact that the origin of leukaemic proliferation may vary according to different stages in the maturation of the lymphoid cells. It would seem premature to establish any correlation between the initial clinical signs of the disease and its evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:269060", "title": "[The social hygieneic importance of the cooperation of internal medicine and stomatology].", "content": "The contents of this paper are divided into three parts: the first points to the health risk for the dentist and his patients which has only been recently recognised to its full extent and seriousness: the transmission of virus hepatitis during dental treatment. The second section tries to enrol the help of oral surgery to detect the large number of unrecognised cases of hypertension through the introduction of blood pressure measurement into dental practice. The subject of the third section is the problem patients and patient problems deriving from medical diseases which crop up almost daily in dental practice and which should lead to interdisciplinary consultation between oral surgery and internal medicine.", "contents": "[The social hygieneic importance of the cooperation of internal medicine and stomatology]. The contents of this paper are divided into three parts: the first points to the health risk for the dentist and his patients which has only been recently recognised to its full extent and seriousness: the transmission of virus hepatitis during dental treatment. The second section tries to enrol the help of oral surgery to detect the large number of unrecognised cases of hypertension through the introduction of blood pressure measurement into dental practice. The subject of the third section is the problem patients and patient problems deriving from medical diseases which crop up almost daily in dental practice and which should lead to interdisciplinary consultation between oral surgery and internal medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:269062", "title": "[Gynecological and obstetric problems in connection with stomatology].", "content": "Hormonal changes during pregnancy produce changes in the whole organism. Every fifth to seventh pregnant woman shows hyperplastic gum changes with tendency to bleeding. Changes due to pregnancy in the oral cavity are: lowered salivary flow rate, changes of the pH towards acidity and an increase in oestrogen contents of saliva, corresponding to the increase in plasma oestrogen. Dental procedures during the first months of pregnancy could be the cause of miscarriage in rare cases; after the 28th to the 30th week of pregnancy external influences can originate premature labour pains. Endocrinological changes during the menstrual cycle give risk to recognisable cycle-dependent changes in the oral mucosa; changes in the blood clotting mechanism are minimal, so that dental interventions can be practiced independent of the menstrual cycle and the occurrence of the menstrual period. The use of oral contraceptives (pills) leads to hypercoagulability of the blood clotting system. For bigger operative interventions it is advisable to normalise the clotting factors by stopping the pill for six weeks prior to planned intervention.", "contents": "[Gynecological and obstetric problems in connection with stomatology]. Hormonal changes during pregnancy produce changes in the whole organism. Every fifth to seventh pregnant woman shows hyperplastic gum changes with tendency to bleeding. Changes due to pregnancy in the oral cavity are: lowered salivary flow rate, changes of the pH towards acidity and an increase in oestrogen contents of saliva, corresponding to the increase in plasma oestrogen. Dental procedures during the first months of pregnancy could be the cause of miscarriage in rare cases; after the 28th to the 30th week of pregnancy external influences can originate premature labour pains. Endocrinological changes during the menstrual cycle give risk to recognisable cycle-dependent changes in the oral mucosa; changes in the blood clotting mechanism are minimal, so that dental interventions can be practiced independent of the menstrual cycle and the occurrence of the menstrual period. The use of oral contraceptives (pills) leads to hypercoagulability of the blood clotting system. For bigger operative interventions it is advisable to normalise the clotting factors by stopping the pill for six weeks prior to planned intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:269063", "title": "[Forensic dentistry as an important part of legal medicine].", "content": "Forensic dentistry is divided into two main subjects: 1. Dental jurisprudence and ethics and 2. Dental criminology. Dental jurisprudence and ethics include the legal duties of the dentist. They concern foremost the contractual relations between him and the patient and the duties which result from his actual dental activities, especially concerning his therapeutic measures. In major disasters successful identification is possible if a careful register is taken of dental states by all dentists.", "contents": "[Forensic dentistry as an important part of legal medicine]. Forensic dentistry is divided into two main subjects: 1. Dental jurisprudence and ethics and 2. Dental criminology. Dental jurisprudence and ethics include the legal duties of the dentist. They concern foremost the contractual relations between him and the patient and the duties which result from his actual dental activities, especially concerning his therapeutic measures. In major disasters successful identification is possible if a careful register is taken of dental states by all dentists."}
{"id": "PMID:269064", "title": "[The role of the dental officer in catastrophic situations with large numbers of casualties].", "content": "During and after military operations, the dental officer helps the medical officer with his knowledge and experience in treating maxillo-facial injuries. According to experience of past wars, head injuries are likely to amount to 10% of all casualties. If the number of casualties is very high, the dental officer will give all general medical assistance which he is qualified to give by his training. To enable him to fulfill all his tasks, the armed forces will give him special training in catastrophe medicine.", "contents": "[The role of the dental officer in catastrophic situations with large numbers of casualties]. During and after military operations, the dental officer helps the medical officer with his knowledge and experience in treating maxillo-facial injuries. According to experience of past wars, head injuries are likely to amount to 10% of all casualties. If the number of casualties is very high, the dental officer will give all general medical assistance which he is qualified to give by his training. To enable him to fulfill all his tasks, the armed forces will give him special training in catastrophe medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:269066", "title": "[Surgical correction of deep bite for the prevention of periodontal damage].", "content": "The operative corrections used up to now which were limited to the displacement of the maxillary frontal fragments of the alveolar process, only bring about a partial correction of the deep bite. For this reason additional operative methods on the mandible are recommended, which vary according to the bite. When the bite is neutral the fragment of the lower alveolar process should be placed deeper and should be tilted forward. On the other hand in distal bite cases the recommended procedure is, after dealing with the upper front according to maxillo-facial principles, to correct the mandibular retrusion and deep bite by deepening and advancing the lower alveolar process.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of deep bite for the prevention of periodontal damage]. The operative corrections used up to now which were limited to the displacement of the maxillary frontal fragments of the alveolar process, only bring about a partial correction of the deep bite. For this reason additional operative methods on the mandible are recommended, which vary according to the bite. When the bite is neutral the fragment of the lower alveolar process should be placed deeper and should be tilted forward. On the other hand in distal bite cases the recommended procedure is, after dealing with the upper front according to maxillo-facial principles, to correct the mandibular retrusion and deep bite by deepening and advancing the lower alveolar process."}
{"id": "PMID:269067", "title": "[Peripac and Histoacryl as bandaging materials after removal of dental calculus and subgingival curettage].", "content": "Scaling and subgingival curettage were performed on the upper and lower front teeth of 25 patients in the age of 25 to 35 years. Peripac was applied to the periodontal tissue of three of the six teeth treated per subject and Histoacryl to the periodontal tissue of the other three teeth. Prior to and three months after the beginning of therapy, pocket depth, sulcus bleeding tooth mobility were determined. It was found that the use of Histoacryl as a dressing material is not a disadvantage as compared to the conventional dressing Peripac as far as therapeutic success in terms of declining pocket depth and SBI is concerned.", "contents": "[Peripac and Histoacryl as bandaging materials after removal of dental calculus and subgingival curettage]. Scaling and subgingival curettage were performed on the upper and lower front teeth of 25 patients in the age of 25 to 35 years. Peripac was applied to the periodontal tissue of three of the six teeth treated per subject and Histoacryl to the periodontal tissue of the other three teeth. Prior to and three months after the beginning of therapy, pocket depth, sulcus bleeding tooth mobility were determined. It was found that the use of Histoacryl as a dressing material is not a disadvantage as compared to the conventional dressing Peripac as far as therapeutic success in terms of declining pocket depth and SBI is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:269068", "title": "[The determination of mechanical properties of hard tissue surfaces in microareas by means of mechano-electrical methods].", "content": "The resistance of surfaces of hard tissue against chemical attacks e.g. acids can be measured with high spacial specifity by electro-mechanical registration of surface topograms. Apart from this property of hard substance, important in connection with the development of caries, the sample principle of measurement can be used in vitro on dental surfaces to obtain other important measurements. Examples are given to show how the hardness is determined by the summation of elastic and plastic properties. It is shown how far during the usual measurements for hardness of impressions the duration of the process and the time elapsed before measurement can influence the results.", "contents": "[The determination of mechanical properties of hard tissue surfaces in microareas by means of mechano-electrical methods]. The resistance of surfaces of hard tissue against chemical attacks e.g. acids can be measured with high spacial specifity by electro-mechanical registration of surface topograms. Apart from this property of hard substance, important in connection with the development of caries, the sample principle of measurement can be used in vitro on dental surfaces to obtain other important measurements. Examples are given to show how the hardness is determined by the summation of elastic and plastic properties. It is shown how far during the usual measurements for hardness of impressions the duration of the process and the time elapsed before measurement can influence the results."}
{"id": "PMID:269071", "title": "[Temporomandibular joint involvement in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "As a systemic mesenchymal disease, chronic polyarthritis may affect all joints of the human body. A review of the literature revealed that opinion varied considerably with regard to the involvement of the temporomandibular joint. We made detailed studies in a restricted number of cases using an already existing computerized form.", "contents": "[Temporomandibular joint involvement in chronic polyarthritis]. As a systemic mesenchymal disease, chronic polyarthritis may affect all joints of the human body. A review of the literature revealed that opinion varied considerably with regard to the involvement of the temporomandibular joint. We made detailed studies in a restricted number of cases using an already existing computerized form."}
{"id": "PMID:269072", "title": "[The dissociated hypersthesia in Vincent's symptom--an indication of the etiology].", "content": "The so-called Vincent's symptom is a functional disturbance in the region of the distribution of n. alveolaris mand. Etiologically, it may be due to pathologic disorders of different origin. In fractures of the mandible with rupture of the nerve in the mandibular canal, complete anesthesia is observed. In inflammatory processes pain is first felt differently, later anesthesia is noted. In the case of a space-occupying lesion, tactile differentiation is disturbed first and pain sensation only after a relatively long time. In the case of infiltrating tumors, a neuritis is noted first (late Vincent's symptom). Thus, partially disturbed sensitivity may be a helpful symptom for differential diagnostic considerations, as is demonstrated in a number of cases.", "contents": "[The dissociated hypersthesia in Vincent's symptom--an indication of the etiology]. The so-called Vincent's symptom is a functional disturbance in the region of the distribution of n. alveolaris mand. Etiologically, it may be due to pathologic disorders of different origin. In fractures of the mandible with rupture of the nerve in the mandibular canal, complete anesthesia is observed. In inflammatory processes pain is first felt differently, later anesthesia is noted. In the case of a space-occupying lesion, tactile differentiation is disturbed first and pain sensation only after a relatively long time. In the case of infiltrating tumors, a neuritis is noted first (late Vincent's symptom). Thus, partially disturbed sensitivity may be a helpful symptom for differential diagnostic considerations, as is demonstrated in a number of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:269073", "title": "[Animal model for the etiopathogenesis of sialadenitis].", "content": "A longitudinal study with patient-specific jaw models and simultaneous X-Rays was undertaken to examine the eruption behaviour of the mandibular premolars following physiological and pathological resorption of the roots of primary teeth. 1. The molars of the first dentition fall out earlier after pathological resorption of the roots of primary teeth. In the presence of an occlusal bony bridge the appearance of a new tooth may take years. The eruption of the replacing tooth is delayed or it may be retained. 2. The eruption times of premolars after physiological resorption of primary tooth roots given in the literature and those obtained by the author converge. After pathological resorption of primary tooth roots and rarefying osteitis with interruption of the lamina dura, vertical development occurs significantly sooner (p less than 0,01). 3. The sequence of eruption of the premolars can be altered after pathological resorption of primary tooth roots.", "contents": "[Animal model for the etiopathogenesis of sialadenitis]. A longitudinal study with patient-specific jaw models and simultaneous X-Rays was undertaken to examine the eruption behaviour of the mandibular premolars following physiological and pathological resorption of the roots of primary teeth. 1. The molars of the first dentition fall out earlier after pathological resorption of the roots of primary teeth. In the presence of an occlusal bony bridge the appearance of a new tooth may take years. The eruption of the replacing tooth is delayed or it may be retained. 2. The eruption times of premolars after physiological resorption of primary tooth roots given in the literature and those obtained by the author converge. After pathological resorption of primary tooth roots and rarefying osteitis with interruption of the lamina dura, vertical development occurs significantly sooner (p less than 0,01). 3. The sequence of eruption of the premolars can be altered after pathological resorption of primary tooth roots."}
{"id": "PMID:269074", "title": "[Synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides by various forms of Streptococcus salivarius].", "content": "Streptococcus salivarius synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from saccharose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions primarily soluble fructanes are formed. There are no differences between the EPS synthesized by r- and s-forms under aerobic conditions; anaerobically the s-forms produce more EPS and more fructane than the r-forms. As compared to streptococcus mutans, the streptococcus salivarius produces considerably more fructane and insoluble glucane under the conditions used.", "contents": "[Synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides by various forms of Streptococcus salivarius]. Streptococcus salivarius synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from saccharose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions primarily soluble fructanes are formed. There are no differences between the EPS synthesized by r- and s-forms under aerobic conditions; anaerobically the s-forms produce more EPS and more fructane than the r-forms. As compared to streptococcus mutans, the streptococcus salivarius produces considerably more fructane and insoluble glucane under the conditions used."}
{"id": "PMID:269076", "title": "[Cariogenic properties of various snacks in animal experiments].", "content": "In a conventional animal experiment with rats, the cariogenic properties of different snacks were studied and compared. Bananas caused the highest caries incidence, apples the lowest. In between ranged the caries values of two other tested sweets, wafers and gum drops. The differences in caries incidence were due to specific chemo-physical properties (stickiness, fat content). In addition to the evaluation of caries incidence, microbiological plaque examinations and sugar analyses of the tested substances were carried out.", "contents": "[Cariogenic properties of various snacks in animal experiments]. In a conventional animal experiment with rats, the cariogenic properties of different snacks were studied and compared. Bananas caused the highest caries incidence, apples the lowest. In between ranged the caries values of two other tested sweets, wafers and gum drops. The differences in caries incidence were due to specific chemo-physical properties (stickiness, fat content). In addition to the evaluation of caries incidence, microbiological plaque examinations and sugar analyses of the tested substances were carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:269077", "title": "[The metabolic behavior of the human plaque flora towards the sugar substitute xylitol].", "content": "By means of the Warburg technique, whether and to what extent microorganisms of the human plaque can metabolize xylitol under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions was studied, and the results were compared with those for saccharose. Under the chosen test conditions, this sugar alcohol was metabolized, if at all, in negligibly small traces only, during eight hours.", "contents": "[The metabolic behavior of the human plaque flora towards the sugar substitute xylitol]. By means of the Warburg technique, whether and to what extent microorganisms of the human plaque can metabolize xylitol under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions was studied, and the results were compared with those for saccharose. Under the chosen test conditions, this sugar alcohol was metabolized, if at all, in negligibly small traces only, during eight hours."}
{"id": "PMID:269078", "title": "[Epidemiological results of the study on tooth destruction carried out at the Marburg dental clinic].", "content": "The individual components of the DMF-T-index checked for age and sex were examined in 2655 patients, who first attended the ZMK clinic in Marburg in 1974, as regards their connection with social and geographical origins. Results of a comparative study, which is restricted to dental findings of patients between the ages of 15 and 64 from the town Marburg and the country area Marburg-Biedenkopf are presented. The wisdom teeth are not included.", "contents": "[Epidemiological results of the study on tooth destruction carried out at the Marburg dental clinic]. The individual components of the DMF-T-index checked for age and sex were examined in 2655 patients, who first attended the ZMK clinic in Marburg in 1974, as regards their connection with social and geographical origins. Results of a comparative study, which is restricted to dental findings of patients between the ages of 15 and 64 from the town Marburg and the country area Marburg-Biedenkopf are presented. The wisdom teeth are not included."}
{"id": "PMID:269079", "title": "[Available fluoride from various drugs after oral application].", "content": "Fluoride profiles (period of estimation 24 hours) after oral intake of 6 different preparations were made in human plasma and parotid saliva. It was shown that the fluoride concentration was highest when NaF was administered. Concentration returned to normal after about 8 hours. The values in parotid saliva were slightly lower than in plasma. Both profiles ran approximately parallel. A pre-eruptive, caries-prophylactic action can here be expected where bio-availability is especially favourable.", "contents": "[Available fluoride from various drugs after oral application]. Fluoride profiles (period of estimation 24 hours) after oral intake of 6 different preparations were made in human plasma and parotid saliva. It was shown that the fluoride concentration was highest when NaF was administered. Concentration returned to normal after about 8 hours. The values in parotid saliva were slightly lower than in plasma. Both profiles ran approximately parallel. A pre-eruptive, caries-prophylactic action can here be expected where bio-availability is especially favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:269080", "title": "[The effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on plaque and gingivitis].", "content": "In a clinical study, the influence of chlorhexidine digluconate (0.1%) on the incidence of dental plaque and gingivitis was examined in subjects with insufficient personal oral hygiene. Statistical evaluation showed that compared to a placebo, chlorhexidine digluconate had a significant plaque inhibiting effect. The gingivo-therapeutic effect of this substance was statistically significant.", "contents": "[The effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on plaque and gingivitis]. In a clinical study, the influence of chlorhexidine digluconate (0.1%) on the incidence of dental plaque and gingivitis was examined in subjects with insufficient personal oral hygiene. Statistical evaluation showed that compared to a placebo, chlorhexidine digluconate had a significant plaque inhibiting effect. The gingivo-therapeutic effect of this substance was statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:269081", "title": "[Antimicrobial properties of cements with and without copper content].", "content": "Copper-containing cements seem to inhibit bacterial growth better than copper-free materials. Twenty-four hours after insertion, a statistically significant difference is noted. The initial bactericidal effect of copper-free cements declines considerably as compared to copper-containing cements. The results obtained largely correspond to those given in the literature. The method used of including bacterial suspension in a liquid medium is suitable to establish dose-reaction curves for dental materials.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial properties of cements with and without copper content]. Copper-containing cements seem to inhibit bacterial growth better than copper-free materials. Twenty-four hours after insertion, a statistically significant difference is noted. The initial bactericidal effect of copper-free cements declines considerably as compared to copper-containing cements. The results obtained largely correspond to those given in the literature. The method used of including bacterial suspension in a liquid medium is suitable to establish dose-reaction curves for dental materials."}
{"id": "PMID:269097", "title": "A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome accompanied with alcoholism.", "content": "A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with alcoholism and migraine is described. Multiple motor tics and coprolalia were suppressed by the treatment with haloperidol. The concentration of HVA and 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured and increment of HVA concentrations was outstanding while his symptoms were aggravated. This might be evidence for hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons involved in manifest symptomatology of this syndrome.", "contents": "A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome accompanied with alcoholism. A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with alcoholism and migraine is described. Multiple motor tics and coprolalia were suppressed by the treatment with haloperidol. The concentration of HVA and 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured and increment of HVA concentrations was outstanding while his symptoms were aggravated. This might be evidence for hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons involved in manifest symptomatology of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:269098", "title": "[Extracoporeal irradiation of blood in the treatment of leukemia. Experiences on 25 patients with chronic lymphadenosis].", "content": "Extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB) is a valuable addition to the treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). Possibly the prognosis of chronic lymphatic leukemia can be significantly influenced by early treatment. In acute leukemia the increase of bone marrow proliferation can be useful in cases resistent to chemotherapy. Side effects of ECIB have not been observed.", "contents": "[Extracoporeal irradiation of blood in the treatment of leukemia. Experiences on 25 patients with chronic lymphadenosis]. Extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB) is a valuable addition to the treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). Possibly the prognosis of chronic lymphatic leukemia can be significantly influenced by early treatment. In acute leukemia the increase of bone marrow proliferation can be useful in cases resistent to chemotherapy. Side effects of ECIB have not been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:269099", "title": "Studies of bone and soft-tissue tumours induced in rats with radioactive cerium chloride.", "content": "A colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium chloride was inoculated into the hind legs of Sprague Dawley rats. Bone and soft-tissue tumours were induced at the site of inoculation in 77% of the animals. All bone tumours were osteogenic osteosarcomas. Soft tissue tumours were mostly malignant and were of various histological types, predominantly fibrosarcomas, haemangiopericytomas, angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. A kinetic study showed that the doubling time (DT) of tumours was closely correlated with the anatomical site of tumour development: bone tumours had a DT of 17.4 +/- 4.3 days and malignant tumours which developed in soft tissues had a DT ranging from 7.4 to 8.4 days with the exception of two haemangiosarcomas which had a long DT of 17 +/- 0.6 days. Pulmonary metastases were frequent for osteosarcomas and tumours of vascular origin. This model of induction of bone and soft-tissue tumours in rats by injection of a colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium chloride offers the possibility of more comprehensive physiopathological and kinetic studies of these tumours and may constitute a good model for their human counterparts.", "contents": "Studies of bone and soft-tissue tumours induced in rats with radioactive cerium chloride. A colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium chloride was inoculated into the hind legs of Sprague Dawley rats. Bone and soft-tissue tumours were induced at the site of inoculation in 77% of the animals. All bone tumours were osteogenic osteosarcomas. Soft tissue tumours were mostly malignant and were of various histological types, predominantly fibrosarcomas, haemangiopericytomas, angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. A kinetic study showed that the doubling time (DT) of tumours was closely correlated with the anatomical site of tumour development: bone tumours had a DT of 17.4 +/- 4.3 days and malignant tumours which developed in soft tissues had a DT ranging from 7.4 to 8.4 days with the exception of two haemangiosarcomas which had a long DT of 17 +/- 0.6 days. Pulmonary metastases were frequent for osteosarcomas and tumours of vascular origin. This model of induction of bone and soft-tissue tumours in rats by injection of a colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium chloride offers the possibility of more comprehensive physiopathological and kinetic studies of these tumours and may constitute a good model for their human counterparts."}
{"id": "PMID:269105", "title": "[Cellular relations during odontogenesis].", "content": "Epithelial-mesenchyme interactions during mouse molar tooth morphogenesis were observed by electron microscopy. The basal lamina was intact from day 10 to day 18. Aperiodic, later also periodic fibrils were deposited on the basal lamina. Ectomesenchymal cell processes were always in close relation with the basal lamina or with the fibrillar material. On day 19 some direct heterotypic cell contacts between odontoblasts and preameloblasts were observed. At all stages, especially the preodontoblasts but also preameloblasts, gave rise to aggregated vesicles, which were extruded in the epithelial-mesenchymal space.", "contents": "[Cellular relations during odontogenesis]. Epithelial-mesenchyme interactions during mouse molar tooth morphogenesis were observed by electron microscopy. The basal lamina was intact from day 10 to day 18. Aperiodic, later also periodic fibrils were deposited on the basal lamina. Ectomesenchymal cell processes were always in close relation with the basal lamina or with the fibrillar material. On day 19 some direct heterotypic cell contacts between odontoblasts and preameloblasts were observed. At all stages, especially the preodontoblasts but also preameloblasts, gave rise to aggregated vesicles, which were extruded in the epithelial-mesenchymal space."}
{"id": "PMID:269106", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the cellular cementum in rats].", "content": "The study of the cementum of adult rat molars has essentially shown resting and developing surfaces. The resting cementum surface is covered by fibroblasts oriented perpendicular to the surface and surrounded by collagen bundles entering perpendicularly in the cementum or oriented parallel to the surface. On the surfaces with apposition, cementoblats and cementoid cementoblasts, becoming finally cementocytes, were observed. A decrease in cytoplasmic organelles is noted in these latter cells when going from the surface to the cementum depth. An organic pericementocytic space is located between the comentocyte cytoplasmic membrane and the lacunar calcified wall. In the interlacunar tubules, tight and gap junctions were present between the cytoplasmic processes of adjacent cells. Groupings of several epithelial-like cells were embedded in large intracemental cavities. They probably correspond to epithelial rests of Malassez.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the cellular cementum in rats]. The study of the cementum of adult rat molars has essentially shown resting and developing surfaces. The resting cementum surface is covered by fibroblasts oriented perpendicular to the surface and surrounded by collagen bundles entering perpendicularly in the cementum or oriented parallel to the surface. On the surfaces with apposition, cementoblats and cementoid cementoblasts, becoming finally cementocytes, were observed. A decrease in cytoplasmic organelles is noted in these latter cells when going from the surface to the cementum depth. An organic pericementocytic space is located between the comentocyte cytoplasmic membrane and the lacunar calcified wall. In the interlacunar tubules, tight and gap junctions were present between the cytoplasmic processes of adjacent cells. Groupings of several epithelial-like cells were embedded in large intracemental cavities. They probably correspond to epithelial rests of Malassez."}
{"id": "PMID:269107", "title": "[Experimental allergic pulpitis in rabbits].", "content": "Ten male, albino rabbits, weighing about 2,5 kg, were sensitized with 0.05% of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Ten controls received the complete Freund's adjuvant only. Fourteen days later, the animals were submitted to a dental test. The four incisor pulps were exposed under general anesthesia. A sterile cotton pellet with 10-(-4) mg of DNCB was sealed inside the cavity. A skin test was also performed with 0.1% DNCB. The operative trauma was evaluated on five additional control animals. Twenty four hours after the challenge, the animals were killed and their teeth were studied histologically. Three different pulpitis were observed: 1) in animals without DNCB, a traumatic pulpitis with a mild focal necrosis and serous infiltrate; 2) a toxic pulpitis induced by the DNCB in the controls. They were killed and their teeth were studied histologically. Three different kinds of pulpitis induced in sensitized animals. A considerable necrosis is present close to the pulp exposure. This pulpitis is characterized by a marked serous exudate and by an accumulation of lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages, either perivascularly or in the pulpal mesenchyme. A modification of the present classification of pulpitis is proposed.", "contents": "[Experimental allergic pulpitis in rabbits]. Ten male, albino rabbits, weighing about 2,5 kg, were sensitized with 0.05% of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Ten controls received the complete Freund's adjuvant only. Fourteen days later, the animals were submitted to a dental test. The four incisor pulps were exposed under general anesthesia. A sterile cotton pellet with 10-(-4) mg of DNCB was sealed inside the cavity. A skin test was also performed with 0.1% DNCB. The operative trauma was evaluated on five additional control animals. Twenty four hours after the challenge, the animals were killed and their teeth were studied histologically. Three different pulpitis were observed: 1) in animals without DNCB, a traumatic pulpitis with a mild focal necrosis and serous infiltrate; 2) a toxic pulpitis induced by the DNCB in the controls. They were killed and their teeth were studied histologically. Three different kinds of pulpitis induced in sensitized animals. A considerable necrosis is present close to the pulp exposure. This pulpitis is characterized by a marked serous exudate and by an accumulation of lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages, either perivascularly or in the pulpal mesenchyme. A modification of the present classification of pulpitis is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:269108", "title": "Human submandibular gland tissue in culture I. Sulphate incorporation and tissue culture technique.", "content": "In vitro cultivation of human submandibular gland tissue resulted in release of salivary proteins corresponding to about 50% of the total content after 48 hours. The admixture of plasma proteins as judged by single radial immunodiffusion took place early in the incubation period, and could be reduced by discarding the first washing medium. Hydroxyproline measurements in the medium indicated that the autolysis increased significantly after two days of incubation. Isoelectric focusing of human submandibular proteins resulted in fractions with isoelectric points closely resembling those demonstraded earlier for monkey submandibular gland proteins, but with larger acid fractions and smaller basic fractions. Virus haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity and sulphate incorporation was demonstrated in the most acidic, viscous fractions, whereas L-leucine incorporation was found in all fractions of the isoelectric scale. No sulphate affinity to submandibular proteins, independant of the in vitro protein synthesis, could be detected by equilibrium dialysis or other control measures.", "contents": "Human submandibular gland tissue in culture I. Sulphate incorporation and tissue culture technique. In vitro cultivation of human submandibular gland tissue resulted in release of salivary proteins corresponding to about 50% of the total content after 48 hours. The admixture of plasma proteins as judged by single radial immunodiffusion took place early in the incubation period, and could be reduced by discarding the first washing medium. Hydroxyproline measurements in the medium indicated that the autolysis increased significantly after two days of incubation. Isoelectric focusing of human submandibular proteins resulted in fractions with isoelectric points closely resembling those demonstraded earlier for monkey submandibular gland proteins, but with larger acid fractions and smaller basic fractions. Virus haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity and sulphate incorporation was demonstrated in the most acidic, viscous fractions, whereas L-leucine incorporation was found in all fractions of the isoelectric scale. No sulphate affinity to submandibular proteins, independant of the in vitro protein synthesis, could be detected by equilibrium dialysis or other control measures."}
{"id": "PMID:269109", "title": "Human submandibular gland tissue in culture 2. Nickel affinity to secretory proteins.", "content": "In view of the exposure to nickel through the oral cavity the relation between this metal (as 63NiCl2) and salivary macromolecules was studied by tissue culture, isoelectric focusing and equilibrium dialysis. During cultivation of human submandibular gland tissue, small amounts of nickel were incorporated into macromolecules with an isoelectric point of about 4.4 and approximately 7.5. No affinity independent of the protein synthesis was revealed between nickel and submandibular proteins, including the acidic, viscous, sulphate-incorporating glycoproteins. It is therefore possible that a nickel-containing metalloprotein is present in the submandibular secretion, but a complex formation between nickel and macromolecules similar to the nickel-albumin transport system in plasma was not found. The affinity of nickel to small molecular substances in the secretion was not studied.", "contents": "Human submandibular gland tissue in culture 2. Nickel affinity to secretory proteins. In view of the exposure to nickel through the oral cavity the relation between this metal (as 63NiCl2) and salivary macromolecules was studied by tissue culture, isoelectric focusing and equilibrium dialysis. During cultivation of human submandibular gland tissue, small amounts of nickel were incorporated into macromolecules with an isoelectric point of about 4.4 and approximately 7.5. No affinity independent of the protein synthesis was revealed between nickel and submandibular proteins, including the acidic, viscous, sulphate-incorporating glycoproteins. It is therefore possible that a nickel-containing metalloprotein is present in the submandibular secretion, but a complex formation between nickel and macromolecules similar to the nickel-albumin transport system in plasma was not found. The affinity of nickel to small molecular substances in the secretion was not studied."}
{"id": "PMID:269110", "title": "Synthesis of bacteriocins in liquid cultures of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Strains of Streptococcus mutans synthesized bacteriocins in agar plates, but synthesis of detectable bacteriocins in liquid media took place only under certain culture conditions. The composition of the medium proved to be crucial. Trypticase Soy Broth with 4% Yeast Extract meeting the requirements. The effect of the Yeast Extract is obscure, for some strains also formed detectable bacteriocins in a special Trypticase medium without this agent. It was noted that the broth should be filter-sterilized rather than autoclaved and only a few days old. Attempts at liberating cell-bound bacteriocins from washed cells were unsuccessful, even when they were treated with ultrasound, EDTA, or various chemicals followed by ultrasound. On the basis of size and sensitivity to heat the bacteriocins could be divided into two groups, while their resistance to ether and chloroform and to trypsin did not follow this pattern. Dependence on plasmids could not be demonstrated by attempts at curing with acridine orange or ethidium bromide; and the involvement of phages was unlikely, since the inhibition was not transmissible and phage-like structures were not observed in the electron microscope.", "contents": "Synthesis of bacteriocins in liquid cultures of Streptococcus mutans. Strains of Streptococcus mutans synthesized bacteriocins in agar plates, but synthesis of detectable bacteriocins in liquid media took place only under certain culture conditions. The composition of the medium proved to be crucial. Trypticase Soy Broth with 4% Yeast Extract meeting the requirements. The effect of the Yeast Extract is obscure, for some strains also formed detectable bacteriocins in a special Trypticase medium without this agent. It was noted that the broth should be filter-sterilized rather than autoclaved and only a few days old. Attempts at liberating cell-bound bacteriocins from washed cells were unsuccessful, even when they were treated with ultrasound, EDTA, or various chemicals followed by ultrasound. On the basis of size and sensitivity to heat the bacteriocins could be divided into two groups, while their resistance to ether and chloroform and to trypsin did not follow this pattern. Dependence on plasmids could not be demonstrated by attempts at curing with acridine orange or ethidium bromide; and the involvement of phages was unlikely, since the inhibition was not transmissible and phage-like structures were not observed in the electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:269114", "title": "The pathology of renal ischaemia.", "content": "Examination of ischaemic kidneys reveals changes which generally correlate well with the pathophysiology of renal ischaemia. Although there is an association between renal ischaemia, juxtaglomerular granulation and hypertension, notable exceptions are seen from time to time. Improved methods of identification of the contents of juxtaglomerular granules may provide better methods of prediction of those patients likely to benefit from nephrectomy for hypertension associated with renal ischaemia. Further studies of the function of mesangial cells and of the smooth muscle cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus promises to provide information to explain the collapse of glomerular tufts, and hence of impaired glomerular filtration, following ischaemia.", "contents": "The pathology of renal ischaemia. Examination of ischaemic kidneys reveals changes which generally correlate well with the pathophysiology of renal ischaemia. Although there is an association between renal ischaemia, juxtaglomerular granulation and hypertension, notable exceptions are seen from time to time. Improved methods of identification of the contents of juxtaglomerular granules may provide better methods of prediction of those patients likely to benefit from nephrectomy for hypertension associated with renal ischaemia. Further studies of the function of mesangial cells and of the smooth muscle cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus promises to provide information to explain the collapse of glomerular tufts, and hence of impaired glomerular filtration, following ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:269116", "title": "Hypoxia in the newborn infant.", "content": "Hypoxia in newborn infants is becoming much easier to prevent, detect and treat. Nevertheless the successful management of potentially hypoxic fetuses and newborn infants remains the major challenge to all physicians concerned with perinatal care. What is at stake is not only that sick infants should survive, but equally or more importantly that the survivors should be normal children. Recent follow-up studies show that this aim can, with few exceptions, now be achieved (Stewart and Reynolds, 1974; Davies and Stewart, 1975; Durbin et al, 1976).", "contents": "Hypoxia in the newborn infant. Hypoxia in newborn infants is becoming much easier to prevent, detect and treat. Nevertheless the successful management of potentially hypoxic fetuses and newborn infants remains the major challenge to all physicians concerned with perinatal care. What is at stake is not only that sick infants should survive, but equally or more importantly that the survivors should be normal children. Recent follow-up studies show that this aim can, with few exceptions, now be achieved (Stewart and Reynolds, 1974; Davies and Stewart, 1975; Durbin et al, 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:269124", "title": "Ischaemia of peripheral nerve and muscle.", "content": "Although skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves are both resistant to ischaemia there are nevertheless many syndromes in which they are affected, either separately or together. It is frequently difficult to distinguish the effects of arterial ischaemia from those of compression, which may operate through vascular occlusion, or, in the case of peripheral nerve, by mechanical deformation of nerve fibres. A great deal has been learned from experimental models, but not all of it is applicable to the complexity of human neuromuscular ischaemia which requires further study.", "contents": "Ischaemia of peripheral nerve and muscle. Although skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves are both resistant to ischaemia there are nevertheless many syndromes in which they are affected, either separately or together. It is frequently difficult to distinguish the effects of arterial ischaemia from those of compression, which may operate through vascular occlusion, or, in the case of peripheral nerve, by mechanical deformation of nerve fibres. A great deal has been learned from experimental models, but not all of it is applicable to the complexity of human neuromuscular ischaemia which requires further study."}
{"id": "PMID:269149", "title": "Enamel fluoride uptake and retention from intensive APF gel applications in vivo.", "content": "Children, in the fifth school grade (mean age 11 years) in a fluoridated water area, self-applied acidulated phosphate-F gel (1.2% F) in custom-fitted mouthpieces on 5, 10, or 25 consecutive school days. Enamel F uptake, penetration, and retention were determined from analysis of 1,257 deciduous teeth exfoliated during and after the applications. F penetrated to 200 micrometer in enamel exposed to 25 applications of the gel and increased approximately 2,600 ppm at a 5 micrometer depth. Concentrations of F declined for approximately eight months after which levels stabilized, resulting in a 1,600 ppm increase of firmly bound F.", "contents": "Enamel fluoride uptake and retention from intensive APF gel applications in vivo. Children, in the fifth school grade (mean age 11 years) in a fluoridated water area, self-applied acidulated phosphate-F gel (1.2% F) in custom-fitted mouthpieces on 5, 10, or 25 consecutive school days. Enamel F uptake, penetration, and retention were determined from analysis of 1,257 deciduous teeth exfoliated during and after the applications. F penetrated to 200 micrometer in enamel exposed to 25 applications of the gel and increased approximately 2,600 ppm at a 5 micrometer depth. Concentrations of F declined for approximately eight months after which levels stabilized, resulting in a 1,600 ppm increase of firmly bound F."}
{"id": "PMID:269150", "title": "The measurement of the effect of toothbrushes on soft tissue abrasion.", "content": "The effect of toothbrushes on soft tissue abrasion was measured using hamster cheek pouch tissue brushed mechanically for various intervals. The detection of protein removed during brushing was used as an index of tissue abrasion. The method was found to be sensitive in detecting the effects of brush load, number of strokes applied, and the texture of the brush. The results further showed that the mechanical removal of sharp edges from bristle tips substantially reduced the level of soft tissue abrasion while a dentifrice polishing agent applied to the tissue with a brush did not increase the abrasive effect of the brush.", "contents": "The measurement of the effect of toothbrushes on soft tissue abrasion. The effect of toothbrushes on soft tissue abrasion was measured using hamster cheek pouch tissue brushed mechanically for various intervals. The detection of protein removed during brushing was used as an index of tissue abrasion. The method was found to be sensitive in detecting the effects of brush load, number of strokes applied, and the texture of the brush. The results further showed that the mechanical removal of sharp edges from bristle tips substantially reduced the level of soft tissue abrasion while a dentifrice polishing agent applied to the tissue with a brush did not increase the abrasive effect of the brush."}
{"id": "PMID:269151", "title": "A plastic intraoral device for the collection of human parotid saliva.", "content": "A plastic intraoral (IO) cup developed to facilitate collection of human parotid saliva was tested on two groups of patients. Samples collected in both IO and tubed cups exhibited no significant differences in lysozyme or lactoperoxidase activity, levels of total protein or secretory IgA, or in flow rates. Results suggest that the IO cup provides a simple, reliable method for collecting parotid saliva.", "contents": "A plastic intraoral device for the collection of human parotid saliva. A plastic intraoral (IO) cup developed to facilitate collection of human parotid saliva was tested on two groups of patients. Samples collected in both IO and tubed cups exhibited no significant differences in lysozyme or lactoperoxidase activity, levels of total protein or secretory IgA, or in flow rates. Results suggest that the IO cup provides a simple, reliable method for collecting parotid saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:269152", "title": "The young child's response to repeated dental procedures.", "content": "Children's responses to dental procedures which were repeated over a series of six visits were studied. Response to a mirror and explorer examination at the beginning of each visit deteriorated initially and then improved over the last three visits. Responses to the four injections were increasingly negative. The response to cavity preparation did not change significantly during the four treatment visits. The results suggest dental experience resulted in desensitization to nonstressful procedures and sensitization to stressful procedures.", "contents": "The young child's response to repeated dental procedures. Children's responses to dental procedures which were repeated over a series of six visits were studied. Response to a mirror and explorer examination at the beginning of each visit deteriorated initially and then improved over the last three visits. Responses to the four injections were increasingly negative. The response to cavity preparation did not change significantly during the four treatment visits. The results suggest dental experience resulted in desensitization to nonstressful procedures and sensitization to stressful procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:269153", "title": "Free surface energy change for water adsorbed on hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The free energies of immersion for three hydroxyapatite samples of different origin and method of preparation were determined from water adsorption isotherms at 20 and 25 C. The free energies varied with the temperature of the isotherm, changing linearly with the outgassing temperature in the range of 20 and 300 C. The samples outgassed at 300 C yielded free energy of immersion values of 365, 432, and 476 ergs/cm2 for the VIC-, NBS-, and TVA-HAP, respectively. Work of adhesion and work of spreading were calculated for water on these samples.", "contents": "Free surface energy change for water adsorbed on hydroxyapatite. The free energies of immersion for three hydroxyapatite samples of different origin and method of preparation were determined from water adsorption isotherms at 20 and 25 C. The free energies varied with the temperature of the isotherm, changing linearly with the outgassing temperature in the range of 20 and 300 C. The samples outgassed at 300 C yielded free energy of immersion values of 365, 432, and 476 ergs/cm2 for the VIC-, NBS-, and TVA-HAP, respectively. Work of adhesion and work of spreading were calculated for water on these samples."}
{"id": "PMID:269154", "title": "Fracture toughness of composite and unfilled restorative resins.", "content": "Fracture toughness, critical strain energy release rate, and critical stress intensity factor were determined for experimental and commercial restorative resins. A composite resin had lower resistance to crack initiation than an unfilled acrylic resin. The data were consistent with surface failure observed in single-pass wear studies of these resins.", "contents": "Fracture toughness of composite and unfilled restorative resins. Fracture toughness, critical strain energy release rate, and critical stress intensity factor were determined for experimental and commercial restorative resins. A composite resin had lower resistance to crack initiation than an unfilled acrylic resin. The data were consistent with surface failure observed in single-pass wear studies of these resins."}
{"id": "PMID:269155", "title": "Color of denture resins.", "content": "The color of 24 commercially available denture resins was determined visually with Munsell color tabs and by reflection spectrophotometry. Correlation between Munsell and spectrophotometric data was found. The resins characterized for Black patients had a higher degree of specular reflectance and were more opaque than resins for Caucasians.", "contents": "Color of denture resins. The color of 24 commercially available denture resins was determined visually with Munsell color tabs and by reflection spectrophotometry. Correlation between Munsell and spectrophotometric data was found. The resins characterized for Black patients had a higher degree of specular reflectance and were more opaque than resins for Caucasians."}
{"id": "PMID:269156", "title": "Rotational viscometry of a zinc phosphate and a zinc polyacrylate cement.", "content": "The rheological properties of a zinc phosphate and a zinc polyacrylate cement were investigated using a rotational viscometer. The effects of time, temperature, shear rate, and spindle geometry on the measured viscosities were evaluated. Results indicated that both cements exhibited Newtonian behavior.", "contents": "Rotational viscometry of a zinc phosphate and a zinc polyacrylate cement. The rheological properties of a zinc phosphate and a zinc polyacrylate cement were investigated using a rotational viscometer. The effects of time, temperature, shear rate, and spindle geometry on the measured viscosities were evaluated. Results indicated that both cements exhibited Newtonian behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:269157", "title": "An evaluation of porous alumina ceramic dental implants.", "content": "The fabrication, characterization, and clinical results of porous rooted alumina dental implants in animals are presented. Failures of all implants occurred in less than six months and were attributed to the presence of microporosity on the crown and cervical portion of the implant which prevented the establishment of an effective biological seal between the oral cavity and the alveolus.", "contents": "An evaluation of porous alumina ceramic dental implants. The fabrication, characterization, and clinical results of porous rooted alumina dental implants in animals are presented. Failures of all implants occurred in less than six months and were attributed to the presence of microporosity on the crown and cervical portion of the implant which prevented the establishment of an effective biological seal between the oral cavity and the alveolus."}
{"id": "PMID:269158", "title": "Inhaled nitrous oxide and cathepsin D activity in the lung.", "content": "Acute exposures of lungs to nitrous oxide in anesthetic concentration results in an initial lowered free activity of cathepsin D. Chronic exposures with either continuous or interrupted anesthetic exposure increases the free activity of this enzyme.", "contents": "Inhaled nitrous oxide and cathepsin D activity in the lung. Acute exposures of lungs to nitrous oxide in anesthetic concentration results in an initial lowered free activity of cathepsin D. Chronic exposures with either continuous or interrupted anesthetic exposure increases the free activity of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:269159", "title": "Electromyographic analysis of the \"baccinator mechanism\" in human beings.", "content": "Electromyography of the muscles of the \"buccinator mechanism\" was undertaken, utilizing indwelling fine-wire electrodes. Electromyograms were made of 14 subjects with normal occlusion during various oral activities. Several activities elicited simultaneous contraction of all muscles. Simultaneous activity represents a potential restraining force of this muscular band on the dentition.", "contents": "Electromyographic analysis of the \"baccinator mechanism\" in human beings. Electromyography of the muscles of the \"buccinator mechanism\" was undertaken, utilizing indwelling fine-wire electrodes. Electromyograms were made of 14 subjects with normal occlusion during various oral activities. Several activities elicited simultaneous contraction of all muscles. Simultaneous activity represents a potential restraining force of this muscular band on the dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:269160", "title": "Late elongation of the cranial base.", "content": "A single logistic curve was fitted to serial data for three cranial base lengths (S-N, Ba-N, and Ba-S) in 33 boys and 26 girls. Elongation during pubescence plus adolescence is greater in boys than girls for each length. The maximum rate of pubescent elongation occurs earliest in Ba-N. There are no consistent sex differences in the maximum rates of elongation but they occur considerably earlier in girls. Similarly, girls reach 95% of their adult lengths at younger ages than boys.", "contents": "Late elongation of the cranial base. A single logistic curve was fitted to serial data for three cranial base lengths (S-N, Ba-N, and Ba-S) in 33 boys and 26 girls. Elongation during pubescence plus adolescence is greater in boys than girls for each length. The maximum rate of pubescent elongation occurs earliest in Ba-N. There are no consistent sex differences in the maximum rates of elongation but they occur considerably earlier in girls. Similarly, girls reach 95% of their adult lengths at younger ages than boys."}
{"id": "PMID:269161", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-induced abnormalities in the incisors of the rat.", "content": "A single injection of 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide caused gross dental abnormalities in rats. Broken, malformed, overgrown, and \"extra\" incisors developed several weeks after drug treatment. Radioautographic investigations show no unusual features in the morphology or labeling with H3-thymidine in the odontogenic cells. The results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of the drug is a temporary one which induces a residual alteration of tooth growth.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-induced abnormalities in the incisors of the rat. A single injection of 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide caused gross dental abnormalities in rats. Broken, malformed, overgrown, and \"extra\" incisors developed several weeks after drug treatment. Radioautographic investigations show no unusual features in the morphology or labeling with H3-thymidine in the odontogenic cells. The results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of the drug is a temporary one which induces a residual alteration of tooth growth."}
{"id": "PMID:269162", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the sensory innervation of teeth. I. Dentin.", "content": "Autoradiography of axoplasmically transported proteins revealed that the coronal dentin of rat molar teeth receives sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion. The labeled processes appear to run in dentinal tubules and sometimes reach the peripheral dentinal region near the enamel.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the sensory innervation of teeth. I. Dentin. Autoradiography of axoplasmically transported proteins revealed that the coronal dentin of rat molar teeth receives sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion. The labeled processes appear to run in dentinal tubules and sometimes reach the peripheral dentinal region near the enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:269163", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the sensory innervation of teeth. II. Dental pulp and periodontium.", "content": "Autoradiography of axoplasmically transported proteins revealed that both dental pulp and periodontium receive sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion in the form of plexuses and free and organized sensory receptors, including apparent corpuscular ones. Corpuscular receptors in the pulp suggest this tissue may be responsive to modalities other than pain.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the sensory innervation of teeth. II. Dental pulp and periodontium. Autoradiography of axoplasmically transported proteins revealed that both dental pulp and periodontium receive sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion in the form of plexuses and free and organized sensory receptors, including apparent corpuscular ones. Corpuscular receptors in the pulp suggest this tissue may be responsive to modalities other than pain."}
{"id": "PMID:269164", "title": "Morphological changes in lymphatic vessels in pulpal inflammation.", "content": "Noncarious, carious, and restored human teeth obtained from individuals 20 to 65 years of age were used to study the differences in lymphatic drainage between healthy and inflamed pulps. In carious teeth, the lymphatic vessels located within and/or surrounding the inflammatory lesion were distended, a situation not demonstrable in pulps of noncarious and restored teeth.", "contents": "Morphological changes in lymphatic vessels in pulpal inflammation. Noncarious, carious, and restored human teeth obtained from individuals 20 to 65 years of age were used to study the differences in lymphatic drainage between healthy and inflamed pulps. In carious teeth, the lymphatic vessels located within and/or surrounding the inflammatory lesion were distended, a situation not demonstrable in pulps of noncarious and restored teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:269165", "title": "Symphysis menti of the rabbit: anatomy, histology, and postnatal development.", "content": "A histologic and anatomic investigation of the symphyseal region in rabbits did not reveal a bony fusion between the two halves of the mandible; these two bones are united in the anterior part by a synchrondrosis, and a definite histologic suture with interdigitating bony rugosities and interposed connective tissue, in the posterior part. Functionally, the two parts are immobile and thus constitute one bone.", "contents": "Symphysis menti of the rabbit: anatomy, histology, and postnatal development. A histologic and anatomic investigation of the symphyseal region in rabbits did not reveal a bony fusion between the two halves of the mandible; these two bones are united in the anterior part by a synchrondrosis, and a definite histologic suture with interdigitating bony rugosities and interposed connective tissue, in the posterior part. Functionally, the two parts are immobile and thus constitute one bone."}
{"id": "PMID:269166", "title": "Blood and urinary 18F pharmacokinetics following parenteral administration in the rat.", "content": "Blood and urinary excretion time courses of 18F administered parenterally to rats were monitored for two hours. The intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes gave kinetically indistinguishable results after ten minutes following the dose. The blood time course during the first hour following intramuscular dosing showed a relative constancy and suggested a delayed absorption time.", "contents": "Blood and urinary 18F pharmacokinetics following parenteral administration in the rat. Blood and urinary excretion time courses of 18F administered parenterally to rats were monitored for two hours. The intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes gave kinetically indistinguishable results after ten minutes following the dose. The blood time course during the first hour following intramuscular dosing showed a relative constancy and suggested a delayed absorption time."}
{"id": "PMID:269167", "title": "The role of calcitonin in the calcification of ental matrix.", "content": "Chronic calcitonin (CT) deficiency was shown to have several effects on the incisors of young growing rats. The incisors had a significantly wider predentin layer, interglobular dentin, and frequent pulpal exposures at the incisal edge. It was concluded that CT plays a role in the normal calcification of dentin matrix.", "contents": "The role of calcitonin in the calcification of ental matrix. Chronic calcitonin (CT) deficiency was shown to have several effects on the incisors of young growing rats. The incisors had a significantly wider predentin layer, interglobular dentin, and frequent pulpal exposures at the incisal edge. It was concluded that CT plays a role in the normal calcification of dentin matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:269168", "title": "Manual and oral sensation in patients with Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Thresholds for light touch detection and two-point discrimination on the hand and in the mouth, and oral and manual stereognosis ability were measured in patients with untreated Cushing's syndrome and normal volunteers. Results indicated that patients with Cushing's syndrome displayed decreased two-point discrimination on the tongue and palate and decreased oral stereognosis.", "contents": "Manual and oral sensation in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Thresholds for light touch detection and two-point discrimination on the hand and in the mouth, and oral and manual stereognosis ability were measured in patients with untreated Cushing's syndrome and normal volunteers. Results indicated that patients with Cushing's syndrome displayed decreased two-point discrimination on the tongue and palate and decreased oral stereognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:269190", "title": "Oral gonococcal infection.", "content": "Oral ulcerative lesions may strongly resemble one another which can lead to erroneous assumptions in diagnosis. The importance of assembling all the pertinent facts including, at times, microscopic examination and bacterial cultures before instituting treatment is illustrated by this case report of an oral gonococcal infection.", "contents": "Oral gonococcal infection. Oral ulcerative lesions may strongly resemble one another which can lead to erroneous assumptions in diagnosis. The importance of assembling all the pertinent facts including, at times, microscopic examination and bacterial cultures before instituting treatment is illustrated by this case report of an oral gonococcal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:269191", "title": "What the federal x-ray regulations mean to the dentist.", "content": "The dentists should keep in mind that the Federal Performance Standard is designed to protect the public and the profession from health hazards and from inadequacies in manufacture. It offers many advantages to the dentist who uses X-ray equipment. The standard does not regulate the dentist's diagnostic use of X radiation, but it assures him of purchasing reliable, properly functioning equipment with an increased level of radiation protection.", "contents": "What the federal x-ray regulations mean to the dentist. The dentists should keep in mind that the Federal Performance Standard is designed to protect the public and the profession from health hazards and from inadequacies in manufacture. It offers many advantages to the dentist who uses X-ray equipment. The standard does not regulate the dentist's diagnostic use of X radiation, but it assures him of purchasing reliable, properly functioning equipment with an increased level of radiation protection."}
{"id": "PMID:269192", "title": "Holography in dentistry.", "content": "Holograms were made that recorded on a single piece of film an entire study case in three dimensions. Other applications of holography in dentistry are discussed. On a qualitative basis, it appears that holography has potential application in many fields of dentistry. However, a number of problems must be resolved before holography will find its way into the dental practice.", "contents": "Holography in dentistry. Holograms were made that recorded on a single piece of film an entire study case in three dimensions. Other applications of holography in dentistry are discussed. On a qualitative basis, it appears that holography has potential application in many fields of dentistry. However, a number of problems must be resolved before holography will find its way into the dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:269193", "title": "Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. I. The Widal reaction.", "content": "The outbreak of typhoid fever in Aberdeen during 1964 (Walker, 1965) presented an opportunity to study the antibody titres of typhoid fever patients and of TAB immunized individuals to obtain further knowledge concerning the behaviour of these titres with the passage of time.This paper gives an abbreviated version of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964.The antibody titres of patients were followed up for a period of 2 years after discharge from hospital and the findings have been compared with those in TAB immunized healthy individuals. The following points emerged:(1) The value of the Widal test as an aid to diagnosis was limited;(2) the flagellar antibody titre in patients' sera provided a more reliable aid towards diagnosis than did the somatic antibody titre;(3) the response of immunized and non-immunized patients to the somatic antigens was poor and often delayed well into the period following discharge from hospital;(4) titres of 1/40 and over for Vi agglutinins were present in immunized and non-immunized patients for at least 12 months after discharge without their being S. typhi excretors;(5) Vi agglutinin titres as high as 1/40 were present in TAB immunized healthy individuals and also in members of the general public;(6) the presence of S. typhi septicaemia need not result in a high antibody titre;(7) patients who relapse, may do so without enhancement of previous antibody titres and may relapse even in the presence of earlier appreciable titres.", "contents": "Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. I. The Widal reaction. The outbreak of typhoid fever in Aberdeen during 1964 (Walker, 1965) presented an opportunity to study the antibody titres of typhoid fever patients and of TAB immunized individuals to obtain further knowledge concerning the behaviour of these titres with the passage of time.This paper gives an abbreviated version of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964.The antibody titres of patients were followed up for a period of 2 years after discharge from hospital and the findings have been compared with those in TAB immunized healthy individuals. The following points emerged:(1) The value of the Widal test as an aid to diagnosis was limited;(2) the flagellar antibody titre in patients' sera provided a more reliable aid towards diagnosis than did the somatic antibody titre;(3) the response of immunized and non-immunized patients to the somatic antigens was poor and often delayed well into the period following discharge from hospital;(4) titres of 1/40 and over for Vi agglutinins were present in immunized and non-immunized patients for at least 12 months after discharge without their being S. typhi excretors;(5) Vi agglutinin titres as high as 1/40 were present in TAB immunized healthy individuals and also in members of the general public;(6) the presence of S. typhi septicaemia need not result in a high antibody titre;(7) patients who relapse, may do so without enhancement of previous antibody titres and may relapse even in the presence of earlier appreciable titres."}
{"id": "PMID:269194", "title": "Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. II. Coombs', complement fixation and fimbrial agglutination tests.", "content": "In a previous paper (Brodie, 1977) the value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was shown to be limited. Evaluation of possible alternative tests showed that: (1) the sensitivity of the anti-human globulin (Coombs') test appeared greater than that of the agglutination test but the length of time (48 h) before results were available rendered it of little value in rapid diagnosis: (2) the complement fixation test offered no particular help towards diagnosis; (3) immunized and non-immunized typhoid fever patients developed fimbrial antibodies, as also did immunized healthy individuals. In this latter group, however, those immunized with alcoholized TAB vaccine had higher antibody titres to fimbrial antigen than those immunized with heat-killed phenolized vaccine.", "contents": "Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. II. Coombs', complement fixation and fimbrial agglutination tests. In a previous paper (Brodie, 1977) the value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was shown to be limited. Evaluation of possible alternative tests showed that: (1) the sensitivity of the anti-human globulin (Coombs') test appeared greater than that of the agglutination test but the length of time (48 h) before results were available rendered it of little value in rapid diagnosis: (2) the complement fixation test offered no particular help towards diagnosis; (3) immunized and non-immunized typhoid fever patients developed fimbrial antibodies, as also did immunized healthy individuals. In this latter group, however, those immunized with alcoholized TAB vaccine had higher antibody titres to fimbrial antigen than those immunized with heat-killed phenolized vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:269195", "title": "Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit. I. Experimental investigations of some clothes for barrier nursing.", "content": "Clothes-borne transmission is an important way of spread of infection from patient to patient which is not interrupted by common cotton gowns. New barrier garments were designed from spun-bonded olefin that, in particle penetration tests, was 100 times better as a filter than cotton cloth. Three designs, a gown, a loose coverall and a close overall, were compared with each other and with conventional cotton gowns in experimental exercise and nursing procedures. Staphylococcus aureus from burned patients were used as markers. The close coverall was 4-7 times better than the loose coverall or gown in preventing the soiling of clothes worn underneath it, but appeared to permit substantially more transfer from garments underneath it to a mock 'patient' and to the air than did the looser garments. A cotton gown reduced the soiling of clothes underneath it by more than 10 times and the contamination of a mock patient by more than 30 times as compared with no barrier garment. The close coverall further diminished the contamination of clothes but not the transfer to the patient. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancy between particle transmission tests annd experimental porcedures are discussed.", "contents": "Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit. I. Experimental investigations of some clothes for barrier nursing. Clothes-borne transmission is an important way of spread of infection from patient to patient which is not interrupted by common cotton gowns. New barrier garments were designed from spun-bonded olefin that, in particle penetration tests, was 100 times better as a filter than cotton cloth. Three designs, a gown, a loose coverall and a close overall, were compared with each other and with conventional cotton gowns in experimental exercise and nursing procedures. Staphylococcus aureus from burned patients were used as markers. The close coverall was 4-7 times better than the loose coverall or gown in preventing the soiling of clothes worn underneath it, but appeared to permit substantially more transfer from garments underneath it to a mock 'patient' and to the air than did the looser garments. A cotton gown reduced the soiling of clothes underneath it by more than 10 times and the contamination of a mock patient by more than 30 times as compared with no barrier garment. The close coverall further diminished the contamination of clothes but not the transfer to the patient. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancy between particle transmission tests annd experimental porcedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269196", "title": "Protective efficacy of RIT 4025, a live attenuated influenza vaccine strain, and evaluation of heterotypic immunity to influenza A viruses in ferrets.", "content": "Ferrets immunized with an H3N2 recombinant of A/PR/8/34 and A/Scotland/840/74 (RIT 4025 vaccine strain) were almost completely protected against a challenge with the homologous strain A/Scotland/840/74. The protection was lower but highly significant when the challenge was performed with the heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 wild strain. The protection afforded by the vaccine strain was measured by three indicators: absence of temperature rise, absence or reduction of virus shedding and absence or reduction of nasal protein increase when compared with uninoculated controls. Heterotypic immunity in this animal model was not significant when these three indicators were measured after a challenge inoculation performed 5 weeks after immunization.", "contents": "Protective efficacy of RIT 4025, a live attenuated influenza vaccine strain, and evaluation of heterotypic immunity to influenza A viruses in ferrets. Ferrets immunized with an H3N2 recombinant of A/PR/8/34 and A/Scotland/840/74 (RIT 4025 vaccine strain) were almost completely protected against a challenge with the homologous strain A/Scotland/840/74. The protection was lower but highly significant when the challenge was performed with the heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 wild strain. The protection afforded by the vaccine strain was measured by three indicators: absence of temperature rise, absence or reduction of virus shedding and absence or reduction of nasal protein increase when compared with uninoculated controls. Heterotypic immunity in this animal model was not significant when these three indicators were measured after a challenge inoculation performed 5 weeks after immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:269197", "title": "The investigation of a recurrence of an AHC virus epidemic at Lucknow: a serosurvey for AHC virus antibodies before and after the epidemic.", "content": "An epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) recurred at Lucknow during July to September 1975, after a gap of 4 years. Out of the 35 cases investigated thoroughly, 20 Entero-70-like cytopathogenic agents were isolated from the conjunctiva which were neutralized by antisera against AHC virus J670/71 of Japan. Seroconversion was seen in 7 out of 11 paired sera from patients. Serological study was also done on 100 sera collected before the AHC epidemic of 1971, 100 sera after 1971 and 100 sera after 1975 epidemic. There were no neutralizing antibodies in the pre-epidemic period, while 18% of sera after the first epidemic and 32% after the second epidemic showed antibodies. The incidence of antibodies was highest (43%) in children aged below 10 years. Of the children born after the first epidemic, 44% had antibodies. Thus our findings show that the AHC virus appeared for the firt time at Lucknow in 1971 and the almost complete absence of disease in children, and its mildness during second epidemic, may be due to immunity.", "contents": "The investigation of a recurrence of an AHC virus epidemic at Lucknow: a serosurvey for AHC virus antibodies before and after the epidemic. An epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) recurred at Lucknow during July to September 1975, after a gap of 4 years. Out of the 35 cases investigated thoroughly, 20 Entero-70-like cytopathogenic agents were isolated from the conjunctiva which were neutralized by antisera against AHC virus J670/71 of Japan. Seroconversion was seen in 7 out of 11 paired sera from patients. Serological study was also done on 100 sera collected before the AHC epidemic of 1971, 100 sera after 1971 and 100 sera after 1975 epidemic. There were no neutralizing antibodies in the pre-epidemic period, while 18% of sera after the first epidemic and 32% after the second epidemic showed antibodies. The incidence of antibodies was highest (43%) in children aged below 10 years. Of the children born after the first epidemic, 44% had antibodies. Thus our findings show that the AHC virus appeared for the firt time at Lucknow in 1971 and the almost complete absence of disease in children, and its mildness during second epidemic, may be due to immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:269198", "title": "Standard aeration for gas-sterilized plastics.", "content": "In an effort to provide guidelines for standardizing aeration times for plastics sterilized with ethylene oxide, an Aeration Index has been developed. Based on the rate of diffusion of ethylene oxide in selected polymers, the Index provides an indication of the aeration time at ambient temperature (23 degrees C) for the ethylene oxide concentration in freshly sterilized plastics to drop to 50 parts/10(6).", "contents": "Standard aeration for gas-sterilized plastics. In an effort to provide guidelines for standardizing aeration times for plastics sterilized with ethylene oxide, an Aeration Index has been developed. Based on the rate of diffusion of ethylene oxide in selected polymers, the Index provides an indication of the aeration time at ambient temperature (23 degrees C) for the ethylene oxide concentration in freshly sterilized plastics to drop to 50 parts/10(6)."}
{"id": "PMID:269199", "title": "Serological studies of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Using direct agglutination methods, a simple serological scheme for the classification of Bacteroides fragilis is described. Twenty strains of B. fragilis were selected by a process of sucessive screening from 151 strains obtained from various sources. O-antigens were prepared from the 20 strains, and used to raise antisera in rabbits. Each of the 20 antisera reacted with its homologous antigen and eight antisera cross-reacted with other subspecies. These cross-reactions were successfully removed after absorption of the antisera with the cross-reacting antigens, resulting in 19 type-specific antisera, titres ranging from 40 to 320, and 19 distinct serotypes of B. fragilis. There was no correlation between the antigenic and the biochemical characteristics of these strains and no cross-reactions occurred with other gram-negative anaerobes, B. melaninogenicus, Sphaerophorus necrophorus and Fusobacterium necrogenes.", "contents": "Serological studies of Bacteroides fragilis. Using direct agglutination methods, a simple serological scheme for the classification of Bacteroides fragilis is described. Twenty strains of B. fragilis were selected by a process of sucessive screening from 151 strains obtained from various sources. O-antigens were prepared from the 20 strains, and used to raise antisera in rabbits. Each of the 20 antisera reacted with its homologous antigen and eight antisera cross-reacted with other subspecies. These cross-reactions were successfully removed after absorption of the antisera with the cross-reacting antigens, resulting in 19 type-specific antisera, titres ranging from 40 to 320, and 19 distinct serotypes of B. fragilis. There was no correlation between the antigenic and the biochemical characteristics of these strains and no cross-reactions occurred with other gram-negative anaerobes, B. melaninogenicus, Sphaerophorus necrophorus and Fusobacterium necrogenes."}
{"id": "PMID:269200", "title": "Isolation of myxoviruses from dead birds arriving at Heathrow Airport, London.", "content": "Forty-four haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from the pooled tracheal/cloacal swabs of the dead birds from 170 consignments of caged birds arriving at Heathrow Airport over a period of 6 months. Two isolates were identified as Newcastle disease virus but the remaining 42 were all identified as influenza viruses with Hav 7 Neq 2 antigens. All the consignments from which influenza viruses were isolated originated in India but had widespread destinations. The NDV isolates were from birds originating in central America and destined for Japan.", "contents": "Isolation of myxoviruses from dead birds arriving at Heathrow Airport, London. Forty-four haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from the pooled tracheal/cloacal swabs of the dead birds from 170 consignments of caged birds arriving at Heathrow Airport over a period of 6 months. Two isolates were identified as Newcastle disease virus but the remaining 42 were all identified as influenza viruses with Hav 7 Neq 2 antigens. All the consignments from which influenza viruses were isolated originated in India but had widespread destinations. The NDV isolates were from birds originating in central America and destined for Japan."}
{"id": "PMID:269201", "title": "Influenza infections during pregnancy in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of a sublethal dose (0-5 LD50) of influenza A/WSN (H0N1) administered intranasally in the 1st and 3rd weeks of pregnancy was studied in C3H inbred mice. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates were significantly increased by infections in the 3rd week of pregnancy, but not in the 1st week. Infections during the last part of the 1st week significantly depressed the growth rate of neonates. No evidence of viraemia, transplacental transmission or congenital malformations were observed from infections during either week. The results are discussed in terms of a possible model for human influenza infections during pregnancy to determine the potential risks to the mother, fetus and neonate.", "contents": "Influenza infections during pregnancy in the mouse. The effect of a sublethal dose (0-5 LD50) of influenza A/WSN (H0N1) administered intranasally in the 1st and 3rd weeks of pregnancy was studied in C3H inbred mice. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates were significantly increased by infections in the 3rd week of pregnancy, but not in the 1st week. Infections during the last part of the 1st week significantly depressed the growth rate of neonates. No evidence of viraemia, transplacental transmission or congenital malformations were observed from infections during either week. The results are discussed in terms of a possible model for human influenza infections during pregnancy to determine the potential risks to the mother, fetus and neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:269202", "title": "Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Cambridgeshire.", "content": "In the Cambridge area, 143 patients infected with Corynebacterium haemolyticum were found during the period May 1967 to December 1974. The pharynx was the commonest site of infection and 100 of the 137 pharyngeal infections were in patients aged between 15 and 25 years. Such patients usually had a sore throat; about half of them also had a maculopapular rash. The organism and the clinical features which we have come to regard as typical of this infection are briefly described.", "contents": "Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Cambridgeshire. In the Cambridge area, 143 patients infected with Corynebacterium haemolyticum were found during the period May 1967 to December 1974. The pharynx was the commonest site of infection and 100 of the 137 pharyngeal infections were in patients aged between 15 and 25 years. Such patients usually had a sore throat; about half of them also had a maculopapular rash. The organism and the clinical features which we have come to regard as typical of this infection are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:269203", "title": "Possible spread of African horse sickness on the wind.", "content": "Analyses of outbreaks of African horse sickness showed that movement of infected Culicoides midges on the wind was most likely responsible for the spread of the disease over the sea from Morocco to Spain in 1966, from Turkey to Cyprus in 1960, and from Senegal to the Cape Verde Islands in 1943. The pattern of spread of the epidemic in the Middle East in 1960 could have been laid down by the infected midges carried on spells of south-east winds, and analyses of outbreaks in Algeria in 1965 and India in 1960 also suggested windborne spread of the disease. Each spread occurred when the presence of virus, host and vector coincided either with a spell of winds unusual for a particular time of year (Spain, Cyprus, Cape Verde Islands and Algeria) or with a series of disturbances usual at that time of the year (Middle East and India). Inferred flight endurance of the midge varied up to at least 20 h and flight range from 40 to 700 km. Flight occurred when temperatures were likely to have been in the range of 15-25 degrees C if it was at night or 20 to about 40 degrees C if it was by day.It is suggested that likely movements of midges on the wind can be estimated from synoptic weather charts, and should be taken into account when planning control of the disease in the face of an outbreak. Such control includes a ban on movement of horses, vaccination and spraying of insecticide.The risk of spread to countries outside the endemic areas should be assessed by reference to possible wind dispersal of infected midges.", "contents": "Possible spread of African horse sickness on the wind. Analyses of outbreaks of African horse sickness showed that movement of infected Culicoides midges on the wind was most likely responsible for the spread of the disease over the sea from Morocco to Spain in 1966, from Turkey to Cyprus in 1960, and from Senegal to the Cape Verde Islands in 1943. The pattern of spread of the epidemic in the Middle East in 1960 could have been laid down by the infected midges carried on spells of south-east winds, and analyses of outbreaks in Algeria in 1965 and India in 1960 also suggested windborne spread of the disease. Each spread occurred when the presence of virus, host and vector coincided either with a spell of winds unusual for a particular time of year (Spain, Cyprus, Cape Verde Islands and Algeria) or with a series of disturbances usual at that time of the year (Middle East and India). Inferred flight endurance of the midge varied up to at least 20 h and flight range from 40 to 700 km. Flight occurred when temperatures were likely to have been in the range of 15-25 degrees C if it was at night or 20 to about 40 degrees C if it was by day.It is suggested that likely movements of midges on the wind can be estimated from synoptic weather charts, and should be taken into account when planning control of the disease in the face of an outbreak. Such control includes a ban on movement of horses, vaccination and spraying of insecticide.The risk of spread to countries outside the endemic areas should be assessed by reference to possible wind dispersal of infected midges."}
{"id": "PMID:269204", "title": "Surveys of hospital infection in the Birmingham region. I. Effect of age, sex, length of stay and antibiotic use on nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphyloccus aureus and on post-operative wound infection.", "content": "Cross-sectional surveys of infection in relation to ward structure and practice were made in 38 hospitals between 1967 and 1973, including repeat surveys in 12 hospitals. The survey team (a research nurse and a senior microbiologist or technician) visited one ward a day and entered data on patients, including appearance of wounds seen at change of dressings, on the structure of the ward, and on ward practices; bacteriological swabs were taken from noses of all patients and staff of wards visited and from infected or open wounds, also from some environmental sites. Effect of age, sex, length of hospital stay and antibiotic use on carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on post-operative sepsis are considered here.Clinical infection (sepsis), further classified as ;severe', ;moderate' or ;mild' in accordance with a code of physical signs, including inflammation and suppuration, was found in 6.1% of clean undrained operation wounds. Drained wounds and those through hollow, heavily colonized viscera (;contaminated' wounds) had higher sepsis rates than undrained and ;clean' wounds; there was less sepsis with closed drainage and with small drains. Staph. aureus (24%) was the commonest single bacterial species, but gram-negative bacilli (50%) were found in a much larger proportion of septic wounds. The results showed that the infection rate was lowest among patients between 20 and 40 years old. Infection was significantly more common in male than in female patients.Nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staph. aureus, used as an index of hospital-acquired infection, was commonest in geriatric patients and least common in gynaecological patients. There was correlation between nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci and age of the patient, length of hospital stay, sex, (male greater than female), operative treatment, and treatment with tetracycline, ampicillin and nitrofurantoin, but not with penicillin.", "contents": "Surveys of hospital infection in the Birmingham region. I. Effect of age, sex, length of stay and antibiotic use on nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphyloccus aureus and on post-operative wound infection. Cross-sectional surveys of infection in relation to ward structure and practice were made in 38 hospitals between 1967 and 1973, including repeat surveys in 12 hospitals. The survey team (a research nurse and a senior microbiologist or technician) visited one ward a day and entered data on patients, including appearance of wounds seen at change of dressings, on the structure of the ward, and on ward practices; bacteriological swabs were taken from noses of all patients and staff of wards visited and from infected or open wounds, also from some environmental sites. Effect of age, sex, length of hospital stay and antibiotic use on carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on post-operative sepsis are considered here.Clinical infection (sepsis), further classified as ;severe', ;moderate' or ;mild' in accordance with a code of physical signs, including inflammation and suppuration, was found in 6.1% of clean undrained operation wounds. Drained wounds and those through hollow, heavily colonized viscera (;contaminated' wounds) had higher sepsis rates than undrained and ;clean' wounds; there was less sepsis with closed drainage and with small drains. Staph. aureus (24%) was the commonest single bacterial species, but gram-negative bacilli (50%) were found in a much larger proportion of septic wounds. The results showed that the infection rate was lowest among patients between 20 and 40 years old. Infection was significantly more common in male than in female patients.Nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staph. aureus, used as an index of hospital-acquired infection, was commonest in geriatric patients and least common in gynaecological patients. There was correlation between nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci and age of the patient, length of hospital stay, sex, (male greater than female), operative treatment, and treatment with tetracycline, ampicillin and nitrofurantoin, but not with penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:269229", "title": "Cardiac dysrhythmias during outpatient general anesthesia--a comparison study.", "content": "Seventy-seven ASA Class I patients were studied to compare the cardiac dysrhythmias occurring during outpatient office general anesthesia for oral surgery to dysrhythmias occurring during outpatient medical and surgical office procedures without general anesthesia and to dysrhythmias occurring in inpatients having minor operating room procedures under general anesthesia. Eighty-eight percent of the operating room group, 81% of the oral surgery group, and 45% of the non-general-anesthetic group had some form of dysrhythmia. There was a statistically significant difference between the numbers of dysrhythmias that occurred in the general anesthetic groups and the non-general-anesthetic group. None of the dysrhythmias documented was of the potentially fatal or extremely serious category.", "contents": "Cardiac dysrhythmias during outpatient general anesthesia--a comparison study. Seventy-seven ASA Class I patients were studied to compare the cardiac dysrhythmias occurring during outpatient office general anesthesia for oral surgery to dysrhythmias occurring during outpatient medical and surgical office procedures without general anesthesia and to dysrhythmias occurring in inpatients having minor operating room procedures under general anesthesia. Eighty-eight percent of the operating room group, 81% of the oral surgery group, and 45% of the non-general-anesthetic group had some form of dysrhythmia. There was a statistically significant difference between the numbers of dysrhythmias that occurred in the general anesthetic groups and the non-general-anesthetic group. None of the dysrhythmias documented was of the potentially fatal or extremely serious category."}
{"id": "PMID:269230", "title": "Tongue pressures and tooth stability after anterior maxillary osteotomy.", "content": "Tongue pressures against the maxillary dentition during swallowing were measured in a series of ten patients who underwent anterior maxillary osteotomy for correction of protrusion. In these patients, tongue pressures were low initially, especially pressures by the sides of the tongue in the molar region. After surgical retraction of the incisors, tongue pressures increased, but the increases brought pressures up to normal levels from the previous abnormally low values. The data are consistent with the view that function (swallowing) adapts to oral form, rather than the other way around.", "contents": "Tongue pressures and tooth stability after anterior maxillary osteotomy. Tongue pressures against the maxillary dentition during swallowing were measured in a series of ten patients who underwent anterior maxillary osteotomy for correction of protrusion. In these patients, tongue pressures were low initially, especially pressures by the sides of the tongue in the molar region. After surgical retraction of the incisors, tongue pressures increased, but the increases brought pressures up to normal levels from the previous abnormally low values. The data are consistent with the view that function (swallowing) adapts to oral form, rather than the other way around."}
{"id": "PMID:269231", "title": "Compression osteosynthesis.", "content": "Nearly all types of mandibular fractures have been treated successfully by compression osteosynthesis. Special instruments are required, the bone must be treated correctly, the fragments must be reduced exactly, and the plate must be adapted exactly. Basically, only lag screws are used when there is a lamellar fracture and when a large surface permits support; the dynamic compression plate with oblique lateral screw holes is indicated when the fracture runs transversely. The dynamic compression plate with oblique lateral holes and the additional inlay portion is indicated in oblique fractures and when the alveolar process is weak.", "contents": "Compression osteosynthesis. Nearly all types of mandibular fractures have been treated successfully by compression osteosynthesis. Special instruments are required, the bone must be treated correctly, the fragments must be reduced exactly, and the plate must be adapted exactly. Basically, only lag screws are used when there is a lamellar fracture and when a large surface permits support; the dynamic compression plate with oblique lateral screw holes is indicated when the fracture runs transversely. The dynamic compression plate with oblique lateral holes and the additional inlay portion is indicated in oblique fractures and when the alveolar process is weak."}
{"id": "PMID:269233", "title": "Surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible resistant to intraarterial infusion of antibiotics: report of case.", "content": "A 47-year-old man with chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible is described. The patient had frequent episodes of acute and subacute exacerbation at varying intervals for a period of six years in spite of extended antibiotic therapy. Intraarterial infusion of antibiotics through the superficial temporal artery also failed to cause any improvement. He was finally treated successfully by surgical intervention.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible resistant to intraarterial infusion of antibiotics: report of case. A 47-year-old man with chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible is described. The patient had frequent episodes of acute and subacute exacerbation at varying intervals for a period of six years in spite of extended antibiotic therapy. Intraarterial infusion of antibiotics through the superficial temporal artery also failed to cause any improvement. He was finally treated successfully by surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:269234", "title": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula after trauma to the head.", "content": "The similarities between the various conditions described are remarkable. The orbital or frontal bruit and pulsating exophthalmos are common only to the carotid-cavernous fistula. A recent history of dental treatment, of facial infection with an elevated white blood cell count, and leukocytosis suggests cavernous sinus thrombosis. The superior orbital fissure syndrome and orbital apex syndrome occur most frequently in conjuction with Le Fort II and III fractures, which can involve the optic foramen and superior orbital fissure, therefore disrupting the sensory and motor innervation to the orbit and adjacent structures (Fig 4). Direct orbital trauma without evidence of fracture and with all symptoms mentioned, except infection, bruit, and pulsating exophthalmos, suggests orbital hematoma. A thorough differential diagnosis with complete data is essential for a correct diagnosis, thereby reducing morbidity by institution of the appropriate treatment. Treatments for carotid cavernous fistula have varied over the years--all aiming toward abolition of the fistula. Currently, the preferred treatment is the supraclinoid clamping of the internal carotid artery, followed by muscle embolization of the internal carotid artery distal to the bifurcation, and clamping of the internal carotid artery in the neck.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula after trauma to the head. The similarities between the various conditions described are remarkable. The orbital or frontal bruit and pulsating exophthalmos are common only to the carotid-cavernous fistula. A recent history of dental treatment, of facial infection with an elevated white blood cell count, and leukocytosis suggests cavernous sinus thrombosis. The superior orbital fissure syndrome and orbital apex syndrome occur most frequently in conjuction with Le Fort II and III fractures, which can involve the optic foramen and superior orbital fissure, therefore disrupting the sensory and motor innervation to the orbit and adjacent structures (Fig 4). Direct orbital trauma without evidence of fracture and with all symptoms mentioned, except infection, bruit, and pulsating exophthalmos, suggests orbital hematoma. A thorough differential diagnosis with complete data is essential for a correct diagnosis, thereby reducing morbidity by institution of the appropriate treatment. Treatments for carotid cavernous fistula have varied over the years--all aiming toward abolition of the fistula. Currently, the preferred treatment is the supraclinoid clamping of the internal carotid artery, followed by muscle embolization of the internal carotid artery distal to the bifurcation, and clamping of the internal carotid artery in the neck."}
{"id": "PMID:269236", "title": "Lymphangioma of the tongue: medical and surgical therapy.", "content": "Therapy for lingual lymphangioma consists of the following: --medical therapy for acute swelling in the form of steroids, enzymes, and antibiotics; --surgery by horizontal, partial wedge resection of diffuse lesions, and total excision of small circumscribed lesions; --adjunctive therapy, which includes reduction of sharp incisal edges, early orthondontic therapy for open bite, and orthognathic surgery, if indicated.", "contents": "Lymphangioma of the tongue: medical and surgical therapy. Therapy for lingual lymphangioma consists of the following: --medical therapy for acute swelling in the form of steroids, enzymes, and antibiotics; --surgery by horizontal, partial wedge resection of diffuse lesions, and total excision of small circumscribed lesions; --adjunctive therapy, which includes reduction of sharp incisal edges, early orthondontic therapy for open bite, and orthognathic surgery, if indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:269238", "title": "A prototype articulator for planning orthognathic and craniofacial surgery.", "content": "Current techniques and hinge-type articulators do not provide sufficient information and versatility for the planning of orthognathic and craniofacial surgery. Dental articulators either require plaster of paris for mounting or they do not accommodate movement of both casts in all directions of space. A prototype articulator that satisfies movement of both casts in all directions of space is successfully being used as an adjunct in planning orthognathic and craniofacial surgery. There is a need for future development of sophisticated and accurate armamentarium that can be used as an aid in planning and designing surgical procedures.", "contents": "A prototype articulator for planning orthognathic and craniofacial surgery. Current techniques and hinge-type articulators do not provide sufficient information and versatility for the planning of orthognathic and craniofacial surgery. Dental articulators either require plaster of paris for mounting or they do not accommodate movement of both casts in all directions of space. A prototype articulator that satisfies movement of both casts in all directions of space is successfully being used as an adjunct in planning orthognathic and craniofacial surgery. There is a need for future development of sophisticated and accurate armamentarium that can be used as an aid in planning and designing surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:269239", "title": "Cobalt radiation to prevent reankylosis after repeated surgical failures: report of case.", "content": "This is the first reported case of the use of cobalt 60 radiation for the prevention of recurrent TMJ ankylosis after repeated surgical treatment had failed. Although radiation therapy is not usually indicated for benign conditions, 2,000 rads can be used safely to treat this crippling condition. Although no conclusions can be drawn from a single case, successful treatment of this patient is indicated by a 3 1/2-year follow-up.", "contents": "Cobalt radiation to prevent reankylosis after repeated surgical failures: report of case. This is the first reported case of the use of cobalt 60 radiation for the prevention of recurrent TMJ ankylosis after repeated surgical treatment had failed. Although radiation therapy is not usually indicated for benign conditions, 2,000 rads can be used safely to treat this crippling condition. Although no conclusions can be drawn from a single case, successful treatment of this patient is indicated by a 3 1/2-year follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:269244", "title": "The use of biofeedback to control bruxism.", "content": "A highly significant reduction in bruxism has been obtained using a biofeedback system. The concept that the etiology of bruxism is related to emotional stress is supported as biofeedback has been successful in controlling other stress-related parameters. The form of biofeedback used as an audible tone derived from amplified electromyographic data, relayed to the subject via an earpiece. Future work will be concerned with learning potential and the control of parafunctional activity; further investigation into the correlation between E.E.G. patterns and masticatory E.M.G. activity is necessary.", "contents": "The use of biofeedback to control bruxism. A highly significant reduction in bruxism has been obtained using a biofeedback system. The concept that the etiology of bruxism is related to emotional stress is supported as biofeedback has been successful in controlling other stress-related parameters. The form of biofeedback used as an audible tone derived from amplified electromyographic data, relayed to the subject via an earpiece. Future work will be concerned with learning potential and the control of parafunctional activity; further investigation into the correlation between E.E.G. patterns and masticatory E.M.G. activity is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:269245", "title": "The treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome using the biofeedback principle.", "content": "Facial pain is a relatively common sequel to bruxism and the biofeedback principle was used on seven subjects experiencing this syndrome. The results obtained were satisfactory and support the concept that the etiology of the M.P.D. syndrome is psychophysiological. This study showed that biofeedback is both a logical and appropriate form of treatment. However, the result with subject 7 indicates that not all patients are willing to wear the equipment but conselling and empathy probably form an equally satisfactory form of treatment.", "contents": "The treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome using the biofeedback principle. Facial pain is a relatively common sequel to bruxism and the biofeedback principle was used on seven subjects experiencing this syndrome. The results obtained were satisfactory and support the concept that the etiology of the M.P.D. syndrome is psychophysiological. This study showed that biofeedback is both a logical and appropriate form of treatment. However, the result with subject 7 indicates that not all patients are willing to wear the equipment but conselling and empathy probably form an equally satisfactory form of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:269246", "title": "Prolongation of antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine adsorbed to teeth. Effect of sulfates.", "content": "The results suggest that the effectiveness of sulfates in prolonging the antibacterial activity of teeth treated with chlorhexidine gluconate is related to the acidity and concentration of the sulfate solutions. The acidity may contribute to the effectiveness by modifying the tooth surface for enhanced reaction with sulfate ions. It is suggested that during the priming process bonded crystals of calcium sulfate develop which become transformed by treatment with chlorhexidine gluconate to relatively insoluble chlorhexidine sulfate.", "contents": "Prolongation of antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine adsorbed to teeth. Effect of sulfates. The results suggest that the effectiveness of sulfates in prolonging the antibacterial activity of teeth treated with chlorhexidine gluconate is related to the acidity and concentration of the sulfate solutions. The acidity may contribute to the effectiveness by modifying the tooth surface for enhanced reaction with sulfate ions. It is suggested that during the priming process bonded crystals of calcium sulfate develop which become transformed by treatment with chlorhexidine gluconate to relatively insoluble chlorhexidine sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:269247", "title": "The effects of hypophysectomy upon DNA synthesis in rat oral epithelium.", "content": "Ten hypophysectomized and 10 normal female albino rats, 50-days-old, were kept for 5 days and treated with tritiated thymidine 1 hour before sacrifice of the animals. The animals were weighed and the histomorphology of the palate epithelium was studied including the thickness, cell density, and DNA labeling index. The hypophysectomized rats failed to gain weight after 5 days. The palatal epithelium showed a normal morphology indicating the hypophysectomy allowed for differentiation of squamous epithelium. There was a significant reduction in the thickness of the epithelium and a reduced cell density. This was attributed to a significant decrease in DNA synthesis. The epithelial cells were lost from the surface without adequate replacement due to an expected depression in mitotic activity. DNA synthesis may be depressed due to reduced ATP synthesis resulting from suboptimal glucose metabolism and depression in protein synthesis.", "contents": "The effects of hypophysectomy upon DNA synthesis in rat oral epithelium. Ten hypophysectomized and 10 normal female albino rats, 50-days-old, were kept for 5 days and treated with tritiated thymidine 1 hour before sacrifice of the animals. The animals were weighed and the histomorphology of the palate epithelium was studied including the thickness, cell density, and DNA labeling index. The hypophysectomized rats failed to gain weight after 5 days. The palatal epithelium showed a normal morphology indicating the hypophysectomy allowed for differentiation of squamous epithelium. There was a significant reduction in the thickness of the epithelium and a reduced cell density. This was attributed to a significant decrease in DNA synthesis. The epithelial cells were lost from the surface without adequate replacement due to an expected depression in mitotic activity. DNA synthesis may be depressed due to reduced ATP synthesis resulting from suboptimal glucose metabolism and depression in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:269248", "title": "Nutritional evaluation of food intake records of periodontal patients.", "content": "The nutrients in 5-day diet diaries of 100 patients from an Iowa private dental office were analyzed with the assistance of a computer program and were compared to the RDA. The mean energy intakes of both men and women were lower than that suggested by the RDA's. The percent of kilocalories of fat was as high as the national average. Calcium was below 100% of RDA for both younger and older men and women with 43% of the women and 25% of the men below two-thirds of RDA. Protein and ascorbic acid levels were high. None of the diets were low in protein. The ascorbic acid intake was especially high, older men eating an average of 248% and older women 265% of RDA. Nutrient analysis of diets is more definitive than the commonly used food group plan for the dentist to meet the needs of nutrition counseling for an increasingly nutrition-conscious patient population.", "contents": "Nutritional evaluation of food intake records of periodontal patients. The nutrients in 5-day diet diaries of 100 patients from an Iowa private dental office were analyzed with the assistance of a computer program and were compared to the RDA. The mean energy intakes of both men and women were lower than that suggested by the RDA's. The percent of kilocalories of fat was as high as the national average. Calcium was below 100% of RDA for both younger and older men and women with 43% of the women and 25% of the men below two-thirds of RDA. Protein and ascorbic acid levels were high. None of the diets were low in protein. The ascorbic acid intake was especially high, older men eating an average of 248% and older women 265% of RDA. Nutrient analysis of diets is more definitive than the commonly used food group plan for the dentist to meet the needs of nutrition counseling for an increasingly nutrition-conscious patient population."}
{"id": "PMID:269249", "title": "Palatal exostosis in the molar region.", "content": "Six hundred and eithty-one dried human skulls of different ethnic backgrounds or localities were examined for the presence of palatal exostosis in the molar region. Of these samples, 276 (40.53%) exhibited some form of palatal exostosis. Chi-square analysis shows that the occurrence of exostosis is: (a) Dependent upon the locality in which the subject lives; (b) Influenced by age; (c) In any age group, dependent upon the locality; (d) Dependent upon the type or class of exostosis; (e) In any type, influenced by locality. The result of this investigation may become clinically important. It suggests, for the clinicians in the field of periodontics, certain diagnostic guidelines for treatment planning of periodontal surgical procedures in the palatal molar region. Thus, an awareness of the patients' ethnic background, as well as age, may be essential in order to minimize or avoid unnecessary postoperative healing complications.", "contents": "Palatal exostosis in the molar region. Six hundred and eithty-one dried human skulls of different ethnic backgrounds or localities were examined for the presence of palatal exostosis in the molar region. Of these samples, 276 (40.53%) exhibited some form of palatal exostosis. Chi-square analysis shows that the occurrence of exostosis is: (a) Dependent upon the locality in which the subject lives; (b) Influenced by age; (c) In any age group, dependent upon the locality; (d) Dependent upon the type or class of exostosis; (e) In any type, influenced by locality. The result of this investigation may become clinically important. It suggests, for the clinicians in the field of periodontics, certain diagnostic guidelines for treatment planning of periodontal surgical procedures in the palatal molar region. Thus, an awareness of the patients' ethnic background, as well as age, may be essential in order to minimize or avoid unnecessary postoperative healing complications."}
{"id": "PMID:269250", "title": "Calcium hydroxide and potassium nitrate as desensitizing agents for hypersensitive root surfaces.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate calcium hydroxide and potassium nitrate individually as densensitizing agents for hypersensitive root surfaces. The apparatus used in the experiment to measure hypersensitivity was (a) a thermo-electric stimulating device to measure hot and cold stimulation quantitatively and (b) a mechanical stimulating device to measure scratch stimulation quantitatively. The conclusions drawn from the study were: 1. Calcium hydroxide was more consistently effective in decreasing sensitivity then was potassium nitrate or the control. 2. Calcium hydroxide as compared to the control was statistically (99% level of significance) more effective in reducing sensitivity to mechanical, hot and cold stimulation immediately and at the conclusion of the experiment (3 months). 3. It appears that calcium hydroxide could be used as a desensitizing agent initially following periodontal surgery to reduce pain from hypersensitive roots in order that proper oral hygiene could be reestablished.", "contents": "Calcium hydroxide and potassium nitrate as desensitizing agents for hypersensitive root surfaces. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate calcium hydroxide and potassium nitrate individually as densensitizing agents for hypersensitive root surfaces. The apparatus used in the experiment to measure hypersensitivity was (a) a thermo-electric stimulating device to measure hot and cold stimulation quantitatively and (b) a mechanical stimulating device to measure scratch stimulation quantitatively. The conclusions drawn from the study were: 1. Calcium hydroxide was more consistently effective in decreasing sensitivity then was potassium nitrate or the control. 2. Calcium hydroxide as compared to the control was statistically (99% level of significance) more effective in reducing sensitivity to mechanical, hot and cold stimulation immediately and at the conclusion of the experiment (3 months). 3. It appears that calcium hydroxide could be used as a desensitizing agent initially following periodontal surgery to reduce pain from hypersensitive roots in order that proper oral hygiene could be reestablished."}
{"id": "PMID:269251", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the healing of free gingival grafts.", "content": "1. Gingiva from the buccal surfaces of the mandibular first molars was grafted to the alveolar mucosa of each of the three premolars in six adult Beagle dogs. Biopsies were made at 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,14,21 days and at 1 and 6 months. 2. The specimens were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, rinsed in buffer, dehydrated in graded alcohols, critical point dried, coated with gold palladium alloy and viewed in an AMR-1000 SEM at a tilt of 20 to 25 degrees and an accelerating voltage of 20 kv. 3. The results of this study parallel those reported on the basis of light microscopic studies. The three-dimensional visualization of the graft shows that the external layer of epithelium degenerates and desquamates, except for the basal layer and the structural architecture of the connective tissue is not as well organized. 4. By 21 days the graft is essentially healed, both clinically and histologically.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the healing of free gingival grafts. 1. Gingiva from the buccal surfaces of the mandibular first molars was grafted to the alveolar mucosa of each of the three premolars in six adult Beagle dogs. Biopsies were made at 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,14,21 days and at 1 and 6 months. 2. The specimens were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, rinsed in buffer, dehydrated in graded alcohols, critical point dried, coated with gold palladium alloy and viewed in an AMR-1000 SEM at a tilt of 20 to 25 degrees and an accelerating voltage of 20 kv. 3. The results of this study parallel those reported on the basis of light microscopic studies. The three-dimensional visualization of the graft shows that the external layer of epithelium degenerates and desquamates, except for the basal layer and the structural architecture of the connective tissue is not as well organized. 4. By 21 days the graft is essentially healed, both clinically and histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:269253", "title": "Plaque removal by the Bass and Roll brushing techniques.", "content": "The effectiveness of plaque removal using two brushes with the Bass technique and two with the Roll method was compared in a group of 38 junior dental students using a crossover experimental design. The Bass technique was superior to the Roll method in cleaning the tooth tissue adjacent to the gingival tissue on the lingual and facial aspects, but no significant differences were found in the overall effectiveness. Cleaning of all tooth surfaces was at an unacceptable level and it is concluded that efficient tooth cleaning is not achieved by detailed instruction at a single visit including a demonstration of competence by the subject and the issue of written instructions. Repetition of the instruction within 3 weeks did not achieve a higher standard of plaque removal.", "contents": "Plaque removal by the Bass and Roll brushing techniques. The effectiveness of plaque removal using two brushes with the Bass technique and two with the Roll method was compared in a group of 38 junior dental students using a crossover experimental design. The Bass technique was superior to the Roll method in cleaning the tooth tissue adjacent to the gingival tissue on the lingual and facial aspects, but no significant differences were found in the overall effectiveness. Cleaning of all tooth surfaces was at an unacceptable level and it is concluded that efficient tooth cleaning is not achieved by detailed instruction at a single visit including a demonstration of competence by the subject and the issue of written instructions. Repetition of the instruction within 3 weeks did not achieve a higher standard of plaque removal."}
{"id": "PMID:269254", "title": "Importance of filament diameter when using bass brushing technique.", "content": "A comparative study using a crossover experimental construction was made of the effectiveness of brushes containing 6/10 nylon filaments of 0.132 mm mean diameter using a Bass technique with those containing filaments of the same type of nylon but 0.280 mm diameter. Each type of brush was used for a 2-week period. Even though the finer filament brushes contained more than three times as many filaments, they were inferior in cleaning achievement to the brushes with the broader filaments. The difference was particularly marked on the facial aspect, but was largely nullified lingually. The effectiveness of the Bass technique in the gingival zone demonstrated in a previous investigation when brushes containing filaments of 0.18 and 0.20 mm were used, was not found in this investigation. It is concluded that filament diameter is critical in achieving effective cleaning using the Bass technique.", "contents": "Importance of filament diameter when using bass brushing technique. A comparative study using a crossover experimental construction was made of the effectiveness of brushes containing 6/10 nylon filaments of 0.132 mm mean diameter using a Bass technique with those containing filaments of the same type of nylon but 0.280 mm diameter. Each type of brush was used for a 2-week period. Even though the finer filament brushes contained more than three times as many filaments, they were inferior in cleaning achievement to the brushes with the broader filaments. The difference was particularly marked on the facial aspect, but was largely nullified lingually. The effectiveness of the Bass technique in the gingival zone demonstrated in a previous investigation when brushes containing filaments of 0.18 and 0.20 mm were used, was not found in this investigation. It is concluded that filament diameter is critical in achieving effective cleaning using the Bass technique."}
{"id": "PMID:269256", "title": "The advantages of xeroradiography for panoramic examination of the jaws and teeth.", "content": "Xeroradiography is an electrostatic imaging method which was significant advantages over conventional radiographic techniques. This article introduces the use of xeroradiography for panoramic examination of the jaws. The resultant images not only contain superior local contrast and detail when compared to conventional panoramic radiographs but also correlate well with histopathologic changes. The investigation indicates that xeroradiography is an important new diagnostic tool for detection of disease of the jaws and teeth.", "contents": "The advantages of xeroradiography for panoramic examination of the jaws and teeth. Xeroradiography is an electrostatic imaging method which was significant advantages over conventional radiographic techniques. This article introduces the use of xeroradiography for panoramic examination of the jaws. The resultant images not only contain superior local contrast and detail when compared to conventional panoramic radiographs but also correlate well with histopathologic changes. The investigation indicates that xeroradiography is an important new diagnostic tool for detection of disease of the jaws and teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:269257", "title": "Osteosarcoma: an example of the thickended periodontal ligament space.", "content": "A case of osteosarcoma which displayed a widened PDL space in a dental radiograph was presented. Other causes for thickening of the PDL were reviewed and differentiated from the features seen in osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma: an example of the thickended periodontal ligament space. A case of osteosarcoma which displayed a widened PDL space in a dental radiograph was presented. Other causes for thickening of the PDL were reviewed and differentiated from the features seen in osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:269263", "title": "The effect of prolonged inactivity upon the contraction characteristics of fast and slow mammalian twitch muscle.", "content": "1. Prolonged inactivity of soleus (slow twitch) and medial head of flexor digitorum longus (fast twitch: previously commonly known as flexor hallucis longus and hereafter referred to as FDL) muscles of the cat was produced by sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia or spinal isolation. Isometric contraction characteristics were examined after 4-22 days and 8-49 days respectively.2. Sleep of up to 3 weeks' duration was associated with progressive changes in the weight, maximum tetanic tension, speed of contraction and absolute refractory period of fast twitch muscle. The slow muscle showed corresponding changes which were not so pronounced. Cord isolation resulted in similar changes which tended to be reversed after longer periods of disuse.3. Fast muscle frequently exhibited an after-contraction with corresponding electromyographic activity following two weeks or more of disuse.4. The time to peak of FDL was prolonged, becoming approximately one and a half times normal. In contrast to other reports of disuse, that of soleus was normal or slightly prolonged.5. The ratio of twitch to tetanic tension of FDL increased to twice the normal value or greater and remained high. The soleus muscle showed a smaller increase with evidence of a return towards normal after longer periods of inactivity.6. Absolute refractory period of FDL was considerably prolonged (more than 50%) following barbiturate sleep and this also occurred, but to a lesser degree, with soleus after 4-7 weeks of cord isolation.7. The observation that inactivity produced slowing rather than an increased speed of switch contraction indicates that aggregate activity is not the controlling factor. Changes seen in the contraction characteristics of FDL are noted to show a general similarity to those occurring following denervation.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged inactivity upon the contraction characteristics of fast and slow mammalian twitch muscle. 1. Prolonged inactivity of soleus (slow twitch) and medial head of flexor digitorum longus (fast twitch: previously commonly known as flexor hallucis longus and hereafter referred to as FDL) muscles of the cat was produced by sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia or spinal isolation. Isometric contraction characteristics were examined after 4-22 days and 8-49 days respectively.2. Sleep of up to 3 weeks' duration was associated with progressive changes in the weight, maximum tetanic tension, speed of contraction and absolute refractory period of fast twitch muscle. The slow muscle showed corresponding changes which were not so pronounced. Cord isolation resulted in similar changes which tended to be reversed after longer periods of disuse.3. Fast muscle frequently exhibited an after-contraction with corresponding electromyographic activity following two weeks or more of disuse.4. The time to peak of FDL was prolonged, becoming approximately one and a half times normal. In contrast to other reports of disuse, that of soleus was normal or slightly prolonged.5. The ratio of twitch to tetanic tension of FDL increased to twice the normal value or greater and remained high. The soleus muscle showed a smaller increase with evidence of a return towards normal after longer periods of inactivity.6. Absolute refractory period of FDL was considerably prolonged (more than 50%) following barbiturate sleep and this also occurred, but to a lesser degree, with soleus after 4-7 weeks of cord isolation.7. The observation that inactivity produced slowing rather than an increased speed of switch contraction indicates that aggregate activity is not the controlling factor. Changes seen in the contraction characteristics of FDL are noted to show a general similarity to those occurring following denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:269267", "title": "The relationship of vertical dimension of atypical swallowing with complete dentures.", "content": "A number of subjects were studied cineflourographically during swallowing, and their vertical dimensions of occlusion were clinically evaluated. The subjects who had reduced vertical dimensions of occlusion were older than those with normal vertical dimensions, their dentures were older, their total years with complete dentures were more, and the tendency to swallow without opposing tooth contact was greater. The cumulative evidence indicates that such aberrant muscle activity might contribute to the regressive changes found in complete denture wearers.", "contents": "The relationship of vertical dimension of atypical swallowing with complete dentures. A number of subjects were studied cineflourographically during swallowing, and their vertical dimensions of occlusion were clinically evaluated. The subjects who had reduced vertical dimensions of occlusion were older than those with normal vertical dimensions, their dentures were older, their total years with complete dentures were more, and the tendency to swallow without opposing tooth contact was greater. The cumulative evidence indicates that such aberrant muscle activity might contribute to the regressive changes found in complete denture wearers."}
{"id": "PMID:269269", "title": "Acquired mesio-occlusion in adults: treatment without appliances.", "content": "1. The two types of mesio-occlusion are developmental (true Class III) and acquired. 2. In acquired mesio-occlusion the mandible can be retruded comfortably so that maxillary and mandibular incisors meet edge to edge. This cannot be done by the patient with developmental mesio-occlusion. 3. The extent and severity of periodontal disease cannot be predicted from the severity of the malocclusion. 4. In most patients the treatment of choice for acquired mesio-occlusion is coronal reshaping and periodontal therapy if periodontal disease is present. 5. Orthodontic therapy may be used as an adjunctive therapy in selected patients. However, disadvantages are often greater than advantages when orthodontic therapy is used to treat acquired mesio-occlusion in adults.", "contents": "Acquired mesio-occlusion in adults: treatment without appliances. 1. The two types of mesio-occlusion are developmental (true Class III) and acquired. 2. In acquired mesio-occlusion the mandible can be retruded comfortably so that maxillary and mandibular incisors meet edge to edge. This cannot be done by the patient with developmental mesio-occlusion. 3. The extent and severity of periodontal disease cannot be predicted from the severity of the malocclusion. 4. In most patients the treatment of choice for acquired mesio-occlusion is coronal reshaping and periodontal therapy if periodontal disease is present. 5. Orthodontic therapy may be used as an adjunctive therapy in selected patients. However, disadvantages are often greater than advantages when orthodontic therapy is used to treat acquired mesio-occlusion in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:269270", "title": "Occlusal adjustment for a physiologically balanced occlusion.", "content": "An investigation of the neuromuscular effects of dental contact at the physiologic median occlusal position was conducted before and after occlusal adjustments. Eighteen patients with histories of functional disturbances of the masticatory system, but whose painful symptoms had subsided, were analyzed before and after occlusal adjustments. Nine of the patients with missing teeth received fixed partial dentures and occlusal adjustments. Another group of nine subjects with normal occlusions were used as controls. Electromyographic recordings of the bilateral temporal and masseter muscles enabled quantification of two reflex parameters, the EMG silent period duration, and the mechanical latency of the jaw-opening reflex. Phase-plane traces of jaw-closing velocity as a function of position displayed the repeatability of the median occlusal position. The statistical analysis disclosed that the mean duration of EMG silent periods and latency of the jaw-opening reflex were significantly reduced following the treatment procedures. Within the limits of this study it was concluded that the described occlusal adjustments will reduce the masticatory reflexes evoked at median occlusal position to within the range of normal subjects. Furthermore these changes can be monitored by electrophysical methods.", "contents": "Occlusal adjustment for a physiologically balanced occlusion. An investigation of the neuromuscular effects of dental contact at the physiologic median occlusal position was conducted before and after occlusal adjustments. Eighteen patients with histories of functional disturbances of the masticatory system, but whose painful symptoms had subsided, were analyzed before and after occlusal adjustments. Nine of the patients with missing teeth received fixed partial dentures and occlusal adjustments. Another group of nine subjects with normal occlusions were used as controls. Electromyographic recordings of the bilateral temporal and masseter muscles enabled quantification of two reflex parameters, the EMG silent period duration, and the mechanical latency of the jaw-opening reflex. Phase-plane traces of jaw-closing velocity as a function of position displayed the repeatability of the median occlusal position. The statistical analysis disclosed that the mean duration of EMG silent periods and latency of the jaw-opening reflex were significantly reduced following the treatment procedures. Within the limits of this study it was concluded that the described occlusal adjustments will reduce the masticatory reflexes evoked at median occlusal position to within the range of normal subjects. Furthermore these changes can be monitored by electrophysical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:269271", "title": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part IV. Degree of jaw separation and potential for maximum jaw separation.", "content": "Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the gnathostomatic system require an understanding of both its biomechanics and its physiology. Clinically, the treatment consists of modifying the existing occlusal program to relieve stress from distressed tissues. The objective of treatment is to effect a neuromuscular release of the mandible. This may be accomplished by (1) equilibration of the natural occlusion, (2) orthodontics, (3) restorative procedures, or (4) surgery. Most frequently, however, the treatment entails some combination of these procedures. The criteria for success of treatment are not determined by the method or technique employed but by the neuromuscular response that the treatment produces. The purpose of this article is not to suggest which occlusal scheme produces the most favorable muscle response in the gnathostomatic tissues. Neither is an objective of this article to teach the mandible-manipulation techniques that are needed to identify occlusal irritants, perform occlusal equilibrations, or obtain accurate centric relation recores. The objective of this article is to emphasize that there are definite principles by which the muscles respond to occlusal contacts. Occlusal contacts can excite bruxism and the sequelae to bruxism. Knowledge of the laws which govern functions of the muscles that move the mandible enables the dentist to acquire the mandibular-manipulation skills that are necessary for the effective diagnosis and treatment of occlusal conditions.", "contents": "Biologic laws governing functions of muscles that move the mandible. Part IV. Degree of jaw separation and potential for maximum jaw separation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the gnathostomatic system require an understanding of both its biomechanics and its physiology. Clinically, the treatment consists of modifying the existing occlusal program to relieve stress from distressed tissues. The objective of treatment is to effect a neuromuscular release of the mandible. This may be accomplished by (1) equilibration of the natural occlusion, (2) orthodontics, (3) restorative procedures, or (4) surgery. Most frequently, however, the treatment entails some combination of these procedures. The criteria for success of treatment are not determined by the method or technique employed but by the neuromuscular response that the treatment produces. The purpose of this article is not to suggest which occlusal scheme produces the most favorable muscle response in the gnathostomatic tissues. Neither is an objective of this article to teach the mandible-manipulation techniques that are needed to identify occlusal irritants, perform occlusal equilibrations, or obtain accurate centric relation recores. The objective of this article is to emphasize that there are definite principles by which the muscles respond to occlusal contacts. Occlusal contacts can excite bruxism and the sequelae to bruxism. Knowledge of the laws which govern functions of the muscles that move the mandible enables the dentist to acquire the mandibular-manipulation skills that are necessary for the effective diagnosis and treatment of occlusal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:269273", "title": "Evaluation of polymeric materials for maxillofacial prosthetics.", "content": "The methods for initial evaluation of a new prospective maxillofacial prosthetic material, MDX-4-4210, have been described and tensile and compressive test data have been obtained. Evaluation of the data indicates that this is a promising material with significant potential for use in maxillofacial prosthetics. Further studies of the material's biologic implant compatibility, its chemical and environmental stabilities, and its clinical performance are being done.", "contents": "Evaluation of polymeric materials for maxillofacial prosthetics. The methods for initial evaluation of a new prospective maxillofacial prosthetic material, MDX-4-4210, have been described and tensile and compressive test data have been obtained. Evaluation of the data indicates that this is a promising material with significant potential for use in maxillofacial prosthetics. Further studies of the material's biologic implant compatibility, its chemical and environmental stabilities, and its clinical performance are being done."}
{"id": "PMID:269274", "title": "Comparison of Myo-Monitor centric position to centric relation and centric occlusion.", "content": "Twenty dentulous subjects were selected at random. A Hight tracer, fixed on the labial surface of the teeth by special clutches, was used to indicate a record of centric relation and centric occlusion. The Myo-Monitor centric position was recorded and compared to centric occlusion and centric relation in anteroposterior and lateral dimensions. This study indicated that: 1. Myo-Monitor centric position is always anterior to centric relation, with an average of 3.8 min. 2. Myo-Monitor centric position is always anterior to centric occlusion, with an average of 1.8 mm. 3. In 18 of 20 subjects, the Myo-Monitor registration was to the right or to the left side of the line between centric relation and centric occlusion. 4. In all subjects, centric occlusion was an average of 2.2 mm. anterior to centric relation.", "contents": "Comparison of Myo-Monitor centric position to centric relation and centric occlusion. Twenty dentulous subjects were selected at random. A Hight tracer, fixed on the labial surface of the teeth by special clutches, was used to indicate a record of centric relation and centric occlusion. The Myo-Monitor centric position was recorded and compared to centric occlusion and centric relation in anteroposterior and lateral dimensions. This study indicated that: 1. Myo-Monitor centric position is always anterior to centric relation, with an average of 3.8 min. 2. Myo-Monitor centric position is always anterior to centric occlusion, with an average of 1.8 mm. 3. In 18 of 20 subjects, the Myo-Monitor registration was to the right or to the left side of the line between centric relation and centric occlusion. 4. In all subjects, centric occlusion was an average of 2.2 mm. anterior to centric relation."}
{"id": "PMID:269278", "title": "Viscosity of elastomeric impression materials.", "content": "(1) Some elastomeric impression materials (Omniflex and Impregum) exhibited extreme shear thinning properties. This property was considered useful and these materials can be considered all-purpose. (2) The use of impression materials in syringing applications should not be precluded simply because the substances are thick or heavy during spatulation. A tenfold reduction in viscosity with increasing shear rate was found for three of the materials tested. (3) Viscosity characteristics of the impression rubbers were linked to filler content. (4) The viscosity rise during cross-linking was monitored for various impression products. It was found that each manufacturer's specifications of the length of time for syringing were relatively accurate.", "contents": "Viscosity of elastomeric impression materials. (1) Some elastomeric impression materials (Omniflex and Impregum) exhibited extreme shear thinning properties. This property was considered useful and these materials can be considered all-purpose. (2) The use of impression materials in syringing applications should not be precluded simply because the substances are thick or heavy during spatulation. A tenfold reduction in viscosity with increasing shear rate was found for three of the materials tested. (3) Viscosity characteristics of the impression rubbers were linked to filler content. (4) The viscosity rise during cross-linking was monitored for various impression products. It was found that each manufacturer's specifications of the length of time for syringing were relatively accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:269280", "title": "Comparison of the efficacy of a questionnaire, oral history, and clinical examination in detecting signs and symptoms of occlusal and temporomandibular joint dysfunction.", "content": "A comparison of three methods of obtaining information relating to some TMJ signs and symptoms has been made. The taking of an oral history by this examiner was shown to be the least reliable. The acquisition of data by this verbal process is a clinically sophisticated and difficult medical procedure and a major source of error is the bias or preconception that a clinician brings to his observations. Far more effective was a written, self-administered patient questionnaire, which proved quite reliable in detecting the presence of some occlusal habits. This study indicates that the initial use of a self-administered patient questionnaire, even in the hands of an inexperienced dentist, will ensure that certain essential data are obtained and recorded and will result in the discovery that a substantial number of patients have signs and symptoms of occlusal and TMJ dysfunction. The most objective method is of course the direct clinical examination. A combination of these three methods of obtaining information is recommended as an important part of routine occlusal and TMJ examinations.", "contents": "Comparison of the efficacy of a questionnaire, oral history, and clinical examination in detecting signs and symptoms of occlusal and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A comparison of three methods of obtaining information relating to some TMJ signs and symptoms has been made. The taking of an oral history by this examiner was shown to be the least reliable. The acquisition of data by this verbal process is a clinically sophisticated and difficult medical procedure and a major source of error is the bias or preconception that a clinician brings to his observations. Far more effective was a written, self-administered patient questionnaire, which proved quite reliable in detecting the presence of some occlusal habits. This study indicates that the initial use of a self-administered patient questionnaire, even in the hands of an inexperienced dentist, will ensure that certain essential data are obtained and recorded and will result in the discovery that a substantial number of patients have signs and symptoms of occlusal and TMJ dysfunction. The most objective method is of course the direct clinical examination. A combination of these three methods of obtaining information is recommended as an important part of routine occlusal and TMJ examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:269281", "title": "A study of occlusion as related to the Frankfort-mandibular plane angle.", "content": "The relation of the Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) to naturally occurring occlusion groups was studied in 112 subjects. Occlusion types were categorized into four groups depending on the magnitude of first-molar contact on the working side. Percentage (frequency) of occurrence of occlusion groups were: disclusion, 17.9 per cent; delayed disclusion, 19.6 per cent; progressive disclusion, 8.9 per cent; and group function, 53.6 per cent. The mean FMA for the study sample was 25.68 degrees with a range of 13 to 40 degrees. Mean FMA's for the occlusion groups showed a progressive increase from disclusion (19.6 degrees) to group function (28.9 degrees). A statistical test, extension of the median, indicated a highly significant relation between occlusion groups and the FMA. Considering these results, an FMA determination provides a structure-function basis to consider in selecting a scheme for occlusal reconstruction and should be incorporated in the treatment planning procedure as a major adjunctive diagnostic tool. However, further research, focused upon the many variables that determine a type of occlusion, must precede the formulation of a set of \"rules\" for selection of occlusion.", "contents": "A study of occlusion as related to the Frankfort-mandibular plane angle. The relation of the Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) to naturally occurring occlusion groups was studied in 112 subjects. Occlusion types were categorized into four groups depending on the magnitude of first-molar contact on the working side. Percentage (frequency) of occurrence of occlusion groups were: disclusion, 17.9 per cent; delayed disclusion, 19.6 per cent; progressive disclusion, 8.9 per cent; and group function, 53.6 per cent. The mean FMA for the study sample was 25.68 degrees with a range of 13 to 40 degrees. Mean FMA's for the occlusion groups showed a progressive increase from disclusion (19.6 degrees) to group function (28.9 degrees). A statistical test, extension of the median, indicated a highly significant relation between occlusion groups and the FMA. Considering these results, an FMA determination provides a structure-function basis to consider in selecting a scheme for occlusal reconstruction and should be incorporated in the treatment planning procedure as a major adjunctive diagnostic tool. However, further research, focused upon the many variables that determine a type of occlusion, must precede the formulation of a set of \"rules\" for selection of occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:269298", "title": "[Factor XIII deficiency in adults with acute leukemia: results of a substitution therapy with factor XIII (author's transl)].", "content": "A decrease in fibrin stabilizing factor (Factor XIII) is the most frequent coagulation disorder seen in adults with acute leukemia. Patients with prominent reduction of factor XIII (FSF) (less than 50%) were substituted with a factor XIII concentrate from human placenta, and factor XIII plasma concentration and bleeding tendency were followed up during the course of the disease. After substitution plasma, factor XIII activity went up to normal levels in most of the patients. As compared to the course of 12 patients with distinct factor XIII reduction without factor XIII therapy, there were less bleeding complications in 13 courses of patients with prominent reduction of factor XIII substituted with factor XIII concentrate and in 11 with normal or only slightly reduced factor XIII levels.", "contents": "[Factor XIII deficiency in adults with acute leukemia: results of a substitution therapy with factor XIII (author's transl)]. A decrease in fibrin stabilizing factor (Factor XIII) is the most frequent coagulation disorder seen in adults with acute leukemia. Patients with prominent reduction of factor XIII (FSF) (less than 50%) were substituted with a factor XIII concentrate from human placenta, and factor XIII plasma concentration and bleeding tendency were followed up during the course of the disease. After substitution plasma, factor XIII activity went up to normal levels in most of the patients. As compared to the course of 12 patients with distinct factor XIII reduction without factor XIII therapy, there were less bleeding complications in 13 courses of patients with prominent reduction of factor XIII substituted with factor XIII concentrate and in 11 with normal or only slightly reduced factor XIII levels."}
{"id": "PMID:269322", "title": "Presence of complement-fixing antibodies against antigens of Gross virus-induced rat lymphoma and normal rat thymus in sera of patients with some forms of malignancies.", "content": "Presence of complement-fixing antibodies against soluble antigen(s) of Gross virus-induced rat lymphoma W/Fu(C58NT)D was determined in sera of 180 healthy donors, in sera from 100 healthy pregnant women and in sera obtained from 139 patients with acute myelosis, acute lymphadenosis, acute undifferentiated leukosis, chronic myelosis, chronic lymphadenosis and Hodgkin's disease. Antibodies against soluble complement-fixing antigen from W/Fu(C58NT)D rat lymphoma were found in 33 (5).5%) out of 64 sera of patients with acute leukemia, in 15 out of 60 sera of patients with Hodgkin's disease, in 17 (9.4%) out of 180 healthy donors and in 22 (22.0%) out of 100 sera from healthy pregnant women. None of 15 sera from patients with chronic leukemia were positive. Titers of complement-fixing antibodies in positive sera remained unchanged after absorption with pooled lymphocytes from healthy human donors. Some selected positive sera reacted also with a soluble antigen prepared from normal rat thymus. Nature of complement-fixing antibodies detected and of corresponding antigens is discussed.", "contents": "Presence of complement-fixing antibodies against antigens of Gross virus-induced rat lymphoma and normal rat thymus in sera of patients with some forms of malignancies. Presence of complement-fixing antibodies against soluble antigen(s) of Gross virus-induced rat lymphoma W/Fu(C58NT)D was determined in sera of 180 healthy donors, in sera from 100 healthy pregnant women and in sera obtained from 139 patients with acute myelosis, acute lymphadenosis, acute undifferentiated leukosis, chronic myelosis, chronic lymphadenosis and Hodgkin's disease. Antibodies against soluble complement-fixing antigen from W/Fu(C58NT)D rat lymphoma were found in 33 (5).5%) out of 64 sera of patients with acute leukemia, in 15 out of 60 sera of patients with Hodgkin's disease, in 17 (9.4%) out of 180 healthy donors and in 22 (22.0%) out of 100 sera from healthy pregnant women. None of 15 sera from patients with chronic leukemia were positive. Titers of complement-fixing antibodies in positive sera remained unchanged after absorption with pooled lymphocytes from healthy human donors. Some selected positive sera reacted also with a soluble antigen prepared from normal rat thymus. Nature of complement-fixing antibodies detected and of corresponding antigens is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269329", "title": "Growth defects in unrepaired unilateral cleft lip and palate.", "content": "The positional relationships of the dentoalveolar segments in ten subjects with unrepaired unilateral complete clefts of lip and palate were studied in order to assess the effects of the cleft malformation on dentoalveolar growth. The findings suggest that there are localized growth defects, particularly in lateral and vertical growth at the region of the alveolar cleft, which cannot be accounted for by operative trauma. The position and shape of the central incisor nearest the cleft was also found to be defective in some subjects.", "contents": "Growth defects in unrepaired unilateral cleft lip and palate. The positional relationships of the dentoalveolar segments in ten subjects with unrepaired unilateral complete clefts of lip and palate were studied in order to assess the effects of the cleft malformation on dentoalveolar growth. The findings suggest that there are localized growth defects, particularly in lateral and vertical growth at the region of the alveolar cleft, which cannot be accounted for by operative trauma. The position and shape of the central incisor nearest the cleft was also found to be defective in some subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:269330", "title": "Excision of buccal hemangioma by carbon dioxide laser beam.", "content": "The carbon dioxide laser beam was used successfully to extirpate a large buccal hemangioma in a child. No hemostats were required, as this new surgical modality affords a practically bloodless operative field. Tissue necrosis occurs only minimally at the borders of the incision. Operative intervention with the carbon dioxide laser beam in cases of hemangioma and other tumors of the oral cavity is advocated.", "contents": "Excision of buccal hemangioma by carbon dioxide laser beam. The carbon dioxide laser beam was used successfully to extirpate a large buccal hemangioma in a child. No hemostats were required, as this new surgical modality affords a practically bloodless operative field. Tissue necrosis occurs only minimally at the borders of the incision. Operative intervention with the carbon dioxide laser beam in cases of hemangioma and other tumors of the oral cavity is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:269331", "title": "Myositis ossificans traumatica of the masseter muscle. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of myositis ossificans traumatica has been reported. Clinical, histopathologic, and roentgenographic entities have been referred to. An up-to-date review of the literature on this disorder has been presented.", "contents": "Myositis ossificans traumatica of the masseter muscle. Report of a case. A case of myositis ossificans traumatica has been reported. Clinical, histopathologic, and roentgenographic entities have been referred to. An up-to-date review of the literature on this disorder has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:269332", "title": "Large-cell carcinoma metastatic to the jaw. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of two metastatic lesions of the oral mucosa simulating odontogenic infections is presented. One lesion mimicked chronic pericoronitis, and the other lesion mimicked a dental abscess. The case stresses the need for routine biopsy and pathology examination of conditions found in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Large-cell carcinoma metastatic to the jaw. Report of a case. A case of two metastatic lesions of the oral mucosa simulating odontogenic infections is presented. One lesion mimicked chronic pericoronitis, and the other lesion mimicked a dental abscess. The case stresses the need for routine biopsy and pathology examination of conditions found in the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:269333", "title": "An experimental evaluation of regionally induced analgesia in dentistry.", "content": "A method for the assessment of induced regional dental analgesia in experimental animals is described. It is based on the validity of the electrodentally elicited digastric electromyogram as a pain index. This method has been applied to study the effectiveness of one local anesthetic and of \"electroacupuncture\" to suppress pain regionally.", "contents": "An experimental evaluation of regionally induced analgesia in dentistry. A method for the assessment of induced regional dental analgesia in experimental animals is described. It is based on the validity of the electrodentally elicited digastric electromyogram as a pain index. This method has been applied to study the effectiveness of one local anesthetic and of \"electroacupuncture\" to suppress pain regionally."}
{"id": "PMID:269334", "title": "Bacterial contamination and transmission by nitrous oxide sedation apparatus.", "content": "Microbial contamination of sterile nasal hoods was demonstrated in nine of twenty-one clinical administrations of nitrous oxide-oxygen conscious sedation. In each case, bacteria isolated from the hood after 30 minutes' use were correlated morphologically with organisms recovered from the subject's nasal mucosa. A laboratory investigation utilizing an artificial respiration-sedation system revealed that there is a significant possibility of cross-infection between patients when improperly disinfected sedation equipment is employed.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination and transmission by nitrous oxide sedation apparatus. Microbial contamination of sterile nasal hoods was demonstrated in nine of twenty-one clinical administrations of nitrous oxide-oxygen conscious sedation. In each case, bacteria isolated from the hood after 30 minutes' use were correlated morphologically with organisms recovered from the subject's nasal mucosa. A laboratory investigation utilizing an artificial respiration-sedation system revealed that there is a significant possibility of cross-infection between patients when improperly disinfected sedation equipment is employed."}
{"id": "PMID:269335", "title": "Familial hypoparathyroidism with candidiasis and mental retardation.", "content": "Five new cases of the syndrome of hypoparathyroidism, candidiasis, and mental retardation are described and the importance of the dental findings in contributing toward a definite diagnosis is stressed. The close consanguineous relationship of the parents, first cousins in all of these cases, makes imperative the consideration of the concept that the syndrome is a congenital defect, transmitted by a recessive gene.", "contents": "Familial hypoparathyroidism with candidiasis and mental retardation. Five new cases of the syndrome of hypoparathyroidism, candidiasis, and mental retardation are described and the importance of the dental findings in contributing toward a definite diagnosis is stressed. The close consanguineous relationship of the parents, first cousins in all of these cases, makes imperative the consideration of the concept that the syndrome is a congenital defect, transmitted by a recessive gene."}
{"id": "PMID:269336", "title": "Intraoral pemphigus vulgaris.", "content": "Twenty-eight cases of intraoral pemphigus vulgaris are presented. All had histologic confirmation, including twenty-six from intraoral biopsies. Detailed descriptions involving many clinical features are reported and discussed. Pertinent histologic findings are also described.", "contents": "Intraoral pemphigus vulgaris. Twenty-eight cases of intraoral pemphigus vulgaris are presented. All had histologic confirmation, including twenty-six from intraoral biopsies. Detailed descriptions involving many clinical features are reported and discussed. Pertinent histologic findings are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:269337", "title": "American Burkitt's lymphoma in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "content": "A confirmed case of American Burkitt's lymphoma with jaw involvement in a 12-year-old Caucasian girl from western Pennsylvania is described. There were clinical manifestations in the mandibular quadrants and radiographic manifestations in all mandibular and maxillary quadrants. One of the earliest clinical manifestations of the lymphoma in the mandible was observed by a family dentist. The lymphoma later produced a deterioration of the overlying mandibular mucosa, moderate expansion of the cortex of the mandible, and paresthesia of the lip with probable V3 involvement. Four months after the first admission there were radiographic manifestations of the lymphoma in both the maxillary and mandibular quadrants. Early diagnosis and appropriate management may improve the prognosis.", "contents": "American Burkitt's lymphoma in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A confirmed case of American Burkitt's lymphoma with jaw involvement in a 12-year-old Caucasian girl from western Pennsylvania is described. There were clinical manifestations in the mandibular quadrants and radiographic manifestations in all mandibular and maxillary quadrants. One of the earliest clinical manifestations of the lymphoma in the mandible was observed by a family dentist. The lymphoma later produced a deterioration of the overlying mandibular mucosa, moderate expansion of the cortex of the mandible, and paresthesia of the lip with probable V3 involvement. Four months after the first admission there were radiographic manifestations of the lymphoma in both the maxillary and mandibular quadrants. Early diagnosis and appropriate management may improve the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:269338", "title": "NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA.", "content": "Nonhealing palatal ulcerations in two white male patients, one 50 and another 58 years of age, were clinically suspected of being malignant, even after the initial biopsies were negative. Second biopsies in each case confirmed the original opinions, but the lesions were diagnosed specifically as \"necrotizing sialometaplasia\". This is an interesting condition of uncertain etiology that can mimic cancer, both clinically and microscopically. The condition heals spontaneously. It should be considered in a differential diagnosis of suspicious lesions of the palate.", "contents": "NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA. Nonhealing palatal ulcerations in two white male patients, one 50 and another 58 years of age, were clinically suspected of being malignant, even after the initial biopsies were negative. Second biopsies in each case confirmed the original opinions, but the lesions were diagnosed specifically as \"necrotizing sialometaplasia\". This is an interesting condition of uncertain etiology that can mimic cancer, both clinically and microscopically. The condition heals spontaneously. It should be considered in a differential diagnosis of suspicious lesions of the palate."}
{"id": "PMID:269339", "title": "Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandible.", "content": "An unusual case of tuberculous involvement of the mandible in a 22-month-old African girl is presented. Other tissues involved included the small bones of the hands and feet and pulmonary, cervical, and submental lymph nodes. A short discussion of the pathogen involved is offered.", "contents": "Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandible. An unusual case of tuberculous involvement of the mandible in a 22-month-old African girl is presented. Other tissues involved included the small bones of the hands and feet and pulmonary, cervical, and submental lymph nodes. A short discussion of the pathogen involved is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:269341", "title": "Endodontic morphology. I. An alternative method of study.", "content": "Several techniques have been reported for the demonstration of canal systems in vitro. An additional technique has been developed which allows for the study of the internal anatomy of teeth prior to and after instrumentation on the same specimens. The use of a water-soluble contrast medium infused into root canal systems provides for easy removal of the contrast medium without alteration of the internal anatomy of the teeth. The pulps were eliminated from 164 extracted human teeth by enzyme action; the pulp chambers and root canal systems were filled under vacuum with a water-soluble, radiopaque contrast medium; and each tooth was radiographed from three angles with the contrast medium in situ. The contrast medium was cleared and an additional radiograph was taken. The potential for this procedure in the evaluation and assessment of the technique of canal preparation has been projected.", "contents": "Endodontic morphology. I. An alternative method of study. Several techniques have been reported for the demonstration of canal systems in vitro. An additional technique has been developed which allows for the study of the internal anatomy of teeth prior to and after instrumentation on the same specimens. The use of a water-soluble contrast medium infused into root canal systems provides for easy removal of the contrast medium without alteration of the internal anatomy of the teeth. The pulps were eliminated from 164 extracted human teeth by enzyme action; the pulp chambers and root canal systems were filled under vacuum with a water-soluble, radiopaque contrast medium; and each tooth was radiographed from three angles with the contrast medium in situ. The contrast medium was cleared and an additional radiograph was taken. The potential for this procedure in the evaluation and assessment of the technique of canal preparation has been projected."}
{"id": "PMID:269340", "title": "An electron microscopic study of collagen formation in the dental pulp of the human premolar and rat incisor.", "content": "Collagen secretion and maturation were investigated at the ultrastructural level. Pulp tissue from the continuously growing incisor of the rat provided excellent material for studying the secretory aspects of the tropocollagen. More mature human pulp material proved valuable in viewing the collagen fibril. A networklike arrangement of fibroblasts and fibrocytes was noted. Various types of cell junction were found in all specimens. The finding of a nexus junction was particularly interesting. It is hypothesized that connected cell systems rather than single cells might be the functional units involved in collagen formation.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of collagen formation in the dental pulp of the human premolar and rat incisor. Collagen secretion and maturation were investigated at the ultrastructural level. Pulp tissue from the continuously growing incisor of the rat provided excellent material for studying the secretory aspects of the tropocollagen. More mature human pulp material proved valuable in viewing the collagen fibril. A networklike arrangement of fibroblasts and fibrocytes was noted. Various types of cell junction were found in all specimens. The finding of a nexus junction was particularly interesting. It is hypothesized that connected cell systems rather than single cells might be the functional units involved in collagen formation."}
{"id": "PMID:269342", "title": "Evaluation of endodontic instruments as received from the manufacturer: the demand for quality control.", "content": "Two hundred seventy new files, reamers, and Hedstr\u00f6m files from three different manufacturers were evaluated for debris and defects. Statistical analysis of the new instruments showed that one company's instruments were cleaner than the other two but still contained defects. A standard for quality is proposed.", "contents": "Evaluation of endodontic instruments as received from the manufacturer: the demand for quality control. Two hundred seventy new files, reamers, and Hedstr\u00f6m files from three different manufacturers were evaluated for debris and defects. Statistical analysis of the new instruments showed that one company's instruments were cleaner than the other two but still contained defects. A standard for quality is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:269343", "title": "Analysis of interpretations of full-mouth and panoramic surveys.", "content": "The purposes of this study were to determine differences in interpretation of radiographic findings of full-mouth and panoramic surveys by junior and senior dental students and differences in their interpretive skills. The parameters of interest were caries, incipiencies, lamina dura interruptions, periodontal membrane changes, and periapical bone changes. The questions to be answered regarding the differences between the full-mouth and panoramic surveys were: (1) In which type of radiograph were the most lesions found? (2) In which type of radiograph are the most \"non-existing\" lesions found? (3) In which type of radiograph are the most lesions undetected? (4) Does the junior or senior dental student demonstrate the most accuracy in his interpretation?", "contents": "Analysis of interpretations of full-mouth and panoramic surveys. The purposes of this study were to determine differences in interpretation of radiographic findings of full-mouth and panoramic surveys by junior and senior dental students and differences in their interpretive skills. The parameters of interest were caries, incipiencies, lamina dura interruptions, periodontal membrane changes, and periapical bone changes. The questions to be answered regarding the differences between the full-mouth and panoramic surveys were: (1) In which type of radiograph were the most lesions found? (2) In which type of radiograph are the most \"non-existing\" lesions found? (3) In which type of radiograph are the most lesions undetected? (4) Does the junior or senior dental student demonstrate the most accuracy in his interpretation?"}
{"id": "PMID:269344", "title": "Radiographic observations of pyknodysostosis. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of pyknodysostosis in a 32-year-old woman has been reported. The patient presented typical skeletal changes, separated cranial sutures, open fontanelles, partial aplasia of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, and brachyphalanges. The oral findings included lesions resembling periapical cementoma, hypoplasia of the maxilla and mandible, crowding of teeth, and a median raphe.", "contents": "Radiographic observations of pyknodysostosis. Report of a case. A case of pyknodysostosis in a 32-year-old woman has been reported. The patient presented typical skeletal changes, separated cranial sutures, open fontanelles, partial aplasia of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, and brachyphalanges. The oral findings included lesions resembling periapical cementoma, hypoplasia of the maxilla and mandible, crowding of teeth, and a median raphe."}
{"id": "PMID:269345", "title": "Foreign objects in the root canal. Review of the literature and report of two cases.", "content": "In the two cases reported here, the foreign object in the child's tooth was not the specific reason for seeking treatment. When the presence of the objects was ascertained, neither parent could recall any mention being made by the child of introduction of the foreign body.", "contents": "Foreign objects in the root canal. Review of the literature and report of two cases. In the two cases reported here, the foreign object in the child's tooth was not the specific reason for seeking treatment. When the presence of the objects was ascertained, neither parent could recall any mention being made by the child of introduction of the foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:269349", "title": "Rapid bone regeneration subsequent to subtotal mandibulectomy. Report of an unusual case.", "content": "An unusual case of rapid bone regeneration after resection of a large portion of the mandible is presented. The possible factors responsible for the bone regeneration are discussed, with emphasis on the age of the patient, preservation of the periosteum, and infection.", "contents": "Rapid bone regeneration subsequent to subtotal mandibulectomy. Report of an unusual case. An unusual case of rapid bone regeneration after resection of a large portion of the mandible is presented. The possible factors responsible for the bone regeneration are discussed, with emphasis on the age of the patient, preservation of the periosteum, and infection."}
{"id": "PMID:269350", "title": "Antineoplastic agents and their oral manifestations.", "content": "The use of antineoplastic agents is rapidly increasing. A general classification of these drugs and their mechanisms of action is presented. Many of the drugs have an adverse effect on oral tissue, and the practicing dentist today must be well acquainted with these effects. A discussion of the features of these reactions and their management is presented.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents and their oral manifestations. The use of antineoplastic agents is rapidly increasing. A general classification of these drugs and their mechanisms of action is presented. Many of the drugs have an adverse effect on oral tissue, and the practicing dentist today must be well acquainted with these effects. A discussion of the features of these reactions and their management is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:269352", "title": "Ultrastructural study of hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis.", "content": "Specimens taken from the buccal mucosa of two patients with hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID) were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural features were described and compared with those of white sponge nevus and Darier's disease. Ultrastructural findings in HBID revealed the presence of numerous vesicular bodies in immature dyskeratotic cells, densely packed tonofilaments filling the cytoplasm of mature dyskeratotic cells, and the disappearance of cellular interdigitations and desmosomes in mature dyskeratotic cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis. Specimens taken from the buccal mucosa of two patients with hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID) were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural features were described and compared with those of white sponge nevus and Darier's disease. Ultrastructural findings in HBID revealed the presence of numerous vesicular bodies in immature dyskeratotic cells, densely packed tonofilaments filling the cytoplasm of mature dyskeratotic cells, and the disappearance of cellular interdigitations and desmosomes in mature dyskeratotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:269353", "title": "Dentin dysplasia, type II: a rare autosomal dominant disorder.", "content": "Dentin dysplasia, Type II, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. The primary teeth are amber and translucent and the pulp chambers are obliterated. The permanent teeth have a normal to brown-gray coloration and a thistle-tube pulp configuration with multiple true denticles. To date, only five families with this disorder have been reported. This article presents two additional families. Light and scanning electron microscopy of an affected primary incisor showed the dentin, including the mantle layer, to be highly disorganized throughout. Possible pathogenic events associated with the phenotype are discussed.", "contents": "Dentin dysplasia, type II: a rare autosomal dominant disorder. Dentin dysplasia, Type II, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. The primary teeth are amber and translucent and the pulp chambers are obliterated. The permanent teeth have a normal to brown-gray coloration and a thistle-tube pulp configuration with multiple true denticles. To date, only five families with this disorder have been reported. This article presents two additional families. Light and scanning electron microscopy of an affected primary incisor showed the dentin, including the mantle layer, to be highly disorganized throughout. Possible pathogenic events associated with the phenotype are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269355", "title": "Endodontic morphology. II. A radiographic analysis.", "content": "Radiographs of 164 extracted human teeth were examined under magnification subsequent to the infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium under vacuum into their empty canal systems. An analysis of the results was made from the recorded statistics, and some conclusions have been drawn from these. The form and number of canals generally conformed to those of the roots which housed them, with some exceptions. The presence of two canals in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars and the incidence of lateral, accessory, and furcation canals have been noted. The role of the endodontist in the treatment of teeth with such anatomic features was discussed.", "contents": "Endodontic morphology. II. A radiographic analysis. Radiographs of 164 extracted human teeth were examined under magnification subsequent to the infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium under vacuum into their empty canal systems. An analysis of the results was made from the recorded statistics, and some conclusions have been drawn from these. The form and number of canals generally conformed to those of the roots which housed them, with some exceptions. The presence of two canals in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars and the incidence of lateral, accessory, and furcation canals have been noted. The role of the endodontist in the treatment of teeth with such anatomic features was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269356", "title": "Focal infection in perspective.", "content": "In this article some of the theoretical possibilities arising as a result of focal infection are discussed. Rheumatic fever is discussed as an example of a disease in which a number of possible mechanisms may act to produce tissue damage at a target area. The mechanisms examined are direct dissemination of organisms from the focus to the target area, the induction of L-phase bacteria, and toxic damage to target tissue. Host-mediated tissue damage by hypersensitivity or auto-immune mechanisms is considered as well.", "contents": "Focal infection in perspective. In this article some of the theoretical possibilities arising as a result of focal infection are discussed. Rheumatic fever is discussed as an example of a disease in which a number of possible mechanisms may act to produce tissue damage at a target area. The mechanisms examined are direct dissemination of organisms from the focus to the target area, the induction of L-phase bacteria, and toxic damage to target tissue. Host-mediated tissue damage by hypersensitivity or auto-immune mechanisms is considered as well."}
{"id": "PMID:269359", "title": "Evaluation of a technique for standardized periapical radiographs.", "content": "A paralleling instrument with an orientation bite-block was designed to provide standardized projections on periapical radiographs with the extension cone paralleling technique. The reproducibility of root images on these radiographs and the relocation of the orientation bite-block in relation to root structures were tested in five patients. Three radiographs were subsequently made of each patient and compared. The projection error proved to be negligible.", "contents": "Evaluation of a technique for standardized periapical radiographs. A paralleling instrument with an orientation bite-block was designed to provide standardized projections on periapical radiographs with the extension cone paralleling technique. The reproducibility of root images on these radiographs and the relocation of the orientation bite-block in relation to root structures were tested in five patients. Three radiographs were subsequently made of each patient and compared. The projection error proved to be negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:269366", "title": "[Odontological-surgical pathology in an Oslo population].", "content": "The present report deals with an investigation concerning the distribution of dental pathology in an Oslo population. The diagnoses are based on roentgenological findings in orthopantomograms from 216 individuals participating in the screening. The investigation contributes to knowledge about pathological conditions of the dentition and jawbones of a Norwegian population. Such knowledge is important for the assessment of the need of surgical intervention when programs for optimal oral health are planned.", "contents": "[Odontological-surgical pathology in an Oslo population]. The present report deals with an investigation concerning the distribution of dental pathology in an Oslo population. The diagnoses are based on roentgenological findings in orthopantomograms from 216 individuals participating in the screening. The investigation contributes to knowledge about pathological conditions of the dentition and jawbones of a Norwegian population. Such knowledge is important for the assessment of the need of surgical intervention when programs for optimal oral health are planned."}
{"id": "PMID:269368", "title": "[Visceral Kaposi sarcoma associated with a thyroid medullary carcinoma in a child in prolonged remission of lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns a 12-years-old child, in remission for 8 years from lymphoblastic leukaemia. The course was rapidly fatal. The authors compare this case with those published in the literature of Kaposi sarcoma occuring in transplant patients and discuss the possible mechanisms, in particular the role of immunodepression.", "contents": "[Visceral Kaposi sarcoma associated with a thyroid medullary carcinoma in a child in prolonged remission of lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. This report concerns a 12-years-old child, in remission for 8 years from lymphoblastic leukaemia. The course was rapidly fatal. The authors compare this case with those published in the literature of Kaposi sarcoma occuring in transplant patients and discuss the possible mechanisms, in particular the role of immunodepression."}
{"id": "PMID:269377", "title": "Coordination of ribosome content and polysome formation during estradiol stimulation of vitellogenin synthesis in immature male chick livers.", "content": "To elucidate the mechanisms by which protein synthesis is affected by estradiol, we characterized cockerel liver polysomal profiles during hormone induction and withdrawal. We describe a method for isolating intact polysomes which results in preparations that are stable even after storage in solution at 10 degrees for 16 hr. In addition, our procedure eliminates the necessity for starving animals prior to experiments. Recovery of radioactive polysomes indicated that yield is about 90% and that our polysomal preparations appear to represent polysome distribution in vivo. Using this approach we show that estradiol injection stimulates ribosome content 6-fold and that formation of polysomes is coincident with the induction of vitellogenin synthesis. We also demonstrate that the size and number of polysomes increase and decrease in a coordinated fashion with the rate of vitellogenin synthesis. The kinetics of ribosome synthesis and the fact that at least 80% of the newly synthesized ribosomes are directly recruited into polysomes indicate that ribosomes might be limiting the rate of protein synthesis during the stimulatory phase of the hormone cycle.", "contents": "Coordination of ribosome content and polysome formation during estradiol stimulation of vitellogenin synthesis in immature male chick livers. To elucidate the mechanisms by which protein synthesis is affected by estradiol, we characterized cockerel liver polysomal profiles during hormone induction and withdrawal. We describe a method for isolating intact polysomes which results in preparations that are stable even after storage in solution at 10 degrees for 16 hr. In addition, our procedure eliminates the necessity for starving animals prior to experiments. Recovery of radioactive polysomes indicated that yield is about 90% and that our polysomal preparations appear to represent polysome distribution in vivo. Using this approach we show that estradiol injection stimulates ribosome content 6-fold and that formation of polysomes is coincident with the induction of vitellogenin synthesis. We also demonstrate that the size and number of polysomes increase and decrease in a coordinated fashion with the rate of vitellogenin synthesis. The kinetics of ribosome synthesis and the fact that at least 80% of the newly synthesized ribosomes are directly recruited into polysomes indicate that ribosomes might be limiting the rate of protein synthesis during the stimulatory phase of the hormone cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:269378", "title": "Primary structure of human C-reactive protein.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of human C-reactive protein has been established. Distant homologies to C3 homology region in the CH2 domain of IgG and to C3a anaphylotoxin have been noted. No homology to other immunoglobulin homology regions or to the same homology region in other heavy chains was observed. The previously reported homologies between rabbit and human C-reactive protein and protein C1t have been extended and strengthened.", "contents": "Primary structure of human C-reactive protein. The complete amino acid sequence of human C-reactive protein has been established. Distant homologies to C3 homology region in the CH2 domain of IgG and to C3a anaphylotoxin have been noted. No homology to other immunoglobulin homology regions or to the same homology region in other heavy chains was observed. The previously reported homologies between rabbit and human C-reactive protein and protein C1t have been extended and strengthened."}
{"id": "PMID:269379", "title": "Uterine peroxidase as a marker for estrogen action.", "content": "Administration of a single dose of estradiol to immature rats gives rise to the appearance of substantial amounts of peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) enzyme activity in the uterus. This enzyme induction, which is inhibited by administration of actinomycin D and cycloheximide, can be detected at 4 hr after administration of estradiol, reaches a maximum level by 20 hr, and thereafter declines. The amount of uterine peroxidase seen at 20 hr after a single dose increases with dose from 0.1 to 100 microgram of estradiol. Estrone and estriol also show dose-dependent induction of peroxidase, and the quantitative peroxidase responses to these steroids follow their uterotropic capacities. The antiestrogen CI628, capable of low levels of enzyme induction by itself, can inhibit the induction due to estrogen. Solubilization of the uterine enzyme with divalent cations, especially calcium, results in a substantially increased yield of peroxidase. This extraction method provides an enzyme of about 50,000 molecular weight in distinction to the large aggregated form obtained by the usual extraction with sodium chloride.", "contents": "Uterine peroxidase as a marker for estrogen action. Administration of a single dose of estradiol to immature rats gives rise to the appearance of substantial amounts of peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) enzyme activity in the uterus. This enzyme induction, which is inhibited by administration of actinomycin D and cycloheximide, can be detected at 4 hr after administration of estradiol, reaches a maximum level by 20 hr, and thereafter declines. The amount of uterine peroxidase seen at 20 hr after a single dose increases with dose from 0.1 to 100 microgram of estradiol. Estrone and estriol also show dose-dependent induction of peroxidase, and the quantitative peroxidase responses to these steroids follow their uterotropic capacities. The antiestrogen CI628, capable of low levels of enzyme induction by itself, can inhibit the induction due to estrogen. Solubilization of the uterine enzyme with divalent cations, especially calcium, results in a substantially increased yield of peroxidase. This extraction method provides an enzyme of about 50,000 molecular weight in distinction to the large aggregated form obtained by the usual extraction with sodium chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:269380", "title": "Spliced segments at the 5' terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA.", "content": "An mRNA fraction coding for hexon polypeptide, the major virion structural protein, was purified by gel electrophoresis from extracts of adenovirus 2-infected cells late in the lytic cycle. The mRNA sequences in this fraction were mapped between 51.7 and 61.3 units on the genome by visualizing RNA-DNA hybrids in the electron microscope. When hybrids of hexon mRNA and single-stranded restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments of viral DNA were visualized in the electron microscope,branched forms were observed in which 160 nucleotides of RNA from the 5' terminus were not hydrogen bonded to the single-stranded DNA. DNA sequences complementary to the RNA sequences in each 5' tail were found by electron microscopy to be located at 17, 20, and 27 units on the same strand as that coding for the body of the hexon mRNA. Thus, four segments of viral RNA may be joined together during the synthesis of mature hexon mRNA. A model is presented for adenovirus late mRNA synthesis that involves multiple splicing during maturation of a larger precursor nuclear RNA.", "contents": "Spliced segments at the 5' terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA. An mRNA fraction coding for hexon polypeptide, the major virion structural protein, was purified by gel electrophoresis from extracts of adenovirus 2-infected cells late in the lytic cycle. The mRNA sequences in this fraction were mapped between 51.7 and 61.3 units on the genome by visualizing RNA-DNA hybrids in the electron microscope. When hybrids of hexon mRNA and single-stranded restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments of viral DNA were visualized in the electron microscope,branched forms were observed in which 160 nucleotides of RNA from the 5' terminus were not hydrogen bonded to the single-stranded DNA. DNA sequences complementary to the RNA sequences in each 5' tail were found by electron microscopy to be located at 17, 20, and 27 units on the same strand as that coding for the body of the hexon mRNA. Thus, four segments of viral RNA may be joined together during the synthesis of mature hexon mRNA. A model is presented for adenovirus late mRNA synthesis that involves multiple splicing during maturation of a larger precursor nuclear RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:269381", "title": "Tumorigenicity of five dihydrodiols of benz(a)anthracene on mouse skin: exceptional activity of benz(a)anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol.", "content": "Benz[a]anthracene and the five metabolically possible vicinal trans dihydrodiols of benz[a]anthracene were tested for ability to initiate skin tumors in CD-1 female mice. A single topical application of 0.4-2.0 mumol of hydrocarbon was followed 18 days later by twice weekly applications of the skin promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Comparisons of latency period, percent of mice with tumors, and number of papillomas observed per mouse indicated that benz[a]anthracene 1,2-, 5,6-, 8,9-, and 10, 11-dihydrodiols were all less active tumor initiators than was benz[a]anthracene. The high tumorigenicity of benz[a]anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol, presumably the result of metabolism to either or both of the diastereomeric benz[a]anthracene 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides, supports the bay region theory of polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity and provides the first example of a proximate carcinogenic metabolite that is much more active than the parent hydrocarbon on mouse skin.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of five dihydrodiols of benz(a)anthracene on mouse skin: exceptional activity of benz(a)anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol. Benz[a]anthracene and the five metabolically possible vicinal trans dihydrodiols of benz[a]anthracene were tested for ability to initiate skin tumors in CD-1 female mice. A single topical application of 0.4-2.0 mumol of hydrocarbon was followed 18 days later by twice weekly applications of the skin promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Comparisons of latency period, percent of mice with tumors, and number of papillomas observed per mouse indicated that benz[a]anthracene 1,2-, 5,6-, 8,9-, and 10, 11-dihydrodiols were all less active tumor initiators than was benz[a]anthracene. The high tumorigenicity of benz[a]anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol, presumably the result of metabolism to either or both of the diastereomeric benz[a]anthracene 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides, supports the bay region theory of polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity and provides the first example of a proximate carcinogenic metabolite that is much more active than the parent hydrocarbon on mouse skin."}
{"id": "PMID:269382", "title": "Identification and cloning of the chloroplast gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "mRNA coding for the large subunit (LS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] from Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been isolated from small polyribosomes immunoadsorbed to column-bound anti-LS antibody. 32P-Labeled LS mRNA was used as a hybridization probe to detect LS genes. The probe hybridized to C. reinhardi chloroplast DNA and at hybridization saturation revealed that there are approximately 75 LS genes per chloroplast. When chloroplast DNA was digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and the fragments were transferred to a nitrocellulose filter, the LS mRNA probe hybridized to a DNA fragment of molecular weight 3.2 X 10(6). This same fragment codes (in part) for 16S and 23S chloroplast rRNAs, which are also coded (in part) by fragments of molecular weights 9.0, 2.3, and 0.4 X 10(6). The restriction fragment containing the LS gene has been cloned in the Escherichia coli plasmid pMB9.", "contents": "Identification and cloning of the chloroplast gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi. mRNA coding for the large subunit (LS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] from Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been isolated from small polyribosomes immunoadsorbed to column-bound anti-LS antibody. 32P-Labeled LS mRNA was used as a hybridization probe to detect LS genes. The probe hybridized to C. reinhardi chloroplast DNA and at hybridization saturation revealed that there are approximately 75 LS genes per chloroplast. When chloroplast DNA was digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and the fragments were transferred to a nitrocellulose filter, the LS mRNA probe hybridized to a DNA fragment of molecular weight 3.2 X 10(6). This same fragment codes (in part) for 16S and 23S chloroplast rRNAs, which are also coded (in part) by fragments of molecular weights 9.0, 2.3, and 0.4 X 10(6). The restriction fragment containing the LS gene has been cloned in the Escherichia coli plasmid pMB9."}
{"id": "PMID:269383", "title": "phiX174 cistron A protein is a multifunctional enzyme in DNA replication.", "content": "The cistron A protein induced by phage varphiX174 nicks (produces a single-strand break in) the viral strand of the superhelical varphiX duplex DNA, thereby forming a complex with the DNA. The protein, seen bound to the DNA in the electron microscope, was located in the restriction endonuclease fragment between nucleotides 4290 and 4330 on the varphiX map [Sanger, F., Air, G. M., Barrel, B. G., Brown, N. L., Coulson, A. R., Fiddes, J. C., Hutchison, C. A., III, Slocomb, P. M. Y. & Smith, M. (1977) Nature 265, 687-695]. Replication also was initiated at this point, thus identifying the site of cistron A protein nicking and binding as the origin of replication. The cisA-DNA complex (separated from free cistron A protein), upon the addition of Escherichia coli rep protein, ATP, and DNA binding protein, is unwound to generate a single-stranded linear [presumably the nicked (+) strand] and a circular [presumably the (-) strand] molecule. The cisA-DNA complex, upon the further addition of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and deoxynucleoside triphosphates, supports replication to generate viral, single-stranded circles, as many as 15 circles per cisA-DNA complex. The replicating intermediates seen in the electron microscope are a novel form of \"rolling circle\" [Gilbert, W. & Dressler, D. H. (1969) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 33, 473-485]. The 5' end (presumably with the cistron A protein bound to it) is locked in the replication fork and loops back to accompany the strand-separation and replication fork around the template [(-) strand] circle. Thus, the multiple functions of cistron A protein include: (i) nicking the viral strand at the origin of replication to initiate a round of replication, (ii) participating in a complex which supports fork movement in strand separation and replication, (iii) nicking again at the regenerated origin to produce a unit-length DNA, and (iv) ligating the newly generated 3'-OH end to the 5'-phosphate-complexed end to form a circular viral molecule.", "contents": "phiX174 cistron A protein is a multifunctional enzyme in DNA replication. The cistron A protein induced by phage varphiX174 nicks (produces a single-strand break in) the viral strand of the superhelical varphiX duplex DNA, thereby forming a complex with the DNA. The protein, seen bound to the DNA in the electron microscope, was located in the restriction endonuclease fragment between nucleotides 4290 and 4330 on the varphiX map [Sanger, F., Air, G. M., Barrel, B. G., Brown, N. L., Coulson, A. R., Fiddes, J. C., Hutchison, C. A., III, Slocomb, P. M. Y. & Smith, M. (1977) Nature 265, 687-695]. Replication also was initiated at this point, thus identifying the site of cistron A protein nicking and binding as the origin of replication. The cisA-DNA complex (separated from free cistron A protein), upon the addition of Escherichia coli rep protein, ATP, and DNA binding protein, is unwound to generate a single-stranded linear [presumably the nicked (+) strand] and a circular [presumably the (-) strand] molecule. The cisA-DNA complex, upon the further addition of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and deoxynucleoside triphosphates, supports replication to generate viral, single-stranded circles, as many as 15 circles per cisA-DNA complex. The replicating intermediates seen in the electron microscope are a novel form of \"rolling circle\" [Gilbert, W. & Dressler, D. H. (1969) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 33, 473-485]. The 5' end (presumably with the cistron A protein bound to it) is locked in the replication fork and loops back to accompany the strand-separation and replication fork around the template [(-) strand] circle. Thus, the multiple functions of cistron A protein include: (i) nicking the viral strand at the origin of replication to initiate a round of replication, (ii) participating in a complex which supports fork movement in strand separation and replication, (iii) nicking again at the regenerated origin to produce a unit-length DNA, and (iv) ligating the newly generated 3'-OH end to the 5'-phosphate-complexed end to form a circular viral molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:269384", "title": "Cleavage specificity of the restriction endonuclease isolated from Haemophilus gallinarum (Hga I).", "content": "The nucleotide sequences in the replicative form (duplex) of phiX174 DNA around six sites cut by Hga I, a restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus gallinarum, have been compared. The enzyme produces a staggered cleavage resulting in a pentanucleotide 5'-terminal extension. The sequences within and immediately surrounding the pentanucleotide cleavage site have no obvious relationship. However, the sequence 5'-G-A-C-G-C-3'  3'-C-T-G-C-G-5' occurs five nucleotide pairs to the left of the cut in the upper strand and 10 nucleotide pairs to the left of the cut in the lower strand and, therefore, is believed to constitute the recognition site. This is a member of the class of restriction endonucleases in which recognition and cleavage sites lack 2-fold rotational symmetry. The method used to define the cleavage site is of general applicability.", "contents": "Cleavage specificity of the restriction endonuclease isolated from Haemophilus gallinarum (Hga I). The nucleotide sequences in the replicative form (duplex) of phiX174 DNA around six sites cut by Hga I, a restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus gallinarum, have been compared. The enzyme produces a staggered cleavage resulting in a pentanucleotide 5'-terminal extension. The sequences within and immediately surrounding the pentanucleotide cleavage site have no obvious relationship. However, the sequence 5'-G-A-C-G-C-3'  3'-C-T-G-C-G-5' occurs five nucleotide pairs to the left of the cut in the upper strand and 10 nucleotide pairs to the left of the cut in the lower strand and, therefore, is believed to constitute the recognition site. This is a member of the class of restriction endonucleases in which recognition and cleavage sites lack 2-fold rotational symmetry. The method used to define the cleavage site is of general applicability."}
{"id": "PMID:269385", "title": "Identification of beta,beta-turns and unordered conformations in polypeptide chains by vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism.", "content": "Different conformations of polypeptides were characterized by measurements of the circular dichroism (CD) extended into the vacuum ultraviolet region. (i) The linear beta-pleated sheet structure was characterized in a broad ultraviolet region down to 165 nm by examination of copolypeptides composed of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino-acid residues, e.g., poly(Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu). A short-wavelength intense band was found at about 169 nm, which is characteristic of beta-pleated sheet conformation. (ii) The beta-turns were experimentally measured using poly(Ala(2)-Gly(2)) in a broad spectral region down to 165 nm with accuracy. The observed CD spectrum is in excellent qualitative agreement with the theoretical curve calculated by Woody for the beta-turns of type II and/or I of Venkatachalam. The similarity in shape between the theoretical curve and the observed CD spectra suggests a dominance of beta-turn segments in the poly(Ala(2)-Gly(2)) structure. The presence of beta-turns in poly(Ala(2)-Gly(2)) is also in agreement with the characterization of this polypeptide by solid state methods (electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction). The CD spectrum of beta-turns is characterized by a very intense band at 207.5 nm and strong negative bands at 191 and 169 nm. Copolypeptides such as poly(Ala(2)-Gly(3)) and poly(Ala(3)-Gly(3)) yielded a similar type of CD spectrum, analysis of which indicates that a large fraction of their residues is contained in beta-turn regions. (iii) The CD spectrum of the unordered chain of these alternating copolypeptides in salt-free solution is observed in the vacuum ultraviolet region.", "contents": "Identification of beta,beta-turns and unordered conformations in polypeptide chains by vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism. Different conformations of polypeptides were characterized by measurements of the circular dichroism (CD) extended into the vacuum ultraviolet region. (i) The linear beta-pleated sheet structure was characterized in a broad ultraviolet region down to 165 nm by examination of copolypeptides composed of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino-acid residues, e.g., poly(Lys-Leu-Lys-Leu). A short-wavelength intense band was found at about 169 nm, which is characteristic of beta-pleated sheet conformation. (ii) The beta-turns were experimentally measured using poly(Ala(2)-Gly(2)) in a broad spectral region down to 165 nm with accuracy. The observed CD spectrum is in excellent qualitative agreement with the theoretical curve calculated by Woody for the beta-turns of type II and/or I of Venkatachalam. The similarity in shape between the theoretical curve and the observed CD spectra suggests a dominance of beta-turn segments in the poly(Ala(2)-Gly(2)) structure. The presence of beta-turns in poly(Ala(2)-Gly(2)) is also in agreement with the characterization of this polypeptide by solid state methods (electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction). The CD spectrum of beta-turns is characterized by a very intense band at 207.5 nm and strong negative bands at 191 and 169 nm. Copolypeptides such as poly(Ala(2)-Gly(3)) and poly(Ala(3)-Gly(3)) yielded a similar type of CD spectrum, analysis of which indicates that a large fraction of their residues is contained in beta-turn regions. (iii) The CD spectrum of the unordered chain of these alternating copolypeptides in salt-free solution is observed in the vacuum ultraviolet region."}
{"id": "PMID:269386", "title": "Conformation of beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin: formation of helical structure in methanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions.", "content": "Circular dichroic spectra of camel beta-endorphin and ovine beta-lipotropin in water show little, if any, secondary structure. Intrinsic viscosities and sedimentation coefficients of the two peptides also suggest that the molecules are not compact and globular. Methanol or sodium dodecyl sulfate promotes the formation of helical structure to an extent as much as one-half of either peptide molecule. The conformation of the complex between camel beta-endorphin and dodecyl sulfate may be related to the opiate-like function of this peptide hormone.", "contents": "Conformation of beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin: formation of helical structure in methanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. Circular dichroic spectra of camel beta-endorphin and ovine beta-lipotropin in water show little, if any, secondary structure. Intrinsic viscosities and sedimentation coefficients of the two peptides also suggest that the molecules are not compact and globular. Methanol or sodium dodecyl sulfate promotes the formation of helical structure to an extent as much as one-half of either peptide molecule. The conformation of the complex between camel beta-endorphin and dodecyl sulfate may be related to the opiate-like function of this peptide hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:269387", "title": "Physical properties of chemically acetylated rat liver chromatin.", "content": "The physical properties of rat liver chromatin and nucleosomes acetylated with acetic anhydride were examined in order to clarify the mechanism by which chemical acetylation of histones increases template activity in vitro [Marushige, K. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3937-3941]. Acetylation was found to have dramatic effects on the magnesium solubility, nuclease sensitivity, thermal denaturation, and sedimentation of chromatin and nucleosomes. The significance of the results to models of gene activation and chromatin replication is considered.", "contents": "Physical properties of chemically acetylated rat liver chromatin. The physical properties of rat liver chromatin and nucleosomes acetylated with acetic anhydride were examined in order to clarify the mechanism by which chemical acetylation of histones increases template activity in vitro [Marushige, K. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3937-3941]. Acetylation was found to have dramatic effects on the magnesium solubility, nuclease sensitivity, thermal denaturation, and sedimentation of chromatin and nucleosomes. The significance of the results to models of gene activation and chromatin replication is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:269388", "title": "5'-Terminal 7-methylguanosine and mRNA function: influence of potassium concentration on translation in vitro.", "content": "Vaccinia mRNAs containing either 5'-terminal m7G or unmethylated 5'-terminal structures were synthesized in vitro and their relative efficiencies of translation were compared in wheat germ and reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. The importance of the m7G group for efficient translation increases as the K+ concentration is raised. At K+ concentrations optimal for translation of mRNA containing m7G, unmethylated mRNA is translated at the same relative low efficiency in both cell extracts. The rate of binding of mRNA to ribosomes at K+ concentrations close to those found in intact cells is strongly influenced by the presence of m7G regardless of the source of the cell extract.", "contents": "5'-Terminal 7-methylguanosine and mRNA function: influence of potassium concentration on translation in vitro. Vaccinia mRNAs containing either 5'-terminal m7G or unmethylated 5'-terminal structures were synthesized in vitro and their relative efficiencies of translation were compared in wheat germ and reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. The importance of the m7G group for efficient translation increases as the K+ concentration is raised. At K+ concentrations optimal for translation of mRNA containing m7G, unmethylated mRNA is translated at the same relative low efficiency in both cell extracts. The rate of binding of mRNA to ribosomes at K+ concentrations close to those found in intact cells is strongly influenced by the presence of m7G regardless of the source of the cell extract."}
{"id": "PMID:269389", "title": "Conformational alteration of protein synthesis elongation factor EF-Tu by EF-Ts and by kirromycin.", "content": "Alterations of the structure of EF-Tu have been investigated by using the rate of EF-Tu cleavage by trypsin as a conformational probe. The presence of EF-Ts bound to EF-Tu results in a 10-fold increase in the cleavage rate. The antibiotic kirromycin, which inhibits protein synthesis by virtue of its interaction with EF-Tu, mimics this effect of EF-Ts. Both kirromycin and EF-Ts also facilitate the exchange of free GDP with GDP bound to EF-Tu. The results suggest that EF-Ts and kirromycin induce a similar conformational change in EF-Tu, thereby \"opening\" the guanine nucleotide binding site. The trypsin-cleaved EF-Tu still can bind GDP and EF-Ts and can function in Qbeta replicase, but it no longer spontaneously renatures following denaturation in urea.", "contents": "Conformational alteration of protein synthesis elongation factor EF-Tu by EF-Ts and by kirromycin. Alterations of the structure of EF-Tu have been investigated by using the rate of EF-Tu cleavage by trypsin as a conformational probe. The presence of EF-Ts bound to EF-Tu results in a 10-fold increase in the cleavage rate. The antibiotic kirromycin, which inhibits protein synthesis by virtue of its interaction with EF-Tu, mimics this effect of EF-Ts. Both kirromycin and EF-Ts also facilitate the exchange of free GDP with GDP bound to EF-Tu. The results suggest that EF-Ts and kirromycin induce a similar conformational change in EF-Tu, thereby \"opening\" the guanine nucleotide binding site. The trypsin-cleaved EF-Tu still can bind GDP and EF-Ts and can function in Qbeta replicase, but it no longer spontaneously renatures following denaturation in urea."}
{"id": "PMID:269390", "title": "Identification of synaptic acetylcholine receptor sites in retina with peroxidase-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "An alpha-bungarotoxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, which binds specificity to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, was synthesized. This conjugate was bound by 5-7% of the synapses in the inner plexiform layer of the chicken retina. Bipolar ribbon synapses as well as amacrine synapses bound the conjugate.", "contents": "Identification of synaptic acetylcholine receptor sites in retina with peroxidase-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. An alpha-bungarotoxin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, which binds specificity to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, was synthesized. This conjugate was bound by 5-7% of the synapses in the inner plexiform layer of the chicken retina. Bipolar ribbon synapses as well as amacrine synapses bound the conjugate."}
{"id": "PMID:269391", "title": "Synthesis of human interferon by Xenopus laevis oocytes: two structural genes for interferons in human cells.", "content": "Human fibroblasts and leukocytes produce interferons which may be distinguished by their antigenic and species specificity as well as by their molecular weight distributions. To elucidate the basis for these differences, we isolated mRNA from induced human fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid (Namalva) cells and studied the products of translation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The mRNA from the respective cells yielded translation products, in oocytes, that were characteristic of the cells from which the mRNA was derived. We conclude that human cells contain at least two structural genes for interferon, coding for polypeptides differing in primary sequence. Fibroblasts synthesize a single species of interferon; lymphoblastoid cells synthesize two species, the fibroblast and leukocyte types.", "contents": "Synthesis of human interferon by Xenopus laevis oocytes: two structural genes for interferons in human cells. Human fibroblasts and leukocytes produce interferons which may be distinguished by their antigenic and species specificity as well as by their molecular weight distributions. To elucidate the basis for these differences, we isolated mRNA from induced human fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid (Namalva) cells and studied the products of translation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The mRNA from the respective cells yielded translation products, in oocytes, that were characteristic of the cells from which the mRNA was derived. We conclude that human cells contain at least two structural genes for interferon, coding for polypeptides differing in primary sequence. Fibroblasts synthesize a single species of interferon; lymphoblastoid cells synthesize two species, the fibroblast and leukocyte types."}
{"id": "PMID:269392", "title": "Subunit structure of chromatin and the organization of eukaryotic highly repetitive DNA: nucleosomal proteins associated with a highly repetitive mammalian DNA.", "content": "Component alpha DNA is a homogeneous, highly repetitive fraction that comprises nearly a quarter of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) genome. By restriction enzyme analysis, it has a repeat periodicity of 176 +/- 4 nucleotide base pairs, corresponding closely with the length of DNA contained within a nucleosome. The sequence is organized into large blocks of constitutive heterochromatin. A method is described here for the isolation of intact polynucleosomal arrays containing only component alpha sequences. Isolated monkey nuclei are treated with EcoRI, which releases only component alpha nucleosomal arrays; the arrays are then fractionated and purified by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The method permits a compositional analysis of the proteins associated with a constitutively repressed, heterochromatic sequence. The major differences in the proteins associated with component alpha nucleosomes that distinguish them from the bulk DNA nucleosomes are a decrease in the content of the H1 histones in the component alpha nucleosomes and a concomitant increase in the amount of certain nonhistone proteins. The specific observations are: (i) In the component alpha nucleosomes, 65-70% of the proteins were nonhistone proteins; this contrasts with the value, 40%, for nonhistone proteins associated with nucleosomes containing bulk DNA. (ii) The amount of H1 histone in chromatin containing predominantly bulk DNA was about 13.7%. However, the H1 histone was depleted and possibly absent in component alpha oligonucleosomes. (iii) Coincident with the decrease in the H1 histones and in the same molecular weight range (24,000-43,000), there appeared five minor nonhistone proteins. The minor, low-molecular-weight, nonhistone proteins were not detected in chromatin containing bulk DNA but they represented nearly 12% of the protein in component alpha nucleosomes. The resistance to salt extraction (0.6-2.0 M NaCl) indicates that the low-molecular-weight nonhistone proteins are tenaciously bound to the component alpha nucleosomes. In addition, a class of high-molecular-weight (>100,000) nonhistone proteins was enriched 5- or 6-fold in component alpha oligonucleosomes. The relative amounts of the nucleosome core histones were not changed.", "contents": "Subunit structure of chromatin and the organization of eukaryotic highly repetitive DNA: nucleosomal proteins associated with a highly repetitive mammalian DNA. Component alpha DNA is a homogeneous, highly repetitive fraction that comprises nearly a quarter of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) genome. By restriction enzyme analysis, it has a repeat periodicity of 176 +/- 4 nucleotide base pairs, corresponding closely with the length of DNA contained within a nucleosome. The sequence is organized into large blocks of constitutive heterochromatin. A method is described here for the isolation of intact polynucleosomal arrays containing only component alpha sequences. Isolated monkey nuclei are treated with EcoRI, which releases only component alpha nucleosomal arrays; the arrays are then fractionated and purified by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. The method permits a compositional analysis of the proteins associated with a constitutively repressed, heterochromatic sequence. The major differences in the proteins associated with component alpha nucleosomes that distinguish them from the bulk DNA nucleosomes are a decrease in the content of the H1 histones in the component alpha nucleosomes and a concomitant increase in the amount of certain nonhistone proteins. The specific observations are: (i) In the component alpha nucleosomes, 65-70% of the proteins were nonhistone proteins; this contrasts with the value, 40%, for nonhistone proteins associated with nucleosomes containing bulk DNA. (ii) The amount of H1 histone in chromatin containing predominantly bulk DNA was about 13.7%. However, the H1 histone was depleted and possibly absent in component alpha oligonucleosomes. (iii) Coincident with the decrease in the H1 histones and in the same molecular weight range (24,000-43,000), there appeared five minor nonhistone proteins. The minor, low-molecular-weight, nonhistone proteins were not detected in chromatin containing bulk DNA but they represented nearly 12% of the protein in component alpha nucleosomes. The resistance to salt extraction (0.6-2.0 M NaCl) indicates that the low-molecular-weight nonhistone proteins are tenaciously bound to the component alpha nucleosomes. In addition, a class of high-molecular-weight (>100,000) nonhistone proteins was enriched 5- or 6-fold in component alpha oligonucleosomes. The relative amounts of the nucleosome core histones were not changed."}
{"id": "PMID:269393", "title": "Kinetics of processing of type I and type III procollagens in fibroblast cultures.", "content": "The rates of conversion of types I and III procollagens to their respective collagens were compared in seven fibroblast culture systems of murine or human origin. During 24 hr of radioactive labeling or after shorter pulses followed by chases of 20-48 hr, no evidence was obtained for conversion of radiolabeled type III procollagen to insoluble collagen. In the same cultures and under the same conditions, native collagen was generated from radiolabeled type I procollagen. There was no evidence for proteolytic degradation of type III procollagen during the chase experiments. The results are ascribed to a lack of availability of the enzymes required for processing of type III procollagen.", "contents": "Kinetics of processing of type I and type III procollagens in fibroblast cultures. The rates of conversion of types I and III procollagens to their respective collagens were compared in seven fibroblast culture systems of murine or human origin. During 24 hr of radioactive labeling or after shorter pulses followed by chases of 20-48 hr, no evidence was obtained for conversion of radiolabeled type III procollagen to insoluble collagen. In the same cultures and under the same conditions, native collagen was generated from radiolabeled type I procollagen. There was no evidence for proteolytic degradation of type III procollagen during the chase experiments. The results are ascribed to a lack of availability of the enzymes required for processing of type III procollagen."}
{"id": "PMID:269394", "title": "Thermodynamics of the self-association of glucagon.", "content": "In water, glucagon exists in an equilibrium between a trimer in which more than half of the peptide groups are in an alpha-helical configuration and a monomer which has a random coil configuration with few alpha-helical residues. The thermodynamics of this self-association have been evaluated by studying the temperature- and concentration-dependence of the mean residue ellipticity at 220 nm. The enthalpy and entropy changes of association were negative at all temperatures between 5 degrees and 50 degrees and had large negative temperature dependencies. Usually an association that involves nonpolar groups is considered to be driven by a positive entropy term. Such an explanation is not tenable in the case of glucagon. However, if the effects of nonpolar groups on the coil-to-helix transition of a polypeptide are included into the thermodynamic considerations of hydrophobic interactions, then the negative parameters observed for glucagon association can be readily understood. The hydrophobic interaction is therefore not necessarily controlled by the entropy change because, if there are significant conformational changes, the reaction may be controlled by the enthalpy change. Consequently, the more important parameter characteristic of all hydrophobic reactions is the heat capacity change.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of the self-association of glucagon. In water, glucagon exists in an equilibrium between a trimer in which more than half of the peptide groups are in an alpha-helical configuration and a monomer which has a random coil configuration with few alpha-helical residues. The thermodynamics of this self-association have been evaluated by studying the temperature- and concentration-dependence of the mean residue ellipticity at 220 nm. The enthalpy and entropy changes of association were negative at all temperatures between 5 degrees and 50 degrees and had large negative temperature dependencies. Usually an association that involves nonpolar groups is considered to be driven by a positive entropy term. Such an explanation is not tenable in the case of glucagon. However, if the effects of nonpolar groups on the coil-to-helix transition of a polypeptide are included into the thermodynamic considerations of hydrophobic interactions, then the negative parameters observed for glucagon association can be readily understood. The hydrophobic interaction is therefore not necessarily controlled by the entropy change because, if there are significant conformational changes, the reaction may be controlled by the enthalpy change. Consequently, the more important parameter characteristic of all hydrophobic reactions is the heat capacity change."}
{"id": "PMID:269395", "title": "Evidence against phospholipid asymmetry in intracellular membranes from liver.", "content": "We have studied the distribution of phospholipids across the membrane of microsomal vesicles and Golgi-derived secretory vesicles from rat liver by the use of phospholipases. Model studies on single-bilayer phospholipid vesicles showed that phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) cleaved at least 80% of the lipids on the outer surface of such vesicles without significant attack on the inner surface. In microsomal vesicles approximately 40% of the outer surface phospholipids were cleaved before the enzyme gained access to the interior of the vesicles. The same conclusion was reached for Golgi vesicles. By following the degradation of the three major phospholipids in intact microsomes and in extracted lipids we found that the same fraction of each of these phospholipids was exposed on the outer surface of the microsomal vesicles. Corresponding experiments with Golgi vesicles showed that distinctly different fractions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were present on the surface of these vesicles. However, the difference was accounted for by enrichment of phosphatidylcholine in intravesicular particles rather than by asymmetry across the vesicle membrane. The results from specific hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol confirmed an essentially symmetric distribution of this phospholipid across the microsomal and the Golgi vesicle membranes.", "contents": "Evidence against phospholipid asymmetry in intracellular membranes from liver. We have studied the distribution of phospholipids across the membrane of microsomal vesicles and Golgi-derived secretory vesicles from rat liver by the use of phospholipases. Model studies on single-bilayer phospholipid vesicles showed that phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) cleaved at least 80% of the lipids on the outer surface of such vesicles without significant attack on the inner surface. In microsomal vesicles approximately 40% of the outer surface phospholipids were cleaved before the enzyme gained access to the interior of the vesicles. The same conclusion was reached for Golgi vesicles. By following the degradation of the three major phospholipids in intact microsomes and in extracted lipids we found that the same fraction of each of these phospholipids was exposed on the outer surface of the microsomal vesicles. Corresponding experiments with Golgi vesicles showed that distinctly different fractions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were present on the surface of these vesicles. However, the difference was accounted for by enrichment of phosphatidylcholine in intravesicular particles rather than by asymmetry across the vesicle membrane. The results from specific hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol confirmed an essentially symmetric distribution of this phospholipid across the microsomal and the Golgi vesicle membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:269396", "title": "Opiate-dependent modulation of adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Reactions mediated by the opiate receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) are closely coupled to subsequent reactions that gradually increase adenylate cyclase activity of neuroblastoma X glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells. Opiate-treated cells have higher basal-, prostaglandin E1-, and 2-chloroadenosine-stimulated activities than do control cells. However, NaF or guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate abolishes most of the differences in adenylate cyclase activity observed with homogenates from control and opiate-treated cells. Cycloheximide blocked some, but not all, of the opiate-dependent increase in adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest that the opiate-dependent increase in adenylate cyclase is due to conversion of adenylate cyclase to a form with altered activity. Protein synthesis also is required for part of the opiate effect. We propose that activity of adenylate cyclase determines the rate of conversion of the enzyme from one form to the other and that opiates, by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, alter the relative abundance of low- and high-activity forms of the enzyme.", "contents": "Opiate-dependent modulation of adenylate cyclase. Reactions mediated by the opiate receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) are closely coupled to subsequent reactions that gradually increase adenylate cyclase activity of neuroblastoma X glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells. Opiate-treated cells have higher basal-, prostaglandin E1-, and 2-chloroadenosine-stimulated activities than do control cells. However, NaF or guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate abolishes most of the differences in adenylate cyclase activity observed with homogenates from control and opiate-treated cells. Cycloheximide blocked some, but not all, of the opiate-dependent increase in adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest that the opiate-dependent increase in adenylate cyclase is due to conversion of adenylate cyclase to a form with altered activity. Protein synthesis also is required for part of the opiate effect. We propose that activity of adenylate cyclase determines the rate of conversion of the enzyme from one form to the other and that opiates, by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, alter the relative abundance of low- and high-activity forms of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:269397", "title": "Microtubule structure at low resolution by x-ray diffraction.", "content": "Analysis of x-ray diagrams of oriented hydrated cytoplasmic microtubules shows that the tubule wall extends from about 70 to 150 A radially. The central region of the wall appears homogeneous, but the outside surface is subdivided by vertical grooves separating the 13 protofilaments and by a steep 10-fold family of grooves. The inside surface is dominated by the 10-start grooves with no clear subdivision between the protofilaments.", "contents": "Microtubule structure at low resolution by x-ray diffraction. Analysis of x-ray diagrams of oriented hydrated cytoplasmic microtubules shows that the tubule wall extends from about 70 to 150 A radially. The central region of the wall appears homogeneous, but the outside surface is subdivided by vertical grooves separating the 13 protofilaments and by a steep 10-fold family of grooves. The inside surface is dominated by the 10-start grooves with no clear subdivision between the protofilaments."}
{"id": "PMID:269398", "title": "Tripartite model for the photochemical apparatus of green plant photosynthesis.", "content": "Equations for fluorescence and the rates of photochemistry of photosystem I and photosystem II are derived from a photochemical model for the photosynthetic apparatus that includes the various interactions of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex with photosystem I and photosystem II as specific photochemical rate constants. The degree of coupling between photosystem II and the chlorophyll a/b complex which is expressed as a product of two probability terms plays a central role in this three-pigment system. The cycling of excitation energy back and forth between photosystem II and the chlorophyll a/b complex increases the exciton density in both arrays of chlorophyll according to a simple analytical expression in the equations. These equations of the tripartite model provide new and credible insights into the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis.", "contents": "Tripartite model for the photochemical apparatus of green plant photosynthesis. Equations for fluorescence and the rates of photochemistry of photosystem I and photosystem II are derived from a photochemical model for the photosynthetic apparatus that includes the various interactions of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex with photosystem I and photosystem II as specific photochemical rate constants. The degree of coupling between photosystem II and the chlorophyll a/b complex which is expressed as a product of two probability terms plays a central role in this three-pigment system. The cycling of excitation energy back and forth between photosystem II and the chlorophyll a/b complex increases the exciton density in both arrays of chlorophyll according to a simple analytical expression in the equations. These equations of the tripartite model provide new and credible insights into the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:269399", "title": "Enucleation and reconstruction of interferon-producing cells.", "content": "Enucleation of L cells leads to loss of the capacity to produce interferon, showing that the cell nucleus is essential for interferon formation. However, when the cells were enucleated while interferon formation. However, when the cells were enucleated while interferon formation was proceeding, the cytoplasts were capable of continuing to synthesize interferon by a process shown to be protein synthesis, showing that the interferon messenger RNA leaves the nucleus after synthesis. Reconstructed cells were obtained by Sendai virus fusion of karyoplasts and cytoplasts. Such reconstructed cells were capable of producing at least as much interferon (43 interferon units/10(4) nucleated cells) as control cells (31 interferon units/10(4) nucleated cells).", "contents": "Enucleation and reconstruction of interferon-producing cells. Enucleation of L cells leads to loss of the capacity to produce interferon, showing that the cell nucleus is essential for interferon formation. However, when the cells were enucleated while interferon formation. However, when the cells were enucleated while interferon formation was proceeding, the cytoplasts were capable of continuing to synthesize interferon by a process shown to be protein synthesis, showing that the interferon messenger RNA leaves the nucleus after synthesis. Reconstructed cells were obtained by Sendai virus fusion of karyoplasts and cytoplasts. Such reconstructed cells were capable of producing at least as much interferon (43 interferon units/10(4) nucleated cells) as control cells (31 interferon units/10(4) nucleated cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:269400", "title": "Interferon messenger RNA content of human fibroblasts during induction, shutoff, and superinduction of interferon production.", "content": "Translation of injected mRNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis has been used as a highly sensitive and quantitative assay for interferon mRNA. Injection into oocytes of polyadenylylated RNA extracted from poly(I).poly(C)-induced human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4) leads to the synthesis of biologically active human fibroblast interferon over a period of 24-32 hr. There is a linear relationship between the amount of mRNA injected and the interferon yield obtained over a range of 1-20 ng of injected RNA. Injection of 40-80 ng of mRNA into each of 15 oocytes, homogenized in 0.3 ml of incubation medium, gave a titer of 128-256 interferon reference units/ml of homogenate.FS-4 cells at the peak of interferon production-i.e., approximately 2.5 hr after the beginning of induction with poly(I).poly(C)-gave mRNA that yielded 24-48 interferon reference units/ml in the oocyte assay (30 ng of RNA injected per oocyte). An equivalent amount of mRNA from FS-4 cells in the shutoff phase, approximately 6 hr after induction, gave </=4 interferon reference units/ml. In contrast, mRNA extracted from FS-4 cells that had been induced and maintained in the presence of 40 muM 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole for 6 hr produced 64-128 interferon reference units/ml. Polyadenylylated RNA obtained from uninduced FS-4 cells did not lead to detectable interferon synthesis (<4 interferon reference units/ml). These data provide a direct verification of the hypothesis that the shutoff of interferon production in FS-4 cells involves a regulatory event leading to the posttranscriptional inactivation or degradation of interferon mRNA. Because the inactivating mechanism is sensitive to inhibition by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a selective inhibitor of nuclear heterogeneous RNA and mRNA synthesis, it is likely that synthesis of an RNA molecule is necessary for the shutoff of interferon production.", "contents": "Interferon messenger RNA content of human fibroblasts during induction, shutoff, and superinduction of interferon production. Translation of injected mRNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis has been used as a highly sensitive and quantitative assay for interferon mRNA. Injection into oocytes of polyadenylylated RNA extracted from poly(I).poly(C)-induced human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4) leads to the synthesis of biologically active human fibroblast interferon over a period of 24-32 hr. There is a linear relationship between the amount of mRNA injected and the interferon yield obtained over a range of 1-20 ng of injected RNA. Injection of 40-80 ng of mRNA into each of 15 oocytes, homogenized in 0.3 ml of incubation medium, gave a titer of 128-256 interferon reference units/ml of homogenate.FS-4 cells at the peak of interferon production-i.e., approximately 2.5 hr after the beginning of induction with poly(I).poly(C)-gave mRNA that yielded 24-48 interferon reference units/ml in the oocyte assay (30 ng of RNA injected per oocyte). An equivalent amount of mRNA from FS-4 cells in the shutoff phase, approximately 6 hr after induction, gave </=4 interferon reference units/ml. In contrast, mRNA extracted from FS-4 cells that had been induced and maintained in the presence of 40 muM 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole for 6 hr produced 64-128 interferon reference units/ml. Polyadenylylated RNA obtained from uninduced FS-4 cells did not lead to detectable interferon synthesis (<4 interferon reference units/ml). These data provide a direct verification of the hypothesis that the shutoff of interferon production in FS-4 cells involves a regulatory event leading to the posttranscriptional inactivation or degradation of interferon mRNA. Because the inactivating mechanism is sensitive to inhibition by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a selective inhibitor of nuclear heterogeneous RNA and mRNA synthesis, it is likely that synthesis of an RNA molecule is necessary for the shutoff of interferon production."}
{"id": "PMID:269401", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in brain: localization in and release from isolated nerve terminals.", "content": "The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was present in synaptosomal (nerve ending) preparations from cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and striatum of rat brain in higher concentrations than in these tissues as a whole. The total content and relative specific activity of the peptide increased with progressive purification of the synaptosomal fractions and generally followed the distribution of known synaptosomal constituents--dopamine, norepinephrine, and lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27). The peptide was also released from synaptosomal pellets with increased K+ concentration, and this release was Ca2+-dependent. The findings suggest a role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a transmitter or modulator of synaptic function.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in brain: localization in and release from isolated nerve terminals. The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was present in synaptosomal (nerve ending) preparations from cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and striatum of rat brain in higher concentrations than in these tissues as a whole. The total content and relative specific activity of the peptide increased with progressive purification of the synaptosomal fractions and generally followed the distribution of known synaptosomal constituents--dopamine, norepinephrine, and lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27). The peptide was also released from synaptosomal pellets with increased K+ concentration, and this release was Ca2+-dependent. The findings suggest a role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a transmitter or modulator of synaptic function."}
{"id": "PMID:269402", "title": "Fibroblast heterogeneity and prostaglandin regulation of subpopulations.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) upon the synthesis of protein and DNA, and membrane transport of proline and thymidine, by human diploid fibroblasts were studied. At a concentration range of 1-10 muM, PGE(2) inhibited protein synthesis and membrane transport by 45-50%. Serum-activated DNA synthesis and thymidine transport were also inhibited by approximately 50% in cells made quiescent and synchronous by serum deprivation. To determine whether prostaglandin inhibits some of the cells completely or all of the cells partially, radioautographic and cell-counting experiments were done. In cultures pulse-labeled with [(3)H]thymidine 12-33 hr after serum activation, prostaglandin exposure reduced the number of labeled nuclei by 42%. Sixty-five hours after serum activation, the total cell numbers present in the PGE(2)-exposed cultures were reduced by 25%. Furthermore, in the fibroblast cultures derived from cells previously maintained in 10 muM PGE(2) for 14 days, PGE(2) had no effect on DNA synthesis, indicating that the PGE(2)-sensitive cells had disappeared from the cultures. Thus, PGE(2) appears to inhibit growth and synthesis of a subpopulation of cells while not affecting the remaining insensitive cells. Prostaglandins may play an important role in connective-tissue differentiation and in some pathologic alterations by regulating fibroblast subpopulations.", "contents": "Fibroblast heterogeneity and prostaglandin regulation of subpopulations. The effects of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) upon the synthesis of protein and DNA, and membrane transport of proline and thymidine, by human diploid fibroblasts were studied. At a concentration range of 1-10 muM, PGE(2) inhibited protein synthesis and membrane transport by 45-50%. Serum-activated DNA synthesis and thymidine transport were also inhibited by approximately 50% in cells made quiescent and synchronous by serum deprivation. To determine whether prostaglandin inhibits some of the cells completely or all of the cells partially, radioautographic and cell-counting experiments were done. In cultures pulse-labeled with [(3)H]thymidine 12-33 hr after serum activation, prostaglandin exposure reduced the number of labeled nuclei by 42%. Sixty-five hours after serum activation, the total cell numbers present in the PGE(2)-exposed cultures were reduced by 25%. Furthermore, in the fibroblast cultures derived from cells previously maintained in 10 muM PGE(2) for 14 days, PGE(2) had no effect on DNA synthesis, indicating that the PGE(2)-sensitive cells had disappeared from the cultures. Thus, PGE(2) appears to inhibit growth and synthesis of a subpopulation of cells while not affecting the remaining insensitive cells. Prostaglandins may play an important role in connective-tissue differentiation and in some pathologic alterations by regulating fibroblast subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:269403", "title": "Random assembly of different kinds of small subunit polypeptides during formation of fraction I protein macromolecules.", "content": "Maternal inheritance determine the charge on the large subunit of fraction I protein whereas both parents of an interspecific F(1) hybrid plant make an equal contribution to the charge of the small subunit. Experiments were performed to test whether fraction I protein in the hybrid plant was a hybrid molecule or two kinds of protein molecules, one composed of large subunits combined with small subunits of the male type and the other composed of large subunits combined with small subunits of the female type. A mixture of fraction I proteins from Nicotiana langsdorffii and N. bonariensis was resolved into two components of different charge by agarose gel electrophoresis but the protein from the F(1) hybrid plant between the two species was a single component. However, two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis showed that fraction I protein from an F(1) hybrid could be highly heterogeneous in charge compared to a fraction I protein containing a single small subunit polypeptide that was homogeneous in charge. Evidently, charge heterogeneity results from random self-assembly of the small subunit polypeptides. Random self-assembly of small subunits of two types could result in a mixture in which 99.2% of the population are hybrid molecules composed of seven types together with 0.39% containing small subunits of the maternal type and 0.39% containing those of the paternal type. In an F(1) hybrid plant in which three small subunit polypeptides randomize during assembly, a mixture of 45 types of fraction I protein macromolecules could be present.", "contents": "Random assembly of different kinds of small subunit polypeptides during formation of fraction I protein macromolecules. Maternal inheritance determine the charge on the large subunit of fraction I protein whereas both parents of an interspecific F(1) hybrid plant make an equal contribution to the charge of the small subunit. Experiments were performed to test whether fraction I protein in the hybrid plant was a hybrid molecule or two kinds of protein molecules, one composed of large subunits combined with small subunits of the male type and the other composed of large subunits combined with small subunits of the female type. A mixture of fraction I proteins from Nicotiana langsdorffii and N. bonariensis was resolved into two components of different charge by agarose gel electrophoresis but the protein from the F(1) hybrid plant between the two species was a single component. However, two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis showed that fraction I protein from an F(1) hybrid could be highly heterogeneous in charge compared to a fraction I protein containing a single small subunit polypeptide that was homogeneous in charge. Evidently, charge heterogeneity results from random self-assembly of the small subunit polypeptides. Random self-assembly of small subunits of two types could result in a mixture in which 99.2% of the population are hybrid molecules composed of seven types together with 0.39% containing small subunits of the maternal type and 0.39% containing those of the paternal type. In an F(1) hybrid plant in which three small subunit polypeptides randomize during assembly, a mixture of 45 types of fraction I protein macromolecules could be present."}
{"id": "PMID:269404", "title": "Tumor promoters inhibit spontaneous and induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells in culture.", "content": "Addition of the potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), to murine erythroleukemia cell lines in suspension cultures inhibited both spontaneous differentiation and differentiation induced by hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), dimethyl sulfoxide, or butyric acid. Inhibition was unrelated to cytotoxicity and was reversible. When several plant diterpenes were tested, there was a positive correlation between tumor-promoting activity and inhibition of differentiation. TPA inhibited HMBA-induced differentiation only if added prior to the time of commitment to differentiation, as assayed by scoring for differentiation after transfer of cells from HMBA to fresh medium without HMBA. TPA-mediated inhibition of differentiation was associated with a decrease in globin mRNA accumulation.", "contents": "Tumor promoters inhibit spontaneous and induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells in culture. Addition of the potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), to murine erythroleukemia cell lines in suspension cultures inhibited both spontaneous differentiation and differentiation induced by hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), dimethyl sulfoxide, or butyric acid. Inhibition was unrelated to cytotoxicity and was reversible. When several plant diterpenes were tested, there was a positive correlation between tumor-promoting activity and inhibition of differentiation. TPA inhibited HMBA-induced differentiation only if added prior to the time of commitment to differentiation, as assayed by scoring for differentiation after transfer of cells from HMBA to fresh medium without HMBA. TPA-mediated inhibition of differentiation was associated with a decrease in globin mRNA accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:269405", "title": "Flagellar mutants of Chlamydomonas: studies of radial spoke-defective strains by dikaryon and revertant analysis.", "content": "The motility mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pf14 lacks radial spoke structures in its flagellar axonemes, and 12 proteins present in wild type are missing from a two-dimensional map (isoelectrofocusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis) of its (35)S-labeled flagellar proteins. Six of these same proteins are missing in pf1, which lacks spoke-heads. To determine whether any of the missing proteins represent the mutant gene product two experimental approaches have been applied. The first makes use of the fact that gametes of either mutant strain when fused with wild-type gametes to form quadriflagellate dikaryons undergo recovery of flagellar function. Recovery at the molecular level was monitored by prelabeling the mutant proteins with (35)S and allowing recovery to occur in the absence of protein synthesis. It is to be expected that the mutant gene product would not be restored as a radioactive protein and that recovery would depend on the assembly of the wild-type counterpart that is not labeled. The second technique makes use of revertants induced by UV irradiation. Dikaryon rescue in the case of pf14 leads to restoration of 11 radioactive components; only protein 3 fails to appear as a radioactive spot. For pf1 only two radioactive proteins are restored; proteins 4, 6, 9, and 10 were not radioactive. Analysis of revertants of pf1 gave evidence (altered map positions) that protein 4 is the mutant gene product. In the case of pf14, analysis of 22 revertants has not provided similar positive evidence that protein 3 is the gene product.", "contents": "Flagellar mutants of Chlamydomonas: studies of radial spoke-defective strains by dikaryon and revertant analysis. The motility mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pf14 lacks radial spoke structures in its flagellar axonemes, and 12 proteins present in wild type are missing from a two-dimensional map (isoelectrofocusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis) of its (35)S-labeled flagellar proteins. Six of these same proteins are missing in pf1, which lacks spoke-heads. To determine whether any of the missing proteins represent the mutant gene product two experimental approaches have been applied. The first makes use of the fact that gametes of either mutant strain when fused with wild-type gametes to form quadriflagellate dikaryons undergo recovery of flagellar function. Recovery at the molecular level was monitored by prelabeling the mutant proteins with (35)S and allowing recovery to occur in the absence of protein synthesis. It is to be expected that the mutant gene product would not be restored as a radioactive protein and that recovery would depend on the assembly of the wild-type counterpart that is not labeled. The second technique makes use of revertants induced by UV irradiation. Dikaryon rescue in the case of pf14 leads to restoration of 11 radioactive components; only protein 3 fails to appear as a radioactive spot. For pf1 only two radioactive proteins are restored; proteins 4, 6, 9, and 10 were not radioactive. Analysis of revertants of pf1 gave evidence (altered map positions) that protein 4 is the mutant gene product. In the case of pf14, analysis of 22 revertants has not provided similar positive evidence that protein 3 is the gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:269406", "title": "Addition of colchicine--tubulin complex to microtubule ends: the mechanism of substoichiometric colchicine poisoning.", "content": "Colchicine blocks microtubule polymerization by an unusual substoichiometric poisoning mechanism. We have investigated the mechanism by which this poisoning occurs with several experimental approaches, and have found that colchicine acts by addition to microtubule ends as a colchicine-tubulin complex.", "contents": "Addition of colchicine--tubulin complex to microtubule ends: the mechanism of substoichiometric colchicine poisoning. Colchicine blocks microtubule polymerization by an unusual substoichiometric poisoning mechanism. We have investigated the mechanism by which this poisoning occurs with several experimental approaches, and have found that colchicine acts by addition to microtubule ends as a colchicine-tubulin complex."}
{"id": "PMID:269407", "title": "Parental investment, mate choice, and mate quality.", "content": "Current theory in sexual selection is extended to predict within-sex variability with regard to selectivity towards mates in different mating systems. Generally, the sex that invests more in the care of each offspring should be more selective of mates than the sex investing less. Within each sex, individuals of low male quality should be less selective than individuals of high quality, but there should be less variation in selectivity among individuals of the sex investing more. When only one sex contributes parental care, however, individuals of that sex should be uniformly selective, while the other sex is expected to mate indiscriminately. Using feral pigeons (Columba livia), these hypotheses are tested for the case in which both sexes contribute substantial parental care, but in which females contribute more than males. As predicted, females were found to be more selective of mates than males were. On certain criteria, males of lower quality were less selective of mates than males of higher quality.", "contents": "Parental investment, mate choice, and mate quality. Current theory in sexual selection is extended to predict within-sex variability with regard to selectivity towards mates in different mating systems. Generally, the sex that invests more in the care of each offspring should be more selective of mates than the sex investing less. Within each sex, individuals of low male quality should be less selective than individuals of high quality, but there should be less variation in selectivity among individuals of the sex investing more. When only one sex contributes parental care, however, individuals of that sex should be uniformly selective, while the other sex is expected to mate indiscriminately. Using feral pigeons (Columba livia), these hypotheses are tested for the case in which both sexes contribute substantial parental care, but in which females contribute more than males. As predicted, females were found to be more selective of mates than males were. On certain criteria, males of lower quality were less selective of mates than males of higher quality."}
{"id": "PMID:269408", "title": "Transfer of codominant markers by isolated metaphase chromosomes in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Codominant mutations to methotrexate and ouabain resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells can be transferred to recipient Chinese hamster ovary cells by isolated metaphase chromosomes. For methotrexate, both the structural change and the increased activity of dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase EC 1.5.1.3), characteristic of the donor cells, are observed in the transferents (cells that carry and express functions derived by chromosome transfer). The transferents are unstable in the absence of selection although stable clones can be isolated. From results obtained by fractionation of chromosomes and transfer to recipients, the methotrexate and ouabain markers can be assigned to the middle and large size-classes of chromosomes, respectively. By fractionation and transfer of chromosomes, from transferents to new recipients, evidence has been obtained that chromosome integration is not restricted to a particular chromosomal site in the recipient.", "contents": "Transfer of codominant markers by isolated metaphase chromosomes in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Codominant mutations to methotrexate and ouabain resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells can be transferred to recipient Chinese hamster ovary cells by isolated metaphase chromosomes. For methotrexate, both the structural change and the increased activity of dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase EC 1.5.1.3), characteristic of the donor cells, are observed in the transferents (cells that carry and express functions derived by chromosome transfer). The transferents are unstable in the absence of selection although stable clones can be isolated. From results obtained by fractionation of chromosomes and transfer to recipients, the methotrexate and ouabain markers can be assigned to the middle and large size-classes of chromosomes, respectively. By fractionation and transfer of chromosomes, from transferents to new recipients, evidence has been obtained that chromosome integration is not restricted to a particular chromosomal site in the recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:269409", "title": "Theories of quasi-linkage and \"affinity\": some implications for population structure.", "content": "\"Quasi-linkage\" refers to nonrandom assortment of genes located on different chromosomes. Although this phenomenon has been widely observed in many organisms since the early part of this century, it is barely known. Interest in it was recently rekindled by the report of an association between quasi-linkage and the expression of genes belonging to a group of cancer viruses whose genomes are integrated in mouse chromosomes. This prompted an examination of the question whether \"sustained meiotic affinity,\" which is one of the explanations proposed for quasi-linkage, can influence population structure in a manner unattainable by other known modes of heredity. It is shown for a two-locus two-allele system that equilibrium is attained with the gametic phase disequilibrium D greater than 0, leading to a permanent excess of the preferred genotypes. The possible relationship of these concepts to the inheritance of susceptibility to cancer and other diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Theories of quasi-linkage and \"affinity\": some implications for population structure. \"Quasi-linkage\" refers to nonrandom assortment of genes located on different chromosomes. Although this phenomenon has been widely observed in many organisms since the early part of this century, it is barely known. Interest in it was recently rekindled by the report of an association between quasi-linkage and the expression of genes belonging to a group of cancer viruses whose genomes are integrated in mouse chromosomes. This prompted an examination of the question whether \"sustained meiotic affinity,\" which is one of the explanations proposed for quasi-linkage, can influence population structure in a manner unattainable by other known modes of heredity. It is shown for a two-locus two-allele system that equilibrium is attained with the gametic phase disequilibrium D greater than 0, leading to a permanent excess of the preferred genotypes. The possible relationship of these concepts to the inheritance of susceptibility to cancer and other diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269410", "title": "Mutation frequencies in female mice and the estimation of genetic hazards of radiation in women.", "content": "The female germ cell stage of primary importance in radiation genetic hazards is the immature, arrested oocyte. In the mouse, this stage has a near zero or zero sensitivity to mutation induction by radiation. However, the application of these mouse results to women has been questioned on the ground that the mouse arrested oocytes are highly sensitive to killing by radiation, while the human cells are not; and, furthermore, that the mature and maturing oocytes in the mouse, which are resistant to killing, are sensitive to mutation induction. The present results have a 2-fold bearing on this problem. First, a more detailed analysis of oocyte-stage sensitivity to killing and mutation induction shows that there is no consistent correlation, either negative or positive, between the two. This indicates that the sensitivity to cell killing of the mouse immature oocyte may not be sufficient reason to prevent its use in predicting the mutational response of the human immature oocyte. Second, if the much more cautious assumption is made that the human arrested oocyte might be as mutationally sensitive as the most sensitive of all oocyte stages in the mouse, namely the maturing and mature ones, then the present data on the duration of these stages permit more accurate estimates than were heretofore possible on the mutational response of these stages to chronic irradiation.", "contents": "Mutation frequencies in female mice and the estimation of genetic hazards of radiation in women. The female germ cell stage of primary importance in radiation genetic hazards is the immature, arrested oocyte. In the mouse, this stage has a near zero or zero sensitivity to mutation induction by radiation. However, the application of these mouse results to women has been questioned on the ground that the mouse arrested oocytes are highly sensitive to killing by radiation, while the human cells are not; and, furthermore, that the mature and maturing oocytes in the mouse, which are resistant to killing, are sensitive to mutation induction. The present results have a 2-fold bearing on this problem. First, a more detailed analysis of oocyte-stage sensitivity to killing and mutation induction shows that there is no consistent correlation, either negative or positive, between the two. This indicates that the sensitivity to cell killing of the mouse immature oocyte may not be sufficient reason to prevent its use in predicting the mutational response of the human immature oocyte. Second, if the much more cautious assumption is made that the human arrested oocyte might be as mutationally sensitive as the most sensitive of all oocyte stages in the mouse, namely the maturing and mature ones, then the present data on the duration of these stages permit more accurate estimates than were heretofore possible on the mutational response of these stages to chronic irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:269411", "title": "Hybridization properties of immunoglobulin mRNA: failure to detect covalently associated IgG mRNA transcripts of reiterated and unique mouse DNA.", "content": "Messenger RNAs for antibody heavy (gamma) and light (kappa) chains were isolated from the polysomes of an IgG-producing mouse myeloma cell line. Polysomes engaged in heavy or light chain synthesis were separated by immunoprecipitation using rabbit antibodies specific for the mouse IgG formed. The mRNAs obtained, more than 85% specifying IgG [Legler, M. & Cohen, E. P. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4390-4399], were used as \"probes\" in hybridization experiments with sheared mouse liver DNA. To determine whether mRNAs for Ig heavy and light chains contained covalently bound transcripts of unique and reiterated DNA, hybrids were isolated with or without treatment with ribonuclease (RNase) prior to fractionation and the apparent rates of hybridization were compared. A monophasic C(o)t (DNA concentration x incubation time) curve with a C(0)t(1/2) of 4000 moles of nucleotide per liter x sec, corresponding to less than five hybridization sites per haploid genome, was obtained whether or not RNase was used in the isolation protocol. With a similar experimental design, the apparent hybridization rates of heterogeneous nuclear RNA from the same cell source were clearly different. The \"stringency\" of the reaction was reduced by incubating the hybridization mixtures at lower temperatures in a further attempt to detect a large class of repetitive sequences that would form hybrids with the IgG mRNA used, if such sequences were present. The results, however, were the same; i.e., the apparent rates of hybridization of mRNAs for mouse antibody gamma and kappa chains with sheared mouse liver DNA were essentially the same whether or not RNase was used in the isolation procedure. Reiteration of genes in mouse liver DNA for mouse IgG could not be detected.", "contents": "Hybridization properties of immunoglobulin mRNA: failure to detect covalently associated IgG mRNA transcripts of reiterated and unique mouse DNA. Messenger RNAs for antibody heavy (gamma) and light (kappa) chains were isolated from the polysomes of an IgG-producing mouse myeloma cell line. Polysomes engaged in heavy or light chain synthesis were separated by immunoprecipitation using rabbit antibodies specific for the mouse IgG formed. The mRNAs obtained, more than 85% specifying IgG [Legler, M. & Cohen, E. P. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4390-4399], were used as \"probes\" in hybridization experiments with sheared mouse liver DNA. To determine whether mRNAs for Ig heavy and light chains contained covalently bound transcripts of unique and reiterated DNA, hybrids were isolated with or without treatment with ribonuclease (RNase) prior to fractionation and the apparent rates of hybridization were compared. A monophasic C(o)t (DNA concentration x incubation time) curve with a C(0)t(1/2) of 4000 moles of nucleotide per liter x sec, corresponding to less than five hybridization sites per haploid genome, was obtained whether or not RNase was used in the isolation protocol. With a similar experimental design, the apparent hybridization rates of heterogeneous nuclear RNA from the same cell source were clearly different. The \"stringency\" of the reaction was reduced by incubating the hybridization mixtures at lower temperatures in a further attempt to detect a large class of repetitive sequences that would form hybrids with the IgG mRNA used, if such sequences were present. The results, however, were the same; i.e., the apparent rates of hybridization of mRNAs for mouse antibody gamma and kappa chains with sheared mouse liver DNA were essentially the same whether or not RNase was used in the isolation procedure. Reiteration of genes in mouse liver DNA for mouse IgG could not be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:269412", "title": "Zinc-binding ligands in milk and intestine: a role in neonatal nutrition?", "content": "The hypothesis that a zinc-binding ligand (ZBL) recently discovered in human milk but absent from cow's milk might be related to zinc nutrition in the neonate was investigated. The zinc-binding characteristics of rat milk were examined to determine if the rat was a suitable model. By gel filtration, rat milk was found to contain a ZBL with characteristics similar to those of the ZBL found in human milk. A similar ZBL was identified in the intestinal mucosa of rats 16 days of age and older but was absent in rats from birth to 16 days. These results support the hypothesis that the ZBL of maternal milk may enhance zinc transport in the neonatal period before the development of intestinal mechanisms for zinc absorption.", "contents": "Zinc-binding ligands in milk and intestine: a role in neonatal nutrition? The hypothesis that a zinc-binding ligand (ZBL) recently discovered in human milk but absent from cow's milk might be related to zinc nutrition in the neonate was investigated. The zinc-binding characteristics of rat milk were examined to determine if the rat was a suitable model. By gel filtration, rat milk was found to contain a ZBL with characteristics similar to those of the ZBL found in human milk. A similar ZBL was identified in the intestinal mucosa of rats 16 days of age and older but was absent in rats from birth to 16 days. These results support the hypothesis that the ZBL of maternal milk may enhance zinc transport in the neonatal period before the development of intestinal mechanisms for zinc absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:269413", "title": "Fatty liver induced in Zucker \"fatty\" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose.", "content": "A new fatty liver model is described in which heredity plays a major role. A marked fatty liver develops when the homozygous mutant Zucker rat (ff or \"fatty\") is fed a semi-synthetic diet enriched in sucrose. Lean littermates do not develop fatty livers on this experimental diet. Even old ff rats do not develop fatty livers on chow; the experimental diet is required. The fatty liver is described, including light microscopic and preliminary electron microscopic observations.", "contents": "Fatty liver induced in Zucker \"fatty\" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose. A new fatty liver model is described in which heredity plays a major role. A marked fatty liver develops when the homozygous mutant Zucker rat (ff or \"fatty\") is fed a semi-synthetic diet enriched in sucrose. Lean littermates do not develop fatty livers on this experimental diet. Even old ff rats do not develop fatty livers on chow; the experimental diet is required. The fatty liver is described, including light microscopic and preliminary electron microscopic observations."}
{"id": "PMID:269414", "title": "Enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's disease: large-scale purification of glucocerebrosidase suitable for human administration.", "content": "Enzyme replacement therapy for the alleviation of Gaucher's disease has been impeded because of the difficulty in preparing large amounts of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme that is deficient in patients with this disorder. A large-scale procedure for the purification of human placental glucocerebrosidase has been developed. The method uses cholate extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, acid precipitation, butanol extraction, and hydrophobic chromatography; the final enzyme preparation has a specific activity of more than 10(6) units/mg of protein with an overall recovery of 30%. In addition, the contamination of enzyme preparations, intended for human infusion, prepared by isolation procedures involving concanavalin A columns has been studied and is reported here.", "contents": "Enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's disease: large-scale purification of glucocerebrosidase suitable for human administration. Enzyme replacement therapy for the alleviation of Gaucher's disease has been impeded because of the difficulty in preparing large amounts of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme that is deficient in patients with this disorder. A large-scale procedure for the purification of human placental glucocerebrosidase has been developed. The method uses cholate extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, acid precipitation, butanol extraction, and hydrophobic chromatography; the final enzyme preparation has a specific activity of more than 10(6) units/mg of protein with an overall recovery of 30%. In addition, the contamination of enzyme preparations, intended for human infusion, prepared by isolation procedures involving concanavalin A columns has been studied and is reported here."}
{"id": "PMID:269415", "title": "Localization of motor neuron pools supplying identified muscles in normal and supernumerary legs of chick embryo.", "content": "Neuromuscular specificity has been investigated in chick embryos with a grafted supernumerary leg. The nerves of the lumbar plexus are divided between the two legs so that rostral nerves innervate the grafted leg and the caudal nerves supply the host's original leg. The basic topographic organization of the histologically definable motor neuron clusters of the lateral motor columns remains unchanged by the addition of a supernumerary leg. Intramuscular injections of identified leg muscles have been used to map the intraspinal location of specific motor pools in stage 38 (12-day) embryos. In the normal embryo, the gastrocnemius muscle is innervated by neurons in a central dorsal cluster of motor neurons in segments 26-29. In six experimental cases, the motor neurons supplying the gastrocnemius muscle of a rostrally placed grafted leg were consistently located in a specific medial cluster of neurons in segments 23-25. Motor neurons in this location never normally innervate a gastrocnemius muscle, even in the very young embryos during the period of naturally occurring cell death. This observation of a systematic mismatch between a particular motor cluster and an abnormally innervated muscle indicates the operation of a selective developmental process. A hierarchy of selective chemoaffinities may best explain our experimental results.", "contents": "Localization of motor neuron pools supplying identified muscles in normal and supernumerary legs of chick embryo. Neuromuscular specificity has been investigated in chick embryos with a grafted supernumerary leg. The nerves of the lumbar plexus are divided between the two legs so that rostral nerves innervate the grafted leg and the caudal nerves supply the host's original leg. The basic topographic organization of the histologically definable motor neuron clusters of the lateral motor columns remains unchanged by the addition of a supernumerary leg. Intramuscular injections of identified leg muscles have been used to map the intraspinal location of specific motor pools in stage 38 (12-day) embryos. In the normal embryo, the gastrocnemius muscle is innervated by neurons in a central dorsal cluster of motor neurons in segments 26-29. In six experimental cases, the motor neurons supplying the gastrocnemius muscle of a rostrally placed grafted leg were consistently located in a specific medial cluster of neurons in segments 23-25. Motor neurons in this location never normally innervate a gastrocnemius muscle, even in the very young embryos during the period of naturally occurring cell death. This observation of a systematic mismatch between a particular motor cluster and an abnormally innervated muscle indicates the operation of a selective developmental process. A hierarchy of selective chemoaffinities may best explain our experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:269416", "title": "Conformational requirements for dopamine-induced vasodilation.", "content": "The availability of a series of semi-rigid analogs of dopamine and epinine has made it possible to investigate the conformational requirements for action on dopamine and beta2-adrenergic vascular receptors. The analogs were screened for dopamine-agonist action by intra-arterial injections into the renal vascular bed and for beta2-adrenergic activity by similar injections into the femoral vascular bed in dogs pretreated with phenoxybenzamine. 2-Amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (A-6,7-DTN) and its N-methyl derivative (analogous to the trans beta rotamer of dopamine) exhibited pronounced dopamine-agonist activity and minimal beta2-adrenergic activity. In contrast, the semi-rigid analog of the trans alpha rotamer of dopamine (2-amino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; A-5,6-DTN) and its N-methyl derivative exerted pronounced beta2-adrenergic activity but were inactive as dopamine agonists.6,7-Dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline, a semi-rigid analog of the cis beta rotamer of dopamine, did not produce renal vasodilation. These results indicate that a conformation of dopamine similar to that found in A-6,7-DTN is required for dopamine-vascular activity, while the conformation found in A-5,6-DTN is preferred for interaction with beta2-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Conformational requirements for dopamine-induced vasodilation. The availability of a series of semi-rigid analogs of dopamine and epinine has made it possible to investigate the conformational requirements for action on dopamine and beta2-adrenergic vascular receptors. The analogs were screened for dopamine-agonist action by intra-arterial injections into the renal vascular bed and for beta2-adrenergic activity by similar injections into the femoral vascular bed in dogs pretreated with phenoxybenzamine. 2-Amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (A-6,7-DTN) and its N-methyl derivative (analogous to the trans beta rotamer of dopamine) exhibited pronounced dopamine-agonist activity and minimal beta2-adrenergic activity. In contrast, the semi-rigid analog of the trans alpha rotamer of dopamine (2-amino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; A-5,6-DTN) and its N-methyl derivative exerted pronounced beta2-adrenergic activity but were inactive as dopamine agonists.6,7-Dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline, a semi-rigid analog of the cis beta rotamer of dopamine, did not produce renal vasodilation. These results indicate that a conformation of dopamine similar to that found in A-6,7-DTN is required for dopamine-vascular activity, while the conformation found in A-5,6-DTN is preferred for interaction with beta2-adrenergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:269417", "title": "Abnormal lithium and sodium transport in erythrocytes of a manic patient and some members of his family.", "content": "This paper compares the transport of Li(+) and Na(+) in erythrocytes from a patient with mania and from members of his family to that in erythrocytes from normal humans. In normal human erythrocytes, Li(+) is transported by at least three operationally distinct pathways: one inhibited by ouabain (ouabain-sensitive), one by phloretin (phloretin-sensitive), and one not inhibited by either compound (insensitive). Li(+) can be driven up its electrochemical potential gradient by an oppositely directed electrochemical potential gradient for Na(+)-i.e., Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow can occur-through the phloretin-sensitive pathway but not through the other two pathways. Because ouabain-sensitive Li(+) transport is negligible under physiological conditions, Li(+) distribution between erythrocytes and plasma in vivo depends mainly on the balance between Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow and the insensitive pathway(s) of Li(+) transport. The steady-state ratio of Li(+) concentration in the erythrocytes to that in the plasma of the patient was between 2 and 3 times higher than the comparable ratio in normal persons. The phloretin-sensitive Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow system was almost absent in the erythrocytes of the patient. Furthermore, unlike those from normal individuals, the patient's erythrocytes showed no external Li(+)-stimulated, phloretin-sensitive, ouabain-insensitive Na(+) efflux. The magnitudes of the ouabain-sensitive and insensitive pathways for Li(+) transport in the patient's erythrocytes were within normal limits. The decreased Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow in the patient's erythrocytes was probably not due to the presence of an inhibitor in the plasma of the patient but rather to an intrinsic defect in the erythrocytes. Because the father and several siblings of the patient showed a similar abnormality in erythrocyte Li(+)/Na(+) transport, it is probable that this defect is inherited.", "contents": "Abnormal lithium and sodium transport in erythrocytes of a manic patient and some members of his family. This paper compares the transport of Li(+) and Na(+) in erythrocytes from a patient with mania and from members of his family to that in erythrocytes from normal humans. In normal human erythrocytes, Li(+) is transported by at least three operationally distinct pathways: one inhibited by ouabain (ouabain-sensitive), one by phloretin (phloretin-sensitive), and one not inhibited by either compound (insensitive). Li(+) can be driven up its electrochemical potential gradient by an oppositely directed electrochemical potential gradient for Na(+)-i.e., Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow can occur-through the phloretin-sensitive pathway but not through the other two pathways. Because ouabain-sensitive Li(+) transport is negligible under physiological conditions, Li(+) distribution between erythrocytes and plasma in vivo depends mainly on the balance between Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow and the insensitive pathway(s) of Li(+) transport. The steady-state ratio of Li(+) concentration in the erythrocytes to that in the plasma of the patient was between 2 and 3 times higher than the comparable ratio in normal persons. The phloretin-sensitive Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow system was almost absent in the erythrocytes of the patient. Furthermore, unlike those from normal individuals, the patient's erythrocytes showed no external Li(+)-stimulated, phloretin-sensitive, ouabain-insensitive Na(+) efflux. The magnitudes of the ouabain-sensitive and insensitive pathways for Li(+) transport in the patient's erythrocytes were within normal limits. The decreased Li(+)/Na(+) counterflow in the patient's erythrocytes was probably not due to the presence of an inhibitor in the plasma of the patient but rather to an intrinsic defect in the erythrocytes. Because the father and several siblings of the patient showed a similar abnormality in erythrocyte Li(+)/Na(+) transport, it is probable that this defect is inherited."}
{"id": "PMID:269418", "title": "Calcium translocation by Golgi and lateral-basal membrane vesicles from rat intestine: decrease in vitamin D-deficient rats.", "content": "Intestinal Ca2+ transport was studied in membrane vesicles isolated from microvillus, Golgi, and lateral-basal membrane preparations. Ca2+ uptake by these vesicles was measured by determination of 45Ca2+ associated with these membranes after collection by micropore filtration. Golgi membranes showed the highest initial rate and equilibration level of Ca2+ uptake. Approximately 90% of this Ca2+ uptake was into an osmotically responsive space, suggesting that what was measured was predominantly Ca2+ translocation. Vitamin D-deficient rats showed a markedly diminished rate of uptake and level of equilibration. These data indicate that a Ca2+-translocating process was associated with Golgi membranes to a greater extent than with surface membranes and that this process was markedly decreased in vitamin D-deficient rats. The results suggest that the Golgi apparatus participates in intestinal Ca2+ absorption.", "contents": "Calcium translocation by Golgi and lateral-basal membrane vesicles from rat intestine: decrease in vitamin D-deficient rats. Intestinal Ca2+ transport was studied in membrane vesicles isolated from microvillus, Golgi, and lateral-basal membrane preparations. Ca2+ uptake by these vesicles was measured by determination of 45Ca2+ associated with these membranes after collection by micropore filtration. Golgi membranes showed the highest initial rate and equilibration level of Ca2+ uptake. Approximately 90% of this Ca2+ uptake was into an osmotically responsive space, suggesting that what was measured was predominantly Ca2+ translocation. Vitamin D-deficient rats showed a markedly diminished rate of uptake and level of equilibration. These data indicate that a Ca2+-translocating process was associated with Golgi membranes to a greater extent than with surface membranes and that this process was markedly decreased in vitamin D-deficient rats. The results suggest that the Golgi apparatus participates in intestinal Ca2+ absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:269419", "title": "Theoretical study of the effect of enzyme-enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics.", "content": "Equilibrium statistical mechanics is much concerned with problems involving intermolecularinteractions, either in lattices or in pure fluids or solutions. The possibility of enzyme-enzyme interactions suggests that the same problems might be studied profitably at steady state as well as at equilibrium. In the systems we consider, each of the identical enzyme molecules of the system undergoes steady-state stochastic cycling among states i equal 1,....,n. But the molecules do not cycle independently. Two neghboring molecules, in states i and j, interact with a free energy wij (a function of the distance r in the solution case). The instantaneous transition probabilities between states for a given molecule will depend on the instantaneous interactions between the molecule in question and its neighbors. The primary question of interest is how the enzyme flux is influenced by the interactions. The general problem is outlined here and some simple special cases are treated. The discussion will be continued in a following paper [Hill, T. L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, in press]", "contents": "Theoretical study of the effect of enzyme-enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics. Equilibrium statistical mechanics is much concerned with problems involving intermolecularinteractions, either in lattices or in pure fluids or solutions. The possibility of enzyme-enzyme interactions suggests that the same problems might be studied profitably at steady state as well as at equilibrium. In the systems we consider, each of the identical enzyme molecules of the system undergoes steady-state stochastic cycling among states i equal 1,....,n. But the molecules do not cycle independently. Two neghboring molecules, in states i and j, interact with a free energy wij (a function of the distance r in the solution case). The instantaneous transition probabilities between states for a given molecule will depend on the instantaneous interactions between the molecule in question and its neighbors. The primary question of interest is how the enzyme flux is influenced by the interactions. The general problem is outlined here and some simple special cases are treated. The discussion will be continued in a following paper [Hill, T. L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, in press]"}
{"id": "PMID:269420", "title": "Evidence for pro-beta-nerve growth factor, a biosynthetic precursor to beta-nerve growth factor.", "content": "The biosynthesis of beta-nerve growth factor (betaNGF) was studied in mouse submaxillary glands incubated with L-[(35)S]cystine. betaNGF was isolated from tissue extracts by the addition of antiserum against betaNGF and the washed immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. With short labeling periods (10 and 25 min) there is a major labeled species with an apparent molecular weight of 22,000 and a smaller peak comigrating with purified betaNGF chains (13,260). As time proceeds, the radioactivity in the 22,000 molecular weight peak plateaus, while the label in betaNGF continues to increase, until by 4 hr it greatly exceeds the radioactivity of the 22,000 molecular weight species. When glands incubated for 10 min are transferred to medium containing a large excess of unlabeled L-cystine, the 22,000 molecular weight peak gradually declines, and there is a corresponding increase in radioactivity at the betaNGF position. The 22,000 molecular weight species isolated from sodium dodecyl sulfate gels possesses all the cystine-containing peptides of betaNGF, and possibly two additional ones. When immunoprecipitates from submaxillary glands labeled for 25 min are incubated with the gamma subunit (a specific arginyl-esteropeptidase associated with betaNGF in the 7S NGF complex), the radioactivity in the 22,000 molecular weight species is converted to the betaNGF position. The results suggest that the 22,000 molecular weight species is a biosynthetic precursor to betaNGF, and that the gamma subunit may function as a specific protease in the processing event.", "contents": "Evidence for pro-beta-nerve growth factor, a biosynthetic precursor to beta-nerve growth factor. The biosynthesis of beta-nerve growth factor (betaNGF) was studied in mouse submaxillary glands incubated with L-[(35)S]cystine. betaNGF was isolated from tissue extracts by the addition of antiserum against betaNGF and the washed immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. With short labeling periods (10 and 25 min) there is a major labeled species with an apparent molecular weight of 22,000 and a smaller peak comigrating with purified betaNGF chains (13,260). As time proceeds, the radioactivity in the 22,000 molecular weight peak plateaus, while the label in betaNGF continues to increase, until by 4 hr it greatly exceeds the radioactivity of the 22,000 molecular weight species. When glands incubated for 10 min are transferred to medium containing a large excess of unlabeled L-cystine, the 22,000 molecular weight peak gradually declines, and there is a corresponding increase in radioactivity at the betaNGF position. The 22,000 molecular weight species isolated from sodium dodecyl sulfate gels possesses all the cystine-containing peptides of betaNGF, and possibly two additional ones. When immunoprecipitates from submaxillary glands labeled for 25 min are incubated with the gamma subunit (a specific arginyl-esteropeptidase associated with betaNGF in the 7S NGF complex), the radioactivity in the 22,000 molecular weight species is converted to the betaNGF position. The results suggest that the 22,000 molecular weight species is a biosynthetic precursor to betaNGF, and that the gamma subunit may function as a specific protease in the processing event."}
{"id": "PMID:269421", "title": "DNA packaging and the pathway of bacteriophage T4 head assembly.", "content": "A cold-sensitive mutation in the structural gene for a minor phage T4 capsid protein (p20) leads to formation of heads containing p20 and cleaved head proteins and empty of DNA. Such heads can be filled with DNA and converted to active phages in vivo uponshift to high temperature. It appears that p20 has two distinct roles in head assembly: first, in construction of the prehead shell (blocked by ts and am mutation) and, second,in DNA packaging (blocked by cs mutation). The latter function is closely associated with gene 17 product, previously known to be required for DNA packagaing. Temperature shift studies of cs-ts double mutants and other observations allow determination of phage function required for DNA packaging. Contrary to previous proposals, we find that T4 DNA packaging is not directly coupled to and can follow DNA synthesis, protein cleavage, prehead core removal, and gene 21-mediated cleavage-induced increase in head volume. Our evidence suggests that an altered head assembly pathway exists and that DNA packaging is probably initiated by DNA-capsid (p20) interaction.", "contents": "DNA packaging and the pathway of bacteriophage T4 head assembly. A cold-sensitive mutation in the structural gene for a minor phage T4 capsid protein (p20) leads to formation of heads containing p20 and cleaved head proteins and empty of DNA. Such heads can be filled with DNA and converted to active phages in vivo uponshift to high temperature. It appears that p20 has two distinct roles in head assembly: first, in construction of the prehead shell (blocked by ts and am mutation) and, second,in DNA packaging (blocked by cs mutation). The latter function is closely associated with gene 17 product, previously known to be required for DNA packagaing. Temperature shift studies of cs-ts double mutants and other observations allow determination of phage function required for DNA packaging. Contrary to previous proposals, we find that T4 DNA packaging is not directly coupled to and can follow DNA synthesis, protein cleavage, prehead core removal, and gene 21-mediated cleavage-induced increase in head volume. Our evidence suggests that an altered head assembly pathway exists and that DNA packaging is probably initiated by DNA-capsid (p20) interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:269422", "title": "Isolation of an electrogenic K+/Ca2+ ionophore from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria.", "content": "A K+/Ca2+ electrogenic ionophore has been isolated from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria and identified as a neutral peptide of molecular weight 1600. The amino acid composition and cationic specificity of the ionophore have been determined. The free ionophore was released from the ionophoroprotein as a consequence of tryptic digestion. The ionophoroprotein can be converted to an ionophoro peptide (molecular weight 5,100) by proteolysis without release of the free ionophore. The isolation of a K+/Ca2+ ionophore thus provides an introduction to the general technology of extracting ionophoro proteins and ofreleasing ionophores from these proteins by proteolytic digestion.", "contents": "Isolation of an electrogenic K+/Ca2+ ionophore from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria. A K+/Ca2+ electrogenic ionophore has been isolated from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria and identified as a neutral peptide of molecular weight 1600. The amino acid composition and cationic specificity of the ionophore have been determined. The free ionophore was released from the ionophoroprotein as a consequence of tryptic digestion. The ionophoroprotein can be converted to an ionophoro peptide (molecular weight 5,100) by proteolysis without release of the free ionophore. The isolation of a K+/Ca2+ ionophore thus provides an introduction to the general technology of extracting ionophoro proteins and ofreleasing ionophores from these proteins by proteolytic digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:269423", "title": "Antibodies to estrogen receptor: immunochemical similarity of estrophilin from various mammalian species.", "content": "Immunoglobulin obtained from the serum of rabbits immunized with a highly purified preparation of estradiol-receptor complex from calf uterine nuclei has been shown to contain specific antibodies to the receptor protein (estrophilin) by four criteria: (a) precipitation of the radioactive steroid upon addition of goat antibody against rabbit gamma globulin to a mixture of the tritiated estradiol-receptor complex and the immunoglobulin, (b) adsorption of the estradiol-receptor complex by the immunoglobulin linked to Sepharose, (c) adsorption of the estradiol-receptor complex in the presence of the immunoglobulin by Staphylococcus aureus protein-A linked to Sepharose, and (d) the ability of the immunoglobulin to increase the sedimentation rate of the estradiol-receptor complex. Antibodies to calf nuclear estrophilin were shown to crossreact with the nuclear receptor of rat uterus, as well as with the extranuclear receptor of calf, rat, mouse, and guinea pig uterus and of human breast cancer. The antibodies do not react with either the nuclear or extranuclear dihydrotestosterone-receptor complexes of rat prostate or with the extranuclear progesterone-receptor complex of chick oviduct. These findings indicate an immunochemical similarity among estrophilins from several mammalian species, as well as between extranuclear and nuclear forms of the receptor, but not among receptor proteins for different steroid hormones.", "contents": "Antibodies to estrogen receptor: immunochemical similarity of estrophilin from various mammalian species. Immunoglobulin obtained from the serum of rabbits immunized with a highly purified preparation of estradiol-receptor complex from calf uterine nuclei has been shown to contain specific antibodies to the receptor protein (estrophilin) by four criteria: (a) precipitation of the radioactive steroid upon addition of goat antibody against rabbit gamma globulin to a mixture of the tritiated estradiol-receptor complex and the immunoglobulin, (b) adsorption of the estradiol-receptor complex by the immunoglobulin linked to Sepharose, (c) adsorption of the estradiol-receptor complex in the presence of the immunoglobulin by Staphylococcus aureus protein-A linked to Sepharose, and (d) the ability of the immunoglobulin to increase the sedimentation rate of the estradiol-receptor complex. Antibodies to calf nuclear estrophilin were shown to crossreact with the nuclear receptor of rat uterus, as well as with the extranuclear receptor of calf, rat, mouse, and guinea pig uterus and of human breast cancer. The antibodies do not react with either the nuclear or extranuclear dihydrotestosterone-receptor complexes of rat prostate or with the extranuclear progesterone-receptor complex of chick oviduct. These findings indicate an immunochemical similarity among estrophilins from several mammalian species, as well as between extranuclear and nuclear forms of the receptor, but not among receptor proteins for different steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:269424", "title": "Role of ribothymidine in mammalian tRNAPhe.", "content": "We have previously reported that mammalian tRNAsPhe from variation tissues contain different amounts of ribothymidine and that a uridine methylase from Escherichia coli can quantitatively convert these tRNAs to species that contain their full complement ofribothymidine at position 23 from the 3' terminus. The role of ribothymidine in mammalian tRNAs has now been investigated by studying the ability of several highly purified mammalian tRNAsPhe, differing only in their ribothymidine content, to support poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis under various conditions. Our results indicate that the ribothymidine content of mammalian tRNAPhe can be correlated with the ability of these tRNAs to functionin vitro in a low-magnesium (6 mM), ribosome wash factor-dependent, poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis system from rat liver. Specifically, the effect of increasing the ribothymidine content in a class C mammalian tRNA becomes manifest in an increased apparent maximum velocity for the overall synthesis of poly(Phe), while the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) remains essentially unchanged. It is postulated that the modifiednucleoside ribothymidine might be involved in the regulation of protein synthesis at the level of translation in mammalian liver.", "contents": "Role of ribothymidine in mammalian tRNAPhe. We have previously reported that mammalian tRNAsPhe from variation tissues contain different amounts of ribothymidine and that a uridine methylase from Escherichia coli can quantitatively convert these tRNAs to species that contain their full complement ofribothymidine at position 23 from the 3' terminus. The role of ribothymidine in mammalian tRNAs has now been investigated by studying the ability of several highly purified mammalian tRNAsPhe, differing only in their ribothymidine content, to support poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis under various conditions. Our results indicate that the ribothymidine content of mammalian tRNAPhe can be correlated with the ability of these tRNAs to functionin vitro in a low-magnesium (6 mM), ribosome wash factor-dependent, poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis system from rat liver. Specifically, the effect of increasing the ribothymidine content in a class C mammalian tRNA becomes manifest in an increased apparent maximum velocity for the overall synthesis of poly(Phe), while the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) remains essentially unchanged. It is postulated that the modifiednucleoside ribothymidine might be involved in the regulation of protein synthesis at the level of translation in mammalian liver."}
{"id": "PMID:269425", "title": "Primary structure of the membranous segment of cytochrome b5.", "content": "The primary structure of the membranous segment of porcine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 has been determined. This polypeptide is at the COOH terminus of the cytochrome molecule and consists of 43 amino acids. It is essential for the insertion of the cytochrome into the endoplasmic reticular membrane. Automated sequence analysis of tryptic and cyanogen bromide/anhydrous heptafluorobutyric acid peptides provided data from which the following unique amino acid sequence was deduced: Ile-Ala-Lys-Pro-Ser-Glu-Thr-Leu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Val-Glu-Ser-Asn-Ser-Ser-Trp-Trp-Thr-Asn-Trp-Val-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Leu-Val-Val-Ser-Leu-Met-Tyr-His-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Glu-Asn. A prediction of alpha-helices, beta-structures, and beta-turns basedon the sequence of this polypeptide is also presented.", "contents": "Primary structure of the membranous segment of cytochrome b5. The primary structure of the membranous segment of porcine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 has been determined. This polypeptide is at the COOH terminus of the cytochrome molecule and consists of 43 amino acids. It is essential for the insertion of the cytochrome into the endoplasmic reticular membrane. Automated sequence analysis of tryptic and cyanogen bromide/anhydrous heptafluorobutyric acid peptides provided data from which the following unique amino acid sequence was deduced: Ile-Ala-Lys-Pro-Ser-Glu-Thr-Leu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Val-Glu-Ser-Asn-Ser-Ser-Trp-Trp-Thr-Asn-Trp-Val-Ile-Pro-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Leu-Val-Val-Ser-Leu-Met-Tyr-His-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Glu-Asn. A prediction of alpha-helices, beta-structures, and beta-turns basedon the sequence of this polypeptide is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:269426", "title": "Animal cell mutants defective in sterol metabolism: a specific selection procedure and partial characterization of defects.", "content": "By using a chemically defined medium, a general and highly specific procedure was devised to select for mutant cells with less abundant or structurally altered sterol in their surface membranes. Within a certain concentration range, the polyene antibiotic filipin was shown to kill only cells with normal (as opposed to decreased) membrane sterol levels. Sterol-requiring derivatives of LM cells were isolated by chemical mutagenesis, filipin treatment, and cloning followed by replica plating in soft agar. Mutants (S1 and S2) are described which, when compared to normal cells, show decreased synthesis of demosterol in vivo from acetate and mevalonate relative to cell number or to fatty acid synthesis. When exogenous sterol is supplied, mutants S1 and S2 grow normally in suspension culture. However, when deprived of sterol supplement, mutant S1 grows slower than wild type cells and mutant S2 lyses within one to two generations. Gas/liquid chromatography revealed that the mutants contained a normal spectrum of fatty acids including unsaturated fatty acyl groups but, unlike wildtype cells, they have less abundant (mutant S1) or no (mutant S2) desmosterol in either the presence or absence of exogenous cholesterol. In vitro experiments with mevalonate as the substrate suggest that the defect in both mutants is in a demethylation reaction subsequent to lanosterol synthesis. The selection method developed here may permit the isolation of mutants with defective membrane incorporation of sterols and other polyisoprenoids as well as defective synthesis of these compounds.", "contents": "Animal cell mutants defective in sterol metabolism: a specific selection procedure and partial characterization of defects. By using a chemically defined medium, a general and highly specific procedure was devised to select for mutant cells with less abundant or structurally altered sterol in their surface membranes. Within a certain concentration range, the polyene antibiotic filipin was shown to kill only cells with normal (as opposed to decreased) membrane sterol levels. Sterol-requiring derivatives of LM cells were isolated by chemical mutagenesis, filipin treatment, and cloning followed by replica plating in soft agar. Mutants (S1 and S2) are described which, when compared to normal cells, show decreased synthesis of demosterol in vivo from acetate and mevalonate relative to cell number or to fatty acid synthesis. When exogenous sterol is supplied, mutants S1 and S2 grow normally in suspension culture. However, when deprived of sterol supplement, mutant S1 grows slower than wild type cells and mutant S2 lyses within one to two generations. Gas/liquid chromatography revealed that the mutants contained a normal spectrum of fatty acids including unsaturated fatty acyl groups but, unlike wildtype cells, they have less abundant (mutant S1) or no (mutant S2) desmosterol in either the presence or absence of exogenous cholesterol. In vitro experiments with mevalonate as the substrate suggest that the defect in both mutants is in a demethylation reaction subsequent to lanosterol synthesis. The selection method developed here may permit the isolation of mutants with defective membrane incorporation of sterols and other polyisoprenoids as well as defective synthesis of these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:269427", "title": "Antipain and leupeptin restrict uterine DNA synthesis and function in mice.", "content": "As in rats, administration of estradiol to ovariectomized mice results in a trypsin-like proteolytic activity in the uterus. After fractionation of uteri from estradiol-treated ovariectomized mice the protease activity was found in the 12,000 times g pellet and the nucleus, appearing first in the former. Further fractionation of the pellet by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrigugation resulted in sedimentation of the protease with 5'-nucleotidase, a marker enzyme for plasma membrane and separate from mitochondrial and lysosomal enzyme markers. Solubilization was best accomplished by lysis at 37 degrees. The soluble enzyme from mouse uterus had optimal activity at about 43 degrees and pH 8.3 and was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, tosylarginine methyl ester, antipain, and leupeptin, but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Inhibition in vitro by antipain and leupeptin, two low molecular weight peptides, prompted the study of their effect in vivo on the mouse uterus. After intact, cycling female mice received subcutaneous injections of antipain and leupeptin for 16 days, their uteri showed significant diminution in weight and total DNA when compared to untreated controls. Fertility rates were also diminished. Trypsin-like protease activity may be essential to normal uterine metabolism and function.", "contents": "Antipain and leupeptin restrict uterine DNA synthesis and function in mice. As in rats, administration of estradiol to ovariectomized mice results in a trypsin-like proteolytic activity in the uterus. After fractionation of uteri from estradiol-treated ovariectomized mice the protease activity was found in the 12,000 times g pellet and the nucleus, appearing first in the former. Further fractionation of the pellet by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrigugation resulted in sedimentation of the protease with 5'-nucleotidase, a marker enzyme for plasma membrane and separate from mitochondrial and lysosomal enzyme markers. Solubilization was best accomplished by lysis at 37 degrees. The soluble enzyme from mouse uterus had optimal activity at about 43 degrees and pH 8.3 and was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, tosylarginine methyl ester, antipain, and leupeptin, but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Inhibition in vitro by antipain and leupeptin, two low molecular weight peptides, prompted the study of their effect in vivo on the mouse uterus. After intact, cycling female mice received subcutaneous injections of antipain and leupeptin for 16 days, their uteri showed significant diminution in weight and total DNA when compared to untreated controls. Fertility rates were also diminished. Trypsin-like protease activity may be essential to normal uterine metabolism and function."}
{"id": "PMID:269428", "title": "5'-Terminal capping of RNA by guanylyltransferase from HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "A soluble extract prepared from HeLa cell nuclei has been shown to catalyze the 5'-terminal modification of RNA and synthetic polyribonucleotides to form m7G(5')pppA-and m7G(5')-pppG- structures referred to as caps. The reaction involves the transfer of a GMP moiety from GTP to the 5' end of an RNA molecule containing at least two terminal phosphates. Significantly, neither the beta nor the gamma phosphates of GTP are transferred and polynucleotides with no 5'-terminal phosphate or only one are not acceptors. In the absence of methyl donor, G(5')pppA- and G(5')pppG- structures were synthesized, indicating that methylation is not required for guanylylation. Cap formation was considered to occur by the following mechanism:  (see article), in which AdoMet is S-adenosylmethionine, AdoHcy is S-adenosylhomocysteine, and (p)ppN- represents either the original 5' end of an RNA molecule or an internal site to which one or more phosphates were added after processing.", "contents": "5'-Terminal capping of RNA by guanylyltransferase from HeLa cell nuclei. A soluble extract prepared from HeLa cell nuclei has been shown to catalyze the 5'-terminal modification of RNA and synthetic polyribonucleotides to form m7G(5')pppA-and m7G(5')-pppG- structures referred to as caps. The reaction involves the transfer of a GMP moiety from GTP to the 5' end of an RNA molecule containing at least two terminal phosphates. Significantly, neither the beta nor the gamma phosphates of GTP are transferred and polynucleotides with no 5'-terminal phosphate or only one are not acceptors. In the absence of methyl donor, G(5')pppA- and G(5')pppG- structures were synthesized, indicating that methylation is not required for guanylylation. Cap formation was considered to occur by the following mechanism:  (see article), in which AdoMet is S-adenosylmethionine, AdoHcy is S-adenosylhomocysteine, and (p)ppN- represents either the original 5' end of an RNA molecule or an internal site to which one or more phosphates were added after processing."}
{"id": "PMID:269429", "title": "Transfer of mannose from mannosyl retinyl phosphate to protein.", "content": "Upon incubation of [14C]mannose-labeled mannosyl retinyl phosphate with a membrane fraction from rat liver, mannose was transferred to an endogenous acceptor precipitable withchloroform/methanol to the extent of about 7%. The reaction proceeded linearly with time for 120 min at a pH optimum of about 7.0. The acceptor thus labeled with mannose could be solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate/mercaptoethanol. More than half of this acceptor appeared in the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column. When it was digested with Pronase, a substantial proportion of it appeared between the void and bed volumes of a Sephadex G-100 column, thus indicating that it was a glycopeptide. In high-voltage paper electrophoresis, this glycopeptide moved to the cathode at low pH and to the anode at highpH. When digested with highly purified jack bean alpha-mannosidase, the glycopeptide released almost 50% of its radioactivity as mannose. That this transfer of mannose to glycoprotein from mannosyl retinyl phosphate does not take place via dolichyl mannosyl phosphate was shown by the fact that it is Mn2+ and Mg2+ independent, it is not inhibited by the presence of a 10-fold molar excess of nonradioactive GDP-mannose, and neither 14C-labeled dolichyl mannosyl phosphate nor 14-C labeled lipid pyrophosphoryl oligosaccharide could be detected during the incubation.", "contents": "Transfer of mannose from mannosyl retinyl phosphate to protein. Upon incubation of [14C]mannose-labeled mannosyl retinyl phosphate with a membrane fraction from rat liver, mannose was transferred to an endogenous acceptor precipitable withchloroform/methanol to the extent of about 7%. The reaction proceeded linearly with time for 120 min at a pH optimum of about 7.0. The acceptor thus labeled with mannose could be solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate/mercaptoethanol. More than half of this acceptor appeared in the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column. When it was digested with Pronase, a substantial proportion of it appeared between the void and bed volumes of a Sephadex G-100 column, thus indicating that it was a glycopeptide. In high-voltage paper electrophoresis, this glycopeptide moved to the cathode at low pH and to the anode at highpH. When digested with highly purified jack bean alpha-mannosidase, the glycopeptide released almost 50% of its radioactivity as mannose. That this transfer of mannose to glycoprotein from mannosyl retinyl phosphate does not take place via dolichyl mannosyl phosphate was shown by the fact that it is Mn2+ and Mg2+ independent, it is not inhibited by the presence of a 10-fold molar excess of nonradioactive GDP-mannose, and neither 14C-labeled dolichyl mannosyl phosphate nor 14-C labeled lipid pyrophosphoryl oligosaccharide could be detected during the incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:269430", "title": "3-Nitropropionate, the toxic substance of Indigofera, is a suicide inactivator of succinate dehydrogenase.", "content": "We have shown that 3-nitropropionate, an isoelectronic analogue of succinate, is a suicide inactivator of succinate dehydrogenase [succinate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1] as follows. (i) When rat liver mitochondria oxidize succinate in the presence of 3-nitropropionate carbanion, the rate of O(2) consumption decreases exponentially to a zero value. This pattern is duplicated by subsequent additions of mitochondria. The dependence of the apparent first-order rate constant for enzyme inhibition, as well as the number of enzyme turnovers completed before inhibition, on the concentrations of 3-nitropropionate carbanion and succinate are those expected for an active site-directed and irreversible inhibitor. (ii) The inactivated enzyme is not resuscitated by centrifugation and washing of the mitochondria, in contrast to malonate-treated enzyme, and malonate protects against irreversible, inhibition. (iii) The inhibitor species is 3-nitropropionate carbanion and no external nucleophile is required for inhibition. (iv) The respiratory rates, respiratory control ratios, and ADP/O ratios obtained with NAD-linked substrates are unaffected by 3-nitropropionate carbanion. These results show that 3-nitropropionate carbanion is a highly specific, time-dependent, and irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. By analogy with the reaction of nitroethane with D-amino acid oxidase, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the carbanionic inhibitor forms a covalent N-5 adduct with the active site flavin. However, the precise mechanism of inactivation, as well as mechanistic extrapolations to the oxidation of succinate, must await the elucidation of the structure of the modified enzyme. We can now explain the toxicity of plants such as Indigofera endecaphylla for mammals and fowl as being due to the irreversible blockage of the Krebs cycle by 3-nitropropionate carbanion.", "contents": "3-Nitropropionate, the toxic substance of Indigofera, is a suicide inactivator of succinate dehydrogenase. We have shown that 3-nitropropionate, an isoelectronic analogue of succinate, is a suicide inactivator of succinate dehydrogenase [succinate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1] as follows. (i) When rat liver mitochondria oxidize succinate in the presence of 3-nitropropionate carbanion, the rate of O(2) consumption decreases exponentially to a zero value. This pattern is duplicated by subsequent additions of mitochondria. The dependence of the apparent first-order rate constant for enzyme inhibition, as well as the number of enzyme turnovers completed before inhibition, on the concentrations of 3-nitropropionate carbanion and succinate are those expected for an active site-directed and irreversible inhibitor. (ii) The inactivated enzyme is not resuscitated by centrifugation and washing of the mitochondria, in contrast to malonate-treated enzyme, and malonate protects against irreversible, inhibition. (iii) The inhibitor species is 3-nitropropionate carbanion and no external nucleophile is required for inhibition. (iv) The respiratory rates, respiratory control ratios, and ADP/O ratios obtained with NAD-linked substrates are unaffected by 3-nitropropionate carbanion. These results show that 3-nitropropionate carbanion is a highly specific, time-dependent, and irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. By analogy with the reaction of nitroethane with D-amino acid oxidase, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the carbanionic inhibitor forms a covalent N-5 adduct with the active site flavin. However, the precise mechanism of inactivation, as well as mechanistic extrapolations to the oxidation of succinate, must await the elucidation of the structure of the modified enzyme. We can now explain the toxicity of plants such as Indigofera endecaphylla for mammals and fowl as being due to the irreversible blockage of the Krebs cycle by 3-nitropropionate carbanion."}
{"id": "PMID:269431", "title": "Arrangement of subunits in assembled histone H4 fibers.", "content": "The structure of assembled histone H4 fibers has been studied by analysis of electronmicrographs, including optical diffraction. An individual fiber has the appearance of an 80-A wide ribbon, twisted at intervals of about 330 A. Thicker fibers which have been observed seem to be bundles of ribbons. In diffraction patterns from both kinds of fiber, layer lines at axial spacings of about 1/55 A-1, 1/37 A-1, and 1/27 A-1 were most consistently observed. The possible arrangements of molecules within the twisted ribbons have been deduced and are found to be fairly closely related. The ribbons appear to consist of two parallel, unstaggered rows of repeating units, which are probably H4 dimers. The similarity between the observed layer line spacings of the H4 fibers and the spacings of the maxima in x-ray diffraction patterns from whole chromatin suggests that the H4 fibers have a structure related to that of chromatin. Since homogeneous preparations of histones H2A, H2B, and H3, or any mixture of these four histones, can form similar structures, it seems likely that the basic organization of chromatin is determined by a fibrous histone core around which the DNA is wrapped.", "contents": "Arrangement of subunits in assembled histone H4 fibers. The structure of assembled histone H4 fibers has been studied by analysis of electronmicrographs, including optical diffraction. An individual fiber has the appearance of an 80-A wide ribbon, twisted at intervals of about 330 A. Thicker fibers which have been observed seem to be bundles of ribbons. In diffraction patterns from both kinds of fiber, layer lines at axial spacings of about 1/55 A-1, 1/37 A-1, and 1/27 A-1 were most consistently observed. The possible arrangements of molecules within the twisted ribbons have been deduced and are found to be fairly closely related. The ribbons appear to consist of two parallel, unstaggered rows of repeating units, which are probably H4 dimers. The similarity between the observed layer line spacings of the H4 fibers and the spacings of the maxima in x-ray diffraction patterns from whole chromatin suggests that the H4 fibers have a structure related to that of chromatin. Since homogeneous preparations of histones H2A, H2B, and H3, or any mixture of these four histones, can form similar structures, it seems likely that the basic organization of chromatin is determined by a fibrous histone core around which the DNA is wrapped."}
{"id": "PMID:269432", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of cell membrane GM1 ganglioside by cholera toxin.", "content": "An immunoelectron microscopic method is described for sensitive high-resolution visualization of tissuebound cholera toxin. The principle is to incubate cells or tissue sections with toxin and then to localize the bound toxin with toxin-specific peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase; EC 1.11.1.7)-conjugated antibody and enzyme substrate. Thin sections are examined for electron-opaque precipitates in a transmission electron microscope. Because of the specific binding of the toxin to membrane ganglioside G(M1), the method can be used for ultrastructural localization of this ganglioside. Semiquantitative data are obtained by titration of the limiting concentration of cholera toxin producing specific precipitates. The specificity of the method was controlled in various ways, including analyses of the correlation between the immunoelectron microscopy results and determinations of ganglioside G(M1) in tissues with different ganglioside concentrations, tissues hydrolyzed with Vibrio cholerae sialidase, tissues in which exogenous G(M1) has been incorporated, and lipid-extracted tissues. The immunoelectron microscopic method demonstrates that membrane G(M1) ganglioside is positioned on the external side exclusively. Cell-bound toxin remains in its original location on the plasma membrane surface of cells below 18 degrees , but appears to be redistributed both laterally and vertically in the membrane of cells incubated at 37 degrees for 30 min or longer. The results of this method indicate that in the central nervous system G(M1) is concentrated in the pre- and postsynaptic membranes of the synaptic terminals; a further increase in reactivity of these structures after hydrolysis of the nervous tissue with V. cholerae sialidase suggests that higher gangliosides of the same series are particularly increased in the pre- and postsynaptic junctions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of cell membrane GM1 ganglioside by cholera toxin. An immunoelectron microscopic method is described for sensitive high-resolution visualization of tissuebound cholera toxin. The principle is to incubate cells or tissue sections with toxin and then to localize the bound toxin with toxin-specific peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase; EC 1.11.1.7)-conjugated antibody and enzyme substrate. Thin sections are examined for electron-opaque precipitates in a transmission electron microscope. Because of the specific binding of the toxin to membrane ganglioside G(M1), the method can be used for ultrastructural localization of this ganglioside. Semiquantitative data are obtained by titration of the limiting concentration of cholera toxin producing specific precipitates. The specificity of the method was controlled in various ways, including analyses of the correlation between the immunoelectron microscopy results and determinations of ganglioside G(M1) in tissues with different ganglioside concentrations, tissues hydrolyzed with Vibrio cholerae sialidase, tissues in which exogenous G(M1) has been incorporated, and lipid-extracted tissues. The immunoelectron microscopic method demonstrates that membrane G(M1) ganglioside is positioned on the external side exclusively. Cell-bound toxin remains in its original location on the plasma membrane surface of cells below 18 degrees , but appears to be redistributed both laterally and vertically in the membrane of cells incubated at 37 degrees for 30 min or longer. The results of this method indicate that in the central nervous system G(M1) is concentrated in the pre- and postsynaptic membranes of the synaptic terminals; a further increase in reactivity of these structures after hydrolysis of the nervous tissue with V. cholerae sialidase suggests that higher gangliosides of the same series are particularly increased in the pre- and postsynaptic junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:269433", "title": "Binding of mouse interferon to polynucleotides.", "content": "The polynucleotides poly(I) and poly(U), and to a lesser extent poly(G), are capable of desorbing mouse interferon from blue dextran-Sepharose columns, whereas poly(A) andpoly(C) are without effect. When covalently bound to agarose, poly(I), poly(U), and also poly(A) act as potent ligands for purification of interferon by affinity chromatography. Furthermore, poly(I) and poly(U) confer a significant degree of protection to interferon against thermal denaturation. Taken together, these observations point to a direct interaction of interferon with these polymers and suggest that interferon molecules have a polynucleotide attachment site. Possible implications for the concept of interferon induction are discussed.", "contents": "Binding of mouse interferon to polynucleotides. The polynucleotides poly(I) and poly(U), and to a lesser extent poly(G), are capable of desorbing mouse interferon from blue dextran-Sepharose columns, whereas poly(A) andpoly(C) are without effect. When covalently bound to agarose, poly(I), poly(U), and also poly(A) act as potent ligands for purification of interferon by affinity chromatography. Furthermore, poly(I) and poly(U) confer a significant degree of protection to interferon against thermal denaturation. Taken together, these observations point to a direct interaction of interferon with these polymers and suggest that interferon molecules have a polynucleotide attachment site. Possible implications for the concept of interferon induction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269434", "title": "Prescence of tadpole and adult globin RNA sequences in oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Complementary DNA transcribed from adult Xenopus laevis globin mRNA was used to assay ovary RNA from Xenopus for the presence of globin sequences by RNA.cDNA hybridization. These sequences are present at approximately the same concentration as the majority of poly(A)-containing ovary sequences. The sequences are also found at approximately 200,000 copies per cell in poly(A)-containing RNA extracted from mature oocytes. To rule out contamination of the oocytes with somatic cells, two additional experiments were performed. First, RNA isolated from ovulated unfertilized eggs, which are devoid of somatic cells, was also shown to contain the globin sequences. Second, globin mRNA was isolated from Xenopus tadpoles. Adult globin mRNA is free of the tadpole sequence and no homology was detected between adult and tadpoles globin RNA. The ovary was shown to contain tadpole globin RNA at nearly the same concentration as the adult sequences. Thus, the results cannot be explained by contamination with erythroid cells which should contain only the adult sequence. The swimming tadpole, which possesses an active circulatory system, was also assayed for the tadpole and adult globin sequences. Whereas the adult sequences are present at approximately the same concentration as in the mature oocyte, the concentration of the tadpole sequences increases at least 300-fold in the first 3 days following fertilization.", "contents": "Prescence of tadpole and adult globin RNA sequences in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Complementary DNA transcribed from adult Xenopus laevis globin mRNA was used to assay ovary RNA from Xenopus for the presence of globin sequences by RNA.cDNA hybridization. These sequences are present at approximately the same concentration as the majority of poly(A)-containing ovary sequences. The sequences are also found at approximately 200,000 copies per cell in poly(A)-containing RNA extracted from mature oocytes. To rule out contamination of the oocytes with somatic cells, two additional experiments were performed. First, RNA isolated from ovulated unfertilized eggs, which are devoid of somatic cells, was also shown to contain the globin sequences. Second, globin mRNA was isolated from Xenopus tadpoles. Adult globin mRNA is free of the tadpole sequence and no homology was detected between adult and tadpoles globin RNA. The ovary was shown to contain tadpole globin RNA at nearly the same concentration as the adult sequences. Thus, the results cannot be explained by contamination with erythroid cells which should contain only the adult sequence. The swimming tadpole, which possesses an active circulatory system, was also assayed for the tadpole and adult globin sequences. Whereas the adult sequences are present at approximately the same concentration as in the mature oocyte, the concentration of the tadpole sequences increases at least 300-fold in the first 3 days following fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:269435", "title": "Temporal sequence of hormonal interactions during the prereplicative phase of quiescent cultured 3T3 fibroblasts.", "content": "After addition of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and insulin to quiescent cultured 3T3 fibroblasts a constant lag phase of 15 hr occurs before an increased rate of cellular exit from G1 is observed. The latter process follows first order kinetics, which can be quantified by a rate constant k. The temporal relationship of the interactions of PGF2 alpha, insulin, and hydrocortisone to produce alterations in the rate of exit from G1 was investigated. PGF2alpha establishes a constant lag phase and produces alterations in the rate constant k. These two effects can be partially separated by adding two concentrations of PGF2alpha at different times. Insulin fails to establish the lag phase but can stimulate the effect of PGF2alpha when added at any time after PGF2alpha. Hydrocortisone reduces the value of k when added between 0 and 3 hr after PGF2alpha. These results show that the lag phase can beseparated into temporal regions during which hormones can interact to produce changes in the rate of cellular exit from G1.", "contents": "Temporal sequence of hormonal interactions during the prereplicative phase of quiescent cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. After addition of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and insulin to quiescent cultured 3T3 fibroblasts a constant lag phase of 15 hr occurs before an increased rate of cellular exit from G1 is observed. The latter process follows first order kinetics, which can be quantified by a rate constant k. The temporal relationship of the interactions of PGF2 alpha, insulin, and hydrocortisone to produce alterations in the rate of exit from G1 was investigated. PGF2alpha establishes a constant lag phase and produces alterations in the rate constant k. These two effects can be partially separated by adding two concentrations of PGF2alpha at different times. Insulin fails to establish the lag phase but can stimulate the effect of PGF2alpha when added at any time after PGF2alpha. Hydrocortisone reduces the value of k when added between 0 and 3 hr after PGF2alpha. These results show that the lag phase can beseparated into temporal regions during which hormones can interact to produce changes in the rate of cellular exit from G1."}
{"id": "PMID:269436", "title": "Succinyl concanavalin A stimulates and antimicrotubular drugs inhibit the synthesis of a brain-specific protein in rat glial cells.", "content": "The relative synthesis of the brain-specific s100 protein increased as clonal rat glial cells, C6, progressed from logarithmic to stationary growth in monolayer culture. Drugs that disrupt microtubules, such as colchicine, vinblastine, Colcemid, and podophyllotoxin, inhibited the relative synthesis of S100 protein in stationary cultures. Colchicine (0.1 muM) caused a 50% inhibition of the relative synthesis of S100 protein whereas lumicolchicine,an isomer of colchicine that does not disrupt the microtubular system, had no effect. Succinylated concanavalin A (500 mug/ml) increased relative synthesis in logarithmic but not stationary cultures. These results suggest that signals inducing an increase in the relative synthesis of S100 protein in stationary cultures are transmitted intracellularly from the cell membrane by the microtubular network.", "contents": "Succinyl concanavalin A stimulates and antimicrotubular drugs inhibit the synthesis of a brain-specific protein in rat glial cells. The relative synthesis of the brain-specific s100 protein increased as clonal rat glial cells, C6, progressed from logarithmic to stationary growth in monolayer culture. Drugs that disrupt microtubules, such as colchicine, vinblastine, Colcemid, and podophyllotoxin, inhibited the relative synthesis of S100 protein in stationary cultures. Colchicine (0.1 muM) caused a 50% inhibition of the relative synthesis of S100 protein whereas lumicolchicine,an isomer of colchicine that does not disrupt the microtubular system, had no effect. Succinylated concanavalin A (500 mug/ml) increased relative synthesis in logarithmic but not stationary cultures. These results suggest that signals inducing an increase in the relative synthesis of S100 protein in stationary cultures are transmitted intracellularly from the cell membrane by the microtubular network."}
{"id": "PMID:269437", "title": "Separation and infectivity of circular and linear forms of potato spindle tuber viroid.", "content": "Potato spindle tuber viroid can be separated into two fractions by polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis in the presence of formamide and urea. One fraction contains predominantly circular molecules; the second fraction contains almost exclusively linear molecules. The purity of the fractions was estimated by electron microscopy of formaldehyde-denatured molecules. The length distributions of denatured circular and linear molecules were determined. Both circular and linear molecules were found to be infectious.", "contents": "Separation and infectivity of circular and linear forms of potato spindle tuber viroid. Potato spindle tuber viroid can be separated into two fractions by polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis in the presence of formamide and urea. One fraction contains predominantly circular molecules; the second fraction contains almost exclusively linear molecules. The purity of the fractions was estimated by electron microscopy of formaldehyde-denatured molecules. The length distributions of denatured circular and linear molecules were determined. Both circular and linear molecules were found to be infectious."}
{"id": "PMID:269438", "title": "Low-molecular-weight peptide inhibits RNA synthesis in human leukemic and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocytes and globin mRNA transcription in differentiating Friend cells.", "content": "The RNA synthesis of human leukemic leukocytes and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes is markedly reduced by administration of a low-molecular-weight nonhistone peptide factor from calf thymus. Treatment with the factor strongly inhibits hemoglobin production and globin mRNA transcription in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend cells without appreciably modifying the rate of cell growth. Evidence for specificity of these effects is provided by the lack of action of the factor on both growth rate and RNA synthesis of a number of nondifferentiating cell lines from various animal species. After removal of the compound, both human lymphocytes and Friend cells can be stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and by dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively, ruling out any toxic effect.", "contents": "Low-molecular-weight peptide inhibits RNA synthesis in human leukemic and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocytes and globin mRNA transcription in differentiating Friend cells. The RNA synthesis of human leukemic leukocytes and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes is markedly reduced by administration of a low-molecular-weight nonhistone peptide factor from calf thymus. Treatment with the factor strongly inhibits hemoglobin production and globin mRNA transcription in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend cells without appreciably modifying the rate of cell growth. Evidence for specificity of these effects is provided by the lack of action of the factor on both growth rate and RNA synthesis of a number of nondifferentiating cell lines from various animal species. After removal of the compound, both human lymphocytes and Friend cells can be stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and by dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively, ruling out any toxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:269439", "title": "Pure and mixed erythroid colony formation in vitro stimulated by spleen conditioned medium with no detectable erythropoietin.", "content": "Cells from CBA fetal mouse liver formed pure or mixed erythroid colonies in semisolid agarculture after stimulation by medium conditioned by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. In general shape, the erythroid colonies resembled typical 7-day single or multiple (burst) colonies. However one-third to one-half contained, in addition to erythroid cells, macrophages and neutrophils and, less commonly, megakaryocytes or eosinophils. Culture of micro manipulated single colony-forming cells showed these erythroid colonies to be clones. Colony-forming cells declined in frequency with advancing fetal age, but low numbers were detectable in adult bone marrow. Assays of spleen conditioned medium in polycythemic mice failed to detect erythropoietin; the cloning system may detect a fetal type of erythropoietin-independent, erythropoietic cell since few were detected in adult marrow.", "contents": "Pure and mixed erythroid colony formation in vitro stimulated by spleen conditioned medium with no detectable erythropoietin. Cells from CBA fetal mouse liver formed pure or mixed erythroid colonies in semisolid agarculture after stimulation by medium conditioned by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. In general shape, the erythroid colonies resembled typical 7-day single or multiple (burst) colonies. However one-third to one-half contained, in addition to erythroid cells, macrophages and neutrophils and, less commonly, megakaryocytes or eosinophils. Culture of micro manipulated single colony-forming cells showed these erythroid colonies to be clones. Colony-forming cells declined in frequency with advancing fetal age, but low numbers were detectable in adult bone marrow. Assays of spleen conditioned medium in polycythemic mice failed to detect erythropoietin; the cloning system may detect a fetal type of erythropoietin-independent, erythropoietic cell since few were detected in adult marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:269440", "title": "Intracellular distributions of mechanochemical proteins in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "We have used methods that have allowed simultaneous fluorescent staining of intracellular actin together with either myosin, filamin, or tubulin in normal rat kidney fibroblasts in monolayer culture. In the main portions of the cell body, the actin, myosin, and filamin are all present in two structures: in one, the three proteins are present in the same fiber bundles (stress fibers); in the other, there is a diffuse distribution of the three proteins. On portions of the cell periphery however-in the basal regions of microspikes, in ruffles, and in regions of cell-cell contact-actin and filamin are present, but myosin is severely depleted or absent. Microtubules are present in the cell body in a distribution independent of the stress fibers and are mostly absent from the cell periphery. Microspikes and ruffles are highly dynamic structures on the cell surface, and regions of cell-cell contact generally result from the association of ruffles on the two contacting cells. Therefore, the presence of filamin and actin but not myosin in these specialized regions on the cell surface, together with the recent demonstration [Wang, K. & Singer, S. J. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2021-2025)] that pure filamin interacts with individual F-actin filaments in solution to form fiber bundles and sheet-like structures, suggest that in vivo filamin-actin interactions play an important role in the control of actin filament structure, in cell motility, and in the stabilization of cell-cell contacts.", "contents": "Intracellular distributions of mechanochemical proteins in cultured fibroblasts. We have used methods that have allowed simultaneous fluorescent staining of intracellular actin together with either myosin, filamin, or tubulin in normal rat kidney fibroblasts in monolayer culture. In the main portions of the cell body, the actin, myosin, and filamin are all present in two structures: in one, the three proteins are present in the same fiber bundles (stress fibers); in the other, there is a diffuse distribution of the three proteins. On portions of the cell periphery however-in the basal regions of microspikes, in ruffles, and in regions of cell-cell contact-actin and filamin are present, but myosin is severely depleted or absent. Microtubules are present in the cell body in a distribution independent of the stress fibers and are mostly absent from the cell periphery. Microspikes and ruffles are highly dynamic structures on the cell surface, and regions of cell-cell contact generally result from the association of ruffles on the two contacting cells. Therefore, the presence of filamin and actin but not myosin in these specialized regions on the cell surface, together with the recent demonstration [Wang, K. & Singer, S. J. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2021-2025)] that pure filamin interacts with individual F-actin filaments in solution to form fiber bundles and sheet-like structures, suggest that in vivo filamin-actin interactions play an important role in the control of actin filament structure, in cell motility, and in the stabilization of cell-cell contacts."}
{"id": "PMID:269441", "title": "Loss of growth control and differentiation in the fu-1 variant of the L8 line of rat myoblasts.", "content": "A nonfusing variant, fu-1, of the L8 line of rat myoblasts was isolated and characterized with respect to its growth in vitro and developmental properties. Comparative analyses of density-dependent inhibition of growth, serum requirements, cell adhesiveness, colony formation in soft agar, and hexose transport in L8 and fu-1 cells support the conclusion that the fu-1 cells are transformed. In addition, fu-1, but not L8, cells promote the development of tumors in athymic nude mice. fu-1 cells also do not make increased levels of creatinekinase (ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) or myosin and they express an endogenous type-C virus. Both L8 and fu-1 cells express myokinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.3) activities in single cells. In contrast to fu-1 cells, the parent L8 line has increased creatine kinase and myosin after fusion and spontaneously contracts; expression of an endogenous virus could not be detected in these cells. These results suggest that loss of the ability to differentiate normally is associated with the loss of the normal control of cell division of myoblasts grown in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Loss of growth control and differentiation in the fu-1 variant of the L8 line of rat myoblasts. A nonfusing variant, fu-1, of the L8 line of rat myoblasts was isolated and characterized with respect to its growth in vitro and developmental properties. Comparative analyses of density-dependent inhibition of growth, serum requirements, cell adhesiveness, colony formation in soft agar, and hexose transport in L8 and fu-1 cells support the conclusion that the fu-1 cells are transformed. In addition, fu-1, but not L8, cells promote the development of tumors in athymic nude mice. fu-1 cells also do not make increased levels of creatinekinase (ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) or myosin and they express an endogenous type-C virus. Both L8 and fu-1 cells express myokinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.3) activities in single cells. In contrast to fu-1 cells, the parent L8 line has increased creatine kinase and myosin after fusion and spontaneously contracts; expression of an endogenous virus could not be detected in these cells. These results suggest that loss of the ability to differentiate normally is associated with the loss of the normal control of cell division of myoblasts grown in vitro and in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:269442", "title": "Morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma cells in medium supplemented with delipidated serum.", "content": "Neuroblastoma cells have been found to extend neurites when grown in a medium supplemented with delipidated fetal calf serum. Fetal calf sera from different commercial sources give rise to marked differences in the degree of this spontaneous morphological differentiation. The phenomenon can be prevented by the addition of certain fatty acids; oleic acid is especially effective. The serum-free conditioned medium from glial cells can quantitatively antagonize the effect of oleic acid, suggesting that glial factor activity could be due to components [lipids and/or macromolecular factors(s)] that are able to modify the properties of the neuroblastoma cell membrane.", "contents": "Morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma cells in medium supplemented with delipidated serum. Neuroblastoma cells have been found to extend neurites when grown in a medium supplemented with delipidated fetal calf serum. Fetal calf sera from different commercial sources give rise to marked differences in the degree of this spontaneous morphological differentiation. The phenomenon can be prevented by the addition of certain fatty acids; oleic acid is especially effective. The serum-free conditioned medium from glial cells can quantitatively antagonize the effect of oleic acid, suggesting that glial factor activity could be due to components [lipids and/or macromolecular factors(s)] that are able to modify the properties of the neuroblastoma cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:269443", "title": "Dissociation of tumor promoter-stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis in vivo and in vitro by fluocinolone acetonide, a tumor-promotion inhibitor.", "content": "12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor promoter, stimulates DNA synthesis in mouse epidermal cells in vivo and in vitro. This response appears to be mediated through polyamine metabolism because ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17)activity is markedly increased shortly after promoter exposure and this induction varies in magnitude according to dose and promoter potency of a series of phorbol esters. In vitro, exogenous putrescine (0.01-10 mM) results in a dose-related increase and prolongation of promoter-stimulated DNA DNA synthesis, a phenomenon noted in other systems of polyamine-mediated growth stimulation. The anti-inflammatory steroid fluocinolone acetonide (FA), an inhibitor of tumor promotion, prevents TPA stimulation of epidermal proliferation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, FA most effectively prevents stimulation of DNA synthesis when applied is not required. Paradoxially, FA potentiates the increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity after TPA administeration both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibition of TPA-stimulated DNA synthesis by FA in vitro can be reversed by exogenous putrescine. These results suggestthat FA exerts its antipromotion effect by reducing the sensitivity of the cell to polyamines or by reducing intracellular polyamine levels.", "contents": "Dissociation of tumor promoter-stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis in vivo and in vitro by fluocinolone acetonide, a tumor-promotion inhibitor. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor promoter, stimulates DNA synthesis in mouse epidermal cells in vivo and in vitro. This response appears to be mediated through polyamine metabolism because ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17)activity is markedly increased shortly after promoter exposure and this induction varies in magnitude according to dose and promoter potency of a series of phorbol esters. In vitro, exogenous putrescine (0.01-10 mM) results in a dose-related increase and prolongation of promoter-stimulated DNA DNA synthesis, a phenomenon noted in other systems of polyamine-mediated growth stimulation. The anti-inflammatory steroid fluocinolone acetonide (FA), an inhibitor of tumor promotion, prevents TPA stimulation of epidermal proliferation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, FA most effectively prevents stimulation of DNA synthesis when applied is not required. Paradoxially, FA potentiates the increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity after TPA administeration both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibition of TPA-stimulated DNA synthesis by FA in vitro can be reversed by exogenous putrescine. These results suggestthat FA exerts its antipromotion effect by reducing the sensitivity of the cell to polyamines or by reducing intracellular polyamine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:269444", "title": "Stable association of the human transgenome and host murine chromosomes demonstrated with trispecific microcell hybrids.", "content": "Trispecific microcell hybrids were prepared by transferring limited numbers of chromosomes from a human/mouse gene-transfer cell line to a Chinese hamster recipient line. The donor cells employed were murine L-cells that stably expressed the human form of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Karyotypic, zymographic, and back-selection tests of the resulting human/mouse/Chinese hamster microcell hybrids provided strong genetic evidence for a stable association of the human transgenome with host murine chromosomes in stable gene-transfer cell lines. This association, which may represent physical integration of the transgenome into the host cell genome, occurred at multiple chromosomal sites.", "contents": "Stable association of the human transgenome and host murine chromosomes demonstrated with trispecific microcell hybrids. Trispecific microcell hybrids were prepared by transferring limited numbers of chromosomes from a human/mouse gene-transfer cell line to a Chinese hamster recipient line. The donor cells employed were murine L-cells that stably expressed the human form of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Karyotypic, zymographic, and back-selection tests of the resulting human/mouse/Chinese hamster microcell hybrids provided strong genetic evidence for a stable association of the human transgenome with host murine chromosomes in stable gene-transfer cell lines. This association, which may represent physical integration of the transgenome into the host cell genome, occurred at multiple chromosomal sites."}
{"id": "PMID:269445", "title": "Rapid speciation and chromosomal evolution in mammals.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that population subdivision into small demes promotes both rapid speciation and evolutionary changes in gene arrangement by inbreeding and drift, we estimated rates of speciation and rates of chromosomal evolution in 225 genera of vertebrates. Rates of speciation were estimated by considering the number of living species in each genus and the fossil record of each genus as well as information about extinction rates. Speciation rate was strongly correlated with rate of chromosomal evolution and average rates of speciation in lower vertebrate genera were one-fifth those in mammalian genera. Genera with high karyotypic diversity and rapid speciation rates may generally have small effective population size (Ne), whereas large Ne values may be associated with karyotypically uniform genera and slow rates of speciation. Speciation and chromosomal evolution seem fastest in those genera with species organized into clans or harems (e.g., some primates and horses) or with limited adult vagility and juvenile dispersal, patchy distribution, and strong individual territoriality (e.g., some rodents). This is consistent with the above hypothesis regarding the evolutionary importance of demes.", "contents": "Rapid speciation and chromosomal evolution in mammals. To test the hypothesis that population subdivision into small demes promotes both rapid speciation and evolutionary changes in gene arrangement by inbreeding and drift, we estimated rates of speciation and rates of chromosomal evolution in 225 genera of vertebrates. Rates of speciation were estimated by considering the number of living species in each genus and the fossil record of each genus as well as information about extinction rates. Speciation rate was strongly correlated with rate of chromosomal evolution and average rates of speciation in lower vertebrate genera were one-fifth those in mammalian genera. Genera with high karyotypic diversity and rapid speciation rates may generally have small effective population size (Ne), whereas large Ne values may be associated with karyotypically uniform genera and slow rates of speciation. Speciation and chromosomal evolution seem fastest in those genera with species organized into clans or harems (e.g., some primates and horses) or with limited adult vagility and juvenile dispersal, patchy distribution, and strong individual territoriality (e.g., some rodents). This is consistent with the above hypothesis regarding the evolutionary importance of demes."}
{"id": "PMID:269446", "title": "Overexpression of an unstably inherited gene in cultured mouse cells.", "content": "The specific activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) is increased up to 58-fold in unstable gene transferents produced by the transfer of cell-free chromosomal material from one mouse L cell line to another; the specific activity of this enzyme returns to normal levels when the transferred gene becomes stabilized. This phenomenon, which is not observed in comparable heterospecific transfers, may be an effect of gene dosage (multiple copies of the transferred genetic fragment in the unstable gene transferents), or it may represent an escape of the unstably inherited gene from the normal regulatory mechanisms of the recipient cell.", "contents": "Overexpression of an unstably inherited gene in cultured mouse cells. The specific activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) is increased up to 58-fold in unstable gene transferents produced by the transfer of cell-free chromosomal material from one mouse L cell line to another; the specific activity of this enzyme returns to normal levels when the transferred gene becomes stabilized. This phenomenon, which is not observed in comparable heterospecific transfers, may be an effect of gene dosage (multiple copies of the transferred genetic fragment in the unstable gene transferents), or it may represent an escape of the unstably inherited gene from the normal regulatory mechanisms of the recipient cell."}
{"id": "PMID:269447", "title": "Heterogeneity of nephritic factor and its identification as an immunoglobulin.", "content": "Complement C3 nephritic factor (NeF) produces alternative pathway-meciated C3 cleavage by binding to and stabilizing the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb. Some studies have suggested that NeF is an immunoglobulin, while others conclude that it is a distinct serum protein. The heterogeneity of NeF was evaluated by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of NeF-containing serum followed by hemolytic demonstration of NeF activity in agar gel. With each method, diffuse cathodal zones or multiple bands of hemolysis developed, which revealed remarkable variations in patterns from patient to patient. NeF activity was absorbed by and eluted from insolubilized antibody to Fc and Fab fragments of IgG. Immunoabsorption of six NeF-containing sera with insolubilized anti-kappa and anti-lambda light chain antisera revealed that NeF had kappa antigenic determinants in three, lambda antigenic determinants in one, and both kappa and lambda antigenic determinants in two. These data indicate that NeF is an oligoclonal immunoglobulin. Because NeF binds to the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb, we suggest that it is an antibody to a conformational antigen of the C3-factor B complex, and thereby stabilizes this complex.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of nephritic factor and its identification as an immunoglobulin. Complement C3 nephritic factor (NeF) produces alternative pathway-meciated C3 cleavage by binding to and stabilizing the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb. Some studies have suggested that NeF is an immunoglobulin, while others conclude that it is a distinct serum protein. The heterogeneity of NeF was evaluated by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of NeF-containing serum followed by hemolytic demonstration of NeF activity in agar gel. With each method, diffuse cathodal zones or multiple bands of hemolysis developed, which revealed remarkable variations in patterns from patient to patient. NeF activity was absorbed by and eluted from insolubilized antibody to Fc and Fab fragments of IgG. Immunoabsorption of six NeF-containing sera with insolubilized anti-kappa and anti-lambda light chain antisera revealed that NeF had kappa antigenic determinants in three, lambda antigenic determinants in one, and both kappa and lambda antigenic determinants in two. These data indicate that NeF is an oligoclonal immunoglobulin. Because NeF binds to the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb, we suggest that it is an antibody to a conformational antigen of the C3-factor B complex, and thereby stabilizes this complex."}
{"id": "PMID:269448", "title": "Antibodies to tubulin in normal nonimmunized animals.", "content": "Sera of normal nonimmunized rabbits, pigs, calves, and humans contain tubulin-reactive antibodies. Usually, low amounts of antibodies against tubulin of the IgG class (2.5-4 mg/100 ml of serum from nonimmunized animals) were isolated. Anti-tubulin antibodies were also produced by injecting pig tubulin in complete Freund's adjuvant into rabbits. Slightly higher amounts of anti-tubulin antibody were isolated from sera of immunized rabbits (7 mg/100 ml of serum). The cytoplasmic network of microtubules of Tcc 36 mouse cells in culture was not clearly stained by natural anti-tubulin antibodies, but dense staining of the centrosphere was observed. In contrast, induced anti-tubulin antibodies densely stained cytoplasmic microtubular networks. Vinblastine-induced tubulin paracrystals were equally stained by natural and induced anti-tubulin antibodies.", "contents": "Antibodies to tubulin in normal nonimmunized animals. Sera of normal nonimmunized rabbits, pigs, calves, and humans contain tubulin-reactive antibodies. Usually, low amounts of antibodies against tubulin of the IgG class (2.5-4 mg/100 ml of serum from nonimmunized animals) were isolated. Anti-tubulin antibodies were also produced by injecting pig tubulin in complete Freund's adjuvant into rabbits. Slightly higher amounts of anti-tubulin antibody were isolated from sera of immunized rabbits (7 mg/100 ml of serum). The cytoplasmic network of microtubules of Tcc 36 mouse cells in culture was not clearly stained by natural anti-tubulin antibodies, but dense staining of the centrosphere was observed. In contrast, induced anti-tubulin antibodies densely stained cytoplasmic microtubular networks. Vinblastine-induced tubulin paracrystals were equally stained by natural and induced anti-tubulin antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:269449", "title": "Inhibition of human platelet thromboxane synthetase by 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid.", "content": "The synthetic prostaglandin analog 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (azo analog I) has been found to be a potent inhibitor of human platelet thromboxane synthetase by three independent analytical methods: electron-capture gas chromatography, radioisotopic thin-layer chromatography, and radioimmunoassay. In the presence of azo analog I, human platelet aggregation induced by either the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 or arachidonic acid was antagonized. The addition of azo analog I shifted the transformation of endoperoxides away from thromboxane synthesis and toward prostaglandin E2 synthesis. The specificity of azo analog I is demonstrated by its selective inhibition of the second wave of either ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that PGH2 must be converted to thromboxane A2 in order to induce human platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Inhibition of human platelet thromboxane synthetase by 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid. The synthetic prostaglandin analog 9,11-azoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (azo analog I) has been found to be a potent inhibitor of human platelet thromboxane synthetase by three independent analytical methods: electron-capture gas chromatography, radioisotopic thin-layer chromatography, and radioimmunoassay. In the presence of azo analog I, human platelet aggregation induced by either the prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 or arachidonic acid was antagonized. The addition of azo analog I shifted the transformation of endoperoxides away from thromboxane synthesis and toward prostaglandin E2 synthesis. The specificity of azo analog I is demonstrated by its selective inhibition of the second wave of either ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that PGH2 must be converted to thromboxane A2 in order to induce human platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:269450", "title": "Active touch exploration of extrapersonal space elicits specific electrogenesis in the right cerebral hemisphere of intact right-handed man.", "content": "Language and analytic processing are currently thought to be represented in the left hemisphere, whereas spatial and holistic processing would involve primarily the right hemisphere in man. An experimental paradigm for engaging the nonlanguage hemisphere (generally the right) is described. This involves active touch exploration with the index finger to identify the orientation of a ridge with respect to the subject's body. The task is compatible with the electronic averaging of transient event-related cerebral potentials recorded from the intact scalp. A consistent positive electrogenesis of 1-5 muV and about 0.5-1.5 sec in duration was recorded over the nonlanguage hemisphere, regardless of whether the left or the right index finger performed the tactile scanning. The lateralized specific electrogenesis did not extend to the midline, and it is to be differentiated from the decision P300 component. These findings provide a new procedure for analyzing, in intact man, measurable focal potentials associated with unique processor subsystems during cognitive behavior. The method will make it possible to investigate the dynamic distribution of processing tasks between the two hemispheres in normal man in whom the commissural integration is normal, thereby adding to the data collected on patients with unilateral brain lesions or with surgical transection of the corpus callosum.", "contents": "Active touch exploration of extrapersonal space elicits specific electrogenesis in the right cerebral hemisphere of intact right-handed man. Language and analytic processing are currently thought to be represented in the left hemisphere, whereas spatial and holistic processing would involve primarily the right hemisphere in man. An experimental paradigm for engaging the nonlanguage hemisphere (generally the right) is described. This involves active touch exploration with the index finger to identify the orientation of a ridge with respect to the subject's body. The task is compatible with the electronic averaging of transient event-related cerebral potentials recorded from the intact scalp. A consistent positive electrogenesis of 1-5 muV and about 0.5-1.5 sec in duration was recorded over the nonlanguage hemisphere, regardless of whether the left or the right index finger performed the tactile scanning. The lateralized specific electrogenesis did not extend to the midline, and it is to be differentiated from the decision P300 component. These findings provide a new procedure for analyzing, in intact man, measurable focal potentials associated with unique processor subsystems during cognitive behavior. The method will make it possible to investigate the dynamic distribution of processing tasks between the two hemispheres in normal man in whom the commissural integration is normal, thereby adding to the data collected on patients with unilateral brain lesions or with surgical transection of the corpus callosum."}
{"id": "PMID:269451", "title": "Neurophysin biosynthesis in normal rats and in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus.", "content": "When [35S]cysteine was injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in rats, it was rapidly incorporated into proteins in the SON. The [35S]cysteine-labeled proteins extracted from the SON were separated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Twenty minutes after the injection of [35S]cysteine, two major labeled peaks (pI = 5.4 and 6.1) were found in the SON of normal rats; Brattleboro rats had only one major labeled peak (pI = 5.4). One hour after the injection, four major radioactive peaks were found in the SON of normal animals (pI = 5.1, 5.4, 5.6, and 6.1). Animals with diabetes insipidus had only two major labeled proteins (pI = 5.1 AND 5.4). Twenty-four hours after normal rats were injected with [35S]cysteine, all of the labeled peaks described above, except for the one with pI = 5.1, had decreased markedly in size and a small amount of labeled protein with pI about 4.8 was present in the SON. After 24 hr the posterior pituitary of normal animals contained two [35S]cysteine-labeled proteins with pI = 4.6 AND 4.8. The pituitaries of Brattleboro rats had only the pI = 4.6 labeled protein. These pulse-chase data, with data we have presented elsewhere, indicate that the vasopressin- and oxytocin-neurophysins are synthesized as parts of separate precursors (pI = 6.1 and 5.4, respectively). These precursors are converted into at least two intermediates (pI = 5.6 and 5.1) which, in turn, yield the vasopressin-neurophysin (pI = 4.8) and the oxytocin-neurophysin (pI = 4.6).", "contents": "Neurophysin biosynthesis in normal rats and in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. When [35S]cysteine was injected adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in rats, it was rapidly incorporated into proteins in the SON. The [35S]cysteine-labeled proteins extracted from the SON were separated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Twenty minutes after the injection of [35S]cysteine, two major labeled peaks (pI = 5.4 and 6.1) were found in the SON of normal rats; Brattleboro rats had only one major labeled peak (pI = 5.4). One hour after the injection, four major radioactive peaks were found in the SON of normal animals (pI = 5.1, 5.4, 5.6, and 6.1). Animals with diabetes insipidus had only two major labeled proteins (pI = 5.1 AND 5.4). Twenty-four hours after normal rats were injected with [35S]cysteine, all of the labeled peaks described above, except for the one with pI = 5.1, had decreased markedly in size and a small amount of labeled protein with pI about 4.8 was present in the SON. After 24 hr the posterior pituitary of normal animals contained two [35S]cysteine-labeled proteins with pI = 4.6 AND 4.8. The pituitaries of Brattleboro rats had only the pI = 4.6 labeled protein. These pulse-chase data, with data we have presented elsewhere, indicate that the vasopressin- and oxytocin-neurophysins are synthesized as parts of separate precursors (pI = 6.1 and 5.4, respectively). These precursors are converted into at least two intermediates (pI = 5.6 and 5.1) which, in turn, yield the vasopressin-neurophysin (pI = 4.8) and the oxytocin-neurophysin (pI = 4.6)."}
{"id": "PMID:269452", "title": "Effectof MgATP on stiffness measured at two frequencies in Ca2+-activated muscle fibers.", "content": "The stiffness of skinned crayfish single muscle fibers was continuously monitored at two frequencies. The length of the fibers was oscillated by the sum of two sine waves (5 Hz and 100 Hz) of small amplitudes. In saline containing saturating amounts of Ca2+, the stiffness ratio (5 Hz:100Hz) was constant as the MgATP (substrate) concentration was raised from 0 to 2 mu M, then it decreased with a further increment in MgATP. The systematic decrease in the stiffness ratio in MgATP above 2 mu M indicates the presence of faster transitions in the cross-bridge cycle. This dependence of the stiffness ratio on MgATP is predictable if we use the two-state model of A. F. Huxley (1957) with a modification, in which MgATP promotes the dissociation of the attached cross-bridges.", "contents": "Effectof MgATP on stiffness measured at two frequencies in Ca2+-activated muscle fibers. The stiffness of skinned crayfish single muscle fibers was continuously monitored at two frequencies. The length of the fibers was oscillated by the sum of two sine waves (5 Hz and 100 Hz) of small amplitudes. In saline containing saturating amounts of Ca2+, the stiffness ratio (5 Hz:100Hz) was constant as the MgATP (substrate) concentration was raised from 0 to 2 mu M, then it decreased with a further increment in MgATP. The systematic decrease in the stiffness ratio in MgATP above 2 mu M indicates the presence of faster transitions in the cross-bridge cycle. This dependence of the stiffness ratio on MgATP is predictable if we use the two-state model of A. F. Huxley (1957) with a modification, in which MgATP promotes the dissociation of the attached cross-bridges."}
{"id": "PMID:269454", "title": "HLA typing of leukemic cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines: effects of non-HLA antibodies in common typing sera.", "content": "Several laboratories have recently observed that common HLA typing sera contain antibodies to various nonHLA antigens, including leukemia-associated antigens and normal platelet, granulocyte, or B-lymphocyte-specific alloantigens. In order to study the possible effects of these antibodies on HLA typing data in leukemia, several of these sera were adsorbed with HLA typed platelets, purified B-lymphocytes, cultured lymphoblasts, or mononuclear cells from patients with active leukemia of various types, and retested for residual activity against previously reacting cells. The results indicate that many of the reactions of leukemia cells to HLA typing sera represent reactions to nonHLA antibodies, many of which are directed against antigens common to cultured lymphoblasts, leukemia cells of several types, and normal B-cells. In the absence of family studies or prior serum adsorption, caution should be used in interpretation of all data related to HLA antigens in leukemia.", "contents": "HLA typing of leukemic cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines: effects of non-HLA antibodies in common typing sera. Several laboratories have recently observed that common HLA typing sera contain antibodies to various nonHLA antigens, including leukemia-associated antigens and normal platelet, granulocyte, or B-lymphocyte-specific alloantigens. In order to study the possible effects of these antibodies on HLA typing data in leukemia, several of these sera were adsorbed with HLA typed platelets, purified B-lymphocytes, cultured lymphoblasts, or mononuclear cells from patients with active leukemia of various types, and retested for residual activity against previously reacting cells. The results indicate that many of the reactions of leukemia cells to HLA typing sera represent reactions to nonHLA antibodies, many of which are directed against antigens common to cultured lymphoblasts, leukemia cells of several types, and normal B-cells. In the absence of family studies or prior serum adsorption, caution should be used in interpretation of all data related to HLA antigens in leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:269460", "title": "Combined therapy of osteosarcoma: preoperative irradiation, surgery, and chemotherapy.", "content": "The rationale for prebiopsy and preoperative irradiation in a multimodal approach to treatment of osteosarcoma is presented. Six patients with osteosarcoma underwent preoperative irradiation, amputation, and elective chemotherapy. Five of these also received prebiopsy irradiation: three survive without metastases at 29, 36, and 56 months, with no therapy for 10, 16, and 37 months, respectively; two patients died at 6 and 19 months of pulmonary metastases which appeared at 2 and 10 months, respectively. The latter two did not receive prebiopsy irradiation. Another patient, whose pulmonary metastasis regressed at 6 months with adriamycin and was later resected, died of cardiac failure at 59 months without evident metastasis. Immunologic aspects of the disease are also discussed.", "contents": "Combined therapy of osteosarcoma: preoperative irradiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. The rationale for prebiopsy and preoperative irradiation in a multimodal approach to treatment of osteosarcoma is presented. Six patients with osteosarcoma underwent preoperative irradiation, amputation, and elective chemotherapy. Five of these also received prebiopsy irradiation: three survive without metastases at 29, 36, and 56 months, with no therapy for 10, 16, and 37 months, respectively; two patients died at 6 and 19 months of pulmonary metastases which appeared at 2 and 10 months, respectively. The latter two did not receive prebiopsy irradiation. Another patient, whose pulmonary metastasis regressed at 6 months with adriamycin and was later resected, died of cardiac failure at 59 months without evident metastasis. Immunologic aspects of the disease are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269461", "title": "Radiotherapy-induced rib osteosarcoma after successful treatment of lung cancer.", "content": "Radiation-induced osteogenic sarcoma is recognized as a long-term complication of radiation therapy. The authors report a case of rib osteosarcoma which developed after successful treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lung.", "contents": "Radiotherapy-induced rib osteosarcoma after successful treatment of lung cancer. Radiation-induced osteogenic sarcoma is recognized as a long-term complication of radiation therapy. The authors report a case of rib osteosarcoma which developed after successful treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:269474", "title": "[Surgical treatment of loss of substance of the lower lip].", "content": "Repair of loss of substance of the lower lip has been the object of numerous studies. Each author has used his own ingenuity to describe a new type of flap aimed at restoring a particular form of loss of substance. The techniques suggested here are capable of solving a majority of problems on the basis of simple and original solutions. These flaps make it possible to resolve the problems posed by most cases of loss of substance of the lower lip. The choice of these plastic procedures permits restoration which is at one and the same time functional and anesthetic.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of loss of substance of the lower lip]. Repair of loss of substance of the lower lip has been the object of numerous studies. Each author has used his own ingenuity to describe a new type of flap aimed at restoring a particular form of loss of substance. The techniques suggested here are capable of solving a majority of problems on the basis of simple and original solutions. These flaps make it possible to resolve the problems posed by most cases of loss of substance of the lower lip. The choice of these plastic procedures permits restoration which is at one and the same time functional and anesthetic."}
{"id": "PMID:269475", "title": "[Cysts and fistulas of the first branchial cleft with parotid symptomatology].", "content": "On the basis of two cases, one a fistula and the other a cyst of the first brachial cleft with chiefly parotid manifestations, a review of the embryology is given which explains the anatomical features. The elements in their clinical diagnosis, complemented by fistulography and sialography are compared with operative findings, the essential steps in which are as follows: 1) Identification of the facial nerve which by necessity overlies the lesions. 2) Partial resection of the superficial lobe of the parotid. 3) The essential resection of the external auditory meatus, the keystone of radical cure of these cysts and fistulae.", "contents": "[Cysts and fistulas of the first branchial cleft with parotid symptomatology]. On the basis of two cases, one a fistula and the other a cyst of the first brachial cleft with chiefly parotid manifestations, a review of the embryology is given which explains the anatomical features. The elements in their clinical diagnosis, complemented by fistulography and sialography are compared with operative findings, the essential steps in which are as follows: 1) Identification of the facial nerve which by necessity overlies the lesions. 2) Partial resection of the superficial lobe of the parotid. 3) The essential resection of the external auditory meatus, the keystone of radical cure of these cysts and fistulae."}
{"id": "PMID:269476", "title": "[Dentofacial orthopedics and morphopsychology].", "content": "Acquired maxillo-facial deformities and in particular those related to problems of facial expression are nevertheless influenced by certain hereditary factors, amongst which the constitutional type or the temperament of the individual play a major role. Morpho-psychology (L. Corman), or the art of relating physical details (especially the shape and characteristics of the face) with psychological state demonstrates correlations between the type of deformity and that of the temperament and explains them. After a brief review of the essential principles of morpho-psychology, the authors study a number of special morpho-psychological types presenting with a significant frequency maxillo-facial deformities, themselves special, and which for this reason they call \"morpho-psychological types with a high orthodontic risk\". They conclude that it would appear that insufficient importance is attributed at present to psychological factors in the aetiopathogenesis of dysmorphoses and feel that an overall approach to the deformed child is indispensable to progress in the specialty.", "contents": "[Dentofacial orthopedics and morphopsychology]. Acquired maxillo-facial deformities and in particular those related to problems of facial expression are nevertheless influenced by certain hereditary factors, amongst which the constitutional type or the temperament of the individual play a major role. Morpho-psychology (L. Corman), or the art of relating physical details (especially the shape and characteristics of the face) with psychological state demonstrates correlations between the type of deformity and that of the temperament and explains them. After a brief review of the essential principles of morpho-psychology, the authors study a number of special morpho-psychological types presenting with a significant frequency maxillo-facial deformities, themselves special, and which for this reason they call \"morpho-psychological types with a high orthodontic risk\". They conclude that it would appear that insufficient importance is attributed at present to psychological factors in the aetiopathogenesis of dysmorphoses and feel that an overall approach to the deformed child is indispensable to progress in the specialty."}
{"id": "PMID:269477", "title": "[Chondrosarcoma of the upper jaw. Apropos of a clinical case].", "content": "Initially it has been a tendency to place chondrosarcoma in the general category of osteogenic sarcoma. Jaffe et Lichtenstein claimed that the concept of chondrosarcoma as a separate entity has a firm clinical and histological basis. Chondrosarcomas may arise in peripheral long and flat bones. The maxillary location is very rare, it represents about 0,7% of the whole body. 40 well documented instances are yet counted in the literature. Reporting a personnal case, the author proceeds to a comparative study between the three varieties of maxillary sarcomas, evokes the special histogenesis in this location, he reminds the interest of bone electrocoagulation as curative treatment, and discusses the difficulty in making a prognosis 3 years after surgery without local recurrence or metastasis in this case.", "contents": "[Chondrosarcoma of the upper jaw. Apropos of a clinical case]. Initially it has been a tendency to place chondrosarcoma in the general category of osteogenic sarcoma. Jaffe et Lichtenstein claimed that the concept of chondrosarcoma as a separate entity has a firm clinical and histological basis. Chondrosarcomas may arise in peripheral long and flat bones. The maxillary location is very rare, it represents about 0,7% of the whole body. 40 well documented instances are yet counted in the literature. Reporting a personnal case, the author proceeds to a comparative study between the three varieties of maxillary sarcomas, evokes the special histogenesis in this location, he reminds the interest of bone electrocoagulation as curative treatment, and discusses the difficulty in making a prognosis 3 years after surgery without local recurrence or metastasis in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:269480", "title": "[The human head, a cognitive and communicative system. Practical applications].", "content": "The human face is a sensory complex with the task of transmitting to the central nervous system most of the information and signals from the surroundings. This perceptive centripetal activity is linked with continual centrifugal transmissions to the surroundings of a relational type. The cerebral extremity of a human being is ethological in essence. The human cephalic phenotype is, during the whole of its development, a succession of responses of the genome to the stresses of the environment: it is an open system. The phylogenesis of the cerebral cognitive organs and the phylogenesis of the skeleton which protects them are linked. The growth of the membranous cephalic skeleton is under the control of these cognitive organs. Practical applications are deduced from this in connection with the pre-operative functional test for prognathisms.", "contents": "[The human head, a cognitive and communicative system. Practical applications]. The human face is a sensory complex with the task of transmitting to the central nervous system most of the information and signals from the surroundings. This perceptive centripetal activity is linked with continual centrifugal transmissions to the surroundings of a relational type. The cerebral extremity of a human being is ethological in essence. The human cephalic phenotype is, during the whole of its development, a succession of responses of the genome to the stresses of the environment: it is an open system. The phylogenesis of the cerebral cognitive organs and the phylogenesis of the skeleton which protects them are linked. The growth of the membranous cephalic skeleton is under the control of these cognitive organs. Practical applications are deduced from this in connection with the pre-operative functional test for prognathisms."}
{"id": "PMID:269482", "title": "[Bone healing and the prevention of recurrence in the surgical treatment of prognathism].", "content": "The authors analyse a series of 60 cases of mandibular prognathism treated using the technique of Trauner-Obwegeser modified by Dalpont. The last 40 cases involved no surgical procedure as far as the musculature was concerned and no difference in the course of bone healing was noted.", "contents": "[Bone healing and the prevention of recurrence in the surgical treatment of prognathism]. The authors analyse a series of 60 cases of mandibular prognathism treated using the technique of Trauner-Obwegeser modified by Dalpont. The last 40 cases involved no surgical procedure as far as the musculature was concerned and no difference in the course of bone healing was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:269483", "title": "[Psychology and dentofacial orthopedics. Apropos of various results].", "content": "What should be done about the child who sucks his thumb? If the child has no dento-maxillary deformity, he should be left to suck his thumb. In the presence of deformities, it would seem wise not to interfere before the age of 6 or 7 years. Firstly, the majority of thumb suckers abandon this behavior spontaneously between 3 and 7 years, and secondly it is only at the age of 6 years that the milk teeth begin to be replaced by the adult dentition. An early intervention has the risk of being ineffective or even of reinforcing the habit and leading to other problems. After 7 years, the child with deformities should be examined and in the absence of an psychological contraindication, \"invigoration psychotherapy\" should be undertaken in order to put a stop to the thumb sucking habit. Finally, when the 8 year old continues to suck his thumb despite psychotherapy by the psychologist or the stomatologist, the advice of a child psychiatrist must be sought in order to determine whether the symptom which the habit represents should be disturbed or not.", "contents": "[Psychology and dentofacial orthopedics. Apropos of various results]. What should be done about the child who sucks his thumb? If the child has no dento-maxillary deformity, he should be left to suck his thumb. In the presence of deformities, it would seem wise not to interfere before the age of 6 or 7 years. Firstly, the majority of thumb suckers abandon this behavior spontaneously between 3 and 7 years, and secondly it is only at the age of 6 years that the milk teeth begin to be replaced by the adult dentition. An early intervention has the risk of being ineffective or even of reinforcing the habit and leading to other problems. After 7 years, the child with deformities should be examined and in the absence of an psychological contraindication, \"invigoration psychotherapy\" should be undertaken in order to put a stop to the thumb sucking habit. Finally, when the 8 year old continues to suck his thumb despite psychotherapy by the psychologist or the stomatologist, the advice of a child psychiatrist must be sought in order to determine whether the symptom which the habit represents should be disturbed or not."}
{"id": "PMID:269484", "title": "[Semeiologic meaning of dilatation of the dental canal].", "content": "The authors report two cases of dilatation of the dental canal due to metastases. They review the clinical picture of dilatations of the dental canal which, other than being related to metastases, may be secondary to a haemangioma or a neurofibroma. They express the desire that measurements may be helpful in considering cases at the limit of normal, as for the internal auditory meatus and the optic canals.", "contents": "[Semeiologic meaning of dilatation of the dental canal]. The authors report two cases of dilatation of the dental canal due to metastases. They review the clinical picture of dilatations of the dental canal which, other than being related to metastases, may be secondary to a haemangioma or a neurofibroma. They express the desire that measurements may be helpful in considering cases at the limit of normal, as for the internal auditory meatus and the optic canals."}
{"id": "PMID:269485", "title": "[Total reconstruction of the mandible with an endoprosthesis].", "content": "The authors present a reconstruction after total mandibulectomy, using a Kirschner wire, modelled and adjusted at the time of insertion. They emphasis the simplicity of the technique and the quality of the result.", "contents": "[Total reconstruction of the mandible with an endoprosthesis]. The authors present a reconstruction after total mandibulectomy, using a Kirschner wire, modelled and adjusted at the time of insertion. They emphasis the simplicity of the technique and the quality of the result."}
{"id": "PMID:269486", "title": "[Oro-sinusal communications. Methods of closure].", "content": "Three surgical methods are proposed by the authors for the treatment of an oralantral bistula (1. Wassmund-Rehrmann-Sch\u00fcchardt--2. Kazanjian-Sch\u00fcchardt--3. J. M .Vaillant). This is an experience drawn by 450 cases treated in the Ceinic of Oral Surgery of the University of Salonica (Greece), during the last three years. Fistulas, immediately appeared after extraction of an upper caspid of premolare, surgical removal of teeth, or apex, intrasinusaly located, long persistance of a fistula because of a kyste or tumor in the upper jaw have been the subjects of the present paper.", "contents": "[Oro-sinusal communications. Methods of closure]. Three surgical methods are proposed by the authors for the treatment of an oralantral bistula (1. Wassmund-Rehrmann-Sch\u00fcchardt--2. Kazanjian-Sch\u00fcchardt--3. J. M .Vaillant). This is an experience drawn by 450 cases treated in the Ceinic of Oral Surgery of the University of Salonica (Greece), during the last three years. Fistulas, immediately appeared after extraction of an upper caspid of premolare, surgical removal of teeth, or apex, intrasinusaly located, long persistance of a fistula because of a kyste or tumor in the upper jaw have been the subjects of the present paper."}
{"id": "PMID:269487", "title": "[Streptococci isolated from the blood after tooth extraction. Their role in subacute bacterial endocarditis].", "content": "A classification, according to the Lancefield's method, of the streptocoques isolated in the blood, after teeth extractions, as well as a determination of their sensibility to the antibiotics, are attempted in this study. It concerns to 23 adults, well supported, to whom multiple extractions, under general anesthesia have been done. We studied both biochemical and serological reactions, and a test for the antibiotic resistance is realised. We insiste in the contrindiction of streptomycine and sulfanilamides in the treatment or the prevention of bacteremia of dental origine.", "contents": "[Streptococci isolated from the blood after tooth extraction. Their role in subacute bacterial endocarditis]. A classification, according to the Lancefield's method, of the streptocoques isolated in the blood, after teeth extractions, as well as a determination of their sensibility to the antibiotics, are attempted in this study. It concerns to 23 adults, well supported, to whom multiple extractions, under general anesthesia have been done. We studied both biochemical and serological reactions, and a test for the antibiotic resistance is realised. We insiste in the contrindiction of streptomycine and sulfanilamides in the treatment or the prevention of bacteremia of dental origine."}
{"id": "PMID:269488", "title": "[Gingival metastasis of a malignant bronchial carcinoid tumor. Apropos of 1 case].", "content": "Secondary tumors of the mouth are rare and especially seated on the maxillaries. Metastasis to the soft tissues of the mouth, especially of cancers situated far from ORL and buccal areas are exceptional. The authors report an observation of a bronchial carcino\u00efd tumor with metastasis to the gums in a 24-year old man. The rapidity of the evolution of the tumor, the precocity and the very exceptional site of the metastasis as well as certain particularities of the histological pattern of the primitive bronchial tumor, once again states the problem of the confines with the Oat-Cell Carcinomas.", "contents": "[Gingival metastasis of a malignant bronchial carcinoid tumor. Apropos of 1 case]. Secondary tumors of the mouth are rare and especially seated on the maxillaries. Metastasis to the soft tissues of the mouth, especially of cancers situated far from ORL and buccal areas are exceptional. The authors report an observation of a bronchial carcino\u00efd tumor with metastasis to the gums in a 24-year old man. The rapidity of the evolution of the tumor, the precocity and the very exceptional site of the metastasis as well as certain particularities of the histological pattern of the primitive bronchial tumor, once again states the problem of the confines with the Oat-Cell Carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:269491", "title": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase elevation in human acute leukaemia derived cell lines cultured in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) was histochemically detected in 7 to 18% of cells in tissue culture lines derived from the peripheral blood or bone marrow of each of 5 patients with untreated acute myelogenous or monomyelogenous leukaemia and in 30% of the cells in a clonal line of a rat promyelocytic leukaemia. Following transfer to diffusion chambers intraperitoneally implanted into total body irradiated rats, LAP levels were detected in up to 92% of human and 80% of rat leucocytes. There was no associated morphologic differentiation. In rat leukaemia cells peroxidase and myeloid specific esterase also increased from tissue culture levels. Return of cells to tissue culture decreased enzymes to pre-implant levels. Addition of plasma or peritoneal fluid from irradiated rats to cells in tissue culture again induced LAP. In contrast, LAP was not increased under these conditions with cell lines derived from patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia, or Sezary cell leukaemia. These studies indicate that a humoral factor in peritoneal fluid and plasma of irradiated rats increases LAP in human as well as rat leucocytes.", "contents": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase elevation in human acute leukaemia derived cell lines cultured in diffusion chambers. Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) was histochemically detected in 7 to 18% of cells in tissue culture lines derived from the peripheral blood or bone marrow of each of 5 patients with untreated acute myelogenous or monomyelogenous leukaemia and in 30% of the cells in a clonal line of a rat promyelocytic leukaemia. Following transfer to diffusion chambers intraperitoneally implanted into total body irradiated rats, LAP levels were detected in up to 92% of human and 80% of rat leucocytes. There was no associated morphologic differentiation. In rat leukaemia cells peroxidase and myeloid specific esterase also increased from tissue culture levels. Return of cells to tissue culture decreased enzymes to pre-implant levels. Addition of plasma or peritoneal fluid from irradiated rats to cells in tissue culture again induced LAP. In contrast, LAP was not increased under these conditions with cell lines derived from patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia, or Sezary cell leukaemia. These studies indicate that a humoral factor in peritoneal fluid and plasma of irradiated rats increases LAP in human as well as rat leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:269492", "title": "Hodgkin's disease and acute leukaemia. A clinical and cytogenetic study.", "content": "Three patients developing acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment for Hodgkin's disease are reported. They appeared among 153 patients treated since 1971. All three patients were treated with high-voltage radiation of large target volumes as well as multiple-drug chemotherapy. In two of the patients chromosomal analyses of the leukaemic bone marrow cells were performed by modern banding technique. Chromosome abnormalities were found in both patients. The value of cytogenetic analysis with the new staining techniques for elucidating the mechanism of leukaemogenesis in Hodgkin's disease is discussed.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease and acute leukaemia. A clinical and cytogenetic study. Three patients developing acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment for Hodgkin's disease are reported. They appeared among 153 patients treated since 1971. All three patients were treated with high-voltage radiation of large target volumes as well as multiple-drug chemotherapy. In two of the patients chromosomal analyses of the leukaemic bone marrow cells were performed by modern banding technique. Chromosome abnormalities were found in both patients. The value of cytogenetic analysis with the new staining techniques for elucidating the mechanism of leukaemogenesis in Hodgkin's disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269493", "title": "Mitotic activity of the granulopoietic precursor cells in the peripheral blood in chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "The mitotic indices (MI) of granulopoietic precursor cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow were studied in 38 patients with typical chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in the chronic phase. The MI in the peripheral blood were very low, in the median 0.07%, compared to those in the bone marrow with a median of 1.07%. The blood MI were significantly increasing with raising WCC and the values of the MI above the median were combined with short survival times. The bone marrow MI were negatively correlated to the blood MI and it is suggested that this is a sign of an increased exchange of cells between bone marrow and blood.", "contents": "Mitotic activity of the granulopoietic precursor cells in the peripheral blood in chronic myeloid leukaemia. The mitotic indices (MI) of granulopoietic precursor cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow were studied in 38 patients with typical chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in the chronic phase. The MI in the peripheral blood were very low, in the median 0.07%, compared to those in the bone marrow with a median of 1.07%. The blood MI were significantly increasing with raising WCC and the values of the MI above the median were combined with short survival times. The bone marrow MI were negatively correlated to the blood MI and it is suggested that this is a sign of an increased exchange of cells between bone marrow and blood."}
{"id": "PMID:269498", "title": "[Therapeutic results and prognostic factors in acute lymphatic leukemia in the adult].", "content": "Induction chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, prednisone and L-asparaginase was given to 22 adult patients with acute lymphatic leukemia. Manintenance treatment consisted of methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, prednisone and vincristine. Of the 22 patients treated, 14 had a complete remission. The median remission duration was 14 months and the median survival 20 months. 8 further patients were included in an attempt to determine the significance of prognostic factors, but none of the parameters studied influence the course of disease with statistical significance. In general, younger patients and those with lower leukocyte counts at the time of diagnosis seemed to fare better.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results and prognostic factors in acute lymphatic leukemia in the adult]. Induction chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, prednisone and L-asparaginase was given to 22 adult patients with acute lymphatic leukemia. Manintenance treatment consisted of methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, prednisone and vincristine. Of the 22 patients treated, 14 had a complete remission. The median remission duration was 14 months and the median survival 20 months. 8 further patients were included in an attempt to determine the significance of prognostic factors, but none of the parameters studied influence the course of disease with statistical significance. In general, younger patients and those with lower leukocyte counts at the time of diagnosis seemed to fare better."}
{"id": "PMID:269499", "title": "[Relativity and limits of success yesterday and today].", "content": "A comparing of today's dentistry and the time limits of its success with dental medecine of yesterday, we state an unquestionable advance in the preventive field. Causes of caries and parodontopathies are so well known that proper preventive measures have shown, within the last twenty years, statistically relevant success. Such positive results may be endangered by politics which tend to eliminate personal responsibility and which establish insurance systems by which even the most expensive dental restorations must be paid by the collective community. Thus prophylactic measures become unimportant to the individual. Preventive thinking has various facets: The system of filling gaps and holes must yield to the system of rehabilitation at every level. The basis to this is a high standard of professional ethics. Its realization is easier if dentistry is not subdivided into too many specialties. On the other hand, the dentist must have a large spectrum of knowledge, which is only obtainable through continuous education. The younger generations are profiting most from this development of knowledge, but the old and the handicapped should not be forgotten in the process. It will be one of the noblest tasks of the profession henceforward to care for the treatment of this dentally underpriviledged part of our population.", "contents": "[Relativity and limits of success yesterday and today]. A comparing of today's dentistry and the time limits of its success with dental medecine of yesterday, we state an unquestionable advance in the preventive field. Causes of caries and parodontopathies are so well known that proper preventive measures have shown, within the last twenty years, statistically relevant success. Such positive results may be endangered by politics which tend to eliminate personal responsibility and which establish insurance systems by which even the most expensive dental restorations must be paid by the collective community. Thus prophylactic measures become unimportant to the individual. Preventive thinking has various facets: The system of filling gaps and holes must yield to the system of rehabilitation at every level. The basis to this is a high standard of professional ethics. Its realization is easier if dentistry is not subdivided into too many specialties. On the other hand, the dentist must have a large spectrum of knowledge, which is only obtainable through continuous education. The younger generations are profiting most from this development of knowledge, but the old and the handicapped should not be forgotten in the process. It will be one of the noblest tasks of the profession henceforward to care for the treatment of this dentally underpriviledged part of our population."}
{"id": "PMID:269500", "title": "[Legal aspects of failure in dentistry].", "content": "Conflicts between dentist and patient are increasing in a disquieting way. The reasons for this should be discovered. It seems indispensable to modify the attitude of the practitioner towards his patient, because the latter may have justified claims. To ignore them would mean to cause more trouble, indeed to lead water on the mill of those who would eliminate our liberal profession. Let us not forget that for many people, the practice of liberty is an insupportable challenge. It will be the attitude and psychological feeling which may enable us to avoid that state control of the whole profession.", "contents": "[Legal aspects of failure in dentistry]. Conflicts between dentist and patient are increasing in a disquieting way. The reasons for this should be discovered. It seems indispensable to modify the attitude of the practitioner towards his patient, because the latter may have justified claims. To ignore them would mean to cause more trouble, indeed to lead water on the mill of those who would eliminate our liberal profession. Let us not forget that for many people, the practice of liberty is an insupportable challenge. It will be the attitude and psychological feeling which may enable us to avoid that state control of the whole profession."}
{"id": "PMID:269501", "title": "[Cases of clinical failures].", "content": "During the past 4 years, the Department of Health of the State of Berne received 91 complaints of patients about dental treatment. Most of the cases could be settled by proposals of the dental section of the state medical council. Most frequently crown and bridgework was the reason for complaints, secondly partial and complete dentures followed by restorative work and excessive grinding on teeth. Complete information of the patient about treatment possibilities, clear estimate of costs and referals for consultations would reduce the number of complaints.", "contents": "[Cases of clinical failures]. During the past 4 years, the Department of Health of the State of Berne received 91 complaints of patients about dental treatment. Most of the cases could be settled by proposals of the dental section of the state medical council. Most frequently crown and bridgework was the reason for complaints, secondly partial and complete dentures followed by restorative work and excessive grinding on teeth. Complete information of the patient about treatment possibilities, clear estimate of costs and referals for consultations would reduce the number of complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:269502", "title": "[Failures in periodontal treatments].", "content": "Failures in periodontal therapy may be caused by a faulty choice of patients, insufficient diagnosis, prognosis and planning, faulty choice of therapy, treatment and follow-up treatment. Particularly important is the motivation of the patient, his collaboration in periodontal therapy is decisive for success or failure of the treatment. Lasting success may only be expected if patients are regularly recalled, their brushing and cleaning habits may be checked and further treatments be dispensed in time.", "contents": "[Failures in periodontal treatments]. Failures in periodontal therapy may be caused by a faulty choice of patients, insufficient diagnosis, prognosis and planning, faulty choice of therapy, treatment and follow-up treatment. Particularly important is the motivation of the patient, his collaboration in periodontal therapy is decisive for success or failure of the treatment. Lasting success may only be expected if patients are regularly recalled, their brushing and cleaning habits may be checked and further treatments be dispensed in time."}
{"id": "PMID:269503", "title": "[Criteria of success or failure in conservative dental treatments].", "content": "Any restorative procedure which is not effected with clinical precision and with due consideration to the principles of preventive dentistry is bound to fail. The main causes of failure, whether direct or indirect, are iatrogenic and can be avoided. Restorative procedures may be qualified as a success when a favorable, durable result is obtained. This result depends partly on the technique employed and partly on the products used, products which are too often tardively and insufficiently tested. This state of affairs underlines the urgent necessity of introducing standardized clinical controls for all new dental products.", "contents": "[Criteria of success or failure in conservative dental treatments]. Any restorative procedure which is not effected with clinical precision and with due consideration to the principles of preventive dentistry is bound to fail. The main causes of failure, whether direct or indirect, are iatrogenic and can be avoided. Restorative procedures may be qualified as a success when a favorable, durable result is obtained. This result depends partly on the technique employed and partly on the products used, products which are too often tardively and insufficiently tested. This state of affairs underlines the urgent necessity of introducing standardized clinical controls for all new dental products."}
{"id": "PMID:269504", "title": "[Failures and limitations of orthodontics in general practice].", "content": "5 cases are presented to review the causes of orthodontic failure: ignorance of growth and development; limited technics often associated with overestimation of clinical capabilities. The concept of extracting 4 premolars followed by \"what ever nature will do with it\" or by a partial so-called \"social treatment\" (read with a minimum of appliances) can no longer be accepted.", "contents": "[Failures and limitations of orthodontics in general practice]. 5 cases are presented to review the causes of orthodontic failure: ignorance of growth and development; limited technics often associated with overestimation of clinical capabilities. The concept of extracting 4 premolars followed by \"what ever nature will do with it\" or by a partial so-called \"social treatment\" (read with a minimum of appliances) can no longer be accepted."}
{"id": "PMID:269505", "title": "[Long-term clinical results in fixed and removable prostheses].", "content": "The author, on the basis of 25 years of clinical experience, defines a logical and coherent system for the choice of mixed prosthetic solutions, fixed and removable. He believes in splinting and rigid attachment.", "contents": "[Long-term clinical results in fixed and removable prostheses]. The author, on the basis of 25 years of clinical experience, defines a logical and coherent system for the choice of mixed prosthetic solutions, fixed and removable. He believes in splinting and rigid attachment."}
{"id": "PMID:269506", "title": "[Biological and psychological aspects of geriatric dentistry].", "content": "A normal adult becomes a normal old man when going through a whole process of physiologic involution called natural ageing, which does not spare the stomato-gnathic system. The authors first review the biological aspects of ageing as seen on the skin and facial contour, on dentition and teeth, on periodontium, oral mucosa, tongue, salivary glands, facial and masticatory muscles, facial skeleton and temporomandibular joints. They then follow with the psychological aspects of ageing, going necessarily beyond the limits of dental medicine. The authors finally discuss means to prevent that natural ageing becomes pathologic.", "contents": "[Biological and psychological aspects of geriatric dentistry]. A normal adult becomes a normal old man when going through a whole process of physiologic involution called natural ageing, which does not spare the stomato-gnathic system. The authors first review the biological aspects of ageing as seen on the skin and facial contour, on dentition and teeth, on periodontium, oral mucosa, tongue, salivary glands, facial and masticatory muscles, facial skeleton and temporomandibular joints. They then follow with the psychological aspects of ageing, going necessarily beyond the limits of dental medicine. The authors finally discuss means to prevent that natural ageing becomes pathologic."}
{"id": "PMID:269507", "title": "[Psychological aspects of geriatric dentistry].", "content": "The goal of geriatry and gerontology is not to prolong life at all cost but to make this last lap in life bearable. The dentist is often confronted with geriatric realities. The ideas on the psychology of the third age have considerably evoluated within the last ten years and more specific methods have been applied to study old age. Upon these new approaches, it seems possible to improve treatment on a preventive as well as on a therapeutic level.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of geriatric dentistry]. The goal of geriatry and gerontology is not to prolong life at all cost but to make this last lap in life bearable. The dentist is often confronted with geriatric realities. The ideas on the psychology of the third age have considerably evoluated within the last ten years and more specific methods have been applied to study old age. Upon these new approaches, it seems possible to improve treatment on a preventive as well as on a therapeutic level."}
{"id": "PMID:269508", "title": "[General medical concepts for the dental treatment of aging patients].", "content": "Patients, particularly older ones, with internal medical diseases, may be hazards for the dental treatment. Therefore, anamnestic data seem to be most important in order to uncover the hazard patient (diabetes, survived heart attacks, anticoagulation, rheumatic heart affections, hypertonics, allergies). Local anesthesia can be another problem, because it may lead to collapse (psychogenous or from anaphylactic shock). Focal infection, although in general overrated in its importance for the general organism, may pose some problems before heart surgery and antibiotic therapy previously may seem necessary. Finally, therapeutic consequences from emergencies in the dental office are reviewed.", "contents": "[General medical concepts for the dental treatment of aging patients]. Patients, particularly older ones, with internal medical diseases, may be hazards for the dental treatment. Therefore, anamnestic data seem to be most important in order to uncover the hazard patient (diabetes, survived heart attacks, anticoagulation, rheumatic heart affections, hypertonics, allergies). Local anesthesia can be another problem, because it may lead to collapse (psychogenous or from anaphylactic shock). Focal infection, although in general overrated in its importance for the general organism, may pose some problems before heart surgery and antibiotic therapy previously may seem necessary. Finally, therapeutic consequences from emergencies in the dental office are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:269575", "title": "A review of 700 bone marrow aspirations in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "A retrospective survey of 700 marrow examinations in Papua New Guinea in a 2 1/2 year period has been carried out. Over half of the total came from the Port Moresby General Hospital. Anaemia and splenomegaly were the commonest indications. A disturbing proportion of the specimens were unsatisfactory for interpretation. Hypercellular marrows with erythroid hyperplasia were very common. Iron stores were absent or nearly absent in almost half of the evaluable specimens; this proportion rose to over 95% amongst pregnant or post-partum women with anaemia. Other relatively frequent findings included: a combination of features consistent with hypersplenism; mild degrees of eosinophilia and/or plasmacytosis; and mild degrees of megaloblastic changes. Haematological malignancies were found in over 10% of evaluable specimens. Of 611 assessable marrows from Melanesians, only 11 (1.8%) were entirely normal, but another 151 (24.7%) contained only minor abnormalities.", "contents": "A review of 700 bone marrow aspirations in Papua New Guinea. A retrospective survey of 700 marrow examinations in Papua New Guinea in a 2 1/2 year period has been carried out. Over half of the total came from the Port Moresby General Hospital. Anaemia and splenomegaly were the commonest indications. A disturbing proportion of the specimens were unsatisfactory for interpretation. Hypercellular marrows with erythroid hyperplasia were very common. Iron stores were absent or nearly absent in almost half of the evaluable specimens; this proportion rose to over 95% amongst pregnant or post-partum women with anaemia. Other relatively frequent findings included: a combination of features consistent with hypersplenism; mild degrees of eosinophilia and/or plasmacytosis; and mild degrees of megaloblastic changes. Haematological malignancies were found in over 10% of evaluable specimens. Of 611 assessable marrows from Melanesians, only 11 (1.8%) were entirely normal, but another 151 (24.7%) contained only minor abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:269576", "title": "Potentially dangerous group O blood: incidence of anti-A and anti-B haemolysins in group O blood in Port Moresby.", "content": "Samples of serum from 322 group O donors taken at random at Port Moresby, were examined within 24 hours of collection of blood by a simple screening test for haemolysins; 101 (35.31%) of 286 Papua New Guinean (PNG) group O sera and 16 (44.44%) of 36 European sera containing either anti-A or anti-B haemolysins. There were no differences in the extent to which A or B cells from Europeans or Papua New Guineans were lysed by these sera.", "contents": "Potentially dangerous group O blood: incidence of anti-A and anti-B haemolysins in group O blood in Port Moresby. Samples of serum from 322 group O donors taken at random at Port Moresby, were examined within 24 hours of collection of blood by a simple screening test for haemolysins; 101 (35.31%) of 286 Papua New Guinean (PNG) group O sera and 16 (44.44%) of 36 European sera containing either anti-A or anti-B haemolysins. There were no differences in the extent to which A or B cells from Europeans or Papua New Guineans were lysed by these sera."}
{"id": "PMID:269577", "title": "Hereditary ovalocytosis in Melanesians.", "content": "A distinctive type of hereditary ovalocytosis has been found in Papua New Guinea and a few areas of Southeast Asia. Its main features include a high incidence among tropical lowland dwellers, autosomal recessive inheritance, specific depression of a number of red cell antigens, a characteristic morphology in blood films, and an effect on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Speculation has occurred as to whether the high incidence of ovalocytosis in malarious areas may be related to a selective advantage possessed by ovalocytics with regard to severe malaria. Preliminary data tend to support this hypothesis, but the evidence is not conclusive and much further work is needed.", "contents": "Hereditary ovalocytosis in Melanesians. A distinctive type of hereditary ovalocytosis has been found in Papua New Guinea and a few areas of Southeast Asia. Its main features include a high incidence among tropical lowland dwellers, autosomal recessive inheritance, specific depression of a number of red cell antigens, a characteristic morphology in blood films, and an effect on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Speculation has occurred as to whether the high incidence of ovalocytosis in malarious areas may be related to a selective advantage possessed by ovalocytics with regard to severe malaria. Preliminary data tend to support this hypothesis, but the evidence is not conclusive and much further work is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:269578", "title": "Splenectomy: follow-up of patients in the Solomon Islands.", "content": "The case histories of 19 splenectomy patients are discussed. Of these, four have died, five have had subsequent attacks of malaria, and the remainder have enjoyed good health, although only two patients have been taking regular malaria prophylaxis in this malaria endemic area. The roles of the reticulo-endothelial system and the spleen are discussed in relation to the effects of splenectomy.", "contents": "Splenectomy: follow-up of patients in the Solomon Islands. The case histories of 19 splenectomy patients are discussed. Of these, four have died, five have had subsequent attacks of malaria, and the remainder have enjoyed good health, although only two patients have been taking regular malaria prophylaxis in this malaria endemic area. The roles of the reticulo-endothelial system and the spleen are discussed in relation to the effects of splenectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:269602", "title": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of lung cancer comparison of pre-and post-bronchoscopy sputa, washings, bruchings and biopsies.", "content": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (brushings, washings and biopsies) was performed and pre- and post-bronchoscopy sputum cytologies obtained on 70 patients with histopathologically proven lung cancer. Bronchoscopy, with its associated procedures performed in 52 patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma, was diagnostic in 41 (79%). Of all the various methods of obtaining specimens, bronchial brushing and bronchial biopsy gave the highest percentage yield (67%). However, since brush specimens could be obtained from peripheral lesions under fluoroscopic guidance, a greater number of positive specimens were obtained by this procedure (34) than by forceps biopsy (25), making brushing more useful. Pre- and post-bronchoscopy sputa were positive and thus of value in two cases when brushing and biopsy were both negative. Bronchial washing did not add significantly to the yield of positives and could therefore be eliminated as an unnecessary cost-and time-consuming procedure. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was not helpful in diagnosing mediastinal tumors (5), lung metastases (7) and bronchial adenomas (6).", "contents": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of lung cancer comparison of pre-and post-bronchoscopy sputa, washings, bruchings and biopsies. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (brushings, washings and biopsies) was performed and pre- and post-bronchoscopy sputum cytologies obtained on 70 patients with histopathologically proven lung cancer. Bronchoscopy, with its associated procedures performed in 52 patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma, was diagnostic in 41 (79%). Of all the various methods of obtaining specimens, bronchial brushing and bronchial biopsy gave the highest percentage yield (67%). However, since brush specimens could be obtained from peripheral lesions under fluoroscopic guidance, a greater number of positive specimens were obtained by this procedure (34) than by forceps biopsy (25), making brushing more useful. Pre- and post-bronchoscopy sputa were positive and thus of value in two cases when brushing and biopsy were both negative. Bronchial washing did not add significantly to the yield of positives and could therefore be eliminated as an unnecessary cost-and time-consuming procedure. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was not helpful in diagnosing mediastinal tumors (5), lung metastases (7) and bronchial adenomas (6)."}
{"id": "PMID:269599", "title": "The morphology of cells in effusions settled on glass.", "content": "The cells of human body cavity fluids were examined by light microscopy and with a scanning electron microscope after settling on the surface of glass. Some differences in behavior of various cell types were noticed. The histiocytes, a few minutes after settling, began to spread, and thin processes later extended from their cytoplasm. Extension of mesothelial cells was observed a few hours after settling, and was not proceeded by flattening. The flattening of neutrophils occurred soon after settling, and was not followed by extension. The other cells encountered in effusion, both benign and malignant, did not change their shape even up to 12 hours after the time of settling. The differences in behavior after the settling of various cell types encountered in human effusions is discussed in relation to their biological properties.", "contents": "The morphology of cells in effusions settled on glass. The cells of human body cavity fluids were examined by light microscopy and with a scanning electron microscope after settling on the surface of glass. Some differences in behavior of various cell types were noticed. The histiocytes, a few minutes after settling, began to spread, and thin processes later extended from their cytoplasm. Extension of mesothelial cells was observed a few hours after settling, and was not proceeded by flattening. The flattening of neutrophils occurred soon after settling, and was not followed by extension. The other cells encountered in effusion, both benign and malignant, did not change their shape even up to 12 hours after the time of settling. The differences in behavior after the settling of various cell types encountered in human effusions is discussed in relation to their biological properties."}
{"id": "PMID:269601", "title": "The accuracy and consistency of the cytologic classification of squamous lesions of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The slides of 60 cases of cervical lesions in the five categories of benign inflammatory change, mild to moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, squamous carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous carcinoma were reviewed on two separate occasions by two cytopathologists, nine cytotechnologists, and four cytotechnology students. Their overall concurrence of the cytologic with the tissue diagnoses was 78 per cent and was slightly higher for the cytotechnology students than for the more experienced observers. In 44 per cent of the invasive carcinomas and in 38 per cent of carcinomas in situ, there was considerable disagreement between cytologic and tissue classification partly due to the presence of inadequate material on the cytologic slides which had been selected consecutively based on the subsequent tissue diagnosis. The pathologists reproduced their own cytologic classification within one category variance in 94 per cent of the cases as compared to 92 per cent for the cytotechnologist and 86 per cent for the students. The study emphasizes the need for evaluation of laboratory performance based on routine diagnostic material in considering the accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure and in establishing quality control programs.", "contents": "The accuracy and consistency of the cytologic classification of squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. The slides of 60 cases of cervical lesions in the five categories of benign inflammatory change, mild to moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, squamous carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous carcinoma were reviewed on two separate occasions by two cytopathologists, nine cytotechnologists, and four cytotechnology students. Their overall concurrence of the cytologic with the tissue diagnoses was 78 per cent and was slightly higher for the cytotechnology students than for the more experienced observers. In 44 per cent of the invasive carcinomas and in 38 per cent of carcinomas in situ, there was considerable disagreement between cytologic and tissue classification partly due to the presence of inadequate material on the cytologic slides which had been selected consecutively based on the subsequent tissue diagnosis. The pathologists reproduced their own cytologic classification within one category variance in 94 per cent of the cases as compared to 92 per cent for the cytotechnologist and 86 per cent for the students. The study emphasizes the need for evaluation of laboratory performance based on routine diagnostic material in considering the accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure and in establishing quality control programs."}
{"id": "PMID:269605", "title": "Primary papillary carcinoma of the prostate: report of a histopathologic, cytologic and electron microscopic study on one case.", "content": "An unusual type of prostatic carcinoma is described. Histopathologic examination showed a papillary and acinar appearance. Aspiration cytology showed papillary fragments and sheets of malignant cells. The ultrastructural features of this tumor were similar to those reported for prostatic carcinoma rather than endometrial carcinoma supporting a prostatic orgin for this tumor.", "contents": "Primary papillary carcinoma of the prostate: report of a histopathologic, cytologic and electron microscopic study on one case. An unusual type of prostatic carcinoma is described. Histopathologic examination showed a papillary and acinar appearance. Aspiration cytology showed papillary fragments and sheets of malignant cells. The ultrastructural features of this tumor were similar to those reported for prostatic carcinoma rather than endometrial carcinoma supporting a prostatic orgin for this tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:269603", "title": "Differential diagnosis between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid by nuclear DNA determination.", "content": "Distinction between follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas of the thyroid using fine needle aspiration cytology presents a problem. We investigated whether Feulgen photometric nucear DNA determination could offer additional, usable information for differential diagnosis. Since both diploid carcinomas and polyploid, widely scattered adenomas and nodular colloid goiter are seen, we found that nuclear DNA determinations proved useful in differential diagnosis only for occasional special cases.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid by nuclear DNA determination. Distinction between follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas of the thyroid using fine needle aspiration cytology presents a problem. We investigated whether Feulgen photometric nucear DNA determination could offer additional, usable information for differential diagnosis. Since both diploid carcinomas and polyploid, widely scattered adenomas and nodular colloid goiter are seen, we found that nuclear DNA determinations proved useful in differential diagnosis only for occasional special cases."}
{"id": "PMID:269606", "title": "Sarcoma of the vagina an unusual cytologic diagnosis.", "content": "The reported case, exceptional in our oncological material, illustrates the cytologica features of sarcoma of the vagina. We believe that the diagnosis of sarcoma of the cervix or other parts of the female genital system is not difficult providing that the tumor is exfoliating cells. Sarcomatous cells should not be mistaken either with those from keratininzing epitheliomas with desquamated fiber cells or snake cells. Such differentiation should not be a problem for an experienced cytologst. In spite of the low frequency of this malignancy, the microscopical appearance of the cells is so different from the cells of routine gynecological material that when present we should, at least, suspect a sarcoma.", "contents": "Sarcoma of the vagina an unusual cytologic diagnosis. The reported case, exceptional in our oncological material, illustrates the cytologica features of sarcoma of the vagina. We believe that the diagnosis of sarcoma of the cervix or other parts of the female genital system is not difficult providing that the tumor is exfoliating cells. Sarcomatous cells should not be mistaken either with those from keratininzing epitheliomas with desquamated fiber cells or snake cells. Such differentiation should not be a problem for an experienced cytologst. In spite of the low frequency of this malignancy, the microscopical appearance of the cells is so different from the cells of routine gynecological material that when present we should, at least, suspect a sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:269604", "title": "Microinterferometric measurement of dry weight of blood lymphocytes in hematologically normal patients and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of 20 patients with nonhematologic disorders (HN patients) and 13 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied. A scanning and integrating microinterferometer was used for calculation of dry weight of cells. In HN patients dry weight of lymphocytes was found to be 38.09 +/- 11.11 pg. The HN patients could be divided into three groups according to their lymphocytes' mund to be 29.79 +/- 7.99 pg. This population was uniform and resembled the \"light\" group of lymphocytes in HN patients. A study of the kinetics of PHA transformation of lymphocytes from both HN and CLL patients revealed a good correlation between the morphological evaluation and dry weight calculations.", "contents": "Microinterferometric measurement of dry weight of blood lymphocytes in hematologically normal patients and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of 20 patients with nonhematologic disorders (HN patients) and 13 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied. A scanning and integrating microinterferometer was used for calculation of dry weight of cells. In HN patients dry weight of lymphocytes was found to be 38.09 +/- 11.11 pg. The HN patients could be divided into three groups according to their lymphocytes' mund to be 29.79 +/- 7.99 pg. This population was uniform and resembled the \"light\" group of lymphocytes in HN patients. A study of the kinetics of PHA transformation of lymphocytes from both HN and CLL patients revealed a good correlation between the morphological evaluation and dry weight calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:269608", "title": "Mechanisms of chromatid breakage in human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "G2 banding of human peripheral blood cultures with actinomycin D and tetracycline produced chromatid breakage in lightly stained Giemsa bands, and the number of such breaks tended to increase with fixation time. Chromatid breakage due to 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was also localized in light bands, but the number of these breaks did not increase with fixation time. These findings suggest that modification of chromosomal protein as a result of exposure to AMD or other chemicals following DNA synthesis can result in fixative-dependent chromatid breakage of susceptible chromosomal regions, unlike breakage due to 3H-thymidine which primarily affects DNA and is not affected by fixation. Thus, chromatid breakage observed in short-term lymphocyte cultures is not necessarily evidence of mutagenicity involving DNA, but rather may be due to toxic effects on synthesis or attachment of chromosomal proteins.", "contents": "Mechanisms of chromatid breakage in human lymphocyte cultures. G2 banding of human peripheral blood cultures with actinomycin D and tetracycline produced chromatid breakage in lightly stained Giemsa bands, and the number of such breaks tended to increase with fixation time. Chromatid breakage due to 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was also localized in light bands, but the number of these breaks did not increase with fixation time. These findings suggest that modification of chromosomal protein as a result of exposure to AMD or other chemicals following DNA synthesis can result in fixative-dependent chromatid breakage of susceptible chromosomal regions, unlike breakage due to 3H-thymidine which primarily affects DNA and is not affected by fixation. Thus, chromatid breakage observed in short-term lymphocyte cultures is not necessarily evidence of mutagenicity involving DNA, but rather may be due to toxic effects on synthesis or attachment of chromosomal proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:269609", "title": "Cytogenetic studies of human endometrial carcinomas by means of tissue culture.", "content": "The cytogenetic studies of human endometrial carcinomas were performed using a tissue culture technique. Seventeen cases or 40.5 per cent out of 42 trials for culture could be analyzed. The mode of chromosome number was found at the diploid range in all cases, and the exact counting of the modal range revealed that the peak of the number was 46 in 75 per cent of the analyzed cases. The distributions were even both in the hypo- and hyperdiploid areas. The karyotype analyses showed that the majority of the endometrial carcinomas presented pseudo-diploid chromosomes, revealing irregular numerical alterations of each group constitution and scattered variant chromosomes with minor structural changes. Only four cases were noted to have an unclassified chromosome with marked structural aberrations. A marker chromosome was identified in only one case, whereas no common specific chromosome was noted and the histologic findings did not correlate with chromosome aberration. From our tissue culture study, carcinomas of human corpus uteri consist mainly of the cells with a pseudodiploid chromosomal constitution. It is suggested that a culture method would be a desirable procedure for the cytogenetic study.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies of human endometrial carcinomas by means of tissue culture. The cytogenetic studies of human endometrial carcinomas were performed using a tissue culture technique. Seventeen cases or 40.5 per cent out of 42 trials for culture could be analyzed. The mode of chromosome number was found at the diploid range in all cases, and the exact counting of the modal range revealed that the peak of the number was 46 in 75 per cent of the analyzed cases. The distributions were even both in the hypo- and hyperdiploid areas. The karyotype analyses showed that the majority of the endometrial carcinomas presented pseudo-diploid chromosomes, revealing irregular numerical alterations of each group constitution and scattered variant chromosomes with minor structural changes. Only four cases were noted to have an unclassified chromosome with marked structural aberrations. A marker chromosome was identified in only one case, whereas no common specific chromosome was noted and the histologic findings did not correlate with chromosome aberration. From our tissue culture study, carcinomas of human corpus uteri consist mainly of the cells with a pseudodiploid chromosomal constitution. It is suggested that a culture method would be a desirable procedure for the cytogenetic study."}
{"id": "PMID:269607", "title": "Psammoma bodies of benign endometrial origin in cervicovaginal cytology.", "content": "This case report illustrates a benign endometrial condition associated with a combination oral contraceptive agent in which psammoma bodies were produced. Additionally, it reemphasizes the fact that nonmalignant processes are capable of forming such structures.", "contents": "Psammoma bodies of benign endometrial origin in cervicovaginal cytology. This case report illustrates a benign endometrial condition associated with a combination oral contraceptive agent in which psammoma bodies were produced. Additionally, it reemphasizes the fact that nonmalignant processes are capable of forming such structures."}
{"id": "PMID:269612", "title": "A quick method for concentrating and processing cancer cells from serous fluids and fine-needle nodule aspirates.", "content": "A quick method of concentrating cancer cells and the preparation of cytological slides from body fluids and aspirates is described, using a single Ficoll gradient and cytocentrifuge. The method eliminates the disadvantages of conventional techniques, i.e., excess contamination by red (erythrocytes) or white (leukocytes) blood cells and a scarcity of cancer cells. Because the technique is simple and requires only standard cytotechnological equipment, it can be easily adopted as an aid to diagnostic routine in cancer cytology.", "contents": "A quick method for concentrating and processing cancer cells from serous fluids and fine-needle nodule aspirates. A quick method of concentrating cancer cells and the preparation of cytological slides from body fluids and aspirates is described, using a single Ficoll gradient and cytocentrifuge. The method eliminates the disadvantages of conventional techniques, i.e., excess contamination by red (erythrocytes) or white (leukocytes) blood cells and a scarcity of cancer cells. Because the technique is simple and requires only standard cytotechnological equipment, it can be easily adopted as an aid to diagnostic routine in cancer cytology."}
{"id": "PMID:269622", "title": "McArdle's syndrome. Fine structural changes in muscle.", "content": "Two cases of McArdle's syndrome are reported. One is a \"classical\" example; the other is unusual because of the in vitro presence of muscle phosphorylase activity. In the latter case, the electronmicroscopic investigation confirmed the diagnosis. The fine structural changes characteristic of this disease are summarized and it is concluded that histochemical studies alone are insufficient to exclude the diagnosis of McArdl's myopathy.", "contents": "McArdle's syndrome. Fine structural changes in muscle. Two cases of McArdle's syndrome are reported. One is a \"classical\" example; the other is unusual because of the in vitro presence of muscle phosphorylase activity. In the latter case, the electronmicroscopic investigation confirmed the diagnosis. The fine structural changes characteristic of this disease are summarized and it is concluded that histochemical studies alone are insufficient to exclude the diagnosis of McArdl's myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:269624", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on oestradiol valerianate administered orally to postmenopausal women.", "content": "Peripheral plasma from four postmenopausal women was analysed for oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) during 48 hours after oral intake of a single tablet of 2 mg Progynon (oestradiol valerianate). Plasma levels of E1, E2 and d-norgestrel were analysed daily in five postmenopausal women during treatment with tablet Cyclabil (oestradiol valerianate in a biphasic preparation with dl-norgestrel) in 21 dyas. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was utilized for the quantifications. Pretreatment plasma levels of E1 were about 20 pg/ml and E2 about 12 pg/ml. It is concluded that oestradiol valerianate is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted to E1. This is reflected by plasma levels of E1 considerably higher than those of E2. The E2 levels found were in the range of those in ovulatory women, while the oestrone levels were higher.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on oestradiol valerianate administered orally to postmenopausal women. Peripheral plasma from four postmenopausal women was analysed for oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) during 48 hours after oral intake of a single tablet of 2 mg Progynon (oestradiol valerianate). Plasma levels of E1, E2 and d-norgestrel were analysed daily in five postmenopausal women during treatment with tablet Cyclabil (oestradiol valerianate in a biphasic preparation with dl-norgestrel) in 21 dyas. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was utilized for the quantifications. Pretreatment plasma levels of E1 were about 20 pg/ml and E2 about 12 pg/ml. It is concluded that oestradiol valerianate is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted to E1. This is reflected by plasma levels of E1 considerably higher than those of E2. The E2 levels found were in the range of those in ovulatory women, while the oestrone levels were higher."}
{"id": "PMID:269626", "title": "The prevention and management of post-menopausal osteoporosis.", "content": "In 6 groups of peri- and post-menopausal women, there was an inverse relation between the urinary sediment smear maturation value and the fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio. Administration of ethinyloestradiol and Progynova both reduced urinary hydroxyproline into the pre-menopausal range, the fall being proportional to the starting value. Oestrogen therapy also produced a significant fall in plasma ionised calcium. In a prospective trial, oestrogen therapy prevented post-menopausal bone loss but calcium therapy was less effective. It is suggested that a high fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio might be taken as an indication for oestrogen therapy in post-menopausal women. In established post-menopausal osteoporosis, pre-disposing risk factors appear to be low calcium intake, malabsorption of calcium and low oestrogen status. These patients appear to represent the fast bone-losers in the post-menopausal population. The accelerated bone loss can be wholly or partially corrected by hormone replacement therapy and by calcium supplements given to those with normal absorption only. These therapies also prevent loss of height due to further crush fractures. The malabsorption of calcium is very resistant to vitamin D therapy but responds to 1alpha-OHD3. Balance data suggest that the most effective therapy may be a combination of 1alpha-OHD3 with oestrogen.", "contents": "The prevention and management of post-menopausal osteoporosis. In 6 groups of peri- and post-menopausal women, there was an inverse relation between the urinary sediment smear maturation value and the fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio. Administration of ethinyloestradiol and Progynova both reduced urinary hydroxyproline into the pre-menopausal range, the fall being proportional to the starting value. Oestrogen therapy also produced a significant fall in plasma ionised calcium. In a prospective trial, oestrogen therapy prevented post-menopausal bone loss but calcium therapy was less effective. It is suggested that a high fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio might be taken as an indication for oestrogen therapy in post-menopausal women. In established post-menopausal osteoporosis, pre-disposing risk factors appear to be low calcium intake, malabsorption of calcium and low oestrogen status. These patients appear to represent the fast bone-losers in the post-menopausal population. The accelerated bone loss can be wholly or partially corrected by hormone replacement therapy and by calcium supplements given to those with normal absorption only. These therapies also prevent loss of height due to further crush fractures. The malabsorption of calcium is very resistant to vitamin D therapy but responds to 1alpha-OHD3. Balance data suggest that the most effective therapy may be a combination of 1alpha-OHD3 with oestrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:269627", "title": "The perception of menopause in five ethnic groups in Israel.", "content": "An investigation was made into the menopausal symptoms and attitudes of 1, 148 Israeli women of five different ethnic origins. The results show that, while some of the somatic menopausal symptoms are independent of ethnic origin, psychic and psychosomatic symptoms are more closely associated with this variable. Similarly, attitudes to the climacteric vary across cultural origins, especially with regard to husband-wife relationships. This study underlines the necessity of a multi-factorial, biological, sociological, psychological and anthropological approach to problems of menopause.", "contents": "The perception of menopause in five ethnic groups in Israel. An investigation was made into the menopausal symptoms and attitudes of 1, 148 Israeli women of five different ethnic origins. The results show that, while some of the somatic menopausal symptoms are independent of ethnic origin, psychic and psychosomatic symptoms are more closely associated with this variable. Similarly, attitudes to the climacteric vary across cultural origins, especially with regard to husband-wife relationships. This study underlines the necessity of a multi-factorial, biological, sociological, psychological and anthropological approach to problems of menopause."}
{"id": "PMID:269632", "title": "Pregnancy in the young teenage woman.", "content": "Since 1967 the number of delivered young teenage women has gradually decreased. During the same period the number of therapeutic abortions among these young women has increased, probably to a sufficient extent to explain the decreased nativity. There is no evidence in this study of any effect of more extended sex and contraceptive education in schools.", "contents": "Pregnancy in the young teenage woman. Since 1967 the number of delivered young teenage women has gradually decreased. During the same period the number of therapeutic abortions among these young women has increased, probably to a sufficient extent to explain the decreased nativity. There is no evidence in this study of any effect of more extended sex and contraceptive education in schools."}
{"id": "PMID:269633", "title": "The effect of oxytocin on hypertonic saline abortion.", "content": "Oxytocin was infused in 22 randomly selected pregnant women after extraamniotic hypertonic saline instillation. In another 24 pregnant women no oxytocin was infused at midtrimester abortion. There was no difference between the two groups in mean time from saline injection to expulsion of the fetus.", "contents": "The effect of oxytocin on hypertonic saline abortion. Oxytocin was infused in 22 randomly selected pregnant women after extraamniotic hypertonic saline instillation. In another 24 pregnant women no oxytocin was infused at midtrimester abortion. There was no difference between the two groups in mean time from saline injection to expulsion of the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:269634", "title": "Dysgerminomas (seminomas) in genetic males with female phenotype. One case of gonadal dysgenesis and gonadoblastoma and one of testicular feminization.", "content": "Gonadal tumors in patients with somatosexual ambiguity are rare but of considerable clinical and pathological interest. Two patients with dysgerminomas and abnormal sexual differentiation were recently treated at the Department of Gynecologic Oncology. One (Case 1) was an 18-year old girl and the other (Case 2) an unmarried woman of 58 years. In spite of their female phenotype both showed a male genotype, 46, XY. In Case 1 the dysgerminoma (or rather seminoma) originated in a gonadoblastoma in one of two dysgenetic testes but in Case 2 in one of two \"feminizing testes\". The clinico-pathological features of both cases will be reported and commented and the relation between the germ cell tumors, gonadal dysgenesis and the Y-chromosome will be discussed.", "contents": "Dysgerminomas (seminomas) in genetic males with female phenotype. One case of gonadal dysgenesis and gonadoblastoma and one of testicular feminization. Gonadal tumors in patients with somatosexual ambiguity are rare but of considerable clinical and pathological interest. Two patients with dysgerminomas and abnormal sexual differentiation were recently treated at the Department of Gynecologic Oncology. One (Case 1) was an 18-year old girl and the other (Case 2) an unmarried woman of 58 years. In spite of their female phenotype both showed a male genotype, 46, XY. In Case 1 the dysgerminoma (or rather seminoma) originated in a gonadoblastoma in one of two dysgenetic testes but in Case 2 in one of two \"feminizing testes\". The clinico-pathological features of both cases will be reported and commented and the relation between the germ cell tumors, gonadal dysgenesis and the Y-chromosome will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269635", "title": "The influence of the bony pelvis in persistent occiput posterior position.", "content": "Roentgenologic pelvimetry has been performed in 68 consecutive cases of occiput posterior position. The results point to an influence from a transverse narrowing of the pelvis or a tendency towards large dimensions. In many cases, however, no clear correlation to pelvic dimensions is found. A significant difference exists in the rate of obstetrical complications between nulliparous and parous women. The reasons for this and for the persistent OP position are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of the bony pelvis in persistent occiput posterior position. Roentgenologic pelvimetry has been performed in 68 consecutive cases of occiput posterior position. The results point to an influence from a transverse narrowing of the pelvis or a tendency towards large dimensions. In many cases, however, no clear correlation to pelvic dimensions is found. A significant difference exists in the rate of obstetrical complications between nulliparous and parous women. The reasons for this and for the persistent OP position are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269636", "title": "Transcutaneous monitoring of PO2 in different skin areas in the neonate and in the scalp of the fetus during labor - methodological and physiological observations.", "content": "The reliability and physiological significance of continuous non-invasive PO2 recording by means of skin electrodes was studied by comparing simultaneous tracings from different skin areas in a series of 40 newborns with normal labor and birth. A new measuring equipment - the Radiometer prototype unit TPM 1 - was used. In addition, the applicability of the method to the fetus was tested in a primary series of 11 labor cases. Certain technical and physiological factors that can influence the tracings were identified.", "contents": "Transcutaneous monitoring of PO2 in different skin areas in the neonate and in the scalp of the fetus during labor - methodological and physiological observations. The reliability and physiological significance of continuous non-invasive PO2 recording by means of skin electrodes was studied by comparing simultaneous tracings from different skin areas in a series of 40 newborns with normal labor and birth. A new measuring equipment - the Radiometer prototype unit TPM 1 - was used. In addition, the applicability of the method to the fetus was tested in a primary series of 11 labor cases. Certain technical and physiological factors that can influence the tracings were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:269637", "title": "Efficacy of primary radiation in carcinoma of the endometrium. Five-year follow up of unselected material from a specific region in the north of Sweden.", "content": "A case material from the northern part of Sweden comprising all known cases of carcinoma of the endometrium during the years 1963-1969 is presented. A clinical experiment has been carried out in which 320 patients with carcinoma of the endometrium have been uniformly treated. The patients have been given primary radiation treatment, mostly with radium packing according to a modified Heyman method. About two thirds of the patients have had a prophylactic operation with total removal of the uterus and the adnexa about six weeks after the radiation treatment. Patients with contraindications to surgery have had a curettage three months after radiation treatment. The primary cure rate and the complications have been reported in a previous paper. The five-year survival rate in stage I in cases treated with radiation and surgery was 92%. The survival rate corrected for intercurrent death was 93%. The survival rate in cases treated with radiation only was 71%. The survival rate corrected for intercurrent death was 88%. The total survival rate in stage I was 85% and the survival rate corrected for intercurrent death in Stage 2 was 92%. The total survival rate in the whole case material including all stages was 75.3% and the survival rate corrected for intercurrent death in the total material was 82.8%.", "contents": "Efficacy of primary radiation in carcinoma of the endometrium. Five-year follow up of unselected material from a specific region in the north of Sweden. A case material from the northern part of Sweden comprising all known cases of carcinoma of the endometrium during the years 1963-1969 is presented. A clinical experiment has been carried out in which 320 patients with carcinoma of the endometrium have been uniformly treated. The patients have been given primary radiation treatment, mostly with radium packing according to a modified Heyman method. About two thirds of the patients have had a prophylactic operation with total removal of the uterus and the adnexa about six weeks after the radiation treatment. Patients with contraindications to surgery have had a curettage three months after radiation treatment. The primary cure rate and the complications have been reported in a previous paper. The five-year survival rate in stage I in cases treated with radiation and surgery was 92%. The survival rate corrected for intercurrent death was 93%. The survival rate in cases treated with radiation only was 71%. The survival rate corrected for intercurrent death was 88%. The total survival rate in stage I was 85% and the survival rate corrected for intercurrent death in Stage 2 was 92%. The total survival rate in the whole case material including all stages was 75.3% and the survival rate corrected for intercurrent death in the total material was 82.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:269638", "title": "Fever and parturition. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "The hyperthermic effect of purified lipopolysaccharides (Pyrexal, Wander) was tested and analyzed in pregnant rabbits. The fever produced premature deliveries - probably caused by oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary - in 50% of 40 tested rabbits on the 31st day of gestation. Injections of Syntocinon had a roughly equally strong effect. In control animals injection of saline did not accelerate delivery. The offspring of several animals, in which hyperthermia had been induced, were born dead. Fever during pregnancy thus can result in premature delivery and in injury to the fetus. Fever and febrile conditions occurring during pregnancy should therefore be treated as promptly and as effectively as possible.", "contents": "Fever and parturition. An experimental study in rabbits. The hyperthermic effect of purified lipopolysaccharides (Pyrexal, Wander) was tested and analyzed in pregnant rabbits. The fever produced premature deliveries - probably caused by oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary - in 50% of 40 tested rabbits on the 31st day of gestation. Injections of Syntocinon had a roughly equally strong effect. In control animals injection of saline did not accelerate delivery. The offspring of several animals, in which hyperthermia had been induced, were born dead. Fever during pregnancy thus can result in premature delivery and in injury to the fetus. Fever and febrile conditions occurring during pregnancy should therefore be treated as promptly and as effectively as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:269640", "title": "Cervical cancer. Mass screening, incidence and mortality in Finland.", "content": "Since mass screenings were started in Finland, the incidence of cervical cancer has dropped by about 50 per cent. In the age groups 25-60 the decrease has been two thirds. Moreover, there has been a similar decrease in mortality in the younger age groups, in particular. All risk groups are not covered by the screening program, however. Cervical carcinoma is still a socio-medical and clinical problem particularly among elderly women.", "contents": "Cervical cancer. Mass screening, incidence and mortality in Finland. Since mass screenings were started in Finland, the incidence of cervical cancer has dropped by about 50 per cent. In the age groups 25-60 the decrease has been two thirds. Moreover, there has been a similar decrease in mortality in the younger age groups, in particular. All risk groups are not covered by the screening program, however. Cervical carcinoma is still a socio-medical and clinical problem particularly among elderly women."}
{"id": "PMID:269641", "title": "Mass screening in Sweden for cancer of the uterine cervix. Results and epidemiologic effect.", "content": "The mass screening program in Sweden for cancer of the uterine cervix, which was started in 1964, is now almost nation-wide. Approximately a quarter of a million women are screened every year. The attendance varies between 55 and 90%. Approximately two per cent of the screened female population is invited to further examination or treatment. The yield through the mass screening program varies between 3.5 and 10 positive cases per 1000 examined women. The incidence of cancer of cervix is decreasing. This is most evident in those counties, which have been carrying out the screening program for about ten years. The stage distribution in cancer of the cervix has not been changed by the screening program. Mortality in cancer of the cervix is unchanged. There has been an enormous increase in the number of diagnosis of cancer in situ of the cervix, which is a difficult practical problem.", "contents": "Mass screening in Sweden for cancer of the uterine cervix. Results and epidemiologic effect. The mass screening program in Sweden for cancer of the uterine cervix, which was started in 1964, is now almost nation-wide. Approximately a quarter of a million women are screened every year. The attendance varies between 55 and 90%. Approximately two per cent of the screened female population is invited to further examination or treatment. The yield through the mass screening program varies between 3.5 and 10 positive cases per 1000 examined women. The incidence of cancer of cervix is decreasing. This is most evident in those counties, which have been carrying out the screening program for about ten years. The stage distribution in cancer of the cervix has not been changed by the screening program. Mortality in cancer of the cervix is unchanged. There has been an enormous increase in the number of diagnosis of cancer in situ of the cervix, which is a difficult practical problem."}
{"id": "PMID:269644", "title": "Direct analysis of volatile organic compounds produced by fungi.", "content": "A gas chromatographic head-space technique has been developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds produced by fungi. The method described is useful for establishing the pattern of volatile compounds emitted by an organism and for following the time course of production of volatile metabolites. Many of these volatile products are physiologically active and influence the growth and development of the same or other organisms.", "contents": "Direct analysis of volatile organic compounds produced by fungi. A gas chromatographic head-space technique has been developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds produced by fungi. The method described is useful for establishing the pattern of volatile compounds emitted by an organism and for following the time course of production of volatile metabolites. Many of these volatile products are physiologically active and influence the growth and development of the same or other organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:269645", "title": "Intake system using glass ampoules for gas chromatographic analysis of volatile compounds of biological origin.", "content": "A gas chromatographic intake system using 1 ml glass ampoules is described. Examples of analyses of gases and volatile organic compounds produced by soil and soil organisms incubated in the ampoules are given. The gas chromatographic system was used to analyze permanent gases produced by germinating Fusarium conidia and by an agricultural soil as well as to study the respiration of Panagrellus nematodes. A comparison of the gas chromatograms of volatile organic compounds present in a beech forest soil and an agricultural soil indicates that the chromatograms represent \"finger prints\" of the two soils. Results obtained with the intake system described are compared to those obtained using a conventional head space technique.", "contents": "Intake system using glass ampoules for gas chromatographic analysis of volatile compounds of biological origin. A gas chromatographic intake system using 1 ml glass ampoules is described. Examples of analyses of gases and volatile organic compounds produced by soil and soil organisms incubated in the ampoules are given. The gas chromatographic system was used to analyze permanent gases produced by germinating Fusarium conidia and by an agricultural soil as well as to study the respiration of Panagrellus nematodes. A comparison of the gas chromatograms of volatile organic compounds present in a beech forest soil and an agricultural soil indicates that the chromatograms represent \"finger prints\" of the two soils. Results obtained with the intake system described are compared to those obtained using a conventional head space technique."}
{"id": "PMID:269646", "title": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography -- a potential technique for characterization of complex organic material.", "content": "A pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) technique is described and various pyrolysers discussed. Results from analyses of synthetic polymers and organic salts are given. The influence of temperature rise time, pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and sample size is considered. Pyrolysis studies on microorganisms are described various ways of improving the technique are considered.", "contents": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography -- a potential technique for characterization of complex organic material. A pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) technique is described and various pyrolysers discussed. Results from analyses of synthetic polymers and organic salts are given. The influence of temperature rise time, pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and sample size is considered. Pyrolysis studies on microorganisms are described various ways of improving the technique are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:269647", "title": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography of microorganisms. Influence of various pyrolysis parameters on the yield of volatile organic products.", "content": "Bacteroides fragilis was analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC). The influence of temperature rise time, pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time on the yield of volatile organic pyrolysis products was studied. The use of short pyrolysis time (8 msec) and a high pyrolysis end temperature (1300 degrees C) was found to provide a high yield. In consecutive analyses of the test organism, under the pyrolysis conditions indicated, the standard deviation of the total yield of volatile organic products was +/- 7%. The pyrolysis technique described suggests that few secondary reactions of the pyrolysis fragments occur.", "contents": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography of microorganisms. Influence of various pyrolysis parameters on the yield of volatile organic products. Bacteroides fragilis was analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC). The influence of temperature rise time, pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time on the yield of volatile organic pyrolysis products was studied. The use of short pyrolysis time (8 msec) and a high pyrolysis end temperature (1300 degrees C) was found to provide a high yield. In consecutive analyses of the test organism, under the pyrolysis conditions indicated, the standard deviation of the total yield of volatile organic products was +/- 7%. The pyrolysis technique described suggests that few secondary reactions of the pyrolysis fragments occur."}
{"id": "PMID:269648", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography as a tool for determination of antibiotics in biological fluids.", "content": "The toxicity of some antibiotics used today necessitates rapid, specific and accurate determinations of antibiotic concentrations in biological fluids. Microbiological assays do not fulfill these needs and new procedures have recently been developed, for instance, fluorimetric assays, radioimmunoassays and radioenzymatic assays. However, these techniques have not been generally applicable to various antimicrobial agents. - The technique for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has recently been applied to determination of antibiotics in biological fluids. The methods involve extraction of drug from the biological samples, separation by HPLC and detection by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of fluorimetry. Results obtained with tetracycline, amphotericin B, and cephalothin show that this procedure meets the demands for rapid, specific and accurate monitoring of antibiotic concentrations in body fluids. Because of its versatility, the HPLC technique seems to be applicable to the determination of a variety of antibiotics and other drugs in clinical and experimental medicine.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography as a tool for determination of antibiotics in biological fluids. The toxicity of some antibiotics used today necessitates rapid, specific and accurate determinations of antibiotic concentrations in biological fluids. Microbiological assays do not fulfill these needs and new procedures have recently been developed, for instance, fluorimetric assays, radioimmunoassays and radioenzymatic assays. However, these techniques have not been generally applicable to various antimicrobial agents. - The technique for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has recently been applied to determination of antibiotics in biological fluids. The methods involve extraction of drug from the biological samples, separation by HPLC and detection by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of fluorimetry. Results obtained with tetracycline, amphotericin B, and cephalothin show that this procedure meets the demands for rapid, specific and accurate monitoring of antibiotic concentrations in body fluids. Because of its versatility, the HPLC technique seems to be applicable to the determination of a variety of antibiotics and other drugs in clinical and experimental medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:269651", "title": "3H-TDR labelling of osteoprogenitor cells after 226RA incorporation in mice.", "content": "The time course of 3H-TDR labelling index of osteoprogenitor cells and the doses in endosteum of lumbar vertebra and distal femoral epiphysis were autoradiographically determined in young female mice after single injections of 19.7 and 55.9 micronCi/kg body weight of 226Ra. The selected bone areas were examined in animals killed 2 hours to 28 days after the injection of nuclide. It was ascertained that changes in the relative labelling index are depending on the absorbed doses of alpha radiation. The possible relevance of these experimental findings for the explanation of the osteosarcoma induction and localization is discussed.", "contents": "3H-TDR labelling of osteoprogenitor cells after 226RA incorporation in mice. The time course of 3H-TDR labelling index of osteoprogenitor cells and the doses in endosteum of lumbar vertebra and distal femoral epiphysis were autoradiographically determined in young female mice after single injections of 19.7 and 55.9 micronCi/kg body weight of 226Ra. The selected bone areas were examined in animals killed 2 hours to 28 days after the injection of nuclide. It was ascertained that changes in the relative labelling index are depending on the absorbed doses of alpha radiation. The possible relevance of these experimental findings for the explanation of the osteosarcoma induction and localization is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269664", "title": "Blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Morphologic variants and therapeutic implications.", "content": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) terminates in a disease similar to acute leukemia. Except for a study indicating an increased response rate to the drugs, vincristine and prednisone, therapy of this terminal phase has been universally disappointing. We have studied the bone marrows and clinical courses of 67 patients in the terminal phase of CGL to discern if any parameters were associated with an increased response rate or survival. The results of this study indicate that patients who have a lymphoblastic morphology or hypodiploid cytogenetics in the terminal phase respond better to treatment with the combination of vincristine and prednisone than those with myeloblastic morphology or hyperdiploid cytogenetics. Response rate and survival are significantly increased in those with lymphoblastic morphology. Recognition of the heterogeneity of the terminal phase of CGL may dictate specific therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Morphologic variants and therapeutic implications. Chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) terminates in a disease similar to acute leukemia. Except for a study indicating an increased response rate to the drugs, vincristine and prednisone, therapy of this terminal phase has been universally disappointing. We have studied the bone marrows and clinical courses of 67 patients in the terminal phase of CGL to discern if any parameters were associated with an increased response rate or survival. The results of this study indicate that patients who have a lymphoblastic morphology or hypodiploid cytogenetics in the terminal phase respond better to treatment with the combination of vincristine and prednisone than those with myeloblastic morphology or hyperdiploid cytogenetics. Response rate and survival are significantly increased in those with lymphoblastic morphology. Recognition of the heterogeneity of the terminal phase of CGL may dictate specific therapeutic modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:269666", "title": "A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to compare the Ricketts, Steiner, and Holdaway soft-tissue values to the Negro individual. The study involved the photographs of more than 1,000 North American Negroes, (500 males and 500 females). One-hundred of the most attractive were selected by a group of judges of different social status levels. In this group fifty male and fifty female soft-tissue profile analyses were performed. The analyses considered were Ricketts' esthetic plane, Holdaway's H line, and Steiner's S line, because they are the most often used and widely accepted. The results of the investigation showed that the black individual was more protrusive in soft-tissue profile and that the standards for white persons established by Ricketts, Steiner, and Holdaway are not applicable to the black individual. Black males were reported to be more protrusive than black females. The study utilized a line drawn from soft-tissue nasion to soft-tissue pogonion. Measurements were made from this line to evaluate the soft-tissue profile. The use of this line suggests a method for measuring the profile in millimeters.", "contents": "A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population. The present investigation was undertaken to compare the Ricketts, Steiner, and Holdaway soft-tissue values to the Negro individual. The study involved the photographs of more than 1,000 North American Negroes, (500 males and 500 females). One-hundred of the most attractive were selected by a group of judges of different social status levels. In this group fifty male and fifty female soft-tissue profile analyses were performed. The analyses considered were Ricketts' esthetic plane, Holdaway's H line, and Steiner's S line, because they are the most often used and widely accepted. The results of the investigation showed that the black individual was more protrusive in soft-tissue profile and that the standards for white persons established by Ricketts, Steiner, and Holdaway are not applicable to the black individual. Black males were reported to be more protrusive than black females. The study utilized a line drawn from soft-tissue nasion to soft-tissue pogonion. Measurements were made from this line to evaluate the soft-tissue profile. The use of this line suggests a method for measuring the profile in millimeters."}
{"id": "PMID:269668", "title": "A vertical cephalometric analysis of the human craniofacial complex.", "content": "A vertical analysis involving ten linear measurements was developed to localize skeletal and dentoalveolar dysplasias. The measurements are of biologic relevance, reflecting the amount of growth harmony or disharmony to the examination and record-taking time. The vertical dimensional analysis uses the age- and sex-related University of Michigan mean values for comparative data for each measurement. Ratios were computed for a five-unit proportional analysis. Both analyses were applied to assess the vertical problems of three female patients. The analyses detected specific areas of dysplasia for each patient.", "contents": "A vertical cephalometric analysis of the human craniofacial complex. A vertical analysis involving ten linear measurements was developed to localize skeletal and dentoalveolar dysplasias. The measurements are of biologic relevance, reflecting the amount of growth harmony or disharmony to the examination and record-taking time. The vertical dimensional analysis uses the age- and sex-related University of Michigan mean values for comparative data for each measurement. Ratios were computed for a five-unit proportional analysis. Both analyses were applied to assess the vertical problems of three female patients. The analyses detected specific areas of dysplasia for each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:269675", "title": "[The closed system. A discredited conception of the past, by innovations the method of choice (author's transl)].", "content": "The closed circle system is a secure, modern, totally clean and economic anaesthetic system if there is an O2-control system like the O2-Biomarine, a CO2-control system like the ultrared absorption system at an O2-gas flow of about 250ml per minute and an intermittent N2O supply of 500 ml per minute applied in adult anaesthesia patients. The system has always to remain closed and can always remain closed and it has to be also leakfree. Overfilling of the bag has to be avoided, this can be achieved by totally stopping N2O-supply until the reservation bag or the Biomarine oxygen indicator do not make further N2O supply necessary. In the last four years we have used this closed circle system exclusively more than 17,000 patients. There are some advantages for the patient for example concerning the temperature and humidification of the narcotic gases, the body temperature and so on. Table 3 shows the equivalence and the superiority of the closed circle system in comparison to the semi-closed circle system and the semi open system. --Abbreviations of the description are: good=+, very good=++, excellent=+++, bad=-, very bad=--. From our experience we think that everyone who has learnt to use the closed circle system is no longer able to understand the use of the semi-closed circle system or even of the open and the semi-open system, as far as there are no special indications for them.", "contents": "[The closed system. A discredited conception of the past, by innovations the method of choice (author's transl)]. The closed circle system is a secure, modern, totally clean and economic anaesthetic system if there is an O2-control system like the O2-Biomarine, a CO2-control system like the ultrared absorption system at an O2-gas flow of about 250ml per minute and an intermittent N2O supply of 500 ml per minute applied in adult anaesthesia patients. The system has always to remain closed and can always remain closed and it has to be also leakfree. Overfilling of the bag has to be avoided, this can be achieved by totally stopping N2O-supply until the reservation bag or the Biomarine oxygen indicator do not make further N2O supply necessary. In the last four years we have used this closed circle system exclusively more than 17,000 patients. There are some advantages for the patient for example concerning the temperature and humidification of the narcotic gases, the body temperature and so on. Table 3 shows the equivalence and the superiority of the closed circle system in comparison to the semi-closed circle system and the semi open system. --Abbreviations of the description are: good=+, very good=++, excellent=+++, bad=-, very bad=--. From our experience we think that everyone who has learnt to use the closed circle system is no longer able to understand the use of the semi-closed circle system or even of the open and the semi-open system, as far as there are no special indications for them."}
{"id": "PMID:269676", "title": "A simple method of diverting anaesthetic waste gases and vapours from the Engstr\u00f6m ECS-2000 ventilator.", "content": "A simple method of diverting anaesthetic waste gases from the Engstr\u00f6m ECS-2000 ventilator is described. Unless special precautions are taken the digital volume measurement may be influenced; the simple solution of this problem is given.", "contents": "A simple method of diverting anaesthetic waste gases and vapours from the Engstr\u00f6m ECS-2000 ventilator. A simple method of diverting anaesthetic waste gases from the Engstr\u00f6m ECS-2000 ventilator is described. Unless special precautions are taken the digital volume measurement may be influenced; the simple solution of this problem is given."}
{"id": "PMID:269683", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Familial occurrence and precipitation by methylphenidate therapy.", "content": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome was independently ascertained in two male cousins once removed. Previous studies have shown familial clustering of individuals with tics, but no consistent pattern of inheritance of Tourette's syndrome has been apparent. The onset and later exacerbation of symptoms in our younger patient were associated with the administration of CNS stimulants given for excessive motor activity. The adverse effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine therapy on Tourette's syndrome supports the hypothesis that this condition results from a relative excess of CNS catecholaminergic activity. Physicians prescribing these agents should inquire about the presence of tics in patients and their families.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Familial occurrence and precipitation by methylphenidate therapy. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome was independently ascertained in two male cousins once removed. Previous studies have shown familial clustering of individuals with tics, but no consistent pattern of inheritance of Tourette's syndrome has been apparent. The onset and later exacerbation of symptoms in our younger patient were associated with the administration of CNS stimulants given for excessive motor activity. The adverse effects of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine therapy on Tourette's syndrome supports the hypothesis that this condition results from a relative excess of CNS catecholaminergic activity. Physicians prescribing these agents should inquire about the presence of tics in patients and their families."}
{"id": "PMID:269684", "title": "Treatment of chronic gastric ulcer a study of the treatment recived by 135 gastric ulcer patients in a western community.", "content": "A study was made of the treatment received by 135 gastric ulcer patients within one month and within six months of diagnosis. The treatment was divided into three types. Effective measures included surgery and those measures that have been shown favourably to influence the initial healing rate of chronic gastric ulcer (i.e. hospital admission and carbenoxolone sodium). Ineffective measures included those that have been shown convincingly not to accelerate ulcer healing--diet, antacids, sedatives and no treatmen at all. Anticholinergic drugs were included in the third group where the evidence is conflicting. The patient's therapeutic status was assessed one month and six months after diagnosis. Within six months of diagnosis only 32% of patients received treatment that clinical trials have shown favourably to influence the course of gastric ulcer and approximately half received treatment that has never been shown favourably to influence the course of gastric ulcer. The social class of the patients and whether they were seen by a consultant physicians or family doctor made no difference to the form of therapy received.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic gastric ulcer a study of the treatment recived by 135 gastric ulcer patients in a western community. A study was made of the treatment received by 135 gastric ulcer patients within one month and within six months of diagnosis. The treatment was divided into three types. Effective measures included surgery and those measures that have been shown favourably to influence the initial healing rate of chronic gastric ulcer (i.e. hospital admission and carbenoxolone sodium). Ineffective measures included those that have been shown convincingly not to accelerate ulcer healing--diet, antacids, sedatives and no treatmen at all. Anticholinergic drugs were included in the third group where the evidence is conflicting. The patient's therapeutic status was assessed one month and six months after diagnosis. Within six months of diagnosis only 32% of patients received treatment that clinical trials have shown favourably to influence the course of gastric ulcer and approximately half received treatment that has never been shown favourably to influence the course of gastric ulcer. The social class of the patients and whether they were seen by a consultant physicians or family doctor made no difference to the form of therapy received."}
{"id": "PMID:269686", "title": "A cheap oral therapy for Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Nine patients with painful Paget's disease of bone were treated for 200 days with a drug combination designed to elevated plasma calcium, hence stimulating the production of endogenous calcitoning and suppressing that of parathyroid hormone. This combination was oral calcium, a thiazide diuretic, a low phosphorus diet and aluminium hydroxide. Eight of the nine patients experienced sustained pain relief after 20--70 days. The mean plasma alkaline phosphatase (expressed as a percentage of the pre-treatment level) commenced to fall after 30 days of treatment and at 120 days was 58% of the pre-treatment level; this fall was sustained at 200 days. There was a mean rise of 0-08 mmol/l in plasma calcium; there was no significant change in plasma inorganic phosphorus or plasma creatinine. In view of the extremely low cost of this drug combination and its lack of side-effects, it is suggested it be considered as a treatment for Paget's disease of bone.", "contents": "A cheap oral therapy for Paget's disease of bone. Nine patients with painful Paget's disease of bone were treated for 200 days with a drug combination designed to elevated plasma calcium, hence stimulating the production of endogenous calcitoning and suppressing that of parathyroid hormone. This combination was oral calcium, a thiazide diuretic, a low phosphorus diet and aluminium hydroxide. Eight of the nine patients experienced sustained pain relief after 20--70 days. The mean plasma alkaline phosphatase (expressed as a percentage of the pre-treatment level) commenced to fall after 30 days of treatment and at 120 days was 58% of the pre-treatment level; this fall was sustained at 200 days. There was a mean rise of 0-08 mmol/l in plasma calcium; there was no significant change in plasma inorganic phosphorus or plasma creatinine. In view of the extremely low cost of this drug combination and its lack of side-effects, it is suggested it be considered as a treatment for Paget's disease of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:269687", "title": "A comparison of oral theophylline and oral salbutamol in exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "Ten patients with exercise-induced asthma were premedicated with oral salbutamol and oral theophylline on separate occasions before performing a standardised exercise test. Although both agents produced bronchodilatation, reflected by increases in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) at rest, they were generally ineffective in preventing an abnormal post-exercise fall in PEFR. Only one patient was afforded protection by salbutamol and another two patients by theophylline.", "contents": "A comparison of oral theophylline and oral salbutamol in exercise-induced asthma. Ten patients with exercise-induced asthma were premedicated with oral salbutamol and oral theophylline on separate occasions before performing a standardised exercise test. Although both agents produced bronchodilatation, reflected by increases in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) at rest, they were generally ineffective in preventing an abnormal post-exercise fall in PEFR. Only one patient was afforded protection by salbutamol and another two patients by theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:269688", "title": "Myocardial ouabain content and susceptibility to ouabain cardiotoxicity associated with circulatory volume overload in the dog.", "content": "The influence of circulatory volume overload on the myocardial uptake of ouabain and on cardiotoxicity was studied in the unanaesthetised dog with aorto-caval fistula. One hour after tritiated ouabain (0-02 mg/kg IV) both ventricles and atria contained more ouabain than did those of normal dogs (left ventricle (LV), 166+/-23 (SD) ng/g vs. 97+/-19 ng/g, P less than 0-001) while concentrations in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and plasma were not different in the two groups. In other experiments ouabain was infused to cardiotoxicity (7-5 microgram/kg followed by 3 microgram/kg/min). Cardiotoxicity occurred earlier in dogs with fistula than in normals (16-5+/-2-7 min vs. 24-1+/-2-4 min, P less than 0-001). Ouabain concentrations in myocardium were not different (LV, 434+/-58 ng/g, vs. 442+/-42 ng/g) while concentrations in liver and kidney were less in those with fistula (181+/-35 ng/g vs. 278+/-69 ng/g, P less than 0-001; 1422+/-189 ng/g vs. 2747+/-479 ng/g, P less than 0-001). Average content of skeletal muscle was also less, in proportion to administered dose. The increment in myicardial ouabain content associated with aorto-caval fistula appears to be physiologically active and hence is presumably specifically bound to the digitalis receptor. The observations in this model suggest the possibility of augmented cardiac glycoside uptake in some clinical cardiac diseases.", "contents": "Myocardial ouabain content and susceptibility to ouabain cardiotoxicity associated with circulatory volume overload in the dog. The influence of circulatory volume overload on the myocardial uptake of ouabain and on cardiotoxicity was studied in the unanaesthetised dog with aorto-caval fistula. One hour after tritiated ouabain (0-02 mg/kg IV) both ventricles and atria contained more ouabain than did those of normal dogs (left ventricle (LV), 166+/-23 (SD) ng/g vs. 97+/-19 ng/g, P less than 0-001) while concentrations in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and plasma were not different in the two groups. In other experiments ouabain was infused to cardiotoxicity (7-5 microgram/kg followed by 3 microgram/kg/min). Cardiotoxicity occurred earlier in dogs with fistula than in normals (16-5+/-2-7 min vs. 24-1+/-2-4 min, P less than 0-001). Ouabain concentrations in myocardium were not different (LV, 434+/-58 ng/g, vs. 442+/-42 ng/g) while concentrations in liver and kidney were less in those with fistula (181+/-35 ng/g vs. 278+/-69 ng/g, P less than 0-001; 1422+/-189 ng/g vs. 2747+/-479 ng/g, P less than 0-001). Average content of skeletal muscle was also less, in proportion to administered dose. The increment in myicardial ouabain content associated with aorto-caval fistula appears to be physiologically active and hence is presumably specifically bound to the digitalis receptor. The observations in this model suggest the possibility of augmented cardiac glycoside uptake in some clinical cardiac diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:269689", "title": "The use of non-activated prothrombin concentrate in the management of haemophilia A with factor VIII antibodies.", "content": "Three children with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII were treated with a non-activated prothrombin concentrate (Prothrombinex) for 12 bleeding episodes. There was clear clinical response and joint aspirations were performed after infusions of phothrombinex in a dose of 30--50 factor IX units/kg body weight and there was no clinical evidence of thrombosis or febrile reactions. There was a significant shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) at one and four hours after the initial infusion with a return to pre-infusion levels 9--24 hours after infusion. The shortening in the PTT was less marked in subsequent infusions. There were no changes in the level of factor VIII procoagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen or factor VIII antibodies after the infusion. In two patients platelet function studies were unaltered by the infusion and in one patient procoagulant levels of factor II, IX and X were no greater than expected from the infusion. We conclude that infusions of non-activated prothrombin concentrates are clinically effective in the treatment of children with haemophilia and factor VIII antibodies but the mechanism of action is unknown.", "contents": "The use of non-activated prothrombin concentrate in the management of haemophilia A with factor VIII antibodies. Three children with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII were treated with a non-activated prothrombin concentrate (Prothrombinex) for 12 bleeding episodes. There was clear clinical response and joint aspirations were performed after infusions of phothrombinex in a dose of 30--50 factor IX units/kg body weight and there was no clinical evidence of thrombosis or febrile reactions. There was a significant shortening of the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) at one and four hours after the initial infusion with a return to pre-infusion levels 9--24 hours after infusion. The shortening in the PTT was less marked in subsequent infusions. There were no changes in the level of factor VIII procoagulant activity, factor VIII related antigen or factor VIII antibodies after the infusion. In two patients platelet function studies were unaltered by the infusion and in one patient procoagulant levels of factor II, IX and X were no greater than expected from the infusion. We conclude that infusions of non-activated prothrombin concentrates are clinically effective in the treatment of children with haemophilia and factor VIII antibodies but the mechanism of action is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:269690", "title": "Erythromycin jaundice: diagnosis by an in vitro challenge test.", "content": "A 53-year-old housewife who had developed severe cholestatic hepatitis following the administration of erythromycin estolate therapy two-and-a-half years previously, was studied by an in vitro \"challenge\" test in which peripheral venous lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate and erythromycin base. Evidence of blastogenesis was observed in response to erythromycin estolate, but not to erythromycin stearate of erythromycin base. This test thus provided evidence that the patient was \"sensitized\" to erythromycin estolate without exposing her to the risk of in vivo challenge. Furthermore, in contrast to previous studies, the findings provide evidence that erythromycin estolate jaundice is mediated by immunological mechanisms.", "contents": "Erythromycin jaundice: diagnosis by an in vitro challenge test. A 53-year-old housewife who had developed severe cholestatic hepatitis following the administration of erythromycin estolate therapy two-and-a-half years previously, was studied by an in vitro \"challenge\" test in which peripheral venous lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate and erythromycin base. Evidence of blastogenesis was observed in response to erythromycin estolate, but not to erythromycin stearate of erythromycin base. This test thus provided evidence that the patient was \"sensitized\" to erythromycin estolate without exposing her to the risk of in vivo challenge. Furthermore, in contrast to previous studies, the findings provide evidence that erythromycin estolate jaundice is mediated by immunological mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:269691", "title": "The pyloric septum: acquired or congenital?", "content": "Pyloric septa are occacionally found on radiographic or endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Their frequent association with peptic ulcer disease has supported an acquired etiology. The exact pathogenesis of this unusual anomaly, however, remains unclear and its natural history is unknown.", "contents": "The pyloric septum: acquired or congenital? Pyloric septa are occacionally found on radiographic or endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Their frequent association with peptic ulcer disease has supported an acquired etiology. The exact pathogenesis of this unusual anomaly, however, remains unclear and its natural history is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:269692", "title": "The Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome in a Singhalese family.", "content": "The first published occurrence of the Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome in a Singhalese family is reported. Three members of a family of six with first cousin non-affected parents are described along with studies to indicate that the hypogonadism in this family can be ascribed to hypogonadotrophism. The high incidence of congenital heart disease and genito-urinary abnormalities noted by other is confirmed.", "contents": "The Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome in a Singhalese family. The first published occurrence of the Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome in a Singhalese family is reported. Three members of a family of six with first cousin non-affected parents are described along with studies to indicate that the hypogonadism in this family can be ascribed to hypogonadotrophism. The high incidence of congenital heart disease and genito-urinary abnormalities noted by other is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:269693", "title": "Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome in typhoid fever.", "content": "A case is described of a 15-year-old girl who developed Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl Syndrome (LGBSS) on the ninth day of typhoid fever. In the absence of other known cause or association of LGBSS Salmonella typhi is believed to be aetiologically related. The patient recovered uneventfully from her neurological illness in about ten weeks from onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl syndrome in typhoid fever. A case is described of a 15-year-old girl who developed Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl Syndrome (LGBSS) on the ninth day of typhoid fever. In the absence of other known cause or association of LGBSS Salmonella typhi is believed to be aetiologically related. The patient recovered uneventfully from her neurological illness in about ten weeks from onset of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:269694", "title": "Werner syndrome.", "content": "A case of Werner syndrome is reported. The patient was prematurely old, had skin atrophy, characteristic posterior subcapsular cataracts and prepubertal primary hypogonadism. Additional ocular features compatible with premature ageing included presbyopia, arcus seniles and diminished tear flow. Diabetes mellitus, poliosis, baldness and beak-like nose were not present.", "contents": "Werner syndrome. A case of Werner syndrome is reported. The patient was prematurely old, had skin atrophy, characteristic posterior subcapsular cataracts and prepubertal primary hypogonadism. Additional ocular features compatible with premature ageing included presbyopia, arcus seniles and diminished tear flow. Diabetes mellitus, poliosis, baldness and beak-like nose were not present."}
{"id": "PMID:269695", "title": "Fertility and the physician.", "content": "Gonadal function in both sexes is under the synergistic control of the pituitary gonadotrophins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) which are in turn influenced both by the hypothalamus (via the gonadotrophin releasing hormone) and by feedback signals from the gonads. There is good evidence that such feedback is mediated by steroid hormones and by a product of the germinal epithelium, termed inhibin. A logical approach to reproductive disorders involves the localization of the primary disturbance either to the hypothalamo-pituitary unit or to the gonad, on the basis of history, physical findings and the results of hormone assays. In men, the majority of disorders leading to infertility are of unknown aetiology and cannot, therefore, be treated specifically. In women, anovulation is usually readily treatable and recent studies have emphasised the usefulness of prolactin assays and of specific treatment for hyperprolactinaemia in restoring ferility. Increased understanding of the mechanisms leading to infertility may provide valuable new approaches to fertility control.", "contents": "Fertility and the physician. Gonadal function in both sexes is under the synergistic control of the pituitary gonadotrophins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) which are in turn influenced both by the hypothalamus (via the gonadotrophin releasing hormone) and by feedback signals from the gonads. There is good evidence that such feedback is mediated by steroid hormones and by a product of the germinal epithelium, termed inhibin. A logical approach to reproductive disorders involves the localization of the primary disturbance either to the hypothalamo-pituitary unit or to the gonad, on the basis of history, physical findings and the results of hormone assays. In men, the majority of disorders leading to infertility are of unknown aetiology and cannot, therefore, be treated specifically. In women, anovulation is usually readily treatable and recent studies have emphasised the usefulness of prolactin assays and of specific treatment for hyperprolactinaemia in restoring ferility. Increased understanding of the mechanisms leading to infertility may provide valuable new approaches to fertility control."}
{"id": "PMID:269699", "title": "The vascular complications of digital replantation.", "content": "A report on a series of 18 digital replantations is presented. The overall survival of digits was 13 (72%). All but one of the crush and avulsion amputations developed vascular complications. Venous insufficiency was much more commonly seen than arterial. Substantial blood loss was the rule in all digits which developed further vascular problems. A conservative approach is advocated for the majority of these complications.", "contents": "The vascular complications of digital replantation. A report on a series of 18 digital replantations is presented. The overall survival of digits was 13 (72%). All but one of the crush and avulsion amputations developed vascular complications. Venous insufficiency was much more commonly seen than arterial. Substantial blood loss was the rule in all digits which developed further vascular problems. A conservative approach is advocated for the majority of these complications."}
{"id": "PMID:269700", "title": "Microsurgical vasovasostomy: a reliable vasectomy reversal.", "content": "Optimal results of repair of a severed tube can be expected when a meticulous atraumatic microsurgical technique is based on a detailed knowledge of the anatomy and function of the tube. A reliable vas repair after vasectomy involves the avoidance of leakage or scarring in a tube of which the ends differ in internal diameter from 1 mm to 0-2 mm and in which the inner mucosal layer is difficult of access because of its solid muscular core surround. In addition, the healing will only occur without massive scarring and the nerve supply will only return if the blood supply can be retained as close as possible to the anastomosis. The technique described was first researched in the Macaque monkey and requires considerable microsurgical expertise. It has proved reliable in that 98% of the first 50 patients showed sperms in their ejaculates three months after operation, with a 62% pregnancy rate after an operation on one side only. The vasectomies had been performed up to 13 years before, and one can only conclude that a routine scrotal vasectomy should not be considered irreversible.", "contents": "Microsurgical vasovasostomy: a reliable vasectomy reversal. Optimal results of repair of a severed tube can be expected when a meticulous atraumatic microsurgical technique is based on a detailed knowledge of the anatomy and function of the tube. A reliable vas repair after vasectomy involves the avoidance of leakage or scarring in a tube of which the ends differ in internal diameter from 1 mm to 0-2 mm and in which the inner mucosal layer is difficult of access because of its solid muscular core surround. In addition, the healing will only occur without massive scarring and the nerve supply will only return if the blood supply can be retained as close as possible to the anastomosis. The technique described was first researched in the Macaque monkey and requires considerable microsurgical expertise. It has proved reliable in that 98% of the first 50 patients showed sperms in their ejaculates three months after operation, with a 62% pregnancy rate after an operation on one side only. The vasectomies had been performed up to 13 years before, and one can only conclude that a routine scrotal vasectomy should not be considered irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:269701", "title": "Vascular compression of lower cranial nerves: observations using microsurgery, with particular reference to trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "A new finding made possible by the use of the operating microscope in neurosurgery is discussed. Nineteen patients with trigeminal neuralgia have been explored, and in 14 of these vascular compression of the fifth nerve at its entry zone to the pons has been found. Relief of this vascular compression has caused cessation of pain in all these patients. In addition, one patient with hemifacial spasm, and one patient with glosso pharyngeal neuralgia, are reported; each of these also had vascular compression of the appropriate nerve causing the symptoms.", "contents": "Vascular compression of lower cranial nerves: observations using microsurgery, with particular reference to trigeminal neuralgia. A new finding made possible by the use of the operating microscope in neurosurgery is discussed. Nineteen patients with trigeminal neuralgia have been explored, and in 14 of these vascular compression of the fifth nerve at its entry zone to the pons has been found. Relief of this vascular compression has caused cessation of pain in all these patients. In addition, one patient with hemifacial spasm, and one patient with glosso pharyngeal neuralgia, are reported; each of these also had vascular compression of the appropriate nerve causing the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:269702", "title": "Ergonomics applied to the practice of microsurgery.", "content": "Microsurgery presents special problems of visual information and fine manipulation, including tremor control. These problems can be studied usefully through ergonomics, the science of man at work, already used widely in industry. This paper presents factors affecting visual feedback, normal hand tremor, and instrument design, and refers to the process of skill acquisition and the care of surgical instruments.", "contents": "Ergonomics applied to the practice of microsurgery. Microsurgery presents special problems of visual information and fine manipulation, including tremor control. These problems can be studied usefully through ergonomics, the science of man at work, already used widely in industry. This paper presents factors affecting visual feedback, normal hand tremor, and instrument design, and refers to the process of skill acquisition and the care of surgical instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:269703", "title": "The catheter team: an essential service for rehabilitating neurogenic bladders.", "content": "A carefully controlled programme of intermittent catheterization provides substantially better care of the bladder than indwelling catheters during the initial period after acute spinal cord injury. It is very difficult to maintain a programme of intermittent catheterization around the clock without a small team of nursing personnel highly skilled in the technique of aseptic catheterization. the practical details of setting up a catheter team are described. Some of the results that have been associated with the establishment of such a team at the Rehabilitation Branch of the Royal Perth Hospital are presented.", "contents": "The catheter team: an essential service for rehabilitating neurogenic bladders. A carefully controlled programme of intermittent catheterization provides substantially better care of the bladder than indwelling catheters during the initial period after acute spinal cord injury. It is very difficult to maintain a programme of intermittent catheterization around the clock without a small team of nursing personnel highly skilled in the technique of aseptic catheterization. the practical details of setting up a catheter team are described. Some of the results that have been associated with the establishment of such a team at the Rehabilitation Branch of the Royal Perth Hospital are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:269704", "title": "Orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Orthopaedic surgical procedures are episodes in the continuing management and rehabilitation of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Well-chosen procedures give excellent relief of symptoms and deformity, and successful management is a prime example of rehabilitation requiring considerable team work from physician, surgeon, therapists, social workers and nursing staff. Team work enables the rheumatologist to be in charge of the overall management of the patient through the clinic with responsibility for general medical care, while the surgeon can take charge during periods in hospital for surgery and the immediate postoperative outpatient care. Cooperation between physician and surgeon eases each of some of the clinical burden that is at present provided by this disease.", "contents": "Orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation in rheumatoid arthritis. Orthopaedic surgical procedures are episodes in the continuing management and rehabilitation of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Well-chosen procedures give excellent relief of symptoms and deformity, and successful management is a prime example of rehabilitation requiring considerable team work from physician, surgeon, therapists, social workers and nursing staff. Team work enables the rheumatologist to be in charge of the overall management of the patient through the clinic with responsibility for general medical care, while the surgeon can take charge during periods in hospital for surgery and the immediate postoperative outpatient care. Cooperation between physician and surgeon eases each of some of the clinical burden that is at present provided by this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:269705", "title": "Complete remission of metastatic malignant melanoma following immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG): report of a case.", "content": "A complete response to BCG is described in a case of recurrent melanoma. In a woman aged 38 years, intracutaneous metastatic deposits confined to the limb of origin had occurred after excision of a malignant melanoma from the ankle, and elective groin dissection had shown two lymph nodes infiltrated with melanoma. BCG vaccine was applied to the buttock, initially by scarification and later by a multiple puncture gun. All metastases slowly regressed, and biopsy of a metastatic site at six months showed no tumour cells. The patient remains free of detectable disease 36 months after the commencement of therapy. It is inferred that BCG may facilitate remission of melanoma, perhaps by reason of antigenic cross-reactivity between BCG and surface components of human melanoma cells.", "contents": "Complete remission of metastatic malignant melanoma following immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG): report of a case. A complete response to BCG is described in a case of recurrent melanoma. In a woman aged 38 years, intracutaneous metastatic deposits confined to the limb of origin had occurred after excision of a malignant melanoma from the ankle, and elective groin dissection had shown two lymph nodes infiltrated with melanoma. BCG vaccine was applied to the buttock, initially by scarification and later by a multiple puncture gun. All metastases slowly regressed, and biopsy of a metastatic site at six months showed no tumour cells. The patient remains free of detectable disease 36 months after the commencement of therapy. It is inferred that BCG may facilitate remission of melanoma, perhaps by reason of antigenic cross-reactivity between BCG and surface components of human melanoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:269706", "title": "Hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma: an analysis of survival rates and histopathology.", "content": "Out of 338 patients undergoing laparotomy and resection of a primary colorectal carcinoma, 49 (14-5%) were folnd to have liver metastases. The average age was 70 years. The median period of survival was 11-4 months. The histological grade of malignancy of the primary tumour did not appear to influence the survival rate. Compared with similar tumours in patients without hepatic metastases, the primary growth showed a significantly increased incidence of venous invasion, a higher grade of malignancy, and a more frequent origin from the right colon. When the local spread of the primary tumours was investigated it was found that one-third of them had not progressed beyond Stage Dukes A or B.", "contents": "Hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma: an analysis of survival rates and histopathology. Out of 338 patients undergoing laparotomy and resection of a primary colorectal carcinoma, 49 (14-5%) were folnd to have liver metastases. The average age was 70 years. The median period of survival was 11-4 months. The histological grade of malignancy of the primary tumour did not appear to influence the survival rate. Compared with similar tumours in patients without hepatic metastases, the primary growth showed a significantly increased incidence of venous invasion, a higher grade of malignancy, and a more frequent origin from the right colon. When the local spread of the primary tumours was investigated it was found that one-third of them had not progressed beyond Stage Dukes A or B."}
{"id": "PMID:269711", "title": "A new microsurgical needleholder.", "content": "Microsurgery demands precise and rapid manipulation of needle and thread with maintenance of special respect for the fragility of the tissues. The design of the needleholder is of paramount importance in achieving these goals. The instrument described below is light, long enough to rest comfortably in the hand, and balanced in such a way that it can be manipulated into awkward corners with relative ease.", "contents": "A new microsurgical needleholder. Microsurgery demands precise and rapid manipulation of needle and thread with maintenance of special respect for the fragility of the tissues. The design of the needleholder is of paramount importance in achieving these goals. The instrument described below is light, long enough to rest comfortably in the hand, and balanced in such a way that it can be manipulated into awkward corners with relative ease."}
{"id": "PMID:269712", "title": "Amputation: surgical technique and postoperative management.", "content": "The decision to amputate should be made with due consideration of the eventual rehabilitation of the patient. With this in mind, general principles of amputation surgery are outlined and specific levels of amputation are described. Early post-amputation management has advanced over the last two decades to make rehabilitation goals the more readily reached. These advances are discussed.", "contents": "Amputation: surgical technique and postoperative management. The decision to amputate should be made with due consideration of the eventual rehabilitation of the patient. With this in mind, general principles of amputation surgery are outlined and specific levels of amputation are described. Early post-amputation management has advanced over the last two decades to make rehabilitation goals the more readily reached. These advances are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269715", "title": "Current practice of peripheral arterial surgery.", "content": "Current methods of assessing and treating common problems in peripheral arterial surgery are reviewed, Topics specifically excluded are extracranial arterial disease, renovascular reconstruction, the thoracic aorta, and the upper limb arteries.", "contents": "Current practice of peripheral arterial surgery. Current methods of assessing and treating common problems in peripheral arterial surgery are reviewed, Topics specifically excluded are extracranial arterial disease, renovascular reconstruction, the thoracic aorta, and the upper limb arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:269716", "title": "Aspects of the microcirculation.", "content": "The microcirculation is an important but little understood part of the cardiovascular system. As new techniques have been developed, more accurate information has become available concerning the changes in the microcirculation in both health and disease. A review has been made of some of the more important facets of the microcirculation of particular interest to surgeons. Reference is made to basic physiology, especially the mechanisms controlling flow in the microcirculation. The significance of changes in small blood vessels in hypovolaemic, septic, and progressive shock is also discussed, and the role of platelet aggregation in shock states is explored.", "contents": "Aspects of the microcirculation. The microcirculation is an important but little understood part of the cardiovascular system. As new techniques have been developed, more accurate information has become available concerning the changes in the microcirculation in both health and disease. A review has been made of some of the more important facets of the microcirculation of particular interest to surgeons. Reference is made to basic physiology, especially the mechanisms controlling flow in the microcirculation. The significance of changes in small blood vessels in hypovolaemic, septic, and progressive shock is also discussed, and the role of platelet aggregation in shock states is explored."}
{"id": "PMID:269717", "title": "The initial phase of gastric emptying before and after vagotomy and pyloroplasty.", "content": "The initial phase of gastric emptying of solid food was monitored with the use of a gamma camera and on-line computer facilities. In normal subjects a consistent pattern was seen comprising an early delay in the onset of emptying (\"plateau\"), followed by an exponential decay curve. After vagotomy the plateau was lost, and the exponential pattern of emptying commenced once the stomach was full. There was no evidence of sudden \"dumping\" of contents from the stomach. The overall rates of emptying as measured by the half emptying time (T 1/2) were the same in normal and postvagotomy subjects.", "contents": "The initial phase of gastric emptying before and after vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The initial phase of gastric emptying of solid food was monitored with the use of a gamma camera and on-line computer facilities. In normal subjects a consistent pattern was seen comprising an early delay in the onset of emptying (\"plateau\"), followed by an exponential decay curve. After vagotomy the plateau was lost, and the exponential pattern of emptying commenced once the stomach was full. There was no evidence of sudden \"dumping\" of contents from the stomach. The overall rates of emptying as measured by the half emptying time (T 1/2) were the same in normal and postvagotomy subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:269718", "title": "Clinical experience with Samoans in Auckland, New Zealand.", "content": "Samoans constitute the second largest ethnic Polynesian minority group in New Zealand. Generally, this is a socially and culturally deprived group from a European viewpoint. Causative factors of social and emotional stress and coping mechanisms are described. A number of culturally determined syndromes are encountered clinically. These are categorized. A practical, clinical approach to the Samoan patient is suggested.", "contents": "Clinical experience with Samoans in Auckland, New Zealand. Samoans constitute the second largest ethnic Polynesian minority group in New Zealand. Generally, this is a socially and culturally deprived group from a European viewpoint. Causative factors of social and emotional stress and coping mechanisms are described. A number of culturally determined syndromes are encountered clinically. These are categorized. A practical, clinical approach to the Samoan patient is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:269720", "title": "Cognitive function and length of survival in elderly subjects living at home.", "content": "177 people aged 65 or over, chosen at random from larger representative samples of elderly people living at home in Newcastle upon Tyne, were given the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) or a shortened form of it, and followed up for 7 years or till death. Discriminated function analysis showed that the power of the test score to predict death occurring within 2 years was not explained away by its correlations with age, sex, social class or physical disability. Exclusion of clinically diagnosed chronic brain syndromes reduced but did not abolish the relationship found to exist between test score and outcome. The ascertainment of impaired cognitive functioning has important applications in the assessment of prognosis and in the planning of care of elderly people.", "contents": "Cognitive function and length of survival in elderly subjects living at home. 177 people aged 65 or over, chosen at random from larger representative samples of elderly people living at home in Newcastle upon Tyne, were given the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) or a shortened form of it, and followed up for 7 years or till death. Discriminated function analysis showed that the power of the test score to predict death occurring within 2 years was not explained away by its correlations with age, sex, social class or physical disability. Exclusion of clinically diagnosed chronic brain syndromes reduced but did not abolish the relationship found to exist between test score and outcome. The ascertainment of impaired cognitive functioning has important applications in the assessment of prognosis and in the planning of care of elderly people."}
{"id": "PMID:269721", "title": "Attitudes of young drug users towards significant life concepts as measured by the semantic differential.", "content": "Thirty young drug users were matched for age and sex with thirty young orthopaedic outpatients. All completed an Osgood Semantic Differential. Results suggested that drug users see Drug Laws and Present Attitudes to Drug Use as bad. In the user group a poor perception of self is combined with concepts of ideal self which appear unattainable.", "contents": "Attitudes of young drug users towards significant life concepts as measured by the semantic differential. Thirty young drug users were matched for age and sex with thirty young orthopaedic outpatients. All completed an Osgood Semantic Differential. Results suggested that drug users see Drug Laws and Present Attitudes to Drug Use as bad. In the user group a poor perception of self is combined with concepts of ideal self which appear unattainable."}
{"id": "PMID:269722", "title": "Crisis, life events and accidents.", "content": "Using two life event scales, we found that patients who had sustained accidental injuries had experienced more changes in their lives over the past six months than a matched control group drawn from students and persons undergoing minor surgery. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Crisis, life events and accidents. Using two life event scales, we found that patients who had sustained accidental injuries had experienced more changes in their lives over the past six months than a matched control group drawn from students and persons undergoing minor surgery. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269723", "title": "Early psycho-social assessment of overdose patients in a casualty department.", "content": "In response to the very large number of patients presenting at the Casualty Department of the Alfred Hospital, Melbouren, following suicidal acts, a Psycho-Social Assessment Clinic employing a crisis intervention model was established in 1970. This communication outlines the structure and functions of the Clinic, describes 100 consecutive new patients seen over a four month period in 1974 and emphasises the benefits to both patients and hospital arising from the operation of such a Clinic.", "contents": "Early psycho-social assessment of overdose patients in a casualty department. In response to the very large number of patients presenting at the Casualty Department of the Alfred Hospital, Melbouren, following suicidal acts, a Psycho-Social Assessment Clinic employing a crisis intervention model was established in 1970. This communication outlines the structure and functions of the Clinic, describes 100 consecutive new patients seen over a four month period in 1974 and emphasises the benefits to both patients and hospital arising from the operation of such a Clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:269740", "title": "A method of controlled ventilation with a circle-absorber breathing system.", "content": "A simple method of adapting a pressure-cycled ventilator of the flow generator type to ventilate patients on a circle-absorber anaesthetic system is described. Standard lengths of corrugated black rubber tubing are placed between the ventilator and the circle-absorber is deadspace, replacing the reservoir bag. The performance of this modification was investigated and a functional volume for the tubing calculated. There was a simple relationship between the tidal volume, the length of tubing and the fresh gas flow required to avoid dilution of the anaesthetic gases by the driving gases.", "contents": "A method of controlled ventilation with a circle-absorber breathing system. A simple method of adapting a pressure-cycled ventilator of the flow generator type to ventilate patients on a circle-absorber anaesthetic system is described. Standard lengths of corrugated black rubber tubing are placed between the ventilator and the circle-absorber is deadspace, replacing the reservoir bag. The performance of this modification was investigated and a functional volume for the tubing calculated. There was a simple relationship between the tidal volume, the length of tubing and the fresh gas flow required to avoid dilution of the anaesthetic gases by the driving gases."}
{"id": "PMID:269741", "title": "Effect of methylprednisolone on the nucleoside metabolism of a human lymphoblastoid cell line.", "content": "Concentrations of methylprednisolone which have lethal effects on human lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro cause a reduction both in the uptake of uridine and thymidine into acid-soluble material and their incorporation into acid-insoluble material. These effects are virtually instantaneous, which indicates that they do not depend on alterations in gene activity. Normal uptake of nucleosides into cells is by both simple and facilitated diffusion, and methylprednisolone appears to act directly on the cell surface to inhibit only facilitated diffusion uptake.", "contents": "Effect of methylprednisolone on the nucleoside metabolism of a human lymphoblastoid cell line. Concentrations of methylprednisolone which have lethal effects on human lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro cause a reduction both in the uptake of uridine and thymidine into acid-soluble material and their incorporation into acid-insoluble material. These effects are virtually instantaneous, which indicates that they do not depend on alterations in gene activity. Normal uptake of nucleosides into cells is by both simple and facilitated diffusion, and methylprednisolone appears to act directly on the cell surface to inhibit only facilitated diffusion uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:269743", "title": "[Extracorporeal treatment with L-asparaginase (author's transl)].", "content": "L-asparaginase therapy is often limited by allergy or toxicity and probably in some cases by antibody mediated inactivation of the enzyme. These problems can be avoided by extracorporeal application of l-asparaginase. As the enzyme is a stable tetramer with high molecular weight it cannot pass through the dialysis membrane in contrast to the amino acid l-asparagin which is destroyed. The resulting l-asparagin depletion of the plasma is  sufficient for therapeutic success. Effective extracorporeal l-asparaginase therapy is demonstrated in two patients with ALL who were resistant to other chemotherapy and could not be treated intravenously because of allergy and toxicity.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal treatment with L-asparaginase (author's transl)]. L-asparaginase therapy is often limited by allergy or toxicity and probably in some cases by antibody mediated inactivation of the enzyme. These problems can be avoided by extracorporeal application of l-asparaginase. As the enzyme is a stable tetramer with high molecular weight it cannot pass through the dialysis membrane in contrast to the amino acid l-asparagin which is destroyed. The resulting l-asparagin depletion of the plasma is  sufficient for therapeutic success. Effective extracorporeal l-asparaginase therapy is demonstrated in two patients with ALL who were resistant to other chemotherapy and could not be treated intravenously because of allergy and toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:269744", "title": "A test with dexamethasone in acute leukemia.", "content": "A simple test with dexamethasone (DMS) in acute leukemia (AL) is described. In peripheral blood, blast cell count is determined before 8 mg DMS are given intravenously, and 2, 4 and 6 hours afterwards. The result is expressed as the lowest blast cell count after DMS in percentage of the initial value. This test was performed on 51 adult patients with AL. The results were correlated with the morphological and cytochemical classification. Only patients with clearly classified AL were evaluated. A statistically significant difference in blast cell response between acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) was observed. In 12 out of 16 cases of ALL, but in only 1 out of 19 cases of AML, the blast cell count decreased to 50 percent or less of the initial value. The results of the test were further correlated with the results of treatment. In 11 out of 12 patients with ALL, who showed a response to DMS, glucocorticoids were included in the treatment regimen. A complete remission was obtained in 7 out of 10 patients who were treated for the first time. In the remaining 4 patients with a poor response to DMS, a complete remission after the first treatment was obtained in only one case. The number of patients examined is to small for final conclusions on the value of this test for a discrimination between glucocorticoid-responsive and non-responsive cases of AL. Nevertheless, these preliminary results indicate that further trials seem to be warranted.", "contents": "A test with dexamethasone in acute leukemia. A simple test with dexamethasone (DMS) in acute leukemia (AL) is described. In peripheral blood, blast cell count is determined before 8 mg DMS are given intravenously, and 2, 4 and 6 hours afterwards. The result is expressed as the lowest blast cell count after DMS in percentage of the initial value. This test was performed on 51 adult patients with AL. The results were correlated with the morphological and cytochemical classification. Only patients with clearly classified AL were evaluated. A statistically significant difference in blast cell response between acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) was observed. In 12 out of 16 cases of ALL, but in only 1 out of 19 cases of AML, the blast cell count decreased to 50 percent or less of the initial value. The results of the test were further correlated with the results of treatment. In 11 out of 12 patients with ALL, who showed a response to DMS, glucocorticoids were included in the treatment regimen. A complete remission was obtained in 7 out of 10 patients who were treated for the first time. In the remaining 4 patients with a poor response to DMS, a complete remission after the first treatment was obtained in only one case. The number of patients examined is to small for final conclusions on the value of this test for a discrimination between glucocorticoid-responsive and non-responsive cases of AL. Nevertheless, these preliminary results indicate that further trials seem to be warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:269745", "title": "[Isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in blood cells of normal subjects and patients with leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The activities of acid phosphatases (AP) were measured in leukocytes from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), macrophages, granulocytes, in the fractionated mononuclear cells of patients with CML and with hairy-cell-leukemia (HCL) and in the cells from patients with acute leukemia (AL). The lowest activities were found in lymphocytes of normal subjects and of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and in thrombocytes. Isoenzyme (IsE) 1 was characteristic for thymocytes, IsE 2 for granulocytes, IsE 3 for pathologic blast-cells, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, IsE 4 for macrophages, IsE 5 with components a and b for the mononuclear fraction of patients with HCL. In addition IsE 5 was detected in lymphocytes, macrophages and CLL-cells. In 4 patients with HCL the relative percentage of IsE-5-fraction was slightly greater than the percentage of tartrate resistant cells. In two patients with questionable HCL well marked IsE-5-fractions were recognized but no tartrate resistant cells. In one patient with HCL a relatively high percentage of tartrate resistant hairy-cells and in comparison an inadaquate low IsE-5-fraction was found. These different relations were explained with the more sensitive method of gelelectrophoresis and different affinity of substrates to AP.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in blood cells of normal subjects and patients with leukemia (author's transl)]. The activities of acid phosphatases (AP) were measured in leukocytes from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), macrophages, granulocytes, in the fractionated mononuclear cells of patients with CML and with hairy-cell-leukemia (HCL) and in the cells from patients with acute leukemia (AL). The lowest activities were found in lymphocytes of normal subjects and of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and in thrombocytes. Isoenzyme (IsE) 1 was characteristic for thymocytes, IsE 2 for granulocytes, IsE 3 for pathologic blast-cells, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, IsE 4 for macrophages, IsE 5 with components a and b for the mononuclear fraction of patients with HCL. In addition IsE 5 was detected in lymphocytes, macrophages and CLL-cells. In 4 patients with HCL the relative percentage of IsE-5-fraction was slightly greater than the percentage of tartrate resistant cells. In two patients with questionable HCL well marked IsE-5-fractions were recognized but no tartrate resistant cells. In one patient with HCL a relatively high percentage of tartrate resistant hairy-cells and in comparison an inadaquate low IsE-5-fraction was found. These different relations were explained with the more sensitive method of gelelectrophoresis and different affinity of substrates to AP."}
{"id": "PMID:269749", "title": "Fanconi anemia leading to acute myelomonocytic leukemia: cytogenetic studies.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with Fanconi anemia, developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia with marker chromosomes from an interchange in the malignant clone in the bone marrow. The possible aetiological role of therapy, the morphological characteristics and chromosome aberrations of the bone marrow cell line are discussed in relation to previous reported cases of Fanconi anemia in which acute leukemia has supervened.", "contents": "Fanconi anemia leading to acute myelomonocytic leukemia: cytogenetic studies. A 6-year-old boy with Fanconi anemia, developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia with marker chromosomes from an interchange in the malignant clone in the bone marrow. The possible aetiological role of therapy, the morphological characteristics and chromosome aberrations of the bone marrow cell line are discussed in relation to previous reported cases of Fanconi anemia in which acute leukemia has supervened."}
{"id": "PMID:269764", "title": "Conceptions of Finnish people about their periodontal situation.", "content": "The conceptions of Finns regarding their own periodontal status were surveyed in 1972. The interviewed sample, drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over, comprised 965 persons. After exclusion of 233 edentulous subjects, a total of 732 dentulous persons were accepted for the present interview study. 10 percent of the interviewees were aware of their having gingivitis at that time. 57 percent were of the opinion that they had never had gingivitis. On the other hand, 20 percent of the interviewed persons had recently observed gum bleeding while 54 percent stated that they had never observed it. 21 percent of the interviewees were aware of their having dental calculus and 46 percent had the impression that they had never had calculus. 24 oercent of those interviewees who presently had calculus or had had calculus stated that they had never had it removed. Generally Finns failed to realize that gingival bleeding is a symptom of gingival inflammation. This point should be made clear in the dental health education of the future. The knowledge could help individuals to evaluate the state of their own periodontal tissues in order to obtain the best possible benefit from efficient home care.", "contents": "Conceptions of Finnish people about their periodontal situation. The conceptions of Finns regarding their own periodontal status were surveyed in 1972. The interviewed sample, drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over, comprised 965 persons. After exclusion of 233 edentulous subjects, a total of 732 dentulous persons were accepted for the present interview study. 10 percent of the interviewees were aware of their having gingivitis at that time. 57 percent were of the opinion that they had never had gingivitis. On the other hand, 20 percent of the interviewed persons had recently observed gum bleeding while 54 percent stated that they had never observed it. 21 percent of the interviewees were aware of their having dental calculus and 46 percent had the impression that they had never had calculus. 24 oercent of those interviewees who presently had calculus or had had calculus stated that they had never had it removed. Generally Finns failed to realize that gingival bleeding is a symptom of gingival inflammation. This point should be made clear in the dental health education of the future. The knowledge could help individuals to evaluate the state of their own periodontal tissues in order to obtain the best possible benefit from efficient home care."}
{"id": "PMID:269765", "title": "Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and ethnic characteristics of urban adults in the U.S.A.", "content": "Nearly 1,300 adult members of a prepaid medical group plan in New York City were screened through automated multiphasic health testing in a series of test stations including a dental station, during 1971-1973. Oral status indicators were developed including a number of missing teeth, scores to measure levels of gingival and periodontal disease, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index scores, and ratios of decayed teeth. Ratios of filled teeth were calculated to measure levels of restorative care. The present paper examines the interrelationships of economic status, education and ethnic origin with each of the above oral status measures. It was found that variations in ratios of decayed and of filled teeth were primarily due to economic status while variations in a number of missing teeth, oral hygiene levels and levels of gingival and periodontal diseases were primarily due to screenees' educational level. Ethnic group differences could be explained in part by differences among these groups in economic and and educational levels. There were no consistent ethnic patterns, however, and while some differences could be explained by controlling for education and economic status, others persisted.", "contents": "Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and ethnic characteristics of urban adults in the U.S.A. Nearly 1,300 adult members of a prepaid medical group plan in New York City were screened through automated multiphasic health testing in a series of test stations including a dental station, during 1971-1973. Oral status indicators were developed including a number of missing teeth, scores to measure levels of gingival and periodontal disease, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index scores, and ratios of decayed teeth. Ratios of filled teeth were calculated to measure levels of restorative care. The present paper examines the interrelationships of economic status, education and ethnic origin with each of the above oral status measures. It was found that variations in ratios of decayed and of filled teeth were primarily due to economic status while variations in a number of missing teeth, oral hygiene levels and levels of gingival and periodontal diseases were primarily due to screenees' educational level. Ethnic group differences could be explained in part by differences among these groups in economic and and educational levels. There were no consistent ethnic patterns, however, and while some differences could be explained by controlling for education and economic status, others persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:269766", "title": "Relationship between sociomedical factors and TMJ-symptoms in Norwegians with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "The relationship between background characteristics, stress, reported symptoms and clinical findings was studied in a group comprising 333 patients with Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD). Three-quarters of this clientele were women, most of them of young or middle age. The stressors most frequently reported were pressed working conditions, anxiety and frustration deriving from disease, and family problems. Of the symptoms, pain was reported by 78 percent of the patients, clicking by 53 percent, limitation of movement by 44 percent and feeling of stiffness and fatigue of masticatory muscles by 41 percent. Significant correlations were found between a number of variables, of which the close relationship between perceived pressors and muscle groups painful to palpation was considered to be a paramount importance. The data were combined into a hypothetic model postulating causal relations. The model was intended for testing and modification in coming studies.", "contents": "Relationship between sociomedical factors and TMJ-symptoms in Norwegians with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. The relationship between background characteristics, stress, reported symptoms and clinical findings was studied in a group comprising 333 patients with Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPD). Three-quarters of this clientele were women, most of them of young or middle age. The stressors most frequently reported were pressed working conditions, anxiety and frustration deriving from disease, and family problems. Of the symptoms, pain was reported by 78 percent of the patients, clicking by 53 percent, limitation of movement by 44 percent and feeling of stiffness and fatigue of masticatory muscles by 41 percent. Significant correlations were found between a number of variables, of which the close relationship between perceived pressors and muscle groups painful to palpation was considered to be a paramount importance. The data were combined into a hypothetic model postulating causal relations. The model was intended for testing and modification in coming studies."}
{"id": "PMID:269767", "title": "Caries experience and oral cleanliness of 3- and 4-year-old children from deprived and non-deprived areas in Edinburgh, Scotland.", "content": "Caries experience and oral cleanliness were measured in 1,453 3- and 4-year-old Edinburgh nursery schoolchildren living in areas of multiple urban deprivation and of non-deprivation in the city of Edinburgh. Children with poor oral cleanliness had a mean dmf value of 3.6 teeth compared with 1.6 teeth in those with good oral cleanliness. The greatest relative increases in caries experience were seen in the incisor and canine teeth and upon the occlusal and approximal surfaces. Children living in deprived city areas had a mean dmf value of 3.0 teeth compared with 2.0 teeth in those from non-deprived areas. This difference in caries experience was partially accounted for by the different standards of oral cleanliness found between the deprived and non-deprived areas. In the deprived areas there was a trend towards a high caries experience which was independent of the standard of oral cleanliness. The children were in considerable need of dental care. Only 23 percent of dmf teeth had been either extracted or restored.", "contents": "Caries experience and oral cleanliness of 3- and 4-year-old children from deprived and non-deprived areas in Edinburgh, Scotland. Caries experience and oral cleanliness were measured in 1,453 3- and 4-year-old Edinburgh nursery schoolchildren living in areas of multiple urban deprivation and of non-deprivation in the city of Edinburgh. Children with poor oral cleanliness had a mean dmf value of 3.6 teeth compared with 1.6 teeth in those with good oral cleanliness. The greatest relative increases in caries experience were seen in the incisor and canine teeth and upon the occlusal and approximal surfaces. Children living in deprived city areas had a mean dmf value of 3.0 teeth compared with 2.0 teeth in those from non-deprived areas. This difference in caries experience was partially accounted for by the different standards of oral cleanliness found between the deprived and non-deprived areas. In the deprived areas there was a trend towards a high caries experience which was independent of the standard of oral cleanliness. The children were in considerable need of dental care. Only 23 percent of dmf teeth had been either extracted or restored."}
{"id": "PMID:269762", "title": "Sympathetic cardiovascular reflex initiated by bradykinin-induced stimulation of cardiac pain receptors in the dog.", "content": "1. Bradykinin (0.02-5 microgram) applied to the epicardium of the left ventricle in the open-chest, anaesthetized dog, elicits dose-related reflex pressor effects and acceleration of the heart rate. 2. Bradykinin-induced reflex tachycardia was suppressed after the blockade of beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol, whereas reflex pressor responses were prevented by blocking the alpha-adrenoceptor sites with phenoxybenzamine. 3. Vagotomy and atropine treatment did not affect reflex hypertension and tachycardia to epicardial bradykinin. 4. After spinal section at C1, the pressor responses to epicardial bradykinin were significantly reduced, but still present in all but one experiment. A small acceleration of the heart occurred in two out of five spinal dogs with intact vagi and was absent in three vagotomized spinal dogs. 5. The results indicate the reflex activation of the sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels, mediated mainly at a supraspinal level as a predominant mechanism for the cardiovascular response initiated by bradykinin-induced stimulation of cardiac pain receptors.", "contents": "Sympathetic cardiovascular reflex initiated by bradykinin-induced stimulation of cardiac pain receptors in the dog. 1. Bradykinin (0.02-5 microgram) applied to the epicardium of the left ventricle in the open-chest, anaesthetized dog, elicits dose-related reflex pressor effects and acceleration of the heart rate. 2. Bradykinin-induced reflex tachycardia was suppressed after the blockade of beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol, whereas reflex pressor responses were prevented by blocking the alpha-adrenoceptor sites with phenoxybenzamine. 3. Vagotomy and atropine treatment did not affect reflex hypertension and tachycardia to epicardial bradykinin. 4. After spinal section at C1, the pressor responses to epicardial bradykinin were significantly reduced, but still present in all but one experiment. A small acceleration of the heart occurred in two out of five spinal dogs with intact vagi and was absent in three vagotomized spinal dogs. 5. The results indicate the reflex activation of the sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels, mediated mainly at a supraspinal level as a predominant mechanism for the cardiovascular response initiated by bradykinin-induced stimulation of cardiac pain receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:269768", "title": "Study of a fissure sealant in mentally retarded Canadian children.", "content": "The occlusal fissure of 812 permanent and primary posterior teeth of 160 retarded children were sealed with a fluid resin which was polymerized with an ultra-voilet lamp. A half mouth technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the sealant in the prevention of fissure caries. The 1st year, the sealant was retained intact on 73 percent of the permanent teeth and on 64 percent of the primary teeth. After 2 years, the sealant was retained intact on 61% of the permanent teeth and on 40% of the primary teeth. The retention of the fissure sealant was better on premolars than molars both in the 1stand in the 2nd year. A single application of the fissure sealant was effective in reducing fissure caries up to 2 years.", "contents": "Study of a fissure sealant in mentally retarded Canadian children. The occlusal fissure of 812 permanent and primary posterior teeth of 160 retarded children were sealed with a fluid resin which was polymerized with an ultra-voilet lamp. A half mouth technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the sealant in the prevention of fissure caries. The 1st year, the sealant was retained intact on 73 percent of the permanent teeth and on 64 percent of the primary teeth. After 2 years, the sealant was retained intact on 61% of the permanent teeth and on 40% of the primary teeth. The retention of the fissure sealant was better on premolars than molars both in the 1stand in the 2nd year. A single application of the fissure sealant was effective in reducing fissure caries up to 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:269769", "title": "A correlation study of diet, oral hygiene and dental caries in 457 Canadian children.", "content": "The interrelationship of diet, oral hygiene and caries was evaluated. Of the sample size of 457 children, 234 were in grade 1 and 223 grade 7. Five-day diet surveys were obtained, followed by clinical examinations for oral hygiene and caries. One examiner, using mouth mirror, explorer and extraoral light, conducted the caries examination. From the diet surveys, refined and total carbohydrate consumption was calculated per day; between meals, at meals, and totaled for the day. Five-day totals, which included one weekend, were recorded along with frequency of eating per day and for the 5-day periods. Computer analysis revealed no significant correlation between the diet variables and caries or oral hygiene indices and caries. The children with high caries indices did not have the poorest oral hygiene nor consume the most carbohydrates. Similarly, the children with low caries indices did not have the cleanest teeth nor consume lesser amounts of carbohydrates.", "contents": "A correlation study of diet, oral hygiene and dental caries in 457 Canadian children. The interrelationship of diet, oral hygiene and caries was evaluated. Of the sample size of 457 children, 234 were in grade 1 and 223 grade 7. Five-day diet surveys were obtained, followed by clinical examinations for oral hygiene and caries. One examiner, using mouth mirror, explorer and extraoral light, conducted the caries examination. From the diet surveys, refined and total carbohydrate consumption was calculated per day; between meals, at meals, and totaled for the day. Five-day totals, which included one weekend, were recorded along with frequency of eating per day and for the 5-day periods. Computer analysis revealed no significant correlation between the diet variables and caries or oral hygiene indices and caries. The children with high caries indices did not have the poorest oral hygiene nor consume the most carbohydrates. Similarly, the children with low caries indices did not have the cleanest teeth nor consume lesser amounts of carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:269770", "title": "Oral hygiene and gingival health in Danish dental students and faculty.", "content": "This survey attempted to determine the status of oral cleanliness and gingival health in 150 dental students and 101 faculty members in a dental school. Without advance notice, plaque deposits were scored, using the Plaque Index System, and gingival health was determined using the criteria of the Gingival Index System. The 1st-year students had the poorest hygiene and gingival health. An improvement (P less than 0.01) was noted in the 2nd-year students who were still not in clinical training but had completed a course in preventive dentistry including oral hygiene techniques. Further improvement (P less than 0.05) was found in students participating in the clinical courses (3rd and 4th years). However, some deterioration of both hygiene and gingival status occurred in the senior 5th year. Among the faculty, the best oral hygiene and gingival state were found in members of departments in which clinical work centered around patient motivation toward prevention and tooth conservation. The scores for plaque and gingivitis were worse in the departments of oral surgery, dental materials, orthodontics and the basic science departments. Almost all departments and every class showed a few individuals with very poor oral hygiene. It is suggested that regular patient contact influences the personal attitude toward oral hygiene, and that professional activity and emphasis on different aspects of the curriculum may be reflected in the attitude of health professionals toward oral health.", "contents": "Oral hygiene and gingival health in Danish dental students and faculty. This survey attempted to determine the status of oral cleanliness and gingival health in 150 dental students and 101 faculty members in a dental school. Without advance notice, plaque deposits were scored, using the Plaque Index System, and gingival health was determined using the criteria of the Gingival Index System. The 1st-year students had the poorest hygiene and gingival health. An improvement (P less than 0.01) was noted in the 2nd-year students who were still not in clinical training but had completed a course in preventive dentistry including oral hygiene techniques. Further improvement (P less than 0.05) was found in students participating in the clinical courses (3rd and 4th years). However, some deterioration of both hygiene and gingival status occurred in the senior 5th year. Among the faculty, the best oral hygiene and gingival state were found in members of departments in which clinical work centered around patient motivation toward prevention and tooth conservation. The scores for plaque and gingivitis were worse in the departments of oral surgery, dental materials, orthodontics and the basic science departments. Almost all departments and every class showed a few individuals with very poor oral hygiene. It is suggested that regular patient contact influences the personal attitude toward oral hygiene, and that professional activity and emphasis on different aspects of the curriculum may be reflected in the attitude of health professionals toward oral health."}
{"id": "PMID:269771", "title": "Enamel mottling in a high strontium area of the U.S.A.", "content": "As part of an epidemiologic study conducted in seven towns in Wisconsin, U.S.A., enamel mottling, opacities, and pigmentations were assessed in 1, 313 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren. Enamel mottling was found to increase in prevalence and severity as strontium concentrations in communal drinking water increased. This trend held for lifelong residents only, and could not be demonstrated among children who immigrated to the towns after 1 year of life. No relationship of enamel mottling and water fluoride concentrations was found.", "contents": "Enamel mottling in a high strontium area of the U.S.A. As part of an epidemiologic study conducted in seven towns in Wisconsin, U.S.A., enamel mottling, opacities, and pigmentations were assessed in 1, 313 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren. Enamel mottling was found to increase in prevalence and severity as strontium concentrations in communal drinking water increased. This trend held for lifelong residents only, and could not be demonstrated among children who immigrated to the towns after 1 year of life. No relationship of enamel mottling and water fluoride concentrations was found."}
{"id": "PMID:269772", "title": "Pilot study on dental erosion in a Norwegian electrolytic zinc factory.", "content": "In 12 workers in a Norwegian factory using electrolytic methods to extract zinc, a relationship was found to exist between degree of erosion, number of teeth affected and the length of service. The prevalence of caries, abrasion and attrition was not higher than in comparable population groups. The correlation between diagnosis of erosion based on clinical examination, and diagnosis based on evaluation of color slides was good.", "contents": "Pilot study on dental erosion in a Norwegian electrolytic zinc factory. In 12 workers in a Norwegian factory using electrolytic methods to extract zinc, a relationship was found to exist between degree of erosion, number of teeth affected and the length of service. The prevalence of caries, abrasion and attrition was not higher than in comparable population groups. The correlation between diagnosis of erosion based on clinical examination, and diagnosis based on evaluation of color slides was good."}
{"id": "PMID:269788", "title": "[Glycogen storage disease (Pompe's disease) presenting as myopathy in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 46-year-old woman with progressive atypical limb-girdle dystrophy for eight years the electromyogram revealed a myopathic pattern with signs of denervation activity. Enzymehistochemical and biochemical investigations of muscle and liver biopsies indicated type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's disease). This type, with its prolonged course and the almost exclusive clinical involvement of proximal muscles mimics a \"degenerative\" neuromuscular disease, particularly muscle dystrophy, in the adult. Caused by acid maltase deficiency it is not a rare disease.", "contents": "[Glycogen storage disease (Pompe's disease) presenting as myopathy in the adult (author's transl)]. In a 46-year-old woman with progressive atypical limb-girdle dystrophy for eight years the electromyogram revealed a myopathic pattern with signs of denervation activity. Enzymehistochemical and biochemical investigations of muscle and liver biopsies indicated type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's disease). This type, with its prolonged course and the almost exclusive clinical involvement of proximal muscles mimics a \"degenerative\" neuromuscular disease, particularly muscle dystrophy, in the adult. Caused by acid maltase deficiency it is not a rare disease."}
{"id": "PMID:269789", "title": "[Frequency and differentiation of odontogenic tumors].", "content": "The odontogenic tumors stand for a group of lesions of a most interesting and fascinating kind. They represent mirror images of an uncontrolled odontogenesis. The insurmountable problems of insufficient knowledge of etiology, its exceptional rarity and diversity, as well as the lack of a generally accepted nomenclature and classification, defeat almost every attempt to gather and estimate clinical data of the various tumor forms. Considering these problems, various diagnostical criteria to deliminate each single tumor form have been valued and tabulated by means of statistical data, taken from world literature. Easily comprehensible clinical diagnosis, such as sex, age, location, and \"characteristic\" x-ray results have been valued and tabulated. From the variety of these most different classifications, being mentioned in a short historical survey, the \"Histological Typing of Odontogenic Tumours, Jaw Cysts, and Allied Lesions\", published by the WHO in 1971, has been chosen and taken as a basis. In addition to this rarely publicised data concerning the absolute and the relative frequency of these tumors have been compiled.", "contents": "[Frequency and differentiation of odontogenic tumors]. The odontogenic tumors stand for a group of lesions of a most interesting and fascinating kind. They represent mirror images of an uncontrolled odontogenesis. The insurmountable problems of insufficient knowledge of etiology, its exceptional rarity and diversity, as well as the lack of a generally accepted nomenclature and classification, defeat almost every attempt to gather and estimate clinical data of the various tumor forms. Considering these problems, various diagnostical criteria to deliminate each single tumor form have been valued and tabulated by means of statistical data, taken from world literature. Easily comprehensible clinical diagnosis, such as sex, age, location, and \"characteristic\" x-ray results have been valued and tabulated. From the variety of these most different classifications, being mentioned in a short historical survey, the \"Histological Typing of Odontogenic Tumours, Jaw Cysts, and Allied Lesions\", published by the WHO in 1971, has been chosen and taken as a basis. In addition to this rarely publicised data concerning the absolute and the relative frequency of these tumors have been compiled."}
{"id": "PMID:269790", "title": "[Multiple odontomas in Gardner's syndrome].", "content": "A case of Gardners syndrome is described. This illness, inherited by autosomal dominance clinically shows multiple soft tumours, osteotomatosis, occasionally also odeontomata and polyposis intestinalis. The almost invariably occuring malignant degeneration of single intestinal polyps has led to the inclusion of Gardner's syndrome into the group of precancerous conditions.", "contents": "[Multiple odontomas in Gardner's syndrome]. A case of Gardners syndrome is described. This illness, inherited by autosomal dominance clinically shows multiple soft tumours, osteotomatosis, occasionally also odeontomata and polyposis intestinalis. The almost invariably occuring malignant degeneration of single intestinal polyps has led to the inclusion of Gardner's syndrome into the group of precancerous conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:269791", "title": "[Odontomas with special reference to Gardner's syndrome].", "content": "Analysis of world literature appears to show that large hard odontomata of the jaw are relatively rare. 43 such odontogenous tumours are reported which were treated during 30 years in the maxillo-facial clinic in Heidelberg and in which the feasibility of mandibular reconstruction following partial resection was considered. The attention of dentists and maxillo-facial surgeons is drawn to odontomata, which are part of the symptom complex of Gardner's syndrome; a case is described where this rare disease presented.", "contents": "[Odontomas with special reference to Gardner's syndrome]. Analysis of world literature appears to show that large hard odontomata of the jaw are relatively rare. 43 such odontogenous tumours are reported which were treated during 30 years in the maxillo-facial clinic in Heidelberg and in which the feasibility of mandibular reconstruction following partial resection was considered. The attention of dentists and maxillo-facial surgeons is drawn to odontomata, which are part of the symptom complex of Gardner's syndrome; a case is described where this rare disease presented."}
{"id": "PMID:269792", "title": "[Clinical aspects, evaluation and treatment of odontogenic myxomas (fibromyxomas)].", "content": "Myxomata are benign, locally invasive, growing tumours which presumably arise from the connective tissue of dental papillae. They grow slowly and do not give rise to any symptoms. They are therefore of considerable diagnostic importance. They arise in the dentigerous part of the jaws and extend into the ramus of the mandible and from the maxilla into the maxillary sinus. X-ray shows them as mono- or polycystic spaces. The benign nature of myxomata leads to the temptation to operate conservatively. Excochleation and curettage have a recurrence rate of about 25%. Further excision is therefore required which, depending on the extent of the tumours, consists of partial resection of upper or lower jaw. Personal experience of 10 patients is given and discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects, evaluation and treatment of odontogenic myxomas (fibromyxomas)]. Myxomata are benign, locally invasive, growing tumours which presumably arise from the connective tissue of dental papillae. They grow slowly and do not give rise to any symptoms. They are therefore of considerable diagnostic importance. They arise in the dentigerous part of the jaws and extend into the ramus of the mandible and from the maxilla into the maxillary sinus. X-ray shows them as mono- or polycystic spaces. The benign nature of myxomata leads to the temptation to operate conservatively. Excochleation and curettage have a recurrence rate of about 25%. Further excision is therefore required which, depending on the extent of the tumours, consists of partial resection of upper or lower jaw. Personal experience of 10 patients is given and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269796", "title": "[Studies on maxillary growth in patients with cleft palate].", "content": "Breadth, length and height of the maxilla and palate measured on models of children with cleft palate decrease at first in the years after operation. The original measurements of the breadth of the dental arch are exceeded at the age of 8,5 but not the length of the dental arch.", "contents": "[Studies on maxillary growth in patients with cleft palate]. Breadth, length and height of the maxilla and palate measured on models of children with cleft palate decrease at first in the years after operation. The original measurements of the breadth of the dental arch are exceeded at the age of 8,5 but not the length of the dental arch."}
{"id": "PMID:269797", "title": "[Metal plate osteosynthesis and wire osteosynthesis for the treatment of periorbital fractures in an experimental study].", "content": "With consideration of the special situation in periorbital fractures, the fundamental differences between wire and metal plast osteosynthesis was demonstrated on the basis of mathematical calculations, mechanical considerations and tension optical experiments. We further report on the different behaviour of both methods of osteosynthesis in tension experiments which demonstrate the distinct superiority of the metal plate.", "contents": "[Metal plate osteosynthesis and wire osteosynthesis for the treatment of periorbital fractures in an experimental study]. With consideration of the special situation in periorbital fractures, the fundamental differences between wire and metal plast osteosynthesis was demonstrated on the basis of mathematical calculations, mechanical considerations and tension optical experiments. We further report on the different behaviour of both methods of osteosynthesis in tension experiments which demonstrate the distinct superiority of the metal plate."}
{"id": "PMID:269798", "title": "[Comparative studies on the adhesiveness to the bone of various implantation materials].", "content": "After earlier experiments showed that bone became adherent to glass ceramic, the maximum mechanical stress on the bone-ceramic interface, as compared with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and aluminium oxide ceramic, was investigated for shearing force and tension. Whereas the PMMA and aluminium oxide ceramic test objects which had been inclosed in the connective tissue were very easily pushed out without measurable pressure, the average fracture load for 15 smooth glass ceramic objects was 466 p/mm2 in the pushed out test and 167 p/mm2 in the tension test.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the adhesiveness to the bone of various implantation materials]. After earlier experiments showed that bone became adherent to glass ceramic, the maximum mechanical stress on the bone-ceramic interface, as compared with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and aluminium oxide ceramic, was investigated for shearing force and tension. Whereas the PMMA and aluminium oxide ceramic test objects which had been inclosed in the connective tissue were very easily pushed out without measurable pressure, the average fracture load for 15 smooth glass ceramic objects was 466 p/mm2 in the pushed out test and 167 p/mm2 in the tension test."}
{"id": "PMID:269799", "title": "[The femoral region of the rat for the training in microsurgical vascular and neural anastomosis technics].", "content": "Regular practice in the operative technique is prerequisite for good functioning of micro surgical vessel and nerve anastomoses. The femoral region of the rat provides in one site an artery, a vein and several nerve branches. In one operation surgical anastomosis can be performed on all three structures.", "contents": "[The femoral region of the rat for the training in microsurgical vascular and neural anastomosis technics]. Regular practice in the operative technique is prerequisite for good functioning of micro surgical vessel and nerve anastomoses. The femoral region of the rat provides in one site an artery, a vein and several nerve branches. In one operation surgical anastomosis can be performed on all three structures."}
{"id": "PMID:269800", "title": "[Compression osteosynthesis with percutaneous bone screws--clinical aspects and radiographic findings].", "content": "In a previous paper (Jacobs 1976) the development of an apparatus was described which achieved a compression osteosynthesis through the use of percutaneous bone screws without encroaching on the area of the fracture. As indication for this procedure we consider the condition which is described under the synonyms \"post-traumatic osteomyelitis\", \"osteitis\" and \"fracture infection\". Clinical experience is described with consideration of technical measurements - for the first time in vivo measurements of interfragmental compression in the patient and X-ray findings.", "contents": "[Compression osteosynthesis with percutaneous bone screws--clinical aspects and radiographic findings]. In a previous paper (Jacobs 1976) the development of an apparatus was described which achieved a compression osteosynthesis through the use of percutaneous bone screws without encroaching on the area of the fracture. As indication for this procedure we consider the condition which is described under the synonyms \"post-traumatic osteomyelitis\", \"osteitis\" and \"fracture infection\". Clinical experience is described with consideration of technical measurements - for the first time in vivo measurements of interfragmental compression in the patient and X-ray findings."}
{"id": "PMID:269841", "title": "Effect of leupeptin on induction of lymphoblastic leukemia in mice by N-nitrosobutylurea.", "content": "The effect of leupeptin on the induction of lymphoblastic leukemia in ICR/JCL female mice by N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU) was investigated. NBU was given as a 0.02% solution in drinking water for 10 weeks. A 0.1% concentration of leupeptin was given in the diet. Group A was fed on the leupeptin diet from the beginning, Group B received it after the end of NBU treatment, and Group C was fed on a leupeptin-free control diet throughout. The average periods in the appearance of leukemia in groups A, B, and C were 115+/-50, 112+/-43, and 100+/-17 days (mean+/-SD), respectively, and there was a significant difference between groups A and B and Group C at P less than 0.001. In regard to this point, leupeptin might have the effect of retarding the rpocess of leukemogenesis. However, leupeptin showed no effect on the incidence and histopathological finding of leukemia.", "contents": "Effect of leupeptin on induction of lymphoblastic leukemia in mice by N-nitrosobutylurea. The effect of leupeptin on the induction of lymphoblastic leukemia in ICR/JCL female mice by N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU) was investigated. NBU was given as a 0.02% solution in drinking water for 10 weeks. A 0.1% concentration of leupeptin was given in the diet. Group A was fed on the leupeptin diet from the beginning, Group B received it after the end of NBU treatment, and Group C was fed on a leupeptin-free control diet throughout. The average periods in the appearance of leukemia in groups A, B, and C were 115+/-50, 112+/-43, and 100+/-17 days (mean+/-SD), respectively, and there was a significant difference between groups A and B and Group C at P less than 0.001. In regard to this point, leupeptin might have the effect of retarding the rpocess of leukemogenesis. However, leupeptin showed no effect on the incidence and histopathological finding of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:269842", "title": "Infection by the distribution of biotypes of enterobacteriacease species in leukaemic patients treated under ward conditions and in units for protective isolation in seven hospitals in Europe.", "content": "In a cooperative study on the efficiency of isolation and decontamination in patients with acute leukaemia performed in seven hospitals in Europe, faecal samples and oral washings were collected twice weekly and shipped for culturing to a Central Bacteriological Laboratory. In this laboratory the Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from these samples were biotyped as well as those isolated from infections that occurred in these patients during treatment. Enterobacteriaceae biotypes isolated for the first time during the isolation phase of the patient indicated a leak in the isolation system. The \"colonizing\" (newly resident) biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae species were found to be more often involved in infections and to be more commonly distributed among the patients in the participating hospitals than the \"contaminating\" (transient) Enterobacteriaceae biotypes. Furthermore, a linear correlation was found between the incidence of gram-negative infections and the number of cases in which these Enterobacteriaceae biotypes colonized the gastro-intestinal tract of patients. The majority of the infections was caused by Enterobacteriaceae biotypes that had settled in the gastro-intestinal tract during treatment and consequently were of nosocomial origin.", "contents": "Infection by the distribution of biotypes of enterobacteriacease species in leukaemic patients treated under ward conditions and in units for protective isolation in seven hospitals in Europe. In a cooperative study on the efficiency of isolation and decontamination in patients with acute leukaemia performed in seven hospitals in Europe, faecal samples and oral washings were collected twice weekly and shipped for culturing to a Central Bacteriological Laboratory. In this laboratory the Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from these samples were biotyped as well as those isolated from infections that occurred in these patients during treatment. Enterobacteriaceae biotypes isolated for the first time during the isolation phase of the patient indicated a leak in the isolation system. The \"colonizing\" (newly resident) biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae species were found to be more often involved in infections and to be more commonly distributed among the patients in the participating hospitals than the \"contaminating\" (transient) Enterobacteriaceae biotypes. Furthermore, a linear correlation was found between the incidence of gram-negative infections and the number of cases in which these Enterobacteriaceae biotypes colonized the gastro-intestinal tract of patients. The majority of the infections was caused by Enterobacteriaceae biotypes that had settled in the gastro-intestinal tract during treatment and consequently were of nosocomial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:269848", "title": "Panoramic radiography in dentistry.", "content": "Examples of panoramic radiography equipment in use are briefly reviewed and the differences pointed out between those operating on the principle of tomography and other \"panoramic\" instruments. The various uses to which panoramic radiography is put are described and the problems involved in using them explained. The advantages and disadvantages of panoramic radiography are listed and comparisons drawn between the degree of clarity and precision for diagnosis obtained with it as against that obtained using normal periapical radiographs.", "contents": "Panoramic radiography in dentistry. Examples of panoramic radiography equipment in use are briefly reviewed and the differences pointed out between those operating on the principle of tomography and other \"panoramic\" instruments. The various uses to which panoramic radiography is put are described and the problems involved in using them explained. The advantages and disadvantages of panoramic radiography are listed and comparisons drawn between the degree of clarity and precision for diagnosis obtained with it as against that obtained using normal periapical radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:269850", "title": "Acute maxillary sinusitis caused by a guttapercha point.", "content": "A case of acute sinusitis caused by a gutta-percha point is presented. The foreign body was introduced into the sinus during root therapy. Antibiotic therapy was ineffective. Surgical treatment consisted of radical antrostomy and removal of the foreign body.", "contents": "Acute maxillary sinusitis caused by a guttapercha point. A case of acute sinusitis caused by a gutta-percha point is presented. The foreign body was introduced into the sinus during root therapy. Antibiotic therapy was ineffective. Surgical treatment consisted of radical antrostomy and removal of the foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:269852", "title": "[Anaesthesia for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The experienced anaesthetist in endoscopic anaesthesia in otolaryngology appreciates the need for adequate alveolar ventilation and that the risks are considerable. Certain principles, which have been found useful are presented. From five anaesthetic techniques for laryngeal microsurgery the injector method is described in detail. This method has proved very advantageous especially for surgical procedures on the posterior laryngeal commissure and for the treatment in special instances of tracheal stenosis. The technique mentioned were used without serious complications in about 1000 endoscopies in the last five years.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy procedures (author's transl)]. The experienced anaesthetist in endoscopic anaesthesia in otolaryngology appreciates the need for adequate alveolar ventilation and that the risks are considerable. Certain principles, which have been found useful are presented. From five anaesthetic techniques for laryngeal microsurgery the injector method is described in detail. This method has proved very advantageous especially for surgical procedures on the posterior laryngeal commissure and for the treatment in special instances of tracheal stenosis. The technique mentioned were used without serious complications in about 1000 endoscopies in the last five years."}
{"id": "PMID:269853", "title": "Human thymidylate synthetase derived from blast cells of patients with acture myelocytic leukemia. Purification and chracterization.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetase (EC 2.1.1.B.) from blast cells of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia has been purified more than 1470-fold by affinity column chromatography. Methotrexate was the affinity ligand. dUMP was found to be a necessary additive for retention of the enzyme by the affinity column. Disc electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed a single enzyme species with a molecular weight of 76,000. The enzyme exhibits a temperature-dependent conformational change with activation energies of 5.3 +/- 0.4 and 17.3 +/- 1.9 kcal/mol, respectively, above and below a transitional temperature of 35 degrees. This conformational change is reflected in the binding affinity of dUMP but not of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The enzyme displays a broad pH maximum in the range of pH 7.4 to 8.8. The Michaelis constants for dUMP and (+/--L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate are 1.8 +/- 0.2 and 31 +/- 8.3 micrometer, respectively. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies reveal the enzymic mechanism to be ordered sequential. dUMP binds before 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dihydrofolate is released before TMP. 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxy-5'-uridylate (FdUMP) behaves as in irreversible inhibitor with a Ki of 1.68 +/- 0.45 nM. The enzyme has a turnover number of 6 min-1 per FdUMP binding site. Methotrexate inhibits noncompetitively with respect to dUMP and binds tighter to the enzyme in the presence of dUMP. Methotrexate antagonizes inactivation of the enzyme by FdUMP.", "contents": "Human thymidylate synthetase derived from blast cells of patients with acture myelocytic leukemia. Purification and chracterization. Thymidylate synthetase (EC 2.1.1.B.) from blast cells of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia has been purified more than 1470-fold by affinity column chromatography. Methotrexate was the affinity ligand. dUMP was found to be a necessary additive for retention of the enzyme by the affinity column. Disc electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed a single enzyme species with a molecular weight of 76,000. The enzyme exhibits a temperature-dependent conformational change with activation energies of 5.3 +/- 0.4 and 17.3 +/- 1.9 kcal/mol, respectively, above and below a transitional temperature of 35 degrees. This conformational change is reflected in the binding affinity of dUMP but not of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The enzyme displays a broad pH maximum in the range of pH 7.4 to 8.8. The Michaelis constants for dUMP and (+/--L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate are 1.8 +/- 0.2 and 31 +/- 8.3 micrometer, respectively. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies reveal the enzymic mechanism to be ordered sequential. dUMP binds before 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dihydrofolate is released before TMP. 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxy-5'-uridylate (FdUMP) behaves as in irreversible inhibitor with a Ki of 1.68 +/- 0.45 nM. The enzyme has a turnover number of 6 min-1 per FdUMP binding site. Methotrexate inhibits noncompetitively with respect to dUMP and binds tighter to the enzyme in the presence of dUMP. Methotrexate antagonizes inactivation of the enzyme by FdUMP."}
{"id": "PMID:269856", "title": "Postdoctoral research training in cariology: an opportunity initiated by the National Caries Program at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry.", "content": "In response to the need for development of measures to effectively control human dental caries, a postdocroral research training program in cariology has been established at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. This article discusses the concept of cariology, the background leading to the development of the program, and the goals and structure of the program. The recruiting and training of individuals to perform and direct multidisciplinary basic and applied research in cariology are explained. A didactic and clinical program is presented which gives a comprehensive introduction to cariology to trainees with a Ph.D degree and little previous knowledge of the multifactorial nature of dental caries.", "contents": "Postdoctoral research training in cariology: an opportunity initiated by the National Caries Program at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. In response to the need for development of measures to effectively control human dental caries, a postdocroral research training program in cariology has been established at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. This article discusses the concept of cariology, the background leading to the development of the program, and the goals and structure of the program. The recruiting and training of individuals to perform and direct multidisciplinary basic and applied research in cariology are explained. A didactic and clinical program is presented which gives a comprehensive introduction to cariology to trainees with a Ph.D degree and little previous knowledge of the multifactorial nature of dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:269858", "title": "Correlates of dentists' attitudes toward continuing education in TEAM.", "content": "All dentists in active practice in Rhode Island were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward continuing education in TEAM. A total of 74.6 percent of those surveyed responded to the questionnaire. Only one variable, location in a building with other dental offices, was found to be associated with a perceived need for training in TEAM. Demographic background, practice busyness, practice efficiency, and knowledge and attitude profiles were found to be associated with an interest in attending such continuing education courses.", "contents": "Correlates of dentists' attitudes toward continuing education in TEAM. All dentists in active practice in Rhode Island were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward continuing education in TEAM. A total of 74.6 percent of those surveyed responded to the questionnaire. Only one variable, location in a building with other dental offices, was found to be associated with a perceived need for training in TEAM. Demographic background, practice busyness, practice efficiency, and knowledge and attitude profiles were found to be associated with an interest in attending such continuing education courses."}
{"id": "PMID:269859", "title": "Course evaluation by committee.", "content": "An intradepartmental course evaluation committee has been established in the Department of Community Dentistry at the University of Louisville School of Dentistry. This committee's review of student evaluation mechanisms was a major focus in the assessment of all departmental courses. An evaluation technique, based on a comparison of existing student evaluation mechanisms against criteria established by the committee and approved by the departmental faculty, was designed and applied. The committee was viewed as successful by departmental course directors; however, its suggestions were not widely implemented by the departmental faculty. Several reasons are cited for this, as well as suggestions for future modifications of the committee's procedures.", "contents": "Course evaluation by committee. An intradepartmental course evaluation committee has been established in the Department of Community Dentistry at the University of Louisville School of Dentistry. This committee's review of student evaluation mechanisms was a major focus in the assessment of all departmental courses. An evaluation technique, based on a comparison of existing student evaluation mechanisms against criteria established by the committee and approved by the departmental faculty, was designed and applied. The committee was viewed as successful by departmental course directors; however, its suggestions were not widely implemented by the departmental faculty. Several reasons are cited for this, as well as suggestions for future modifications of the committee's procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:269860", "title": "Results of a workshop on the development of TEAM training programs.", "content": "A two-week workshop was conducted to instruct current and potential directors of TEAM programs in planning and implementation of effective programs. A participant was sent by 36 of the 59 invited dental schools. Nineteen persons were selected as workshop faculty. The first week was spent in didactic sessions on educational methods, TEAM curriculum topics, and noncurricular issues. The second week was spent on development and review of original TEAM proposals. Significant overall gains in proficiency test scores were earned by both participants who came from schools with funded TEAM programs (n=16) and those from schools without funded programs (n=18). No test score differences were observed between these groups. The two areas of greatest perceived weakness at the end were evaluation and management training. Data on TEAM grant submissions during the two years following the workshop are discussed, along with several implications for planning of long-term workshops.", "contents": "Results of a workshop on the development of TEAM training programs. A two-week workshop was conducted to instruct current and potential directors of TEAM programs in planning and implementation of effective programs. A participant was sent by 36 of the 59 invited dental schools. Nineteen persons were selected as workshop faculty. The first week was spent in didactic sessions on educational methods, TEAM curriculum topics, and noncurricular issues. The second week was spent on development and review of original TEAM proposals. Significant overall gains in proficiency test scores were earned by both participants who came from schools with funded TEAM programs (n=16) and those from schools without funded programs (n=18). No test score differences were observed between these groups. The two areas of greatest perceived weakness at the end were evaluation and management training. Data on TEAM grant submissions during the two years following the workshop are discussed, along with several implications for planning of long-term workshops."}
{"id": "PMID:269875", "title": "A comparison of glazing materials for composite restorations.", "content": "Composite restorations containing quartz fillers have shown persistent roughness after finishing which contributes to marginal discoloration and staining. Resin finish coatings have been used to attempt to overcome this problem. This study was designed to compare the durability of two resin coating materials used on two brands of composite restorative materials. Results showed that composites glazed with resin coating finishes at placement maintained their luster, color match, and surface smoothness significantly better after one year than composites that were not coated. After a year it was concluded that composites on which the resin coating is intact maintain their color match, luster, and smoothness significantly better than uncoated composite restorations.", "contents": "A comparison of glazing materials for composite restorations. Composite restorations containing quartz fillers have shown persistent roughness after finishing which contributes to marginal discoloration and staining. Resin finish coatings have been used to attempt to overcome this problem. This study was designed to compare the durability of two resin coating materials used on two brands of composite restorative materials. Results showed that composites glazed with resin coating finishes at placement maintained their luster, color match, and surface smoothness significantly better after one year than composites that were not coated. After a year it was concluded that composites on which the resin coating is intact maintain their color match, luster, and smoothness significantly better than uncoated composite restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:269876", "title": "Surgical intervention to reestablish adequate intermaxillary space before fixed or removable prosthodontics.", "content": "Supraeruption of the right maxillary molars and concomitant drop of the alveolar ridge resulted in loss of intermaxillary space. With the patient under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation, a posterior segmental osteotomy was performed, on an outpatient basis, to reposition this segment superiorly into the maxillary sinus. Stabilization was accomplished with a prefabricated acrylic splint. The patient quickly resumed her daily routine with normal postoperative healing and satisfactory intermaxillary space.", "contents": "Surgical intervention to reestablish adequate intermaxillary space before fixed or removable prosthodontics. Supraeruption of the right maxillary molars and concomitant drop of the alveolar ridge resulted in loss of intermaxillary space. With the patient under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation, a posterior segmental osteotomy was performed, on an outpatient basis, to reposition this segment superiorly into the maxillary sinus. Stabilization was accomplished with a prefabricated acrylic splint. The patient quickly resumed her daily routine with normal postoperative healing and satisfactory intermaxillary space."}
{"id": "PMID:269877", "title": "The medical consultation: its role in dentistry.", "content": "Dental practice frequently requires close cooperation between the dentist and physician. The medical consultation request is extremely valuable in achieving this cooperation. The request must contain sufficient information to enable the physician to understand the dentist's findings, the patient's anticipated dental treatment needs, and the specific reasons for the consultation request. To ensure completeness, accuracy, and to provide a clear record from a medico-legal standpoint, the medical consultation request should be in writing.", "contents": "The medical consultation: its role in dentistry. Dental practice frequently requires close cooperation between the dentist and physician. The medical consultation request is extremely valuable in achieving this cooperation. The request must contain sufficient information to enable the physician to understand the dentist's findings, the patient's anticipated dental treatment needs, and the specific reasons for the consultation request. To ensure completeness, accuracy, and to provide a clear record from a medico-legal standpoint, the medical consultation request should be in writing."}
{"id": "PMID:269879", "title": "Four-year clinical evaluation of a pit and fissure sealant.", "content": "The clinical retention of a single application of a pit and fissure sealant was evaluated on the teeth of children to determine the influence that this protective coating, or its loss, would have on caries activity during a four-year period. The sealant was fully retained on 50% of all paired permanent teeth at 48 months. Of the 689 pit regions that retained the sealant, 95% were rated as having severe loss of substance, only 5% as slight loss, and none with no loss of substance. It also was found that 53% of all paired permanent control teeth judged cariesfree at the baseline examination were found to be carious, whereas only 30% of the treated teeth examined were carious. The corresponding relative reduction in caries rates was, therefore, 43%. The actual number of teeth estimated to be saved by the sealant treatment at 48 months, as measured by net gain per 100 teeth treated, was 23. The net gain per child was estimated as 2.7 teeth saved from caries (full mouth), with a positive treatment benefit in 69% of the children. When the sealant remained intact, there was a pronounced reduction in caries initiation--the percent effectiveness being 84%.", "contents": "Four-year clinical evaluation of a pit and fissure sealant. The clinical retention of a single application of a pit and fissure sealant was evaluated on the teeth of children to determine the influence that this protective coating, or its loss, would have on caries activity during a four-year period. The sealant was fully retained on 50% of all paired permanent teeth at 48 months. Of the 689 pit regions that retained the sealant, 95% were rated as having severe loss of substance, only 5% as slight loss, and none with no loss of substance. It also was found that 53% of all paired permanent control teeth judged cariesfree at the baseline examination were found to be carious, whereas only 30% of the treated teeth examined were carious. The corresponding relative reduction in caries rates was, therefore, 43%. The actual number of teeth estimated to be saved by the sealant treatment at 48 months, as measured by net gain per 100 teeth treated, was 23. The net gain per child was estimated as 2.7 teeth saved from caries (full mouth), with a positive treatment benefit in 69% of the children. When the sealant remained intact, there was a pronounced reduction in caries initiation--the percent effectiveness being 84%."}
{"id": "PMID:269880", "title": "A new desensitizing dentifrice: preliminary report.", "content": "Dentin sensitivity is one of the most painful, ubiquitous, and least satisfactorily treated chronic problems of the teeth. The purpose of this clinical trial was to test the sensitivity-reducing effectiveness of five dentifrices over a six-week period. For the study, 176 adults, ages 18 to 63, exhibiting a total of 486 hypersensitive surfaces, were randomly allocated to five experimental groups to use one of the following: a strontium chloride dentifrice, a 0.4% stannous fluoride gel, a pluronic F-127-sodium citrate gel, a pluronic F-127 gel, or a control dentifrice. No specific instructions were provided as to the frequency or method of toothbrushing; thus, the participants brushed their teeth in their usual manner. The analysis of the data was limited to 168 persons who complied with study procedures. Chi-square analysis examined the statistical differences between the four test agents and the control formulation. The desensitizing effect of the pluronic plus sodium citrate gel was highly significant, and the plain pluronic F-127 preparation was effective to a lesser degree. Patients using the strontium chloride or stannous-fluoride-containing dentifrices did not exhibit a significant improvement over the control group. This study demonstrated that a pluronic polyol gel containing sodium citrate is highly effective in controlling tooth hypersensitivity.", "contents": "A new desensitizing dentifrice: preliminary report. Dentin sensitivity is one of the most painful, ubiquitous, and least satisfactorily treated chronic problems of the teeth. The purpose of this clinical trial was to test the sensitivity-reducing effectiveness of five dentifrices over a six-week period. For the study, 176 adults, ages 18 to 63, exhibiting a total of 486 hypersensitive surfaces, were randomly allocated to five experimental groups to use one of the following: a strontium chloride dentifrice, a 0.4% stannous fluoride gel, a pluronic F-127-sodium citrate gel, a pluronic F-127 gel, or a control dentifrice. No specific instructions were provided as to the frequency or method of toothbrushing; thus, the participants brushed their teeth in their usual manner. The analysis of the data was limited to 168 persons who complied with study procedures. Chi-square analysis examined the statistical differences between the four test agents and the control formulation. The desensitizing effect of the pluronic plus sodium citrate gel was highly significant, and the plain pluronic F-127 preparation was effective to a lesser degree. Patients using the strontium chloride or stannous-fluoride-containing dentifrices did not exhibit a significant improvement over the control group. This study demonstrated that a pluronic polyol gel containing sodium citrate is highly effective in controlling tooth hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:269881", "title": "Hereditary angioedema: review of literature and dental treatment.", "content": "Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant syndrome in which the pathogenesis differs from the more common nonhereditary (allergic) angioedema. Respiratory embarrassment precipitated by trauma (including dental manipulation) accounts for the high morbidity of the patients. The purpose of this paper is to establish a successful procedure for dental-medical treatment of patients with HAE.", "contents": "Hereditary angioedema: review of literature and dental treatment. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant syndrome in which the pathogenesis differs from the more common nonhereditary (allergic) angioedema. Respiratory embarrassment precipitated by trauma (including dental manipulation) accounts for the high morbidity of the patients. The purpose of this paper is to establish a successful procedure for dental-medical treatment of patients with HAE."}
{"id": "PMID:269883", "title": "Comparison of multiple assays for detecting human antibodies directed against surface antigens on normal and malignant human tissue culture cells.", "content": "Four separate assays of human antibody reactivity to four separate normal and malignant human tissue culture cell lines from two patients have been evaluated using a single highly-reactive allogeneic serum. The visual and end-point cytolysis assay and the 51Chromium release assay were equally sensitive in measuring complement mediated antibody cytoxicity and both were far more sensitive than a trypan blue dye exclusion assay. The assay of antibody reactivity by hemadsorption technique was about 10 times more sensitive than any of the cytotoxicity assays. This latter assay measures only IgG antibody however. These assays showed that cell lines from different patients may differ greatly in 'reactivity' to an allogeneic serum and emphasized the importance of utilizing tumor and normal cells from the same patient when using tissue culture cells to search for tumor specific reactivity. These observations emphasize the importance of utilizing multiple assays against paired normal and malignant cells from the same patient to be certain of the specificity and magnitude of the measured antibody.", "contents": "Comparison of multiple assays for detecting human antibodies directed against surface antigens on normal and malignant human tissue culture cells. Four separate assays of human antibody reactivity to four separate normal and malignant human tissue culture cell lines from two patients have been evaluated using a single highly-reactive allogeneic serum. The visual and end-point cytolysis assay and the 51Chromium release assay were equally sensitive in measuring complement mediated antibody cytoxicity and both were far more sensitive than a trypan blue dye exclusion assay. The assay of antibody reactivity by hemadsorption technique was about 10 times more sensitive than any of the cytotoxicity assays. This latter assay measures only IgG antibody however. These assays showed that cell lines from different patients may differ greatly in 'reactivity' to an allogeneic serum and emphasized the importance of utilizing tumor and normal cells from the same patient when using tissue culture cells to search for tumor specific reactivity. These observations emphasize the importance of utilizing multiple assays against paired normal and malignant cells from the same patient to be certain of the specificity and magnitude of the measured antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:269884", "title": "Irregular cervical dissemination of tumours of the maxillo-facial region.", "content": "In nearly 90% of lymphatic disseminations, metastasis of carcinomata of the oral cavity follows the normal regional anatomy of the efferent lymphatic system, and usually manifests itself in three homolateral filtering groups. More than 90% of lymphatic metastases occur in the first year following diagnosis of the primary tumour. Such a sequence may be regarded as \"regular\" metastasis. Anatomical variations and metastasis-induced or therapy-induced blockage of the efferent lymphatic system can change the pattern of metastasis to \"irregular\". The present studies are specially directed towards recurrence of metastasis, lymphangiosis blastomatosa, the so-called late metastasis as well as the problem of branchiogenic carcinoma. The explanation of clinical aspects has been substantiated with topographic-anatomical and histological findings as well as experience gained in lymphography and lymphoscintigraphy of the cervical lymphatic system.", "contents": "Irregular cervical dissemination of tumours of the maxillo-facial region. In nearly 90% of lymphatic disseminations, metastasis of carcinomata of the oral cavity follows the normal regional anatomy of the efferent lymphatic system, and usually manifests itself in three homolateral filtering groups. More than 90% of lymphatic metastases occur in the first year following diagnosis of the primary tumour. Such a sequence may be regarded as \"regular\" metastasis. Anatomical variations and metastasis-induced or therapy-induced blockage of the efferent lymphatic system can change the pattern of metastasis to \"irregular\". The present studies are specially directed towards recurrence of metastasis, lymphangiosis blastomatosa, the so-called late metastasis as well as the problem of branchiogenic carcinoma. The explanation of clinical aspects has been substantiated with topographic-anatomical and histological findings as well as experience gained in lymphography and lymphoscintigraphy of the cervical lymphatic system."}
{"id": "PMID:269885", "title": "Haemangiosarcoma following irradiation of a haemangioma of the face. (Case report).", "content": "The malignant complications of irradiating benign conditions are well known and fortunately less frequent than in a previous era of widespread use of superficial roentgen therapy. However, because of the long latent period from exposure to irradiation until the development of the tumour, the clinician must continue to be alert. The behaviour and treatment of a haemangiosarcoma occurring 18 years after irradiation of a haemangioma is described.", "contents": "Haemangiosarcoma following irradiation of a haemangioma of the face. (Case report). The malignant complications of irradiating benign conditions are well known and fortunately less frequent than in a previous era of widespread use of superficial roentgen therapy. However, because of the long latent period from exposure to irradiation until the development of the tumour, the clinician must continue to be alert. The behaviour and treatment of a haemangiosarcoma occurring 18 years after irradiation of a haemangioma is described."}
{"id": "PMID:269886", "title": "Titanium implants as a temporary replacement of mandible. A report of 30 cases.", "content": "In a 5-year period, 30 titanium implants (Bowerman and Conroy 1969) were utilised for the reconstruction of mandibular defects following tumour operations. Of these, 20 implants were removed prematurely. Reasons for early removal were: 1. postoperative dehiscence of wound (5), 2. perforation through the skin or mucosa (5), 3. infection of graft bed (7), 4. breakage of the implant (1), 5. tumour recurrence (2). A total of 9 implants were retained for one or more years. The results are compared with those of Bowerman (1974). Reasons for the early loss as well as the clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Titanium implants as a temporary replacement of mandible. A report of 30 cases. In a 5-year period, 30 titanium implants (Bowerman and Conroy 1969) were utilised for the reconstruction of mandibular defects following tumour operations. Of these, 20 implants were removed prematurely. Reasons for early removal were: 1. postoperative dehiscence of wound (5), 2. perforation through the skin or mucosa (5), 3. infection of graft bed (7), 4. breakage of the implant (1), 5. tumour recurrence (2). A total of 9 implants were retained for one or more years. The results are compared with those of Bowerman (1974). Reasons for the early loss as well as the clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269887", "title": "The importance of retrograde phlebography in the diagnosis of orbital lesions.", "content": "The authors describe a technique for retrograde phlebography of the orbit. A selection of the typical findings in 51 cases of orbital phlebography is presented. The diagnostic importance of the examination in cases of similar clinical symptoms has been stressed. This method is best suited to the investigation of cases of venous malformation, especially of the intra-orbital, peri-orbital and retro-orbital area. Side-effects and complications have been described. A comparative assessment against other competetive methods of investigation, like the computer tomography has been attempted.", "contents": "The importance of retrograde phlebography in the diagnosis of orbital lesions. The authors describe a technique for retrograde phlebography of the orbit. A selection of the typical findings in 51 cases of orbital phlebography is presented. The diagnostic importance of the examination in cases of similar clinical symptoms has been stressed. This method is best suited to the investigation of cases of venous malformation, especially of the intra-orbital, peri-orbital and retro-orbital area. Side-effects and complications have been described. A comparative assessment against other competetive methods of investigation, like the computer tomography has been attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:269888", "title": "Sinuscopy for the diagnosis of blow-out fractures.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1976 thirty-one patients with the symptoms of a blow-out fracture underwent sinuscopy. In all these cases a precise diagnosis was not possible from the clinical and x-ray findings alone without exploratory surgery. In 28 cases an exact diagnosis could be made using sinuscopy; 21 patients with blow-out fractures underwent reconstructive surgery to the orbital floor. In the remaining 7 cases fracture of the orbital floor was ruled out and the patients were spared more extensive diagnostic procedures. In 3 cases the diagnosis of a fracture could not be definitely established. Exploratory surgery of the orbital floor showed blow-out fractures which needed treatment. These findings were photographed; 5 typical photographs of fractures are presented. Sinuscopy provides a simple and sure method in the diagnosis of blow-out fractures. Its early application is recommended in cases of suspected fractures of the orbital floor, since reconstructive surgery of blow-out fractures yields the best functional results when performed within 2 weeks after the accident.", "contents": "Sinuscopy for the diagnosis of blow-out fractures. Between 1973 and 1976 thirty-one patients with the symptoms of a blow-out fracture underwent sinuscopy. In all these cases a precise diagnosis was not possible from the clinical and x-ray findings alone without exploratory surgery. In 28 cases an exact diagnosis could be made using sinuscopy; 21 patients with blow-out fractures underwent reconstructive surgery to the orbital floor. In the remaining 7 cases fracture of the orbital floor was ruled out and the patients were spared more extensive diagnostic procedures. In 3 cases the diagnosis of a fracture could not be definitely established. Exploratory surgery of the orbital floor showed blow-out fractures which needed treatment. These findings were photographed; 5 typical photographs of fractures are presented. Sinuscopy provides a simple and sure method in the diagnosis of blow-out fractures. Its early application is recommended in cases of suspected fractures of the orbital floor, since reconstructive surgery of blow-out fractures yields the best functional results when performed within 2 weeks after the accident."}
{"id": "PMID:269890", "title": "Nerve injury in fractures of the condylar neck.", "content": "Although fractures of the condylar neck belong to the most frequent injuries of the jaws, and various nerves are found in close proximity to the temporomandibular joints, only little mention is made in the literature of neurological complications arising from accidents. We have therefore carried out a prospective study on nerve injuries in 237 fractures of the articular process in the period 1971-1975. We found two cases of post-traumatic Frey's syndrome, whereby the syndrome developed from a post-traumatic auriculotemporal neuralgia. We also found loss of function of auriculotemporal buccal and facial nerves, and loss of taste sensation of the tongue in another case, caused by damage to the chorda tympani. This paper discusses the formal and causal origin of the individual damages, and suggests possibilities for their management.", "contents": "Nerve injury in fractures of the condylar neck. Although fractures of the condylar neck belong to the most frequent injuries of the jaws, and various nerves are found in close proximity to the temporomandibular joints, only little mention is made in the literature of neurological complications arising from accidents. We have therefore carried out a prospective study on nerve injuries in 237 fractures of the articular process in the period 1971-1975. We found two cases of post-traumatic Frey's syndrome, whereby the syndrome developed from a post-traumatic auriculotemporal neuralgia. We also found loss of function of auriculotemporal buccal and facial nerves, and loss of taste sensation of the tongue in another case, caused by damage to the chorda tympani. This paper discusses the formal and causal origin of the individual damages, and suggests possibilities for their management."}
{"id": "PMID:269892", "title": "Secondary reconstruction of cranial defects.", "content": "The increase in the number of cranial defects following injury requires more extensive use of plastic reconstructive measures on account of the exposed site of the defects or for cosmetic reasons. In 30 cases of secondary cranial defects, we have used various means of reconstruction. Alloplastic materials are used in our patients only to a limited degree, autologous bone transplants are preferentially employed. Of the autoplastics, secondary calvarium reimplantation has been the most successful, with respect both to function and cosmetic results. Our experience shows that split-rib grafts are also very suitable for the closure of defects, while sliding bone grafts with a periosteal pedicle are rarely indicated. The selection of the transplant material in the individual case and our experience with various methods are discussed.", "contents": "Secondary reconstruction of cranial defects. The increase in the number of cranial defects following injury requires more extensive use of plastic reconstructive measures on account of the exposed site of the defects or for cosmetic reasons. In 30 cases of secondary cranial defects, we have used various means of reconstruction. Alloplastic materials are used in our patients only to a limited degree, autologous bone transplants are preferentially employed. Of the autoplastics, secondary calvarium reimplantation has been the most successful, with respect both to function and cosmetic results. Our experience shows that split-rib grafts are also very suitable for the closure of defects, while sliding bone grafts with a periosteal pedicle are rarely indicated. The selection of the transplant material in the individual case and our experience with various methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:269893", "title": "Clinical and experimental results of a sandwich-technique for mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation.", "content": "During the past two and a half years, thirteen patients have been operated upon using a \"sandwich-technique\" for mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation. This new technique was advocated by Schettler in 1974. In 3 cases, autologous rib cartilage was used, in 6 cases an autologous transplant from the iliac crest, and on four occasions, autologous \"cialit\"-conserved bone chips were inserted. All transplants healed without complications and no resorption was found in either the autologous or homologous transplants at the late follow-up examinations. These findings are supported by animal experiments in rabbits with the aid of the polychrome sequence marking technique using fluorochromes.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental results of a sandwich-technique for mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation. During the past two and a half years, thirteen patients have been operated upon using a \"sandwich-technique\" for mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation. This new technique was advocated by Schettler in 1974. In 3 cases, autologous rib cartilage was used, in 6 cases an autologous transplant from the iliac crest, and on four occasions, autologous \"cialit\"-conserved bone chips were inserted. All transplants healed without complications and no resorption was found in either the autologous or homologous transplants at the late follow-up examinations. These findings are supported by animal experiments in rabbits with the aid of the polychrome sequence marking technique using fluorochromes."}
{"id": "PMID:269894", "title": "Experimental reimplantation utilizing microvascular anastomosis in animals.", "content": "The use of the operating microscope and special microsurgical instruments make it possible to achieve successful anastomosis of blood vessels of less than 1 mm in diameter. Microvascular surgery offers newer possibilities in the transplantation of dermisfat grafts, and has led to an unusually high degree of success in the reimplantation of tissues. This paper describes a technique for microvascular anastomosis in animal experiment, using as a model the reimplantation of a completely amputated rabbit ear. In 10 amputated rabbit ears, the central auricular artery with a diameter of 0.5 mm and the two marginal auricular veins with diameter of 0.5-1.0 mm were microsurgically anastomosed. Of the 10 reimplanted ears, 8 survived. The postoperative angiogram showed an unrestricted patency of all the vessels.", "contents": "Experimental reimplantation utilizing microvascular anastomosis in animals. The use of the operating microscope and special microsurgical instruments make it possible to achieve successful anastomosis of blood vessels of less than 1 mm in diameter. Microvascular surgery offers newer possibilities in the transplantation of dermisfat grafts, and has led to an unusually high degree of success in the reimplantation of tissues. This paper describes a technique for microvascular anastomosis in animal experiment, using as a model the reimplantation of a completely amputated rabbit ear. In 10 amputated rabbit ears, the central auricular artery with a diameter of 0.5 mm and the two marginal auricular veins with diameter of 0.5-1.0 mm were microsurgically anastomosed. Of the 10 reimplanted ears, 8 survived. The postoperative angiogram showed an unrestricted patency of all the vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:269895", "title": "Dermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth in an infant. (Case report).", "content": "Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth in the infant are rarely encountered although the aetiology is mainly embryological. Meyer proposes the classification of the cysts based on the histological differentiation of the elements of the cyst wall. A case is reported which shows differences in the epithelial lining of the cysts found followed by the differential diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Dermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth in an infant. (Case report). Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth in the infant are rarely encountered although the aetiology is mainly embryological. Meyer proposes the classification of the cysts based on the histological differentiation of the elements of the cyst wall. A case is reported which shows differences in the epithelial lining of the cysts found followed by the differential diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:269918", "title": "Effect of bevelling on the occurrence of fractures in the enamel surrounding composite resin fillings.", "content": "Three different types of cavities: (1) with a 90 degree cavo-surface angle, (2) with a bevel at the cavity margin 0-25-0-50 mm wide, and (3) with a bevel at the cavity margin 0-5-1-0 mm wide, were prepared in extracted human teeth. Fifteen cavities of all three types were filled with Adaptic. Fifteen cavities of Type 2 and of Type 3 were filled with cosmic and the same number and types of cavities with prestige. The fillings were polished 10 min after starting the mix of the composite resins. Fractures in the enamel at the cavity margins were visualized by discoloration with methylene blue. Fractures were observed around all types of cavities, but, for all types of materials, an increased bevel at the margin gave an increased number of fillings without fractures in the enamel. However, great variations in the frequency of fractures were also observed; i.e. Adaptic showing a small frequency, Cosmic a medium and Prestige a great frequency of fillings connected with fractures at the enamel margin.", "contents": "Effect of bevelling on the occurrence of fractures in the enamel surrounding composite resin fillings. Three different types of cavities: (1) with a 90 degree cavo-surface angle, (2) with a bevel at the cavity margin 0-25-0-50 mm wide, and (3) with a bevel at the cavity margin 0-5-1-0 mm wide, were prepared in extracted human teeth. Fifteen cavities of all three types were filled with Adaptic. Fifteen cavities of Type 2 and of Type 3 were filled with cosmic and the same number and types of cavities with prestige. The fillings were polished 10 min after starting the mix of the composite resins. Fractures in the enamel at the cavity margins were visualized by discoloration with methylene blue. Fractures were observed around all types of cavities, but, for all types of materials, an increased bevel at the margin gave an increased number of fillings without fractures in the enamel. However, great variations in the frequency of fractures were also observed; i.e. Adaptic showing a small frequency, Cosmic a medium and Prestige a great frequency of fillings connected with fractures at the enamel margin."}
{"id": "PMID:269919", "title": "A colorimetric study of coffee and tea staining of four composite resins.", "content": "Colorimetric measurements were made on four composite resins before and after controlled immersion treatments. The four composite resins were: Adaptic (Johnson and Johnson), Prestige (Lee Pharmaceuticals), Addent XV (3M Mfg. Co.) and Smile (Kerr Mfg. Co.). Specimens of each material were prepared with mylar surfaces and with abraded finished surfaces. Separate groups of specimens of the four materials were immersed in three separate solutions for 12 days at 55c. The three solutions used were: a control solution of distilled water and coffee and a solution of distilled water and tea. For all materials and surface finishes, immersion in coffee and tea produced significantly greater colour changes than distilled water. Coffee produced significantly greater colour changes than tea with the exception of 'Prestige' and 'Addent XV' with finished surfaces. When immersed in a tea solution, specimens of the same material with differing surface finishes showed greater differences in colour change than when immersed in control and coffee solutions. The relative colour changes of the four materials due to the immersion procedures were as follows: 'Adaptic' showed the least colour changes and \"Smile' showed the most. 'Addent XV' and 'Prestige' tended to vary between the former two. Comparison and correlation of colorimetry results with visual assessment scores allowed for the expression of the objective measures in subjective terms suitable for clinical purposes.", "contents": "A colorimetric study of coffee and tea staining of four composite resins. Colorimetric measurements were made on four composite resins before and after controlled immersion treatments. The four composite resins were: Adaptic (Johnson and Johnson), Prestige (Lee Pharmaceuticals), Addent XV (3M Mfg. Co.) and Smile (Kerr Mfg. Co.). Specimens of each material were prepared with mylar surfaces and with abraded finished surfaces. Separate groups of specimens of the four materials were immersed in three separate solutions for 12 days at 55c. The three solutions used were: a control solution of distilled water and coffee and a solution of distilled water and tea. For all materials and surface finishes, immersion in coffee and tea produced significantly greater colour changes than distilled water. Coffee produced significantly greater colour changes than tea with the exception of 'Prestige' and 'Addent XV' with finished surfaces. When immersed in a tea solution, specimens of the same material with differing surface finishes showed greater differences in colour change than when immersed in control and coffee solutions. The relative colour changes of the four materials due to the immersion procedures were as follows: 'Adaptic' showed the least colour changes and \"Smile' showed the most. 'Addent XV' and 'Prestige' tended to vary between the former two. Comparison and correlation of colorimetry results with visual assessment scores allowed for the expression of the objective measures in subjective terms suitable for clinical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:269920", "title": "Influence of different endodontic methods of treatment upon the process of apical closure of immature pulpless human teeth and the structure of the newly formed calcified tissue in apical opening.", "content": "A description is given of the pathohistological structure of the calcified tissue in the apical opening of four extracted immature pulpless human teeth treated by various endodontic methods. It is concluded that in the tooth treated by mortal extirpation there was neither histological healing nor any tendency for further apex formation. In both the tooth where vital extirpation was performed and in one of the teeth treated as apical periodontitis, the apices were formed from conglomerates of different calcified tissues, identical to the tissue which was formed under comparable conditions in experimental dogs. In the fourth human tooth also treated as apical periodontitis after treatment the apical opening closed with irregular dentine tissue. In this study consideration was given to the problem of the origin of the odontoblasts which co-exist with the hard destructive process present in some pulpless teeth. It is concluded that in the case presented in this study the irregular dentine was formed by the same odontoblasts which took part in the process of normal odontogenesis. This fact, should be respected in the course of endodontic treatment of immature pulpless teeth.", "contents": "Influence of different endodontic methods of treatment upon the process of apical closure of immature pulpless human teeth and the structure of the newly formed calcified tissue in apical opening. A description is given of the pathohistological structure of the calcified tissue in the apical opening of four extracted immature pulpless human teeth treated by various endodontic methods. It is concluded that in the tooth treated by mortal extirpation there was neither histological healing nor any tendency for further apex formation. In both the tooth where vital extirpation was performed and in one of the teeth treated as apical periodontitis, the apices were formed from conglomerates of different calcified tissues, identical to the tissue which was formed under comparable conditions in experimental dogs. In the fourth human tooth also treated as apical periodontitis after treatment the apical opening closed with irregular dentine tissue. In this study consideration was given to the problem of the origin of the odontoblasts which co-exist with the hard destructive process present in some pulpless teeth. It is concluded that in the case presented in this study the irregular dentine was formed by the same odontoblasts which took part in the process of normal odontogenesis. This fact, should be respected in the course of endodontic treatment of immature pulpless teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:269921", "title": "In vitro polarization of dental amalgam in human saliva.", "content": "Potentiostatic anodic polarization techniques in Ringer's solution are commonly used for the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of dental amalgam. This in vitro method strives to simulate the in vivo electrochemical behaviour of amalgam in an electrolyte of natural saliva. Several types of dental amalgam were anodically polarized in natural saliva solutions and supernatant saliva solutions. The anodic polarization profiles are presented, as well as scanning electron micrographs and x-ray analysis of the corroded amalgam surfaces. These reveal corrosion products consistent with results found with previous artificial salivas as well as deposits possibly related to the organic component of natural saliva.", "contents": "In vitro polarization of dental amalgam in human saliva. Potentiostatic anodic polarization techniques in Ringer's solution are commonly used for the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of dental amalgam. This in vitro method strives to simulate the in vivo electrochemical behaviour of amalgam in an electrolyte of natural saliva. Several types of dental amalgam were anodically polarized in natural saliva solutions and supernatant saliva solutions. The anodic polarization profiles are presented, as well as scanning electron micrographs and x-ray analysis of the corroded amalgam surfaces. These reveal corrosion products consistent with results found with previous artificial salivas as well as deposits possibly related to the organic component of natural saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:269922", "title": "Tissue reactions to implanted vitreous carbon and high purity sintered alumina.", "content": "Vitreous carbon and high purity sintered alumina implants were inserted into the iliac crests and mandibles of rabbits. The reactions of the tissues were assessed after periods up to 2 years using resin embedded histological sections. Both types of material were well tolerated, although the alumina excited a slightly greater tissue response than did the vitreous carbon. Electron microprobe analysis of the bone around the implants failed to show the movement of known contaminants from the alumina and vitreous carbon into the surrounding tissue. Observations are made on the reactions of the tissues to the implants and the effect of cortical penetration and implant movement.", "contents": "Tissue reactions to implanted vitreous carbon and high purity sintered alumina. Vitreous carbon and high purity sintered alumina implants were inserted into the iliac crests and mandibles of rabbits. The reactions of the tissues were assessed after periods up to 2 years using resin embedded histological sections. Both types of material were well tolerated, although the alumina excited a slightly greater tissue response than did the vitreous carbon. Electron microprobe analysis of the bone around the implants failed to show the movement of known contaminants from the alumina and vitreous carbon into the surrounding tissue. Observations are made on the reactions of the tissues to the implants and the effect of cortical penetration and implant movement."}
{"id": "PMID:269923", "title": "The surface structure of the human mandibular condyle in health and disease. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Surface features of the human mandibular condyle have been studied by scanning and electron microscopy. Normal condyles possessed features similar to those in other diarthrodial joints but with certain differences. Two types of erosion and an exostosis were seen in diseased joints and the surface structure is described.", "contents": "The surface structure of the human mandibular condyle in health and disease. A scanning electron microscopic study. Surface features of the human mandibular condyle have been studied by scanning and electron microscopy. Normal condyles possessed features similar to those in other diarthrodial joints but with certain differences. Two types of erosion and an exostosis were seen in diseased joints and the surface structure is described."}
{"id": "PMID:269924", "title": "Reliability of preparation method for initial strength measurement of amalgam according to the ADA specification.", "content": "The ADA specification method for preparation of amalgam samples for tensile strength studies has been investigated. It was determined as being of acceptable reliability for comparison against normal clinical use of the material.", "contents": "Reliability of preparation method for initial strength measurement of amalgam according to the ADA specification. The ADA specification method for preparation of amalgam samples for tensile strength studies has been investigated. It was determined as being of acceptable reliability for comparison against normal clinical use of the material."}
{"id": "PMID:269925", "title": "Linear dimensional changes of three luting agents.", "content": "The linear dimensional changes during setting of a reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cement (Alumina EBA Crown and Bridge Cement), a composite resin cement (Epoxylite 9080 Crown and Bridge Adhesive) and a zinc silico phosphate cement (Fluoro-Thin cement), have been studied. The measurements were were performed on specimens placed on a mercury bath. The cements were allowed to set under various environmental humidity. The measurements of specimen length started 3 or 5 min after commencing the mix. The EBA-cement showed a maximum contraction of 0-4 percent after 7 days when setting under dry conditions. Under wet conditions the cement had an initial contraction the first day of setting, and thereafter an expansion. After 21 days specimens setting under 100 percent relative humidity showed 0-3 percent expansion, whereas specimens immersed in water attained the initial length. The composite resin cement showed a contraction of 1-0 percent after 1 day when setting under dry conditions. Under wet conditions the specimens had an initial contraction of 0-8 percent the first day of setting being reduced to 0-4 percent during the next 20 days. The zinc silico phosphate cement showed a maximum contraction of 3-0 percent after 7 days under dry conditions and 0-5 percent after 1 day under wet conditions.", "contents": "Linear dimensional changes of three luting agents. The linear dimensional changes during setting of a reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cement (Alumina EBA Crown and Bridge Cement), a composite resin cement (Epoxylite 9080 Crown and Bridge Adhesive) and a zinc silico phosphate cement (Fluoro-Thin cement), have been studied. The measurements were were performed on specimens placed on a mercury bath. The cements were allowed to set under various environmental humidity. The measurements of specimen length started 3 or 5 min after commencing the mix. The EBA-cement showed a maximum contraction of 0-4 percent after 7 days when setting under dry conditions. Under wet conditions the cement had an initial contraction the first day of setting, and thereafter an expansion. After 21 days specimens setting under 100 percent relative humidity showed 0-3 percent expansion, whereas specimens immersed in water attained the initial length. The composite resin cement showed a contraction of 1-0 percent after 1 day when setting under dry conditions. Under wet conditions the specimens had an initial contraction of 0-8 percent the first day of setting being reduced to 0-4 percent during the next 20 days. The zinc silico phosphate cement showed a maximum contraction of 3-0 percent after 7 days under dry conditions and 0-5 percent after 1 day under wet conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:269929", "title": "Mandibular advancement: skeletal and dental changes during fixation.", "content": "Skeletal and dental changes that occurred during maxillomandibular fixation after surgical advancement of the mandible were examined in 21 patients. Serial cephalometric monitoring showed skeletal relapse with compensatory dental changes in every case; the pattern of relapse varied. Common hypotheses currently expressed and applied by clinicians for presurgical prediction of such treatment results were objectively assessed for validity on the basis of the patient sample studied. The findings indicate that single variables cannot be isolated as being solely responsible for specific postsurgical changes.", "contents": "Mandibular advancement: skeletal and dental changes during fixation. Skeletal and dental changes that occurred during maxillomandibular fixation after surgical advancement of the mandible were examined in 21 patients. Serial cephalometric monitoring showed skeletal relapse with compensatory dental changes in every case; the pattern of relapse varied. Common hypotheses currently expressed and applied by clinicians for presurgical prediction of such treatment results were objectively assessed for validity on the basis of the patient sample studied. The findings indicate that single variables cannot be isolated as being solely responsible for specific postsurgical changes."}
{"id": "PMID:269931", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the jaws and facial skeleton: a review of the Japanese literature.", "content": "From the 35 cases of chondrosarcoma, the maxilla was the most frequently affected site (35.5%) and the mandible was the next (29.4%). Painless swelling is the conspicuous symptom for chondrosarcoma of the lower jaw and nasal complications are often recorded with the lesions of the upper jaw. Several kinds of histologically malignant featurs coexisted which made diagnosis complicated. The three-year survival rate was about 50% for chondrosarcoma of the lower jaw and much lower for the upper jaw.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the jaws and facial skeleton: a review of the Japanese literature. From the 35 cases of chondrosarcoma, the maxilla was the most frequently affected site (35.5%) and the mandible was the next (29.4%). Painless swelling is the conspicuous symptom for chondrosarcoma of the lower jaw and nasal complications are often recorded with the lesions of the upper jaw. Several kinds of histologically malignant featurs coexisted which made diagnosis complicated. The three-year survival rate was about 50% for chondrosarcoma of the lower jaw and much lower for the upper jaw."}
{"id": "PMID:269932", "title": "Comparative analgesic potency of aspirin and ibuprofen.", "content": "The object of a study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen for dental pain. The subjects were outpatients who were undergoing surgical removal of impacted teeth. We compared aspirin, 325 mg; aspirin, 650 mg; ibuprofen, 200 mg; ibuprofen, 400 mg; and placebo. Each patient received a single dose of one of the test medications; there was a minimum of 37 patients in each treatment group. Patients recorded pain intensity before receiving medication; then hourly, for four hours after medication, they recorded pain intensity, amount of relief, and side effects. Time-effect and dose-response curves were generated from the relief and change in pain-intensity scores. First-hour scores, peak scores, and total scores were analyzed. All active medications were significantly better than placebo and the mean effect for ibuprofen was significantly more than for aspirin.", "contents": "Comparative analgesic potency of aspirin and ibuprofen. The object of a study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen for dental pain. The subjects were outpatients who were undergoing surgical removal of impacted teeth. We compared aspirin, 325 mg; aspirin, 650 mg; ibuprofen, 200 mg; ibuprofen, 400 mg; and placebo. Each patient received a single dose of one of the test medications; there was a minimum of 37 patients in each treatment group. Patients recorded pain intensity before receiving medication; then hourly, for four hours after medication, they recorded pain intensity, amount of relief, and side effects. Time-effect and dose-response curves were generated from the relief and change in pain-intensity scores. First-hour scores, peak scores, and total scores were analyzed. All active medications were significantly better than placebo and the mean effect for ibuprofen was significantly more than for aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:269933", "title": "Acinous cell carcinoma: a histogenetic hypothesis.", "content": "A proposed origin of acinous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland from serous cells of the acinar part of the salivary unit has been challenged. To date, the alternative histogenetic concept of origin from the reserve cell of the intercalated duct has been largely conjectural and based on light microscopic and only isolated electron microscopic evidence. Light and electron microscopic findings now support a terminal duct origin for at least some acinous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "Acinous cell carcinoma: a histogenetic hypothesis. A proposed origin of acinous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland from serous cells of the acinar part of the salivary unit has been challenged. To date, the alternative histogenetic concept of origin from the reserve cell of the intercalated duct has been largely conjectural and based on light microscopic and only isolated electron microscopic evidence. Light and electron microscopic findings now support a terminal duct origin for at least some acinous cell carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:269935", "title": "Arthroplasty of the temporomandibular joint with use of a vitallium condyle prosthesis: report of three cases.", "content": "We have devised a Vitallium intramedullary prosthesis to replace the deformed arthritic condyle in cases that require bilateral condylectomy or in rare long-term failures of a single condylectomy. Experience has led to modification of this prosthesis. Recently a rectangular stem that prevents rotation of the prosthesis in the condylar stub has been added (Fig 11). In bilateral condylectomies, replacement of only one side by the Vitallium condylar prosthesis is adequate, because it stabilizes the mandible by maintaining its original fulcrum in the temporomandibular joint. Three cases of replacement with the Vitallium condyle prosthesis are reported, with follow-up studies of two to three years postoperatively. The results to date have been gratifying.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of the temporomandibular joint with use of a vitallium condyle prosthesis: report of three cases. We have devised a Vitallium intramedullary prosthesis to replace the deformed arthritic condyle in cases that require bilateral condylectomy or in rare long-term failures of a single condylectomy. Experience has led to modification of this prosthesis. Recently a rectangular stem that prevents rotation of the prosthesis in the condylar stub has been added (Fig 11). In bilateral condylectomies, replacement of only one side by the Vitallium condylar prosthesis is adequate, because it stabilizes the mandible by maintaining its original fulcrum in the temporomandibular joint. Three cases of replacement with the Vitallium condyle prosthesis are reported, with follow-up studies of two to three years postoperatively. The results to date have been gratifying."}
{"id": "PMID:269936", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism exacerbated by pregnancy.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism may remain subclinical as long as there is adequate calcium in the diet. If the demand for calcium increases, as in pregnancy, the symptoms become evident. Any giant cell growths should alert the oral surgeon to the possibility of hyperparathyroidism. Untreated, hyperparathyroidism ultimately leads to fractures, irreversible kidney damage, and death by renal failure. Tetany must be guarded against after parathyroid surgery. Finally, the brown tumors of hyperparathyroidism need not be removed surgically since bone will regenerate if the disease is correctly treated by removal of the parathyroid adenoma.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism exacerbated by pregnancy. Primary hyperparathyroidism may remain subclinical as long as there is adequate calcium in the diet. If the demand for calcium increases, as in pregnancy, the symptoms become evident. Any giant cell growths should alert the oral surgeon to the possibility of hyperparathyroidism. Untreated, hyperparathyroidism ultimately leads to fractures, irreversible kidney damage, and death by renal failure. Tetany must be guarded against after parathyroid surgery. Finally, the brown tumors of hyperparathyroidism need not be removed surgically since bone will regenerate if the disease is correctly treated by removal of the parathyroid adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:269937", "title": "False aneurysm of the lingual artery.", "content": "A case of false aneurysm of the lingual artery is presented. Although the clinical findings and history suggested an abscess, either preoperative aspiration or arteriographic studies might have permitted more definitive care during the patient's third hospitalization.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the lingual artery. A case of false aneurysm of the lingual artery is presented. Although the clinical findings and history suggested an abscess, either preoperative aspiration or arteriographic studies might have permitted more definitive care during the patient's third hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:269938", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of case.", "content": "TTP is an acute, usually fatal disease of unknown etiology. Diagnostic confirmation of the disease requires histologic demonstration of the deposition of hyaline thrombi within the lumens of arterioles and capillaries in the absence of vasculitis. The clinical, laboratory, and histological manifestations of TTP were reviewed and a case was reported in which a gingival biopsy specimen was used to confirm the diagnosis. Emphasis is placed on the rapidity and ease of gingival biopsy and the possibility of earlier institution of therapy.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of case. TTP is an acute, usually fatal disease of unknown etiology. Diagnostic confirmation of the disease requires histologic demonstration of the deposition of hyaline thrombi within the lumens of arterioles and capillaries in the absence of vasculitis. The clinical, laboratory, and histological manifestations of TTP were reviewed and a case was reported in which a gingival biopsy specimen was used to confirm the diagnosis. Emphasis is placed on the rapidity and ease of gingival biopsy and the possibility of earlier institution of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:269939", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia of the mandible and sphenoid bones: report of case.", "content": "A case of fibrous dysplasia of the mandible has been presented in which further diagnostic procedures showed the presence of a second and potentially more dangerous lesion. The literature was reviewed with the purpose of bringing attention to the still confused state of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws and skeleton. The relationship of the ossifying fibroma and fibrous dysplasia was explored in relative depth. Fibrous dysplasia is a usually benign fibro-osseous abnormality of bone that may occur as monostotic, polyostotic, or craniofacial disease or as a part of a syndrome. Its nosology is confusing and its etiology is still unknown.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia of the mandible and sphenoid bones: report of case. A case of fibrous dysplasia of the mandible has been presented in which further diagnostic procedures showed the presence of a second and potentially more dangerous lesion. The literature was reviewed with the purpose of bringing attention to the still confused state of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws and skeleton. The relationship of the ossifying fibroma and fibrous dysplasia was explored in relative depth. Fibrous dysplasia is a usually benign fibro-osseous abnormality of bone that may occur as monostotic, polyostotic, or craniofacial disease or as a part of a syndrome. Its nosology is confusing and its etiology is still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:269942", "title": "Osteochondromas associated with facial asymmetry and masticatory dysfunction: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of solitary osteochondromas interfering with mandibular motion are presented along with a brief review of the literature. A single incidence of an osteochondroma developing from the mandibular condyle is added to the growing number of case reports. In addition, an osteochondroma developing from the zygomatic arch is reported. Our review of the literature has shown no previous report of occurrence at this site.", "contents": "Osteochondromas associated with facial asymmetry and masticatory dysfunction: report of two cases. Two cases of solitary osteochondromas interfering with mandibular motion are presented along with a brief review of the literature. A single incidence of an osteochondroma developing from the mandibular condyle is added to the growing number of case reports. In addition, an osteochondroma developing from the zygomatic arch is reported. Our review of the literature has shown no previous report of occurrence at this site."}
{"id": "PMID:269943", "title": "Blood supply of human gingiva following periodontal surgery. A fluorescein angiographic study.", "content": "This study demonstrates changes in the gingival vascular supply of humans following various periodontal surgical procedures. A special system was used to photograph circulatory changes following an i.v. injection of sodium fluorescein to visualize blood supply. The results of this study suggest that the following concepts are important in the design of periodontal flaps. 1. Flaps should be broad enough at their base to include major gingival vessels. 2. A flap's length to width ratio should not exceed 2:1. 3. Minimal tension should be produced by suturing techniques and the tissue should be managed gently during the surgical procedure. 4. Partial thickness flap preparations to cover avascular areas should not be too thin so that more blood vessels are included in them. 5. The apical portion of periodontal flaps should be full thickness when possible.", "contents": "Blood supply of human gingiva following periodontal surgery. A fluorescein angiographic study. This study demonstrates changes in the gingival vascular supply of humans following various periodontal surgical procedures. A special system was used to photograph circulatory changes following an i.v. injection of sodium fluorescein to visualize blood supply. The results of this study suggest that the following concepts are important in the design of periodontal flaps. 1. Flaps should be broad enough at their base to include major gingival vessels. 2. A flap's length to width ratio should not exceed 2:1. 3. Minimal tension should be produced by suturing techniques and the tissue should be managed gently during the surgical procedure. 4. Partial thickness flap preparations to cover avascular areas should not be too thin so that more blood vessels are included in them. 5. The apical portion of periodontal flaps should be full thickness when possible."}
{"id": "PMID:269944", "title": "Alveolar bone loss in thymectomized golden hamsters.", "content": "Fifty-six neonatally thymectomized and 41 neonatally sham-operated female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were divided into 2 groups, one inoculated with Actinomyces (N16) and the other not inoculated. All animals were raised and maintained on a high sucrose, soft diet (Diet 2000) and water, ad libitum. White blood cell counts, differentials and total lymphocyte counts were determined at 4 to 5 weeks of age. The rejection of albino hamster skin grafts and the hemagglutination response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used to determine inhibition of T lymphocyte function. Evaluation of alveolar bone loss at the end of 160 days indicated that the thymectomized animals with a significant depression of the hemagglutination response to SRBC and a lack of skin graft rejections had a significantly higher bone loss than sham-operated animals. This suggests that the cellular immune response plays a role in the periodontal syndrome in hamsters. Further investigation is necessary to establish how significant this role is in relationship to the numerous other factors that are present. These data suggest that the role of the cellular immune response in the hamster periodontium may be protective rather than destructive. The role of Actinomyces (N16) in the development of bone loss was not significant.", "contents": "Alveolar bone loss in thymectomized golden hamsters. Fifty-six neonatally thymectomized and 41 neonatally sham-operated female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were divided into 2 groups, one inoculated with Actinomyces (N16) and the other not inoculated. All animals were raised and maintained on a high sucrose, soft diet (Diet 2000) and water, ad libitum. White blood cell counts, differentials and total lymphocyte counts were determined at 4 to 5 weeks of age. The rejection of albino hamster skin grafts and the hemagglutination response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used to determine inhibition of T lymphocyte function. Evaluation of alveolar bone loss at the end of 160 days indicated that the thymectomized animals with a significant depression of the hemagglutination response to SRBC and a lack of skin graft rejections had a significantly higher bone loss than sham-operated animals. This suggests that the cellular immune response plays a role in the periodontal syndrome in hamsters. Further investigation is necessary to establish how significant this role is in relationship to the numerous other factors that are present. These data suggest that the role of the cellular immune response in the hamster periodontium may be protective rather than destructive. The role of Actinomyces (N16) in the development of bone loss was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:269948", "title": "Long junctional epithelium: epithelial reattachment in the rat.", "content": "The mesial gingiva of mandibular first molars of Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to irritants for 1, 2 or 3 months. The irritants were then removed for periods of 2 to 4 weeks before sacrifice (healing phase). The keratinized sulcular epithelium tended to remain stable while the junctional epithelium became very reactive demonstrating three responses: (1) Proliferation occlusally, (2) Proliferation apically and (3) Proliferation into the inflamed connective tissue. In approximately half of the rats the depth of the cuff epithelium did not change during the experimental procedures demonstrating the resistence of the rat to local irritation. In approximately 25 % of the animals (Group A) deepened sulci occurred with subepithelial connective tissue inflammation. In the remaining 25 % of the rats (Group B), the cuff epithelium proliferated apically but an increase in epithelial reattachment occurred (38 %) reducing the sulci to normal depths with reduced subepithelial areas of inflammation. Within the limitations of these results, this model system can be used to study the dynamics of the long epithelial attachment.", "contents": "Long junctional epithelium: epithelial reattachment in the rat. The mesial gingiva of mandibular first molars of Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to irritants for 1, 2 or 3 months. The irritants were then removed for periods of 2 to 4 weeks before sacrifice (healing phase). The keratinized sulcular epithelium tended to remain stable while the junctional epithelium became very reactive demonstrating three responses: (1) Proliferation occlusally, (2) Proliferation apically and (3) Proliferation into the inflamed connective tissue. In approximately half of the rats the depth of the cuff epithelium did not change during the experimental procedures demonstrating the resistence of the rat to local irritation. In approximately 25 % of the animals (Group A) deepened sulci occurred with subepithelial connective tissue inflammation. In the remaining 25 % of the rats (Group B), the cuff epithelium proliferated apically but an increase in epithelial reattachment occurred (38 %) reducing the sulci to normal depths with reduced subepithelial areas of inflammation. Within the limitations of these results, this model system can be used to study the dynamics of the long epithelial attachment."}
{"id": "PMID:269949", "title": "Let /S/ be your guide.", "content": "New guidelines for establishing the vertical dimension of occlusion have been reviewed. They are based upon the fact that the body of the mandible assumes an easily recordable, repetitive horizontal and vertical position when the patient is at the /S/ position during speech. This controlled method of developing vertical dimension correlates the posterior speaking space with the placement of the upper and lower anterior teeth when set to a phonetic standard. This permits the development of a dependable vertical dimension of occlusion for most patients and also serves as a guide for the more difficult to treat Class II and tongue-thrusting patients. A method of obtaining a protrusive registration is also presented; it coordinates the angle of the eminences with the actual incisal guide angle of the patient. In all techniques there should be a final try-in after the setup of the teeth is complete. The guidelines presented in this article for controlling speech and \"verticentric\" can also be used to verify and/or alter that which has been established by any technique.", "contents": "Let /S/ be your guide. New guidelines for establishing the vertical dimension of occlusion have been reviewed. They are based upon the fact that the body of the mandible assumes an easily recordable, repetitive horizontal and vertical position when the patient is at the /S/ position during speech. This controlled method of developing vertical dimension correlates the posterior speaking space with the placement of the upper and lower anterior teeth when set to a phonetic standard. This permits the development of a dependable vertical dimension of occlusion for most patients and also serves as a guide for the more difficult to treat Class II and tongue-thrusting patients. A method of obtaining a protrusive registration is also presented; it coordinates the angle of the eminences with the actual incisal guide angle of the patient. In all techniques there should be a final try-in after the setup of the teeth is complete. The guidelines presented in this article for controlling speech and \"verticentric\" can also be used to verify and/or alter that which has been established by any technique."}
{"id": "PMID:269951", "title": "Fluoride release and physical properties of a fluoride-containing amalgam.", "content": "1. The amount and percentage of fluoride released from amalgam were less for the 1:1.6 alloy/mercury ratio than for the 1:1 ratio. 2. Higher fluoride concentrations resulted in a greater quantity but lower percentage of fluoride released from the amalgam. 3. Longer immersion times resulted in a greater amounts and percentages of released fluoride. However, the fluoride released per hour decreased with immersion time. 4. Immersion of the amalgam in lactic acid caused a greater release of fluoride than immersion in distilled water. 5. Disintegration of the amalgam was greater in lactic acid than in distilled water. The contribution of calcium fluoride to weight loss was greater in water than in lactic acid, indicating a corrosive effect for lactic acid. 6. The higher calcium fluoride content (2 per cent) decreased the compressive strength of the amalgam but did not alter the dimensional change.", "contents": "Fluoride release and physical properties of a fluoride-containing amalgam. 1. The amount and percentage of fluoride released from amalgam were less for the 1:1.6 alloy/mercury ratio than for the 1:1 ratio. 2. Higher fluoride concentrations resulted in a greater quantity but lower percentage of fluoride released from the amalgam. 3. Longer immersion times resulted in a greater amounts and percentages of released fluoride. However, the fluoride released per hour decreased with immersion time. 4. Immersion of the amalgam in lactic acid caused a greater release of fluoride than immersion in distilled water. 5. Disintegration of the amalgam was greater in lactic acid than in distilled water. The contribution of calcium fluoride to weight loss was greater in water than in lactic acid, indicating a corrosive effect for lactic acid. 6. The higher calcium fluoride content (2 per cent) decreased the compressive strength of the amalgam but did not alter the dimensional change."}
{"id": "PMID:269953", "title": "Anatomic and clinical evaluation of the relationship between the temporomandibular joint and occlusion.", "content": "An anatomic and clinical investigation of condylar remodeling; the position of the condyle in centric occlusion; and the relationships of these two factors to each other and to the features of the dentition are reported. Two groups of 100 adult crania were examined. The first group had complete or partially edentulous arches. In the second group, the dentition was complete and there were various degrees of abrasion. In addition, clinical and tomographic data were obtained from 70 patients with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. Occlusion was also studied by intraoral registration of the gothic arch and by mounting the casts on an articulator in 40 patients. Comparison of the data made it clear that occlusal conditions determine the course of condylar remodeling and lead to marked changes in shape of the joints. Occlusal disorders are also responsible for condylar displacement (noted in 51.4 per cent of patients), which, in turn, may be the cause of typical reshaping of the joint. These findings cast doubt on the proposition that the gnathologic determinants (particularly centric relation) are never changed in the course of time.", "contents": "Anatomic and clinical evaluation of the relationship between the temporomandibular joint and occlusion. An anatomic and clinical investigation of condylar remodeling; the position of the condyle in centric occlusion; and the relationships of these two factors to each other and to the features of the dentition are reported. Two groups of 100 adult crania were examined. The first group had complete or partially edentulous arches. In the second group, the dentition was complete and there were various degrees of abrasion. In addition, clinical and tomographic data were obtained from 70 patients with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. Occlusion was also studied by intraoral registration of the gothic arch and by mounting the casts on an articulator in 40 patients. Comparison of the data made it clear that occlusal conditions determine the course of condylar remodeling and lead to marked changes in shape of the joints. Occlusal disorders are also responsible for condylar displacement (noted in 51.4 per cent of patients), which, in turn, may be the cause of typical reshaping of the joint. These findings cast doubt on the proposition that the gnathologic determinants (particularly centric relation) are never changed in the course of time."}
{"id": "PMID:269983", "title": "Improvement of preparative conditions for cytogenetic studies by short-term liquid culture of haemopoietic cells.", "content": "In patients with haemopoietic failure, the low incidence of cells in mitosis often prevents successful chromosome preparations. By performing liquid cultures of myeloid cells a high incidence of mitoses could be obtained even in those cases failing to provide mitoses when the direct preparation technique was used. The cytogenetic studies demonstrated that the mitoses achieved by culture techniques were aneuploid and, thus, there is evidence that they are of leukaemic origin. The combination of short-term liquid culture and chromosome analysis appears to be a diagnostic approach in selected cases of hemopoietic insufficiency.", "contents": "Improvement of preparative conditions for cytogenetic studies by short-term liquid culture of haemopoietic cells. In patients with haemopoietic failure, the low incidence of cells in mitosis often prevents successful chromosome preparations. By performing liquid cultures of myeloid cells a high incidence of mitoses could be obtained even in those cases failing to provide mitoses when the direct preparation technique was used. The cytogenetic studies demonstrated that the mitoses achieved by culture techniques were aneuploid and, thus, there is evidence that they are of leukaemic origin. The combination of short-term liquid culture and chromosome analysis appears to be a diagnostic approach in selected cases of hemopoietic insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:270062", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of chemotherapy and cranial irradiation on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with malignant disease.", "content": "Results of a cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with leukemia after massive chemotherapy and cranial irradiation, and of children with nephrosis after coritisone therapy and cyclophosphamide are presented. Prolonged intensive chemotherapy results in a significant rise in the number of chromatid aberrations after twelve months, and of chromosomal aberrations after 24 months of therapy. After cranial irradiation a sharp rise in chromosome aberrations is present for about three months. This drops after one year to levels present in cases with chemotherapy alone.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of chemotherapy and cranial irradiation on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with malignant disease. Results of a cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with leukemia after massive chemotherapy and cranial irradiation, and of children with nephrosis after coritisone therapy and cyclophosphamide are presented. Prolonged intensive chemotherapy results in a significant rise in the number of chromatid aberrations after twelve months, and of chromosomal aberrations after 24 months of therapy. After cranial irradiation a sharp rise in chromosome aberrations is present for about three months. This drops after one year to levels present in cases with chemotherapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:270063", "title": "A saliva substitute for use by xerostomic patients undergoing radiotherapy to the head and neck.", "content": "A saliva substitute has been developed for use in veteran patients, primarity those undergoing radiotherapy for malignancy of the head and neck. The viscosity of the solution is adjusted to simulate that of whole saliva, and the electrolyte levels are similarly set. Fluoride is included at the level of 5.0 p.p.m. in an effort to enhance the mineralizing capacity of this preparation which is high in calcium and phosphate.", "contents": "A saliva substitute for use by xerostomic patients undergoing radiotherapy to the head and neck. A saliva substitute has been developed for use in veteran patients, primarity those undergoing radiotherapy for malignancy of the head and neck. The viscosity of the solution is adjusted to simulate that of whole saliva, and the electrolyte levels are similarly set. Fluoride is included at the level of 5.0 p.p.m. in an effort to enhance the mineralizing capacity of this preparation which is high in calcium and phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:270064", "title": "Dental treatment of patient with a cardiac pacemaker. Review of the literature.", "content": "Presented is a summarization of past and current literature that establishes a workable guideline for the treatment of the pacemaker wearer in the dental office. This guideline gives the practicing dentist a procedure for the management of such a patient.", "contents": "Dental treatment of patient with a cardiac pacemaker. Review of the literature. Presented is a summarization of past and current literature that establishes a workable guideline for the treatment of the pacemaker wearer in the dental office. This guideline gives the practicing dentist a procedure for the management of such a patient."}
{"id": "PMID:270065", "title": "Clinical significance of completely subdivided maxillary antrum.", "content": "A rare case of a completely subdivided maxillary antrum is reported. The lower compartment was a closed cavity in which infection resulted in the persistence of an oroantral fistula. Healing occurred only after the septum was broken and proper intranasal drainage by antrostomy was established.", "contents": "Clinical significance of completely subdivided maxillary antrum. A rare case of a completely subdivided maxillary antrum is reported. The lower compartment was a closed cavity in which infection resulted in the persistence of an oroantral fistula. Healing occurred only after the septum was broken and proper intranasal drainage by antrostomy was established."}
{"id": "PMID:270067", "title": "Orofacial manifestations in tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "Tuberous sclerosis is a rare congenital disorder with characteristic neurologic, dermatologic, and orofacial lesions. There have been very few case reports in the dental literature. Four cases demonstrating the range of orofacial anomalies and problems in management are presented.", "contents": "Orofacial manifestations in tuberous sclerosis. Tuberous sclerosis is a rare congenital disorder with characteristic neurologic, dermatologic, and orofacial lesions. There have been very few case reports in the dental literature. Four cases demonstrating the range of orofacial anomalies and problems in management are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:270068", "title": "Antibacterial activity of extracts from some African chewing sticks.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of aqueous, isobutanol, and benzene extracts of five popular African chewing sticks was studied by the agar ditch plate method. The isobutanol extract produced the greatest antimicrobial activity, and the benzene extract the least. Streptococci were the most sensitive to the extracts, while Escherichia coli was the most resistant. It would appear that the active principles of the various chewing-stick extracts are not the same and that the extract from a given chewing stick is chemically heterogeneous. It is suggested that the regular use of the African chewing stick, acting as an antiseptic, may control the formation and activity of dental plaque and therefore reduce the incidence of gingivitis and possibly dental caries.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of extracts from some African chewing sticks. The antibacterial activity of aqueous, isobutanol, and benzene extracts of five popular African chewing sticks was studied by the agar ditch plate method. The isobutanol extract produced the greatest antimicrobial activity, and the benzene extract the least. Streptococci were the most sensitive to the extracts, while Escherichia coli was the most resistant. It would appear that the active principles of the various chewing-stick extracts are not the same and that the extract from a given chewing stick is chemically heterogeneous. It is suggested that the regular use of the African chewing stick, acting as an antiseptic, may control the formation and activity of dental plaque and therefore reduce the incidence of gingivitis and possibly dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:270069", "title": "A retrospective study of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) in a professional population, 1958-1971.", "content": "A retrospective 12-year investigation of 1,788 professional school students from the schools of medicine, veterinary medicine, dental medicine, nursing, and dental hygiene was conducted by the mailed distribution of questionnaires requesting information on current and prior disease history of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). Because of changes in address, death, loss of married names, and unwillingness to participate in the investigation, only 683 proband subjects were available for the follow-up study. The data suggested a trend toward a decrease in the prevalence and severity of RHL during the interval of study: only slightly more than one firth (23.9 per cent) of the proband population of the present study experienced RHL as compared with almost two fifths (39.6 per cent) at the time when they were students.", "contents": "A retrospective study of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) in a professional population, 1958-1971. A retrospective 12-year investigation of 1,788 professional school students from the schools of medicine, veterinary medicine, dental medicine, nursing, and dental hygiene was conducted by the mailed distribution of questionnaires requesting information on current and prior disease history of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). Because of changes in address, death, loss of married names, and unwillingness to participate in the investigation, only 683 proband subjects were available for the follow-up study. The data suggested a trend toward a decrease in the prevalence and severity of RHL during the interval of study: only slightly more than one firth (23.9 per cent) of the proband population of the present study experienced RHL as compared with almost two fifths (39.6 per cent) at the time when they were students."}
{"id": "PMID:270070", "title": "Intraosseous benign neural sheath neoplasms of the jaws. Report of seven new cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Benign neural sheath neoplasms occurring centrally within the jaws are most uncommon. Our search of the English-language literature revealed twenty-eight previously reported cases. Seven additional cases--five neurofibromas and two neurilemmomas--are newly described here. Most cases have not been associated with multiple neurofibromatosis. These tumors occur predominantly in females, in patients under 45 years of age, and in the posterior mandible. The tumors generally present as asymptomatic radiolucencies, but some are associated with pain and/or swelling. Neurofibromas tend to recur more often than neurilemmomas when treated by conservative local excision.", "contents": "Intraosseous benign neural sheath neoplasms of the jaws. Report of seven new cases and review of the literature. Benign neural sheath neoplasms occurring centrally within the jaws are most uncommon. Our search of the English-language literature revealed twenty-eight previously reported cases. Seven additional cases--five neurofibromas and two neurilemmomas--are newly described here. Most cases have not been associated with multiple neurofibromatosis. These tumors occur predominantly in females, in patients under 45 years of age, and in the posterior mandible. The tumors generally present as asymptomatic radiolucencies, but some are associated with pain and/or swelling. Neurofibromas tend to recur more often than neurilemmomas when treated by conservative local excision."}
{"id": "PMID:270071", "title": "Ultrastructure of oral squamous-cell carcinoma.", "content": "Fresh surgical specimens of sixteen cases of oral squamous-cell carcinoma were processed for electron microscopic study. All cases were histologically graded as moderately differentiated carcinoma. As compared to normal oral stratified squamous epithelium, some unusual ultrastructural features were present in carcinoma. These features were spherical or ovoid nuclear bodies composed of concentrically arranged filaments and granules, clustered ribosomes, many lysosomal bodies, cell residues in other cells, absence and multilayering of basal lamina, pseudopodal cytoplasmic projections, microfilaments in peripheral cytoplasm, clusters of swirled tonofilaments, intracytoplasmic desmosomes, and a small amount of glycogen. These features are interpreted as being related to hyperactivity, phagocytosis, locomotion, and differentiation of cancer cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of oral squamous-cell carcinoma. Fresh surgical specimens of sixteen cases of oral squamous-cell carcinoma were processed for electron microscopic study. All cases were histologically graded as moderately differentiated carcinoma. As compared to normal oral stratified squamous epithelium, some unusual ultrastructural features were present in carcinoma. These features were spherical or ovoid nuclear bodies composed of concentrically arranged filaments and granules, clustered ribosomes, many lysosomal bodies, cell residues in other cells, absence and multilayering of basal lamina, pseudopodal cytoplasmic projections, microfilaments in peripheral cytoplasm, clusters of swirled tonofilaments, intracytoplasmic desmosomes, and a small amount of glycogen. These features are interpreted as being related to hyperactivity, phagocytosis, locomotion, and differentiation of cancer cells."}
{"id": "PMID:270072", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the calcifications in calcifying odontogenic cysts and odontomas.", "content": "The calcifications associated with the epithelium of the calcifying odontogenic cyst and odontoma were studied ultrastructurally and found to be of three types: (1) spherical calcifications which form on ghost cells and which therefore are dystrophic, (2) spherical calcifications which appear to be dysplastic enamel, and (3) irregularly shaped, diffuse calcifications which form on a collagenous matrix and appear to by dysplastic dentin or cementum.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the calcifications in calcifying odontogenic cysts and odontomas. The calcifications associated with the epithelium of the calcifying odontogenic cyst and odontoma were studied ultrastructurally and found to be of three types: (1) spherical calcifications which form on ghost cells and which therefore are dystrophic, (2) spherical calcifications which appear to be dysplastic enamel, and (3) irregularly shaped, diffuse calcifications which form on a collagenous matrix and appear to by dysplastic dentin or cementum."}
{"id": "PMID:270073", "title": "Clinical and histologic observations of opalescent dentin associated with enamel defects.", "content": "The rare variant of opalescent dentin associated with enamel defect was found in a 1 1/2-year-old boy. The pulp chambers and root canals of the affected deciduous teeth were very large, with no sign of obliteration. The enamel layer of those teeth was markedly reduced in thickness, and the enamel prisms were not recognized even by scanning electron microscopy. The mantle dentin was abnormal, as were other portions of dentin.", "contents": "Clinical and histologic observations of opalescent dentin associated with enamel defects. The rare variant of opalescent dentin associated with enamel defect was found in a 1 1/2-year-old boy. The pulp chambers and root canals of the affected deciduous teeth were very large, with no sign of obliteration. The enamel layer of those teeth was markedly reduced in thickness, and the enamel prisms were not recognized even by scanning electron microscopy. The mantle dentin was abnormal, as were other portions of dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:270074", "title": "Evaluation of d\u00e9bridement techniques for endodontic instruments.", "content": "Files, reamers, and Hedstr\u00f6m files were used to instrument both wet and dry canals and then cleansed by a chairside technique. Statistical analysis of the various cleansing techniques showed that 2 by 2 inch gauze wipes, either wet or dry, cleansed the instruments of debris better than any other means tested.", "contents": "Evaluation of d\u00e9bridement techniques for endodontic instruments. Files, reamers, and Hedstr\u00f6m files were used to instrument both wet and dry canals and then cleansed by a chairside technique. Statistical analysis of the various cleansing techniques showed that 2 by 2 inch gauze wipes, either wet or dry, cleansed the instruments of debris better than any other means tested."}
{"id": "PMID:270085", "title": "Osteosarcoma.", "content": "Significant advances are being made in the treatment of osteosarcoma and improvement in the five year survival is being reported. Active study of the etiology, pathogenesis, immunology, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical management is currently in progress. The preliminary survival statistics with adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy are encouraging and it is hoped that these survival figures will be maintained with further follow-up. Our experience suggests that, when practical, patients with osteosarcoma should be treated in or in cooperation with centers actively involved in the evaluation of osteosarcoma therapy. Not only does this step offer the patient optimal opportunity to receive the most current therapy, but it is essential in obtaining adequate numbers of patients for critical analysis.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma. Significant advances are being made in the treatment of osteosarcoma and improvement in the five year survival is being reported. Active study of the etiology, pathogenesis, immunology, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical management is currently in progress. The preliminary survival statistics with adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy are encouraging and it is hoped that these survival figures will be maintained with further follow-up. Our experience suggests that, when practical, patients with osteosarcoma should be treated in or in cooperation with centers actively involved in the evaluation of osteosarcoma therapy. Not only does this step offer the patient optimal opportunity to receive the most current therapy, but it is essential in obtaining adequate numbers of patients for critical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:270087", "title": "The radiology of bone and soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "Solitary lesions of bone often have characteristic radiographic patterns that suggest the diagnosis of a specific bone tumor. Differentiation of tumor from infection, however, frequently may be impossible, and the majority of bone lesions require biopsy for histologic confirmation of the type of tumor or for identification of the infectious organism. Soft tissue masses, unlike bone tumors, most commonly look alike. They too require biopsy, but in this case to distinguish a benign mass from a soft tissue sarcoma. Special radiographic techniques such as isotopic and CAT scans or angiography add information about the morphology and response of adjacent bone, but fail to differentiate one category of disease from another or to establish a histologic diagnosis of the type of tumor.", "contents": "The radiology of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Solitary lesions of bone often have characteristic radiographic patterns that suggest the diagnosis of a specific bone tumor. Differentiation of tumor from infection, however, frequently may be impossible, and the majority of bone lesions require biopsy for histologic confirmation of the type of tumor or for identification of the infectious organism. Soft tissue masses, unlike bone tumors, most commonly look alike. They too require biopsy, but in this case to distinguish a benign mass from a soft tissue sarcoma. Special radiographic techniques such as isotopic and CAT scans or angiography add information about the morphology and response of adjacent bone, but fail to differentiate one category of disease from another or to establish a histologic diagnosis of the type of tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:270098", "title": "[Treatment of acute leukemia].", "content": "Evaluations of 650 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemias (A.L.L.) and of 596 patients with acute granulocytic leukemias (A.G.L.) ara analyzed. The patients were treated in the department of Professeur Jean Bernard at Saint-Louis Hospital between 1964 and 1976. In A.L.L., prognosis is influenced primarely by age, being worse in infants less than 1 year old and in adults: it is also influenced by the blastic load and by other parameters such as cytology and immunological markers which could not be studied in all patients. The correlation between high blastic load and the T lymphoblasts variety is noteworthy. Random studies are still necessary to find out the best drug combinations and the optimal duration of treatment, but the necessity for meningeal prophylaxis, reinduction treatments and of L-A sparaginase consolidation is no longer discussed. Prognostic stratification is useful for therapeutical evaluation and should load to therapeutical modulation. In acute granulocytic leukemias, age is also a significant parameter and remission rate is lower for patients over 50 years of age. Cytology and cytochemistry allow to recognize acute promyelocytic leukemias and acute monoblastic leukemias which bear specific initial risks (D.I.C. for A.P.L., renal failure for acute monoblastic leukemia) but which are highly sensitive to Daunorubicin and Rubidazone respectively. In A.M.L. remission duration is not influenced by age and seems to be improved by intermittent treatment. The role of immunotherapy is still under study.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute leukemia]. Evaluations of 650 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemias (A.L.L.) and of 596 patients with acute granulocytic leukemias (A.G.L.) ara analyzed. The patients were treated in the department of Professeur Jean Bernard at Saint-Louis Hospital between 1964 and 1976. In A.L.L., prognosis is influenced primarely by age, being worse in infants less than 1 year old and in adults: it is also influenced by the blastic load and by other parameters such as cytology and immunological markers which could not be studied in all patients. The correlation between high blastic load and the T lymphoblasts variety is noteworthy. Random studies are still necessary to find out the best drug combinations and the optimal duration of treatment, but the necessity for meningeal prophylaxis, reinduction treatments and of L-A sparaginase consolidation is no longer discussed. Prognostic stratification is useful for therapeutical evaluation and should load to therapeutical modulation. In acute granulocytic leukemias, age is also a significant parameter and remission rate is lower for patients over 50 years of age. Cytology and cytochemistry allow to recognize acute promyelocytic leukemias and acute monoblastic leukemias which bear specific initial risks (D.I.C. for A.P.L., renal failure for acute monoblastic leukemia) but which are highly sensitive to Daunorubicin and Rubidazone respectively. In A.M.L. remission duration is not influenced by age and seems to be improved by intermittent treatment. The role of immunotherapy is still under study."}
{"id": "PMID:270096", "title": "[Malignant blood dyscrasias occurring during immunosuppressive treatment. 4 New cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first 3 cases, the initial disorder was a renal problem (glomerulonephritis, renal homograft). The development of secondary neoplasms appeared to be related to long term immunosuppressive therapy. By contrast, in the fourth case the primary disease was already malignant in nature (breast neoplasm) and treatment was mixed (radiotherapy and chemotherapy). In the light of these cases, the risks of treatment using immunosuppressive chemotherapy should not be neglected.", "contents": "[Malignant blood dyscrasias occurring during immunosuppressive treatment. 4 New cases (author's transl)]. In the first 3 cases, the initial disorder was a renal problem (glomerulonephritis, renal homograft). The development of secondary neoplasms appeared to be related to long term immunosuppressive therapy. By contrast, in the fourth case the primary disease was already malignant in nature (breast neoplasm) and treatment was mixed (radiotherapy and chemotherapy). In the light of these cases, the risks of treatment using immunosuppressive chemotherapy should not be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:270207", "title": "Basophilic differentiation of chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells in vitro.", "content": "Peripheral leucocytes from 10 patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) were cultured in liquid medium and observed morphologically for 6 to 10 weeks. All cultures showed in increased proportion of mature basophilis at about 3 weeks and most cultures consisted  predominantly of mature basophilis at about 5 weeks. The results indicate preferential basophilic differentiation of CML leucocytes in vitro and are consistent with basophilia frequently observed in CML patients.", "contents": "Basophilic differentiation of chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells in vitro. Peripheral leucocytes from 10 patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) were cultured in liquid medium and observed morphologically for 6 to 10 weeks. All cultures showed in increased proportion of mature basophilis at about 3 weeks and most cultures consisted  predominantly of mature basophilis at about 5 weeks. The results indicate preferential basophilic differentiation of CML leucocytes in vitro and are consistent with basophilia frequently observed in CML patients."}
{"id": "PMID:270216", "title": "[The determination of plasma proteolytic activity].", "content": "Experience with different peptide substrates for coagulation and fibrinolysis is reported. As the specifity of these substrates is relative, appropriate characterization of the proteolytic activity of defibrination syndromes is only achieved by simultaneous assays with various substrates. The influence of contact activation on blood sampling must be strictly defined.", "contents": "[The determination of plasma proteolytic activity]. Experience with different peptide substrates for coagulation and fibrinolysis is reported. As the specifity of these substrates is relative, appropriate characterization of the proteolytic activity of defibrination syndromes is only achieved by simultaneous assays with various substrates. The influence of contact activation on blood sampling must be strictly defined."}
{"id": "PMID:270217", "title": "[Bite plates and occlusal splints].", "content": "Occlusal adjustments are often necessary in cases of masticatory muscle spasm, bruxism, traumatic occlusion and TMJ disturbancies. Before such occlusal adjustments are performed, the patient should either wear a bite plate or an occlusal splint which frees the occlusion for a certain time. The splint is fabricated on a semiadjustable articulator such as the Hanau H2-XPR which is also used for the functional analysis on the models prior to any adjustments. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of plates and occlusal splints are discussed. The authors conclude that an occlusal splint covering the entire dental arch, such freeing the occlusion, seems to be the most appropriate appliance available today.", "contents": "[Bite plates and occlusal splints]. Occlusal adjustments are often necessary in cases of masticatory muscle spasm, bruxism, traumatic occlusion and TMJ disturbancies. Before such occlusal adjustments are performed, the patient should either wear a bite plate or an occlusal splint which frees the occlusion for a certain time. The splint is fabricated on a semiadjustable articulator such as the Hanau H2-XPR which is also used for the functional analysis on the models prior to any adjustments. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of plates and occlusal splints are discussed. The authors conclude that an occlusal splint covering the entire dental arch, such freeing the occlusion, seems to be the most appropriate appliance available today."}
{"id": "PMID:270219", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on a new dentin and pulp-protective lacquer (Bayer D-520)].", "content": "In an ADA experiment on the protective qualities of a new polyurethane varnish (D-520 Bayer) 72 class 5 cavities were prepared on 3 monkeys and treated by the following 4 methods: -- 18 silicate cement (Bio-Trey) with varnish -- 18 silicate cement (Bio-Trey) without varnish -- 18 composite (Adaptic) fillings with varnish -- 18 composite (Adaptic) fillings without varnish. After an observation time of 14 days, a significant positive result for the 520 varnish could be obtained. An experiment lasting 12 weeks was subsequently undertaken.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on a new dentin and pulp-protective lacquer (Bayer D-520)]. In an ADA experiment on the protective qualities of a new polyurethane varnish (D-520 Bayer) 72 class 5 cavities were prepared on 3 monkeys and treated by the following 4 methods: -- 18 silicate cement (Bio-Trey) with varnish -- 18 silicate cement (Bio-Trey) without varnish -- 18 composite (Adaptic) fillings with varnish -- 18 composite (Adaptic) fillings without varnish. After an observation time of 14 days, a significant positive result for the 520 varnish could be obtained. An experiment lasting 12 weeks was subsequently undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:270220", "title": "[Consumption of drinking water by workers in a steel foundry during working hours in Hungary].", "content": "In a former paper the authors had investigated the fluorine intake per kilogram body weight and its extreme possibilities. This study includes 97 workers of a steel foundry. The amount of liquid ingested during working hours was measured, for 30 persons in summer during 90 days and 67 persons in winter during 201 days. Inside and outside temperatures were recorded. The mean age was 40,02 years. The mean intake of drinking water was, in summer 3732 ml (+/- s 1176 and +/- sx 123 ml) and in winter 1835 ml (+/- s 684 and +/- sx 48 ml). The mean value was 2422 ml and the extreme values were 500 and 8500 ml. The calculation of the individual mean values showed however, that the water intake follows an irregular pattern of distribution. About 11% consumed more than 41, and about 2% more than 51 per day continuously. In this study, there are those who consume habitually little, more and a lot of drinking water. With the results, the authors are examining the possibilities of the maximum fluorine intake.", "contents": "[Consumption of drinking water by workers in a steel foundry during working hours in Hungary]. In a former paper the authors had investigated the fluorine intake per kilogram body weight and its extreme possibilities. This study includes 97 workers of a steel foundry. The amount of liquid ingested during working hours was measured, for 30 persons in summer during 90 days and 67 persons in winter during 201 days. Inside and outside temperatures were recorded. The mean age was 40,02 years. The mean intake of drinking water was, in summer 3732 ml (+/- s 1176 and +/- sx 123 ml) and in winter 1835 ml (+/- s 684 and +/- sx 48 ml). The mean value was 2422 ml and the extreme values were 500 and 8500 ml. The calculation of the individual mean values showed however, that the water intake follows an irregular pattern of distribution. About 11% consumed more than 41, and about 2% more than 51 per day continuously. In this study, there are those who consume habitually little, more and a lot of drinking water. With the results, the authors are examining the possibilities of the maximum fluorine intake."}
{"id": "PMID:270228", "title": "Probable myeloblastic leukemoid reaction with disseminated sarcoidosis.", "content": "A 55-year-old woman had progressive weakness, weight loss, night sweats, fever, right-sided facial weakness, and hepatomegaly. Reticulonodular infiltrates were seen on chest x-ray film and a central filling defect was noted on liver scan. Study of the peripheral blood was noted on liver scan. Study of the peripheral blood revealed pancytopenia and myeloblasts. The bone marrow was not markedly hypercellular but contained noncaseating granulomas and myeloblasts. The patient's condition deteriorated and she died on the 22nd hospital day. Autopsy disclosed disseminated sarcoidosis but no evidence of leukemic infiltrates. Although concomitant \"smoldering\" acute leukemia cannot be ruled out, the findings in this patient can be best explained on the basis of a myeloblastic leukemoid reaction accompanying sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Probable myeloblastic leukemoid reaction with disseminated sarcoidosis. A 55-year-old woman had progressive weakness, weight loss, night sweats, fever, right-sided facial weakness, and hepatomegaly. Reticulonodular infiltrates were seen on chest x-ray film and a central filling defect was noted on liver scan. Study of the peripheral blood was noted on liver scan. Study of the peripheral blood revealed pancytopenia and myeloblasts. The bone marrow was not markedly hypercellular but contained noncaseating granulomas and myeloblasts. The patient's condition deteriorated and she died on the 22nd hospital day. Autopsy disclosed disseminated sarcoidosis but no evidence of leukemic infiltrates. Although concomitant \"smoldering\" acute leukemia cannot be ruled out, the findings in this patient can be best explained on the basis of a myeloblastic leukemoid reaction accompanying sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:270239", "title": "[The etiology of denture stomatitis from a gerontological-stomatological point of view].", "content": "The aetiology of denture sore is discussed from the aspect of changes in the keratinizing squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa that are caused by age and hormonal effects. An important r\u00f4le must be attributed to Candida albicans, the growth conditions for which increase in general with increasing age. Many cases of denture sore are, therefore, cases of candidiasis which may occur in a chronic, an acute and a pseudomembranous form. The improvement of oral hygiene and denture cleanliness is of prime importance to therapy.", "contents": "[The etiology of denture stomatitis from a gerontological-stomatological point of view]. The aetiology of denture sore is discussed from the aspect of changes in the keratinizing squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa that are caused by age and hormonal effects. An important r\u00f4le must be attributed to Candida albicans, the growth conditions for which increase in general with increasing age. Many cases of denture sore are, therefore, cases of candidiasis which may occur in a chronic, an acute and a pseudomembranous form. The improvement of oral hygiene and denture cleanliness is of prime importance to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:270240", "title": "[The possibility of prosthetic treatment of diastema].", "content": "In so-called late cases, the correction of a diastema will frequently be achieved only by prosthetic measures, co-operation with an orthodontist being recommendable. The various possibilities of treatment are represented by case reports.", "contents": "[The possibility of prosthetic treatment of diastema]. In so-called late cases, the correction of a diastema will frequently be achieved only by prosthetic measures, co-operation with an orthodontist being recommendable. The various possibilities of treatment are represented by case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:270241", "title": "[Intraoral bite registration by means of a recording instrument of the author's own construction].", "content": "A method for relation determination in full denture prosthesis is described in the present paper. The centric relation is determined by recording the Gothic arch by means of a self-made instrument. The supporting pin is mounted elastically and telescopically and can be interchanged whereby the instrument is also suited for control recordings. The recording method seems to be especially suited for patients with \"orofacial dysfunction syndrome\".", "contents": "[Intraoral bite registration by means of a recording instrument of the author's own construction]. A method for relation determination in full denture prosthesis is described in the present paper. The centric relation is determined by recording the Gothic arch by means of a self-made instrument. The supporting pin is mounted elastically and telescopically and can be interchanged whereby the instrument is also suited for control recordings. The recording method seems to be especially suited for patients with \"orofacial dysfunction syndrome\"."}
{"id": "PMID:270242", "title": "[A new form of endosseous titanium hemi- implantation and study suggestions aiming at physiological healing].", "content": "Bearing in mind the favourable force distribution of the hitherto currently used blade implants and allowing for the Second Symposium on Maxillofacial Surgery at Warnem\u00fcnde in 1976, the authors devised a technique in which a titanium implant is placed. This procedure promises in the main three advantages: 1. No wedging action on the bone during operation and during mastication. 2. Better force distribution. 3. The mucosa-periosteum suture no longer coincides with the bone groove required for implantation. Furthermore, the authors deal with techniques for coating the titanium angle implant to achieve biological healing.", "contents": "[A new form of endosseous titanium hemi- implantation and study suggestions aiming at physiological healing]. Bearing in mind the favourable force distribution of the hitherto currently used blade implants and allowing for the Second Symposium on Maxillofacial Surgery at Warnem\u00fcnde in 1976, the authors devised a technique in which a titanium implant is placed. This procedure promises in the main three advantages: 1. No wedging action on the bone during operation and during mastication. 2. Better force distribution. 3. The mucosa-periosteum suture no longer coincides with the bone groove required for implantation. Furthermore, the authors deal with techniques for coating the titanium angle implant to achieve biological healing."}
{"id": "PMID:270245", "title": "[Notes on the current discussion on the etiology of periodontopathies].", "content": "The aetiology and the therapy of periodontal diseases are main points of stomatological research. As to the methodological approach to aetiological studies, the use of materialistic dialectic proves profitable. For example, conclusions as to therapy result from the exact analysis of and the distinction between the causes of a disease and the pathogenic factors. In this way the exact evaluation of the importance of the known pathogenic factors becomes possible. The concept of multicausality proves to be unfavourable for the orientation to priority problems in aetiological research.", "contents": "[Notes on the current discussion on the etiology of periodontopathies]. The aetiology and the therapy of periodontal diseases are main points of stomatological research. As to the methodological approach to aetiological studies, the use of materialistic dialectic proves profitable. For example, conclusions as to therapy result from the exact analysis of and the distinction between the causes of a disease and the pathogenic factors. In this way the exact evaluation of the importance of the known pathogenic factors becomes possible. The concept of multicausality proves to be unfavourable for the orientation to priority problems in aetiological research."}
{"id": "PMID:270246", "title": "[Conservative periodontal therapy and its indication in stomatological general practice].", "content": "The term of \"conservative periodontal therapy\" covers all therapeutical measures with the exception of surgical interventions. Since each periodontal therapy constitutes a complex of various measures, it seems to be more favourable to subdivide it, on principle, into continuous phases, which results in advantages for the methodics of treatment planning and performance. The contents of the hygienizing, correcting and stabilizing phase of periodontal therapy are expressed in words and tables.", "contents": "[Conservative periodontal therapy and its indication in stomatological general practice]. The term of \"conservative periodontal therapy\" covers all therapeutical measures with the exception of surgical interventions. Since each periodontal therapy constitutes a complex of various measures, it seems to be more favourable to subdivide it, on principle, into continuous phases, which results in advantages for the methodics of treatment planning and performance. The contents of the hygienizing, correcting and stabilizing phase of periodontal therapy are expressed in words and tables."}
{"id": "PMID:270247", "title": "[The importance of the method investing for accuracy of Sipal inlays].", "content": "The fit of three-area inlays (phantom) made from Sipal 306 was determined in an experimental study by means of microscopic measurements of the gap width. Six different investment techniques were compared. The necessity of processing Expansit adequately is emphasized. Core embedding using the LAW precision-casting investment compound is recommended.", "contents": "[The importance of the method investing for accuracy of Sipal inlays]. The fit of three-area inlays (phantom) made from Sipal 306 was determined in an experimental study by means of microscopic measurements of the gap width. Six different investment techniques were compared. The necessity of processing Expansit adequately is emphasized. Core embedding using the LAW precision-casting investment compound is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:270248", "title": "[The diagnosis of initial carious changes].", "content": "On the basis of radiological studies on extracted teeth and of microscopic examinations of longitudinal ground sections it is stated that the early stages of dental caries are very difficult to diagnosticate clinically. Under the microscope, \"healthy\" teeth may also show initial carious lesions in the fissure region. The greater frequency of these changes (which might be considered to be premorbid conditions) in teeth with narrow fissures was not significant. For various reasons discussed in the present paper, it can be assumed that teeth with large fissures are earlier and more frequently prone to carious lesions.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of initial carious changes]. On the basis of radiological studies on extracted teeth and of microscopic examinations of longitudinal ground sections it is stated that the early stages of dental caries are very difficult to diagnosticate clinically. Under the microscope, \"healthy\" teeth may also show initial carious lesions in the fissure region. The greater frequency of these changes (which might be considered to be premorbid conditions) in teeth with narrow fissures was not significant. For various reasons discussed in the present paper, it can be assumed that teeth with large fissures are earlier and more frequently prone to carious lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:270249", "title": "[Results and experiences with automatic data processing of caries epidemiological data].", "content": "The authors report of further results from and experience with the automated processing of caries-epidemiological data by means of the R 300 computer. The extension of result documentation to qualitative characteristics of caries incidence in the framework of scientific problems is described and critically evaluated, taking a caries-protective collective action for an example.", "contents": "[Results and experiences with automatic data processing of caries epidemiological data]. The authors report of further results from and experience with the automated processing of caries-epidemiological data by means of the R 300 computer. The extension of result documentation to qualitative characteristics of caries incidence in the framework of scientific problems is described and critically evaluated, taking a caries-protective collective action for an example."}
{"id": "PMID:270255", "title": "[Radiographic magnification technique with a high-speed rare-earth screen-film system (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages of radiographic magnification technique - better detail recognition and improved contrast with an enlarged field of vision - should prove an important supplement to the properties of a high-speed rare-earth system - low-current intensity, low voltage, short exposure time and, consequently, lower irradiation dosage. Physical measurements of the Wiener spectral value, MTF and HD curve proved the superiority of the radiographic magnification technique in combination with a rare-earth screen-film system as compared with a conventional system (Dupont Par speed screen, RP films). Phantom radiographs confirmed these results. The clinical usefulness of this method was assessed with respect to the detection rate of gall-stones by means of oral cholecystography. Two out of 25 cases showed gallstones only following implementation of the radiographic magnification technique. This method seems to be particularly valuable in angiography. In 7 out of 18 abdominal angiograms and 4 out of 14 renal angiograms the number of visible vessel ramifications was greater with the magnification technique. In 5 cases valuable diagnostic information was revealed only by means of the magnification technique. Despite two-fold or 1.7-fold magnification, measurements of skin irradiation exposure showed a reduction of about half in comparison with conventional techniques. Reduced exposure to irradiation combined with improved detail resolution should ensure that this method receives an established place in routine radiodiagnosis.", "contents": "[Radiographic magnification technique with a high-speed rare-earth screen-film system (author's transl)]. The advantages of radiographic magnification technique - better detail recognition and improved contrast with an enlarged field of vision - should prove an important supplement to the properties of a high-speed rare-earth system - low-current intensity, low voltage, short exposure time and, consequently, lower irradiation dosage. Physical measurements of the Wiener spectral value, MTF and HD curve proved the superiority of the radiographic magnification technique in combination with a rare-earth screen-film system as compared with a conventional system (Dupont Par speed screen, RP films). Phantom radiographs confirmed these results. The clinical usefulness of this method was assessed with respect to the detection rate of gall-stones by means of oral cholecystography. Two out of 25 cases showed gallstones only following implementation of the radiographic magnification technique. This method seems to be particularly valuable in angiography. In 7 out of 18 abdominal angiograms and 4 out of 14 renal angiograms the number of visible vessel ramifications was greater with the magnification technique. In 5 cases valuable diagnostic information was revealed only by means of the magnification technique. Despite two-fold or 1.7-fold magnification, measurements of skin irradiation exposure showed a reduction of about half in comparison with conventional techniques. Reduced exposure to irradiation combined with improved detail resolution should ensure that this method receives an established place in routine radiodiagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:270256", "title": "[Psychosomatic in gynecology and obstetrics--problems and difficulties (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypo-, hyper- and normogonadotropic amenorrheas (according to WHO nomenclature) are psychosomatic amenorrheas. The significance of the various psychic factors is pointed out initially. Especially with psychosomatic disorders in gynecology sexual factors play an important role. Adequate treatment of psychosomatic disorders is rendered difficult of the present state of medical education. Lectures in psychosomatics are not presented outside of psychiatry, the dialogue between doctor and patient is almost completely neglected within the medical training. Psychosomatic treatment in the office of patients with state medical insurance poses problems. At our clinic an outpatient department has been open for 2 years. 136 cases have been treated so far. Gynecologist and the psychosomatic specialist examine the patient simultaneously and define a joint treatment plan. Prevailing problems are conflicts with the partner (31%), , conflicts within the family (20%) and conflicts within the social environment (13%). Following adequate diagnostic clarification patients are treated once (19%) or several times (28%) or are referred to other outpatient clinics. A prolonged therapy in our own outpatient department is presently possible in only 2,5% of cases.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic in gynecology and obstetrics--problems and difficulties (author's transl)]. The hypo-, hyper- and normogonadotropic amenorrheas (according to WHO nomenclature) are psychosomatic amenorrheas. The significance of the various psychic factors is pointed out initially. Especially with psychosomatic disorders in gynecology sexual factors play an important role. Adequate treatment of psychosomatic disorders is rendered difficult of the present state of medical education. Lectures in psychosomatics are not presented outside of psychiatry, the dialogue between doctor and patient is almost completely neglected within the medical training. Psychosomatic treatment in the office of patients with state medical insurance poses problems. At our clinic an outpatient department has been open for 2 years. 136 cases have been treated so far. Gynecologist and the psychosomatic specialist examine the patient simultaneously and define a joint treatment plan. Prevailing problems are conflicts with the partner (31%), , conflicts within the family (20%) and conflicts within the social environment (13%). Following adequate diagnostic clarification patients are treated once (19%) or several times (28%) or are referred to other outpatient clinics. A prolonged therapy in our own outpatient department is presently possible in only 2,5% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:270257", "title": "[Psychosomatic disorders of the gastrointestinaltract (author's transl)].", "content": "The difficulty of the diagnosis of psychosomatic disorders is known to be lying in the shortage of time, the inadequate training of physicians and in the similarity of psychosomatic symptoms are compared to those of solely organic diseases. The irritable stomach-even with hyperacidity--and the irritable colon with constipation or diarrhea are among the most frequent disorders caused by psychosomatic mechanisms. The duodenal ulcer and the ulcerative colitis belong to the true somatopsychic and psychosomatic diseases. Precise organic (diagnostic) clarification and differentiated drug therapy are necessary in addition to psychotherapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic disorders of the gastrointestinaltract (author's transl)]. The difficulty of the diagnosis of psychosomatic disorders is known to be lying in the shortage of time, the inadequate training of physicians and in the similarity of psychosomatic symptoms are compared to those of solely organic diseases. The irritable stomach-even with hyperacidity--and the irritable colon with constipation or diarrhea are among the most frequent disorders caused by psychosomatic mechanisms. The duodenal ulcer and the ulcerative colitis belong to the true somatopsychic and psychosomatic diseases. Precise organic (diagnostic) clarification and differentiated drug therapy are necessary in addition to psychotherapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:270258", "title": "[Psychosomatic aspects of cardiac and circulatory disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychic stresses may cause cardiac reactions equal to those caused by physical strain. The intensity necessary for the psychic component to cause manifest clinical symptoms depends on the distinctness of the basic somatic cardiac disorder. Representing the group of functional cardiac and circulatory disorders the so-called phobic cardiac neurosis is discussed more in detail as well as the myocardial infarct as representatives of the group of coronary diseases. On the basis of tests (MMPI plus questionnaire) two groups may be differentiated. One group is characterized by pronounced dependance, sparing attitude, avoidance of situations and narrowing of environmental relations, the other by compensatory activity and physical engagement. The distinction is of relevance for therapeutic reasons and for reasons of somatic diagnosis. Among infarct patients we are presently trying to determine single psychic variables with respect to their importance as risk factors. Compulsiveness and rigidity or sociability and extraversion respectively appear to play a role.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic aspects of cardiac and circulatory disorders (author's transl)]. Psychic stresses may cause cardiac reactions equal to those caused by physical strain. The intensity necessary for the psychic component to cause manifest clinical symptoms depends on the distinctness of the basic somatic cardiac disorder. Representing the group of functional cardiac and circulatory disorders the so-called phobic cardiac neurosis is discussed more in detail as well as the myocardial infarct as representatives of the group of coronary diseases. On the basis of tests (MMPI plus questionnaire) two groups may be differentiated. One group is characterized by pronounced dependance, sparing attitude, avoidance of situations and narrowing of environmental relations, the other by compensatory activity and physical engagement. The distinction is of relevance for therapeutic reasons and for reasons of somatic diagnosis. Among infarct patients we are presently trying to determine single psychic variables with respect to their importance as risk factors. Compulsiveness and rigidity or sociability and extraversion respectively appear to play a role."}
{"id": "PMID:270272", "title": "The effect of early loss of primary molars on tooth eruption and space conditions. A longitudinal study.", "content": "In 186 children study casts were made at the age of 9, 11 and 13 years. The material was grouped according to early loss of primary molars and a comparison was made between children with and without early losses. Early loss was defined as follows: 1. extraction of the first primary molar between 7 1/2 and 9 1/2 years and/or extraction of the second primary molar between 7 1/2 and 10 1/2 years; 2. extraction of the first and/or second primary molar before 7 1/2 years of age. The following variables were studied: space conditions, dental stage for groups of teeth, eruption stage of single teeth. For the incisors the clinical crown length (CCL) was used as a measure of the eruption stage. The results showed that there was a tendency to later eruption and later onset of dental stages in cases without early losses when a comparison was made with investigations where this factor had not been taken into consideration. The second permanent molar erupted earlier in both jaws after early loss of the second primary molar. Children with loss of primary molars before 7 1/2 years developed more crowding than children without losses and losses after 7 1/2 years had little effect on the relative space.", "contents": "The effect of early loss of primary molars on tooth eruption and space conditions. A longitudinal study. In 186 children study casts were made at the age of 9, 11 and 13 years. The material was grouped according to early loss of primary molars and a comparison was made between children with and without early losses. Early loss was defined as follows: 1. extraction of the first primary molar between 7 1/2 and 9 1/2 years and/or extraction of the second primary molar between 7 1/2 and 10 1/2 years; 2. extraction of the first and/or second primary molar before 7 1/2 years of age. The following variables were studied: space conditions, dental stage for groups of teeth, eruption stage of single teeth. For the incisors the clinical crown length (CCL) was used as a measure of the eruption stage. The results showed that there was a tendency to later eruption and later onset of dental stages in cases without early losses when a comparison was made with investigations where this factor had not been taken into consideration. The second permanent molar erupted earlier in both jaws after early loss of the second primary molar. Children with loss of primary molars before 7 1/2 years developed more crowding than children without losses and losses after 7 1/2 years had little effect on the relative space."}
{"id": "PMID:270273", "title": "The amino acid composition of Streptococcus mutans and its culture medium supplemented with xylitol.", "content": "The amino and keto acid composition of the cells of Streptococcus mutans, strain Ingbritt, maintained and grown on a Trypticase-Phytone based medium without any added carbohydrate or supplemented with xylitol or glucose, was analyzed. The results showed no remarkable differences in the portions of individual amino acids liberated by acid hydrolysis from the cellular proteins of cells grown in the above mentioned media. However, the amount of free amino acids in the water extracts of the cells grown in the glucose medium differed considerably from those obtained from cells grown in the two other media. The amounts of free amino acids of the medium at the end of the growth period were higher in the glucose containing medium than in the two other media. The content of keto acids was lower in the cells grown in the presence of xylitol or without added carbohydrate when compared to those cells grown in glucose containing medium.", "contents": "The amino acid composition of Streptococcus mutans and its culture medium supplemented with xylitol. The amino and keto acid composition of the cells of Streptococcus mutans, strain Ingbritt, maintained and grown on a Trypticase-Phytone based medium without any added carbohydrate or supplemented with xylitol or glucose, was analyzed. The results showed no remarkable differences in the portions of individual amino acids liberated by acid hydrolysis from the cellular proteins of cells grown in the above mentioned media. However, the amount of free amino acids in the water extracts of the cells grown in the glucose medium differed considerably from those obtained from cells grown in the two other media. The amounts of free amino acids of the medium at the end of the growth period were higher in the glucose containing medium than in the two other media. The content of keto acids was lower in the cells grown in the presence of xylitol or without added carbohydrate when compared to those cells grown in glucose containing medium."}
{"id": "PMID:270274", "title": "Effect of trituration on dimensional changes of dental amalgam.", "content": "The dimensional changes of dental amalgams during setting was evaluated using different methods of specimen production, and measurement procedures. Amalgam specimens were prepared from 10 commercially available dental amalgam alloys by mechanical condensation. Dimensional change was measured on microcators with a measuring load of 1 g. The variation in dimensional change with trituration was substantial, and similar to the difference between various brands of alloys at the same trituration time. Porosity seems to vary between 0.1 and 0.6% independent of severity of trituration except for two alloys in which increased trituration time seemed to reduce porosity. It was therefore pointed out that even though trituration in most cases can be altered to make an amalgam expand, such procedures should not be followed since optimal values of other clinically significant properties may not be maintained.", "contents": "Effect of trituration on dimensional changes of dental amalgam. The dimensional changes of dental amalgams during setting was evaluated using different methods of specimen production, and measurement procedures. Amalgam specimens were prepared from 10 commercially available dental amalgam alloys by mechanical condensation. Dimensional change was measured on microcators with a measuring load of 1 g. The variation in dimensional change with trituration was substantial, and similar to the difference between various brands of alloys at the same trituration time. Porosity seems to vary between 0.1 and 0.6% independent of severity of trituration except for two alloys in which increased trituration time seemed to reduce porosity. It was therefore pointed out that even though trituration in most cases can be altered to make an amalgam expand, such procedures should not be followed since optimal values of other clinically significant properties may not be maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:270271", "title": "[The mechanism of cell proliferation in acute (immature-cell) leukemia].", "content": "In 40 patients with acute leukaemias the 3H-thymidine and mitosis indices were determined in the population of blast cells in bone marrow and the cellularity of bone marrow was determined. The studies were carried out in the first episode of the disease before treatment and in some patients (13) they were repeated during relapse after remission or improvement. The results showed that proliferative activity of blast cells was reduced in relation to precursors of normal granulopoiesis in all forms of acute leukaemia. Myeloblastic leukaemias showed a greater scater of values of both proliferation parameters in relation to lymphoblastic leukaemias. It was found, moreover, that in highly cellular bone marrow the proliferative activity of blast cell population was significantly lower than in patients with low bone marrow cellularity. On the ground of this observation the authors put forward the view that in acute leukaemias the intrinsic mechanism controlling the proliferation of cells is disturbed.", "contents": "[The mechanism of cell proliferation in acute (immature-cell) leukemia]. In 40 patients with acute leukaemias the 3H-thymidine and mitosis indices were determined in the population of blast cells in bone marrow and the cellularity of bone marrow was determined. The studies were carried out in the first episode of the disease before treatment and in some patients (13) they were repeated during relapse after remission or improvement. The results showed that proliferative activity of blast cells was reduced in relation to precursors of normal granulopoiesis in all forms of acute leukaemia. Myeloblastic leukaemias showed a greater scater of values of both proliferation parameters in relation to lymphoblastic leukaemias. It was found, moreover, that in highly cellular bone marrow the proliferative activity of blast cell population was significantly lower than in patients with low bone marrow cellularity. On the ground of this observation the authors put forward the view that in acute leukaemias the intrinsic mechanism controlling the proliferation of cells is disturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:270275", "title": "Metallic implants as growth markers in infants with craniofacial anomalies.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to test the retention of metallic implants in bone tissue for evaluation of early facial growth patterns in patients with craniofacial malformations. Implants were inserted in 51 patients (age range: 1-17 months) with different diagnoses, the majority of them with various types of cleft lip and/or palate. Seven positions in the maxilla and four in the mandible were employed. Roentgencephalometric follow-up examinations were carried out at various stages up to the age of about three years. The results indicated that the frequency of implants firmly retained within the bone decreased with time depending on the craniofacial deformity and the implant sites. Stability seemed most critical in positions close to the alveolar processes where more than one-half of the implants inserted were dislocated or lost at the three-year follow-up. For the maxillary implants the patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate displayed the highest failure rate. This investigation did not support continuation of the implant method in infants as used in the present study.", "contents": "Metallic implants as growth markers in infants with craniofacial anomalies. The purpose of the study was to test the retention of metallic implants in bone tissue for evaluation of early facial growth patterns in patients with craniofacial malformations. Implants were inserted in 51 patients (age range: 1-17 months) with different diagnoses, the majority of them with various types of cleft lip and/or palate. Seven positions in the maxilla and four in the mandible were employed. Roentgencephalometric follow-up examinations were carried out at various stages up to the age of about three years. The results indicated that the frequency of implants firmly retained within the bone decreased with time depending on the craniofacial deformity and the implant sites. Stability seemed most critical in positions close to the alveolar processes where more than one-half of the implants inserted were dislocated or lost at the three-year follow-up. For the maxillary implants the patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate displayed the highest failure rate. This investigation did not support continuation of the implant method in infants as used in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:270276", "title": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, atonia of the urinary tract and bladder, and other abnormalities (Wolfram syndrome). A review of 88 cases from the literature with personal observations on 3 new patients.", "content": "A review of 88 cases from the literature with personal observations on 3 new patients is given of the syndrome featured by juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, atonia of the urinary tract and bladder and other abnormalities. The postmortem in one of our cases is mentioned. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal recessive. The interpretation of the data on diabetes insipidus from the literature and in our three patients is also discussed. It can only be stated that neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus can be a component of the syndrome and that in many cases--particularly in the presence of lesions of the efferent urinary tract--the possibility of nephrogenous diabetes insipidus can not be excluded with certainty. It seems probable that the same mechanism can be held responsible for the lesions of the olfactory, optic, vestibular and cochlear nerves, the hypophyseal form of diabetes insipidus, retarded sexual maturation, abnormal pupillary reaction, myelopathy and the electro-encephalographic, electroneurological and electromyographic changes in the Wolfram syndrome. The process underlying this affection of neural structures remains obscure.", "contents": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, atonia of the urinary tract and bladder, and other abnormalities (Wolfram syndrome). A review of 88 cases from the literature with personal observations on 3 new patients. A review of 88 cases from the literature with personal observations on 3 new patients is given of the syndrome featured by juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, atonia of the urinary tract and bladder and other abnormalities. The postmortem in one of our cases is mentioned. The pattern of inheritance is autosomal recessive. The interpretation of the data on diabetes insipidus from the literature and in our three patients is also discussed. It can only be stated that neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus can be a component of the syndrome and that in many cases--particularly in the presence of lesions of the efferent urinary tract--the possibility of nephrogenous diabetes insipidus can not be excluded with certainty. It seems probable that the same mechanism can be held responsible for the lesions of the olfactory, optic, vestibular and cochlear nerves, the hypophyseal form of diabetes insipidus, retarded sexual maturation, abnormal pupillary reaction, myelopathy and the electro-encephalographic, electroneurological and electromyographic changes in the Wolfram syndrome. The process underlying this affection of neural structures remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:270278", "title": "A new parallel plate dialyser. II. Description of design and in vitro performance.", "content": "Using a high efficiency membrane support pattern, described in the previous paper, a prototype of a new parallel plate dialyser has been developed. The new dialyser is designed in such a way that the number of components is reduced to one item per blood layer and the membrane is folded as a continuum. This permits a semiautomatic assembly of the unit, which reduces production costs. Furthermore this technique facilitates aseptic handling of the item. The in vitro performance has been tested and it compares favorably with commercially available disposable parallel plate dialysers.", "contents": "A new parallel plate dialyser. II. Description of design and in vitro performance. Using a high efficiency membrane support pattern, described in the previous paper, a prototype of a new parallel plate dialyser has been developed. The new dialyser is designed in such a way that the number of components is reduced to one item per blood layer and the membrane is folded as a continuum. This permits a semiautomatic assembly of the unit, which reduces production costs. Furthermore this technique facilitates aseptic handling of the item. The in vitro performance has been tested and it compares favorably with commercially available disposable parallel plate dialysers."}
{"id": "PMID:270279", "title": "A new parallel plate dialyser. III. Preliminary experience on clinical performance.", "content": "The clinical model of a new parallel plate dialyser with a membrane area of 0.96 m2 with cuprophane 150 PM has been tested in more than 2000 dialyses with good clinical results. The simple design permits an aseptic, semiautomatic assembly and makes cheap industrial production possible. Clinical clearance values for urea, creatinine and uric acid are presented as well as data for ultrafiltration, residual blood volume and rupture frequency. The specific efficiency per square meter has been found to be high.", "contents": "A new parallel plate dialyser. III. Preliminary experience on clinical performance. The clinical model of a new parallel plate dialyser with a membrane area of 0.96 m2 with cuprophane 150 PM has been tested in more than 2000 dialyses with good clinical results. The simple design permits an aseptic, semiautomatic assembly and makes cheap industrial production possible. Clinical clearance values for urea, creatinine and uric acid are presented as well as data for ultrafiltration, residual blood volume and rupture frequency. The specific efficiency per square meter has been found to be high."}
{"id": "PMID:270280", "title": "A new parallel plate dialyser. I. Development and testing of membrane support.", "content": "The pattern of membrane support in the dialysate flow path of a dialyser is one of the most important parameters for high utlization of the membrane-area. 27 different injection moulded membrane support patterns were designed to approximate a pattern with the best overall properties. Only 15 of the patterns had acceptable properties in regard to 1) efficiency, 2) compliance, 3) flow resistance, 4) membrane rupture level, and 5) air retention at low flow values. A pattern with parallel interrupted ridges perpendicular to the direction of dialysate flow showed the best overall results although differences were marginal between the best patterns. The chosen support pattern was approximately 35% better in chloride clearance at low dialysate flow, and approximately 200% better at high flows than the conventional Kiil pattern.", "contents": "A new parallel plate dialyser. I. Development and testing of membrane support. The pattern of membrane support in the dialysate flow path of a dialyser is one of the most important parameters for high utlization of the membrane-area. 27 different injection moulded membrane support patterns were designed to approximate a pattern with the best overall properties. Only 15 of the patterns had acceptable properties in regard to 1) efficiency, 2) compliance, 3) flow resistance, 4) membrane rupture level, and 5) air retention at low flow values. A pattern with parallel interrupted ridges perpendicular to the direction of dialysate flow showed the best overall results although differences were marginal between the best patterns. The chosen support pattern was approximately 35% better in chloride clearance at low dialysate flow, and approximately 200% better at high flows than the conventional Kiil pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:270284", "title": "Treatment of marked anteroposterior and transverse discrepancies in mandibular prognathism.", "content": "A case report of a patient with a severe skeletal Class III malocclusion has been presented. The patient's marked anteroposterior discrepancy was complicated by the fact that his buccolingual occlusion was normal. The solution to this case thus involved a correction of the transverse discrepancy in addition to the anteroposterior discrepancy, which required orthodontic and surgical solutions. A discussion of mandibular prognathism has also been presented.", "contents": "Treatment of marked anteroposterior and transverse discrepancies in mandibular prognathism. A case report of a patient with a severe skeletal Class III malocclusion has been presented. The patient's marked anteroposterior discrepancy was complicated by the fact that his buccolingual occlusion was normal. The solution to this case thus involved a correction of the transverse discrepancy in addition to the anteroposterior discrepancy, which required orthodontic and surgical solutions. A discussion of mandibular prognathism has also been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:270285", "title": "Biostereometric analysis of surgically corrected abnormal faces.", "content": "Biostereometrics is an accurate anthropometric system for quantifying geometric changes of facial form and the relationship of features as they are influenced by growth and by surgery. Facial features distant from the site of surgical intervention are influenced in their geometric relationship to each other by changes in the soft-tissue drape brought about by manipulation of skeletal tissues. The most accurate coordinate system should be elsewhere than on the surface of the face, but if this is not possible it should be in an area farthest removed from the surgical site. This investigation demonstrates that a usable coordinate transformation system can be created by connecting points supernasale and subnasale for establishing the Y Z plane and the construction of the X Z plane at subnasale. Accurate comparative numerical measurements can be made by using soft-tissue landmarks.", "contents": "Biostereometric analysis of surgically corrected abnormal faces. Biostereometrics is an accurate anthropometric system for quantifying geometric changes of facial form and the relationship of features as they are influenced by growth and by surgery. Facial features distant from the site of surgical intervention are influenced in their geometric relationship to each other by changes in the soft-tissue drape brought about by manipulation of skeletal tissues. The most accurate coordinate system should be elsewhere than on the surface of the face, but if this is not possible it should be in an area farthest removed from the surgical site. This investigation demonstrates that a usable coordinate transformation system can be created by connecting points supernasale and subnasale for establishing the Y Z plane and the construction of the X Z plane at subnasale. Accurate comparative numerical measurements can be made by using soft-tissue landmarks."}
{"id": "PMID:270288", "title": "Lower incisor extraction in orthodontic treatment.", "content": "The extraction of a single mandibular incisor can be employed as a compromise treatment of certain malocclusions, if the end result fulfills the requirements for a healthier dentition which is functionally and esthetically harmonized in relation to the surrounding structures. Indications, contraindications, and the procedure of treatment have been presented. Class I malocclusions with normal maxillary dentition and good buccal interdigitation in which there is severe lower anterior crowding are the best cases for this procedure, provided that the lower anterior arch length deficiency is greater than 4 to 5 mm. and the anterior tooth ratio is more than 83 mm. In conditions exhibiting a deep overbite pattern, reduction of the mandibular anterior unit should be avoided. Furthermore, I do not regard mandibular incisor extraction as a routine orthodontic procedure but, instead, consider it to be an almost last resort measure since it involves the most important stabilizing area of occlusion.", "contents": "Lower incisor extraction in orthodontic treatment. The extraction of a single mandibular incisor can be employed as a compromise treatment of certain malocclusions, if the end result fulfills the requirements for a healthier dentition which is functionally and esthetically harmonized in relation to the surrounding structures. Indications, contraindications, and the procedure of treatment have been presented. Class I malocclusions with normal maxillary dentition and good buccal interdigitation in which there is severe lower anterior crowding are the best cases for this procedure, provided that the lower anterior arch length deficiency is greater than 4 to 5 mm. and the anterior tooth ratio is more than 83 mm. In conditions exhibiting a deep overbite pattern, reduction of the mandibular anterior unit should be avoided. Furthermore, I do not regard mandibular incisor extraction as a routine orthodontic procedure but, instead, consider it to be an almost last resort measure since it involves the most important stabilizing area of occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:270291", "title": "Immediate tonsillectomy for the treatment of peritonsillar abscess.", "content": "Our experience with 119 cases of peritonsillar abscess supports the experience of others, that immediate tonsillectomy is a safe treatment which provides prompt, complete drainage of the abscess. There was one episode of immediate postoperative hemorrhage and one of delayed bleeding, but there were no anesthetic complications. If one believes that the abscess is an indication for tonsillectomy and plans to perform the procedure at some time, we recommend that it be performed as the drainage procedure. The total hospitalization time will as a rule be shortened and a second convalescent period avoided. Its major drawback is the inconvenience of inserting a relative emergency into the schedule.", "contents": "Immediate tonsillectomy for the treatment of peritonsillar abscess. Our experience with 119 cases of peritonsillar abscess supports the experience of others, that immediate tonsillectomy is a safe treatment which provides prompt, complete drainage of the abscess. There was one episode of immediate postoperative hemorrhage and one of delayed bleeding, but there were no anesthetic complications. If one believes that the abscess is an indication for tonsillectomy and plans to perform the procedure at some time, we recommend that it be performed as the drainage procedure. The total hospitalization time will as a rule be shortened and a second convalescent period avoided. Its major drawback is the inconvenience of inserting a relative emergency into the schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:270296", "title": "The mandibular dental arch: Part I, lower incisor position.", "content": "The position of the lower incisor with respect to hard tissue references has been evaluated. Two samples were used for this purpose: one containing 78 patients with posttreatment records having a postretention period of at least 4 years, and the other composed of 82 normal occlusions. The results indicated: 1) There was no significant difference in relapse of lower incisor crowding between cases where the lower incisor had been moved lingually, labially, or held in the same relative position during treatment. 2) The position of the maxilla should be considered when placing the lower incisor. The APo plane adequately serves as a guide to this purpose, whereas other reference lines such as mandibular plane or facial plane do not. 3) The positions of the incisors with respect to popular cephalometric reference lines such as APo, NB, or mandibular plane were not correlated with the relapse of mandibular crowding. Therefore, other clinical guides might be more successful for determining stability.", "contents": "The mandibular dental arch: Part I, lower incisor position. The position of the lower incisor with respect to hard tissue references has been evaluated. Two samples were used for this purpose: one containing 78 patients with posttreatment records having a postretention period of at least 4 years, and the other composed of 82 normal occlusions. The results indicated: 1) There was no significant difference in relapse of lower incisor crowding between cases where the lower incisor had been moved lingually, labially, or held in the same relative position during treatment. 2) The position of the maxilla should be considered when placing the lower incisor. The APo plane adequately serves as a guide to this purpose, whereas other reference lines such as mandibular plane or facial plane do not. 3) The positions of the incisors with respect to popular cephalometric reference lines such as APo, NB, or mandibular plane were not correlated with the relapse of mandibular crowding. Therefore, other clinical guides might be more successful for determining stability."}
{"id": "PMID:270298", "title": "The role of dental compensations in the orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with orthodontically treated mandibular prognathism were recalled for cephalometric and clinical evaluation. A comparison group of 32 non-Class III patients was similarly examined. Analysis of variables associated with the anterior dentition and documentationtion of labial gingival recession and tooth mobility led to the following conclusions concerning the role of dental compensations in the orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathism. 1. Vertical and horizontal dental compensations were quantitated in the dentition of the study group (pretreatment to postretention). 2. Increased labial gingival recession and increased tooth mobility in functional jaw positions were present in anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth of the study group relative to the comparison group. 3. Proper diagnosis and the establishment of realistic treatment objectives by clinician and patient are necessary to avoid undesirable sequelae and/or undesirable facial esthetics in the treatment of mandibular prognathism.", "contents": "The role of dental compensations in the orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathism. Thirty-six patients with orthodontically treated mandibular prognathism were recalled for cephalometric and clinical evaluation. A comparison group of 32 non-Class III patients was similarly examined. Analysis of variables associated with the anterior dentition and documentationtion of labial gingival recession and tooth mobility led to the following conclusions concerning the role of dental compensations in the orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathism. 1. Vertical and horizontal dental compensations were quantitated in the dentition of the study group (pretreatment to postretention). 2. Increased labial gingival recession and increased tooth mobility in functional jaw positions were present in anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth of the study group relative to the comparison group. 3. Proper diagnosis and the establishment of realistic treatment objectives by clinician and patient are necessary to avoid undesirable sequelae and/or undesirable facial esthetics in the treatment of mandibular prognathism."}
{"id": "PMID:270302", "title": "Primary retroperitoneal extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal extra-osseous osteogenic sarcoma is reviewed, as well as the criteria necessary for the diagnosis. The general characteristics and the differential diagnosis of the tumor are also presented.", "contents": "Primary retroperitoneal extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature. A case of retroperitoneal extra-osseous osteogenic sarcoma is reviewed, as well as the criteria necessary for the diagnosis. The general characteristics and the differential diagnosis of the tumor are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:270332", "title": "Desire for attention.", "content": "Seeking of attention appears to be intimately bound up with certain principles of motivation, especially the seeking of observable results of action and of optimum levels of stimulation, variety and challenge, and the relationship between results and the cost of achieving them--a high cost will tend to inhibit action but enhance the value subsequently placed upon what is achieved. These principles can be applied to personal relationships: thus friendship can be regarded as a situation involving facilitative feedback between persons, hostility as involving inhibitory feedback and lonliness as occurring when there is no feedback. Which of these situations occurs appears to depend upon the relationships between the costs and benefits of interaction between the persons concerned. The care of psychiatric or senile patients in the community appears likely to impose demands for attention which are unreasonably severe (\"costly\"). Any attempt to change community attitudes in the hope of securing greater acceptance of such demands appears to be unrealistic. Substantial benefits could probably be attained in many cases from training in skills, especially social skills, which would enable patients to cope more effectively with the world as it is.", "contents": "Desire for attention. Seeking of attention appears to be intimately bound up with certain principles of motivation, especially the seeking of observable results of action and of optimum levels of stimulation, variety and challenge, and the relationship between results and the cost of achieving them--a high cost will tend to inhibit action but enhance the value subsequently placed upon what is achieved. These principles can be applied to personal relationships: thus friendship can be regarded as a situation involving facilitative feedback between persons, hostility as involving inhibitory feedback and lonliness as occurring when there is no feedback. Which of these situations occurs appears to depend upon the relationships between the costs and benefits of interaction between the persons concerned. The care of psychiatric or senile patients in the community appears likely to impose demands for attention which are unreasonably severe (\"costly\"). Any attempt to change community attitudes in the hope of securing greater acceptance of such demands appears to be unrealistic. Substantial benefits could probably be attained in many cases from training in skills, especially social skills, which would enable patients to cope more effectively with the world as it is."}
{"id": "PMID:270333", "title": "A scale to measure the cause of life events.", "content": "An increase in life event stress has been shown to occur prior to the onset of a number of psychiatric illnesses. This paper describes the construction of a scale to measure the cause of this increased life event experience. One hundred and five normal adults were asked to judge the extent to which any particular event might have occurred by pure chance, by one's own behaviour or by the behaviour of others. These three perceived causative factors are conceptually distinct and together comprehensive. Scalings on these three perceived causative factors for each of 67 life events were derived. The utility of such a scale is discussed.", "contents": "A scale to measure the cause of life events. An increase in life event stress has been shown to occur prior to the onset of a number of psychiatric illnesses. This paper describes the construction of a scale to measure the cause of this increased life event experience. One hundred and five normal adults were asked to judge the extent to which any particular event might have occurred by pure chance, by one's own behaviour or by the behaviour of others. These three perceived causative factors are conceptually distinct and together comprehensive. Scalings on these three perceived causative factors for each of 67 life events were derived. The utility of such a scale is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:270337", "title": "Evaluation of group processes using visual analogue scales.", "content": "Patients in a general hospital psychiatric unit completed Visual Analogue Mood Scales before and after group psychotherapy sessions, and at corresponding times on days without group meetings. Changes in the dispersion of scores between \"before\" and \"after\" measurements differed between days with group psychotherapy and days without. Cohesiveness attributable to the group process is suggested as likely explanation for this difference. Factors influencing measurements are investigated and discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of group processes using visual analogue scales. Patients in a general hospital psychiatric unit completed Visual Analogue Mood Scales before and after group psychotherapy sessions, and at corresponding times on days without group meetings. Changes in the dispersion of scores between \"before\" and \"after\" measurements differed between days with group psychotherapy and days without. Cohesiveness attributable to the group process is suggested as likely explanation for this difference. Factors influencing measurements are investigated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:270338", "title": "A comparative study of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged to boarding houses and satellite houses.", "content": "A comparative psychosocial study of two groups of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged from Callan Park Hospital to boarding houses and satellite houses in the Callan Park Hospital region is reported. It was concluded that the social and vocational functioning of both groups was at a low level but that satellite house residents had more spare money and described a less institutionalized and a more homely environment in satellite houses.", "contents": "A comparative study of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged to boarding houses and satellite houses. A comparative psychosocial study of two groups of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged from Callan Park Hospital to boarding houses and satellite houses in the Callan Park Hospital region is reported. It was concluded that the social and vocational functioning of both groups was at a low level but that satellite house residents had more spare money and described a less institutionalized and a more homely environment in satellite houses."}
{"id": "PMID:270339", "title": "The significance of suicide notes.", "content": "Studying the contents of suicide notes might help to improve the understanding of individual cases whilst offering an opportunity to search for possible preventive guidelines. In a study in an Australian capital city, suicides for one year (1972-73) were investigated including the medical and psychiatric data where possible, and psychosocial circumstances in each case. The total number of suicides in the year was 135. Twenty-seven individuals left suicide notes of which 25 were available for examination. The mood as reflected in the notes was categorised in terms of depression and hopelessness, neutral affect and hostility. The affect was related to age, sex, marital status and method of suicide. The results are presented with examples of each category and are discussed with respect to their contribution to (i) understanding the cause of death, (ii) understanding the intention of the suicide, (iii) assisting the relatives in coping with the suicide, (iv) drawing attention to those factors where earlier intervention may have averted suicide.", "contents": "The significance of suicide notes. Studying the contents of suicide notes might help to improve the understanding of individual cases whilst offering an opportunity to search for possible preventive guidelines. In a study in an Australian capital city, suicides for one year (1972-73) were investigated including the medical and psychiatric data where possible, and psychosocial circumstances in each case. The total number of suicides in the year was 135. Twenty-seven individuals left suicide notes of which 25 were available for examination. The mood as reflected in the notes was categorised in terms of depression and hopelessness, neutral affect and hostility. The affect was related to age, sex, marital status and method of suicide. The results are presented with examples of each category and are discussed with respect to their contribution to (i) understanding the cause of death, (ii) understanding the intention of the suicide, (iii) assisting the relatives in coping with the suicide, (iv) drawing attention to those factors where earlier intervention may have averted suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:270348", "title": "[Fetal hemoglobin in acute leukemias].", "content": "The question of fetal hemoglobin synthesis reactivation is a current topic both from the aspect of the genetic regulation of synthesis and from the aspect of the disorder of erythropoiesis in malignant diseases. The author presents the results of the quantitative determination of fetal hemoglobin in 84 children suffering from acute leukemias. The quantitation of HbF was performed by the method of alkalide-naturation and values of hemoglobin A2 by celulose-acetate electrophoresis. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemias fetal hemoglobin has been increased in 59% of the patients and in acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemias in 72% of the patients. The highest values of fetal hemoglobin were about 20%. The author considers that presence of fetal hemoglobin in these diseases cannot be a marker for estimation of remission and aggravation of the disease.", "contents": "[Fetal hemoglobin in acute leukemias]. The question of fetal hemoglobin synthesis reactivation is a current topic both from the aspect of the genetic regulation of synthesis and from the aspect of the disorder of erythropoiesis in malignant diseases. The author presents the results of the quantitative determination of fetal hemoglobin in 84 children suffering from acute leukemias. The quantitation of HbF was performed by the method of alkalide-naturation and values of hemoglobin A2 by celulose-acetate electrophoresis. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemias fetal hemoglobin has been increased in 59% of the patients and in acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemias in 72% of the patients. The highest values of fetal hemoglobin were about 20%. The author considers that presence of fetal hemoglobin in these diseases cannot be a marker for estimation of remission and aggravation of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:270355", "title": "Automatic ventilation during bronchoscopy: experience with a Bird Mark 2 ventilator.", "content": "One hundred and fifty patients were ventilated artificially during bronchoscopy using a Bird Mark 2 ventilator with either oxygen or a nitrous oxide in oxygen mixture as the driving gas. Satisfactory conditions for the examination were achieved. There was no significant deterioration in PaO2 or PaCO2.", "contents": "Automatic ventilation during bronchoscopy: experience with a Bird Mark 2 ventilator. One hundred and fifty patients were ventilated artificially during bronchoscopy using a Bird Mark 2 ventilator with either oxygen or a nitrous oxide in oxygen mixture as the driving gas. Satisfactory conditions for the examination were achieved. There was no significant deterioration in PaO2 or PaCO2."}
{"id": "PMID:270372", "title": "Assessment of drug sensitivity of human leukaemic myeloblasts. I. Labelling human myeloblasts with 125IUdR for survival studies in mice.", "content": "The compound (125)IUdR can be incorporated in a stable form into the DNA of cells. The isotope is released if labelled cells or their progeny die. Consequently the rate of (125)I excretion from mice can be used to follow the fate of labelled cells in vivo. Using these principles we show:(1) Sufficient label can be incorporated in vitro into both fresh and cryopreserved human leukaemic myeloblasts, in non-toxic concentrations, to allow their survival in mice to be estimated by whole-body counting;(2) The release of isotope from labelled cells is sufficiently slow to offer reasonable expectation that this technique can be used for assessing the sensitivity of myeloblasts to cytotoxic agents in vivo (an application described in the second paper in this series, Sonis, Falc\u00e3o and MacLennon, 1977);(3) The rate of (125)Iexcretion from mice injected with myeloblasts from different donors varies. This probably reflects different rates of spontaneous death of injected myeloblasts;(4) Active rejection of myeloblasts starts within 48 h of their injection into mice;(5) Indirect evidence that phagocytic cells may be active agents in myeloblast destruction in mice;(6) Various methods of immunologically depriving mice were assessed to see if they would result in a useful increase in survival of injected human myeloblasts. We conclude that there is little advantage and some limitations in using mice thus deprived;(7) One of the agents used for immunological deprivation-silica powder-markedly decreased the rate of (125)I loss from mice injected with labelled killed myeloblasts. This experience emphasizes the importance of including the killed-cell control in this assay.", "contents": "Assessment of drug sensitivity of human leukaemic myeloblasts. I. Labelling human myeloblasts with 125IUdR for survival studies in mice. The compound (125)IUdR can be incorporated in a stable form into the DNA of cells. The isotope is released if labelled cells or their progeny die. Consequently the rate of (125)I excretion from mice can be used to follow the fate of labelled cells in vivo. Using these principles we show:(1) Sufficient label can be incorporated in vitro into both fresh and cryopreserved human leukaemic myeloblasts, in non-toxic concentrations, to allow their survival in mice to be estimated by whole-body counting;(2) The release of isotope from labelled cells is sufficiently slow to offer reasonable expectation that this technique can be used for assessing the sensitivity of myeloblasts to cytotoxic agents in vivo (an application described in the second paper in this series, Sonis, Falc\u00e3o and MacLennon, 1977);(3) The rate of (125)Iexcretion from mice injected with myeloblasts from different donors varies. This probably reflects different rates of spontaneous death of injected myeloblasts;(4) Active rejection of myeloblasts starts within 48 h of their injection into mice;(5) Indirect evidence that phagocytic cells may be active agents in myeloblast destruction in mice;(6) Various methods of immunologically depriving mice were assessed to see if they would result in a useful increase in survival of injected human myeloblasts. We conclude that there is little advantage and some limitations in using mice thus deprived;(7) One of the agents used for immunological deprivation-silica powder-markedly decreased the rate of (125)I loss from mice injected with labelled killed myeloblasts. This experience emphasizes the importance of including the killed-cell control in this assay."}
{"id": "PMID:270373", "title": "Assessment of drug sensitivity of human leukaemic myeloblasts. II. The toxic effects of cytosine arabinoside on 125IUdR-labelled human leukaemic myeloblasts in mice.", "content": "Leukaemia cells from the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia were labelled in vitro with [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxy-uridine (IUdR). The myeloblasts were then injected into groups of mice and the survival of these cells estimated by measuring isotope loss, using whole-body counting. The isotope excretion from mice treated with various doses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and those not treated with drugs were compared. This comparison showed that the sensitivity of myeloblasts to the drug varies from patient to patient, and in one case was different for myeloblasts from bone marrow and from blood from the same patient. We compare the clinical responses of myeloblasts to Ara-C in 6 patients, who had high peripheral blood myeloblast counts, with the sensitivities of their myeloblasts to Ara-C in mice. This comparison indicates that the assay might be a useful way of predicting the response of leukaemic cells in patients to cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Assessment of drug sensitivity of human leukaemic myeloblasts. II. The toxic effects of cytosine arabinoside on 125IUdR-labelled human leukaemic myeloblasts in mice. Leukaemia cells from the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia were labelled in vitro with [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxy-uridine (IUdR). The myeloblasts were then injected into groups of mice and the survival of these cells estimated by measuring isotope loss, using whole-body counting. The isotope excretion from mice treated with various doses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and those not treated with drugs were compared. This comparison showed that the sensitivity of myeloblasts to the drug varies from patient to patient, and in one case was different for myeloblasts from bone marrow and from blood from the same patient. We compare the clinical responses of myeloblasts to Ara-C in 6 patients, who had high peripheral blood myeloblast counts, with the sensitivities of their myeloblasts to Ara-C in mice. This comparison indicates that the assay might be a useful way of predicting the response of leukaemic cells in patients to cytotoxic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:270386", "title": "Bronchiectasis in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Five children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed bronchiectasis when on chemotherapy. Persistent collapse or consolidation on chest radiographs was helpful in suggesting the diagnosis. Necropsy established the diagnosis in one child who died of massive haemoptysis when in complete remission, and bronchography confirmed the diagnosis in three. In a further child the diagnosis was based on clinical and chest X-ray findings alone. The surviving children were treated with prophylactic rotating antibiotics. Routine chest radiographs are recommended in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, as bronchiectasis may otherwise be underdiagnosed.", "contents": "Bronchiectasis in acute leukaemia. Five children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed bronchiectasis when on chemotherapy. Persistent collapse or consolidation on chest radiographs was helpful in suggesting the diagnosis. Necropsy established the diagnosis in one child who died of massive haemoptysis when in complete remission, and bronchography confirmed the diagnosis in three. In a further child the diagnosis was based on clinical and chest X-ray findings alone. The surviving children were treated with prophylactic rotating antibiotics. Routine chest radiographs are recommended in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, as bronchiectasis may otherwise be underdiagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:270393", "title": "[Hardening of photopolymerizable sealing materials in variously deep enamel zones (in vitro)].", "content": "The effect of irradiation times of various lengths on the resulting Vickers-hardness and polymerisation of adhesives (Estilux glaze, Nuva Seal) was estimated for varying UV light sources. Secondary effects depending on position were found in the polymerisation, the progress of which could be estimated. The results of the polymerisation experiments, irradiating caries-containing and healthy enamel sections, using appropriate UV light sources, show polymerisation of adhesives with definable Vickers-hardness in enamel zones of various depths.", "contents": "[Hardening of photopolymerizable sealing materials in variously deep enamel zones (in vitro)]. The effect of irradiation times of various lengths on the resulting Vickers-hardness and polymerisation of adhesives (Estilux glaze, Nuva Seal) was estimated for varying UV light sources. Secondary effects depending on position were found in the polymerisation, the progress of which could be estimated. The results of the polymerisation experiments, irradiating caries-containing and healthy enamel sections, using appropriate UV light sources, show polymerisation of adhesives with definable Vickers-hardness in enamel zones of various depths."}
{"id": "PMID:270395", "title": "[Caries prevention by means of a Na2FPO3-toothpaste after 7 year's application].", "content": "After 7 years unsupervised use of a Na2FPO3 paste the number of new DMF-surfaces was 36 to 38% lower than in the control group. The caries-inhibiting effect is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Separate consideration of the first molar reduced caries of the other teeth to 40--42%.", "contents": "[Caries prevention by means of a Na2FPO3-toothpaste after 7 year's application]. After 7 years unsupervised use of a Na2FPO3 paste the number of new DMF-surfaces was 36 to 38% lower than in the control group. The caries-inhibiting effect is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Separate consideration of the first molar reduced caries of the other teeth to 40--42%."}
{"id": "PMID:270397", "title": "[Studies on silicate-containing and silicate-free adhesives compared to composite materials II].", "content": "The photo-polymerisable adhesive Estilux glaze and its successor product Estiglaze microfill as well as a compound from the same firm were subjected to comparative investigations. Maximal polymerisable thickness of the named materials were ascertained by means of variable intensive light sources. Electron-microscopic investigations were carried out on the matrices in order to estimate the wetting behaviour. No generally valid connection between hardness and abrasion of comparative materials could be observed, but Estiglaze microfill, containing filling-substance shows reduced abrasiveness to the factor 2.5 in comparison to products free from filling substance.", "contents": "[Studies on silicate-containing and silicate-free adhesives compared to composite materials II]. The photo-polymerisable adhesive Estilux glaze and its successor product Estiglaze microfill as well as a compound from the same firm were subjected to comparative investigations. Maximal polymerisable thickness of the named materials were ascertained by means of variable intensive light sources. Electron-microscopic investigations were carried out on the matrices in order to estimate the wetting behaviour. No generally valid connection between hardness and abrasion of comparative materials could be observed, but Estiglaze microfill, containing filling-substance shows reduced abrasiveness to the factor 2.5 in comparison to products free from filling substance."}
{"id": "PMID:270398", "title": "[Testing of various methods for the determination of processing time for amalgam].", "content": "Four different test methods for the determination of the processing time of freshly mixed amalgam pastes were examined with the view to their utility, using 9 commercial powder alloys of different setting speeds. The tests used were a schematised stuffing test, close to the procedure used in practise, the cutting test and the compressive strength test after 10 minutes, both of which are still quoted as alternatives in the provisional standard DIN 13904, as well as a Hg addition test described by J\u00f8rgensen. The compressive strength test proved to be the quickest and most accurate. It is therefore best suited for routine examinations and general control and is recommended for inclusion in the DIN. It is necessary to set up calibration curves with the help of the stuffing test in order to estimate the processing time. These have to be separately estimated for filing amalgam and globular amalgam. The cutting test proved to be relatively inaccurate. The Hg addition test, though giving usable values, consumed too much time and material.", "contents": "[Testing of various methods for the determination of processing time for amalgam]. Four different test methods for the determination of the processing time of freshly mixed amalgam pastes were examined with the view to their utility, using 9 commercial powder alloys of different setting speeds. The tests used were a schematised stuffing test, close to the procedure used in practise, the cutting test and the compressive strength test after 10 minutes, both of which are still quoted as alternatives in the provisional standard DIN 13904, as well as a Hg addition test described by J\u00f8rgensen. The compressive strength test proved to be the quickest and most accurate. It is therefore best suited for routine examinations and general control and is recommended for inclusion in the DIN. It is necessary to set up calibration curves with the help of the stuffing test in order to estimate the processing time. These have to be separately estimated for filing amalgam and globular amalgam. The cutting test proved to be relatively inaccurate. The Hg addition test, though giving usable values, consumed too much time and material."}
{"id": "PMID:270399", "title": "[The sensitivity of various in-vitro-test systems in biological testing of materials].", "content": "In the present paper the biological activity of methylmethacrylate Monomer and di-methylparatoluidin on stationary, cell-proliferating and bacterial cultures is examined. The equi-toxic concentrations were lower in cell culture systems than in stationary cell suspensions or bacterial cultures. Accordingly biological reaction appears to depend on the effective concentration of the toxic substance as well as on the specific sensitivity of the test system. There is no correlation between the sensitivity of cellular and of bacterial test systems.", "contents": "[The sensitivity of various in-vitro-test systems in biological testing of materials]. In the present paper the biological activity of methylmethacrylate Monomer and di-methylparatoluidin on stationary, cell-proliferating and bacterial cultures is examined. The equi-toxic concentrations were lower in cell culture systems than in stationary cell suspensions or bacterial cultures. Accordingly biological reaction appears to depend on the effective concentration of the toxic substance as well as on the specific sensitivity of the test system. There is no correlation between the sensitivity of cellular and of bacterial test systems."}
{"id": "PMID:270400", "title": "[Determination of surface morphological changes during therapy of gingivitis].", "content": "Changes in inflammatory gingival disease of the anterior dental area of the mandible caused by therapy are evaluated with the help of surface morphometric methods. The clinical diversities of the healthy and diseased gum can be presented by comparative consideration of the measurements. The relationship of the contour of the gum to tartar formation and capacity for retention of plaque are interpreted. The ratio of papillary to dental surface allows these findings to be incorporated into the physiomorphological or pathomorphological state.", "contents": "[Determination of surface morphological changes during therapy of gingivitis]. Changes in inflammatory gingival disease of the anterior dental area of the mandible caused by therapy are evaluated with the help of surface morphometric methods. The clinical diversities of the healthy and diseased gum can be presented by comparative consideration of the measurements. The relationship of the contour of the gum to tartar formation and capacity for retention of plaque are interpreted. The ratio of papillary to dental surface allows these findings to be incorporated into the physiomorphological or pathomorphological state."}
{"id": "PMID:270401", "title": "[Extracellular polysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans of various biotypes--chemical characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis].", "content": "The composition and proportions of different types of compound were established in extracellular polysaccharides synthesized in virto by streptococcus mutans strains of various biotypes. The polysaccharides were further enzymatically hydrolysed with dextranase and the degree of hydrolysis as well as the character and amount of the products of decomposition were determined. Under the conditions employed the strains synthesized solely glucanes. The water insoluble polysaccharides of strains of various biotypes show significant differences with regard to the proportions of alpha 1,3 and alpha 1,3,6-compounds. There is a significant correlation between the proportions of these compounds and the degree of hydrolysis by dextranase.", "contents": "[Extracellular polysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans of various biotypes--chemical characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis]. The composition and proportions of different types of compound were established in extracellular polysaccharides synthesized in virto by streptococcus mutans strains of various biotypes. The polysaccharides were further enzymatically hydrolysed with dextranase and the degree of hydrolysis as well as the character and amount of the products of decomposition were determined. Under the conditions employed the strains synthesized solely glucanes. The water insoluble polysaccharides of strains of various biotypes show significant differences with regard to the proportions of alpha 1,3 and alpha 1,3,6-compounds. There is a significant correlation between the proportions of these compounds and the degree of hydrolysis by dextranase."}
{"id": "PMID:270403", "title": "[The forameter, a device for the exact measurement of the root canal length].", "content": "The forameter is an instrument used for measuring the length of the root canal. Here the use of the principle of resistance measurement is refined. The position of the apical foramen is shown acoustically as well as visually. This investigation gives positive results for the measurements in the treatment of devitalised teeth. The inaccuracy of measurement in living teeth appears too great.", "contents": "[The forameter, a device for the exact measurement of the root canal length]. The forameter is an instrument used for measuring the length of the root canal. Here the use of the principle of resistance measurement is refined. The position of the apical foramen is shown acoustically as well as visually. This investigation gives positive results for the measurements in the treatment of devitalised teeth. The inaccuracy of measurement in living teeth appears too great."}
{"id": "PMID:270456", "title": "Neuropathy in a patient with McArdle's syndrome and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A juvenile-type diabetic patient of five years standing presented with a mononeuritis and gave a history of painful muscle swelling induced by exertion. Failure of the blood lactate to rise during ischaemic exercise and a normal blood glucose rise following intravenous glucagon confirmed the clinical diagnosis of muscle glycogenosis. The association of diabetes and McArdle's Syndrome has not previously been documented. An ulnar nerve palsy, which persisted for many months, followed the ischaemic exercise test possibly due to compression by muscular swelling, but may have been exacerbated by the co-existing diabetes.", "contents": "Neuropathy in a patient with McArdle's syndrome and diabetes mellitus. A juvenile-type diabetic patient of five years standing presented with a mononeuritis and gave a history of painful muscle swelling induced by exertion. Failure of the blood lactate to rise during ischaemic exercise and a normal blood glucose rise following intravenous glucagon confirmed the clinical diagnosis of muscle glycogenosis. The association of diabetes and McArdle's Syndrome has not previously been documented. An ulnar nerve palsy, which persisted for many months, followed the ischaemic exercise test possibly due to compression by muscular swelling, but may have been exacerbated by the co-existing diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:270463", "title": "Endodontic therapy of traumatised teeth in children.", "content": "One of the most difficult problems met with in endodontic therapy for children is the traumatized anterior tooth whose root is still incomplete. In cases where the pulp is vital, treatment by pulp capping or pulpotomy is directed to preserving the vitality of the radicular pulp to ensure completion of root formation. Calcium hydroxide remains the material of choice in both forms of treatment. Once root formation is complete, removal of the pulp residue and filling of the root canal may be performed as a preliminary to restoration by means of a post retained crown. Where the pulp is non vital, attempts to fill the funnel shaped apical part of the canal, whether from a coronal approach or by open operation for retrograde filling, have proved unsatisfactory. Many workers have shown however that a number of root filling materials and root dressings are capable of inducing either continued root growth or a closure of the apical region by a calcific scar. A detailed survey of 34 teeth treated by this method has been made and the important principles which appear to influence the success of the technique are enumerated.", "contents": "Endodontic therapy of traumatised teeth in children. One of the most difficult problems met with in endodontic therapy for children is the traumatized anterior tooth whose root is still incomplete. In cases where the pulp is vital, treatment by pulp capping or pulpotomy is directed to preserving the vitality of the radicular pulp to ensure completion of root formation. Calcium hydroxide remains the material of choice in both forms of treatment. Once root formation is complete, removal of the pulp residue and filling of the root canal may be performed as a preliminary to restoration by means of a post retained crown. Where the pulp is non vital, attempts to fill the funnel shaped apical part of the canal, whether from a coronal approach or by open operation for retrograde filling, have proved unsatisfactory. Many workers have shown however that a number of root filling materials and root dressings are capable of inducing either continued root growth or a closure of the apical region by a calcific scar. A detailed survey of 34 teeth treated by this method has been made and the important principles which appear to influence the success of the technique are enumerated."}
{"id": "PMID:270464", "title": "The world wide distribution and significance of oral diseases.", "content": "Data available to WHO shows that the profile of oral diseases differs dramatically between the technically advanced and the developing countries. In technically advanced countries the high tooth mortality due to caries is decreasing as a result of widespread dental care, though the incidence of the disease is little affected. Unless preventive measures can be applied the cost of maintaining curative services will outstrip the financial resources of even the most prosperous countries. In the developing countries where manpower is scarce the traditionally low prevalence of caries is tending to increase with progressive urbanization. Preventive measures are therefore vitally important and there is urgent need for field testing in these conditions. In both cases the development of preventive measures against periodontal disease is essential if teeth saved from loss by caries are not to be lost in later decades from the ravages of periodontal breakdown.", "contents": "The world wide distribution and significance of oral diseases. Data available to WHO shows that the profile of oral diseases differs dramatically between the technically advanced and the developing countries. In technically advanced countries the high tooth mortality due to caries is decreasing as a result of widespread dental care, though the incidence of the disease is little affected. Unless preventive measures can be applied the cost of maintaining curative services will outstrip the financial resources of even the most prosperous countries. In the developing countries where manpower is scarce the traditionally low prevalence of caries is tending to increase with progressive urbanization. Preventive measures are therefore vitally important and there is urgent need for field testing in these conditions. In both cases the development of preventive measures against periodontal disease is essential if teeth saved from loss by caries are not to be lost in later decades from the ravages of periodontal breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:270465", "title": "The clinical trial in multidisciplinary research.", "content": "Dental research has developed along two separate paths. Epidemiological studies can only indicate a cause-disease relationship while laboratory experiments can only be applied to the human situation as a working hypothesis. The final solution can only be arrived at by setting up controlled studies in man, though there are limitations on the possibility of control of some variables in human studies. Experimental studies on the formation of pellicles and plaque are described as examples of the use of clinical trials to bridge the gap between basic research and epidemiological data. The ideal model for dental research would involve the identification of a clinical problem and its subdivision into small biological units which could be studied in the laboratory in order to develop working hypothesis. An in vivo model would then be devised to test the hypotheses and finally they would be applied in a well controlled trial.", "contents": "The clinical trial in multidisciplinary research. Dental research has developed along two separate paths. Epidemiological studies can only indicate a cause-disease relationship while laboratory experiments can only be applied to the human situation as a working hypothesis. The final solution can only be arrived at by setting up controlled studies in man, though there are limitations on the possibility of control of some variables in human studies. Experimental studies on the formation of pellicles and plaque are described as examples of the use of clinical trials to bridge the gap between basic research and epidemiological data. The ideal model for dental research would involve the identification of a clinical problem and its subdivision into small biological units which could be studied in the laboratory in order to develop working hypothesis. An in vivo model would then be devised to test the hypotheses and finally they would be applied in a well controlled trial."}
{"id": "PMID:270466", "title": "Cultural factors in clinical pain assessment.", "content": "Experimental evidence suggests that the threshold at which a given stimulus is perceived as painful is relatively constant both for an individual and between individuals. However, higher thresholds at which pain described as severe or at which particular behavioural response occurs are much more variable and appear to depend on cultural factors. Since one concern of a healing profession is to alleviate or minimize pain it would be helpful if some means of assessment of the intensity of pain experienced by other persons were available. Unfortunately no such measure exists. Distinction must be made between relief of pain which should be based on physiological principles and relief of distress in which socio-psychological factors are of much greater importance.", "contents": "Cultural factors in clinical pain assessment. Experimental evidence suggests that the threshold at which a given stimulus is perceived as painful is relatively constant both for an individual and between individuals. However, higher thresholds at which pain described as severe or at which particular behavioural response occurs are much more variable and appear to depend on cultural factors. Since one concern of a healing profession is to alleviate or minimize pain it would be helpful if some means of assessment of the intensity of pain experienced by other persons were available. Unfortunately no such measure exists. Distinction must be made between relief of pain which should be based on physiological principles and relief of distress in which socio-psychological factors are of much greater importance."}
{"id": "PMID:270467", "title": "International collaboration and research in the organization of the education of dentists and the public.", "content": "The dental curriculum in Western countries is still heavily biased towards technical competence in restorative procedures. Despite the evidence from many countries that curative dentistry has failed to make a significant impact on dental health, there is a reluctance to change to a preventive emphasis. Unfortunately dental education in developing countries is being modelled on the same pattern even though this is totally irrelevant to local needs and resources. The greatest need is for health  education designed to influence the lifestyle of people in a way which will reduce the prevalence of dental disease. Unfortunately the dentist's present training does not fit him to play an effective part in such a programme.", "contents": "International collaboration and research in the organization of the education of dentists and the public. The dental curriculum in Western countries is still heavily biased towards technical competence in restorative procedures. Despite the evidence from many countries that curative dentistry has failed to make a significant impact on dental health, there is a reluctance to change to a preventive emphasis. Unfortunately dental education in developing countries is being modelled on the same pattern even though this is totally irrelevant to local needs and resources. The greatest need is for health  education designed to influence the lifestyle of people in a way which will reduce the prevalence of dental disease. Unfortunately the dentist's present training does not fit him to play an effective part in such a programme."}
{"id": "PMID:270468", "title": "The epidemiology of oral tumours. A report prepared by a Working Group of the Commission on Classification and Statistics for Oral Conditions.", "content": "The vital statistics collected by the national and international registries and organizations include information on oral cancer. As their work proceeds and the accumulated information increases and probably also becomes progressively more reliable because of increasing accuracy in clinical diagnosis and death certification, the purpose of epidemiological research, that is, the identification of etiological factors, will come nearer to fulfilment. On the other hand, very little is known about the epidemiology and demography odontogenic tumours. Although these tumours are relatively uncommon they are of considerable practical and theoretical importance to dentists, oral surgeons and pathologists. Since workers in the oral field are especially concerned with these lesions they are in a particularly favourable situation to collate data. Although a lengthy period would be required to amass significant numbers of cases, the effect would be well worth while.", "contents": "The epidemiology of oral tumours. A report prepared by a Working Group of the Commission on Classification and Statistics for Oral Conditions. The vital statistics collected by the national and international registries and organizations include information on oral cancer. As their work proceeds and the accumulated information increases and probably also becomes progressively more reliable because of increasing accuracy in clinical diagnosis and death certification, the purpose of epidemiological research, that is, the identification of etiological factors, will come nearer to fulfilment. On the other hand, very little is known about the epidemiology and demography odontogenic tumours. Although these tumours are relatively uncommon they are of considerable practical and theoretical importance to dentists, oral surgeons and pathologists. Since workers in the oral field are especially concerned with these lesions they are in a particularly favourable situation to collate data. Although a lengthy period would be required to amass significant numbers of cases, the effect would be well worth while."}
{"id": "PMID:270475", "title": "Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma.", "content": "The features are described of seven cases of \"juxtacortical\" chondrosarcoma, the term introduced by Jaffe for a rare but distinct entity and now accepted in the World Health Organisation classification as preferable to the term \"periosteal\" chondrosarcoma. In all cases the lesion involved the shaft of a long bone, most often the femur, and in two cases two different long bones were affected. Six of the seven patients were male and all were in the second decade. The characteristic appearance was that of a small tumour adjacent to the cortex with areas of spotty calcification often accompanied by radiating bone spicules perpendicular to the bone shaft and a typical Codman's triangle. Histologically all the tumours showed a cartilaginous lobular pattern, well limited on the surface and seldom infiltrating the cortex; areas of spotty calcification and enchondral ossification were often present but tumour osteoid and bone were conspicuously absent. Despite the ominous histological aspect, the prognosis proved to be relatively favourable compared with the usual central chondrosarcoma of a similar grade of malignancy.", "contents": "Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma. The features are described of seven cases of \"juxtacortical\" chondrosarcoma, the term introduced by Jaffe for a rare but distinct entity and now accepted in the World Health Organisation classification as preferable to the term \"periosteal\" chondrosarcoma. In all cases the lesion involved the shaft of a long bone, most often the femur, and in two cases two different long bones were affected. Six of the seven patients were male and all were in the second decade. The characteristic appearance was that of a small tumour adjacent to the cortex with areas of spotty calcification often accompanied by radiating bone spicules perpendicular to the bone shaft and a typical Codman's triangle. Histologically all the tumours showed a cartilaginous lobular pattern, well limited on the surface and seldom infiltrating the cortex; areas of spotty calcification and enchondral ossification were often present but tumour osteoid and bone were conspicuously absent. Despite the ominous histological aspect, the prognosis proved to be relatively favourable compared with the usual central chondrosarcoma of a similar grade of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:270476", "title": "Production of mouse globin in heterokaryons of mouse erythroleukaemia cells and human fibroblasts.", "content": "In an effort to activate the globin genes of non-erythroid cells, tetraploid murine erythroleukaemia cells (Friend cells) were fused with diploid human amniotic fibroblasts. When the Friend cells were pretreated with dimethylsulphoxide, an average of 27% heterokaryons was observed. These cells stained with benzidine, an indication that they contained haemoglobin. The cells incorporated radioactive amino acids into proteins. Electrophoresis of [3H]leucine-labelled lysates on SDS urea polyacrylamide gels indicated that up to 7% of the newly synthesized protein co-electrophoresed with globin. CM cellulose chromatography demonstrated the presence of mouse but not human globin chains. Hybridization analyses of cytoplasmic RNA also revealed only mouse globin mRNA in the heterokaryons. Although heterokaryons form readily between mouse erythroleukaemia cells and human fibroblasts, and globin synthesis does occur, only the erythroid partner in the fusion system employed here directs globin production.", "contents": "Production of mouse globin in heterokaryons of mouse erythroleukaemia cells and human fibroblasts. In an effort to activate the globin genes of non-erythroid cells, tetraploid murine erythroleukaemia cells (Friend cells) were fused with diploid human amniotic fibroblasts. When the Friend cells were pretreated with dimethylsulphoxide, an average of 27% heterokaryons was observed. These cells stained with benzidine, an indication that they contained haemoglobin. The cells incorporated radioactive amino acids into proteins. Electrophoresis of [3H]leucine-labelled lysates on SDS urea polyacrylamide gels indicated that up to 7% of the newly synthesized protein co-electrophoresed with globin. CM cellulose chromatography demonstrated the presence of mouse but not human globin chains. Hybridization analyses of cytoplasmic RNA also revealed only mouse globin mRNA in the heterokaryons. Although heterokaryons form readily between mouse erythroleukaemia cells and human fibroblasts, and globin synthesis does occur, only the erythroid partner in the fusion system employed here directs globin production."}
{"id": "PMID:270482", "title": "Independent dimensions of depression: a factor analysis of three self-report depression measures.", "content": "Covariance studies of objective depression measures have concentrated on total scores. This approach is relatively insensitive in specifying whether these instruments measure the same sub-aspects of depression. To investigate this question, a factor analysis was performed on the items of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and lists A, B, C, and D of the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists. Ss were 91 college students and 29 correctional institution inmates. Four clearly interpretable multimeasure factors resulted from a Varimax rotation. The most salient factor was labeled \"Depression: Affective Malaise.\" Earlier studies also have shown this to be a dominant and reliable dimension of depression. The other factors were: Suicidal Ambivalence,\" \"Appetite-Weight Loss,\" and \"Fatigability.\" Females showed greater Fatigability associated with depression. Factors specific to the Beck and Zung measures also were found, which suggests that the different emphases of these instruments, intensity/severity vs. frequency of symptoms, may contribute very specific depression indicators. This may indicate that both intensity and frequency of symptoms ought to be considered to obtain a \"best\" objective measure of depression.", "contents": "Independent dimensions of depression: a factor analysis of three self-report depression measures. Covariance studies of objective depression measures have concentrated on total scores. This approach is relatively insensitive in specifying whether these instruments measure the same sub-aspects of depression. To investigate this question, a factor analysis was performed on the items of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and lists A, B, C, and D of the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists. Ss were 91 college students and 29 correctional institution inmates. Four clearly interpretable multimeasure factors resulted from a Varimax rotation. The most salient factor was labeled \"Depression: Affective Malaise.\" Earlier studies also have shown this to be a dominant and reliable dimension of depression. The other factors were: Suicidal Ambivalence,\" \"Appetite-Weight Loss,\" and \"Fatigability.\" Females showed greater Fatigability associated with depression. Factors specific to the Beck and Zung measures also were found, which suggests that the different emphases of these instruments, intensity/severity vs. frequency of symptoms, may contribute very specific depression indicators. This may indicate that both intensity and frequency of symptoms ought to be considered to obtain a \"best\" objective measure of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:270483", "title": "Animal studies concerning the cariogenicity of dry breakfast cereals.", "content": "Four studies were performed in rats and hamsters concerning the cariogenicity of cereals and the role of sucrose in that process. The findings indicate that sucrose content per se does not necessarily reflect the cariogenic potential. Presweetened cereals were more conducive to the formation of smooth surface caries in the hamster than were nonpresweetened cereals while no major differences between the cereals were observed in occlusal caries in rats.", "contents": "Animal studies concerning the cariogenicity of dry breakfast cereals. Four studies were performed in rats and hamsters concerning the cariogenicity of cereals and the role of sucrose in that process. The findings indicate that sucrose content per se does not necessarily reflect the cariogenic potential. Presweetened cereals were more conducive to the formation of smooth surface caries in the hamster than were nonpresweetened cereals while no major differences between the cereals were observed in occlusal caries in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:270484", "title": "Collaborative evaluation of a rat caries model in six laboratories.", "content": "When highly controlled parallel rat caries studies were run simultaneously in six laboratories, a similar pattern of caries developed in every laboratory with a range in mean values such that the results of no investigator were significantly different from those of at least two others. These results indicate that the major factors influencing development of rat caries have been recognized and can be controlled within reasonable limits.", "contents": "Collaborative evaluation of a rat caries model in six laboratories. When highly controlled parallel rat caries studies were run simultaneously in six laboratories, a similar pattern of caries developed in every laboratory with a range in mean values such that the results of no investigator were significantly different from those of at least two others. These results indicate that the major factors influencing development of rat caries have been recognized and can be controlled within reasonable limits."}
{"id": "PMID:270485", "title": "A chromatographic study of the relative affinities of rat bone and skin collagen alpha1 chains for hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The affinity of a bone collagen alpha1 chain for hydroxyapatite has been compared to a similarly isolated skin component from the same animals. The chain from bone exhibits a higher affinity for the mineral. This enhanced affinity appears to be related to its primary structure, specifically its hydroxylysine moieties.", "contents": "A chromatographic study of the relative affinities of rat bone and skin collagen alpha1 chains for hydroxyapatite. The affinity of a bone collagen alpha1 chain for hydroxyapatite has been compared to a similarly isolated skin component from the same animals. The chain from bone exhibits a higher affinity for the mineral. This enhanced affinity appears to be related to its primary structure, specifically its hydroxylysine moieties."}
{"id": "PMID:270486", "title": "Evaluation of oral submucosal blood flow at dental injection sites by radioactive Xenon clearance in beagle dogs.", "content": "Oral submucosal blood flow was measured at dental injection sites in anesthetized dogs and compared with subcutaneous blood flow. Blood flow was calculated from the measured half-time for clearance of radioactive xenon dissolved in saline. By this method, oral submucosal blood flow was much greater than subcutaneous blood flow and was comparable in magnitude to values reported for cerebral blood flow. Injection of a solution containing 1:100,000 epinephrine at the mandibular canal produce a delayed clearance of isotope which was three times as long as the clearance time for solutions without epinephrine.", "contents": "Evaluation of oral submucosal blood flow at dental injection sites by radioactive Xenon clearance in beagle dogs. Oral submucosal blood flow was measured at dental injection sites in anesthetized dogs and compared with subcutaneous blood flow. Blood flow was calculated from the measured half-time for clearance of radioactive xenon dissolved in saline. By this method, oral submucosal blood flow was much greater than subcutaneous blood flow and was comparable in magnitude to values reported for cerebral blood flow. Injection of a solution containing 1:100,000 epinephrine at the mandibular canal produce a delayed clearance of isotope which was three times as long as the clearance time for solutions without epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:270488", "title": "Investigations into black extrinsic tooth stain.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out into the nature of the black pigment in black extrinsic tooth stain. The results suggest that the black material is a ferric salt, probably ferric sulfide, formed by the reaction between hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in the saliva or gingival exudate.", "contents": "Investigations into black extrinsic tooth stain. An investigation has been carried out into the nature of the black pigment in black extrinsic tooth stain. The results suggest that the black material is a ferric salt, probably ferric sulfide, formed by the reaction between hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in the saliva or gingival exudate."}
{"id": "PMID:270490", "title": "Estimation of mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars in early mixed dentition.", "content": "The accuracy for predicting mesiodistal widths of unerupted permanent canines and premolars from x-rays and their estimations based on the already erupted permanent teeth were tested in a group of Israeli children. The observed posteruptive widths related more closely to predicted values obtained from x-ray measurements than from tabulated estimations.", "contents": "Estimation of mesiodistal width of permanent canines and premolars in early mixed dentition. The accuracy for predicting mesiodistal widths of unerupted permanent canines and premolars from x-rays and their estimations based on the already erupted permanent teeth were tested in a group of Israeli children. The observed posteruptive widths related more closely to predicted values obtained from x-ray measurements than from tabulated estimations."}
{"id": "PMID:270493", "title": "In situ replication techniques: I. Preliminary screening and the negative replication technique.", "content": "Fourteen commercially available elastomeric materials were investigated for their suitability as in vivo replication media. After a preliminary screening on an annotated specimen, three materials were chosen for further study. Of all materials evaluated, Xantopren Blue and Silene silicone impression materials provided the best results in vivo. This study demonstrates that a high resolution (ca 1 micron) negative replication technique may prove useful for the clinical evaluation of single-surface phenomena.", "contents": "In situ replication techniques: I. Preliminary screening and the negative replication technique. Fourteen commercially available elastomeric materials were investigated for their suitability as in vivo replication media. After a preliminary screening on an annotated specimen, three materials were chosen for further study. Of all materials evaluated, Xantopren Blue and Silene silicone impression materials provided the best results in vivo. This study demonstrates that a high resolution (ca 1 micron) negative replication technique may prove useful for the clinical evaluation of single-surface phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:270494", "title": "Loading rate and temperature as variables in amalgam bending.", "content": "Three commercial dental amalgams of known dissimilar clinical properties were evaluated in pure blending at widely different loading rates and temperatures. Comparative data of fracture stress at 140 F rank these alloys according to their clinical fracture resistance; the phenomenon of creep may account for early marginal fracture prior to corrosion-induced fracture.", "contents": "Loading rate and temperature as variables in amalgam bending. Three commercial dental amalgams of known dissimilar clinical properties were evaluated in pure blending at widely different loading rates and temperatures. Comparative data of fracture stress at 140 F rank these alloys according to their clinical fracture resistance; the phenomenon of creep may account for early marginal fracture prior to corrosion-induced fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:270495", "title": "Hormonal responses of bone in a continuous flow cultural system.", "content": "Calvaria from five-day-old mice incubated in a continuous flow system (10 calvaria per culture chamber with 1 ml volume; flow rate 1ml/hr.). In 24-hour cultures, calvaria showed less resorption than in stationary culture. Short-term responses to PTH and calcitonin were similar to those observed in vivo.", "contents": "Hormonal responses of bone in a continuous flow cultural system. Calvaria from five-day-old mice incubated in a continuous flow system (10 calvaria per culture chamber with 1 ml volume; flow rate 1ml/hr.). In 24-hour cultures, calvaria showed less resorption than in stationary culture. Short-term responses to PTH and calcitonin were similar to those observed in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:270498", "title": "The electron microscopy of bacteriophage-like particles in dental plaque.", "content": "The morphology of bacteriophage-like particles contained in samples of dental plaque is described. The phage-like particles were observed within fusiform-shaped bacteria and in clumps between bacteria. The particles were hexagonal in cross section, approximately 1,100 nm in diameter and contained an electron-dense core. In areas of cell lysis tail forms were observed both free and in association with the particles. Occasional particles were attached to bacterial cell walls by means of shortened tailpieces.", "contents": "The electron microscopy of bacteriophage-like particles in dental plaque. The morphology of bacteriophage-like particles contained in samples of dental plaque is described. The phage-like particles were observed within fusiform-shaped bacteria and in clumps between bacteria. The particles were hexagonal in cross section, approximately 1,100 nm in diameter and contained an electron-dense core. In areas of cell lysis tail forms were observed both free and in association with the particles. Occasional particles were attached to bacterial cell walls by means of shortened tailpieces."}
{"id": "PMID:270499", "title": "A microbiological study of normal flora of macropod dental plaque.", "content": "The percentage bacterial composition of dental plaques from 12 macropods was determined. The major group of organisms was gram-positive filamentous and pleomorphic rods whose median representation was 92.2%. These were mainly Actinomyces viscosus (median value 62.5%) and Bacterionema matruchotii (median value 23.2%). Streptococci were poorly represented (median value 4.2%) as were anaerobic gram-negative organisms. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria were identified as neisseriae and Moraxella sp. The macropod plaque flora was compared with that of human beings and rodents and the differences discussed in relation to dietary differences and the early externalization of the marsupial young.", "contents": "A microbiological study of normal flora of macropod dental plaque. The percentage bacterial composition of dental plaques from 12 macropods was determined. The major group of organisms was gram-positive filamentous and pleomorphic rods whose median representation was 92.2%. These were mainly Actinomyces viscosus (median value 62.5%) and Bacterionema matruchotii (median value 23.2%). Streptococci were poorly represented (median value 4.2%) as were anaerobic gram-negative organisms. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria were identified as neisseriae and Moraxella sp. The macropod plaque flora was compared with that of human beings and rodents and the differences discussed in relation to dietary differences and the early externalization of the marsupial young."}
{"id": "PMID:270500", "title": "Analysis of Asgar-Mahler reaction zone in Dispersalloy amalgam by electron diffraction.", "content": "Selected area reflection electron diffraction has been used to determine the phases present in the reaction zones surrounding the Ag-Cu eutectic dispersant in Dispersalloy amalgam. The experiments were carried out on two kinds of specimens, (1) Dispersalloy amalgam and (2) Dispersalloy amalgam using 30, 50, 75, and 100% more mercury than found in commercially available capsules. The results show that the reaction zones in the specimens of the present investigation consist of Cu6Sn5 and Ag2Hg3. These diffraction data confirm the presence of the phases in the reaction zone which are suggested by the elemental analysis obtained by Mahler and his associates using an electron probe. Moreover, the strong intensity of the eta-Cu6Sn5 diffraction rings suggests a composition which is predominantly Cu6Sn5, again, in agreement with the electron probe data.", "contents": "Analysis of Asgar-Mahler reaction zone in Dispersalloy amalgam by electron diffraction. Selected area reflection electron diffraction has been used to determine the phases present in the reaction zones surrounding the Ag-Cu eutectic dispersant in Dispersalloy amalgam. The experiments were carried out on two kinds of specimens, (1) Dispersalloy amalgam and (2) Dispersalloy amalgam using 30, 50, 75, and 100% more mercury than found in commercially available capsules. The results show that the reaction zones in the specimens of the present investigation consist of Cu6Sn5 and Ag2Hg3. These diffraction data confirm the presence of the phases in the reaction zone which are suggested by the elemental analysis obtained by Mahler and his associates using an electron probe. Moreover, the strong intensity of the eta-Cu6Sn5 diffraction rings suggests a composition which is predominantly Cu6Sn5, again, in agreement with the electron probe data."}
{"id": "PMID:270503", "title": "Effects of daily rinses using sodium fluoride and organic fluorides on rat caries.", "content": "The organic fluorides, alexidine dihydrofluoride and amine fluoride, provided greater protection against caries than sodium fluoride when used as a daily mouthrinse in rats. Alexidine dihydrochloride also provided significant caries restriction.", "contents": "Effects of daily rinses using sodium fluoride and organic fluorides on rat caries. The organic fluorides, alexidine dihydrofluoride and amine fluoride, provided greater protection against caries than sodium fluoride when used as a daily mouthrinse in rats. Alexidine dihydrochloride also provided significant caries restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:270505", "title": "The effect of added particles on the properties of Ag3 Sn-additive amalgams.", "content": "Physical and chemical properties of amalgam alloys containing varying amounts of copper were evaluated. Evidence presented refutes the theory of physical strengthening due to the addition of silver-copper by its eutectic. Results suggest that reactive copper could be more advantageously added to the system by using fewer copper additive particles; these particles may need to have a greater copper content that those used in Dispersalloy.", "contents": "The effect of added particles on the properties of Ag3 Sn-additive amalgams. Physical and chemical properties of amalgam alloys containing varying amounts of copper were evaluated. Evidence presented refutes the theory of physical strengthening due to the addition of silver-copper by its eutectic. Results suggest that reactive copper could be more advantageously added to the system by using fewer copper additive particles; these particles may need to have a greater copper content that those used in Dispersalloy."}
{"id": "PMID:270506", "title": "Computerized prediction of optical density for diagnostic radiology.", "content": "A computer program was formulated and verified experimentally to predict the optical density on an image receptor for any given set of radiographic variables including tube kilovoltage, milliamperage, and wave form; x-ray beam filtration; nature of filters and absorbers, and type of x-ray film.", "contents": "Computerized prediction of optical density for diagnostic radiology. A computer program was formulated and verified experimentally to predict the optical density on an image receptor for any given set of radiographic variables including tube kilovoltage, milliamperage, and wave form; x-ray beam filtration; nature of filters and absorbers, and type of x-ray film."}
{"id": "PMID:270507", "title": "Levan production by a strain of Rothia: activation of complement resulting in cytotoxicity for human gingival cells.", "content": "An extracellular polysaccharide identified as a levan has been isolated from Rothia dentocariosa, strain 477 serotype 2. The levan produced by strain 477 has been found to activate the complement cascade in the absence of specific antibodies. This activation was found to be cytotoxic for human gingival cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "Levan production by a strain of Rothia: activation of complement resulting in cytotoxicity for human gingival cells. An extracellular polysaccharide identified as a levan has been isolated from Rothia dentocariosa, strain 477 serotype 2. The levan produced by strain 477 has been found to activate the complement cascade in the absence of specific antibodies. This activation was found to be cytotoxic for human gingival cells in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:270509", "title": "In vitro enamel demineralization by Streptococcus mutans in the presence of salivary pellicles.", "content": "Salivary pellicles developed on extracted teeth favorably affected the degree and nature of enamel demineralization when the teeth were incubated in vitro with either of two pure strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The mechanism responsible for this protection may relate to the permselective properties of these salivary pellicles.", "contents": "In vitro enamel demineralization by Streptococcus mutans in the presence of salivary pellicles. Salivary pellicles developed on extracted teeth favorably affected the degree and nature of enamel demineralization when the teeth were incubated in vitro with either of two pure strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The mechanism responsible for this protection may relate to the permselective properties of these salivary pellicles."}
{"id": "PMID:270510", "title": "Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats. II. Quantitation of lesions induced by high sucrose diet.", "content": "Weanling rice rats were fed either standard laboratory chow or Diet 2000. The animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12, and 15 weeks. There was an increasing amount of exposed root surface and root surface caries with age in the animals fed Diet 2000. There was exposed root surface but no caries in the animals fed laboratory chow.", "contents": "Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats. II. Quantitation of lesions induced by high sucrose diet. Weanling rice rats were fed either standard laboratory chow or Diet 2000. The animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12, and 15 weeks. There was an increasing amount of exposed root surface and root surface caries with age in the animals fed Diet 2000. There was exposed root surface but no caries in the animals fed laboratory chow."}
{"id": "PMID:270511", "title": "Phagocytosis of latex beads by a human gingival epithelial-like cell line in tissue culture.", "content": "Phatocytosis by a human gingival epithelial-like cell line in tissue culture was studied using latex beads as a marker. Electron microscopic and chemical analyses revealed that the cells ingested the beads in a quantitative and reproducible manner. This phagocytosis system is potentially useful for studying the effects of dental plaque on cell metabolism.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of latex beads by a human gingival epithelial-like cell line in tissue culture. Phatocytosis by a human gingival epithelial-like cell line in tissue culture was studied using latex beads as a marker. Electron microscopic and chemical analyses revealed that the cells ingested the beads in a quantitative and reproducible manner. This phagocytosis system is potentially useful for studying the effects of dental plaque on cell metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:270513", "title": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human salivary histidine-rich-polypeptides.", "content": "A method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for examining histidine-rich-polypeptides in human saliva is described. Comparison is made to several commonly used electrophoretic techniques. The described method allows for the resolution of seven histidine-rich-polypeptide fractions and is convenient and quite reproducible.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human salivary histidine-rich-polypeptides. A method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for examining histidine-rich-polypeptides in human saliva is described. Comparison is made to several commonly used electrophoretic techniques. The described method allows for the resolution of seven histidine-rich-polypeptide fractions and is convenient and quite reproducible."}
{"id": "PMID:270518", "title": "Comparing personality traits of male and female dental students: a study of two freshman classes.", "content": "The marked increase in women enrolled in dental school warrants a reassessment of dental student personality profiles. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to compare personality profiles of two first-year dental classes, (2) to compare male and female dental student profiles to their respective norm populations, and (3) to compare male and female dental student personality traits with each other. The Comrey Personality Scales were administered to two first-year dental classes at the University of California at Los Angeles. Between sex and within sex comparisons were made over ten inventory scales. Results indicated that the collective personality profiles of male and female dental students were markedly similar to each other for both classes. These results do not reflect the differences encountered between the sexes in the norm population. It was also noted that the \"average\" male dental student differed from the male norms on Orderliness versus Lack of Compulsion, Social Conformity versus Rebelliousness, and Emotional Stability versus Neuroticism. In addition, \"average\" female dental student differed from the female norms on Masculinity versus Femininity.", "contents": "Comparing personality traits of male and female dental students: a study of two freshman classes. The marked increase in women enrolled in dental school warrants a reassessment of dental student personality profiles. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to compare personality profiles of two first-year dental classes, (2) to compare male and female dental student profiles to their respective norm populations, and (3) to compare male and female dental student personality traits with each other. The Comrey Personality Scales were administered to two first-year dental classes at the University of California at Los Angeles. Between sex and within sex comparisons were made over ten inventory scales. Results indicated that the collective personality profiles of male and female dental students were markedly similar to each other for both classes. These results do not reflect the differences encountered between the sexes in the norm population. It was also noted that the \"average\" male dental student differed from the male norms on Orderliness versus Lack of Compulsion, Social Conformity versus Rebelliousness, and Emotional Stability versus Neuroticism. In addition, \"average\" female dental student differed from the female norms on Masculinity versus Femininity."}
{"id": "PMID:270519", "title": "Experiences with a training course in patient counseling.", "content": "A program in patient counseling for dental students is described. The main objective of the present course is to make the students more aware of their own behavior and to train them in patient-centered behavior. In an effort to evaluate the effects of the training, a pilot evaluation study was completed. Students who had completed training two weeks before the study showed more nondirectiveness, empathy, warmth, and acceptance than students without such training. Seven months after the training a learning effect was evident as well.", "contents": "Experiences with a training course in patient counseling. A program in patient counseling for dental students is described. The main objective of the present course is to make the students more aware of their own behavior and to train them in patient-centered behavior. In an effort to evaluate the effects of the training, a pilot evaluation study was completed. Students who had completed training two weeks before the study showed more nondirectiveness, empathy, warmth, and acceptance than students without such training. Seven months after the training a learning effect was evident as well."}
{"id": "PMID:270521", "title": "Communication skills training for dental students.", "content": "It is important to teach future health professionals about human interaction, a process that will underlie their technical procedures throughout their careers. In the past there have been problems with student acceptance of such teaching. This paper reports a promising attempt to increase the perceived relevance and credibility of a course in communication skills for dental students. Two important features of this course are (1) the use of video-taped communication vignettes, derived from actual dental office situations, to increase the perceived relevance of the program for the dental student and (2) the use of selected clinical dental faculty members as group facilitators to increase the credibility of the program.", "contents": "Communication skills training for dental students. It is important to teach future health professionals about human interaction, a process that will underlie their technical procedures throughout their careers. In the past there have been problems with student acceptance of such teaching. This paper reports a promising attempt to increase the perceived relevance and credibility of a course in communication skills for dental students. Two important features of this course are (1) the use of video-taped communication vignettes, derived from actual dental office situations, to increase the perceived relevance of the program for the dental student and (2) the use of selected clinical dental faculty members as group facilitators to increase the credibility of the program."}
{"id": "PMID:270523", "title": "Immunity to attenuated influenza virus WRL 105 infection induced by heterologous, inactivated influenza A virus vaccines.", "content": "Groups of student volunteers were immunized with one of five different inactivated influenza virus vaccines. The concentration of virus in the various vaccines differed by both the international unitage test and by the concentration of haemagglutinin, as measured by the single radial diffusion test; the results of the two methods of standardization showed no correlation. The serum HI response to immunization was variable; volunteers given A/England/72 showed a 16.6-fold increase in homologous serum antibody titre whilst volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine showed a 4.2-fold increase. The variable response of volunteers to immunization could not be explained by the varied concentration of virus in the vaccines, as measured by either test, the titres of serum HI antibody present before immunization, or a combination of these two factors.The ability to infect volunteers with WRL 105 virus 4 weeks after immunization with heterologous, inactivated virus vaccine was directly related to the degree of cross-reactivity between the haemagglutinins of this vaccine virus and WRL 105 virus. Thus, the greatest number of infections by the challenge virus were seen in volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine, less were observed in volunteers given A/England/72 vaccine, and least were found in groups given A/Port Chalmers/73 or A/Scotland/74 vaccine. However, compared with the incidence of infection in volunteers given B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, all the heterologous influenza A vaccine gave some immunity to challenge infection.", "contents": "Immunity to attenuated influenza virus WRL 105 infection induced by heterologous, inactivated influenza A virus vaccines. Groups of student volunteers were immunized with one of five different inactivated influenza virus vaccines. The concentration of virus in the various vaccines differed by both the international unitage test and by the concentration of haemagglutinin, as measured by the single radial diffusion test; the results of the two methods of standardization showed no correlation. The serum HI response to immunization was variable; volunteers given A/England/72 showed a 16.6-fold increase in homologous serum antibody titre whilst volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine showed a 4.2-fold increase. The variable response of volunteers to immunization could not be explained by the varied concentration of virus in the vaccines, as measured by either test, the titres of serum HI antibody present before immunization, or a combination of these two factors.The ability to infect volunteers with WRL 105 virus 4 weeks after immunization with heterologous, inactivated virus vaccine was directly related to the degree of cross-reactivity between the haemagglutinins of this vaccine virus and WRL 105 virus. Thus, the greatest number of infections by the challenge virus were seen in volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine, less were observed in volunteers given A/England/72 vaccine, and least were found in groups given A/Port Chalmers/73 or A/Scotland/74 vaccine. However, compared with the incidence of infection in volunteers given B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, all the heterologous influenza A vaccine gave some immunity to challenge infection."}
{"id": "PMID:270524", "title": "Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from recent cases of human vibriosis.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus was isolated from five recent cases of human vibriosis, of which two were adults and three were children. One adult presented with pericarditis and the other with recurrent pyrexia. Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis which resembled cattle strains serologically, was isolated under CO2 or anaerobic conditions from blood cultures of these patients. Two of the three children had kwashiorkor and the third was only 8 days old. Isolates identified as Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni were cultured from blood of these patients, two of whom had diarrhoea. Three patients succumbed, despite adequate antibiotic therapy. The epidemiology of the disease is discussed and it is suggested that infection may have been from the patients' own flora.", "contents": "Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from recent cases of human vibriosis. Campylobacter fetus was isolated from five recent cases of human vibriosis, of which two were adults and three were children. One adult presented with pericarditis and the other with recurrent pyrexia. Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis which resembled cattle strains serologically, was isolated under CO2 or anaerobic conditions from blood cultures of these patients. Two of the three children had kwashiorkor and the third was only 8 days old. Isolates identified as Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni were cultured from blood of these patients, two of whom had diarrhoea. Three patients succumbed, despite adequate antibiotic therapy. The epidemiology of the disease is discussed and it is suggested that infection may have been from the patients' own flora."}
{"id": "PMID:270525", "title": "Myxomatosis: the transmission of a highly virulent strain of myxoma virus by the European rabbit flea Sphilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee region of Victoria.", "content": "The European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Daley was introduced into Australia to act as a vector of myxoma virus. It was first released in the semi-arid Mallee region of Victoria in 1970 where epizootics cuased by field strains of myxoma virus occur each summer. Introductions of the readily identified Lausanne strain were made annually following the release of the flea. The introductions were successful and the strain persisted for up to 16 weeks despite competition from field strains. The Lausanne strain is more readily spread by fleas than the Glenfield strain which has been widely used in rabbit control. The ability of the Lausanne strain to persist and its effective transmission compared with the Glenfield strain may be due in part to the more florid symptoms of the disease.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: the transmission of a highly virulent strain of myxoma virus by the European rabbit flea Sphilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee region of Victoria. The European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Daley was introduced into Australia to act as a vector of myxoma virus. It was first released in the semi-arid Mallee region of Victoria in 1970 where epizootics cuased by field strains of myxoma virus occur each summer. Introductions of the readily identified Lausanne strain were made annually following the release of the flea. The introductions were successful and the strain persisted for up to 16 weeks despite competition from field strains. The Lausanne strain is more readily spread by fleas than the Glenfield strain which has been widely used in rabbit control. The ability of the Lausanne strain to persist and its effective transmission compared with the Glenfield strain may be due in part to the more florid symptoms of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:270526", "title": "Innate resistance to myxomatosis in wild rabbits in England.", "content": "Wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from one study area in England have been used over a period of 11 years to investigate the possible appearance of innate resistance to myxomatosis. Rabbits of 4-6 weeks old were captured alive, retained in the laboratory until at least 4 months old, and then infected with a type of myxoma virus which kills 90-95% of laboratory rabbits. Observations were made of symptoms, mortality rate and survival times.In the first 4 years of the study (1966-9), mortality rates were not significantly different from those of laboratory rabbits, although survival times of wild rabbits were appreciably longer. In 1970, the mortality rate amongst wild rabbits was 59%, in 1974 it was 17%, and in 1976 it was 20%, thus showing that a considerable degree of inherited resistance to myxomatosis has developed.The types of myxoma virus most commonly isolated from wild rabbits in Great Britain in recent years have been those which cause 70-95% mortality in laboratory rabbits. Therefore, if the degree of innate resistance demonstrated is widespread in Great Britain, there are serious implications regarding the size of the rabbit population, because myxomatosis has been an important factor in holding rabbit numbers at a relatively low level.", "contents": "Innate resistance to myxomatosis in wild rabbits in England. Wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from one study area in England have been used over a period of 11 years to investigate the possible appearance of innate resistance to myxomatosis. Rabbits of 4-6 weeks old were captured alive, retained in the laboratory until at least 4 months old, and then infected with a type of myxoma virus which kills 90-95% of laboratory rabbits. Observations were made of symptoms, mortality rate and survival times.In the first 4 years of the study (1966-9), mortality rates were not significantly different from those of laboratory rabbits, although survival times of wild rabbits were appreciably longer. In 1970, the mortality rate amongst wild rabbits was 59%, in 1974 it was 17%, and in 1976 it was 20%, thus showing that a considerable degree of inherited resistance to myxomatosis has developed.The types of myxoma virus most commonly isolated from wild rabbits in Great Britain in recent years have been those which cause 70-95% mortality in laboratory rabbits. Therefore, if the degree of innate resistance demonstrated is widespread in Great Britain, there are serious implications regarding the size of the rabbit population, because myxomatosis has been an important factor in holding rabbit numbers at a relatively low level."}
{"id": "PMID:270527", "title": "The potential for contamination of intravenous infusions by airborne skin scales.", "content": "Skin scales may be attracted onto the surface of administration set connector needles before insertion into infusion containers. Viable microorganisms associated with skin scales may therefore gain access to the infusion by this route. A technique is described for creating an environment of airborne skin scales. This environment is used to examine the attraction of skin scales onto the surface of administration set connector needles and three other materials. After exposure, skin scales are found adhering to the surface of each material examined. The attraction of skin scales onto administration set connector needles is dependent on the time of exposure to the environment. Results suggest that intravenous infusions can be contaminated by this route when the infusion and administration set is assembled.", "contents": "The potential for contamination of intravenous infusions by airborne skin scales. Skin scales may be attracted onto the surface of administration set connector needles before insertion into infusion containers. Viable microorganisms associated with skin scales may therefore gain access to the infusion by this route. A technique is described for creating an environment of airborne skin scales. This environment is used to examine the attraction of skin scales onto the surface of administration set connector needles and three other materials. After exposure, skin scales are found adhering to the surface of each material examined. The attraction of skin scales onto administration set connector needles is dependent on the time of exposure to the environment. Results suggest that intravenous infusions can be contaminated by this route when the infusion and administration set is assembled."}
{"id": "PMID:270528", "title": "A standard technique for the isolation of Salmonella from animal feeds.", "content": "Two trials were carried out by 9 and 47 laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and sensitivity of a standard technique for the isolation of salmonellas from animal feeding stuffs. The trials involved the examinations of test samples containing known numbers of salmonellas by a buffered peptone water pre-enrichment technique. Statistical analysis of the results of the trials showed that the method was capable of detecting salmonellas in most probable numbers as low as 2.3 per 100 g and that no significant differences in performance were observed between laboratories. The standard technique described is recommended for the examination of animal feed and conforms to international recommendations.", "contents": "A standard technique for the isolation of Salmonella from animal feeds. Two trials were carried out by 9 and 47 laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and sensitivity of a standard technique for the isolation of salmonellas from animal feeding stuffs. The trials involved the examinations of test samples containing known numbers of salmonellas by a buffered peptone water pre-enrichment technique. Statistical analysis of the results of the trials showed that the method was capable of detecting salmonellas in most probable numbers as low as 2.3 per 100 g and that no significant differences in performance were observed between laboratories. The standard technique described is recommended for the examination of animal feed and conforms to international recommendations."}
{"id": "PMID:270562", "title": "Changes of heart rate during administration of local anesthetics in the oral region.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of shock in dental patients, the effects on the heart rate of the injection of an anesthetic agent into the oral mucosa were studied. The heart rates of the subjects decreased by an average of 12.6% during infiltration anesthesia, which was greater than that induced by the mandibular block or breathholding. The response was completely blocked by general anesthesia and partially blocked by inhalation of nitrous oxide and oxygen or previous administration of atropine, indicating the possible participation of trigeminal-vagal reflex in producing these changes of heart rate.", "contents": "Changes of heart rate during administration of local anesthetics in the oral region. In an attempt to clarify the mechanism of shock in dental patients, the effects on the heart rate of the injection of an anesthetic agent into the oral mucosa were studied. The heart rates of the subjects decreased by an average of 12.6% during infiltration anesthesia, which was greater than that induced by the mandibular block or breathholding. The response was completely blocked by general anesthesia and partially blocked by inhalation of nitrous oxide and oxygen or previous administration of atropine, indicating the possible participation of trigeminal-vagal reflex in producing these changes of heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:270563", "title": "Computer-based analysis of 227 white males and females to establish range of malar-maxillary cephalometric relationships.", "content": "A computer-based analysis was undertaken on 227 white males and females to establish the relationship of the sella-nasion orbitale angle to that of the sella-nasion A point. The ratio of sella-orbitale to sella-nasion was also studied and it was discovered that these results were significantly related to the sella-nasion A-point angle. There was little sexual dimorphism. These results provide objective guidelines to the surgical treatment of people suffering from hypoplastic development of the middle part of the face.", "contents": "Computer-based analysis of 227 white males and females to establish range of malar-maxillary cephalometric relationships. A computer-based analysis was undertaken on 227 white males and females to establish the relationship of the sella-nasion orbitale angle to that of the sella-nasion A point. The ratio of sella-orbitale to sella-nasion was also studied and it was discovered that these results were significantly related to the sella-nasion A-point angle. There was little sexual dimorphism. These results provide objective guidelines to the surgical treatment of people suffering from hypoplastic development of the middle part of the face."}
{"id": "PMID:270564", "title": "Comparison of ilium to rib for bone grafting in defects of canine mandibular alveolar fidge.", "content": "The behavior of iliac and rib grafts in surgically created defects in canine alveolar ridges was investigated. Despite the greater amount of potentially osteogenic tissue in the iliac graft, no significant qualitative differences were noted in the bony remodeling for a year. However, the rib grafts did form a mature superior cortical border significantly more rapidly, leading to speculation on the advantages of rib over iliac graft in alveolar ridge grafting.", "contents": "Comparison of ilium to rib for bone grafting in defects of canine mandibular alveolar fidge. The behavior of iliac and rib grafts in surgically created defects in canine alveolar ridges was investigated. Despite the greater amount of potentially osteogenic tissue in the iliac graft, no significant qualitative differences were noted in the bony remodeling for a year. However, the rib grafts did form a mature superior cortical border significantly more rapidly, leading to speculation on the advantages of rib over iliac graft in alveolar ridge grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:270587", "title": "The spinocervical tract as a possible pathway for muscular nociception.", "content": "In decerebrate and chloralose-anaesthetized spinal cats, micro-electrode recordings were made from axons of the spinocervical tract (SCT) during intra-arterial injection of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and potassium into the gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscle. The results suggest that muscular group IV and group III afferent units which respond to the above painful stimulation project into the SCT. The portion of SCT units that could be activated by injections of these algesic substances into the GS-muscle was different in spinal and decerebrate preparations, showing that the SCT neurones are subject to a descending influence. It is concluded that the spinocervical tract, in addition to its function as a cutaneous sensory pathway, may serve as a pathway for muscular nociception in the cat.", "contents": "The spinocervical tract as a possible pathway for muscular nociception. In decerebrate and chloralose-anaesthetized spinal cats, micro-electrode recordings were made from axons of the spinocervical tract (SCT) during intra-arterial injection of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and potassium into the gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscle. The results suggest that muscular group IV and group III afferent units which respond to the above painful stimulation project into the SCT. The portion of SCT units that could be activated by injections of these algesic substances into the GS-muscle was different in spinal and decerebrate preparations, showing that the SCT neurones are subject to a descending influence. It is concluded that the spinocervical tract, in addition to its function as a cutaneous sensory pathway, may serve as a pathway for muscular nociception in the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:270597", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukemia as a late complication of the multimodality therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Progressive thrombocytopenia developed in a patient following the completion of total lymphoid irradiation and combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Thorough evaluation eventually yielded a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Previous workers have suggested that the development of thrombocytopenia with a hypoplastic marrow following total lymphoid irradiation indicated recurrent Hodgkin's disease. When the combination cytopenias and hypoplastic marrow is recognized these workers have recommended early combination chemotherapy. Recent data suggest a 1300-fold increase in the risk of AML following multimodality therapy for Hodgkin's disease. We feel that a careful search for AML should be conducted in patients with deteriorating  hematologic parameters following therapy for Hodgkin's disease and that this search should include sampling bone marrow outside irradiated areas.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukemia as a late complication of the multimodality therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Progressive thrombocytopenia developed in a patient following the completion of total lymphoid irradiation and combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Thorough evaluation eventually yielded a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Previous workers have suggested that the development of thrombocytopenia with a hypoplastic marrow following total lymphoid irradiation indicated recurrent Hodgkin's disease. When the combination cytopenias and hypoplastic marrow is recognized these workers have recommended early combination chemotherapy. Recent data suggest a 1300-fold increase in the risk of AML following multimodality therapy for Hodgkin's disease. We feel that a careful search for AML should be conducted in patients with deteriorating  hematologic parameters following therapy for Hodgkin's disease and that this search should include sampling bone marrow outside irradiated areas."}
{"id": "PMID:270608", "title": "Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone (COAP) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "Three groups of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were treated with intermittent cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone (COAP). Group A (no prior relapse) and Group B (prior single-agent relapse) received COAP after 12 months on another chemotherapy regimen. Children in Group C (prior relapse on multiagent regimens) received COAP following A-COAP (asparaginase plus COAP) reinduction. Median disease-free survival after beginning COAP was not reached for Group A, but was only 7 months for Groups B and C. As of November 1976, there were 8 of 15 Group A patients, 1 of 12 Group B patients, and 1 of 28 Group C patients who had remained disease-free from 38 to 60 (median 54.5) months and were off chemotherapy. COAP has activity in childhood ALL. However, effectiveness is markedly diminished in patients with prior bone marrow relapse.", "contents": "Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone (COAP) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Three groups of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were treated with intermittent cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone (COAP). Group A (no prior relapse) and Group B (prior single-agent relapse) received COAP after 12 months on another chemotherapy regimen. Children in Group C (prior relapse on multiagent regimens) received COAP following A-COAP (asparaginase plus COAP) reinduction. Median disease-free survival after beginning COAP was not reached for Group A, but was only 7 months for Groups B and C. As of November 1976, there were 8 of 15 Group A patients, 1 of 12 Group B patients, and 1 of 28 Group C patients who had remained disease-free from 38 to 60 (median 54.5) months and were off chemotherapy. COAP has activity in childhood ALL. However, effectiveness is markedly diminished in patients with prior bone marrow relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:270609", "title": "Lack of correlation between blast cell size and length of first remission in acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood.", "content": "The bone marrow from 55 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed from April 1969 to June 1973 were evaluated for blast cell morphology and size. Sixteen marrows contained a predominance of macrolymphoblasts (greater than 12 mu), while the remainder contained mainly microlymphoblasts. There was no correlation between blast cell size and the known front-end prognostic indicators of age and initial white blood count, nor could blast cell size be used to predict the length of initial bone marrow remission.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between blast cell size and length of first remission in acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood. The bone marrow from 55 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed from April 1969 to June 1973 were evaluated for blast cell morphology and size. Sixteen marrows contained a predominance of macrolymphoblasts (greater than 12 mu), while the remainder contained mainly microlymphoblasts. There was no correlation between blast cell size and the known front-end prognostic indicators of age and initial white blood count, nor could blast cell size be used to predict the length of initial bone marrow remission."}
{"id": "PMID:270616", "title": "Experimental chemotherapy of rat leukemia RBA-Le with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.", "content": "The antileukemic activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (PDD) was studied in rats bearing myelogenous leukemia RBA-Le. Clinical picture, changes in life-span, hematological indices and weight changes were used to assess the effectiveness of the therapy. Maximum effectiveness was noted when PDD was given in combination with Methotrexate (MTX) and Poly I:C, respectively. The mean life-span of the rats treated with PDD and MTX was prolonged to 37 days that is an increase of 147 percent of the control level. Furthermore 20 percent of the treated animals survived symptom-free for more than 60 days. Out of 20 animals receiving PDD in combination with Poly I:C 6 rats survived 60 days symptom-free. In remaining 14 animals who finally died on leukemia an 85 percent increase in life-span was noted. Only slight increase in life-span was recorded in those groups treated with PDD alone and in combination with Cyclophosphamide regardless of dosage schedule. The general toxicity of PDD therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental chemotherapy of rat leukemia RBA-Le with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. The antileukemic activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (PDD) was studied in rats bearing myelogenous leukemia RBA-Le. Clinical picture, changes in life-span, hematological indices and weight changes were used to assess the effectiveness of the therapy. Maximum effectiveness was noted when PDD was given in combination with Methotrexate (MTX) and Poly I:C, respectively. The mean life-span of the rats treated with PDD and MTX was prolonged to 37 days that is an increase of 147 percent of the control level. Furthermore 20 percent of the treated animals survived symptom-free for more than 60 days. Out of 20 animals receiving PDD in combination with Poly I:C 6 rats survived 60 days symptom-free. In remaining 14 animals who finally died on leukemia an 85 percent increase in life-span was noted. Only slight increase in life-span was recorded in those groups treated with PDD alone and in combination with Cyclophosphamide regardless of dosage schedule. The general toxicity of PDD therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:270650", "title": "[Health personnel and dental health. Visits to the dentist and attitudes to dental care in a group of health personnel].", "content": "Studies among Norwegian institutionalized persons have shown an extensive unmet need for dental treatment and a potential demand for preventive dentistry among young and middle-aged institutionalized personnel. The purpose of the present study was to gain information concerning the dental habits of the health personnel working in an institution, since there is reason to believe that the attitudes and dental habits of the employees will be of importance by the introduction of preventive dental health programs. A questionnaire was sent to 454 employees at Lier Sykehus, a mental hospital near Oslo. 385 persons answered the questionnaire (response rate 85). 82% of the respondents visited a dentist regularly, most of them twice a year. Many showed interest in getting treatment at the hospital's dental clinic. It is reasonable to suggest that the dental service at hospitals also should include the health personnel. In that case, the employees should pay the usual fees of the Norwegian Public Dental Health System. In conclusion, good dental care habits of the hospital employees will presumably affect dental health behavior of the handicapped, and thus make our goal--a better dental health for institutionalized persons--easier to achieve.", "contents": "[Health personnel and dental health. Visits to the dentist and attitudes to dental care in a group of health personnel]. Studies among Norwegian institutionalized persons have shown an extensive unmet need for dental treatment and a potential demand for preventive dentistry among young and middle-aged institutionalized personnel. The purpose of the present study was to gain information concerning the dental habits of the health personnel working in an institution, since there is reason to believe that the attitudes and dental habits of the employees will be of importance by the introduction of preventive dental health programs. A questionnaire was sent to 454 employees at Lier Sykehus, a mental hospital near Oslo. 385 persons answered the questionnaire (response rate 85). 82% of the respondents visited a dentist regularly, most of them twice a year. Many showed interest in getting treatment at the hospital's dental clinic. It is reasonable to suggest that the dental service at hospitals also should include the health personnel. In that case, the employees should pay the usual fees of the Norwegian Public Dental Health System. In conclusion, good dental care habits of the hospital employees will presumably affect dental health behavior of the handicapped, and thus make our goal--a better dental health for institutionalized persons--easier to achieve."}
{"id": "PMID:270657", "title": "Further study of the effect of enzyme-enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics.", "content": "This paper continues an earlier one [Hill, T.L. (1977) Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3632-3632] and presents further introductory examples. Most attention is devoted to a closed linear chain of two-state enzyme molecules with nearest-neighbor interactions. The one-dimensional Ising theory can be used here. The Bragg-Williams (mean field) approximation is introduced to deal with a one-, two-, or three-dimensional lattice of enzyme molecules, at steady state, with an arbitrary kinetic diagram. The behavior of the flux in a phase transition is noted. Finally, a treatment is given for the first effect (second \"viral\" coefficient) of interactions on the flux in a dilute solution of two-state enzyme molecules.", "contents": "Further study of the effect of enzyme-enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics. This paper continues an earlier one [Hill, T.L. (1977) Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3632-3632] and presents further introductory examples. Most attention is devoted to a closed linear chain of two-state enzyme molecules with nearest-neighbor interactions. The one-dimensional Ising theory can be used here. The Bragg-Williams (mean field) approximation is introduced to deal with a one-, two-, or three-dimensional lattice of enzyme molecules, at steady state, with an arbitrary kinetic diagram. The behavior of the flux in a phase transition is noted. Finally, a treatment is given for the first effect (second \"viral\" coefficient) of interactions on the flux in a dilute solution of two-state enzyme molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:270658", "title": "Local interactions in bends of proteins.", "content": "Calculated probabilities of bend formation in 47 amino acid sequences of N-acetyl-N'-methylamide dipeptides, determined from a statistical mechanical analysis using empirical conformational energies, were compared with the observed fraction of bends formed in the same 47 dipeptide sequences in the x-ray structures of 20 globular proteins. Agreement between the calculated and observed fraction of bends was found for 26 dipeptides, suggesting that, for those particular dipeptide sequences, local interactions dominate over long-range interactions in determining conformational preference. Seven dipeptide sequences, all of which contained a Gly residue, had a significantly higher calculated than observed bend preference, indicating the strong influence of long-range and/or solvent interactions in those sequences. Of the 14 sequences for which the calculated was significantly less than the observed bend fraction, 13 dipeptide sequences contained at least one polar residue (Ser, Asn, or Asp) and/or an aromatic residue (Phe or Tyr), suggesting that solvent effects may play an important role in dictating the conformation in these sequences. The analysis of dipeptide sequences in the twenty globular proteins also indicated that the 4 leads to 1 hydrogen bond is not a dominant factor in stabilizing bends in proteins, and that most dipeptide sequences are capable of forming several types of bend conformations.", "contents": "Local interactions in bends of proteins. Calculated probabilities of bend formation in 47 amino acid sequences of N-acetyl-N'-methylamide dipeptides, determined from a statistical mechanical analysis using empirical conformational energies, were compared with the observed fraction of bends formed in the same 47 dipeptide sequences in the x-ray structures of 20 globular proteins. Agreement between the calculated and observed fraction of bends was found for 26 dipeptides, suggesting that, for those particular dipeptide sequences, local interactions dominate over long-range interactions in determining conformational preference. Seven dipeptide sequences, all of which contained a Gly residue, had a significantly higher calculated than observed bend preference, indicating the strong influence of long-range and/or solvent interactions in those sequences. Of the 14 sequences for which the calculated was significantly less than the observed bend fraction, 13 dipeptide sequences contained at least one polar residue (Ser, Asn, or Asp) and/or an aromatic residue (Phe or Tyr), suggesting that solvent effects may play an important role in dictating the conformation in these sequences. The analysis of dipeptide sequences in the twenty globular proteins also indicated that the 4 leads to 1 hydrogen bond is not a dominant factor in stabilizing bends in proteins, and that most dipeptide sequences are capable of forming several types of bend conformations."}
{"id": "PMID:270659", "title": "Structure of proteins: packing of alpha-helices and pleated sheets.", "content": "Simple models are presented that describe the rules for almost all the packing that occurs between and among alpha-helices and pleated sheets. These packing rules, together with the primary and secondary structures, are the major determinants of the three-dimensional structure of proteins.", "contents": "Structure of proteins: packing of alpha-helices and pleated sheets. Simple models are presented that describe the rules for almost all the packing that occurs between and among alpha-helices and pleated sheets. These packing rules, together with the primary and secondary structures, are the major determinants of the three-dimensional structure of proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:270660", "title": "Thermodynamic aspects of the linkage between binding of chloride and oxygen to human hemoglobin.", "content": "Oxygen isotherms of human hemoglobin measured in distilled water and in solutions of sodium chloride in the concentration range from 0.02 to 3.0 M indicate that the oxygen affinity decreases up to about 1 M salt and then begins to increase. The isotherms obtained in the range from 0.02 to 0.6 M sodium chloride, at 37 degrees and pH 7.4, have been analyzed in terms of changes in Gibbs free energy of heme ligation, resulting from the differential interaction between the chloride ion and the two forms of hemoglobin. The maximal theoretical change in Gibbs free energy that chloride ion can exert on the oxygen binding of hemoglobin amounts to 4.9 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol (21 +/- 0.8 kJ/mol) of hemoglobin tetramer. A plot of the logarithm of oxygen concentration at half saturation versus the logarithm of the chloride concentration has a slope of 0.40, suggesting 1.6 apparent chloride sites per hemoglobin tetramer. Because the interaction between chloride and hemoglobin is dependent on pH, the apparent thermodynamic linkage between chloride and oxygen binding will also include the salt dependence of the Bohr effect at pH 7.4. The fractional change in Gibbs free energy, measured as a function of the chloride concentration, can be approximated by the binding isotherm between a protein and a ligand, using an association constant of 11 M(-1). Thus, if the number of oxygen-linked chloride sites is more than one per hemoglobin tetramer, these sites must be considered independent.", "contents": "Thermodynamic aspects of the linkage between binding of chloride and oxygen to human hemoglobin. Oxygen isotherms of human hemoglobin measured in distilled water and in solutions of sodium chloride in the concentration range from 0.02 to 3.0 M indicate that the oxygen affinity decreases up to about 1 M salt and then begins to increase. The isotherms obtained in the range from 0.02 to 0.6 M sodium chloride, at 37 degrees and pH 7.4, have been analyzed in terms of changes in Gibbs free energy of heme ligation, resulting from the differential interaction between the chloride ion and the two forms of hemoglobin. The maximal theoretical change in Gibbs free energy that chloride ion can exert on the oxygen binding of hemoglobin amounts to 4.9 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol (21 +/- 0.8 kJ/mol) of hemoglobin tetramer. A plot of the logarithm of oxygen concentration at half saturation versus the logarithm of the chloride concentration has a slope of 0.40, suggesting 1.6 apparent chloride sites per hemoglobin tetramer. Because the interaction between chloride and hemoglobin is dependent on pH, the apparent thermodynamic linkage between chloride and oxygen binding will also include the salt dependence of the Bohr effect at pH 7.4. The fractional change in Gibbs free energy, measured as a function of the chloride concentration, can be approximated by the binding isotherm between a protein and a ligand, using an association constant of 11 M(-1). Thus, if the number of oxygen-linked chloride sites is more than one per hemoglobin tetramer, these sites must be considered independent."}
{"id": "PMID:270661", "title": "On the mechanism of genetic recombination: the maturation of recombination intermediates.", "content": "DNA molecules of the plasmid ColEl are normally recovered from wild-type cells as a set of monomer- and multimer-size rings. The data of this paper show that the multimer-size species are a product of genetic recombination. Multimer rings do not arise after transfection of purified monomers into bacterial host cells lacking a functional recA recombination system. Analogously, purified dimers, trimers, and tetramers, transfected into recA- cells, can replicate, but are constrained to remain in those conformations. Only upon transfection into rec+ cells can they regenerate the full spectrum of monomer- and multimer-size species. In this paper we trace the flow of genetic information from the monomer to the multimer state and back again under the guidance of the recA recombination system. The formation of multimer-size DNA rings is discussed as a natural consequence of the maturation of a Holliday recombination intermediate formed between two monomer plasmid genomes.", "contents": "On the mechanism of genetic recombination: the maturation of recombination intermediates. DNA molecules of the plasmid ColEl are normally recovered from wild-type cells as a set of monomer- and multimer-size rings. The data of this paper show that the multimer-size species are a product of genetic recombination. Multimer rings do not arise after transfection of purified monomers into bacterial host cells lacking a functional recA recombination system. Analogously, purified dimers, trimers, and tetramers, transfected into recA- cells, can replicate, but are constrained to remain in those conformations. Only upon transfection into rec+ cells can they regenerate the full spectrum of monomer- and multimer-size species. In this paper we trace the flow of genetic information from the monomer to the multimer state and back again under the guidance of the recA recombination system. The formation of multimer-size DNA rings is discussed as a natural consequence of the maturation of a Holliday recombination intermediate formed between two monomer plasmid genomes."}
{"id": "PMID:270662", "title": "On the existence of a steady state in a biological system.", "content": "This paper deals with the existence, uniqueness, and stability of a critical point (steady state) in the case of a macromolecular system, such as an allosteric or polysteric protein, for which the first-order kinetic equations are nonlinear. It presents a brief outline of a rigorous proof (to be given in full elsewhere) that, in a restricted but not unrepresentative system of this kind, there always exists one and only one positive critical point and that this point is asymptotically stable in the large: no matter what its starting point, the system will always approach this point by some kind of relaxation process, however complex.", "contents": "On the existence of a steady state in a biological system. This paper deals with the existence, uniqueness, and stability of a critical point (steady state) in the case of a macromolecular system, such as an allosteric or polysteric protein, for which the first-order kinetic equations are nonlinear. It presents a brief outline of a rigorous proof (to be given in full elsewhere) that, in a restricted but not unrepresentative system of this kind, there always exists one and only one positive critical point and that this point is asymptotically stable in the large: no matter what its starting point, the system will always approach this point by some kind of relaxation process, however complex."}
{"id": "PMID:270663", "title": "Synthesis of phiX174 viral DNA in vitro depends on phiX replicative form DNA.", "content": "A cell-free system that catalyzes phiX174 replicative form I (supercoiled circular duplex, RFI)-dependent phiX174 DNA synthesis has been isolated from Escherichia coli infected with phiX174 phage. The products formed with such preparations are viral strands as judged by hybridization to poly(U,G) followed by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. This phiX174 DNA-synthesizing involves formation of DNA-protein complexes that sediment in neutral sucrose with S values of 50, 60-70, and higher. The 50S complex contained a rolling-circle replicative intermediate DNA with an extended tail of single-stranded viral DNA. The DNA contained in the 60-70S region was a mixture of circular and linear single-stranded DNA, RFI, and RFII with an extended single-stranded tail. Such complexes have been isolated during in vivo progeny phiX174 DNA synthesis [Fujisawa, H. & Hayashi, M. (1976) J. Vriol. 19,409]. In vitro, maximal phiX174 DNA synthesis was shown to require the genetically defined proteins E. coli dna B, dna C, dna G, dna Z, rep. phiX174 gene A product, and other phiX174 coded proteins. The synthesis of phiX174 DNA is ATP-dependent and is inhibited by nalidixic acid and novobiocin but is resistant to rifampicin.", "contents": "Synthesis of phiX174 viral DNA in vitro depends on phiX replicative form DNA. A cell-free system that catalyzes phiX174 replicative form I (supercoiled circular duplex, RFI)-dependent phiX174 DNA synthesis has been isolated from Escherichia coli infected with phiX174 phage. The products formed with such preparations are viral strands as judged by hybridization to poly(U,G) followed by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. This phiX174 DNA-synthesizing involves formation of DNA-protein complexes that sediment in neutral sucrose with S values of 50, 60-70, and higher. The 50S complex contained a rolling-circle replicative intermediate DNA with an extended tail of single-stranded viral DNA. The DNA contained in the 60-70S region was a mixture of circular and linear single-stranded DNA, RFI, and RFII with an extended single-stranded tail. Such complexes have been isolated during in vivo progeny phiX174 DNA synthesis [Fujisawa, H. & Hayashi, M. (1976) J. Vriol. 19,409]. In vitro, maximal phiX174 DNA synthesis was shown to require the genetically defined proteins E. coli dna B, dna C, dna G, dna Z, rep. phiX174 gene A product, and other phiX174 coded proteins. The synthesis of phiX174 DNA is ATP-dependent and is inhibited by nalidixic acid and novobiocin but is resistant to rifampicin."}
{"id": "PMID:270664", "title": "Effect of galactose oxidase, with and without prior sialidase treatment, on the viability of erythrocytes in circulation.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that sialidase-treated mammalian erythrocytes were rapidly eliminated from circulation. In contrast, chicken asialoerythrocytes remained fully viable. This investigation was undertaken to ascertain the reason for this difference in behavior as well as to determine the extent of the similarity of the physiological mechanism for the elimination from circulation of asialoglycoproteins and mammalian asialoerythrocytes. To that end, erythrocytes from dogs, rabbits, and chickens were each subjected to the action of galactose oxidase (D-galactose:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.3.9) both before and after sialidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18) treatment. The viability of the autologously transfused erythrocytes in circulation was monitored by Na2-51CrO4 labeling. Galactose oxidase had no deleterious effect on the viability of dog or chicken erythrocytes, nor did it restore the viability of dog or rabbit asialoerythrocytes. On the other hand, desialated chicken erythrocytes, which were fully viable, were rendered nonviable upon treatment with galactose oxidase. It may be concluded therefore that (a) the physiological mechanism of elimination of mammalian asialoerythrocytes from circulation is not the same as that for plasma asialoglycoproteins and (b) the treatment of chicken asialoerythrocytes with galactose oxidase results in the oxidation at carbons 6 of the galactosyl- or N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues, thereby rendering the erythrocytes nonviable.", "contents": "Effect of galactose oxidase, with and without prior sialidase treatment, on the viability of erythrocytes in circulation. Previous studies have shown that sialidase-treated mammalian erythrocytes were rapidly eliminated from circulation. In contrast, chicken asialoerythrocytes remained fully viable. This investigation was undertaken to ascertain the reason for this difference in behavior as well as to determine the extent of the similarity of the physiological mechanism for the elimination from circulation of asialoglycoproteins and mammalian asialoerythrocytes. To that end, erythrocytes from dogs, rabbits, and chickens were each subjected to the action of galactose oxidase (D-galactose:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.3.9) both before and after sialidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18) treatment. The viability of the autologously transfused erythrocytes in circulation was monitored by Na2-51CrO4 labeling. Galactose oxidase had no deleterious effect on the viability of dog or chicken erythrocytes, nor did it restore the viability of dog or rabbit asialoerythrocytes. On the other hand, desialated chicken erythrocytes, which were fully viable, were rendered nonviable upon treatment with galactose oxidase. It may be concluded therefore that (a) the physiological mechanism of elimination of mammalian asialoerythrocytes from circulation is not the same as that for plasma asialoglycoproteins and (b) the treatment of chicken asialoerythrocytes with galactose oxidase results in the oxidation at carbons 6 of the galactosyl- or N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues, thereby rendering the erythrocytes nonviable."}
{"id": "PMID:270665", "title": "Release of ovoperoxidase from sea urchin eggs hardens the fertilization membrane with tyrosine crosslinks.", "content": "One feature of fertilization is the alteration of the vitelline layer, by components released from the egg, to produce an elevated, covalently crosslinked, hard, insoluble, fertilization membrane. The following evidence indicates that crosslinking and hardening are caused by the production of diand trityrosyl residues, by oxidation of protein-bound tyrosyl residues in the presence of a peroxidase. Hardening of the fertilization membrane, as evidenced by its loss of solubility in 50 mM dithiothreitol, is inhibited by compounds known to inhibit many peroxidases. A peroxidase, here called the ovoperoxidase, is released from eggs at fertilization. This enzyme is inhibited by the same compounds that inhibit hardening and at similar concentrations. Inhibitors of the ovoperoxidase and the hardening reaction include KCN, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, NaN(3), phenylhydrazine, K(4)Fe(CN)(6), sodium sulfite, and glycine ethyl ester. In addition, tyramine and N-acetyltyrosine both inhibit hardening, but O-methyltyrosine does not. Dityrosyl and trityrosyl residues are found in acid hydrolysates of isolated, hardened fertilization membranes. These residues have been identified by cellulose phosphate column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and amino acid analysis. The amino acid data have been used to estimate that there is one dityrosine crosslink per 55,000 daltons of protein. We suggest that, by catalyzing the crosslinking of tyrosyl residues, the ovoperoxidase leads to the production of a hard fertilization membrane that blocks the entry of additional sperm. Because peroxidases are spermicidal, a secondary function of the enzyme could be to kill sperm in the vicinity of the fertilized egg.", "contents": "Release of ovoperoxidase from sea urchin eggs hardens the fertilization membrane with tyrosine crosslinks. One feature of fertilization is the alteration of the vitelline layer, by components released from the egg, to produce an elevated, covalently crosslinked, hard, insoluble, fertilization membrane. The following evidence indicates that crosslinking and hardening are caused by the production of diand trityrosyl residues, by oxidation of protein-bound tyrosyl residues in the presence of a peroxidase. Hardening of the fertilization membrane, as evidenced by its loss of solubility in 50 mM dithiothreitol, is inhibited by compounds known to inhibit many peroxidases. A peroxidase, here called the ovoperoxidase, is released from eggs at fertilization. This enzyme is inhibited by the same compounds that inhibit hardening and at similar concentrations. Inhibitors of the ovoperoxidase and the hardening reaction include KCN, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, NaN(3), phenylhydrazine, K(4)Fe(CN)(6), sodium sulfite, and glycine ethyl ester. In addition, tyramine and N-acetyltyrosine both inhibit hardening, but O-methyltyrosine does not. Dityrosyl and trityrosyl residues are found in acid hydrolysates of isolated, hardened fertilization membranes. These residues have been identified by cellulose phosphate column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and amino acid analysis. The amino acid data have been used to estimate that there is one dityrosine crosslink per 55,000 daltons of protein. We suggest that, by catalyzing the crosslinking of tyrosyl residues, the ovoperoxidase leads to the production of a hard fertilization membrane that blocks the entry of additional sperm. Because peroxidases are spermicidal, a secondary function of the enzyme could be to kill sperm in the vicinity of the fertilized egg."}
{"id": "PMID:270666", "title": "Nucleotide sequences near the origin of replication of bacteriophage f1.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a region related to the initiation of the reaction in which single-stranded DNA gives rise to the replicative form (complementary strand synthesis) in bacteriophage f1 has been determined. The sequence can be drawn in an extensively base-paired structure, i.e., a single hairpin-helix 55 bases long.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences near the origin of replication of bacteriophage f1. The nucleotide sequence of a region related to the initiation of the reaction in which single-stranded DNA gives rise to the replicative form (complementary strand synthesis) in bacteriophage f1 has been determined. The sequence can be drawn in an extensively base-paired structure, i.e., a single hairpin-helix 55 bases long."}
{"id": "PMID:270667", "title": "Chemical basis for brain-specific serine transfer RNAs.", "content": "Serine tRNA from rat brain can be resolved into six isoaccepting species. Three of these species show the same chromatographic behavior as the seryl tRNAs from other rat organs, whereas the remaining species appear to be specific for brain. The isoacceptor tRNAs were purified to homogeneity by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose followed by reversed-phase chromatography. We found that the additional species of serine tRNA in brain differ from their counterparts derived from other rat organs by a lack of a specific guanosine ribose-methylation in the dihydrouridine loop. In addition, when total liver tRNA was compared with total brain tRNA, the same degree of undermethylation with respect to 2'-O-methylguanosine was found as a general phenomenon.", "contents": "Chemical basis for brain-specific serine transfer RNAs. Serine tRNA from rat brain can be resolved into six isoaccepting species. Three of these species show the same chromatographic behavior as the seryl tRNAs from other rat organs, whereas the remaining species appear to be specific for brain. The isoacceptor tRNAs were purified to homogeneity by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose followed by reversed-phase chromatography. We found that the additional species of serine tRNA in brain differ from their counterparts derived from other rat organs by a lack of a specific guanosine ribose-methylation in the dihydrouridine loop. In addition, when total liver tRNA was compared with total brain tRNA, the same degree of undermethylation with respect to 2'-O-methylguanosine was found as a general phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:270668", "title": "Ionophores stimulate prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis.", "content": "The role of calcium in triggering prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis was studied in several systems with ionophores of different ion specificities. Divalent cationophore A23187 stimulates prostaglandin and thromboxane production by washed human platelets in a concentration-dependent manner (0.3-9 muM). A23187 also induces an antimycin A-insensitive burst in oxygen utilization which is partially blocked by 5 mM aspirin or 10 muM indomethacin. Under our conditions, A23187 (up to 10 muM) does not appear to damage platelet membranes since it does not cause appreciable loss of lactate dehydrogenase or beta-glucuronidase. Mono- and divalent cationophore X537A also stimulates platelet thromboxane B(2) production and oxygen utilization, but monovalent cationophores nigericin, monensin A, A204, and valinomycin have no effect. The synthesis of prostaglandins E(2), D(2), and F(2alpha) by rat renal medulla mince is stimulated by 1 and 5 muM A23187 without changes in tissue ATP content, lactate output, or K(+) efflux. X537A, monensin A, and nigericin (all 5 muM) stimulate both prostaglandin output and K(+) efflux from renal medulla, while 5 muM valinomycin or A204 has no effect on either. None of the ionophores stimulates renomedullary prostaglandin production if calcium is omitted from the incubation medium. A23187 also stimulates prostaglandin production by human lymphoma cells, rat stomach and trachea preparations, and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These observations suggest a major role for Ca(2+) in stimulating prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis, and also indicate that prostaglandin and/or thromboxane release may partially mediate some of the previously described effects of ionophores on cells and tissues.", "contents": "Ionophores stimulate prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis. The role of calcium in triggering prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis was studied in several systems with ionophores of different ion specificities. Divalent cationophore A23187 stimulates prostaglandin and thromboxane production by washed human platelets in a concentration-dependent manner (0.3-9 muM). A23187 also induces an antimycin A-insensitive burst in oxygen utilization which is partially blocked by 5 mM aspirin or 10 muM indomethacin. Under our conditions, A23187 (up to 10 muM) does not appear to damage platelet membranes since it does not cause appreciable loss of lactate dehydrogenase or beta-glucuronidase. Mono- and divalent cationophore X537A also stimulates platelet thromboxane B(2) production and oxygen utilization, but monovalent cationophores nigericin, monensin A, A204, and valinomycin have no effect. The synthesis of prostaglandins E(2), D(2), and F(2alpha) by rat renal medulla mince is stimulated by 1 and 5 muM A23187 without changes in tissue ATP content, lactate output, or K(+) efflux. X537A, monensin A, and nigericin (all 5 muM) stimulate both prostaglandin output and K(+) efflux from renal medulla, while 5 muM valinomycin or A204 has no effect on either. None of the ionophores stimulates renomedullary prostaglandin production if calcium is omitted from the incubation medium. A23187 also stimulates prostaglandin production by human lymphoma cells, rat stomach and trachea preparations, and guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These observations suggest a major role for Ca(2+) in stimulating prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis, and also indicate that prostaglandin and/or thromboxane release may partially mediate some of the previously described effects of ionophores on cells and tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:270669", "title": "Structure of a promoter for T7 RNA polymerase.", "content": "We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a Hpa II restriction fragment of the phage T7 DNA containing a promoter for the phage-specified RNA polymerase. (Hpa II is a restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus parainfluenzae.) Mapping of the Hpa II restriction fragments on the T7 genome shows this promoter to be the second of tandem promoters separated by approximately 170 base pairs that begin transcription by the T7 RNA polymerase at approximately 15% of the genome. Features of the sequence involved in recognition by the T7 RNA polymerase are discussed and include the following region of hyphenated 2-fold symmetry (boxed regions are related through a 2-fold axis of symmetry at the center of the sequence shown). (See article). This sequence includes the initiation site, since the message transcribed from this fragment begins pppG-G-G-A. Combination of our results with work of others has permitted this fragment to be mapped at the junction of T7 genes 1 and 1.1. The RNA transcribed from this fragment begins within gene 1 and contains the RNase III cleavage site that lies between genes 1 and 1.1. This sequence is compared to other processing sites in T7 early message.", "contents": "Structure of a promoter for T7 RNA polymerase. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a Hpa II restriction fragment of the phage T7 DNA containing a promoter for the phage-specified RNA polymerase. (Hpa II is a restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus parainfluenzae.) Mapping of the Hpa II restriction fragments on the T7 genome shows this promoter to be the second of tandem promoters separated by approximately 170 base pairs that begin transcription by the T7 RNA polymerase at approximately 15% of the genome. Features of the sequence involved in recognition by the T7 RNA polymerase are discussed and include the following region of hyphenated 2-fold symmetry (boxed regions are related through a 2-fold axis of symmetry at the center of the sequence shown). (See article). This sequence includes the initiation site, since the message transcribed from this fragment begins pppG-G-G-A. Combination of our results with work of others has permitted this fragment to be mapped at the junction of T7 genes 1 and 1.1. The RNA transcribed from this fragment begins within gene 1 and contains the RNase III cleavage site that lies between genes 1 and 1.1. This sequence is compared to other processing sites in T7 early message."}
{"id": "PMID:270670", "title": "31P nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of phosphocreatine in intact muscle: determination of intracellular free magnesium.", "content": "31P nuclear magnetic relaxation rates for phosphocreatine in intact frog gastrocnemius were compared with those observed in model solutions at 4 degrees, a temperature at which muscle maintains its physiological state for at least 5 hr. Both nuclear Overhauser effect and spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) experiments indicate that dipole-dipole interactions from the dominant relaxation path for 31P in intact muscle and model solutions, independent of phosphocreatine and Mg concentrations. Spin-spin relaxation rates (1/T2) measured by modified Carr-Purcell-Melboom-Gill spin-echo experiments suggest the importance of scalar coupling modulated by chemical exchange with free Mg. From these results, we estimate the free intracellular Mg in intact muscle as 4.4 mM and demonstrate that 31P T2 experiments can be used as a tool for studying free Mg levels with minimum disturbance of the intact cell.", "contents": "31P nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of phosphocreatine in intact muscle: determination of intracellular free magnesium. 31P nuclear magnetic relaxation rates for phosphocreatine in intact frog gastrocnemius were compared with those observed in model solutions at 4 degrees, a temperature at which muscle maintains its physiological state for at least 5 hr. Both nuclear Overhauser effect and spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) experiments indicate that dipole-dipole interactions from the dominant relaxation path for 31P in intact muscle and model solutions, independent of phosphocreatine and Mg concentrations. Spin-spin relaxation rates (1/T2) measured by modified Carr-Purcell-Melboom-Gill spin-echo experiments suggest the importance of scalar coupling modulated by chemical exchange with free Mg. From these results, we estimate the free intracellular Mg in intact muscle as 4.4 mM and demonstrate that 31P T2 experiments can be used as a tool for studying free Mg levels with minimum disturbance of the intact cell."}
{"id": "PMID:270671", "title": "In vitro biosynthesis of beta-endorphin, gamma-lipoprotein, and beta-lipotropin by the pars intermedia of beef pituitary glands.", "content": "Labeled amino acids were incorporated with proteins during incubations of isolated cells from the pars intermedia of beef pituitary glands. After 3 hr of incubation with methionine and [3H]lysine, approximately equivalent amounts of labeled gamma-lipotropin and beta-endorphins were isolated. They were found to be major synthesis products of the pars intermedia. In contrast, very little labeled beta-lipotropin was recovered. Another major synthesis product of the pars intermedia was also purified. Its partial amino acid sequence and molecular weight were determined and it was concluded that this peptide cannot be identified as any known pituitary hormone or protein fragment.", "contents": "In vitro biosynthesis of beta-endorphin, gamma-lipoprotein, and beta-lipotropin by the pars intermedia of beef pituitary glands. Labeled amino acids were incorporated with proteins during incubations of isolated cells from the pars intermedia of beef pituitary glands. After 3 hr of incubation with methionine and [3H]lysine, approximately equivalent amounts of labeled gamma-lipotropin and beta-endorphins were isolated. They were found to be major synthesis products of the pars intermedia. In contrast, very little labeled beta-lipotropin was recovered. Another major synthesis product of the pars intermedia was also purified. Its partial amino acid sequence and molecular weight were determined and it was concluded that this peptide cannot be identified as any known pituitary hormone or protein fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:270672", "title": "Amino acid sequence of a myosin fragment that contains SH-1, SH-2, and Ntau-methylhistidine.", "content": "A peptide having 92 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 10,478 was isolated from a cyanogen bromide digest of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. It contained both proline and Ntau-methylhistidine, indicating that it arose from the portion of the heavy chain that folds to form most of the globular head of the myosin molecule. The amino acid sequence of the peptide included the two sulfhydryl groups whose alkylation modifies myosin's catalytic properties: SH-2 at position 11 in the peptide, and SH-1 at position 21. This proximity in the sequence means that SH-1 and SH-2 must be relatively close together in myosin, and several lines of evidence suggest that this region is near the catalytic or actin binding site(s) of myosin.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of a myosin fragment that contains SH-1, SH-2, and Ntau-methylhistidine. A peptide having 92 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 10,478 was isolated from a cyanogen bromide digest of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. It contained both proline and Ntau-methylhistidine, indicating that it arose from the portion of the heavy chain that folds to form most of the globular head of the myosin molecule. The amino acid sequence of the peptide included the two sulfhydryl groups whose alkylation modifies myosin's catalytic properties: SH-2 at position 11 in the peptide, and SH-1 at position 21. This proximity in the sequence means that SH-1 and SH-2 must be relatively close together in myosin, and several lines of evidence suggest that this region is near the catalytic or actin binding site(s) of myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:270673", "title": "Reovirus mRNA can be covalently crosslinked via the 5' cap to proteins in initiation complexes.", "content": "Proteins that are located adjacent to the 5' end of mRNA in initiation complexes have been detected by chemical crosslinking. Reovirus mRNA containing radioactivity exclusively in the [3H]methyl-labeled \"cap,\" m7G(5')ppp(5')-Gm, was oxidized with sodium periodate to convert the 2',3'-cis-diol of the 5'-terminal m7G to a reactive dialdehyde. Oxidized mRNA was incubated in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems derived from wheat germ or mammalian cells, and the resulting mRNA-ribosome initiation complexes were reduced with NaBH3CN. By this chemical procedure, putative Schiff bases between mRNA 5'termini and amino groups of neighboring proteins were stabilized by reduction, yielding covalently linked protein-RNA conjugates. Under conditions of ribosome binding, a limited number of polypeptides associated with the mRNA-ribosome complexes were crosslinked, suggesting that these proteins are positioned near and may interact with the 5' end of mRNA during initiation. This method should also be useful for studying the spatial relationships between molecules in other similar nucleoprotein complexes.", "contents": "Reovirus mRNA can be covalently crosslinked via the 5' cap to proteins in initiation complexes. Proteins that are located adjacent to the 5' end of mRNA in initiation complexes have been detected by chemical crosslinking. Reovirus mRNA containing radioactivity exclusively in the [3H]methyl-labeled \"cap,\" m7G(5')ppp(5')-Gm, was oxidized with sodium periodate to convert the 2',3'-cis-diol of the 5'-terminal m7G to a reactive dialdehyde. Oxidized mRNA was incubated in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems derived from wheat germ or mammalian cells, and the resulting mRNA-ribosome initiation complexes were reduced with NaBH3CN. By this chemical procedure, putative Schiff bases between mRNA 5'termini and amino groups of neighboring proteins were stabilized by reduction, yielding covalently linked protein-RNA conjugates. Under conditions of ribosome binding, a limited number of polypeptides associated with the mRNA-ribosome complexes were crosslinked, suggesting that these proteins are positioned near and may interact with the 5' end of mRNA during initiation. This method should also be useful for studying the spatial relationships between molecules in other similar nucleoprotein complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:270674", "title": "Regulation of growth hormone gene expression: synergistic effects of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones.", "content": "Cultured rat pituitary cells (GC) respond to thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones by increases in growth hormone production and growth hormone mRNA. When these cells are transferred from medium containing normal animal serum (with 1.8 mug of thyroxine per dl) to a medium containing serum from a thyroidectomized calf, \"hypothyroid medium\" (with no detectable thyroid hormone), growth hormone production decreases markedly. In cells maintained for 5 days in hypothyroid medium, triiodothyronine induces within 50 hr a 17-fold increase in growth hormone production whereas glucocorticoids, during the same time, produce a negligible (3-fold or less) stimulation. In combination, the two hormones promote a 45-fold stimulation. In all instances the changes in growth hormone production are paralleled by changes in the levels of growth hormone mRNA as measured by cell-free translation. The transfer to hypothyroid medium and the hormonal induction do not affect the relative activities of other mRNAs whose products are detectable on polyacrylamide gels. These studies indicate that thyroid hormone can be an activator of the expression of the growth hormone gene. The results also show that triiodothyronine controls the magnitude of the effect of glucocorticoids on growth hormone mRNA, and provide a model for \"permissive\" triiodothyronine action. The synergistic effect of these two classes of hormone suggests that they increase levels of growth hormone mRNA by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Regulation of growth hormone gene expression: synergistic effects of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones. Cultured rat pituitary cells (GC) respond to thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones by increases in growth hormone production and growth hormone mRNA. When these cells are transferred from medium containing normal animal serum (with 1.8 mug of thyroxine per dl) to a medium containing serum from a thyroidectomized calf, \"hypothyroid medium\" (with no detectable thyroid hormone), growth hormone production decreases markedly. In cells maintained for 5 days in hypothyroid medium, triiodothyronine induces within 50 hr a 17-fold increase in growth hormone production whereas glucocorticoids, during the same time, produce a negligible (3-fold or less) stimulation. In combination, the two hormones promote a 45-fold stimulation. In all instances the changes in growth hormone production are paralleled by changes in the levels of growth hormone mRNA as measured by cell-free translation. The transfer to hypothyroid medium and the hormonal induction do not affect the relative activities of other mRNAs whose products are detectable on polyacrylamide gels. These studies indicate that thyroid hormone can be an activator of the expression of the growth hormone gene. The results also show that triiodothyronine controls the magnitude of the effect of glucocorticoids on growth hormone mRNA, and provide a model for \"permissive\" triiodothyronine action. The synergistic effect of these two classes of hormone suggests that they increase levels of growth hormone mRNA by different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:270675", "title": "Glycerophospholipid synthesis: improved general method and new analogs containing photoactivable groups.", "content": "Current methods for phospholipid synthesis involving acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, lysolecithins, and related glycerophosphate esters are not satisfactory. With N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine as a catalyst and moderate amounts of fatty acid anhydrides (1.2-1.5 mol equiv per OH group), diacyl or 1,2-mixed diacylphosphatidylcholines, N-protected phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatide acids now can be conveniently prepared in high yields (75-90%). New phospholipids containing photoactivable groups, such as trifluorodiazopropionyl, diazirinophenoxy, 2-nitro-4-azidophenoxy, m-azidophenoxy, and alpha, beta-unsaturated keto groups, in the fatty acyl chains have been prepared. These phospholipids are of interest in studies of lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions in biological membranes.", "contents": "Glycerophospholipid synthesis: improved general method and new analogs containing photoactivable groups. Current methods for phospholipid synthesis involving acylation of sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, lysolecithins, and related glycerophosphate esters are not satisfactory. With N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine as a catalyst and moderate amounts of fatty acid anhydrides (1.2-1.5 mol equiv per OH group), diacyl or 1,2-mixed diacylphosphatidylcholines, N-protected phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatide acids now can be conveniently prepared in high yields (75-90%). New phospholipids containing photoactivable groups, such as trifluorodiazopropionyl, diazirinophenoxy, 2-nitro-4-azidophenoxy, m-azidophenoxy, and alpha, beta-unsaturated keto groups, in the fatty acyl chains have been prepared. These phospholipids are of interest in studies of lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions in biological membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:270676", "title": "Use of molecular hybridization to purify and analyze albumin messenger RNA from rat liver.", "content": "A new procedure is described for purification of rat liver albumin mRNA. First a population of RNA molecules is enriched for albumin mRNA by immunoprecipitation of polysomes containing albumin nascent chains. Polyadenylylated RNA is prepared from immunoprecipitates, transcribed into complementary DNA, and shown to be enriched severalfold for a particular RNA frequency component. This enriched RNA component is then purified by molecular hybridization to a limited R(0)t value (product of RNA concentration and incubation time), under conditions in which only the most abundant sequence component is annealed. Potentially, this procedure can be employed for the purification of a wide variety of mRNAs present in lesser amounts in the cell. The isolated RNA appears to be a single frequency component by hybridization to complementary DNA transcribed from itself. This RNA is a 17S species and represents 5-8% of total cytoplasmic polyadenylylated RNA. In vitro translation of the purified RNA has shown that it codes for a single polypeptide that can be identified immunologically as albumin and migrates with rat serum albumin on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. This albumin mRNA was determined to be essentially pure by comparing its kinetics of hybridization to those obtained with rabbit alpha + beta globin mRNA and its DNA complement. The sequence complexity of purified rat albumin mRNA corresponds to 5.9 x 10(5) daltons.", "contents": "Use of molecular hybridization to purify and analyze albumin messenger RNA from rat liver. A new procedure is described for purification of rat liver albumin mRNA. First a population of RNA molecules is enriched for albumin mRNA by immunoprecipitation of polysomes containing albumin nascent chains. Polyadenylylated RNA is prepared from immunoprecipitates, transcribed into complementary DNA, and shown to be enriched severalfold for a particular RNA frequency component. This enriched RNA component is then purified by molecular hybridization to a limited R(0)t value (product of RNA concentration and incubation time), under conditions in which only the most abundant sequence component is annealed. Potentially, this procedure can be employed for the purification of a wide variety of mRNAs present in lesser amounts in the cell. The isolated RNA appears to be a single frequency component by hybridization to complementary DNA transcribed from itself. This RNA is a 17S species and represents 5-8% of total cytoplasmic polyadenylylated RNA. In vitro translation of the purified RNA has shown that it codes for a single polypeptide that can be identified immunologically as albumin and migrates with rat serum albumin on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. This albumin mRNA was determined to be essentially pure by comparing its kinetics of hybridization to those obtained with rabbit alpha + beta globin mRNA and its DNA complement. The sequence complexity of purified rat albumin mRNA corresponds to 5.9 x 10(5) daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:270677", "title": "Translational control by protein kinase in Artemia salina and wheat germ.", "content": "The catalytic subunit of cyclic 3':5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) inhibits translation in Artemia salina and wheat germ extracts. It acts, as in reticulocyte lysates [Datta, A., de Haro, C., Sierra, J. M. & Ochoa, S. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 1463-1467] by catalyzing the conversion of a proinhibitor to an inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation. Addition of ATP and either cyclic AMP or catalytic subunit promotes the proinhibitor-inhibitor conversion in crude proinhibitor preparations from A. salina embryos. The effect of cyclic AMP is due to stimulation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, present in such preparations, and is inhibited by hemin. In similar preparations from wheat germ, addition of ATP and catalytic subunit promoted proinhibitor-inhibitor conversion, but addition of ATP and cyclic AMP has little or no effect. As assayed with histone as substrate, wheat germ preparations exhibit a protein kinase activity that is not stimulated by the addition of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Our results suggest that a translational control system, similar to that existing in rabbit reticulocytes and other mammalian cells, is present in organisms evolutionarily far removed from mammals.", "contents": "Translational control by protein kinase in Artemia salina and wheat germ. The catalytic subunit of cyclic 3':5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) inhibits translation in Artemia salina and wheat germ extracts. It acts, as in reticulocyte lysates [Datta, A., de Haro, C., Sierra, J. M. & Ochoa, S. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 1463-1467] by catalyzing the conversion of a proinhibitor to an inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation. Addition of ATP and either cyclic AMP or catalytic subunit promotes the proinhibitor-inhibitor conversion in crude proinhibitor preparations from A. salina embryos. The effect of cyclic AMP is due to stimulation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, present in such preparations, and is inhibited by hemin. In similar preparations from wheat germ, addition of ATP and catalytic subunit promoted proinhibitor-inhibitor conversion, but addition of ATP and cyclic AMP has little or no effect. As assayed with histone as substrate, wheat germ preparations exhibit a protein kinase activity that is not stimulated by the addition of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Our results suggest that a translational control system, similar to that existing in rabbit reticulocytes and other mammalian cells, is present in organisms evolutionarily far removed from mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:270678", "title": "Structural gene identification and mapping by DNA-mRNA hybrid-arrested cell-free translation.", "content": "We present a simple method for directly correlating structural gene sequences in DNA with their corresponding mRNAs. This is based upon the fact that mRNA hybridized with its complementary DNA will not direct the cell-free synthesis of a complete polypeptide. Full translational activity of the mRNA is recovered upon the heat melting of the hybrid. Utilizing the rabbit beta globin clone PbetaG1, we demonstrate the application of hybrid-arrested translation for the identification of structural gene sequences within recombinant DNA molecules. In addition, the method is used to locate and order precisely several adenovirus 2 polypeptides within the viral genome.", "contents": "Structural gene identification and mapping by DNA-mRNA hybrid-arrested cell-free translation. We present a simple method for directly correlating structural gene sequences in DNA with their corresponding mRNAs. This is based upon the fact that mRNA hybridized with its complementary DNA will not direct the cell-free synthesis of a complete polypeptide. Full translational activity of the mRNA is recovered upon the heat melting of the hybrid. Utilizing the rabbit beta globin clone PbetaG1, we demonstrate the application of hybrid-arrested translation for the identification of structural gene sequences within recombinant DNA molecules. In addition, the method is used to locate and order precisely several adenovirus 2 polypeptides within the viral genome."}
{"id": "PMID:270679", "title": "Interactions of a photoaffinity analog of GTP with the proteins of microtubules.", "content": "Tubulin dimers isolated from brain contain two GTP binding sites, a nonexchangeable site and an exchangeable site. To localize the exchangeable site, we used a photoaffinity analog of GTP, 8-azidoguanosine triphosphate (8-N3GTP), which supports tubulin polymerization in the absence of activating light. Photolysis of tubulin polymerized in the presence of 0.01 to 0.1 mM [beta, gamma-32P]8-N3GTP resulted in covalent incorporation of radioactivity only onto the beta monomer. Photolysis with 8-N3GTP also prevented any further repolymerization of the tubulin whereas like treatment in the presence of GTP had no effect. Preincubation of tubulin with GTP prevented photo-incorporation of [beta, gamma-32P]8-N3GTP whereas preincubation with ATP did not.", "contents": "Interactions of a photoaffinity analog of GTP with the proteins of microtubules. Tubulin dimers isolated from brain contain two GTP binding sites, a nonexchangeable site and an exchangeable site. To localize the exchangeable site, we used a photoaffinity analog of GTP, 8-azidoguanosine triphosphate (8-N3GTP), which supports tubulin polymerization in the absence of activating light. Photolysis of tubulin polymerized in the presence of 0.01 to 0.1 mM [beta, gamma-32P]8-N3GTP resulted in covalent incorporation of radioactivity only onto the beta monomer. Photolysis with 8-N3GTP also prevented any further repolymerization of the tubulin whereas like treatment in the presence of GTP had no effect. Preincubation of tubulin with GTP prevented photo-incorporation of [beta, gamma-32P]8-N3GTP whereas preincubation with ATP did not."}
{"id": "PMID:270680", "title": "Isolation of pi-alcohol dehydrogenase of human liver: is it a determinant of alcoholism?", "content": "HUMAN LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (ALCOHOL: NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1), homogeneous by physicochemical criteria, has been available in quantity only recently [Lange, L. G. & Vallee, B. L. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4681-4686]. Until now, the biochemical basis of human alcohol metabolism had to be extrapolated from the properties and behavior of enzymes from other species, primarily horses and yeast. The biological determinants of human alcoholism have remained obscure, although recent evidence indicates a genetic predisposition, requiring delineation. A functionally distinct form of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which we have designated II-ADH, is provocative since, thus far, it seems to be unique to human beings. It has a high K(m) for ethanol and is remarkably insensitive (apparent K(I), 500 muM) to pyrazole and its derivatives, which are usually potent ADH inhibitors (K(I), 1 muM), a property that is the basis for the isolation of II-ADH. The affinity resin 4-[3-(N-6-aminocaproyl)aminopropyl]pyrazole-Sepharose binds all other known forms of ADH but not II-ADH, thereby separating it selectively by affinity chromatography. In turn, this has led to the establishment of its identity with that enzyme form which was previously known as the anodic band and characterized by a high K(m) for ethanol (20 mM at pH 7.5). The remarkable insensitivity of II-ADH to pyrazole inhibition has also permitted quantitation of its role in hepatic ethanol oxidation. At 5 mM ethanol, a saturating concentration for virtually all other forms of ADH, II-ADH contributes less than 15% to total ethanol oxidation. However, at intoxicating concentrations, e.g., 60 mM, it can account for as much as 40% of the total ethanol oxidation rate of liver, indicating a seemingly unique role for this enzyme form in ethanol elimination. Thus far, we have found the amount of II-ADH varies from liver to liver of individuals and is considerably more labile than the other molecular forms, phenomena whose inter- or independence requires further study. The isolation of human II-ADH advances efforts to recognize and understand biochemical mechanisms that may be biological determinants of alcoholism and alcohol-related disease states, now generally approached and managed largely as psychosocial disorders.", "contents": "Isolation of pi-alcohol dehydrogenase of human liver: is it a determinant of alcoholism? HUMAN LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (ALCOHOL: NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1), homogeneous by physicochemical criteria, has been available in quantity only recently [Lange, L. G. & Vallee, B. L. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 4681-4686]. Until now, the biochemical basis of human alcohol metabolism had to be extrapolated from the properties and behavior of enzymes from other species, primarily horses and yeast. The biological determinants of human alcoholism have remained obscure, although recent evidence indicates a genetic predisposition, requiring delineation. A functionally distinct form of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which we have designated II-ADH, is provocative since, thus far, it seems to be unique to human beings. It has a high K(m) for ethanol and is remarkably insensitive (apparent K(I), 500 muM) to pyrazole and its derivatives, which are usually potent ADH inhibitors (K(I), 1 muM), a property that is the basis for the isolation of II-ADH. The affinity resin 4-[3-(N-6-aminocaproyl)aminopropyl]pyrazole-Sepharose binds all other known forms of ADH but not II-ADH, thereby separating it selectively by affinity chromatography. In turn, this has led to the establishment of its identity with that enzyme form which was previously known as the anodic band and characterized by a high K(m) for ethanol (20 mM at pH 7.5). The remarkable insensitivity of II-ADH to pyrazole inhibition has also permitted quantitation of its role in hepatic ethanol oxidation. At 5 mM ethanol, a saturating concentration for virtually all other forms of ADH, II-ADH contributes less than 15% to total ethanol oxidation. However, at intoxicating concentrations, e.g., 60 mM, it can account for as much as 40% of the total ethanol oxidation rate of liver, indicating a seemingly unique role for this enzyme form in ethanol elimination. Thus far, we have found the amount of II-ADH varies from liver to liver of individuals and is considerably more labile than the other molecular forms, phenomena whose inter- or independence requires further study. The isolation of human II-ADH advances efforts to recognize and understand biochemical mechanisms that may be biological determinants of alcoholism and alcohol-related disease states, now generally approached and managed largely as psychosocial disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:270681", "title": "Sequence relationship between long and short repetitive DNA of the rat: a preliminary report.", "content": "Long and short repetitive sequences of rat DNA can be isolated and characterized. Long [greater than 1.5 kilobases (kb)] sequences can be separated from short (0.2-0.4 kb) sequences by exclusion chromatography after renaturation of 4-kb DNA fragments to a repetitive Cot and digestion with the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease. (Cot is the initial concentration of DNA in mol of nucleotides/liter multiplied by time in sec.) Long repetitive DNA can be driven by an excess of whole rat DNA can also be used to drive tracer quantities of either long (self-renaturation) or short repetitive DNA. Both the extent and the rate of the renaturations are found to be similar, suggesting that long and short DNA fragments share sequences. When long repetitive DNA is used to drive whole DNA tracers of various lengths, a 3.2-kb interspersion period is found. These data are consistent with the concept that short repetitive sequences are present within long repetitive DNA sequences in the rat genome.", "contents": "Sequence relationship between long and short repetitive DNA of the rat: a preliminary report. Long and short repetitive sequences of rat DNA can be isolated and characterized. Long [greater than 1.5 kilobases (kb)] sequences can be separated from short (0.2-0.4 kb) sequences by exclusion chromatography after renaturation of 4-kb DNA fragments to a repetitive Cot and digestion with the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease. (Cot is the initial concentration of DNA in mol of nucleotides/liter multiplied by time in sec.) Long repetitive DNA can be driven by an excess of whole rat DNA can also be used to drive tracer quantities of either long (self-renaturation) or short repetitive DNA. Both the extent and the rate of the renaturations are found to be similar, suggesting that long and short DNA fragments share sequences. When long repetitive DNA is used to drive whole DNA tracers of various lengths, a 3.2-kb interspersion period is found. These data are consistent with the concept that short repetitive sequences are present within long repetitive DNA sequences in the rat genome."}
{"id": "PMID:270682", "title": "Loop structures in hybrids of early RNA and the separated strands of adenovirus DNA.", "content": "Separated strands of adenovirus DNA were annealed with early cytoplasmic RNA and visualized in the electron microscope. DNA-RNA duplex regions within the DNA filaments could be recognized by their heavy contour. This contour was often interrupted at distinct locations by loops of displaced, single-stranded DNA. Loops have been observed and mapped in all four early regions of the genome. The structures appear to signal hitherto unknown mechanisms of eukaryotic gene expression.", "contents": "Loop structures in hybrids of early RNA and the separated strands of adenovirus DNA. Separated strands of adenovirus DNA were annealed with early cytoplasmic RNA and visualized in the electron microscope. DNA-RNA duplex regions within the DNA filaments could be recognized by their heavy contour. This contour was often interrupted at distinct locations by loops of displaced, single-stranded DNA. Loops have been observed and mapped in all four early regions of the genome. The structures appear to signal hitherto unknown mechanisms of eukaryotic gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:270683", "title": "Computer analysis of nucleic acid regulatory sequences.", "content": "We describe a computer program designed to facilitate the analysis of nucleic acid sequences. The program can search several nucleic acid sequences for oligonucleotides common to all of them. It can examine a DNA or RNA sequence for two kinds of homologous regions--repetitions and dyad symmetries. The homologies need not be perfect: mismatches and \"looping out\" of nucleotides are allowed. The program also finds (A+T)- and (G+C)-rich regions, locates restriction enzyme recognition sites, determines the distribution of di- and trinucleotides, and performs various other functions. We include two representative applications of the program. All published prokaryotic transcription termination sequences (June 1977) were found to share the following features: (i) a string of at least five T residues, (ii) the sequence CGGGC or a close analog immediately preceding the T cluster, (iii) a region of strong dyad symmetry preceding the Ts and including the CGGGC sequence. A sequence of 221 nucleotides consisting of the Escherichia coli trp promoter, operator, and leader was found to contain two strong dyad symmetries. These homologies both occur at known regulatory sites; no comparable homologies occur in regions without regulatory significance.", "contents": "Computer analysis of nucleic acid regulatory sequences. We describe a computer program designed to facilitate the analysis of nucleic acid sequences. The program can search several nucleic acid sequences for oligonucleotides common to all of them. It can examine a DNA or RNA sequence for two kinds of homologous regions--repetitions and dyad symmetries. The homologies need not be perfect: mismatches and \"looping out\" of nucleotides are allowed. The program also finds (A+T)- and (G+C)-rich regions, locates restriction enzyme recognition sites, determines the distribution of di- and trinucleotides, and performs various other functions. We include two representative applications of the program. All published prokaryotic transcription termination sequences (June 1977) were found to share the following features: (i) a string of at least five T residues, (ii) the sequence CGGGC or a close analog immediately preceding the T cluster, (iii) a region of strong dyad symmetry preceding the Ts and including the CGGGC sequence. A sequence of 221 nucleotides consisting of the Escherichia coli trp promoter, operator, and leader was found to contain two strong dyad symmetries. These homologies both occur at known regulatory sites; no comparable homologies occur in regions without regulatory significance."}
{"id": "PMID:270684", "title": "Cloning specific segments of the mammalian genome: bacteriophage lambda containing mouse globin and surrounding gene sequences.", "content": "We have developed a general approach to the cloning of specific segments of the mammalian genome that involves a two-step purification of EcoRI fragments of mammalian DNA and their in vitro insertion into a suitably constructed EK2 derivative of bacteriophage lambda. The combination of fragment purification, exclusion of parental-type recombinants, and simple phage screening techniques permits the isolation of virtually any gene segment for which there is an identifying hybridization probe. We illustrate the approach by describing the cloning of an approximately 7000-base-long segment of mouse DNA containing globin and surrounding gene sequences.", "contents": "Cloning specific segments of the mammalian genome: bacteriophage lambda containing mouse globin and surrounding gene sequences. We have developed a general approach to the cloning of specific segments of the mammalian genome that involves a two-step purification of EcoRI fragments of mammalian DNA and their in vitro insertion into a suitably constructed EK2 derivative of bacteriophage lambda. The combination of fragment purification, exclusion of parental-type recombinants, and simple phage screening techniques permits the isolation of virtually any gene segment for which there is an identifying hybridization probe. We illustrate the approach by describing the cloning of an approximately 7000-base-long segment of mouse DNA containing globin and surrounding gene sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:270685", "title": "Comparative rates of transfer of lipid-linked oligosaccharides to endogenous glycoprotein acceptors in vitro.", "content": "We have shown previously that particulate preparations of Nil 8 fibroblasts catalyze the synthesis of two oligosaccharide-lipids: one composed of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose residues and the other containing, in addition to mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, one or two glucose residues. These two oligosaccharide-lipids were purified and added to fresh microsomal preparations. In comparative studies, we find that the glucose-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharide is transferred much more rapidly to endogenous protein acceptors than the glucose-free compound. With materials of comparable specific activities, as much as 41% of the glucose-containing oligosaccharide was transferred to protein as compared to 5% for the glucose-free compound. These results suggest that the attachment of glucose to mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharide serves an important role in the transfer of these compounds from lipid carrier to protein acceptor.", "contents": "Comparative rates of transfer of lipid-linked oligosaccharides to endogenous glycoprotein acceptors in vitro. We have shown previously that particulate preparations of Nil 8 fibroblasts catalyze the synthesis of two oligosaccharide-lipids: one composed of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose residues and the other containing, in addition to mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, one or two glucose residues. These two oligosaccharide-lipids were purified and added to fresh microsomal preparations. In comparative studies, we find that the glucose-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharide is transferred much more rapidly to endogenous protein acceptors than the glucose-free compound. With materials of comparable specific activities, as much as 41% of the glucose-containing oligosaccharide was transferred to protein as compared to 5% for the glucose-free compound. These results suggest that the attachment of glucose to mannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharide serves an important role in the transfer of these compounds from lipid carrier to protein acceptor."}
{"id": "PMID:270686", "title": "Induction and decay of human fibroblast interferon mRNA.", "content": "Polyadenylylated interferon mRNA, obtained from induced human fibroblasts, was quantitatively assayed by synthesis of biologically active human interferon in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The assay for interferon mRNA was used to distinguish between various hypotheses relating to interferon induction and biosynthesis. The data demonstrate that on induction with poly(I-poly(C) human fibroblasts accumulate interferon mRNA for 1-1.5 hr, after which time the mRNA is rapidly degraded with a half-life (t 1/2) of 18 min. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide prolongs the period of accumulation to 3 hr and decreases the rate of mRNA inactivation (t 1/2 = 49 min). Treatment with actinomycin D decreases the rate of inactivation still further (t 1/2 = 68 min). A comparison of cellular interferon synthesis with the relative amounts of interferon m RNA after simple induction or inductionin the presence of the inhibitors (superinduction) indicated a general correlation. Thus, on induction, the genes for interferon are activated to produce a transcript for a short time. The superinducing treatments prolong the period of accumulation and decrease the rate of degradation of this transcript.", "contents": "Induction and decay of human fibroblast interferon mRNA. Polyadenylylated interferon mRNA, obtained from induced human fibroblasts, was quantitatively assayed by synthesis of biologically active human interferon in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The assay for interferon mRNA was used to distinguish between various hypotheses relating to interferon induction and biosynthesis. The data demonstrate that on induction with poly(I-poly(C) human fibroblasts accumulate interferon mRNA for 1-1.5 hr, after which time the mRNA is rapidly degraded with a half-life (t 1/2) of 18 min. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide prolongs the period of accumulation to 3 hr and decreases the rate of mRNA inactivation (t 1/2 = 49 min). Treatment with actinomycin D decreases the rate of inactivation still further (t 1/2 = 68 min). A comparison of cellular interferon synthesis with the relative amounts of interferon m RNA after simple induction or inductionin the presence of the inhibitors (superinduction) indicated a general correlation. Thus, on induction, the genes for interferon are activated to produce a transcript for a short time. The superinducing treatments prolong the period of accumulation and decrease the rate of degradation of this transcript."}
{"id": "PMID:270687", "title": "Replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA in vitro.", "content": "A soluble replication system that synthesizes full-sized adenovirus DNA molecules has been developed. The extraction of infected HeLa nuclei solubilizes approximately 25% of the viral replicating DNA and leaves the HeLa chromatin associated with the insoluble nuclear material. Both the extracted viral DNA and the DNA product synthesized in vitro are intact and identical to the adenovirus DNA or its replicating intermediates produced in whole infected cells. The direction of elongation and the termini of replication of progeny DNA in vitro are essentially identical to those observed in vivo. Nuclear extract replication is dependent on Mg2+ and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and partially stimulated by ATP.", "contents": "Replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA in vitro. A soluble replication system that synthesizes full-sized adenovirus DNA molecules has been developed. The extraction of infected HeLa nuclei solubilizes approximately 25% of the viral replicating DNA and leaves the HeLa chromatin associated with the insoluble nuclear material. Both the extracted viral DNA and the DNA product synthesized in vitro are intact and identical to the adenovirus DNA or its replicating intermediates produced in whole infected cells. The direction of elongation and the termini of replication of progeny DNA in vitro are essentially identical to those observed in vivo. Nuclear extract replication is dependent on Mg2+ and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and partially stimulated by ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:270688", "title": "Surface antigen in early differentiation.", "content": "Addition of Fab fragments from rabbit antiserum to surface antigen F9 to 2-cell stage mouse embryos in culture does not alter cleavage; however, the addition prevents culture does not alter cleavage; however, the addition prevents the formation of compact morulae and blastocysts. A similar effect is observed when Fab fragments are added to already compact 8-cell stage or even older morulae, but disappears at the beginning of blastocoel formation. This effect is reversible: uncompact 30-cell embryos washed free of Fab become compact in a few hours, produce blastocysts, and upon reimplantation into pseudopregnant mothers can produce mice. Development is not altered by divalent anti-F9 antibodies, by Fab fragments from sera directed against other embryo surface antigens, or by succinyl concanavalin A.", "contents": "Surface antigen in early differentiation. Addition of Fab fragments from rabbit antiserum to surface antigen F9 to 2-cell stage mouse embryos in culture does not alter cleavage; however, the addition prevents culture does not alter cleavage; however, the addition prevents the formation of compact morulae and blastocysts. A similar effect is observed when Fab fragments are added to already compact 8-cell stage or even older morulae, but disappears at the beginning of blastocoel formation. This effect is reversible: uncompact 30-cell embryos washed free of Fab become compact in a few hours, produce blastocysts, and upon reimplantation into pseudopregnant mothers can produce mice. Development is not altered by divalent anti-F9 antibodies, by Fab fragments from sera directed against other embryo surface antigens, or by succinyl concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:270689", "title": "Dependence of the differentiated state on the cellular environment: modulation of collagen synthesis in tendon cells.", "content": "In an adequate environment, primary avian tendon cells are capable of retaining both the full expression of differentiated function and a correct morphological orientation for 1 week in culture. At high density and in the presence of ascorbate, they are fully stabilized in that they devote 25-30% of their total protein synthesis to collagen, a level comparable to that in tendon cells in ovo. However, either at low density or in medium without ascorbate, they synthesize collagen at only a third of this level. If plated on a collagen matrix, these cells will orient themselves in a manner similar to that of tendon cells in vivo. Furthermore, they are capable of fully modulating the percentage of collagen synthesis upon addition or removal of ascorbate and serum. The variation in the percentage of collagen produced is a result of alterations in collagen synthesis rather than of changes in total protein synthesis or hydroxylation of proline in collagen. Primary avian tendon cells, therefore, provide a suitable model for understanding the stability of the differentiated state, the mechanism of action of ascorbate, and the regulation of collagen biosynthesis.", "contents": "Dependence of the differentiated state on the cellular environment: modulation of collagen synthesis in tendon cells. In an adequate environment, primary avian tendon cells are capable of retaining both the full expression of differentiated function and a correct morphological orientation for 1 week in culture. At high density and in the presence of ascorbate, they are fully stabilized in that they devote 25-30% of their total protein synthesis to collagen, a level comparable to that in tendon cells in ovo. However, either at low density or in medium without ascorbate, they synthesize collagen at only a third of this level. If plated on a collagen matrix, these cells will orient themselves in a manner similar to that of tendon cells in vivo. Furthermore, they are capable of fully modulating the percentage of collagen synthesis upon addition or removal of ascorbate and serum. The variation in the percentage of collagen produced is a result of alterations in collagen synthesis rather than of changes in total protein synthesis or hydroxylation of proline in collagen. Primary avian tendon cells, therefore, provide a suitable model for understanding the stability of the differentiated state, the mechanism of action of ascorbate, and the regulation of collagen biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:270690", "title": "Microviscosity modulation during the cell cycle of neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Microviscosity (n) of the cell membrane lipid layer was determined in synchronized C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone Neuro-2A) by fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenystratum. The determined n value was maximal in mitosis, decreased markedly in the G1 phase, remained constant at a low level during the S phase, and increased again during the G2 phase. These findings imply a direct role of the cell membrane fluidity in regulation of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Microviscosity modulation during the cell cycle of neuroblastoma cells. Microviscosity (n) of the cell membrane lipid layer was determined in synchronized C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone Neuro-2A) by fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenystratum. The determined n value was maximal in mitosis, decreased markedly in the G1 phase, remained constant at a low level during the S phase, and increased again during the G2 phase. These findings imply a direct role of the cell membrane fluidity in regulation of the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:270691", "title": "MRNA-directed synthesis of catalytically active mouse beta-glucuronidase in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Catalytically active mouse beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) is formed when Xenopus oocytes are injected with mouse RNA enriched for poly(A)-containing mRNA sequences. With the RNA from androgen-induced kidneys, the efficiency of translation is comparable to that of endogenous Xenopus messenger, and the fidelity of translation is high. Detection of glucuronidase messenger by formation of a catalytically active product is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than detection by incorporation of isotopically labeled amino acids. As well as providing a sensitive technique for examining the regulation of gene expression, the system makes available an opportunity to study the regulation of post-translational polypeptide processing of a lysosomal enzyme.", "contents": "MRNA-directed synthesis of catalytically active mouse beta-glucuronidase in Xenopus oocytes. Catalytically active mouse beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) is formed when Xenopus oocytes are injected with mouse RNA enriched for poly(A)-containing mRNA sequences. With the RNA from androgen-induced kidneys, the efficiency of translation is comparable to that of endogenous Xenopus messenger, and the fidelity of translation is high. Detection of glucuronidase messenger by formation of a catalytically active product is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than detection by incorporation of isotopically labeled amino acids. As well as providing a sensitive technique for examining the regulation of gene expression, the system makes available an opportunity to study the regulation of post-translational polypeptide processing of a lysosomal enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:270692", "title": "Hormonal effects on intracellular and secreted casein in cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen membranes.", "content": "Cultured on floating collagen membranes in the presence of lactogenic hormones, dissociated normal mammary epithelial cells from prelactating mice acquire the ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of differentiated mammary secretory cells in vivo. The cells on floating collagen membranes in medium containing insulin alone have sparse secretory organelles, and a small amount of casein can be detected in these cells with a sensitive radioimmunoassay. These cells resemble counterpart cells in early-pregnant mice. When the cells are exposed to insulin, cortisol, and prolactin, the secretory apparatus is elaborated and significant increases in intracellular and extracellular casein are observed. In this environment, the intracellular casein content is generally four to eight times greater than in freshly dissociated cells or cells cultured in insulin alone. The amount of casein secreted into the medium by floating-collagen-membrane cultures in the three hormones is from 25 to 200 times greater than that secreted by cultures in insulin alone. Cells cultured on plastic substrates in either hormone combination fail to show any increase in intracellular or extracellular casein. On floating collagen membranes, the cells differentiate in response to hormones as they do in vivo and in organ culture. This cell-culture system provides an opportunity to study direct effects of environmental factors on mammary differentiation at the cellular level.", "contents": "Hormonal effects on intracellular and secreted casein in cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen membranes. Cultured on floating collagen membranes in the presence of lactogenic hormones, dissociated normal mammary epithelial cells from prelactating mice acquire the ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of differentiated mammary secretory cells in vivo. The cells on floating collagen membranes in medium containing insulin alone have sparse secretory organelles, and a small amount of casein can be detected in these cells with a sensitive radioimmunoassay. These cells resemble counterpart cells in early-pregnant mice. When the cells are exposed to insulin, cortisol, and prolactin, the secretory apparatus is elaborated and significant increases in intracellular and extracellular casein are observed. In this environment, the intracellular casein content is generally four to eight times greater than in freshly dissociated cells or cells cultured in insulin alone. The amount of casein secreted into the medium by floating-collagen-membrane cultures in the three hormones is from 25 to 200 times greater than that secreted by cultures in insulin alone. Cells cultured on plastic substrates in either hormone combination fail to show any increase in intracellular or extracellular casein. On floating collagen membranes, the cells differentiate in response to hormones as they do in vivo and in organ culture. This cell-culture system provides an opportunity to study direct effects of environmental factors on mammary differentiation at the cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:270693", "title": "Explant cultures of catecholamine-containing neurons from rat brain: biochemical, histofluorescence, and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE)-producing cells of the nucleus locus ceruleus and dopamine (DA)-producing cells of the substantia nigra were dissected microscopically from embryonic rat brain, explanted, and maintained in culture for up to 5 weeks. The cultured neurons of both brain regions showed normal maturation of axons and dendrites and formed ultrastructurally defined synaptic contacts. Fluorescence microscopy of cultured neurons from both brain regions showed typical in situ cytological features: long axonal processes with multiple varicosities for locus ceruleus cultures, and smooth, wispy nonvaricose processes in the substantia nigra cultures. All cultures processed for fluorescence microscopy contained specific catecholamine-fluorescent cells. By radioenzyme assay for catecholamines, more than half of the locus ceruleus cultures contained measurable (>10 pg) quantities of NE and DA, but, unlike results on intact brains, DA content exceeded NE content. Cultures of substantia nigra neurons retained no NE and very little DA. Media from substantia nigra and locus ceruleus cultures contained substantial quantities of DA. Addition of reserpine (10 muM) to the medium depleted locus ceruleus neurons of both amines. The long survival time in culture of locus ceruleus cells, the normal appearance of fluorescent cell bodies and processes, the apparent development of morphologically specialized interneuronal connections, and the ability to synthesize and store NE make these cultures ideally suited for neurophysiological recording as well as morphological, biochemical, and pharmacological experiments.", "contents": "Explant cultures of catecholamine-containing neurons from rat brain: biochemical, histofluorescence, and electron microscopic studies. Norepinephrine (NE)-producing cells of the nucleus locus ceruleus and dopamine (DA)-producing cells of the substantia nigra were dissected microscopically from embryonic rat brain, explanted, and maintained in culture for up to 5 weeks. The cultured neurons of both brain regions showed normal maturation of axons and dendrites and formed ultrastructurally defined synaptic contacts. Fluorescence microscopy of cultured neurons from both brain regions showed typical in situ cytological features: long axonal processes with multiple varicosities for locus ceruleus cultures, and smooth, wispy nonvaricose processes in the substantia nigra cultures. All cultures processed for fluorescence microscopy contained specific catecholamine-fluorescent cells. By radioenzyme assay for catecholamines, more than half of the locus ceruleus cultures contained measurable (>10 pg) quantities of NE and DA, but, unlike results on intact brains, DA content exceeded NE content. Cultures of substantia nigra neurons retained no NE and very little DA. Media from substantia nigra and locus ceruleus cultures contained substantial quantities of DA. Addition of reserpine (10 muM) to the medium depleted locus ceruleus neurons of both amines. The long survival time in culture of locus ceruleus cells, the normal appearance of fluorescent cell bodies and processes, the apparent development of morphologically specialized interneuronal connections, and the ability to synthesize and store NE make these cultures ideally suited for neurophysiological recording as well as morphological, biochemical, and pharmacological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:270694", "title": "Comparison of contact-mediated communication in normal and transformed human cells in culture.", "content": "With an assay that quantitates the transfer of 6-thioguanylic acid from hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8)-positive donor cells to negative recipient cells through gap junctions, differences in contact-mediated communication between normal and transformed human cells in culture have been detected. We have compared cells cultured from human tumors and simian virus 40-transformed cells with the normal human fibroblasts from which they were derived as well as with gap junction-deficient L cells. The communication, which is extensive in normal cells, is significantly reduced when transformed cells are used as either donors or recipients in the contact-feeding assay. Furthermore, the reduction in the transfer of nucleotides is enhanced when transformed cells are used as both donors and recipients, indicating a dosage effect or synergism, independent of enzyme activity. Fetal cells have a contact-feeding phenotype intermediate between that of normal and that of transformed cells. We suggest that the decrease in communication of nucleotides in transformed cells reflects quantitative or qualitative changes in membrane components responsible for gap junction formation.", "contents": "Comparison of contact-mediated communication in normal and transformed human cells in culture. With an assay that quantitates the transfer of 6-thioguanylic acid from hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8)-positive donor cells to negative recipient cells through gap junctions, differences in contact-mediated communication between normal and transformed human cells in culture have been detected. We have compared cells cultured from human tumors and simian virus 40-transformed cells with the normal human fibroblasts from which they were derived as well as with gap junction-deficient L cells. The communication, which is extensive in normal cells, is significantly reduced when transformed cells are used as either donors or recipients in the contact-feeding assay. Furthermore, the reduction in the transfer of nucleotides is enhanced when transformed cells are used as both donors and recipients, indicating a dosage effect or synergism, independent of enzyme activity. Fetal cells have a contact-feeding phenotype intermediate between that of normal and that of transformed cells. We suggest that the decrease in communication of nucleotides in transformed cells reflects quantitative or qualitative changes in membrane components responsible for gap junction formation."}
{"id": "PMID:270695", "title": "Induction of DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 cells by serum components: reevaluation of the commitment process.", "content": "Serum contains a growth factor derived from platelets and also growth factors derived from platelet-poor plasma. Extracts of heated (100 degrees ) human platelets function synergistically with platelet-poor plasma to induce DNA synthesis in quiescent, density-inhibited BALB/c 3T3 cells. Platelet-poor plasma alone did not induce DNA synthesis. Cells exposed to platelet extracts became competent to enter the cell cycle, but the rate of entry into the S phase depended upon the concentration of platelet-poor plasma. The time required for the induction of this competent state was a function of the concentration of the platelet extract. A 2-hr exposure to 100 mug of the platelet extract at 37 degrees caused the entire cell population to become competent to enter the S phase. At 4 degrees or 25 degrees the cells did not become competent to synthesize DNA. The platelet extract-induced competent state was stable for at least 13 hr after removal of the platelet extract; however, in the absence of platelet-poor plasma, these competent cells did not progress through the cell cycle. The addition of an optimal concentration of platelet-poor plasma (5%) to these competent cells initiated cell cycle traverse with a rapid, first-order entry of cells into the S phase beginning 12 hr after addition of the plasma. The addition of a suboptimal concentration of the plasma (0.25%) did not increase the rate of cell entry into the S phase. Thus, the induction of DNA synthesis in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells can be resolved into at least two phases, controlled by different serum components: (i) competence, induced by the platelet-derived growth factor; and (ii) progression of competent cells into the cell cycle, mediated by factors in platelet-poor plasma.", "contents": "Induction of DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 cells by serum components: reevaluation of the commitment process. Serum contains a growth factor derived from platelets and also growth factors derived from platelet-poor plasma. Extracts of heated (100 degrees ) human platelets function synergistically with platelet-poor plasma to induce DNA synthesis in quiescent, density-inhibited BALB/c 3T3 cells. Platelet-poor plasma alone did not induce DNA synthesis. Cells exposed to platelet extracts became competent to enter the cell cycle, but the rate of entry into the S phase depended upon the concentration of platelet-poor plasma. The time required for the induction of this competent state was a function of the concentration of the platelet extract. A 2-hr exposure to 100 mug of the platelet extract at 37 degrees caused the entire cell population to become competent to enter the S phase. At 4 degrees or 25 degrees the cells did not become competent to synthesize DNA. The platelet extract-induced competent state was stable for at least 13 hr after removal of the platelet extract; however, in the absence of platelet-poor plasma, these competent cells did not progress through the cell cycle. The addition of an optimal concentration of platelet-poor plasma (5%) to these competent cells initiated cell cycle traverse with a rapid, first-order entry of cells into the S phase beginning 12 hr after addition of the plasma. The addition of a suboptimal concentration of the plasma (0.25%) did not increase the rate of cell entry into the S phase. Thus, the induction of DNA synthesis in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells can be resolved into at least two phases, controlled by different serum components: (i) competence, induced by the platelet-derived growth factor; and (ii) progression of competent cells into the cell cycle, mediated by factors in platelet-poor plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:270696", "title": "Specific factors influencing histotypic aggregation of chick embryo hepatocytes.", "content": "Conditions are described for the reproducible assay of substances affecting the in vitro rate of aggregation of isolated chick embryo hepatocytes. Two low molecular weight (less than 1000) fractions--one that promotes hepatocyte aggregation (HAP) and the other that inhibits this stimulation (HAI)--have been isolated and partially purified from adult chicken liver. One major active component of HAP was identified as taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonate). The presence of HAP during the entire time of assay was required for largest aggregate formation. HAP had no effect on aggregation of chick embryo neural retina, kidney, or heart cells. Our results and the fact that puromycin completely inhibits aggregate formation suggest that HAP and HAI influence the specific synthesis and interaction of membrane macromolecules involved in the aggregation process.", "contents": "Specific factors influencing histotypic aggregation of chick embryo hepatocytes. Conditions are described for the reproducible assay of substances affecting the in vitro rate of aggregation of isolated chick embryo hepatocytes. Two low molecular weight (less than 1000) fractions--one that promotes hepatocyte aggregation (HAP) and the other that inhibits this stimulation (HAI)--have been isolated and partially purified from adult chicken liver. One major active component of HAP was identified as taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonate). The presence of HAP during the entire time of assay was required for largest aggregate formation. HAP had no effect on aggregation of chick embryo neural retina, kidney, or heart cells. Our results and the fact that puromycin completely inhibits aggregate formation suggest that HAP and HAI influence the specific synthesis and interaction of membrane macromolecules involved in the aggregation process."}
{"id": "PMID:270697", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of a high molecular weight form of nerve growth factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Rat skeletal muscle cells and a cloned myogenic cell line synthesize and secrete in culture a molecule that is immunologically and biologically indistinguishable from the active form of nerve growth factor (NGF) from mouse submandibular gland. This protein can be detected in medium conditioned by muscle cells both before and after fusion and in the soluble fraction of muscle cell homogenates. Chromatographic data also reveal that the molecular properties of muscle cell NGF differ from those of the growth factor purified from mouse submandibular glands. Muscle cell NGF has a molecular weight between 140,000 and 160,000, whereas purified mouse gland NGF has a molecular weight of 26,000. The biologic function of muscle cell NGF is not known, although it could be that it plays some role relating to the association of nerves and muscle in vivo.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of a high molecular weight form of nerve growth factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture. Rat skeletal muscle cells and a cloned myogenic cell line synthesize and secrete in culture a molecule that is immunologically and biologically indistinguishable from the active form of nerve growth factor (NGF) from mouse submandibular gland. This protein can be detected in medium conditioned by muscle cells both before and after fusion and in the soluble fraction of muscle cell homogenates. Chromatographic data also reveal that the molecular properties of muscle cell NGF differ from those of the growth factor purified from mouse submandibular glands. Muscle cell NGF has a molecular weight between 140,000 and 160,000, whereas purified mouse gland NGF has a molecular weight of 26,000. The biologic function of muscle cell NGF is not known, although it could be that it plays some role relating to the association of nerves and muscle in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:270698", "title": "Cystinotic fibroblasts accumulate cystine from intracellular protein degradation.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from patients with cystinosis, an autosomal recessive condition, accumulate the disulfide amino acid cystine within lysosomes. The metabolic defect leading to the cystine accumulation and the source from which the cystine is derived are unknown. In this report we present data showing that cystine in these cells accumulates from the degradation of endogenous protein. This conclusion is based upon: (i) no demonstrable synthesis of cystine from serine; (ii) no difference in cystine reaccumulation between glutathione-depleted and non-glutathione-depleted cystinotic cells; (iii) recovery of labeled cystine only when the protein pool is labeled; (iv) reversible inhibition of cystine reaccumulation by known inhibitors of lysosomal protein degradation (chloroquine and NH4Cl).", "contents": "Cystinotic fibroblasts accumulate cystine from intracellular protein degradation. Fibroblasts derived from patients with cystinosis, an autosomal recessive condition, accumulate the disulfide amino acid cystine within lysosomes. The metabolic defect leading to the cystine accumulation and the source from which the cystine is derived are unknown. In this report we present data showing that cystine in these cells accumulates from the degradation of endogenous protein. This conclusion is based upon: (i) no demonstrable synthesis of cystine from serine; (ii) no difference in cystine reaccumulation between glutathione-depleted and non-glutathione-depleted cystinotic cells; (iii) recovery of labeled cystine only when the protein pool is labeled; (iv) reversible inhibition of cystine reaccumulation by known inhibitors of lysosomal protein degradation (chloroquine and NH4Cl)."}
{"id": "PMID:270699", "title": "Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor.", "content": "A three-chamber culture system was devised in which neurites growing from small clusters of somas of sympathetic neurons penetrated a virtually fluid-impermeable barrier; thus the local fluid environment of the distal portions of the neurites could be controlled independently of the local fluid environment of the somas and proximal portions of the neurites. Neurites regularly penetrated the barriers if a high concentration of nerve growth factor was present on both sides, but never penetrated into chambers to which no nerve growth factor had been added. After neurites crossed the barrier, local removal of nerve growth factor from the distal portions of the neurites caused the growth of these portions to stop, and they eventually appeared to degenerate even though nerve growth factor was continuously present in the chamber that contained their somas and proximal portions. In contrast, local nerve growth factor was not required at the somas and proximal portions of the neurites; many neurons survived its withdrawal provided their somas were associated with neurite bundles that crossed into a chamber containing nerve growth factor. These results show that the growth, and probably the survival, of neurites depends upon nerve growth factor in their local environment, regardless of the nerve growth factor concentrations to which other portions of the neuron are exposed. This is entirely consistent with the notion that nerve growth factor released by sympathetic target tissues promotes the establishment and maintenance of appropriate neuron-target connections during development.", "contents": "Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor. A three-chamber culture system was devised in which neurites growing from small clusters of somas of sympathetic neurons penetrated a virtually fluid-impermeable barrier; thus the local fluid environment of the distal portions of the neurites could be controlled independently of the local fluid environment of the somas and proximal portions of the neurites. Neurites regularly penetrated the barriers if a high concentration of nerve growth factor was present on both sides, but never penetrated into chambers to which no nerve growth factor had been added. After neurites crossed the barrier, local removal of nerve growth factor from the distal portions of the neurites caused the growth of these portions to stop, and they eventually appeared to degenerate even though nerve growth factor was continuously present in the chamber that contained their somas and proximal portions. In contrast, local nerve growth factor was not required at the somas and proximal portions of the neurites; many neurons survived its withdrawal provided their somas were associated with neurite bundles that crossed into a chamber containing nerve growth factor. These results show that the growth, and probably the survival, of neurites depends upon nerve growth factor in their local environment, regardless of the nerve growth factor concentrations to which other portions of the neuron are exposed. This is entirely consistent with the notion that nerve growth factor released by sympathetic target tissues promotes the establishment and maintenance of appropriate neuron-target connections during development."}
{"id": "PMID:270700", "title": "Evidence from UV transcription mapping in HeLa cells that heterogeneous nuclear RNA is the messenger RNA precursor.", "content": "The effects of UV irradiation on the incorporation of [3H]uridine in HeLa (human) cell mRNA, rRNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and early mRNA from adenovirus type 2 have been compared. The UV target size of cell mRNA is at least 3 times larger than the average size of the mRNA itself and larger than the adenovirus-2 early mRNA, which is known to derive from transcription units of about 1.5-5.0 kilobases. The UV target size of hnRNA, in contrast, is about the same as its size determined by sedimentation and overlaps with the target size of mRNA. It is concluded that most mRNA derives from a higher molecular weight hnRNA molecule.", "contents": "Evidence from UV transcription mapping in HeLa cells that heterogeneous nuclear RNA is the messenger RNA precursor. The effects of UV irradiation on the incorporation of [3H]uridine in HeLa (human) cell mRNA, rRNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and early mRNA from adenovirus type 2 have been compared. The UV target size of cell mRNA is at least 3 times larger than the average size of the mRNA itself and larger than the adenovirus-2 early mRNA, which is known to derive from transcription units of about 1.5-5.0 kilobases. The UV target size of hnRNA, in contrast, is about the same as its size determined by sedimentation and overlaps with the target size of mRNA. It is concluded that most mRNA derives from a higher molecular weight hnRNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:270701", "title": "Bioelectricity and regeneration: large currents leave the stumps of regenerating newt limbs.", "content": "Electrical currents near regenerating newt limbs were measured with a recently developed vibrating probe. Steady currents with local surface densities of 10 to 100 muA/cm2 or more leave the end of the stump during the first 5-10 days after amputation and are balanced by currents with densities of only 1-3 muA/cm2 that enter the intact skin around the stump. They are immediately dependent upon the entry of sodium ions into this skin and are therefore inferred to be skin-driven. The outward currents are comparable in direction, density, duration, and position to artificially imposed currents previously found sufficient to induce significant regeneration of amputated adult frog limbs. This comparison suggests that the endogenous stump currents play some causal role in initiating regeneration.", "contents": "Bioelectricity and regeneration: large currents leave the stumps of regenerating newt limbs. Electrical currents near regenerating newt limbs were measured with a recently developed vibrating probe. Steady currents with local surface densities of 10 to 100 muA/cm2 or more leave the end of the stump during the first 5-10 days after amputation and are balanced by currents with densities of only 1-3 muA/cm2 that enter the intact skin around the stump. They are immediately dependent upon the entry of sodium ions into this skin and are therefore inferred to be skin-driven. The outward currents are comparable in direction, density, duration, and position to artificially imposed currents previously found sufficient to induce significant regeneration of amputated adult frog limbs. This comparison suggests that the endogenous stump currents play some causal role in initiating regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:270702", "title": "Detection of antibody to autologous human leukemia cells by immune adherence assays.", "content": "The sera of 21 adult patients with acute leukemia were studied for the presence of antibody reacting with surface antigens of autologous leukemia cells. Sequential serum samples were obtained from patients and were tested on cryopreserved leukemia cells in immune adherence assays. Three patients showed autologous serum reactivity and the serum of one of them was analyzed in detail. This antibody reacted with autologous acute lymphocytic leukemia cells but not with autologous cells obtained from peripheral blood, bone marrow, or spleen during clinical remission. In absorption tests, the antigen could not be detected on normal autologous or allogeneic blood lymphocytes, lymphoblastoid lines of T- or B-cell origin, or cells infected with simian sarcoma virus, baboon C-type virus, or Mason-Pfizer virus. Leukemia cells from two other patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and one patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia absorbed specific reactivity. These studies indicate that certain acute leukemia cells express a common antigen that elicits a humoral immune response in the autologous host.", "contents": "Detection of antibody to autologous human leukemia cells by immune adherence assays. The sera of 21 adult patients with acute leukemia were studied for the presence of antibody reacting with surface antigens of autologous leukemia cells. Sequential serum samples were obtained from patients and were tested on cryopreserved leukemia cells in immune adherence assays. Three patients showed autologous serum reactivity and the serum of one of them was analyzed in detail. This antibody reacted with autologous acute lymphocytic leukemia cells but not with autologous cells obtained from peripheral blood, bone marrow, or spleen during clinical remission. In absorption tests, the antigen could not be detected on normal autologous or allogeneic blood lymphocytes, lymphoblastoid lines of T- or B-cell origin, or cells infected with simian sarcoma virus, baboon C-type virus, or Mason-Pfizer virus. Leukemia cells from two other patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and one patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia absorbed specific reactivity. These studies indicate that certain acute leukemia cells express a common antigen that elicits a humoral immune response in the autologous host."}
{"id": "PMID:270703", "title": "beta-Endorphin: pituitary and adrenal glands modulate its action.", "content": "Hypophysectomized rats are supersensitive to the hypothermic effects of morphine and beta-endorphin injected intraventricularly as early as 1 week after surgery. At 2 weeks after surgery, there is a significant increase in the antinociceptive potency for these opiates. The route of opiate injection must be considered in interpretations of these results. The enhanced opiate potency following subcutaneous morphine injection in hypophysectomized rats may be partially explained by adrenal dysfunction, as demonstrated by a similar sensitization to subcutaneous morphine following adrenalectomy. By contrast, no enhancement of opiate potency was observed upon direct intraventricular injection of morphine or beta-endorphin in adrenalectomized rats. Furthermore, the potency of intravenous beta-endorphin is profoundly enhanced in adrenalectomized mice; five out of nine animals died when injected with a dose of the peptide that produced only mild analgesia in sham controls. The complete reversal of this intravenous beta-endorphin supersensitivity by dexamethasone implies a possible physiological interplay between the peptide and adrenal function.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin: pituitary and adrenal glands modulate its action. Hypophysectomized rats are supersensitive to the hypothermic effects of morphine and beta-endorphin injected intraventricularly as early as 1 week after surgery. At 2 weeks after surgery, there is a significant increase in the antinociceptive potency for these opiates. The route of opiate injection must be considered in interpretations of these results. The enhanced opiate potency following subcutaneous morphine injection in hypophysectomized rats may be partially explained by adrenal dysfunction, as demonstrated by a similar sensitization to subcutaneous morphine following adrenalectomy. By contrast, no enhancement of opiate potency was observed upon direct intraventricular injection of morphine or beta-endorphin in adrenalectomized rats. Furthermore, the potency of intravenous beta-endorphin is profoundly enhanced in adrenalectomized mice; five out of nine animals died when injected with a dose of the peptide that produced only mild analgesia in sham controls. The complete reversal of this intravenous beta-endorphin supersensitivity by dexamethasone implies a possible physiological interplay between the peptide and adrenal function."}
{"id": "PMID:270704", "title": "Erythropoietin: isolation by affinity chromatography with lectin-agarose derivatives.", "content": "Affinity chromatography using agarose-bound lectins was used to isolate erythropoietin from crude preparations of sheep plasma and human urinary erythropoietin. On the basis of previous estimates of the sugar content of the hormone, six lectins (wheat germ agglutinin, phytohemagglutinin, Ricinus communis 120, soybean agglutinin, concanavalin A, and limulin) were chosen for study. Only wheat germ agglutinin-agarose and phytohemagglutinin-agarose derivatives had significant affinity for erythropoietin. By use of wheat germ aggutinin-agarose columns, erythropoietin could be separated from over 95% of the initial starting protein, resulting  in an 8-to 100-fold purification and a recovery of at least 40% depending on the source of the hormone. Affinity chromatography with agarose-bound lectins provides a simple rapid method for isolating erythropoietin from crude preparations of the hormone.", "contents": "Erythropoietin: isolation by affinity chromatography with lectin-agarose derivatives. Affinity chromatography using agarose-bound lectins was used to isolate erythropoietin from crude preparations of sheep plasma and human urinary erythropoietin. On the basis of previous estimates of the sugar content of the hormone, six lectins (wheat germ agglutinin, phytohemagglutinin, Ricinus communis 120, soybean agglutinin, concanavalin A, and limulin) were chosen for study. Only wheat germ agglutinin-agarose and phytohemagglutinin-agarose derivatives had significant affinity for erythropoietin. By use of wheat germ aggutinin-agarose columns, erythropoietin could be separated from over 95% of the initial starting protein, resulting  in an 8-to 100-fold purification and a recovery of at least 40% depending on the source of the hormone. Affinity chromatography with agarose-bound lectins provides a simple rapid method for isolating erythropoietin from crude preparations of the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:270705", "title": "Role of high-molecular-weight kininogen in surface-binding and activation of coagulation Factor XI and prekallikrein.", "content": "In the contact phase of activation of the kinin-forming, intrinsic clotting, and fibrinolytic systems, high-molecular-weight kininogen acts as a cofactor for the activation of Factor XI, prekallikrein, and Hageman factor. One mechanism by which high-molecular-weight kininogen acts as a cofactor has been studied by using 125I-labeled Factor XI and prekallikrein in kaolin-activated normal human plasma and plasmas deficient in high-molecular-weight kininogen and Hageman factor. High-molecular-weight kininogen was found to be essential for normal binding and cleavage of both Factor XI and prekallikrein on the kaolin surface. Hageman factor was essential for cleavage but not for binding of Factor XI and prekallikrein to kaolin. In normal plasma 80% of the activated Factor XI remained surface-bound, whereas 80% of the kallikrein was not surface-bound. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, in the initial phase of contact activation, high-molecular-weight kininogen links both Factor XI and prekallikrein to the exposed surface where they are activated by surface-bound activated Hageman factor. Once activated, the Factor XI molecules remain localized at the site of activation, in contrast to the kallikrein molecules which are found largely in the surrounding plasma.", "contents": "Role of high-molecular-weight kininogen in surface-binding and activation of coagulation Factor XI and prekallikrein. In the contact phase of activation of the kinin-forming, intrinsic clotting, and fibrinolytic systems, high-molecular-weight kininogen acts as a cofactor for the activation of Factor XI, prekallikrein, and Hageman factor. One mechanism by which high-molecular-weight kininogen acts as a cofactor has been studied by using 125I-labeled Factor XI and prekallikrein in kaolin-activated normal human plasma and plasmas deficient in high-molecular-weight kininogen and Hageman factor. High-molecular-weight kininogen was found to be essential for normal binding and cleavage of both Factor XI and prekallikrein on the kaolin surface. Hageman factor was essential for cleavage but not for binding of Factor XI and prekallikrein to kaolin. In normal plasma 80% of the activated Factor XI remained surface-bound, whereas 80% of the kallikrein was not surface-bound. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, in the initial phase of contact activation, high-molecular-weight kininogen links both Factor XI and prekallikrein to the exposed surface where they are activated by surface-bound activated Hageman factor. Once activated, the Factor XI molecules remain localized at the site of activation, in contrast to the kallikrein molecules which are found largely in the surrounding plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:270706", "title": "On the enzymic defects in hereditary tyrosinemia.", "content": "The activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24) in erythrocytes from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia was less than 5% of that in a control group and the activity in liver tissue was less than 1% of the reported normal activity. Urine from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia contained an inhibitor that was isolated and identified as succinylacetone (4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid) by gas/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fresh urine samples contained succinylacetoacetate (3,5-dioxooctanedioic acid) as well as succinylacetone. The inhibition of porphobilinogen synthase explains the high excretion of 5-aminolevulinate observed in hereditary tyrosinemia. Succinylacetone and succinylacetoacetate presumably originate from maleylacetoacetate or fumarylacetoacetate, or both, and their accumulation indicates a block at the fumarylacetoacetase (EC 3.7.1.2) step in the degradation of tyrosine. We suggest that the severe liver and kidney damage in hereditary tyrosinemia may be due to the accumulation of these tyrosine metabolites and that the primary enzyme defect in hereditary tyrosinemia may be decreased activity of fumarylacetoacetase.", "contents": "On the enzymic defects in hereditary tyrosinemia. The activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24) in erythrocytes from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia was less than 5% of that in a control group and the activity in liver tissue was less than 1% of the reported normal activity. Urine from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia contained an inhibitor that was isolated and identified as succinylacetone (4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid) by gas/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fresh urine samples contained succinylacetoacetate (3,5-dioxooctanedioic acid) as well as succinylacetone. The inhibition of porphobilinogen synthase explains the high excretion of 5-aminolevulinate observed in hereditary tyrosinemia. Succinylacetone and succinylacetoacetate presumably originate from maleylacetoacetate or fumarylacetoacetate, or both, and their accumulation indicates a block at the fumarylacetoacetase (EC 3.7.1.2) step in the degradation of tyrosine. We suggest that the severe liver and kidney damage in hereditary tyrosinemia may be due to the accumulation of these tyrosine metabolites and that the primary enzyme defect in hereditary tyrosinemia may be decreased activity of fumarylacetoacetase."}
{"id": "PMID:270707", "title": "Affinity alkylation labels two subunits of the reduced acetylcholine receptor from mammalian muscle.", "content": "The acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat skeletal muscle was purified by affinity chromatography and, after reduction, was treated with the affinity alkylating agent 4-(N-maleimido)benzyltri[3H]methylammonium iodide. The receptor specifically incorporated approximately 1 mol of alkylating agent per mol of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin bound. Analysis of the labeled receptor by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that two subunits were labeled; their apparent molecular weights were 45,000 and 49,000. These results suggest that the affinity reagent labels a second site for acetylcholine binding in the muscle receptor that is not labeled in receptors from Electrophorus or Torpedo.", "contents": "Affinity alkylation labels two subunits of the reduced acetylcholine receptor from mammalian muscle. The acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat skeletal muscle was purified by affinity chromatography and, after reduction, was treated with the affinity alkylating agent 4-(N-maleimido)benzyltri[3H]methylammonium iodide. The receptor specifically incorporated approximately 1 mol of alkylating agent per mol of 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin bound. Analysis of the labeled receptor by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that two subunits were labeled; their apparent molecular weights were 45,000 and 49,000. These results suggest that the affinity reagent labels a second site for acetylcholine binding in the muscle receptor that is not labeled in receptors from Electrophorus or Torpedo."}
{"id": "PMID:270708", "title": "Immunological distinction between acetylcholine receptor and the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component on sympathetic neurons.", "content": "Clone PC12 of a rat sympathetic neuron cell line binds alpha-bungarotoxin and exhibits carbamoylcholine-stimulated uptake of sodium ions. Concentrations of alpha-bungarotoxin that saturate the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding site have no effect on agonist-stimulated sodium uptake. Conversely, antibodies against eel acetylcholine receptor block the agonist-induced sodium flux but fail to recognize the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component. Detergent extracts of the PC12 clone inhibit the ability of antibody to eel acetylcholine receptor to recognize 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptor complexes derived from muscle. These results distinguish between a ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component on these cells, and provide evidence for antigenic similarities between muscle acetylcholine receptor and ganglionic acetylcholine receptor.", "contents": "Immunological distinction between acetylcholine receptor and the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component on sympathetic neurons. Clone PC12 of a rat sympathetic neuron cell line binds alpha-bungarotoxin and exhibits carbamoylcholine-stimulated uptake of sodium ions. Concentrations of alpha-bungarotoxin that saturate the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding site have no effect on agonist-stimulated sodium uptake. Conversely, antibodies against eel acetylcholine receptor block the agonist-induced sodium flux but fail to recognize the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component. Detergent extracts of the PC12 clone inhibit the ability of antibody to eel acetylcholine receptor to recognize 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptor complexes derived from muscle. These results distinguish between a ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding component on these cells, and provide evidence for antigenic similarities between muscle acetylcholine receptor and ganglionic acetylcholine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:270709", "title": "Mysterious form of referred sensation in man.", "content": "A phenomenon is described in which scratching a small excrescence on the skin on one part of the body is referred to a distant point as a \"prick\" or a \"tingle\". \"Referral\" points are elicited mainly by absent-minded scratching of the skin when attention is not focused on the local sensation produced by the scratch. Location of \"referral\" points seems to follow definite patterns: in all instances, \"referral\" points occurred on the same side of the body as the \"stimulus\" point; and each \"referral\" point was rostral to its \"stimulus\" point; and each \"stimulus\" point was associated with only one \"referral\"  point. \"Stimulus\" and \"referral\" points seem to have a fixed relationship. Pathways from a \"stimulus\" point to a \"referral\" point are not known at present. Although parallels can be drawn between this phenomenon and Bender's \"double simultaneous stimulation\" phenomenon, both remain mysteries.", "contents": "Mysterious form of referred sensation in man. A phenomenon is described in which scratching a small excrescence on the skin on one part of the body is referred to a distant point as a \"prick\" or a \"tingle\". \"Referral\" points are elicited mainly by absent-minded scratching of the skin when attention is not focused on the local sensation produced by the scratch. Location of \"referral\" points seems to follow definite patterns: in all instances, \"referral\" points occurred on the same side of the body as the \"stimulus\" point; and each \"referral\" point was rostral to its \"stimulus\" point; and each \"stimulus\" point was associated with only one \"referral\"  point. \"Stimulus\" and \"referral\" points seem to have a fixed relationship. Pathways from a \"stimulus\" point to a \"referral\" point are not known at present. Although parallels can be drawn between this phenomenon and Bender's \"double simultaneous stimulation\" phenomenon, both remain mysteries."}
{"id": "PMID:270710", "title": "Location of pyridoxal phosphate in glycogen phosphorylase a.", "content": "The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor of glycogen phosphorylase a (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.1.) has been positioned on the protomer with x-ray diffraction data, chemical markers, and sequence information. The electron density was computed from 3.0-A resolution phases calculated from four heavy-atom derivatives. The cofactor is buried inside the protomer adjacent to the glucose-binding site. The phosphoryl substrates Pi and glucose-1-P each bind at two sites on the protomer. At low concentrations, Pi and glucose-1-P bind in the same location as does the allosteric effector AMP, near the monomer-monomer interface and some 30 A from the glucose site. At high concentrations glucose-1-P also binds strongly at the glucose site, with its phosphate only 7.2 A from that of the cofactor. Inorganic phosphate can also bind at this site. Implications for the participation of the pyridoxal phosphate in the catalytic mechanism are discussed in the light of these structural findings as well as the wealth of indirect evidence in the literature.", "contents": "Location of pyridoxal phosphate in glycogen phosphorylase a. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor of glycogen phosphorylase a (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.1.) has been positioned on the protomer with x-ray diffraction data, chemical markers, and sequence information. The electron density was computed from 3.0-A resolution phases calculated from four heavy-atom derivatives. The cofactor is buried inside the protomer adjacent to the glucose-binding site. The phosphoryl substrates Pi and glucose-1-P each bind at two sites on the protomer. At low concentrations, Pi and glucose-1-P bind in the same location as does the allosteric effector AMP, near the monomer-monomer interface and some 30 A from the glucose site. At high concentrations glucose-1-P also binds strongly at the glucose site, with its phosphate only 7.2 A from that of the cofactor. Inorganic phosphate can also bind at this site. Implications for the participation of the pyridoxal phosphate in the catalytic mechanism are discussed in the light of these structural findings as well as the wealth of indirect evidence in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:270711", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase.", "content": "The sequence of the 841 amino acid residues in each subunit (molecular weight 97,412) of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.1) has been determined. The general strategy was based on limited proteolysis of native phosphorylase b by subtilisin BPN', yielding two large segments (light and heavy) which were fragmented by cleavage at methyonyl-, asparaginyl-glycine, and aspartyl-proline bonds. Analysis of two cyanogen bromide fragments (CB14 and CB17) isolated from the intact molecule yielded the overlap between the light and heavy fragments and the remainder of the sequence. The residues involved in the covalent and allosteric control of the enzyme, and in the binding of the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, were identified as serine-14, tyrosine-155, and lysine-679, respectively.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. The sequence of the 841 amino acid residues in each subunit (molecular weight 97,412) of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.1) has been determined. The general strategy was based on limited proteolysis of native phosphorylase b by subtilisin BPN', yielding two large segments (light and heavy) which were fragmented by cleavage at methyonyl-, asparaginyl-glycine, and aspartyl-proline bonds. Analysis of two cyanogen bromide fragments (CB14 and CB17) isolated from the intact molecule yielded the overlap between the light and heavy fragments and the remainder of the sequence. The residues involved in the covalent and allosteric control of the enzyme, and in the binding of the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, were identified as serine-14, tyrosine-155, and lysine-679, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:270712", "title": "HeLa cell poly(A)- mRNA codes for a subset of poly(A)+ mRNA-directed proteins with an actin as a major product.", "content": "Poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA from HeLa cells were separated and translated in heterologous messenger-dependent protein synthesizing systems. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis revealed three classes of polypeptides. At the level of detectability in the electropherograms, a small number (about 10) of proteins were detected only among the poly(A)- mRNA products, a larger number (about 40) were produced by both poly(A)- and poly(A)+ mRNA, and a large number of polypeptides were found exclusively in the poly(A)+ mRNA products. The major product of both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA was shown to be the beta form of actin.Previous cross hybridization measurements suggested little homology between poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA populations. In view of the apparent identity of many poly(A)- products with those of poly(A)+, the homology between poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA sequences was examined in greater detail. cDNA complementary to only the most abundant poly(A)+ message sequences was prepared. About 10% of this cDNA hybridized to abundant sequences in the poly(A)- fraction. This corresponded to only 2% of the total mass of poly(A)+ mRNA and accounted for the failure to detect cross hybridization in previous experiments. Thus, a small number of poly(A)+ sequences appear to be present in relatively high concentration in poly(A)- mRNA as evidenced by both the translation products and the cross hybridization results.", "contents": "HeLa cell poly(A)- mRNA codes for a subset of poly(A)+ mRNA-directed proteins with an actin as a major product. Poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA from HeLa cells were separated and translated in heterologous messenger-dependent protein synthesizing systems. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis revealed three classes of polypeptides. At the level of detectability in the electropherograms, a small number (about 10) of proteins were detected only among the poly(A)- mRNA products, a larger number (about 40) were produced by both poly(A)- and poly(A)+ mRNA, and a large number of polypeptides were found exclusively in the poly(A)+ mRNA products. The major product of both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA was shown to be the beta form of actin.Previous cross hybridization measurements suggested little homology between poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA populations. In view of the apparent identity of many poly(A)- products with those of poly(A)+, the homology between poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNA sequences was examined in greater detail. cDNA complementary to only the most abundant poly(A)+ message sequences was prepared. About 10% of this cDNA hybridized to abundant sequences in the poly(A)- fraction. This corresponded to only 2% of the total mass of poly(A)+ mRNA and accounted for the failure to detect cross hybridization in previous experiments. Thus, a small number of poly(A)+ sequences appear to be present in relatively high concentration in poly(A)- mRNA as evidenced by both the translation products and the cross hybridization results."}
{"id": "PMID:270713", "title": "2-Aminopurine-induced mutagenesis in T4 bacteriophage: a model relating mutation frequency to 2-aminopurine incorporation in DNA.", "content": "We measured the in vivo incorporation of 2-aminopurine into DNA of T4 bacteriophage allelic for gene 43 (DNA polymerase), mutator (L56), 43+, and antimutator (L141). The magnitude of incorporation (mol/mol of Thy) was 1/1500 in L56, 1/1600 in 43+, and 1/8900 in L141. The incorporation ratio L56:43+:L141 in vivo was equal to that mediated by the purified DNA polymerases of these allelic phages in vitro. A model for 2-aminopurine-induced A-T in equilibrium G-C transitions is discussed. The model is used to predict the magnitudes of replication errors (C mispairing with a template 2-aminopurine) and incorporation errors (2-aminopurine mispairing with a template C) per round of replication and to investigate the asymmetry in 2-aminopurine-induced transitions favoring the A-T leads to G-C pathway over G-C leads to A-T. We suggest that the fidelity of L56 and L141 DNA polymerases exemplifies one-step and two-step editing, respectively.", "contents": "2-Aminopurine-induced mutagenesis in T4 bacteriophage: a model relating mutation frequency to 2-aminopurine incorporation in DNA. We measured the in vivo incorporation of 2-aminopurine into DNA of T4 bacteriophage allelic for gene 43 (DNA polymerase), mutator (L56), 43+, and antimutator (L141). The magnitude of incorporation (mol/mol of Thy) was 1/1500 in L56, 1/1600 in 43+, and 1/8900 in L141. The incorporation ratio L56:43+:L141 in vivo was equal to that mediated by the purified DNA polymerases of these allelic phages in vitro. A model for 2-aminopurine-induced A-T in equilibrium G-C transitions is discussed. The model is used to predict the magnitudes of replication errors (C mispairing with a template 2-aminopurine) and incorporation errors (2-aminopurine mispairing with a template C) per round of replication and to investigate the asymmetry in 2-aminopurine-induced transitions favoring the A-T leads to G-C pathway over G-C leads to A-T. We suggest that the fidelity of L56 and L141 DNA polymerases exemplifies one-step and two-step editing, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:270714", "title": "Nonintercalative binding of ethidium bromide to nucleic acids: crystal structure of an ethidium--tRNA molecular complex.", "content": "X-ray diffraction studies at 4.5-A resolution on crystals of a complex of ethidium bromide and yeast phenylalanine tRNA reveal a nonintercalative model of binding of the ethidium within the tertiary structure. This is contrary to the expected interacalative binding to the double-helical regions.", "contents": "Nonintercalative binding of ethidium bromide to nucleic acids: crystal structure of an ethidium--tRNA molecular complex. X-ray diffraction studies at 4.5-A resolution on crystals of a complex of ethidium bromide and yeast phenylalanine tRNA reveal a nonintercalative model of binding of the ethidium within the tertiary structure. This is contrary to the expected interacalative binding to the double-helical regions."}
{"id": "PMID:270715", "title": "Activation of lipoprotein lipase by native and synthetic fragments of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II.", "content": "Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II), a protein constituent of human very low density lipoproteins, is the activator for lipoprotein lipase (LPL; triacylglycerol acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3). The amino acid sequence of the 78 residues of apoC-II has recently been established in this laboratory. To determine the minimal sequence requirements for activation, we have prepared both native and synthetic fragments of apoC-II and tested them for their ability to activate LPL. Cyanogen bromide fragments of apoC-II corresponding to residues 1--9 and 10--59 had little ability to activate LPL. However, the COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment corresponding to residues 60--78 increased hydrolysis 4-fold compared to an average of 9-fold activation for the same concentration of apoC-II. The synthetic peptide containing residues 60--78 prepared by solid-phase techniques enhanced the lipolysis 3-fold. Addition of five residues produced a synthetic fragment 55--78 that enhanced the release of fatty acid 12-fold compared to 13-fold for intact apoC-II. By contrast, the synthetic peptide containing residues 66--78 did not activate. Removal of the three COOH-terminal residues, Gly-Glu-Glu, from fragment 60--78 decreased the ability to activate LPL by greater than 95%. These studies suggest that the maximal activation of LPL by apoC-II requires a minimal sequence contained within residues 55--78.", "contents": "Activation of lipoprotein lipase by native and synthetic fragments of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II. Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II), a protein constituent of human very low density lipoproteins, is the activator for lipoprotein lipase (LPL; triacylglycerol acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3). The amino acid sequence of the 78 residues of apoC-II has recently been established in this laboratory. To determine the minimal sequence requirements for activation, we have prepared both native and synthetic fragments of apoC-II and tested them for their ability to activate LPL. Cyanogen bromide fragments of apoC-II corresponding to residues 1--9 and 10--59 had little ability to activate LPL. However, the COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment corresponding to residues 60--78 increased hydrolysis 4-fold compared to an average of 9-fold activation for the same concentration of apoC-II. The synthetic peptide containing residues 60--78 prepared by solid-phase techniques enhanced the lipolysis 3-fold. Addition of five residues produced a synthetic fragment 55--78 that enhanced the release of fatty acid 12-fold compared to 13-fold for intact apoC-II. By contrast, the synthetic peptide containing residues 66--78 did not activate. Removal of the three COOH-terminal residues, Gly-Glu-Glu, from fragment 60--78 decreased the ability to activate LPL by greater than 95%. These studies suggest that the maximal activation of LPL by apoC-II requires a minimal sequence contained within residues 55--78."}
{"id": "PMID:270716", "title": "Structure of histone H1-DNA complex: effect of histone H1 on DNA condensation.", "content": "Large doughnut-shaped complexes were formed when histone H1 was mixed with DNA in amounts that extensively neutralized it. The doughnut shape is the most prevalent from observed by electron microscopy for linear double-stranded DNA independent of the molecular weight of the DNA in the range 1.2 x 10(6) to 25 x 10(6) at an H1/DNA input weight ratio of 1.3, at ionic strength 0.17. Doughnuts were not observed for single-stranded DNA-H1 complexes; instead, the complexes were globular. The circumference of the doughnutshaped particles indicates that much of the rigidity of duplex DNA in the complex has remained. Evidently, the condensation of the nucleohistone is constrained by the rigidity of duplex DNA and, under this constraint, surface contact with water is minimized by adopting a doughnut shape. Histone H5 causes a type of DNA condensation similar to that of H1 at comparable charge ratios. Core histones H2A-H2b, H3, and H4 complex with DNA to form globular aggregates of such small diameter that the duplex DNA in them must be much more tightly folded than is the case with the doughnut-shaped complexes. Because these histones are designed to fold DNA into nucleosomes 100 A wide, they must destroy the rigidity of free duplex DNA, perhaps by forming kinks in the chain.", "contents": "Structure of histone H1-DNA complex: effect of histone H1 on DNA condensation. Large doughnut-shaped complexes were formed when histone H1 was mixed with DNA in amounts that extensively neutralized it. The doughnut shape is the most prevalent from observed by electron microscopy for linear double-stranded DNA independent of the molecular weight of the DNA in the range 1.2 x 10(6) to 25 x 10(6) at an H1/DNA input weight ratio of 1.3, at ionic strength 0.17. Doughnuts were not observed for single-stranded DNA-H1 complexes; instead, the complexes were globular. The circumference of the doughnutshaped particles indicates that much of the rigidity of duplex DNA in the complex has remained. Evidently, the condensation of the nucleohistone is constrained by the rigidity of duplex DNA and, under this constraint, surface contact with water is minimized by adopting a doughnut shape. Histone H5 causes a type of DNA condensation similar to that of H1 at comparable charge ratios. Core histones H2A-H2b, H3, and H4 complex with DNA to form globular aggregates of such small diameter that the duplex DNA in them must be much more tightly folded than is the case with the doughnut-shaped complexes. Because these histones are designed to fold DNA into nucleosomes 100 A wide, they must destroy the rigidity of free duplex DNA, perhaps by forming kinks in the chain."}
{"id": "PMID:270717", "title": "Proteolytic enzyme activation of rat ovarian adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Various serine proteases (e.g., trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, Pronase, and subtilisin) stimulate adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity in a membrane-enriched fraction of the rat ovary. Maximum stimulation is observed at protease concentrations ranging from 3 to 10 mug/ml. Higher protease concentrations inhibit ovarian adenylate cyclase in a dose-dependent manner. Protease stimulation causes a 6- to 8-fold increase in adenylate cyclase activity, which is comparable to the stimulation observed with human chorionic gonadotropin. Combinations of trypsin plus hormone or trypsin plus NaF stimulate ovarian adenylate cyclase activity to a greater extent than does any one of these alone. The mechanism of protease stimulation of adenylate cyclase involves limited proteolysis because zymogen precursors fail to activate the cyclase as does trypsin pretreated with trypsin inhibitors. Unlike cholera toxin, the serine protease stimulation is immediate (within the first 5 min) and requires no additional factors (e.g., NAD(+)). It is unlikely that protease stimulation of adenylate cyclase results from a proteolytic modification of the hormone receptor on the cell surface, because of the additive effects noted above and because protease stimulation is also observed in ovaries desensitized to hormone that lack this hormone receptor. Results with Lubrol-treated membranes also suggest that proteolytic enzymes do not directly activate the catalytic subunit of the cyclase or unmask new catalytic sites because the protease effect (like hormonal stimulation) is abolished by the detergent, whereas fluoride stimulation is enhanced. Other data suggest that serine protease and chorionic gonadotropin stimulation of adenylate cyclase result from activation of a membrane protease that then regulates adenylate cyclase in the ovary.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzyme activation of rat ovarian adenylate cyclase. Various serine proteases (e.g., trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, Pronase, and subtilisin) stimulate adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] activity in a membrane-enriched fraction of the rat ovary. Maximum stimulation is observed at protease concentrations ranging from 3 to 10 mug/ml. Higher protease concentrations inhibit ovarian adenylate cyclase in a dose-dependent manner. Protease stimulation causes a 6- to 8-fold increase in adenylate cyclase activity, which is comparable to the stimulation observed with human chorionic gonadotropin. Combinations of trypsin plus hormone or trypsin plus NaF stimulate ovarian adenylate cyclase activity to a greater extent than does any one of these alone. The mechanism of protease stimulation of adenylate cyclase involves limited proteolysis because zymogen precursors fail to activate the cyclase as does trypsin pretreated with trypsin inhibitors. Unlike cholera toxin, the serine protease stimulation is immediate (within the first 5 min) and requires no additional factors (e.g., NAD(+)). It is unlikely that protease stimulation of adenylate cyclase results from a proteolytic modification of the hormone receptor on the cell surface, because of the additive effects noted above and because protease stimulation is also observed in ovaries desensitized to hormone that lack this hormone receptor. Results with Lubrol-treated membranes also suggest that proteolytic enzymes do not directly activate the catalytic subunit of the cyclase or unmask new catalytic sites because the protease effect (like hormonal stimulation) is abolished by the detergent, whereas fluoride stimulation is enhanced. Other data suggest that serine protease and chorionic gonadotropin stimulation of adenylate cyclase result from activation of a membrane protease that then regulates adenylate cyclase in the ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:270718", "title": "Homoserine dehydrogenase: spontaneous reactivation by dissociation of p-mercuribenzoate from an inactive enzyme--p-mercuribenzoate complex.", "content": "Incubation of Rhodospirillum rubrum homoserine dehydrogenase (L-homoserine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.3) with p-mercuribenzoate (PMB) in the presence of 0.2 M KCl and 2 mM L-threonine resulted in complete loss of enzyme activity. Upon removal of excess PMB, KCl, and L-threonine, a time-dependent recovery of enzyme activity was observed in 25 mM phosphate/I mM EDTA buffer, pH 7.5. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the transition from inactive to reactivated form of the enzyme was accompanied by a conformational change in the protein. Experiments with [14C]PMB revealed loss of enzyme-bound radioactivity during reactivation. Increase in ionic strength of the phosphate buffer and/or addition of L-threonine, leading to enzyme aggregation, decreased the rate of enzyme reactivation, aggregated enzyme that remained inactive retained [14C]PMB on the enzyme. Sulfhydryl titration of various forms of the enzyme suggested a preferential release of PMB from a sulfhydryl group essential to enzymic activity. We conclude that reactivation of the inactive enzyme is due to dissociation of PMB from an \"active-site\" sulfhydryl group and that changes in the protein structure influence the rate of dissociation of the enzyme-PMB complex.", "contents": "Homoserine dehydrogenase: spontaneous reactivation by dissociation of p-mercuribenzoate from an inactive enzyme--p-mercuribenzoate complex. Incubation of Rhodospirillum rubrum homoserine dehydrogenase (L-homoserine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.3) with p-mercuribenzoate (PMB) in the presence of 0.2 M KCl and 2 mM L-threonine resulted in complete loss of enzyme activity. Upon removal of excess PMB, KCl, and L-threonine, a time-dependent recovery of enzyme activity was observed in 25 mM phosphate/I mM EDTA buffer, pH 7.5. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the transition from inactive to reactivated form of the enzyme was accompanied by a conformational change in the protein. Experiments with [14C]PMB revealed loss of enzyme-bound radioactivity during reactivation. Increase in ionic strength of the phosphate buffer and/or addition of L-threonine, leading to enzyme aggregation, decreased the rate of enzyme reactivation, aggregated enzyme that remained inactive retained [14C]PMB on the enzyme. Sulfhydryl titration of various forms of the enzyme suggested a preferential release of PMB from a sulfhydryl group essential to enzymic activity. We conclude that reactivation of the inactive enzyme is due to dissociation of PMB from an \"active-site\" sulfhydryl group and that changes in the protein structure influence the rate of dissociation of the enzyme-PMB complex."}
{"id": "PMID:270719", "title": "Genes transcribed at diverse rates have a similar conformation in chromatin.", "content": "We have analyzed the DNA generated upon treatment of oviduct nuclei with pancreatic DNase I (deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.6), with cDNA copies of specific mRNA sequences to study the structure and organization of transcriptionally active genes in chromatin. In this report we examine the kinetics of digestion of three classes of genes in the oviduct which are transcribed at significantly different rates. Our results indicate that the ovalbumin genes appear to be organized by chromatin proteins in such a way that they are rendered exceedingly sensitive to digestion by DNase I. This sensitivity is not observed in the liver, a tissue in which these genes are transcriptionally inert. Furthermore, the transcriptionally inactive globin genes in the oviduct are not selectively sensitive to nuclease attack and are digested 5 times more slowly in the ovalbumin genes in this tissue. In addition, we have examined the accessibility of a complex subset of genes that are rarely represented in the mRNA and are likely to be transcribed at a frequency orders of magnitude below that of the ovalbumin gene. Comparison of the accessibility of these sequences with that of the ovalbumin gene indicates that these two subsets of genes are recognized and cleaved by DNase I at similar rates. These results suggest that the maintenance of an active conformation about specific genes does not reflect the polymerase distribution about these genes. This active conformation is therefore not confined to sequences actively engaged in the transcription process and may reflect the structure about a subpopulation of the genome which represents the transcriptional potential of a given cell type.", "contents": "Genes transcribed at diverse rates have a similar conformation in chromatin. We have analyzed the DNA generated upon treatment of oviduct nuclei with pancreatic DNase I (deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.6), with cDNA copies of specific mRNA sequences to study the structure and organization of transcriptionally active genes in chromatin. In this report we examine the kinetics of digestion of three classes of genes in the oviduct which are transcribed at significantly different rates. Our results indicate that the ovalbumin genes appear to be organized by chromatin proteins in such a way that they are rendered exceedingly sensitive to digestion by DNase I. This sensitivity is not observed in the liver, a tissue in which these genes are transcriptionally inert. Furthermore, the transcriptionally inactive globin genes in the oviduct are not selectively sensitive to nuclease attack and are digested 5 times more slowly in the ovalbumin genes in this tissue. In addition, we have examined the accessibility of a complex subset of genes that are rarely represented in the mRNA and are likely to be transcribed at a frequency orders of magnitude below that of the ovalbumin gene. Comparison of the accessibility of these sequences with that of the ovalbumin gene indicates that these two subsets of genes are recognized and cleaved by DNase I at similar rates. These results suggest that the maintenance of an active conformation about specific genes does not reflect the polymerase distribution about these genes. This active conformation is therefore not confined to sequences actively engaged in the transcription process and may reflect the structure about a subpopulation of the genome which represents the transcriptional potential of a given cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:270720", "title": "Selective recognition of nucleic acids by proteins: the specificity of guanine interaction with carboxylate ions.", "content": "The interaction of carboxylate ions (acetate, butyrate) with nucleic aicd bases and nucleosides has been investigated by proton magnetic resonance in dimethyl sulfoxide (d6)/H2O mixtures. Carboxylate ions interacted only with guanine derivatives and led to a large downfield shift of the NH2 resonance. A 1:1 stoichiometry was deduced from a study of the concentration dependence of chemical shifts. A study of substituted guanine showed that hydrogen bonding involved N(1)H and NH2(2). An association constant of 110 M-1 was determined. This value is about 30 times higher than the association constant for guanine-cytosine base pair formation under the same experimental conditions. As a matter of fact, carboxylate ions induced a dissociation of guanine-cytosine base pairs. This guanine-carboxylate association is experimental evidence for a highly specific interaction that could play an important role in protein/nucleic acid recognition.", "contents": "Selective recognition of nucleic acids by proteins: the specificity of guanine interaction with carboxylate ions. The interaction of carboxylate ions (acetate, butyrate) with nucleic aicd bases and nucleosides has been investigated by proton magnetic resonance in dimethyl sulfoxide (d6)/H2O mixtures. Carboxylate ions interacted only with guanine derivatives and led to a large downfield shift of the NH2 resonance. A 1:1 stoichiometry was deduced from a study of the concentration dependence of chemical shifts. A study of substituted guanine showed that hydrogen bonding involved N(1)H and NH2(2). An association constant of 110 M-1 was determined. This value is about 30 times higher than the association constant for guanine-cytosine base pair formation under the same experimental conditions. As a matter of fact, carboxylate ions induced a dissociation of guanine-cytosine base pairs. This guanine-carboxylate association is experimental evidence for a highly specific interaction that could play an important role in protein/nucleic acid recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:270721", "title": "Estradiol receptor of calf uterus: interactions with heparin-agarose and purification.", "content": "Heparin attached covalently to agarose beads binds the \"native\" form of the estradiol receptor with very high affinity. Chondroitin sulfate does not bind to the receptor. When the receptor is complexed with hormone, the affinity is at least 10 times higher. Only the \"native\" and not the \"nuclear\" or the \"derived\" (i.e., after activation by a calcium-dependent enzyme) forms of the estradiol receptor interact with heparin. The \"native\" estradiol-receptor complex is purified to homogeneity after chromatography on columns of heparin-agarose, Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-cellulose, followed by two more Sephadex G-200 columns. The purified molecule is a single polypeptide of molecular weight 69,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. The sedimentation coefficient on sucrose gradients is 4.3 S, the Stokes radius from gel filtration is 36.5 A, and the isoelectric point is 6.4. The purified [3H]estradiol-receptor complex exchanges the radioactive hormone with estradiol or other estrogenic steroids, but not with testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or progesterone.", "contents": "Estradiol receptor of calf uterus: interactions with heparin-agarose and purification. Heparin attached covalently to agarose beads binds the \"native\" form of the estradiol receptor with very high affinity. Chondroitin sulfate does not bind to the receptor. When the receptor is complexed with hormone, the affinity is at least 10 times higher. Only the \"native\" and not the \"nuclear\" or the \"derived\" (i.e., after activation by a calcium-dependent enzyme) forms of the estradiol receptor interact with heparin. The \"native\" estradiol-receptor complex is purified to homogeneity after chromatography on columns of heparin-agarose, Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-cellulose, followed by two more Sephadex G-200 columns. The purified molecule is a single polypeptide of molecular weight 69,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. The sedimentation coefficient on sucrose gradients is 4.3 S, the Stokes radius from gel filtration is 36.5 A, and the isoelectric point is 6.4. The purified [3H]estradiol-receptor complex exchanges the radioactive hormone with estradiol or other estrogenic steroids, but not with testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:270722", "title": "Response of endocytosis to altered fatty acyl composition of macrophage phospholipids.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated in serumless medium containing a 19:0 or trans-18:1 fatty acid complexed to bovine serum albumin incorporate the exogenous fatty acid supplement into cellular phospholipids. Within 8 hr, 25% of the total phospholipid fatty acids are derived from the supplement, with cell viability remaining greater than 95%. The incorporation of either of these supplements increases the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio in the phospholipids 2-fold over that of cells cultured in serum and effects striking changes in endocytic activities. The levels of both fluid-phase pinocytosis and receptor-mediated phagocytosis are decreased at all temperatures examined between 15 degrees and 37 degrees. The increased degree of saturation of cell phospholipids correlates with decreased endocytic rates for both processes and with increased activation energies (Eact) for phagocytosis. The Eact values for phagocytosis, which range from 54 to 90 kcal/mol, depend on the supplementation conditions used. Although the levels of pinocytosis are depressed, the Eact values for pinocytosis (17--25 kcal/mol) are not strikingly affected by saturated fatty acid enrichment. These observations suggest that the degree of lipid fluidity of macrophage membranes influences both phagocytosis and pinocytosis in macrophages.", "contents": "Response of endocytosis to altered fatty acyl composition of macrophage phospholipids. Mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated in serumless medium containing a 19:0 or trans-18:1 fatty acid complexed to bovine serum albumin incorporate the exogenous fatty acid supplement into cellular phospholipids. Within 8 hr, 25% of the total phospholipid fatty acids are derived from the supplement, with cell viability remaining greater than 95%. The incorporation of either of these supplements increases the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio in the phospholipids 2-fold over that of cells cultured in serum and effects striking changes in endocytic activities. The levels of both fluid-phase pinocytosis and receptor-mediated phagocytosis are decreased at all temperatures examined between 15 degrees and 37 degrees. The increased degree of saturation of cell phospholipids correlates with decreased endocytic rates for both processes and with increased activation energies (Eact) for phagocytosis. The Eact values for phagocytosis, which range from 54 to 90 kcal/mol, depend on the supplementation conditions used. Although the levels of pinocytosis are depressed, the Eact values for pinocytosis (17--25 kcal/mol) are not strikingly affected by saturated fatty acid enrichment. These observations suggest that the degree of lipid fluidity of macrophage membranes influences both phagocytosis and pinocytosis in macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:270723", "title": "Sequence of an oligonucleotide derived from the 3' end of each of the four brome mosaic viral RNAs.", "content": "A 3'-terminal oligonucleotide fragment, 161 bases long, can be obtained from each of the four brome mosaic virus RNAs by means of nuclease digestion. Like the four intact brome mosaic virus RNAs, each fragment accepts tyrosine in a reaction catalyzed by wheat germ aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The complete nucleotide sequence of the RNA 4 fragment has been determined by use of standard radiochemical methods. Comparative data for the fragments from RNAs 1, 2, and 3 show that they have nearly the same sequence as the RNA 4 fragment. The eight bases adjacent to the 3' terminus of the RNA 4 fragment are identical in sequence to the eight terminal bases of tyrosine tRNA from Torula utilis and eleven interior bases are identical in sequence to eleven bases encompassing the anticodon region of tyrosine tRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, T. utilis, and Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, reasonable base-pairing schemes yield, at best, a distorted cloverleaf secondary structure.", "contents": "Sequence of an oligonucleotide derived from the 3' end of each of the four brome mosaic viral RNAs. A 3'-terminal oligonucleotide fragment, 161 bases long, can be obtained from each of the four brome mosaic virus RNAs by means of nuclease digestion. Like the four intact brome mosaic virus RNAs, each fragment accepts tyrosine in a reaction catalyzed by wheat germ aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The complete nucleotide sequence of the RNA 4 fragment has been determined by use of standard radiochemical methods. Comparative data for the fragments from RNAs 1, 2, and 3 show that they have nearly the same sequence as the RNA 4 fragment. The eight bases adjacent to the 3' terminus of the RNA 4 fragment are identical in sequence to the eight terminal bases of tyrosine tRNA from Torula utilis and eleven interior bases are identical in sequence to eleven bases encompassing the anticodon region of tyrosine tRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, T. utilis, and Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, reasonable base-pairing schemes yield, at best, a distorted cloverleaf secondary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:270724", "title": "31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of HeLa cells.", "content": "A survey of phosphorus compounds present in HeLa cells and their acid extracts has been carried out by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 40 MHz. The proton decoupled (31)P spectrum of the neutralized extract had resolution adequate to enable the identification of the main phosphate compounds. The spectral intensities were converted to concentrations. The lower detection limit with extensive signal averaging was 0.02 mumol for the extract. The composition, listed in order of decreasing concentration, was: inorganic phosphate, ATP, phosphorylcholine, creatine phosphate, UTP, NAD(+), glucose 6-phosphate, beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, alpha-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, ADP, alpha-glycerophosphorylcholine, and alpha-glycerophosphorylethanolamine. UTP made up (1/5) of the total nucleotide triphosphate content. The composition was compared to the (31)P spectrum of an extract from a human astrocytoma grown in athymic mice. The signal from P-containing macromolecules such as nucleic acids was not detected in the intact HeLa cell spectrum because of broad lines. Effects of the glycolysis inhibitor iodoacetic acid could be clearly shown in spectra of both the intact cell and the extract as buildup of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate at the expense of ATP, UTP, and creatine phosphate.", "contents": "31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of HeLa cells. A survey of phosphorus compounds present in HeLa cells and their acid extracts has been carried out by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 40 MHz. The proton decoupled (31)P spectrum of the neutralized extract had resolution adequate to enable the identification of the main phosphate compounds. The spectral intensities were converted to concentrations. The lower detection limit with extensive signal averaging was 0.02 mumol for the extract. The composition, listed in order of decreasing concentration, was: inorganic phosphate, ATP, phosphorylcholine, creatine phosphate, UTP, NAD(+), glucose 6-phosphate, beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, alpha-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, ADP, alpha-glycerophosphorylcholine, and alpha-glycerophosphorylethanolamine. UTP made up (1/5) of the total nucleotide triphosphate content. The composition was compared to the (31)P spectrum of an extract from a human astrocytoma grown in athymic mice. The signal from P-containing macromolecules such as nucleic acids was not detected in the intact HeLa cell spectrum because of broad lines. Effects of the glycolysis inhibitor iodoacetic acid could be clearly shown in spectra of both the intact cell and the extract as buildup of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate at the expense of ATP, UTP, and creatine phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:270725", "title": "RNA polymerase binding sites in lambdaplac5 DNA.", "content": "The in vitro binding of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) to fragments of lambdaplac5 DNA generated by restriction endonucleases HindII and HindIII has been studied by a filter binding technique. The results are consistent with RNA polymerase binding at p(R)', the INT promoter (p(I)), several sites in the b2 region, the mis promoter, the oop promoter (or p(O)), and p(rm). Binding was also observed on some fragments that are not known to contain active promoters, including the fragment from the cIII-t(L) region. Some of these binding reactions might also be explained by interaction of RNA polymerase with termination sites. Additional polymerase binding sites have been detected by examining which HindII and HindIII sites were not cleaved when digestion was performed after RNA polymerase had been bound to the DNA. This technique revealed polymerase binding at p(L), at p(R), at a site between R and cos, and at a site at the junction of the gamma and cIII-t(L) fragments. A comparison of the location of polymerase binding fragments with the partial denaturation map of the lambda genome indicates that RNA polymerase binding sites are located within A-T rich regions. It is suggested that RNA polymerase binding is a function both of specific sequences (where recognition occurs) and of the base composition of the surrounding regions (which affects the stability of the helix at the specific site).", "contents": "RNA polymerase binding sites in lambdaplac5 DNA. The in vitro binding of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) to fragments of lambdaplac5 DNA generated by restriction endonucleases HindII and HindIII has been studied by a filter binding technique. The results are consistent with RNA polymerase binding at p(R)', the INT promoter (p(I)), several sites in the b2 region, the mis promoter, the oop promoter (or p(O)), and p(rm). Binding was also observed on some fragments that are not known to contain active promoters, including the fragment from the cIII-t(L) region. Some of these binding reactions might also be explained by interaction of RNA polymerase with termination sites. Additional polymerase binding sites have been detected by examining which HindII and HindIII sites were not cleaved when digestion was performed after RNA polymerase had been bound to the DNA. This technique revealed polymerase binding at p(L), at p(R), at a site between R and cos, and at a site at the junction of the gamma and cIII-t(L) fragments. A comparison of the location of polymerase binding fragments with the partial denaturation map of the lambda genome indicates that RNA polymerase binding sites are located within A-T rich regions. It is suggested that RNA polymerase binding is a function both of specific sequences (where recognition occurs) and of the base composition of the surrounding regions (which affects the stability of the helix at the specific site)."}
{"id": "PMID:270726", "title": "Differential effects of cholesterol and lanosterol on artificial membranes.", "content": "The effects of cholesterol, 4,4-dimethylcholesterol, and lanosterol (4,4',14alpha-trimethyl-delta8,24-cholestadiene-3beta-ol) on some properties of lecithin vesicles have been compared. Unlike cholesterol, lanosterol retards the exit of trapped glucose from phospholipid vesicles only slightly. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of cholesterol/lecithin vesicles shows no resonances attributable to the sterol. By contrast, several resonances attributable to quaternary carbon atoms or methyl groups are seen in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of lanosterol/lecithin vesicles, indicating that lanosterol is much less immobilized than cholesterol. Because the membrane behavior of 4,4-dimethylcholesterol is closely similar to that of cholesterol, it is concluded that the axial 14-alpha-methyl group is responsible for the lessened membrane immobilization of lanosterol. The results emphasize the importance of a planar sterol alpha-face for interaction with phospholipid acyl chains.", "contents": "Differential effects of cholesterol and lanosterol on artificial membranes. The effects of cholesterol, 4,4-dimethylcholesterol, and lanosterol (4,4',14alpha-trimethyl-delta8,24-cholestadiene-3beta-ol) on some properties of lecithin vesicles have been compared. Unlike cholesterol, lanosterol retards the exit of trapped glucose from phospholipid vesicles only slightly. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of cholesterol/lecithin vesicles shows no resonances attributable to the sterol. By contrast, several resonances attributable to quaternary carbon atoms or methyl groups are seen in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of lanosterol/lecithin vesicles, indicating that lanosterol is much less immobilized than cholesterol. Because the membrane behavior of 4,4-dimethylcholesterol is closely similar to that of cholesterol, it is concluded that the axial 14-alpha-methyl group is responsible for the lessened membrane immobilization of lanosterol. The results emphasize the importance of a planar sterol alpha-face for interaction with phospholipid acyl chains."}
{"id": "PMID:270727", "title": "Isolation of a protein scaffold from mitotic HeLa cell chromosomes.", "content": "We have recently shown that, after the histones and most of the nonhistone proteins are gently removed from HeLa metaphase chromosomes, the chromosomal DNA is still highly organized and relatively compact. The structure of these histone-depleted chromosomes is due to the presence of a number of nonhistone proteins that form a central scaffold that retains the approximate size and shape of intact chromosomes and to which the DNA is attached, predominantly forming loops. We now demonstrate that the protein scaffold may be isolated independently of the DNA by treating HeLa chromosomes with micrococcal nuclease before removing the histones.The chromosomal scaffolds may be isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation as a well-defined peak that is stable in 2 M sodium chloride, but is dissociated by treatment with proteases, 4 M urea, or 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the protein content of scaffold preparations is identical to that of histone-depleted chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy of purified scaffolds in isolation buffer shows that the particles still possess the familiar chromosome morphology. When the scaffolds are examined in the electron microscope, a fibrous structure with the approximate size and shape of intact, paired chromatids is seen. Less than 0.1% of the chromosomal DNA and virtually no histones are associated with the purified scaffold structures.", "contents": "Isolation of a protein scaffold from mitotic HeLa cell chromosomes. We have recently shown that, after the histones and most of the nonhistone proteins are gently removed from HeLa metaphase chromosomes, the chromosomal DNA is still highly organized and relatively compact. The structure of these histone-depleted chromosomes is due to the presence of a number of nonhistone proteins that form a central scaffold that retains the approximate size and shape of intact chromosomes and to which the DNA is attached, predominantly forming loops. We now demonstrate that the protein scaffold may be isolated independently of the DNA by treating HeLa chromosomes with micrococcal nuclease before removing the histones.The chromosomal scaffolds may be isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation as a well-defined peak that is stable in 2 M sodium chloride, but is dissociated by treatment with proteases, 4 M urea, or 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that the protein content of scaffold preparations is identical to that of histone-depleted chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy of purified scaffolds in isolation buffer shows that the particles still possess the familiar chromosome morphology. When the scaffolds are examined in the electron microscope, a fibrous structure with the approximate size and shape of intact, paired chromatids is seen. Less than 0.1% of the chromosomal DNA and virtually no histones are associated with the purified scaffold structures."}
{"id": "PMID:270728", "title": "Enzymatic formation of glutathione-citryl thioester by a mitochondrial system and its inhibition by (-)erythrofluorocitrate.", "content": "A soluble extract of the mitochondrial compartment composed of the inner membrane and matrix catalyzes the enzymatic synthesis and hydrolysis of the 1:1 adduct of citric acid and glutathione. The adduct was identified as the thioester by isolation with single and double isotope labeling ([(14)C]citric acid and [(35)S]glutathione) and by conversion to the monohydroxamate of citric acid and comparison with the synthetic product by thin layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. The enzymatic formation of the thioester (pH optimum 7.39 at 30 degrees ) requires oxidized glutathione and citrate; both substrates exhibit a Michaelis-Menten kinetics. During the enzymatic reaction equimolar quantities of thioester and glutathione sulfinic acid are formed. After gel filtration or salt fractionation the enzyme system requires Mn(2+) (or Mg(2+), which is less effective) for maximal activity. When extracts of mitoplast are tested, the time course of reaction is biphasic due to the rapid synthesis of the product by the thioester-forming system (molecular weight 171,000) followed by its decay by the hydrolase (molecular weight 71,000). The two systems were separated by molecular filtration on Sephadex G-200 and by precipitation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4). The thioester-forming system is inhibited by preincubation with 0.5 mM mersalyl. Other inhibitors are 1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid, 10 mM Ca(2+), 200 mM K(+), and the free radical trapping agent, phenazine methosulfate. The citrate-glutathione thioester formation is irreversibly and specifically inhibited by (-)erythrofluorocitrate (50% inhibition at 25 pmol of added fluorocitrate per mg of protein), which forms a trichloroacetic acid-stable adduct with the enzyme protein (at 50% inhibition, 0.8 pmol is bound to 1 mg of protein). Synthesis of malyl-glutathione thioester by inner membrane vesicles is selectively inhibited by (-)erythrofluoromalate.", "contents": "Enzymatic formation of glutathione-citryl thioester by a mitochondrial system and its inhibition by (-)erythrofluorocitrate. A soluble extract of the mitochondrial compartment composed of the inner membrane and matrix catalyzes the enzymatic synthesis and hydrolysis of the 1:1 adduct of citric acid and glutathione. The adduct was identified as the thioester by isolation with single and double isotope labeling ([(14)C]citric acid and [(35)S]glutathione) and by conversion to the monohydroxamate of citric acid and comparison with the synthetic product by thin layer chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. The enzymatic formation of the thioester (pH optimum 7.39 at 30 degrees ) requires oxidized glutathione and citrate; both substrates exhibit a Michaelis-Menten kinetics. During the enzymatic reaction equimolar quantities of thioester and glutathione sulfinic acid are formed. After gel filtration or salt fractionation the enzyme system requires Mn(2+) (or Mg(2+), which is less effective) for maximal activity. When extracts of mitoplast are tested, the time course of reaction is biphasic due to the rapid synthesis of the product by the thioester-forming system (molecular weight 171,000) followed by its decay by the hydrolase (molecular weight 71,000). The two systems were separated by molecular filtration on Sephadex G-200 and by precipitation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4). The thioester-forming system is inhibited by preincubation with 0.5 mM mersalyl. Other inhibitors are 1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid, 10 mM Ca(2+), 200 mM K(+), and the free radical trapping agent, phenazine methosulfate. The citrate-glutathione thioester formation is irreversibly and specifically inhibited by (-)erythrofluorocitrate (50% inhibition at 25 pmol of added fluorocitrate per mg of protein), which forms a trichloroacetic acid-stable adduct with the enzyme protein (at 50% inhibition, 0.8 pmol is bound to 1 mg of protein). Synthesis of malyl-glutathione thioester by inner membrane vesicles is selectively inhibited by (-)erythrofluoromalate."}
{"id": "PMID:270729", "title": "Candida lipolytica mutants defective in an acyl-coenzyme A synthetase: isolation and fatty acid metabolism.", "content": "Mutant strains of Candida lipolytica defective in an acyl-CoA synthetase [acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming); EC 6.2.1.3]were isolated. The mutant strains apparently exhibited no acyl-CoA synthetase activity in vitro and were, in contrast to the wild-type strain, incapable of growing in the presence of exogenous fatty acid when cellular synthesis de novo of fatty acid was blocked. However, the mutant strains grew on either fatty acid or n-alkane as a sole carbon source at rates comparable to that observed for the wild-type strain. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipids from the mutant cells grown on odd-chain-length fatty acid as well as [14C]oleic acid incorporation studies have shown that the mutant cells, unlike the wild-type cells, cannot incorporate exogenous fatty acid as a whole into cellular lipids, but utilize the fatty acid that is synthesized de novo from acetyl-CoA produced by degradation of exogenous fatty acid. This finding indicates the presence of at least two acyl-CoA synthetases that activate long-chain fatty acid. One, designated acyl-CoA synthetase I, which is absent in the mutant strains, is responsible for the production of acyl-CoA to be utilized for the synthesis of cellular lipids. The other acyl-CoA synthetase provides actyl-CoA that is exclusively degraded via beta-oxidation to yield acetyl-CoA.", "contents": "Candida lipolytica mutants defective in an acyl-coenzyme A synthetase: isolation and fatty acid metabolism. Mutant strains of Candida lipolytica defective in an acyl-CoA synthetase [acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming); EC 6.2.1.3]were isolated. The mutant strains apparently exhibited no acyl-CoA synthetase activity in vitro and were, in contrast to the wild-type strain, incapable of growing in the presence of exogenous fatty acid when cellular synthesis de novo of fatty acid was blocked. However, the mutant strains grew on either fatty acid or n-alkane as a sole carbon source at rates comparable to that observed for the wild-type strain. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipids from the mutant cells grown on odd-chain-length fatty acid as well as [14C]oleic acid incorporation studies have shown that the mutant cells, unlike the wild-type cells, cannot incorporate exogenous fatty acid as a whole into cellular lipids, but utilize the fatty acid that is synthesized de novo from acetyl-CoA produced by degradation of exogenous fatty acid. This finding indicates the presence of at least two acyl-CoA synthetases that activate long-chain fatty acid. One, designated acyl-CoA synthetase I, which is absent in the mutant strains, is responsible for the production of acyl-CoA to be utilized for the synthesis of cellular lipids. The other acyl-CoA synthetase provides actyl-CoA that is exclusively degraded via beta-oxidation to yield acetyl-CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:270730", "title": "Analytical and graphical examination of strong binding by half-of-sites in proteins: illustration with aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "In multiple binding of ligands to a protein, the binding sites may seem to behave as if they are partitioned equally between two modalities. This paper analyzes three different molecular situations in which two actual assemblages appear: (i) two classes of sites exist at the outset in the ligand-free macromolecule; (ii) all sites are initially identical but after half are occupied, the affinity of the residual ones is altered; (iii) all sites are initially identical but they interact in a pairwise manner. The contours of affinity profiles-graphs of normalized stoichiometric binding constants (iK(i)) versus stoichiometric step number i-are examined for each situation to provide a basis for discriminating among them. Proper procedures for evaluating the site binding constants are then described. To illustrate these procedures, published experimental data for two real systems, binding of substrate or modifier by the enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase (carbamoylphosphate: L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2), are scrutinized and the meaning of the calculated binding parameters is examined. The results demonstrate concretely that site binding constants cannot be specified without assuming a particular molecular model, but the stoichiometric constants can be assigned unambiguously without regard to the type of behavior at the individual sites.", "contents": "Analytical and graphical examination of strong binding by half-of-sites in proteins: illustration with aspartate transcarbamylase. In multiple binding of ligands to a protein, the binding sites may seem to behave as if they are partitioned equally between two modalities. This paper analyzes three different molecular situations in which two actual assemblages appear: (i) two classes of sites exist at the outset in the ligand-free macromolecule; (ii) all sites are initially identical but after half are occupied, the affinity of the residual ones is altered; (iii) all sites are initially identical but they interact in a pairwise manner. The contours of affinity profiles-graphs of normalized stoichiometric binding constants (iK(i)) versus stoichiometric step number i-are examined for each situation to provide a basis for discriminating among them. Proper procedures for evaluating the site binding constants are then described. To illustrate these procedures, published experimental data for two real systems, binding of substrate or modifier by the enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase (carbamoylphosphate: L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2), are scrutinized and the meaning of the calculated binding parameters is examined. The results demonstrate concretely that site binding constants cannot be specified without assuming a particular molecular model, but the stoichiometric constants can be assigned unambiguously without regard to the type of behavior at the individual sites."}
{"id": "PMID:270731", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the opioid peptides from rat pituitary: beta-endorphin.", "content": "beta-Endorphin was isolated from 200 rat pituitaries by means of high-performance column chromatography, using sensitive fluorometric methods and a radioreceptor assay for opioid activity. The beta-endorphin was characterized as to molecular weight, amino acid composition, and mapping of tryptic peptides by a new microtechnique. It was found that rat beta-endorphin is identical to camel and sheep beta-endorphin. Furthermore, alpha-endorphin, Met-enkephalin, a nonpeptide morphine-like compound (MLC), and an additional unidentified opioid compound were detected in the extract of rat pituitary.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the opioid peptides from rat pituitary: beta-endorphin. beta-Endorphin was isolated from 200 rat pituitaries by means of high-performance column chromatography, using sensitive fluorometric methods and a radioreceptor assay for opioid activity. The beta-endorphin was characterized as to molecular weight, amino acid composition, and mapping of tryptic peptides by a new microtechnique. It was found that rat beta-endorphin is identical to camel and sheep beta-endorphin. Furthermore, alpha-endorphin, Met-enkephalin, a nonpeptide morphine-like compound (MLC), and an additional unidentified opioid compound were detected in the extract of rat pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:270732", "title": "Contacts between the lac repressor and the thymines in the lac operator.", "content": "We have identified important points of contact between the lac repressor and the lac operator by crosslinking the repressor to bromouracil-substituted operator. We substituted bromouracils for thymines in a 55-base-long restriction fragment containing the lac operator and labeled one or the other 5' end with 32P. Ultraviolet irradiation of this fragment produced single-strand breakds at the bromouracils. We examined breakage at each bromouracil in the sequence by denaturing the DNA and displaying the UV-generated fragments on a polyacrylamide gel. In the presence of lac repressor, UV radiation failed to break at specific sites. We attribute this to a competing reaction in which the DNA crosslinks to the repressor rather than breaking. These crosslinkable sites thus define positions at which the lac repressor protein lies close to the methyl group of a thymine in the major groove of DNA.", "contents": "Contacts between the lac repressor and the thymines in the lac operator. We have identified important points of contact between the lac repressor and the lac operator by crosslinking the repressor to bromouracil-substituted operator. We substituted bromouracils for thymines in a 55-base-long restriction fragment containing the lac operator and labeled one or the other 5' end with 32P. Ultraviolet irradiation of this fragment produced single-strand breakds at the bromouracils. We examined breakage at each bromouracil in the sequence by denaturing the DNA and displaying the UV-generated fragments on a polyacrylamide gel. In the presence of lac repressor, UV radiation failed to break at specific sites. We attribute this to a competing reaction in which the DNA crosslinks to the repressor rather than breaking. These crosslinkable sites thus define positions at which the lac repressor protein lies close to the methyl group of a thymine in the major groove of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:270733", "title": "Synapse turnover: the formation and termination of transient synapses.", "content": "Neurons dissociated from chick embryo retina form synapses with cultured rat striated muscle cells in 35-90 min when neurite extension is uncoupled from later steps in synapse formation. The results suggest that a reaction is required for synapse formation after neurons adhere to muscle cells. All synapses between retina neurons and muscle cells are terminated in 3-10 days depending on the developmental age of the neurons. The half-lives of synapses between muscle cells and retina neurons from 8-, 12-, or 13-day embryos are 36, 26, and 5 hr and mean synapse life-times are 53, 37, and 7.1 hr, respectively. The results show that synapses turn over and that the rate of turnover increases during development. The results suggest that both synapse formation and termination rates are regulated and that the specificity of synaptic connections can be increased by selective termination of synapses.", "contents": "Synapse turnover: the formation and termination of transient synapses. Neurons dissociated from chick embryo retina form synapses with cultured rat striated muscle cells in 35-90 min when neurite extension is uncoupled from later steps in synapse formation. The results suggest that a reaction is required for synapse formation after neurons adhere to muscle cells. All synapses between retina neurons and muscle cells are terminated in 3-10 days depending on the developmental age of the neurons. The half-lives of synapses between muscle cells and retina neurons from 8-, 12-, or 13-day embryos are 36, 26, and 5 hr and mean synapse life-times are 53, 37, and 7.1 hr, respectively. The results show that synapses turn over and that the rate of turnover increases during development. The results suggest that both synapse formation and termination rates are regulated and that the specificity of synaptic connections can be increased by selective termination of synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:270734", "title": "Fate of lipid vesicles in vivo: a gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation study.", "content": "The structural integrity of unilamellar vesicles has been studied in vitro and in vivo by use of gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation techniques. These studies utilize 111In3+ weakly bound to the chelator nitrilotriacetic acid as a probe to monitor the percentage of intact vesicles. When complexes of 111In3+ and nitrilotriacetic acid is encapsulated in vesicles, 111In3+ exhibits a fast tumbling rate. Upon alteration of the membrane, 111In3+ is released from the liposomes and becomes bound to macromolecules, consequently exhibiting a decrease in 111In3+ tumbling rate. The in vitro experiments show that the present technique is capable of determining quantitatively the percentage of material released from the vesicles upon the addition of serum or Triton X-100 to vesicles. The percentage of vesicles remaining intact in vivo can also be monitored continuously by the present technique. In mice, the half-life of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles after intraperitoneal injection was estimated to be 10-13 hr. The present study suggest that the vesicles remain intact in various tissues for extended periods, thereby allowing a slow release of the encapsulated material at those sites.", "contents": "Fate of lipid vesicles in vivo: a gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation study. The structural integrity of unilamellar vesicles has been studied in vitro and in vivo by use of gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation techniques. These studies utilize 111In3+ weakly bound to the chelator nitrilotriacetic acid as a probe to monitor the percentage of intact vesicles. When complexes of 111In3+ and nitrilotriacetic acid is encapsulated in vesicles, 111In3+ exhibits a fast tumbling rate. Upon alteration of the membrane, 111In3+ is released from the liposomes and becomes bound to macromolecules, consequently exhibiting a decrease in 111In3+ tumbling rate. The in vitro experiments show that the present technique is capable of determining quantitatively the percentage of material released from the vesicles upon the addition of serum or Triton X-100 to vesicles. The percentage of vesicles remaining intact in vivo can also be monitored continuously by the present technique. In mice, the half-life of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles after intraperitoneal injection was estimated to be 10-13 hr. The present study suggest that the vesicles remain intact in various tissues for extended periods, thereby allowing a slow release of the encapsulated material at those sites."}
{"id": "PMID:270735", "title": "Emission M\u00f6ssbauer study of the stereochemical trigger that initiates cooperative interaction of hemoglobin subunits.", "content": "An important feature of Perutz's trigger mechanism for cooperativity in the reversible oxygenation of hemoglobin (Hb) is the tension along the histidine--metal linkage in deoxyHb and deoxycobaltohemoglobin (deoxy CoHb), supposedly due to the pull exerted by the globin on the metal atom. We have attempted to verify the existence of this pull by studying the emission M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of deoxy 57CoHb and oxy 57 CoHb at different temperatures. The emission M\u00f6ssbauer spectrum for none of the cobalt Hbs agrees with the absorption spectrum of the corresponding iron analog and, moreover, the spectrum of deoxy 57CoHb is characteristic of the intermediate-spin iron. These observations indicate that the daughter 57Fe atom is \"frozen\" almost in the same spatial situation as that of the parent 57Co. The protein is apparently holding the cobalt atom in position rather rigidly and, after the electron-capture decay of the 57Co atom, the protein does not permit the daughter 57Fe to move to a position characteristic of the iron atom.", "contents": "Emission M\u00f6ssbauer study of the stereochemical trigger that initiates cooperative interaction of hemoglobin subunits. An important feature of Perutz's trigger mechanism for cooperativity in the reversible oxygenation of hemoglobin (Hb) is the tension along the histidine--metal linkage in deoxyHb and deoxycobaltohemoglobin (deoxy CoHb), supposedly due to the pull exerted by the globin on the metal atom. We have attempted to verify the existence of this pull by studying the emission M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of deoxy 57CoHb and oxy 57 CoHb at different temperatures. The emission M\u00f6ssbauer spectrum for none of the cobalt Hbs agrees with the absorption spectrum of the corresponding iron analog and, moreover, the spectrum of deoxy 57CoHb is characteristic of the intermediate-spin iron. These observations indicate that the daughter 57Fe atom is \"frozen\" almost in the same spatial situation as that of the parent 57Co. The protein is apparently holding the cobalt atom in position rather rigidly and, after the electron-capture decay of the 57Co atom, the protein does not permit the daughter 57Fe to move to a position characteristic of the iron atom."}
{"id": "PMID:270736", "title": "Definition of subclasses of nucleoplasmic RNA.", "content": "RNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei prepared from cells pretreated with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is inhibited in a time-dependent manner. After 40-min pretreatment of cells with 60 muM DRB in the presence of actinomycin D (0.04 mug/ml), the rate of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei, measured by [(3)H]UTP incorporation, is decreased by 63%. The DRB-resistant one-third of heterogeneous nuclear is distributed over the entire size range of heterogeneous nuclear RNA with some enrichment in the 18S range, as was observed earlier by pulse-labeling whole cells. A subclass of nucleoplasmic RNA molecules is defined in the approximate size range 110 to 250 x 10(3) daltons (330-740 nucleotides). By using heparin (2 mg/ml) to block the synthesis of smaller RNA, a peak in the chain-length range 330-740 nucleotides can be clearly resolved on 2.2% polyacrylamide/1% agarose gels in nuclei from control and DRB-treated cells. The synthesis of these molecules is largely ( approximately 90%) resistant to DRB but sensitive to alpha-amanitin at 1 mug/ml. The in vitro synthesis of molecules in the 140-330 residue range is also sensitive to alpha-amanitin at 1 mug/ml, and it is not at all affected by pretreatment of cells with DRB. Although the synthesis of the RNA in both the 330-740 and the 140-330 residue size ranges appears to be catalyzed by RNA polymerase II, the results with heparin suggest that there may be reinitiation of molecules in the 140-330 size range but not in the 330-740 range in vitro. The synthesis of 4.5S RNA ( approximately 100 nucleotides) and 5S RNA (120 nucleotides) is unaffected by pretreatment of cells with DRB and, as previously reported, is catalyzed by RNA polymerase III, with reinitiation occurring in vitro. Addition of DRB directly to isolated HeLa cell nuclei in vitro has no detectable effect on the overall rate of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Definition of subclasses of nucleoplasmic RNA. RNA synthesis in isolated HeLa cell nuclei prepared from cells pretreated with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is inhibited in a time-dependent manner. After 40-min pretreatment of cells with 60 muM DRB in the presence of actinomycin D (0.04 mug/ml), the rate of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei, measured by [(3)H]UTP incorporation, is decreased by 63%. The DRB-resistant one-third of heterogeneous nuclear is distributed over the entire size range of heterogeneous nuclear RNA with some enrichment in the 18S range, as was observed earlier by pulse-labeling whole cells. A subclass of nucleoplasmic RNA molecules is defined in the approximate size range 110 to 250 x 10(3) daltons (330-740 nucleotides). By using heparin (2 mg/ml) to block the synthesis of smaller RNA, a peak in the chain-length range 330-740 nucleotides can be clearly resolved on 2.2% polyacrylamide/1% agarose gels in nuclei from control and DRB-treated cells. The synthesis of these molecules is largely ( approximately 90%) resistant to DRB but sensitive to alpha-amanitin at 1 mug/ml. The in vitro synthesis of molecules in the 140-330 residue range is also sensitive to alpha-amanitin at 1 mug/ml, and it is not at all affected by pretreatment of cells with DRB. Although the synthesis of the RNA in both the 330-740 and the 140-330 residue size ranges appears to be catalyzed by RNA polymerase II, the results with heparin suggest that there may be reinitiation of molecules in the 140-330 size range but not in the 330-740 range in vitro. The synthesis of 4.5S RNA ( approximately 100 nucleotides) and 5S RNA (120 nucleotides) is unaffected by pretreatment of cells with DRB and, as previously reported, is catalyzed by RNA polymerase III, with reinitiation occurring in vitro. Addition of DRB directly to isolated HeLa cell nuclei in vitro has no detectable effect on the overall rate of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:270737", "title": "Noncoincidence of histone and DNA synthesis in cleavage cycles of early development.", "content": "The times of histone and DNA synthesis do not coincide in early cleavage of the sea urchin embryo. In fact, the production of histones increases during the interval after DNA synthesis (G2). Enucleate merogones, parthenogenetically activated, synthesize histones encoded upon maternal histone messenger RNA. The pattern of protein synthesis changes following fertilization, in part, but not solely, due to the increasing synthesis of histones relative to other proteins. Regulation of histone synthesis and the loading of newly replicated DNA with histones must themselves undergo change at the time of transition from cleavage cycles to cycles more typical of somatic cells.", "contents": "Noncoincidence of histone and DNA synthesis in cleavage cycles of early development. The times of histone and DNA synthesis do not coincide in early cleavage of the sea urchin embryo. In fact, the production of histones increases during the interval after DNA synthesis (G2). Enucleate merogones, parthenogenetically activated, synthesize histones encoded upon maternal histone messenger RNA. The pattern of protein synthesis changes following fertilization, in part, but not solely, due to the increasing synthesis of histones relative to other proteins. Regulation of histone synthesis and the loading of newly replicated DNA with histones must themselves undergo change at the time of transition from cleavage cycles to cycles more typical of somatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:270738", "title": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in chromaffin cells isolated from bovine adrenal medulla.", "content": "Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were isolated by removal of the cortex and sequential collagenase digestion of the medulla. The catecholamine secretory function of these cells was characterized with respect to acetylcholine stimulation, cation requirements, and cytoskeletal elements. The dose-response curve for stimulated release had its half-maximum value at 10(-5) M acetylcholine, and maximum secretion was on the average 7 times that of control basal secretion. The differential release of epinephrine versus norepinephrine after stimulation with 0.1 mM acetylcholine occurred in proportion to their distribution in the cell suspension. The cholinergic receptors were found to be predominantly nicotinic. The kinetics of catecholamine release were rapid, with significant secretion occurring in less than 60 sec and 85% of maximum secretion within 5 min. A critical requirement for calcium in the extracellular medium was demonstrated, and 80% of maximum secretion was achieved at physiologic calcium concentrations. Stimulation by excess potassium (65 mM KCl) also induced catecholamine secretion which differed from acetylcholine stimulation in being less potent, in having a different dependence on calcium concentration, and in its response to the local anesthetic tetracaine. Tetracaine, which is thought to inhibit membrane cation permeability, was able to block acetylcholine-stimulated but not KCl-stimulated secretion. The microtubule disrupting agent vinblastine was able to block catecholamine release whereas the microfilament disrupter cytochalasin B had little effect. The results show the isolated bovine chromaffin cells to be viable, functioning, and available in large quantity. These cells now provide an excellent system for studying cell surface regulation of hormone and neurotransmitter release.", "contents": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in chromaffin cells isolated from bovine adrenal medulla. Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were isolated by removal of the cortex and sequential collagenase digestion of the medulla. The catecholamine secretory function of these cells was characterized with respect to acetylcholine stimulation, cation requirements, and cytoskeletal elements. The dose-response curve for stimulated release had its half-maximum value at 10(-5) M acetylcholine, and maximum secretion was on the average 7 times that of control basal secretion. The differential release of epinephrine versus norepinephrine after stimulation with 0.1 mM acetylcholine occurred in proportion to their distribution in the cell suspension. The cholinergic receptors were found to be predominantly nicotinic. The kinetics of catecholamine release were rapid, with significant secretion occurring in less than 60 sec and 85% of maximum secretion within 5 min. A critical requirement for calcium in the extracellular medium was demonstrated, and 80% of maximum secretion was achieved at physiologic calcium concentrations. Stimulation by excess potassium (65 mM KCl) also induced catecholamine secretion which differed from acetylcholine stimulation in being less potent, in having a different dependence on calcium concentration, and in its response to the local anesthetic tetracaine. Tetracaine, which is thought to inhibit membrane cation permeability, was able to block acetylcholine-stimulated but not KCl-stimulated secretion. The microtubule disrupting agent vinblastine was able to block catecholamine release whereas the microfilament disrupter cytochalasin B had little effect. The results show the isolated bovine chromaffin cells to be viable, functioning, and available in large quantity. These cells now provide an excellent system for studying cell surface regulation of hormone and neurotransmitter release."}
{"id": "PMID:270739", "title": "Polypeptide hormone binding sites in vivo: initial localization of 125I-labeled insulin to hepatocyte plasmalemma as visualized by electron microscope radioautography.", "content": "The rationale of the specific-binding assay was applied to the detection of the liver insulin receptor in vivo. Quantitative electron microscope radioautography indicated that, 3 min after an intraportal injection, 125I-insulin was exclusively located to the hepatocyte plasmalemma.", "contents": "Polypeptide hormone binding sites in vivo: initial localization of 125I-labeled insulin to hepatocyte plasmalemma as visualized by electron microscope radioautography. The rationale of the specific-binding assay was applied to the detection of the liver insulin receptor in vivo. Quantitative electron microscope radioautography indicated that, 3 min after an intraportal injection, 125I-insulin was exclusively located to the hepatocyte plasmalemma."}
{"id": "PMID:270740", "title": "Selective loss of wheat germ agglutinin binding to agglutinin-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "The binding of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to parental and three distinct WGA-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines possessing modified cell surface carbohydrate structures has been examined over a 10(6)-fold range of WGA concentrations. The Scatchard plot for WGA binding to parental cells was complex and exhibited positively cooperative binding at the high affinity sites. One of the WGA-resistant mutants (WgaRIII) was apparently not altered in its WGA-binding ability compared with parental cells. However, two of the WGA-resistant lines (WgaRI and WgaRII) had distinct alterations in their WGA-binding properties specific to certain regions of the binding curve. Neither appeared to be affected in either the highest or lowest affinity regions of the binding curve. Thus, lectin-resistant cell mutants altered in specific lectin-binding sites at the cell surface provide a direct approach to analysis of the complex binding parameters that characterize the interaction of WGA with the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Selective loss of wheat germ agglutinin binding to agglutinin-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The binding of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to parental and three distinct WGA-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines possessing modified cell surface carbohydrate structures has been examined over a 10(6)-fold range of WGA concentrations. The Scatchard plot for WGA binding to parental cells was complex and exhibited positively cooperative binding at the high affinity sites. One of the WGA-resistant mutants (WgaRIII) was apparently not altered in its WGA-binding ability compared with parental cells. However, two of the WGA-resistant lines (WgaRI and WgaRII) had distinct alterations in their WGA-binding properties specific to certain regions of the binding curve. Neither appeared to be affected in either the highest or lowest affinity regions of the binding curve. Thus, lectin-resistant cell mutants altered in specific lectin-binding sites at the cell surface provide a direct approach to analysis of the complex binding parameters that characterize the interaction of WGA with the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:270741", "title": "Luminal membrane retrieved after exocytosis reaches most golgi cisternae in secretory cells.", "content": "Dextran was used to trace membrane retrieved from the luminal surface after induced exocytosis in secretory cells of rat lacrimal and parotid glands. Two different approaches were used: (a) isolated acini were incubated in vitro with dextran followed by stimulation with carbamylcholine (lacrimal) or isoproterenol (parotid) and (b) rats were injected with isoproterenol followed by dextran infusion into the parotid duct in vivo. The main findings were the same regardless of the gland source or experimental approach. Dextran was taken up initially via coated pits into smooth-surfaced apical vesicles. Shortly thereafter it was found in multiple cell compartments: within the stacked Golgi cisternae, in condensing vacuoles, and in lysosomes. Uptake was more rapid and uniform in vivo; dextran was seen in multiple cisternae of numerous Golgi complexes within 5 min after infusion. In acini incubated in vitro uptake into Golgi cisternae was more delayed and occurred with increasing frequency up to 60 min; also, more dextran was taken up into lysosomes, which were more numerous in vitro than in vivo. The results demonstrate that, after exocytosis, membrane is removed from the cell surface via vesicles that fuse with multiple cell compartments. The two novel findings are: (a) the demonstration that the tracer can reach most of the Golgi cisternae in a given stack and (b) the demonstration of the rapidity with which the process takes place (i.e., within 5 min). The findings imply that at least some membrane retrieved from the cell surface after exocytosis fuses with the stacked Golgi cisternae.", "contents": "Luminal membrane retrieved after exocytosis reaches most golgi cisternae in secretory cells. Dextran was used to trace membrane retrieved from the luminal surface after induced exocytosis in secretory cells of rat lacrimal and parotid glands. Two different approaches were used: (a) isolated acini were incubated in vitro with dextran followed by stimulation with carbamylcholine (lacrimal) or isoproterenol (parotid) and (b) rats were injected with isoproterenol followed by dextran infusion into the parotid duct in vivo. The main findings were the same regardless of the gland source or experimental approach. Dextran was taken up initially via coated pits into smooth-surfaced apical vesicles. Shortly thereafter it was found in multiple cell compartments: within the stacked Golgi cisternae, in condensing vacuoles, and in lysosomes. Uptake was more rapid and uniform in vivo; dextran was seen in multiple cisternae of numerous Golgi complexes within 5 min after infusion. In acini incubated in vitro uptake into Golgi cisternae was more delayed and occurred with increasing frequency up to 60 min; also, more dextran was taken up into lysosomes, which were more numerous in vitro than in vivo. The results demonstrate that, after exocytosis, membrane is removed from the cell surface via vesicles that fuse with multiple cell compartments. The two novel findings are: (a) the demonstration that the tracer can reach most of the Golgi cisternae in a given stack and (b) the demonstration of the rapidity with which the process takes place (i.e., within 5 min). The findings imply that at least some membrane retrieved from the cell surface after exocytosis fuses with the stacked Golgi cisternae."}
{"id": "PMID:270742", "title": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats: induction of hemoglobin C synthesis in cultures of sheep fetal erythroid cells.", "content": "Synthesis of HbF (alpha2gamma2) is replaced by synthesis of Hb A (alpha2betaA2) shortly before birth in sheep homozygous for the betaA globin chain whereas Hb C (alpha2betaC2) is produced transiently during the neonatal period. We have obtained a Hb F-to-Hb C switch by generating erythroid colonies at high erythropoietin concentration in plasma clot cultures of mid-gestation fetal bone marrow or liver. Furthermore, high erythropoietin concentration appeared specifically to activate the gene for betaC and not those for betaA or betaB globin in colonies grown from cells of an animal heterozygous for the betaA and betaB genes. Erythropoietic stress in the form of periodic bleeding or erythropoietin injection in utero did not stimulate production of Hb C (alpha2betaC2) in fetal sheep until shortly before birth, and then only in two of six animals. Thus, factors other than erythropoietin may influence the potential for betaC globin synthesis in vivo in fetal sheep.", "contents": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats: induction of hemoglobin C synthesis in cultures of sheep fetal erythroid cells. Synthesis of HbF (alpha2gamma2) is replaced by synthesis of Hb A (alpha2betaA2) shortly before birth in sheep homozygous for the betaA globin chain whereas Hb C (alpha2betaC2) is produced transiently during the neonatal period. We have obtained a Hb F-to-Hb C switch by generating erythroid colonies at high erythropoietin concentration in plasma clot cultures of mid-gestation fetal bone marrow or liver. Furthermore, high erythropoietin concentration appeared specifically to activate the gene for betaC and not those for betaA or betaB globin in colonies grown from cells of an animal heterozygous for the betaA and betaB genes. Erythropoietic stress in the form of periodic bleeding or erythropoietin injection in utero did not stimulate production of Hb C (alpha2betaC2) in fetal sheep until shortly before birth, and then only in two of six animals. Thus, factors other than erythropoietin may influence the potential for betaC globin synthesis in vivo in fetal sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:270743", "title": "Is evolution gradual or rectangular? Evidence from living fishes.", "content": "The traditional view that most evolutionary change is gradual and cumulative within lineages (phyletic gradualism) has recently been challenged by the proposition that the majority of evolutionary change is concentrated within speciation events (rectangular evolution). The logical implications of these competing hypotheses for the means and variances of genetic distance among living members of rapidly and slowly speciating phylads are examined. An example of a critical test of gradual versus rectangular evolution is provided by electrophoretic analyses of genic composition in 69 species of North American Cyprinidae (minnows), and 19 species of Centrarchidae (sunfish). Rate of protein evolution appears somewhat decelerated, if anything, in the rapidly speciating minnows. Results are inconsistent with predictions of rectangular evolution, but are not demonstrably incongruent with predictions of phyletic gradualism.", "contents": "Is evolution gradual or rectangular? Evidence from living fishes. The traditional view that most evolutionary change is gradual and cumulative within lineages (phyletic gradualism) has recently been challenged by the proposition that the majority of evolutionary change is concentrated within speciation events (rectangular evolution). The logical implications of these competing hypotheses for the means and variances of genetic distance among living members of rapidly and slowly speciating phylads are examined. An example of a critical test of gradual versus rectangular evolution is provided by electrophoretic analyses of genic composition in 69 species of North American Cyprinidae (minnows), and 19 species of Centrarchidae (sunfish). Rate of protein evolution appears somewhat decelerated, if anything, in the rapidly speciating minnows. Results are inconsistent with predictions of rectangular evolution, but are not demonstrably incongruent with predictions of phyletic gradualism."}
{"id": "PMID:270744", "title": "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms.", "content": "A phylogenetic analysis based upon ribosomal RNA sequence characterization reveals that living systems represent one of three aboriginal lines of descent: (i) the eubacteria, comprising all typical bacteria; (ii) the archaebacteria, containing methanogenic bacteria; and (iii) the urkaryotes, now represented in the cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. A phylogenetic analysis based upon ribosomal RNA sequence characterization reveals that living systems represent one of three aboriginal lines of descent: (i) the eubacteria, comprising all typical bacteria; (ii) the archaebacteria, containing methanogenic bacteria; and (iii) the urkaryotes, now represented in the cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:270745", "title": "Error estimate for the diffusion approximation of the Wright--Fisher model.", "content": "The Wright--Fisher model and its approximating diffusion model are compared in terms of the expected value of a smooth but arbitrary function of nth-generation gene frequency. In the absence of selection, this expectation is shown to differ in the two models by at most a linear combination (with coefficients depending only on the derivatives of the smooth function involved) of the maximum mutation rate and the reciprocal of the population size.", "contents": "Error estimate for the diffusion approximation of the Wright--Fisher model. The Wright--Fisher model and its approximating diffusion model are compared in terms of the expected value of a smooth but arbitrary function of nth-generation gene frequency. In the absence of selection, this expectation is shown to differ in the two models by at most a linear combination (with coefficients depending only on the derivatives of the smooth function involved) of the maximum mutation rate and the reciprocal of the population size."}
{"id": "PMID:270746", "title": "Chloroplast DNA distribution in parasexual hybrids as shown by polypeptide composition of fraction I protein.", "content": "Sixteen different mature interspecific parasexual hybrids, produced by fusing leaf protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca (G) and N. langsdorffii (L), were analyzed for fraction I protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) which consists of large subunit polypeptides coded by chloroplast DNA and small subunit polypeptides coded by nuclear DNA. All the hybrids showed the combined small subunits of both parents, thus confirming the hybridity of each of the fusion products. Fourteen of the hybrids displayed the large subunit electrofocusing pattern characteristic of only one parent (eight L and six G). From one hybrid callus, two plants were regenerated, of which one had exclusively L-type large subunit and the other had exclusively G. A single plant retained a mixture of L ang G chloroplast DNA's; this later yielded six F2 progeny from one branch, all of which were G type, and three asexual progeny from another branch, all of which had the L-type pattern. In all, 46 F2 progeny and 8 different F3s were analyzed and each of these, with few if any exceptions, showed the same single subunit type as the F1 and F2 parent hybrid plants. Reasons for the rapid sorting out of the chloroplast types are discussed.", "contents": "Chloroplast DNA distribution in parasexual hybrids as shown by polypeptide composition of fraction I protein. Sixteen different mature interspecific parasexual hybrids, produced by fusing leaf protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca (G) and N. langsdorffii (L), were analyzed for fraction I protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) which consists of large subunit polypeptides coded by chloroplast DNA and small subunit polypeptides coded by nuclear DNA. All the hybrids showed the combined small subunits of both parents, thus confirming the hybridity of each of the fusion products. Fourteen of the hybrids displayed the large subunit electrofocusing pattern characteristic of only one parent (eight L and six G). From one hybrid callus, two plants were regenerated, of which one had exclusively L-type large subunit and the other had exclusively G. A single plant retained a mixture of L ang G chloroplast DNA's; this later yielded six F2 progeny from one branch, all of which were G type, and three asexual progeny from another branch, all of which had the L-type pattern. In all, 46 F2 progeny and 8 different F3s were analyzed and each of these, with few if any exceptions, showed the same single subunit type as the F1 and F2 parent hybrid plants. Reasons for the rapid sorting out of the chloroplast types are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:270747", "title": "Reduction of syngeneic tumor growth by an anti-I-J-alloantiserum.", "content": "Highly significant suppression of the growth of S1509a and Sa-I syngeneic sarcomas was observed in A/J mice following daily intravenous injections of 2 microliter of anti-I-Jk alloantiserum. This effect persisted as long as the anti-I-Jk serum was administered (day 15), In contrast, a control anti-I-Js serum had no discernible effect on the growth of the S1509a tumor. The inhibitory activity of the anti-I-Jk serum on the growth of the tumor was absorbed specifically by B10-BR spleen cells bearing I-Jk determinants. In other experiments, we established that A/J mice treated with anti-I-Jk serum, according to the protocol described above, are no longer a source of tumor-specific suppressor cells for adoptive transfer into immune tumor-bearing recipient mice. We conclude that anti-I-Jk serum inhibits tumor growth in A/J mice by abolishing tumor-specific suppressor activity.", "contents": "Reduction of syngeneic tumor growth by an anti-I-J-alloantiserum. Highly significant suppression of the growth of S1509a and Sa-I syngeneic sarcomas was observed in A/J mice following daily intravenous injections of 2 microliter of anti-I-Jk alloantiserum. This effect persisted as long as the anti-I-Jk serum was administered (day 15), In contrast, a control anti-I-Js serum had no discernible effect on the growth of the S1509a tumor. The inhibitory activity of the anti-I-Jk serum on the growth of the tumor was absorbed specifically by B10-BR spleen cells bearing I-Jk determinants. In other experiments, we established that A/J mice treated with anti-I-Jk serum, according to the protocol described above, are no longer a source of tumor-specific suppressor cells for adoptive transfer into immune tumor-bearing recipient mice. We conclude that anti-I-Jk serum inhibits tumor growth in A/J mice by abolishing tumor-specific suppressor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:270748", "title": "Idiotypic-anti-idiotypic regulation of antibody synthesis in rabbits.", "content": "Anti-ribonuclease antibodies (Ab1) of one rabbit were used to prepare in two other rabbits anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) against them. Anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) were prepared against Ab2 of one rabbit in two other rabbits that had the same phenotype as the former three for the allotypic a and b systems. After a rest period of 4 months, the latter two rabbits were immunized against ribonuclease. The antibodies produced (Ab1') crossreacted with the two anti-idiotypic sera (Ab2) against Ab1, showing an idiotypic similarity between anti-ribonuclease Ab1' and anti-ribonuclease Ab1. No such crossreaction was observed between the anti-idiotypic sera (Ab2) against Ab1 and any of the 12 unrelated antisera against ribonuclease that were tested. These results suggest (i) that rabbits, at least with the same allotypes, possess a closely related idiotypic repertoire; and (ii) that the immune system is a network of variable (V)-domains.", "contents": "Idiotypic-anti-idiotypic regulation of antibody synthesis in rabbits. Anti-ribonuclease antibodies (Ab1) of one rabbit were used to prepare in two other rabbits anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) against them. Anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) were prepared against Ab2 of one rabbit in two other rabbits that had the same phenotype as the former three for the allotypic a and b systems. After a rest period of 4 months, the latter two rabbits were immunized against ribonuclease. The antibodies produced (Ab1') crossreacted with the two anti-idiotypic sera (Ab2) against Ab1, showing an idiotypic similarity between anti-ribonuclease Ab1' and anti-ribonuclease Ab1. No such crossreaction was observed between the anti-idiotypic sera (Ab2) against Ab1 and any of the 12 unrelated antisera against ribonuclease that were tested. These results suggest (i) that rabbits, at least with the same allotypes, possess a closely related idiotypic repertoire; and (ii) that the immune system is a network of variable (V)-domains."}
{"id": "PMID:270749", "title": "Chemical characterization of murine Ia alloantigens determined by the i-E/i-C subregions of the H-2 complex.", "content": "Alloantisera directed against the alloantigens determined by the I-E and I-C subregions of the murine major histocompatibility complex precipitate two components that have molecular weights of 35,000 and 29,000. These components, when analyzed by partial NH2-terminal sequencing, show no homology to two components of similar size determined by the I-A subregion. However, the large chain determined by the murine I-E and/or I-C subregion is homologous to the large chain of the human HLA-D region alloantigen, although the small chains isolated from these two species do not display any such homology.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of murine Ia alloantigens determined by the i-E/i-C subregions of the H-2 complex. Alloantisera directed against the alloantigens determined by the I-E and I-C subregions of the murine major histocompatibility complex precipitate two components that have molecular weights of 35,000 and 29,000. These components, when analyzed by partial NH2-terminal sequencing, show no homology to two components of similar size determined by the I-A subregion. However, the large chain determined by the murine I-E and/or I-C subregion is homologous to the large chain of the human HLA-D region alloantigen, although the small chains isolated from these two species do not display any such homology."}
{"id": "PMID:270750", "title": "Structure of murine Ia antigens: partial NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of products of the I-E or I-C subregion.", "content": "Partial amino acid sequence of the Ia molecule encoded by the I-E or I-C (I-EC) subregion of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse are presented. The Ia molecule appears to be comprised of two noncovalently associated polypeptides. The larger subunit, alpha, has an approximate molecular weight of 35,000 and the smaller subunit, beta, an approximate molecular weight of 28,000. Several interesting homology relationships (or the lack thereof) are apparent when the Ia polypeptides from the I-EC subregion are compared both with their counterparts from man and guinea pig and with the molecules encoded in the I-A subregion. Clearly the most impressive homology relationship is that seen between the alpha polypeptide from the I-EC subregion of mouse and its human counterpart. This is in striking contrast to the beta polypeptide, which bears no apparent homology to its human counterpart.", "contents": "Structure of murine Ia antigens: partial NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of products of the I-E or I-C subregion. Partial amino acid sequence of the Ia molecule encoded by the I-E or I-C (I-EC) subregion of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse are presented. The Ia molecule appears to be comprised of two noncovalently associated polypeptides. The larger subunit, alpha, has an approximate molecular weight of 35,000 and the smaller subunit, beta, an approximate molecular weight of 28,000. Several interesting homology relationships (or the lack thereof) are apparent when the Ia polypeptides from the I-EC subregion are compared both with their counterparts from man and guinea pig and with the molecules encoded in the I-A subregion. Clearly the most impressive homology relationship is that seen between the alpha polypeptide from the I-EC subregion of mouse and its human counterpart. This is in striking contrast to the beta polypeptide, which bears no apparent homology to its human counterpart."}
{"id": "PMID:270751", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of an intact human immunoglobulin.", "content": "We have examined the low-resolution structure of a complete human IgG1 using known domain coordinates from crystallographic investigations of immunoglobulin fragment structures. Our results indicate that the Fc portion of this molecule has a structure similar to that of an isolated Fc fragment, with the carbohydrate moiety playing a central role as the principal contact between the CH2 domains. Carbohydrate also forms a large part of the interface between the Fc and Fab regions. The relative orientations of the variable and constant portions of the Fab regions are intermediate between those reported previously, emphasizing the flexibility of the switch region. These data do not support a two-state allosteric model such as has been proposed for antibody effector functions.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of an intact human immunoglobulin. We have examined the low-resolution structure of a complete human IgG1 using known domain coordinates from crystallographic investigations of immunoglobulin fragment structures. Our results indicate that the Fc portion of this molecule has a structure similar to that of an isolated Fc fragment, with the carbohydrate moiety playing a central role as the principal contact between the CH2 domains. Carbohydrate also forms a large part of the interface between the Fc and Fab regions. The relative orientations of the variable and constant portions of the Fab regions are intermediate between those reported previously, emphasizing the flexibility of the switch region. These data do not support a two-state allosteric model such as has been proposed for antibody effector functions."}
{"id": "PMID:270752", "title": "The nucleotide sequences of the untranslated 5' regions of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs.", "content": "The complete sequences of the untranslated 5' regions of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were determined by sequence analysis of full-length cDNAs. The single-stranded cDNAs were digested with the restriction endonuclease Hae III, and the two 3'-terminal fragments of 75 and 132 nucleotides, complementary to the 5' termini of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs, respectively, were isolated and sequenced. Including the initiation codon AUG, the untranslated 5' regions of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs contain 41 and 54 nucleotides, respectively, and exhibit striking homologies with the corresponding sequences in the rabbit. Human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs have five bases in the region of the initiation codon that may form base pairs with the 3' terminus of 18S rRNA. Stable secondary structures with hairpin loops can be constructed in the untranslated 5' regions.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequences of the untranslated 5' regions of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs. The complete sequences of the untranslated 5' regions of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were determined by sequence analysis of full-length cDNAs. The single-stranded cDNAs were digested with the restriction endonuclease Hae III, and the two 3'-terminal fragments of 75 and 132 nucleotides, complementary to the 5' termini of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs, respectively, were isolated and sequenced. Including the initiation codon AUG, the untranslated 5' regions of human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs contain 41 and 54 nucleotides, respectively, and exhibit striking homologies with the corresponding sequences in the rabbit. Human alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs have five bases in the region of the initiation codon that may form base pairs with the 3' terminus of 18S rRNA. Stable secondary structures with hairpin loops can be constructed in the untranslated 5' regions."}
{"id": "PMID:270753", "title": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: deficiency of ornithine aminotransferase in transformed lymphocytes.", "content": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is an inherited form of chorioretinal degeneration associated with hyperornithinemia. We measured the activity of ornithine aminotransferase (L-ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.13) in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of a patient with gyrate atrophy and her daughter. The patient's cells had no detectable ornithine aminotransferase activity, and the activity in the heterozygote's cells was 44% of normal values. Measurements of [3H]thymidine incorporation and other transformation-affected enzymes verified that the patient's cells were transformed. These results demonstrate an enzyme deficiency in gyrate atrophy.", "contents": "Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: deficiency of ornithine aminotransferase in transformed lymphocytes. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is an inherited form of chorioretinal degeneration associated with hyperornithinemia. We measured the activity of ornithine aminotransferase (L-ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.13) in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes of a patient with gyrate atrophy and her daughter. The patient's cells had no detectable ornithine aminotransferase activity, and the activity in the heterozygote's cells was 44% of normal values. Measurements of [3H]thymidine incorporation and other transformation-affected enzymes verified that the patient's cells were transformed. These results demonstrate an enzyme deficiency in gyrate atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:270754", "title": "Regional dissociation of beta-endorphin and enkephalin contents in rat brain and pituitary.", "content": "beta-Endorphin and enkephalin in extracts of whole brain, various brain regions, adenohypophysis, and combined pars intermedia and neurohypophysis of the rat were measured by radioimmunoassay. In brain extracts, the immunoreactive substances were further separated according to molecular size by gel filtration. beta-Endorphin was found in the diencephalon but not in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and striatum. Enkephalin was found predominantly in the striatum and diencephalon. Attention is called to possible artifactual interference by myelin basic protein in the immunoassays for beta-endorphin in some regions of the brain. In the pituitary, enkephalin was mainly restricted to the pars intermedia-neurohypophysis. Neither adrenalectomy nor hypophysectomy significantly altered levels of beta-endorphin in brain extracts. Adrenalectomy increased the levels of beta-endorphin in adenohypophysis and pars intermedia-neurohypophysis; after adrenalectomy, enkephalin was also increased in the adenohypophysis but less so in the pars intermedia-neurohypophysis. These results show that brain endorphin levels are independent of pituitary endorphin levels; they suggest that beta-endorphin-containing neurons and those containing enkephalin constitute two separate groups of brain cells.", "contents": "Regional dissociation of beta-endorphin and enkephalin contents in rat brain and pituitary. beta-Endorphin and enkephalin in extracts of whole brain, various brain regions, adenohypophysis, and combined pars intermedia and neurohypophysis of the rat were measured by radioimmunoassay. In brain extracts, the immunoreactive substances were further separated according to molecular size by gel filtration. beta-Endorphin was found in the diencephalon but not in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and striatum. Enkephalin was found predominantly in the striatum and diencephalon. Attention is called to possible artifactual interference by myelin basic protein in the immunoassays for beta-endorphin in some regions of the brain. In the pituitary, enkephalin was mainly restricted to the pars intermedia-neurohypophysis. Neither adrenalectomy nor hypophysectomy significantly altered levels of beta-endorphin in brain extracts. Adrenalectomy increased the levels of beta-endorphin in adenohypophysis and pars intermedia-neurohypophysis; after adrenalectomy, enkephalin was also increased in the adenohypophysis but less so in the pars intermedia-neurohypophysis. These results show that brain endorphin levels are independent of pituitary endorphin levels; they suggest that beta-endorphin-containing neurons and those containing enkephalin constitute two separate groups of brain cells."}
{"id": "PMID:270755", "title": "Development of electrophysiological and biochemical membrane properties during differentiation of embryonic skeletal muscle in culture.", "content": "Newly fused chick myotubes undergo simultaneous and rapid changes in cell membrane properties during synchronous differentiation in culture. These changes are coordinately regulated and include increases in acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, and resting potential, as well as the appearance of action potentials in discrete membrane areas upon stimulation. Subsequently, the acetylcholine receptor reaches maximal levels, whereas the development of electrical properties is marked by a further increase in resting potential, changes in the characteristics of the elicited action potential, and the recruitment of additional membrane areas for action potential generation. Maturation of electrical excitability, marked by the acquisition of the ability to fire repetitively and to conduct action potentials along the membrane, occurs well after resting potential has reached a maximum. During post-maturational development, myotubes exhibit spontaneous electrical and contractile activity, and levels of acetylcholine receptor accessible to externally applied 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin decrease markedly. It is suggested that electrophysiological membrane maturation is autonomously regulated with no requirement for neuronal intervention and involves the coordinated biosynthesis of discrete membrane components and their subsequent organization in the myotube membrane.", "contents": "Development of electrophysiological and biochemical membrane properties during differentiation of embryonic skeletal muscle in culture. Newly fused chick myotubes undergo simultaneous and rapid changes in cell membrane properties during synchronous differentiation in culture. These changes are coordinately regulated and include increases in acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, and resting potential, as well as the appearance of action potentials in discrete membrane areas upon stimulation. Subsequently, the acetylcholine receptor reaches maximal levels, whereas the development of electrical properties is marked by a further increase in resting potential, changes in the characteristics of the elicited action potential, and the recruitment of additional membrane areas for action potential generation. Maturation of electrical excitability, marked by the acquisition of the ability to fire repetitively and to conduct action potentials along the membrane, occurs well after resting potential has reached a maximum. During post-maturational development, myotubes exhibit spontaneous electrical and contractile activity, and levels of acetylcholine receptor accessible to externally applied 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin decrease markedly. It is suggested that electrophysiological membrane maturation is autonomously regulated with no requirement for neuronal intervention and involves the coordinated biosynthesis of discrete membrane components and their subsequent organization in the myotube membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:270756", "title": "Dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro: survival and synapse formation.", "content": "Normally, about half of the ciliary ganglion neurons in 8-day-old chick embryos die before day 14 in ovo. However, when dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons were prepared from either 8- or 14-day-old embryos and grown in cell culture with skeletal myotubes, essentially all of the neurons survived for at least 3 weeks. Many of the neurons formed functional synapses on myotubes under these conditions; some neuromuscular synapses could be detected as early as 20 hr after addition of the ganglion cells to muscle cultures. In contrast, most neurons from 8-day embryos survived for only a few days when grown alone on either polyornithine- or collagen-coated dishes. These results suggest that neurons destined to die in ovo can be rescued when grown in cell culture with myotubes and that under these conditions the neurons develop and express differentiated properties.", "contents": "Dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro: survival and synapse formation. Normally, about half of the ciliary ganglion neurons in 8-day-old chick embryos die before day 14 in ovo. However, when dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons were prepared from either 8- or 14-day-old embryos and grown in cell culture with skeletal myotubes, essentially all of the neurons survived for at least 3 weeks. Many of the neurons formed functional synapses on myotubes under these conditions; some neuromuscular synapses could be detected as early as 20 hr after addition of the ganglion cells to muscle cultures. In contrast, most neurons from 8-day embryos survived for only a few days when grown alone on either polyornithine- or collagen-coated dishes. These results suggest that neurons destined to die in ovo can be rescued when grown in cell culture with myotubes and that under these conditions the neurons develop and express differentiated properties."}
{"id": "PMID:270757", "title": "How to label nerve cells so that they can interconnect in an ordered fashion.", "content": "We present a method for setting up topographically ordered mappings between two sheets of nerve cells. A set of chemical markers that express the neighborhood relationships within the presynaptic sheet is induced by the fibers into the postsynaptic sheet. The markers are used to guide the fibers to their terminal sites. A case for which this idea may be relevant is the retinotectal projection; our model exhibits types of plasticity found experimentally. The fact that the postsynaptic markers remain after removal of the projecting fibers suggests an important difference between development and regeneration. This paper concentrates on explaining the basic idea, and in addition presents a set of preliminary computer simulations.", "contents": "How to label nerve cells so that they can interconnect in an ordered fashion. We present a method for setting up topographically ordered mappings between two sheets of nerve cells. A set of chemical markers that express the neighborhood relationships within the presynaptic sheet is induced by the fibers into the postsynaptic sheet. The markers are used to guide the fibers to their terminal sites. A case for which this idea may be relevant is the retinotectal projection; our model exhibits types of plasticity found experimentally. The fact that the postsynaptic markers remain after removal of the projecting fibers suggests an important difference between development and regeneration. This paper concentrates on explaining the basic idea, and in addition presents a set of preliminary computer simulations."}
{"id": "PMID:270758", "title": "Proposal for the biologically active conformation of opiates and enkephalin.", "content": "A model for the opiate receptor has been defined by using a computer-based molecular display and x-ray crystallographic input data. The model can explain the stereochemical fashion in which the morphine, morphinan, and oripavine classes of compounds interact with the receptor. The minimal structural unit of the enkephalins demonstrated to be pharmacologically active. Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, was also fitted to this model by using a systematic search of conformational space.", "contents": "Proposal for the biologically active conformation of opiates and enkephalin. A model for the opiate receptor has been defined by using a computer-based molecular display and x-ray crystallographic input data. The model can explain the stereochemical fashion in which the morphine, morphinan, and oripavine classes of compounds interact with the receptor. The minimal structural unit of the enkephalins demonstrated to be pharmacologically active. Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, was also fitted to this model by using a systematic search of conformational space."}
{"id": "PMID:270759", "title": "Storage and release of acetylcholine by a clonal cell line.", "content": "The nerve cell line PC12, in its morphologically undifferentiated state, synthesizes, stores, and secretes catecholamines and acetylcholine. At least 60% of the basal level of neurotransmitter release is due to a calcium-dependent mechanism, and the rate of secretion is enhanced by increasing external potassium. A minimum of 80% of the intracellular acetylcholine and catecholamines are stored in particulate structures. The storage site for acetylcholine is dense core vesicles that can be distinguished from those containing catecholamines on the basis of vesicle density on sucrose gradients, vesicle size, and reserpine sensitivity. These results are discussed in relation to what are thought to be the early stages of synapse formation in cell culture.", "contents": "Storage and release of acetylcholine by a clonal cell line. The nerve cell line PC12, in its morphologically undifferentiated state, synthesizes, stores, and secretes catecholamines and acetylcholine. At least 60% of the basal level of neurotransmitter release is due to a calcium-dependent mechanism, and the rate of secretion is enhanced by increasing external potassium. A minimum of 80% of the intracellular acetylcholine and catecholamines are stored in particulate structures. The storage site for acetylcholine is dense core vesicles that can be distinguished from those containing catecholamines on the basis of vesicle density on sucrose gradients, vesicle size, and reserpine sensitivity. These results are discussed in relation to what are thought to be the early stages of synapse formation in cell culture."}
{"id": "PMID:270760", "title": "Generalizing Fisher's \"reproductive value\": linear differential and difference equations of \"dilute\" biological systems.", "content": "R. A. Fisher's 1930 \"reproductive value\" is defined as the contribution made by a population's initial age elements to its asymptotically dominating exponential growth mode. For the Leslie discrete-time model, it is the characteristic row vector of the Leslie matrix, and for the integral-equation model of Lotka the similar eigenfunction. It generalizes neatly to a 2-sex model of linear differential equations, and to general n-variable linear systems. However, when resource limitations end the \"dilute\" stage of linearity, reproductive value loses positive definability. The present linear analysis prepares the way for generalizing reproductive value to nonlinear systems involving first-degree-homogeneous relationships.", "contents": "Generalizing Fisher's \"reproductive value\": linear differential and difference equations of \"dilute\" biological systems. R. A. Fisher's 1930 \"reproductive value\" is defined as the contribution made by a population's initial age elements to its asymptotically dominating exponential growth mode. For the Leslie discrete-time model, it is the characteristic row vector of the Leslie matrix, and for the integral-equation model of Lotka the similar eigenfunction. It generalizes neatly to a 2-sex model of linear differential equations, and to general n-variable linear systems. However, when resource limitations end the \"dilute\" stage of linearity, reproductive value loses positive definability. The present linear analysis prepares the way for generalizing reproductive value to nonlinear systems involving first-degree-homogeneous relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:270761", "title": "Behavior-genetic analysis of Phormia regina: conditioning, reliable individual differences, and selection.", "content": "Using proboscis extension (unconditioned response) to sucrose (unconditioned stimulus), individual blowflies (Phormia regina) were classically conditioned to saline and to water (conditioned stimuli) with sensitization controls, thus providing unique, independently replicated evidence both of learning in Diptera and of reliably measured individual differences. Directional and stabilizing selection have bred high and low performance lines markedly different from an unselected control line as a step in the analysis of behavior-genetic correlates. This replicates and extends previous selection analysis with improved conditioning technique. Also, some unwarranted claims of learning in Diptera are discussed.", "contents": "Behavior-genetic analysis of Phormia regina: conditioning, reliable individual differences, and selection. Using proboscis extension (unconditioned response) to sucrose (unconditioned stimulus), individual blowflies (Phormia regina) were classically conditioned to saline and to water (conditioned stimuli) with sensitization controls, thus providing unique, independently replicated evidence both of learning in Diptera and of reliably measured individual differences. Directional and stabilizing selection have bred high and low performance lines markedly different from an unselected control line as a step in the analysis of behavior-genetic correlates. This replicates and extends previous selection analysis with improved conditioning technique. Also, some unwarranted claims of learning in Diptera are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:270764", "title": "[Choice of technic for periapical radiography and determination of exposure time].", "content": "The factors which influence the choice of the radiographic technique are discussed. It is concluded that the long cone technique is preferable because of its simplicity, efficiency, the quality of the image and the low radiation dose. A description is given of the penetrometer method ascribed to Wainwright for arranging an exposure table for a certain X-ray machine - timer combination.", "contents": "[Choice of technic for periapical radiography and determination of exposure time]. The factors which influence the choice of the radiographic technique are discussed. It is concluded that the long cone technique is preferable because of its simplicity, efficiency, the quality of the image and the low radiation dose. A description is given of the penetrometer method ascribed to Wainwright for arranging an exposure table for a certain X-ray machine - timer combination."}
{"id": "PMID:270766", "title": "[Dentifrices and dental hygiene].", "content": "The best known dentifrices are pastes. The various constituents save to respect integrity of soft and hard tissues. The abrasive must suppress coloration without enamel abrasion. The foaming agent facilitates detachment and elimination of coloration without lesion to the gingiva. Flavours, humectants, binders will not irritate the mucosa. Chlorhexidine and fluoride are among the most studied and interesting therapeutic agents.", "contents": "[Dentifrices and dental hygiene]. The best known dentifrices are pastes. The various constituents save to respect integrity of soft and hard tissues. The abrasive must suppress coloration without enamel abrasion. The foaming agent facilitates detachment and elimination of coloration without lesion to the gingiva. Flavours, humectants, binders will not irritate the mucosa. Chlorhexidine and fluoride are among the most studied and interesting therapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:270768", "title": "[Indications for extraction of the lower third molars].", "content": "Lower third molars are often removed, because of complaints such as pain and trismus. A survey of 932 lower third molars reveals that abnormal position, caries or inflammation the direct reason are for removal in 9 out of 10 cases. So prophylactic removal is necessary. The best time is between 15 and 25 years of age.", "contents": "[Indications for extraction of the lower third molars]. Lower third molars are often removed, because of complaints such as pain and trismus. A survey of 932 lower third molars reveals that abnormal position, caries or inflammation the direct reason are for removal in 9 out of 10 cases. So prophylactic removal is necessary. The best time is between 15 and 25 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:270770", "title": "The electronic and serotonin receptor binding affinity properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogs.", "content": "The electronic properties of a series of N,N-dimethyltryptamines and related analogs, for which binding affinity data are available, were examined using both a pi-electron and an all-valence electron method. The results suggest that affinity is related to the ability of these compounds to donate electrons in a localized charge transfer manner from the 4-position of the indole nucleus.", "contents": "The electronic and serotonin receptor binding affinity properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogs. The electronic properties of a series of N,N-dimethyltryptamines and related analogs, for which binding affinity data are available, were examined using both a pi-electron and an all-valence electron method. The results suggest that affinity is related to the ability of these compounds to donate electrons in a localized charge transfer manner from the 4-position of the indole nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:270794", "title": "[Treatment of essential facial neuralgia by selective thermocoagulation of Gasser's ganglion].", "content": "The authors report their experience in the treatment of essential facial neuralgia by differential thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion. This method is based upon the fact that small pain fibres (A delta and C) are more sensitive to warmth than large touch fibres. Thus progressive and controlled thermocoagulation of the trigeminal ganglion makes it possible to obtain selective destruction of the small fibres (analgesia without anaesthesia). 76 patients were treated using the method, and in 75 cases the symptoms of neuralgia disappeared immediately. Mortality is nil and morbidity insignificant other than the effects on the trigeminal nerve. The most serious complication (Approximately 10% of cases) was that of marked hypoaesthesia, rather than pure analgesia, in the coagulated area.", "contents": "[Treatment of essential facial neuralgia by selective thermocoagulation of Gasser's ganglion]. The authors report their experience in the treatment of essential facial neuralgia by differential thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion. This method is based upon the fact that small pain fibres (A delta and C) are more sensitive to warmth than large touch fibres. Thus progressive and controlled thermocoagulation of the trigeminal ganglion makes it possible to obtain selective destruction of the small fibres (analgesia without anaesthesia). 76 patients were treated using the method, and in 75 cases the symptoms of neuralgia disappeared immediately. Mortality is nil and morbidity insignificant other than the effects on the trigeminal nerve. The most serious complication (Approximately 10% of cases) was that of marked hypoaesthesia, rather than pure analgesia, in the coagulated area."}
{"id": "PMID:270795", "title": "[Diagnostic problems posed by acute necrosis of the extremities after electrocoagulation of an epithelioma of the floor of the mouth].", "content": "Three weeks after electrocoagulation of an enormous epithelioma of the floor of the mouth, a 62-year-old man presented after a shower-bath with symmetrical cyanosis of the toes and fingers with painful oedema coloured by livedo reticularis of the lower third of the legs and forearms. In the hands this developed into a dry necrosis and necessitated their amputation. In the absence of biological tests and a posteriori the authors discuss the diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemia and intravascular disseminated coagulopathy; but in fact, these two syndromes produce very similar cutaneous symptoms, notably, cryofibrinogenaemias, cryofibrinogen being a degradation product of fibrin liberated in C. I. V. D.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems posed by acute necrosis of the extremities after electrocoagulation of an epithelioma of the floor of the mouth]. Three weeks after electrocoagulation of an enormous epithelioma of the floor of the mouth, a 62-year-old man presented after a shower-bath with symmetrical cyanosis of the toes and fingers with painful oedema coloured by livedo reticularis of the lower third of the legs and forearms. In the hands this developed into a dry necrosis and necessitated their amputation. In the absence of biological tests and a posteriori the authors discuss the diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemia and intravascular disseminated coagulopathy; but in fact, these two syndromes produce very similar cutaneous symptoms, notably, cryofibrinogenaemias, cryofibrinogen being a degradation product of fibrin liberated in C. I. V. D."}
{"id": "PMID:270796", "title": "[Extrusion into the inferior dental canal of filling material. Apropos of 18 cases].", "content": "The purpose of this article is to draw the reader's attention to a fairly frequent complication in root treatments with suspicious clinical symptoms and in which painful complications are particularly to be feared. This complication appears therefore to be a stomatological emergency, treatment for which is aimed at bringing about regeneration of the traumatised nerve, prognosis being dependent on prompt surgical measures, the site of the complication and the anatomical damage done to the lower dental nerve.", "contents": "[Extrusion into the inferior dental canal of filling material. Apropos of 18 cases]. The purpose of this article is to draw the reader's attention to a fairly frequent complication in root treatments with suspicious clinical symptoms and in which painful complications are particularly to be feared. This complication appears therefore to be a stomatological emergency, treatment for which is aimed at bringing about regeneration of the traumatised nerve, prognosis being dependent on prompt surgical measures, the site of the complication and the anatomical damage done to the lower dental nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:270797", "title": "[The mandible in labio-maxillary clefts].", "content": "The writers have studied mandibular anomalies in a series of 20 surgically treated clefts. Anomalies of shape occur in one case out of two and are in the form of a mandible which is too long. Anomalies of position most often show a mandible in front of the maxillary and to the rear in comparison to the base of the skull.", "contents": "[The mandible in labio-maxillary clefts]. The writers have studied mandibular anomalies in a series of 20 surgically treated clefts. Anomalies of shape occur in one case out of two and are in the form of a mandible which is too long. Anomalies of position most often show a mandible in front of the maxillary and to the rear in comparison to the base of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:270798", "title": "[Mesiodens and heredity].", "content": "The authors describe the case of mesiodens in two non-identical twins and in their grandfather. They recall that, although no investigation confirmed the hereditary nature of the mesiodens, it is quite undeniable in view of the frequency of familial cases. They think there is a recessive gene on an autosome and a gene on the inhibiting chromosome X. They discount the theory of mutation.", "contents": "[Mesiodens and heredity]. The authors describe the case of mesiodens in two non-identical twins and in their grandfather. They recall that, although no investigation confirmed the hereditary nature of the mesiodens, it is quite undeniable in view of the frequency of familial cases. They think there is a recessive gene on an autosome and a gene on the inhibiting chromosome X. They discount the theory of mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:270800", "title": "[Z-plasty technic, applied to hypertrophy of the upper labial frenum].", "content": "The authors used the technique of Z-palsty in the surgical treatment of hypertrophy of the superior labial fraenum. They consider that this operation is indicated when there is hypertrophy of the fraenum with a low insertion, associated with an inter-incisor diastema, and that the lateral incisors have appeared without causing the diastema to disappear. This technique eliminates the possibility of a hypertrophic scar, a possible source of failure.", "contents": "[Z-plasty technic, applied to hypertrophy of the upper labial frenum]. The authors used the technique of Z-palsty in the surgical treatment of hypertrophy of the superior labial fraenum. They consider that this operation is indicated when there is hypertrophy of the fraenum with a low insertion, associated with an inter-incisor diastema, and that the lateral incisors have appeared without causing the diastema to disappear. This technique eliminates the possibility of a hypertrophic scar, a possible source of failure."}
{"id": "PMID:270801", "title": "[Superficial structure of dental cement as shown by acid etching and scanning electron microscope].", "content": "The superficial layer of the cement is made up of a mineralised structure in which are included organic fibres which would seem to serve as the intracemental anchorage of Sharpey's fibre. The appearance seen on sweep electron microscopy after acid demineralisation confirm those seen using the electron microscope by Selvig. These fibres included in the cement have a variable diameter ranging from a few microns and 45 microns on our pictures (10 microns according to Selvig). They consist of a numerous fibrils with a diameter of the order of 0.3 microns. In the cement these fibers are parallel to the surface of the tooth, this confirming Selvig's finding. Finally, our observations show that, in the superficial part of the cement, these fibres form a markedly flattened three-dimensional network.", "contents": "[Superficial structure of dental cement as shown by acid etching and scanning electron microscope]. The superficial layer of the cement is made up of a mineralised structure in which are included organic fibres which would seem to serve as the intracemental anchorage of Sharpey's fibre. The appearance seen on sweep electron microscopy after acid demineralisation confirm those seen using the electron microscope by Selvig. These fibres included in the cement have a variable diameter ranging from a few microns and 45 microns on our pictures (10 microns according to Selvig). They consist of a numerous fibrils with a diameter of the order of 0.3 microns. In the cement these fibers are parallel to the surface of the tooth, this confirming Selvig's finding. Finally, our observations show that, in the superficial part of the cement, these fibres form a markedly flattened three-dimensional network."}
{"id": "PMID:270812", "title": "Localization of the globin gene in the template active fraction of chromatin of Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "Friend leukemia cell chromatin has been fractionated into template active and inactive components. The globin gene sequence is associated with the template active component both prior to and after the cells are induced with dimethyl sulfoxide to synthesize hemoglobin and therefore appears to be in an active configuration in uninduced as well as in induced Friend leukemia cells. In cells which have lost the ability to produce hemoglobin, the globin gene sequence is not associated with the template active fraction of chromatin. These results demonstrate the success of the fractionation procedure.", "contents": "Localization of the globin gene in the template active fraction of chromatin of Friend leukemia cells. Friend leukemia cell chromatin has been fractionated into template active and inactive components. The globin gene sequence is associated with the template active component both prior to and after the cells are induced with dimethyl sulfoxide to synthesize hemoglobin and therefore appears to be in an active configuration in uninduced as well as in induced Friend leukemia cells. In cells which have lost the ability to produce hemoglobin, the globin gene sequence is not associated with the template active fraction of chromatin. These results demonstrate the success of the fractionation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:270851", "title": "[Histoautoradiographic studies on protein synthesis by odontoblasts].", "content": "The protein-producing function of the odontoblasts was studied in 120 Wistar rats with an initial weight ranging from 30 to 40 g determining the rate of the migration of radio-active isotopes (glycine-2-14C, lysine-1-14C) from the odontoblasts to the predentine. The odontoblasts exert a protein-synthetizing function and play an active part in predentine formation. Under the influence of a cariogenic saccharose-casein diet and the simultaneous induction of experimental caries, the intensity of the migration of the labelled amino acids from the odontoblasts to the predentine increases during the first and second stages of caries, which must be interpreted as an increase of the protein-synthetizing function of the odontoblasts associated with an intensification of dentinogenesis. During the third stage of caries, the protein-producing function of the odontoblasts decreases.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiographic studies on protein synthesis by odontoblasts]. The protein-producing function of the odontoblasts was studied in 120 Wistar rats with an initial weight ranging from 30 to 40 g determining the rate of the migration of radio-active isotopes (glycine-2-14C, lysine-1-14C) from the odontoblasts to the predentine. The odontoblasts exert a protein-synthetizing function and play an active part in predentine formation. Under the influence of a cariogenic saccharose-casein diet and the simultaneous induction of experimental caries, the intensity of the migration of the labelled amino acids from the odontoblasts to the predentine increases during the first and second stages of caries, which must be interpreted as an increase of the protein-synthetizing function of the odontoblasts associated with an intensification of dentinogenesis. During the third stage of caries, the protein-producing function of the odontoblasts decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:270852", "title": "[Physico-mechanical and structural changes in the hard dental tissues after physiological abrasion].", "content": "The authors studied the specific hardness, micromorphology, electric resistance and penetration by 22Na ions in teeth extracted from juvenile subjects with beginning abrasion of the enamel differentiating between tooth parts affected with attrition and tooth parts not affected. The structural or physicomechanical properties of the enamel and dentine were quantitatively evaluated with regard to their relation to caries disposition.", "contents": "[Physico-mechanical and structural changes in the hard dental tissues after physiological abrasion]. The authors studied the specific hardness, micromorphology, electric resistance and penetration by 22Na ions in teeth extracted from juvenile subjects with beginning abrasion of the enamel differentiating between tooth parts affected with attrition and tooth parts not affected. The structural or physicomechanical properties of the enamel and dentine were quantitatively evaluated with regard to their relation to caries disposition."}
{"id": "PMID:270853", "title": "[Morphological aspects of vascular changes in the gingival tissue in periodontosis].", "content": "The authors report the results from detailed morphological, histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the gingivae of patients without diseases other than periodontosis and of patients with periodontosis and underlying hypertension and atherosclerosis. In each group of patients, the authors established a relationship between the clinical particularities of the course of the periodontosis and the characteristics of the microcirculation in the periodontium. It was also evidenced that the changes in the gingival tissues observed in these groups of patients were due to fundamental differences in the impairment of the transcapillary metabolism which depends on the morphofunctional condition of the microcapillaries. These facts should be considered when adopting a treatment method.", "contents": "[Morphological aspects of vascular changes in the gingival tissue in periodontosis]. The authors report the results from detailed morphological, histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the gingivae of patients without diseases other than periodontosis and of patients with periodontosis and underlying hypertension and atherosclerosis. In each group of patients, the authors established a relationship between the clinical particularities of the course of the periodontosis and the characteristics of the microcirculation in the periodontium. It was also evidenced that the changes in the gingival tissues observed in these groups of patients were due to fundamental differences in the impairment of the transcapillary metabolism which depends on the morphofunctional condition of the microcapillaries. These facts should be considered when adopting a treatment method."}
{"id": "PMID:270854", "title": "[Methods for the preparation of ceramic jacket crowns by means of channel grinders].", "content": "Self-designed grooving grinders are used for the controlled reduction of dental hard tissues (fig. 1-4). Thereby the preparation of the smooth surfaces and shoulder becomes more accurate and less time-consuming. This method has been used on 59 teeth without complications.", "contents": "[Methods for the preparation of ceramic jacket crowns by means of channel grinders]. Self-designed grooving grinders are used for the controlled reduction of dental hard tissues (fig. 1-4). Thereby the preparation of the smooth surfaces and shoulder becomes more accurate and less time-consuming. This method has been used on 59 teeth without complications."}
{"id": "PMID:270855", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the distal bite].", "content": "Of all the malocclusions, distocclusion is most frequently associated with functional disorders. 60% of the patients suffered from diseases of the upper respiratory tract. A classification into 9 forms is suggested (fig.). Treatment with the Fr\u00e4nkel type I and type II function regulators is performed in the active phase of growth at the end of the period of deciduous dentition and during the early period of mixed dentition. The rectification of the morphological and functional disorders that is simultaneously achieved justifies the recommendation of this treatment for practice.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the distal bite]. Of all the malocclusions, distocclusion is most frequently associated with functional disorders. 60% of the patients suffered from diseases of the upper respiratory tract. A classification into 9 forms is suggested (fig.). Treatment with the Fr\u00e4nkel type I and type II function regulators is performed in the active phase of growth at the end of the period of deciduous dentition and during the early period of mixed dentition. The rectification of the morphological and functional disorders that is simultaneously achieved justifies the recommendation of this treatment for practice."}
{"id": "PMID:270856", "title": "[Etiology and pathogenesis of neurological symptoms in low bite].", "content": "50 patients were subjected to complex examination. In bite lowering the head of the condyle is displaced backwards and upwards into the depth of the glenoid fossa. The pressure of the displaced mandibular joints upon the arterial cord and the tympanic vein as well as upon the venous network around the mandibular joint capsule may produce disturbed blood supply to the mucosa of the middle ear and of the auditory tube, and finally, obstruction of the auditory tube. Disturbances in the blood supply of the middle ear irritate the tympanic cord and tympanic plexus, which causes burning of the tongue, taste and salivation troubles, and also ear complaints. Since the sympathetic fibres of the tympanic plexus and of the eye are closely interrelated, this leads also to an irritation of the dilator muscle of the pupil. The reflectory irradiations from the tympanic plexus and mandibular joint explain many other neurologic symptoms. In bite lowering these symptoms are not always associated with joint disturbances.", "contents": "[Etiology and pathogenesis of neurological symptoms in low bite]. 50 patients were subjected to complex examination. In bite lowering the head of the condyle is displaced backwards and upwards into the depth of the glenoid fossa. The pressure of the displaced mandibular joints upon the arterial cord and the tympanic vein as well as upon the venous network around the mandibular joint capsule may produce disturbed blood supply to the mucosa of the middle ear and of the auditory tube, and finally, obstruction of the auditory tube. Disturbances in the blood supply of the middle ear irritate the tympanic cord and tympanic plexus, which causes burning of the tongue, taste and salivation troubles, and also ear complaints. Since the sympathetic fibres of the tympanic plexus and of the eye are closely interrelated, this leads also to an irritation of the dilator muscle of the pupil. The reflectory irradiations from the tympanic plexus and mandibular joint explain many other neurologic symptoms. In bite lowering these symptoms are not always associated with joint disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:270857", "title": "[Clinico-statistical and biometric evaluation of the effectiveness of the Fr\u00e4nkel method for the treatment of distal bite].", "content": "84 patients with distocclusion were treated with type I and type II function regulators for two years. Correlation analyses showed that the dental arch width and length as well as the apical base are positively influenced and the there are significant correlations between treatment expenditure and treatment duration, between treatment duration and the summary changes in measuring data, and between treatment expenditure and the changes in measuring data. Almost recurrence-free, positive therapeutical results were achieved. Fr\u00e4nkel's method is recommended for practice.", "contents": "[Clinico-statistical and biometric evaluation of the effectiveness of the Fr\u00e4nkel method for the treatment of distal bite]. 84 patients with distocclusion were treated with type I and type II function regulators for two years. Correlation analyses showed that the dental arch width and length as well as the apical base are positively influenced and the there are significant correlations between treatment expenditure and treatment duration, between treatment duration and the summary changes in measuring data, and between treatment expenditure and the changes in measuring data. Almost recurrence-free, positive therapeutical results were achieved. Fr\u00e4nkel's method is recommended for practice."}
{"id": "PMID:270858", "title": "[Effective methods for the production of esthetically satisfactory fixed partial dentures].", "content": "Metal ceramics and ceramic bridges with aluminum-oxide profile components are optical solutions. The use of silanetreated \"Keracetten\" (mineral facets) avoids the disadvantages of plastic facing and has stood the test during a 5-year period of observation.", "contents": "[Effective methods for the production of esthetically satisfactory fixed partial dentures]. Metal ceramics and ceramic bridges with aluminum-oxide profile components are optical solutions. The use of silanetreated \"Keracetten\" (mineral facets) avoids the disadvantages of plastic facing and has stood the test during a 5-year period of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:270859", "title": "[Indications for and usefulness of all-plastic dentures].", "content": "All-plastic bridges are mainly indicated as temporary bridges. As a definitive measure they are indicated only in case of sagittal shoulder, slight overbite and secure support in the posterior region for the replacement of a missing incisor.", "contents": "[Indications for and usefulness of all-plastic dentures]. All-plastic bridges are mainly indicated as temporary bridges. As a definitive measure they are indicated only in case of sagittal shoulder, slight overbite and secure support in the posterior region for the replacement of a missing incisor."}
{"id": "PMID:270860", "title": "[Assessment of the need for treatment of periodontal diseases by means of the Bellini system].", "content": "The authors evaluate the usefulness of a new classification system for the need for care of peridodontal diseases. The system in question has been elaborated by Bellini and is to date little known in the People's Republic of Poland. The system was tested in students of the Medical Academy and employees of an enterprise in Pozna\u0144. It was stated that Bellini's system is very suited for the examination of great population groups. It permits to appreciate in no time the periodontal condition and to determine the kind and the number of the necessary prophylactic and therapeutic measures and the time required for them.", "contents": "[Assessment of the need for treatment of periodontal diseases by means of the Bellini system]. The authors evaluate the usefulness of a new classification system for the need for care of peridodontal diseases. The system in question has been elaborated by Bellini and is to date little known in the People's Republic of Poland. The system was tested in students of the Medical Academy and employees of an enterprise in Pozna\u0144. It was stated that Bellini's system is very suited for the examination of great population groups. It permits to appreciate in no time the periodontal condition and to determine the kind and the number of the necessary prophylactic and therapeutic measures and the time required for them."}
{"id": "PMID:270861", "title": "[The eosinophilic granuloma in the jaw region].", "content": "The eosinophilic granuloma is nowadays generally considered as a reticulosis associated with secondary lipoid storage. It occurs very rarely in the jaws. During a period of 10 years, we had but 5 inpatients with a central, monostotic, eosinophilic granuloma. Diagnostic difficulties result from atypical clinical, radiological and paraclinical findings. The diagnosis can be confirmed solely by histologic methods. In agreement with most of the other authors we are of the opinion that the radiological treatment (if necessary, in combination with surgical measures) is optimal.", "contents": "[The eosinophilic granuloma in the jaw region]. The eosinophilic granuloma is nowadays generally considered as a reticulosis associated with secondary lipoid storage. It occurs very rarely in the jaws. During a period of 10 years, we had but 5 inpatients with a central, monostotic, eosinophilic granuloma. Diagnostic difficulties result from atypical clinical, radiological and paraclinical findings. The diagnosis can be confirmed solely by histologic methods. In agreement with most of the other authors we are of the opinion that the radiological treatment (if necessary, in combination with surgical measures) is optimal."}
{"id": "PMID:270862", "title": "Xeroradiographic evaluation of murine osteosarcoma.", "content": "Xeroradiography, a method of X-ray imaging based upon selenium photoconductivity, was used for the study of experimental osteosarcoma induced by MSV-M virus in rats. Due to the peculiar features of xeroradiographic image (enhancement of details and lowering of the overall contrast) good pictures of osseous structures together with soft tissues were obtained even in very young animals. Serially perfomred xeroradiographies gave a permanent representation of tumor evolution with time. Advantages and drawbacks of this method are discussed, particularly with respect to radiation dosage. Xeroradiography is proposed for the study of the response to antiblastic chemotherapy of experimental bone tumors.", "contents": "Xeroradiographic evaluation of murine osteosarcoma. Xeroradiography, a method of X-ray imaging based upon selenium photoconductivity, was used for the study of experimental osteosarcoma induced by MSV-M virus in rats. Due to the peculiar features of xeroradiographic image (enhancement of details and lowering of the overall contrast) good pictures of osseous structures together with soft tissues were obtained even in very young animals. Serially perfomred xeroradiographies gave a permanent representation of tumor evolution with time. Advantages and drawbacks of this method are discussed, particularly with respect to radiation dosage. Xeroradiography is proposed for the study of the response to antiblastic chemotherapy of experimental bone tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:270863", "title": "Prevention of meningeal CNS involvement as a factor influencing the duration of complete remission and survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The influence on the duration of CR and survival of 2 modalities (MTX + hydrocortisone IT, with and without TCT) for the prevention of meningeal CNS involvement was assessed in 24 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of the 9 subjects who received MTX and hydrocortisone only, 42% were still in CR 33 months after its attainment, as opposed to 75% of the 15 who also received TCT. Survival at 33 months after diagnosis was 89% and 82% in the 2 groups. The results are compared with those obtained in an earlier series of 14 children who received no prophylactic treatment. Here CR at 45 months was 25% and survival 46%. Eight subjects died, as opposed to 3 (1 in CR) in the present series.", "contents": "Prevention of meningeal CNS involvement as a factor influencing the duration of complete remission and survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The influence on the duration of CR and survival of 2 modalities (MTX + hydrocortisone IT, with and without TCT) for the prevention of meningeal CNS involvement was assessed in 24 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of the 9 subjects who received MTX and hydrocortisone only, 42% were still in CR 33 months after its attainment, as opposed to 75% of the 15 who also received TCT. Survival at 33 months after diagnosis was 89% and 82% in the 2 groups. The results are compared with those obtained in an earlier series of 14 children who received no prophylactic treatment. Here CR at 45 months was 25% and survival 46%. Eight subjects died, as opposed to 3 (1 in CR) in the present series."}
{"id": "PMID:270873", "title": "[Changes in amino acid concentrations in plasma after oral ingestion of oligopeptides and analogous amino acid mixtures].", "content": "To what extent an oligopeptide mixture differs in equimolar dosage from an equivalent amino acid mixture after oral intake was tested on 11 subjects. The plotted course and absolute order of magnitude of the two mixtures revealed no differentiation in the total amino acid concentration of the peripheral blood plasma. The same was true of the individual free amino acids in the plasma. The only difference was found in the graphic representation of the maximum amino acid concentration of the individual test subjects, which was usually reached at an earlier date with oligopeptides than with free amino acids. The difference is even more obvious in the portal vein, as is shown in a test series not yet completed, where the plasma amino acid concentration increased at a clearly earlier date after oligopeptide substitution than after the supply of the equivalent amino acid mixture.", "contents": "[Changes in amino acid concentrations in plasma after oral ingestion of oligopeptides and analogous amino acid mixtures]. To what extent an oligopeptide mixture differs in equimolar dosage from an equivalent amino acid mixture after oral intake was tested on 11 subjects. The plotted course and absolute order of magnitude of the two mixtures revealed no differentiation in the total amino acid concentration of the peripheral blood plasma. The same was true of the individual free amino acids in the plasma. The only difference was found in the graphic representation of the maximum amino acid concentration of the individual test subjects, which was usually reached at an earlier date with oligopeptides than with free amino acids. The difference is even more obvious in the portal vein, as is shown in a test series not yet completed, where the plasma amino acid concentration increased at a clearly earlier date after oligopeptide substitution than after the supply of the equivalent amino acid mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:270889", "title": "Natural history of acute hepatitis B in previously healthy patients: A prospective study.", "content": "A prospective study of the natural history of acute hepatitis B was performed in 38 patients. Fatigue started median 4 weeks, abdominal symptoms median 3 weeks and signs of cholestasis median 2.5 weeks before peak SGPT values were reached. Extrahepatic manifestations occurred throughout the prodromal stage, the presence of arthropathy, urticaria or skin rashes was not related to the biochemical severity of liver disease. The higher the the maximal values of serum bilirubin and/or the older the patient, the longer the period of bilirubin elevation; a maximal bilirubin elevation less than 20 X the upper limit of normal was associated with normalisation of serum bilirubin within 6 weeks. No such correlations were found between the height of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, thymol turbidity and cholesterol levels and the subsequent duration of their abnormality. The elevation of alkaline phosphatase as well as the abdominal complaints might partly be caused by gastro-intestinal involvement. Immobilisation before peak SGPT was attained was associated with normalisation of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels within 8 weeks after peak levels. 37 patients recovered completely. In one HBs-antigenemia and slight SGPT elevation persisted. Long term follow up was possible in 33 patients for 4 to 7 years, median 5 years.", "contents": "Natural history of acute hepatitis B in previously healthy patients: A prospective study. A prospective study of the natural history of acute hepatitis B was performed in 38 patients. Fatigue started median 4 weeks, abdominal symptoms median 3 weeks and signs of cholestasis median 2.5 weeks before peak SGPT values were reached. Extrahepatic manifestations occurred throughout the prodromal stage, the presence of arthropathy, urticaria or skin rashes was not related to the biochemical severity of liver disease. The higher the the maximal values of serum bilirubin and/or the older the patient, the longer the period of bilirubin elevation; a maximal bilirubin elevation less than 20 X the upper limit of normal was associated with normalisation of serum bilirubin within 6 weeks. No such correlations were found between the height of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, thymol turbidity and cholesterol levels and the subsequent duration of their abnormality. The elevation of alkaline phosphatase as well as the abdominal complaints might partly be caused by gastro-intestinal involvement. Immobilisation before peak SGPT was attained was associated with normalisation of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels within 8 weeks after peak levels. 37 patients recovered completely. In one HBs-antigenemia and slight SGPT elevation persisted. Long term follow up was possible in 33 patients for 4 to 7 years, median 5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:270891", "title": "Relation between curability and tumor volume in a murine carcinoma and sarcoma.", "content": "Tumor control doses (TCD50) using single 60CO doses were determined on C3HBA adenocarcinoma and Dunn osteosaroma ranging in size from microscopic pulmonary colonies (3 X 13(-5) mm3) to palpable subcutaneous tumors (300 mm3) in the hind limb. The power function TCD50 =23.57 TV0.15, with TCD50 in GY and TV (tumor volume) in mm3, fits the data for both tumors over the entire range of tumor volumes used.", "contents": "Relation between curability and tumor volume in a murine carcinoma and sarcoma. Tumor control doses (TCD50) using single 60CO doses were determined on C3HBA adenocarcinoma and Dunn osteosaroma ranging in size from microscopic pulmonary colonies (3 X 13(-5) mm3) to palpable subcutaneous tumors (300 mm3) in the hind limb. The power function TCD50 =23.57 TV0.15, with TCD50 in GY and TV (tumor volume) in mm3, fits the data for both tumors over the entire range of tumor volumes used."}
{"id": "PMID:270894", "title": "Comparison of lithium and haloperidol therapy in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.", "content": "Three patients suffering from Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome were initially treated with haloperidol. Depressive side effects and symptom breakthrough necessitated the search for another agent. The efficacy of lithium carbonate in treating stereotyped hyperkinetic behavior (such as is seen in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome) prompted the evaluation of lithium carbonate. An objective behavioral observation technique, clinical ratings and the patient's subjective reports were used to systematically record the response to treatment during the entire course of the study. Initially blood plasma Li+ levels in the 0.5 to 0.6 mEq/L range were obtained and these correlated with reduced frequency, as well as intensity, of involuntary motor acts (tics) and sounds. When the Li+ blood levels had stabilized at 0.8 to 0.9 mEq/L the major tics and involuntary sounds cleared dramatically. The patients experienced no side effects and have been followed for several months without recurrence of the original symptoms.", "contents": "Comparison of lithium and haloperidol therapy in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Three patients suffering from Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome were initially treated with haloperidol. Depressive side effects and symptom breakthrough necessitated the search for another agent. The efficacy of lithium carbonate in treating stereotyped hyperkinetic behavior (such as is seen in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome) prompted the evaluation of lithium carbonate. An objective behavioral observation technique, clinical ratings and the patient's subjective reports were used to systematically record the response to treatment during the entire course of the study. Initially blood plasma Li+ levels in the 0.5 to 0.6 mEq/L range were obtained and these correlated with reduced frequency, as well as intensity, of involuntary motor acts (tics) and sounds. When the Li+ blood levels had stabilized at 0.8 to 0.9 mEq/L the major tics and involuntary sounds cleared dramatically. The patients experienced no side effects and have been followed for several months without recurrence of the original symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:270906", "title": "Allescheria boydii infections in the immunosuppressed host.", "content": "Allescheria boydii, a true fungus frequently isolated from soil, is best known as a causative agent of maduromycosis of the foot. In our report we describe two patients under treatment for acute leukemia who died from rapidly progressive A. boydii infections. One patient had signs of central nervous system infection and was found at autopsy to have had a large brain abscess. The second patient had a cavitary necrotizing pneumonia with thoracic inlet obstruction (Pancoast's syndrome) and failed to show improvement despite treatment with amphotericin B. The clinical spectrum of allescheriasis is reviewed with particular emphasis on its role as a pathogen in the compromised host. Since A. boydii may resemble other fungi morphologically in tissue sections and may produce infections clinically similar to other mycoses, culture of the organism is required for definitive diagnosis. Based on recently reported in vitro susceptibility studies, miconazole may have a future role in the therapy of A. boydii infections which are resistant to presently available antifungal agents.", "contents": "Allescheria boydii infections in the immunosuppressed host. Allescheria boydii, a true fungus frequently isolated from soil, is best known as a causative agent of maduromycosis of the foot. In our report we describe two patients under treatment for acute leukemia who died from rapidly progressive A. boydii infections. One patient had signs of central nervous system infection and was found at autopsy to have had a large brain abscess. The second patient had a cavitary necrotizing pneumonia with thoracic inlet obstruction (Pancoast's syndrome) and failed to show improvement despite treatment with amphotericin B. The clinical spectrum of allescheriasis is reviewed with particular emphasis on its role as a pathogen in the compromised host. Since A. boydii may resemble other fungi morphologically in tissue sections and may produce infections clinically similar to other mycoses, culture of the organism is required for definitive diagnosis. Based on recently reported in vitro susceptibility studies, miconazole may have a future role in the therapy of A. boydii infections which are resistant to presently available antifungal agents."}
{"id": "PMID:270907", "title": "The Takaoka respiratory for use during pneumoencephalography.", "content": "The Takaoka respiratory was used during lumbar pneumoencephalography in 12 patients in a rotatory chair of X-ray apparatus. Anaesthesia and ventilation were maintained with oxygen or 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen supplemented by neuroleptanalgesia. The mean minute volume of ventilation was 84.5+/- 5.4 ml/min/kg and the mean respiratory rate was 8.5 +/- 1.7 breaths/min. Under these ventilatory conditions the blood gas data were acceptable (PaCO2: 35.0 +/- 4.3 torr). The Takaoka respirator can be fixed to the rotatory chair with no risk of accidental disconnection and there is no disturbance of the general monitoring or of the manipulations of the X-ray technicians. I provides adequate ventilation independent of position.", "contents": "The Takaoka respiratory for use during pneumoencephalography. The Takaoka respiratory was used during lumbar pneumoencephalography in 12 patients in a rotatory chair of X-ray apparatus. Anaesthesia and ventilation were maintained with oxygen or 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen supplemented by neuroleptanalgesia. The mean minute volume of ventilation was 84.5+/- 5.4 ml/min/kg and the mean respiratory rate was 8.5 +/- 1.7 breaths/min. Under these ventilatory conditions the blood gas data were acceptable (PaCO2: 35.0 +/- 4.3 torr). The Takaoka respirator can be fixed to the rotatory chair with no risk of accidental disconnection and there is no disturbance of the general monitoring or of the manipulations of the X-ray technicians. I provides adequate ventilation independent of position."}
{"id": "PMID:270908", "title": "Depression following myocardial infarction: the effects of distance running.", "content": "A proportion of postcoronary patients seen 16 to 18 months after infarction are seriously depressed (high D score on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). A follow-up of 44 such depressed patients showed a significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of standardized D scores, from 80 to 72 units over 4 years of exercise-based rehabilitation. There were associated decreases in scores for hysteria, hypochondriasis, and psychasthenia. A decrease of D score was associated with exercise compliance. An increase of D score was associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) worsening of ST segmental sagging, suggesting that progression of the disease process had contributed to the increase of depression. All of the patients had high (feminine) scores on the masculinity/femininity scale of the MMPI test. This finding was unrelated to the daily running distance or medication; it could represent a \"feminine\" personality, or be a typical response in a well-educated white collar group. Evidence of successful group interaction may be indicated by reduction in scores for social introversion and schizophrenic traits.", "contents": "Depression following myocardial infarction: the effects of distance running. A proportion of postcoronary patients seen 16 to 18 months after infarction are seriously depressed (high D score on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). A follow-up of 44 such depressed patients showed a significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of standardized D scores, from 80 to 72 units over 4 years of exercise-based rehabilitation. There were associated decreases in scores for hysteria, hypochondriasis, and psychasthenia. A decrease of D score was associated with exercise compliance. An increase of D score was associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) worsening of ST segmental sagging, suggesting that progression of the disease process had contributed to the increase of depression. All of the patients had high (feminine) scores on the masculinity/femininity scale of the MMPI test. This finding was unrelated to the daily running distance or medication; it could represent a \"feminine\" personality, or be a typical response in a well-educated white collar group. Evidence of successful group interaction may be indicated by reduction in scores for social introversion and schizophrenic traits."}
{"id": "PMID:270911", "title": "Work-heat tolerance of distance runners.", "content": "Physical training in a cool environment by subjects not previously trained improves their work-heat tolerance, but can not replace heat acclimatization to the standard heat stress conditions employed by a variety of investigators. This is attributed to the inability of these subjects to sustain prolonged work at high metabolic rates. Thus, they are not maintaining high core body temperatures long enough to bring about an adaptive change to heat. On the other hand, the intense and prolonged (years) training of long distance runners in a temperature environment at high metabolic rates has acclimatized them for at least 4 hours of mild work (MR 160 kcal/m2-hr) in both hot dry (50/27 C db/wb) and hot wet (36.7/33.1 C db/wb) environments, but not for work at high energy expenditures (MR 540 kcal/m2-hr) in a less severe thermal stress (35/21 C db/wb). These highly trained athletes can improve their work-heat tolerance at high metabolic rates in a warm climate by training at competitive speeds in a cool environment dressed in sweat clothing or by training at near competitive speeds in the heat. In either of these situations the athlete is cautioned to consume water at frequent intervals to offset the dehydration associated with excessive sweating under these conditions.", "contents": "Work-heat tolerance of distance runners. Physical training in a cool environment by subjects not previously trained improves their work-heat tolerance, but can not replace heat acclimatization to the standard heat stress conditions employed by a variety of investigators. This is attributed to the inability of these subjects to sustain prolonged work at high metabolic rates. Thus, they are not maintaining high core body temperatures long enough to bring about an adaptive change to heat. On the other hand, the intense and prolonged (years) training of long distance runners in a temperature environment at high metabolic rates has acclimatized them for at least 4 hours of mild work (MR 160 kcal/m2-hr) in both hot dry (50/27 C db/wb) and hot wet (36.7/33.1 C db/wb) environments, but not for work at high energy expenditures (MR 540 kcal/m2-hr) in a less severe thermal stress (35/21 C db/wb). These highly trained athletes can improve their work-heat tolerance at high metabolic rates in a warm climate by training at competitive speeds in a cool environment dressed in sweat clothing or by training at near competitive speeds in the heat. In either of these situations the athlete is cautioned to consume water at frequent intervals to offset the dehydration associated with excessive sweating under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:270918", "title": "The interplay between peripheral and central factors in the adaptive response to exercise and training.", "content": "(1) Local adaptation of skeletal muscles (fibers) only occurs in the extremity involved in the training. (2) Work performance and maximal oxygen uptake were significantly increased only in the trained leg, and the \"transfer\" to the untrained leg was very small. (3) The classical sign of a training effect with a lowered submaximal heart rate response could only be elicited when exercising the trained leg. Lactate concentration and release of lactate were also lower when the trained leg performed the exercise. (4) The present results suggest that the local adaptation of skeletal muscle to training is of primary importance for enhancing work capacity and oxygen uptake. (5) The results also indicate that there may exist a peripheral factor in the regulation of the heart rate response during exercise. Moreover, the data favor the hypothesis of a chemical receptor playing a role in such a peripheral control system.", "contents": "The interplay between peripheral and central factors in the adaptive response to exercise and training. (1) Local adaptation of skeletal muscles (fibers) only occurs in the extremity involved in the training. (2) Work performance and maximal oxygen uptake were significantly increased only in the trained leg, and the \"transfer\" to the untrained leg was very small. (3) The classical sign of a training effect with a lowered submaximal heart rate response could only be elicited when exercising the trained leg. Lactate concentration and release of lactate were also lower when the trained leg performed the exercise. (4) The present results suggest that the local adaptation of skeletal muscle to training is of primary importance for enhancing work capacity and oxygen uptake. (5) The results also indicate that there may exist a peripheral factor in the regulation of the heart rate response during exercise. Moreover, the data favor the hypothesis of a chemical receptor playing a role in such a peripheral control system."}
{"id": "PMID:270921", "title": "The hemodynamic and metabolic alterations associated with acute heat stress injury in marathon runners.", "content": "Studies of clinical, metabolic, and hemodynamic responses to heat stress in eight marathon runners have demonstrated several important differences from those observed in nonconditioned subjects. Three marathoners manifested a nonanhidrotic form of heat stroke, a phenomenon not observed in our Marine recruits. Five patients with heat exhaustion evidenced signs of severe mental confusion despite apparently adequate hemodynamic function. Heart rate was significantly lower in all eight marathoners in comparison to the 15 Marine recruits. This latter observation suggests that either selective regional shunting of blood or increased stroke volume index occurs in marathoners subject to heat stress.", "contents": "The hemodynamic and metabolic alterations associated with acute heat stress injury in marathon runners. Studies of clinical, metabolic, and hemodynamic responses to heat stress in eight marathon runners have demonstrated several important differences from those observed in nonconditioned subjects. Three marathoners manifested a nonanhidrotic form of heat stroke, a phenomenon not observed in our Marine recruits. Five patients with heat exhaustion evidenced signs of severe mental confusion despite apparently adequate hemodynamic function. Heart rate was significantly lower in all eight marathoners in comparison to the 15 Marine recruits. This latter observation suggests that either selective regional shunting of blood or increased stroke volume index occurs in marathoners subject to heat stress."}
{"id": "PMID:270923", "title": "Intramuscular substrate utilization during prolonged exercise.", "content": "Large stores of intramuscular substrates are found in the different fiber types of human skeletal muscle, and with prolonged exercise both glycogen and triglyceride stores are utilized. The contribution from intramuscular glycogen stores is greatest at higher work intensities while triglyceride stores are utilized at moderate intensities. In man all fiber types have a similar glycogen content whereas the highest lipid content is found in the more oxidative fibers. The muscle metabolism is well adapted to the supply of substrate as well as to the demand for energy. Among several regulatory mechanisms, changes in citrate concentration seems to be an important factor in the interplay between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Intramuscular substrate utilization during prolonged exercise. Large stores of intramuscular substrates are found in the different fiber types of human skeletal muscle, and with prolonged exercise both glycogen and triglyceride stores are utilized. The contribution from intramuscular glycogen stores is greatest at higher work intensities while triglyceride stores are utilized at moderate intensities. In man all fiber types have a similar glycogen content whereas the highest lipid content is found in the more oxidative fibers. The muscle metabolism is well adapted to the supply of substrate as well as to the demand for energy. Among several regulatory mechanisms, changes in citrate concentration seems to be an important factor in the interplay between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:270925", "title": "Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part II. Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities.", "content": "The present study confirms earlier observations that the musculature of elite distance runners is characterized by a high predominance of ST fibers. Although the percent ST fibers effectively discriminates between good and elite distance runners, fiber composition alone is a poor predictor of distance running success within the group of elite runners. Muscle enzyme measurements suggest that the 11 to 20 miles (17.7 to 32.2 km) of daily training performed by the elite runners produced a significantly greater increase in muscle SDH activity than was observed in the good distance runners, who were running 7 to 11 miles (11.3 to 17.7 km) per day, Although such endurance training enhances the oxidative capacity of the muscle, it apparently has little influence on the enzymes of glycogenolysis.", "contents": "Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part II. Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities. The present study confirms earlier observations that the musculature of elite distance runners is characterized by a high predominance of ST fibers. Although the percent ST fibers effectively discriminates between good and elite distance runners, fiber composition alone is a poor predictor of distance running success within the group of elite runners. Muscle enzyme measurements suggest that the 11 to 20 miles (17.7 to 32.2 km) of daily training performed by the elite runners produced a significantly greater increase in muscle SDH activity than was observed in the good distance runners, who were running 7 to 11 miles (11.3 to 17.7 km) per day, Although such endurance training enhances the oxidative capacity of the muscle, it apparently has little influence on the enzymes of glycogenolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:270935", "title": "Limitations of marathon running in the rehabilitation of coronary patients: anatomic and physiologic determinants.", "content": "Prescribed, supervised exercise training has proved valuable in the rehabilitation of selected coronary patients. However, long distance (marathon) running has limited cardiovascular value in the rehabilitation of patients for a majority of occupations, which involve predominantly upper extremity effort. The age of patients with coronary heart disease and the severity of the lesions preclude the wide application of marathon running to the general coronary heart disease population. Less than 6/1000 subjects with coronary heart disease have been estimated as potentially being able to achieve by high-level training a maximum Vo2 sufficient to complete a marathon race in 5 hours. The hazards of high-level-activity-induced cardiac arrest that is reversible mandates the availability of CPR equipment and personnel in the immediate vicinity of all coronary patients and most coronary-prone patients who are undertaking such heroic activity. Over-publicized marathon running by a few subjects has aroused unrealistic expectations for the majority of coronary heart disease subjects and probably similarly for a considerable number of coronary-prone subjects, many of whom have \"silent\" coronary disease.", "contents": "Limitations of marathon running in the rehabilitation of coronary patients: anatomic and physiologic determinants. Prescribed, supervised exercise training has proved valuable in the rehabilitation of selected coronary patients. However, long distance (marathon) running has limited cardiovascular value in the rehabilitation of patients for a majority of occupations, which involve predominantly upper extremity effort. The age of patients with coronary heart disease and the severity of the lesions preclude the wide application of marathon running to the general coronary heart disease population. Less than 6/1000 subjects with coronary heart disease have been estimated as potentially being able to achieve by high-level training a maximum Vo2 sufficient to complete a marathon race in 5 hours. The hazards of high-level-activity-induced cardiac arrest that is reversible mandates the availability of CPR equipment and personnel in the immediate vicinity of all coronary patients and most coronary-prone patients who are undertaking such heroic activity. Over-publicized marathon running by a few subjects has aroused unrealistic expectations for the majority of coronary heart disease subjects and probably similarly for a considerable number of coronary-prone subjects, many of whom have \"silent\" coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:270939", "title": "Marathon running and immunity to atherosclerosis.", "content": "This is an interim report of an on-going study of deaths in 42-km men. The absence of fatal ASCVD in these athletes can not be construed as evidence for the protective role of exercise alone. The ability to run 42 km depends on many factors. Exercise is only one. Avoiding tobacco is another. Dietary factors also play a role. It has not been feasible to remove one of these factors while maintaining the ability to cover the 42 km distance. Some 42-km men claim that megadoses of ascorbic acid protect them from collagen injury. This is supported by animal studies that show increased collagen synthesis proportional to ascorbic acid intake up to dosage levels that would equal 10 grams per day for humans. Their self-selected macrobiotic diet contains a high ratio of peanuts:steak resulting in a high P/S ratio (polyunsaturates/saturates). Dietary manipulation quickly effects their ability to train. Smoking is so rare among these runners that it must be related to specific effects, such as a catalytic agent in tobacco smoke converting linoleic acid into a toxic lipid oxide. Noakes and Opie recently confirmed again (May, 1976) that no cases of \"death due to coronary atherosclerosis\" have been recorded in marathon finishers. If this holds true for the second 10-year period of this study, then marathon runners will have joined the longshoremen by earning life-long protection against ASCVD. These longshoremen burned 1,876 kcals on the job, equivalent to a 30-km run. Roberts and Straus suggest that many factors can cause atherosclerosis. Only time will tell whether the marathoner is protected from all of them.", "contents": "Marathon running and immunity to atherosclerosis. This is an interim report of an on-going study of deaths in 42-km men. The absence of fatal ASCVD in these athletes can not be construed as evidence for the protective role of exercise alone. The ability to run 42 km depends on many factors. Exercise is only one. Avoiding tobacco is another. Dietary factors also play a role. It has not been feasible to remove one of these factors while maintaining the ability to cover the 42 km distance. Some 42-km men claim that megadoses of ascorbic acid protect them from collagen injury. This is supported by animal studies that show increased collagen synthesis proportional to ascorbic acid intake up to dosage levels that would equal 10 grams per day for humans. Their self-selected macrobiotic diet contains a high ratio of peanuts:steak resulting in a high P/S ratio (polyunsaturates/saturates). Dietary manipulation quickly effects their ability to train. Smoking is so rare among these runners that it must be related to specific effects, such as a catalytic agent in tobacco smoke converting linoleic acid into a toxic lipid oxide. Noakes and Opie recently confirmed again (May, 1976) that no cases of \"death due to coronary atherosclerosis\" have been recorded in marathon finishers. If this holds true for the second 10-year period of this study, then marathon runners will have joined the longshoremen by earning life-long protection against ASCVD. These longshoremen burned 1,876 kcals on the job, equivalent to a 30-km run. Roberts and Straus suggest that many factors can cause atherosclerosis. Only time will tell whether the marathoner is protected from all of them."}
{"id": "PMID:270940", "title": "Coronary heart disease in marathon runners.", "content": "Six highly trained marathon runners developed myocardial infarction. One of the two cases of clinically diagnosed myocardial infarction was fatal, and there were four cases of angiographically-proven infarction. Two athletes had significant arterial disease of two major coronary arteries, a third had stenosis of the anterior descending and the fourth of the right coronary artery. All these athletes had warning symptoms. Three of them completed marathon races despite symptoms, one athlete running more than 20 miles after the onset of exertional discomfort to complete the 56 mile Comrades Marathon. In spite of developing chest pain, another athlete who died had continued training for three weeks, including a 40 mile run. Two other athletes also continued to train with chest pain. We conclude that the marathon runners studied were not immune to coronary heart disease, nor to coronary atherosclerosis and that high levels of physical fitness did not guarantee the absence of significant cardiovascular disease. In addition, the relationship of exercise and myocardial infarction was complex because two athletes developed myocardial infarction during marathon running in the absence of complete coronary artery occlusion. We stress that marathon runners, like other sportsmen, should be warned of the serious significance of the development of exertional symptoms. Our conclusions do not reflect on the possible value of exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Rather we refute exaggerated claims that marathon running provides complete immunity from coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease in marathon runners. Six highly trained marathon runners developed myocardial infarction. One of the two cases of clinically diagnosed myocardial infarction was fatal, and there were four cases of angiographically-proven infarction. Two athletes had significant arterial disease of two major coronary arteries, a third had stenosis of the anterior descending and the fourth of the right coronary artery. All these athletes had warning symptoms. Three of them completed marathon races despite symptoms, one athlete running more than 20 miles after the onset of exertional discomfort to complete the 56 mile Comrades Marathon. In spite of developing chest pain, another athlete who died had continued training for three weeks, including a 40 mile run. Two other athletes also continued to train with chest pain. We conclude that the marathon runners studied were not immune to coronary heart disease, nor to coronary atherosclerosis and that high levels of physical fitness did not guarantee the absence of significant cardiovascular disease. In addition, the relationship of exercise and myocardial infarction was complex because two athletes developed myocardial infarction during marathon running in the absence of complete coronary artery occlusion. We stress that marathon runners, like other sportsmen, should be warned of the serious significance of the development of exertional symptoms. Our conclusions do not reflect on the possible value of exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Rather we refute exaggerated claims that marathon running provides complete immunity from coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:270942", "title": "A 4-year prospective study of the relationship of different habitual vocational physical activity to risk and incidence of ischemic heart disease in volunteer male federal employees.", "content": "A prospective study of coronary heart disease (CHD) was done in 2,635 volunteer male federal employees of postal, health, aerospace, and other agencies, aged 35--59 years at intake. The present analysis is concerned with 2,065 initially well whites, of whom 65 suffered clinical CHD during a 4 years of annual follow-up. The subjects differed markedly in their levels of habitual vocational physical activity, which is classified (1) by division into sedentary, moderate, and heavy activity groups, (2) by blue collar or white collar type of occupation, and (3) by calculated annual caloric expenditure for both vocational and non-vocational physical activities. Intake variables that were studied in relation to physical activity and the CHD incidence include age, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, relative body weight, ECG abnormality, and cigarette smoking. Socioeconomic status (SES) is assessed by levels of education and income and by a combined SES categorization based upon both. Estimated composite CHD risk scores are based upon Framingham equations. The CHD risk factors, singly, as well as in a derived composite risk score, are higher for men with heavy compared to sedentary or moderate habitual physical activity. However, this is a spurious association found to be induced by differences of SES. Thus, when physical activity and SES are studied in a concurrent analysis, a higher CHD risk is significantly associated with lower SES status but not with differences of vocational physical activity. The CHD incidence in this population is studied in relationship both to the risk factors and physical activity by multivariate analysis, using the multiple logistic risk model. The incidence of CHD is significantly associated with age, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. It is not found to be associated with the type of occupation (i.e., blue or white collar), the level of reported habitual vocational physical activity, or the calculated total vocational plus nonvocational caloric expenditure in physical activity.", "contents": "A 4-year prospective study of the relationship of different habitual vocational physical activity to risk and incidence of ischemic heart disease in volunteer male federal employees. A prospective study of coronary heart disease (CHD) was done in 2,635 volunteer male federal employees of postal, health, aerospace, and other agencies, aged 35--59 years at intake. The present analysis is concerned with 2,065 initially well whites, of whom 65 suffered clinical CHD during a 4 years of annual follow-up. The subjects differed markedly in their levels of habitual vocational physical activity, which is classified (1) by division into sedentary, moderate, and heavy activity groups, (2) by blue collar or white collar type of occupation, and (3) by calculated annual caloric expenditure for both vocational and non-vocational physical activities. Intake variables that were studied in relation to physical activity and the CHD incidence include age, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, relative body weight, ECG abnormality, and cigarette smoking. Socioeconomic status (SES) is assessed by levels of education and income and by a combined SES categorization based upon both. Estimated composite CHD risk scores are based upon Framingham equations. The CHD risk factors, singly, as well as in a derived composite risk score, are higher for men with heavy compared to sedentary or moderate habitual physical activity. However, this is a spurious association found to be induced by differences of SES. Thus, when physical activity and SES are studied in a concurrent analysis, a higher CHD risk is significantly associated with lower SES status but not with differences of vocational physical activity. The CHD incidence in this population is studied in relationship both to the risk factors and physical activity by multivariate analysis, using the multiple logistic risk model. The incidence of CHD is significantly associated with age, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. It is not found to be associated with the type of occupation (i.e., blue or white collar), the level of reported habitual vocational physical activity, or the calculated total vocational plus nonvocational caloric expenditure in physical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:270943", "title": "The important role of fitness determination and stress testing in predicting coronary incidence.", "content": "The question of whether there is some effect of status of cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise ECG abnormalities on occurrence of CHD other than their effect on the risk factors of serum cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, and smoking seems to have been answered in the affirmative by this study. The relative prognostic importance of the measures considered here, the role of exercise, and the interrelationships between fitness, exercise, other risk factors, and CHD provide many interesting hypotheses for continued study. A future investigation will involve a large prospective study in which the risk function to be derived would include stress ECG and treadmill performance as predictor variables. The retrospective approach reported in this paper had certain limitations. It did, however, permit demonstration of new results because, essentially for the first time, all of the important risk factors are measured in the study population and can be evaluated simultaneously.", "contents": "The important role of fitness determination and stress testing in predicting coronary incidence. The question of whether there is some effect of status of cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise ECG abnormalities on occurrence of CHD other than their effect on the risk factors of serum cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, and smoking seems to have been answered in the affirmative by this study. The relative prognostic importance of the measures considered here, the role of exercise, and the interrelationships between fitness, exercise, other risk factors, and CHD provide many interesting hypotheses for continued study. A future investigation will involve a large prospective study in which the risk function to be derived would include stress ECG and treadmill performance as predictor variables. The retrospective approach reported in this paper had certain limitations. It did, however, permit demonstration of new results because, essentially for the first time, all of the important risk factors are measured in the study population and can be evaluated simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:270949", "title": "Effects of an endurance training regimen on assessment of work capacity in prepubertal children.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of a 12-week endurance training regimen were studied among normally active and healthy prepubertal children. Twenty-six 8- to 12-year-old children (20 boys and 6 girls) volunteered and 10 acted as control subjects. The training regimen consisted of distance running for progressively longer periods (from 10 to 35 min) 2 to 3 times per week, with 2 additional sessions per week devoted to running games. Those who were trained ran a cumulative average distance of 95.6 km (58.9 miles). Intensity of work was assessed from running pace and heart rate. The target workout intensity was 75% to 80% of aerobic capacity (Vo2 max). Growth and development accounted for increases in height, weight, body circumferences, and diameters, and fat-free body weight. Heart rate (HR) during submaximal workloads, both running and walking, decreased in the trained group (p less than 0.01) and (p less than 0.05). HRmax did not change, but Vo2 max increased significantly (average 7%) in the trained group but not in the controls. No significant change attributable to training was found for submaximal cardiac output, stroke volume, or arteriovenous oxygen difference. The Vo2 max value before conditioning was a relatively poor predictor of the magnitude of improvement in functional capacity, but those with higher initial Vo2 max logged more cumulative training mileage. It was concluded that prepubertal children respond to an endurance training regimen by improving their running capacity, which is, to a limited extent, associated with increased aerobic capacity.", "contents": "Effects of an endurance training regimen on assessment of work capacity in prepubertal children. The cardiovascular effects of a 12-week endurance training regimen were studied among normally active and healthy prepubertal children. Twenty-six 8- to 12-year-old children (20 boys and 6 girls) volunteered and 10 acted as control subjects. The training regimen consisted of distance running for progressively longer periods (from 10 to 35 min) 2 to 3 times per week, with 2 additional sessions per week devoted to running games. Those who were trained ran a cumulative average distance of 95.6 km (58.9 miles). Intensity of work was assessed from running pace and heart rate. The target workout intensity was 75% to 80% of aerobic capacity (Vo2 max). Growth and development accounted for increases in height, weight, body circumferences, and diameters, and fat-free body weight. Heart rate (HR) during submaximal workloads, both running and walking, decreased in the trained group (p less than 0.01) and (p less than 0.05). HRmax did not change, but Vo2 max increased significantly (average 7%) in the trained group but not in the controls. No significant change attributable to training was found for submaximal cardiac output, stroke volume, or arteriovenous oxygen difference. The Vo2 max value before conditioning was a relatively poor predictor of the magnitude of improvement in functional capacity, but those with higher initial Vo2 max logged more cumulative training mileage. It was concluded that prepubertal children respond to an endurance training regimen by improving their running capacity, which is, to a limited extent, associated with increased aerobic capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:270956", "title": "A biomechanical approach to running injuries.", "content": "I have introduced the concept of controlling overuse syndromes by controlling the etiology. The etiology of most overuse syndromes is biomechanical deformity of the lower extremity as well as nonadherence to sound principles of training and conditioning. It is important to realize these factors to provide for many years of injury-free athletic involvement.", "contents": "A biomechanical approach to running injuries. I have introduced the concept of controlling overuse syndromes by controlling the etiology. The etiology of most overuse syndromes is biomechanical deformity of the lower extremity as well as nonadherence to sound principles of training and conditioning. It is important to realize these factors to provide for many years of injury-free athletic involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:270964", "title": "Role of infection in the death of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Twenty-four consecutive deaths from a total of 70 children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have been reviewed. An attempt has been made to ascribe the cause of death to either infection, haemorrhage, the leukaemia itself, or a combination of these factors. No child was free of infection at death. Infection, with or without haemorrhage, was responsible for the deaths of all 15 children whose leukaemia had not relapsed. Although infection was present at death in all 9 children whose leukaemia had relapsed, the leukaemia process itself was also a major contributing factor. Viruses were associated with death in many of the children and may be emerging as important pathogens in children with ALL. Familiarity with a protocol may be an important factor in the prevention of fatal infections in such children. Centralization of treatment is necessary if this expertise is to be acquired.", "contents": "Role of infection in the death of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Twenty-four consecutive deaths from a total of 70 children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have been reviewed. An attempt has been made to ascribe the cause of death to either infection, haemorrhage, the leukaemia itself, or a combination of these factors. No child was free of infection at death. Infection, with or without haemorrhage, was responsible for the deaths of all 15 children whose leukaemia had not relapsed. Although infection was present at death in all 9 children whose leukaemia had relapsed, the leukaemia process itself was also a major contributing factor. Viruses were associated with death in many of the children and may be emerging as important pathogens in children with ALL. Familiarity with a protocol may be an important factor in the prevention of fatal infections in such children. Centralization of treatment is necessary if this expertise is to be acquired."}
{"id": "PMID:270975", "title": "The value of a simple medical questionnaire in dentistry.", "content": "A short specific medical questionnaire was given to 1125 new patients attending for their initial examination at the Perth Dental Hospital. A positive history was given by 398 patients. A wide variety of conditions was revealed and the dental significance is discussed. The extent of the information provided illustrates that the simple questionnaire is valuable in exposing conditions which may affect dental treatment.", "contents": "The value of a simple medical questionnaire in dentistry. A short specific medical questionnaire was given to 1125 new patients attending for their initial examination at the Perth Dental Hospital. A positive history was given by 398 patients. A wide variety of conditions was revealed and the dental significance is discussed. The extent of the information provided illustrates that the simple questionnaire is valuable in exposing conditions which may affect dental treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:270976", "title": "An elementary study of deformation of molar teeth during amalgam restorative procedures.", "content": "A technique using an optical comparator was employed to examine the dimensional changes resulting from cavity preparation, application of the matrix and packing with amalgam in three extracted molar teeth. The changes have been reported and the nature of the change discussed. A modification in the use of the matrix and amalgam packing technique is suggested.", "contents": "An elementary study of deformation of molar teeth during amalgam restorative procedures. A technique using an optical comparator was employed to examine the dimensional changes resulting from cavity preparation, application of the matrix and packing with amalgam in three extracted molar teeth. The changes have been reported and the nature of the change discussed. A modification in the use of the matrix and amalgam packing technique is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:270977", "title": "A rapid spectrophotometric assay of amide type dental anaesthetic agents.", "content": "A spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of lignocaine in ointments was investigated and standardized for general application to local anaesthetic solutions of the amide type commonly used for dental injection, namely, lignocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, pyrrocaine and tolycaine. The method is based on the controlled formation of a copper complex and the Beer-Lambert law was found to be obeyed over a useful range. Results indicated that the method would be accurate, convenient and rapid, saving substantial time over wet-way methods conventionally used. For confirmation of the identify of the anaesthetic agent, infrared spectroscopy was shown to be a rewarding technique.", "contents": "A rapid spectrophotometric assay of amide type dental anaesthetic agents. A spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of lignocaine in ointments was investigated and standardized for general application to local anaesthetic solutions of the amide type commonly used for dental injection, namely, lignocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, pyrrocaine and tolycaine. The method is based on the controlled formation of a copper complex and the Beer-Lambert law was found to be obeyed over a useful range. Results indicated that the method would be accurate, convenient and rapid, saving substantial time over wet-way methods conventionally used. For confirmation of the identify of the anaesthetic agent, infrared spectroscopy was shown to be a rewarding technique."}
{"id": "PMID:270979", "title": "Factors affecting the structure of a fissure sealant at the enamel/sealant interface.", "content": "Scanning electron microscope study of a fissure sealant on enamel in vitro shows the effect of varying methods of application, viscosity, dryness and time of etching of enamel. The effective attachment of the sealant to enamel required that it be brushed into the dry etched enamel. Viscosity seemed unimportant.", "contents": "Factors affecting the structure of a fissure sealant at the enamel/sealant interface. Scanning electron microscope study of a fissure sealant on enamel in vitro shows the effect of varying methods of application, viscosity, dryness and time of etching of enamel. The effective attachment of the sealant to enamel required that it be brushed into the dry etched enamel. Viscosity seemed unimportant."}
{"id": "PMID:270980", "title": "The influence of some manipulative factors on creep.", "content": "The effects of a number of factors on creep in dental amalgam was investigated. The factors studied were the delayed time between mixing and packing, the packing technique, the alloy system and the annealing or ageing of specimens at 37 degrees C for one and 190 days. The delayed time and the alloy system factors as well as an interaction between them had a significant influence on the one day annealed specimens. The alloy system in the 190 days annealed specimen was the only factor to affect creep.", "contents": "The influence of some manipulative factors on creep. The effects of a number of factors on creep in dental amalgam was investigated. The factors studied were the delayed time between mixing and packing, the packing technique, the alloy system and the annealing or ageing of specimens at 37 degrees C for one and 190 days. The delayed time and the alloy system factors as well as an interaction between them had a significant influence on the one day annealed specimens. The alloy system in the 190 days annealed specimen was the only factor to affect creep."}
{"id": "PMID:270982", "title": "Immunological abnormalities in coeliac disease and their response to dietary restriction. I. Serum immunoglobulins, antibodies and complement.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with coeliac disease were studied whilst on a normal diet and again after a mean period of 15 months on a gluten-free diet. Serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM, total haemolytic complement, C3, serum autoantibodies and precipitins to dietary proteins were compared to those in age and sex matched control subjects. There was considerable individual variation, but as a group, patients on a normal diet had significantly raised IgA and low IgM and an increased prevalence of antibody to reticulin, smooth muscle and dietary protein. These abnormalities disappeared during the period of dietary restriction suggesting that they are disease epiphenomena rather than primary pathogenetic factors.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities in coeliac disease and their response to dietary restriction. I. Serum immunoglobulins, antibodies and complement. Twenty-three patients with coeliac disease were studied whilst on a normal diet and again after a mean period of 15 months on a gluten-free diet. Serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM, total haemolytic complement, C3, serum autoantibodies and precipitins to dietary proteins were compared to those in age and sex matched control subjects. There was considerable individual variation, but as a group, patients on a normal diet had significantly raised IgA and low IgM and an increased prevalence of antibody to reticulin, smooth muscle and dietary protein. These abnormalities disappeared during the period of dietary restriction suggesting that they are disease epiphenomena rather than primary pathogenetic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:270983", "title": "Immunological abnormalities in coeliac disease and their response to dietary restriction. II. Immunoglobulin containing cells, immunoglobulins and dietary antibodies in the small bowel.", "content": "The numbers of immunoglobulin (Ig) containing cells in jejunal mucosa were determined in 29 patients with untreated coeliac disease and 28 control subjects. The patients had significantly increased numbers of IgM containing cells. Seven of the patients were studied again after 12 months on a gluten-free diet and showed a significant reduction in the number of IgM containing cells. The increase noted in untreated patients is therefore likely to be a manifestation of the disease rather than a primary abnormality of aetiological significance.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities in coeliac disease and their response to dietary restriction. II. Immunoglobulin containing cells, immunoglobulins and dietary antibodies in the small bowel. The numbers of immunoglobulin (Ig) containing cells in jejunal mucosa were determined in 29 patients with untreated coeliac disease and 28 control subjects. The patients had significantly increased numbers of IgM containing cells. Seven of the patients were studied again after 12 months on a gluten-free diet and showed a significant reduction in the number of IgM containing cells. The increase noted in untreated patients is therefore likely to be a manifestation of the disease rather than a primary abnormality of aetiological significance."}
{"id": "PMID:270984", "title": "Factors influencing small bowel changes in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Factors influencing small bowel morphology in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were investigated by comparing patients with DH and normal small bowel biopsies to patients with DH and abnormal small bowel biopsies. The mean age of 18 patients with morphological changes in small bowel (38 years) was significantly lower (P less than 0-001) than the mean age of nine patients with normal bowel mucosa (60 years). HLA typing confirmed the high frequency of HLA-B8 in DH (64%) but HLA-B8 was unrelated to the presence or severity of small bowel lesions. Four patients had diarrhoea with progressive weight loss or abdominal cramps subsequently responsive to gluten withdrawal. In this subgroup serum levels of IgG and IgM were significantly lower than in patients with normal small bowel mucosa. Small bowel involvement appeared to be independent of the duration and severity of skin disease, and the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement (C3) in the dermal papillae of skin adjacent to skin lesions.", "contents": "Factors influencing small bowel changes in dermatitis herpetiformis. Factors influencing small bowel morphology in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were investigated by comparing patients with DH and normal small bowel biopsies to patients with DH and abnormal small bowel biopsies. The mean age of 18 patients with morphological changes in small bowel (38 years) was significantly lower (P less than 0-001) than the mean age of nine patients with normal bowel mucosa (60 years). HLA typing confirmed the high frequency of HLA-B8 in DH (64%) but HLA-B8 was unrelated to the presence or severity of small bowel lesions. Four patients had diarrhoea with progressive weight loss or abdominal cramps subsequently responsive to gluten withdrawal. In this subgroup serum levels of IgG and IgM were significantly lower than in patients with normal small bowel mucosa. Small bowel involvement appeared to be independent of the duration and severity of skin disease, and the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement (C3) in the dermal papillae of skin adjacent to skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:270986", "title": "Cancer and teratogenesis: infrequent occurrence after medical use of immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "This study examines long term \"medical\" immunosuppression with azathioprine or cyclophosphamide for immunopathic disease in relation to cancer and foetal malformation. The experience represent an aggregate of 241 years of treatment and 508 patient-years of follow-up in 133 non-transplant patients. For azathioprine the mean duration of treatment was 1-9 years and the mean duration of observation was 3-8 years, and for cyclophosphamide, the mean durations of treatment and observation were 0-7 and 4-6 years. A sample of 70 patients was shown by in vivo tests to have significantly suppressed cell-mediated immunity. In the period of review there were observed two cancers, both squamous cell carcinomas of skin, two benign neoplasms and six keratoses; after the period of review, three further cancers were recorded, one being in a subject with a known previous cancer. Nine pregnancies with azathioprine yielded no foetal malformations.", "contents": "Cancer and teratogenesis: infrequent occurrence after medical use of immunosuppressive drugs. This study examines long term \"medical\" immunosuppression with azathioprine or cyclophosphamide for immunopathic disease in relation to cancer and foetal malformation. The experience represent an aggregate of 241 years of treatment and 508 patient-years of follow-up in 133 non-transplant patients. For azathioprine the mean duration of treatment was 1-9 years and the mean duration of observation was 3-8 years, and for cyclophosphamide, the mean durations of treatment and observation were 0-7 and 4-6 years. A sample of 70 patients was shown by in vivo tests to have significantly suppressed cell-mediated immunity. In the period of review there were observed two cancers, both squamous cell carcinomas of skin, two benign neoplasms and six keratoses; after the period of review, three further cancers were recorded, one being in a subject with a known previous cancer. Nine pregnancies with azathioprine yielded no foetal malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:270987", "title": "Do Australian Aborigines suffer from renal tract calculi?", "content": "Analysis of intravenous pyelograms performed in the Darwin Hospital over the five-year period, 1970-1974, showed that 9% of the examinations carried out on non-Aboriginal patients demonstrated calculi in the renal tract. Although considerably fewer pyelograms had been performed on Aboriginal patients, only one showed a calculus. The result has been shown to be highly significant and is discussed in relation to racial and other differences between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory.", "contents": "Do Australian Aborigines suffer from renal tract calculi? Analysis of intravenous pyelograms performed in the Darwin Hospital over the five-year period, 1970-1974, showed that 9% of the examinations carried out on non-Aboriginal patients demonstrated calculi in the renal tract. Although considerably fewer pyelograms had been performed on Aboriginal patients, only one showed a calculus. The result has been shown to be highly significant and is discussed in relation to racial and other differences between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory."}
{"id": "PMID:270988", "title": "Adverse reactions to drugs: a 12-month hospital survey.", "content": "A formalised system of adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting was instituted at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in August 1975. The present report reviews the results obtained from this system after a 12-month period of operation. A significant number of reports associated with the use of antibiotics and radiographic contrast media were received. The importance of \"feed-back\" of ADR information to prescribers is emphasised.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to drugs: a 12-month hospital survey. A formalised system of adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting was instituted at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in August 1975. The present report reviews the results obtained from this system after a 12-month period of operation. A significant number of reports associated with the use of antibiotics and radiographic contrast media were received. The importance of \"feed-back\" of ADR information to prescribers is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:270989", "title": "Salivary antipyrine kinetics in hepatic and renal disease and in patients on anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "The effects in man of liver disease, renal failure and hepatic microsomal enzyme induction on the elimination kinetics of antipyrine in saliva have been examined. Antipyrine (10 mg/kg) was given orally and assayed in saliva by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean antipyrine half-life from saliva in nine epileptic subjects receiving long term anticonvulsant drug therapy (6 hr +/- 0-9 SEM) was significantly shorter than in twenty normal healthy volunteers (10-7 +/- 0-6). Therapy included phenytoin and phenobarbitone, two drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes. Five subjects with chronic renal failure exhibited no significant difference in salivary anti-pyrine half-life (11-7 +/- 1-9) compared to the control group, whereas six subjects with chronic liver disease and impaired hepatic function had significantly increased half-life values (42-4 +/- 10). The results suggest that differences in the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes are reflected by changes in salivary antipyrine elimination kinetics. Chronic renal failure appeared to have no effect on the function of these enzymes.", "contents": "Salivary antipyrine kinetics in hepatic and renal disease and in patients on anticonvulsant therapy. The effects in man of liver disease, renal failure and hepatic microsomal enzyme induction on the elimination kinetics of antipyrine in saliva have been examined. Antipyrine (10 mg/kg) was given orally and assayed in saliva by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean antipyrine half-life from saliva in nine epileptic subjects receiving long term anticonvulsant drug therapy (6 hr +/- 0-9 SEM) was significantly shorter than in twenty normal healthy volunteers (10-7 +/- 0-6). Therapy included phenytoin and phenobarbitone, two drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes. Five subjects with chronic renal failure exhibited no significant difference in salivary anti-pyrine half-life (11-7 +/- 1-9) compared to the control group, whereas six subjects with chronic liver disease and impaired hepatic function had significantly increased half-life values (42-4 +/- 10). The results suggest that differences in the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes are reflected by changes in salivary antipyrine elimination kinetics. Chronic renal failure appeared to have no effect on the function of these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:270990", "title": "Left main coronary artery obstruction: early surgical experience with forty-two patients.", "content": "Direct coronary artery surgery was performed on 42 patients with high grade obstruction of the left main coronary artery (LMCA), with a perioperative infarction rate of 7% and a hospital mortality of 9-6%. There was no significant difference in presentation of patients with LMCA lesions and no prediction of this lesion could be made by preangiographic assessment. Significant obstructive lesions in other coronary vessels were noted in most patients, triple vessel disease occurring in 27 patients (64-3%), double vessel in 14 patients (33-3%) and the LMCA lesion was an isolated lesion in only one patient (2-4%). Right coronary lesions occurred in 35 patients (83%), left anterior descending artery artery lesions in 38 patients (90%) and left circumflex system lesions in 34 patients (81%). The surgical procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Left main coronary artery obstruction: early surgical experience with forty-two patients. Direct coronary artery surgery was performed on 42 patients with high grade obstruction of the left main coronary artery (LMCA), with a perioperative infarction rate of 7% and a hospital mortality of 9-6%. There was no significant difference in presentation of patients with LMCA lesions and no prediction of this lesion could be made by preangiographic assessment. Significant obstructive lesions in other coronary vessels were noted in most patients, triple vessel disease occurring in 27 patients (64-3%), double vessel in 14 patients (33-3%) and the LMCA lesion was an isolated lesion in only one patient (2-4%). Right coronary lesions occurred in 35 patients (83%), left anterior descending artery artery lesions in 38 patients (90%) and left circumflex system lesions in 34 patients (81%). The surgical procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:270991", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen--a survey in a major metropolitan hospital.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen in blood donors in the Wellington Hospital region is 0-27%. A retrospective survey of 66 persons found by the Wellington Hospital Laboratory to be hepatitis B antigen positive between September, 1971 and August, 1975, showed that over this period there has been a consistent decline in the number of new antigen positive cases found per year. This appears to be due to a decline in the numbers originating in the renal unit. A liver biopsy was taken in only one case and this showed chronic persisting hepatitis. Apart from the renal unit, high risk patients and staff are not tested regularly for hepatitis B antigen. Regular testing of laboratory staff and patients and staff of the cardiothoracic and haematology departments is recommended.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen--a survey in a major metropolitan hospital. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen in blood donors in the Wellington Hospital region is 0-27%. A retrospective survey of 66 persons found by the Wellington Hospital Laboratory to be hepatitis B antigen positive between September, 1971 and August, 1975, showed that over this period there has been a consistent decline in the number of new antigen positive cases found per year. This appears to be due to a decline in the numbers originating in the renal unit. A liver biopsy was taken in only one case and this showed chronic persisting hepatitis. Apart from the renal unit, high risk patients and staff are not tested regularly for hepatitis B antigen. Regular testing of laboratory staff and patients and staff of the cardiothoracic and haematology departments is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:270992", "title": "Hepatic venous occlusion from carcinoma of bile duct in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The illness is described of a 25-year-old man with an 18-year history of ulcerative colitis, who presented with obstructive jaundice due to a carcinoma of the bile duct. Terminally, he developed acute symptomatic hepatic venous occlusion due to extrinsic compression of the ostia of the hepatic veins. This was caused by a large mass of intrahepatic metastatic tumour.", "contents": "Hepatic venous occlusion from carcinoma of bile duct in ulcerative colitis. The illness is described of a 25-year-old man with an 18-year history of ulcerative colitis, who presented with obstructive jaundice due to a carcinoma of the bile duct. Terminally, he developed acute symptomatic hepatic venous occlusion due to extrinsic compression of the ostia of the hepatic veins. This was caused by a large mass of intrahepatic metastatic tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:270993", "title": "Herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "In this paper seven cases of severe viral encephalitis seen over a four year period at the Princes Alexandria Hospital, Brisbane, are presented. Four of these cases were proven cases of Herpes simplex encephalitis on the basis of viral culture, and three were probable cases of Herpes simplex encephalitis on the basis of rising serum antibody titres. A summary of the clinical aspects and laboratory investigations of the cases is followed by a brief discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of this condition.", "contents": "Herpes simplex encephalitis. In this paper seven cases of severe viral encephalitis seen over a four year period at the Princes Alexandria Hospital, Brisbane, are presented. Four of these cases were proven cases of Herpes simplex encephalitis on the basis of viral culture, and three were probable cases of Herpes simplex encephalitis on the basis of rising serum antibody titres. A summary of the clinical aspects and laboratory investigations of the cases is followed by a brief discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:270994", "title": "Use of a microprocessor in the control of malignant hypertension with sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "In a malignant hypertensive, steady control of blood pressure at a pre-determined level has been achieved with the continuous intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside. A microprocessor was programmed to assess the patient's blood pressure and adjust the rate of nitroprusside infusion so that a mean pressure of 106 mmHg was achieved. Brief interruption of the nitroprusside infusion allowed the effectiveness of changes in oral therapy to be evaluated. Thiocyanate concentrations were measured throughout as an index of potential nitroprusside toxicity. After six days, blood pressure control was maintained with oral therapy alone and papilloedema had almost resolved.", "contents": "Use of a microprocessor in the control of malignant hypertension with sodium nitroprusside. In a malignant hypertensive, steady control of blood pressure at a pre-determined level has been achieved with the continuous intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside. A microprocessor was programmed to assess the patient's blood pressure and adjust the rate of nitroprusside infusion so that a mean pressure of 106 mmHg was achieved. Brief interruption of the nitroprusside infusion allowed the effectiveness of changes in oral therapy to be evaluated. Thiocyanate concentrations were measured throughout as an index of potential nitroprusside toxicity. After six days, blood pressure control was maintained with oral therapy alone and papilloedema had almost resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:270995", "title": "Bilateral ptosis and proximal myopathy--muscular manifestations of hypothyroidism.", "content": "The case report of a 28-year-old hypothyroid female is presented. She demonstrated several muscular disorders of hypothyroidism including proximal myopathy and the previously unreported occurrence of severe bilateral ptosis.", "contents": "Bilateral ptosis and proximal myopathy--muscular manifestations of hypothyroidism. The case report of a 28-year-old hypothyroid female is presented. She demonstrated several muscular disorders of hypothyroidism including proximal myopathy and the previously unreported occurrence of severe bilateral ptosis."}
{"id": "PMID:270996", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as a proximal myopathy.", "content": "A 46-year-old female presented with a three year history of progressive weakness. Asymptomatic apart from proximal myopathy, multi channel screening and radiological features indicated primary hyperparathyroidism with severe metabolic bone disease. Removal of a parathyroid adenoma led to improvement of muscle strength and regression of bony and metabolic changes.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as a proximal myopathy. A 46-year-old female presented with a three year history of progressive weakness. Asymptomatic apart from proximal myopathy, multi channel screening and radiological features indicated primary hyperparathyroidism with severe metabolic bone disease. Removal of a parathyroid adenoma led to improvement of muscle strength and regression of bony and metabolic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:270997", "title": "Recurrent venous thrombosis with a \"lupus\" coagulation inhibitor in the absence of systemic lupus.", "content": "A young man presenting with recurrent deep venous thrombosis was found to have a lupus type coagulation inhibitor. He showed neither clinical nor serological evidence of systemic lupus. The value of the Russell viper venom coagulation time in the detection of the inhibitor is demonstrated. Anticoagulant therapy has not caused any bleeding complication despite the presence of the inhibitor.", "contents": "Recurrent venous thrombosis with a \"lupus\" coagulation inhibitor in the absence of systemic lupus. A young man presenting with recurrent deep venous thrombosis was found to have a lupus type coagulation inhibitor. He showed neither clinical nor serological evidence of systemic lupus. The value of the Russell viper venom coagulation time in the detection of the inhibitor is demonstrated. Anticoagulant therapy has not caused any bleeding complication despite the presence of the inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:270998", "title": "Primary amyloidosis with cardiac involvement diagnosed by left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy.", "content": "A case of primary amyloidosis is described. The patient presented with the nephrotic syndrome and later developed heart failure. Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy was performed and haemodynamic data were recorded. The findings were those of a 'restrictive' cardiomyopathy. Histology of the biopsy was pathognomonic of amyloid involvement of the heart. The patient was started on chemotherapy consisting of prednisone, penicillamine, melphalan and fluoxymesterone. This case demonstrates the ability of endomyocardial biopsy in arriving at a definitive diagnosis in this patient.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis with cardiac involvement diagnosed by left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. A case of primary amyloidosis is described. The patient presented with the nephrotic syndrome and later developed heart failure. Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy was performed and haemodynamic data were recorded. The findings were those of a 'restrictive' cardiomyopathy. Histology of the biopsy was pathognomonic of amyloid involvement of the heart. The patient was started on chemotherapy consisting of prednisone, penicillamine, melphalan and fluoxymesterone. This case demonstrates the ability of endomyocardial biopsy in arriving at a definitive diagnosis in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:270999", "title": "[Results of the treatment of nonlymphoblastic acute leukemia in a pediatric population].", "content": "On a prospective fashion during approximately two years, 22 pediatric patients with acute non lymphocytic leukemia were evaluated. Of this population the majority had acute mielocytic leukemia, followed by acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Absolutely all patients at the time of diagnosis and subsequently every 4 to 6 weeks had a bone marrow aspiration test. When the patients were first seen, 54% of them presented fever; lymph node enlargement was not a common finding. Only few of this patients presented splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly. In regards to complete blood counts the most outstanding of its was the presence of leukocyte count above 20000/mm.3 in 8 of this patients. From the 22 patients studied only 21 are evaluable. All 21 patients were treated with a 4 drug combination (modified COAP). Sixteen patients (76%) achieved bone marrow remission, of which only 15 patients (71%) achieved complete remission. The median duration remission was of 9.2 months with a range of 2 to 26 months. At the present time only 7 patients (33%) are alive and on remission. Two more patients are alive but in full relapse. The mortality rate of this study is of 59%. The review of recent chemotherapy reports is presented and the need for further trials is emphasized especially in view of recent papers published in which it appears that better results are being obtained at last in children's acute non lymphocitic leukemia.", "contents": "[Results of the treatment of nonlymphoblastic acute leukemia in a pediatric population]. On a prospective fashion during approximately two years, 22 pediatric patients with acute non lymphocytic leukemia were evaluated. Of this population the majority had acute mielocytic leukemia, followed by acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Absolutely all patients at the time of diagnosis and subsequently every 4 to 6 weeks had a bone marrow aspiration test. When the patients were first seen, 54% of them presented fever; lymph node enlargement was not a common finding. Only few of this patients presented splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly. In regards to complete blood counts the most outstanding of its was the presence of leukocyte count above 20000/mm.3 in 8 of this patients. From the 22 patients studied only 21 are evaluable. All 21 patients were treated with a 4 drug combination (modified COAP). Sixteen patients (76%) achieved bone marrow remission, of which only 15 patients (71%) achieved complete remission. The median duration remission was of 9.2 months with a range of 2 to 26 months. At the present time only 7 patients (33%) are alive and on remission. Two more patients are alive but in full relapse. The mortality rate of this study is of 59%. The review of recent chemotherapy reports is presented and the need for further trials is emphasized especially in view of recent papers published in which it appears that better results are being obtained at last in children's acute non lymphocitic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:271010", "title": "Incidence of bone sarcoma in SW England, 1946-74, in relation to age, sex, tumour site and histology.", "content": "A study is presented of all cases of primary sarcoma of bone registered during the period 1946 to 1974 for a specified population resident in south-western England. Ninety-six per cent of the 365 cases were histologically and radiologically verified and are separated into 8 categories of sarcoma. The number of tumours presenting during each hemi-decade did not markedly diverge from the 5-year mean for the period, nor was any significant change found in tumour incidence during the last 20 years of the survey. The age, sex and site distributions correspond with those reported elsewhere. Age-specific incidence rates are compared with those published for Sweden. For osteosarcoma and Ewing's tumour, both commoner in young people, the two series agree closely up to age 55 years, after which the Swedish incidence rates rise and are not exceeded when, for the present cases, Paget's osteosarcomas are included. Whilst Paget's disease may change the age incidence of some types of bone sarcoma, it is uncertain whether it increases the total number which occur. Differences in tumour incidence between males and females, whether for a specific type or for all bone sarcomas, are seldom statistically significant, but the patterns appear to be consistent.", "contents": "Incidence of bone sarcoma in SW England, 1946-74, in relation to age, sex, tumour site and histology. A study is presented of all cases of primary sarcoma of bone registered during the period 1946 to 1974 for a specified population resident in south-western England. Ninety-six per cent of the 365 cases were histologically and radiologically verified and are separated into 8 categories of sarcoma. The number of tumours presenting during each hemi-decade did not markedly diverge from the 5-year mean for the period, nor was any significant change found in tumour incidence during the last 20 years of the survey. The age, sex and site distributions correspond with those reported elsewhere. Age-specific incidence rates are compared with those published for Sweden. For osteosarcoma and Ewing's tumour, both commoner in young people, the two series agree closely up to age 55 years, after which the Swedish incidence rates rise and are not exceeded when, for the present cases, Paget's osteosarcomas are included. Whilst Paget's disease may change the age incidence of some types of bone sarcoma, it is uncertain whether it increases the total number which occur. Differences in tumour incidence between males and females, whether for a specific type or for all bone sarcomas, are seldom statistically significant, but the patterns appear to be consistent."}
{"id": "PMID:271013", "title": "Refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts in the bone marrow: a clinical trial of androgens in 90 patients.", "content": "In a cooperative trial, 90 patients with refractory anaemia with an excess of blast cells in the marrow were evaluated and treated with androgens. The clinical presentation was very similar to previously published observations: features of medullary insufficiency were less marked than in primary aplastic anaemia; bone marrow blastic infiltration varied from case to case, and remained stable until death or until an acute leukaemic change. All the patients were treated with high doses of androgens as for aplastic anaemia. The efficacy of this therapy was poor. The average life expectancy was 13 months, 64% of deaths being associated with a change to acute myeloid leukaemia. A severe bone marrow deficiency foreshadowed early death, but myeloblastic transformation was observed whatever the initial degree of blastic infiltration of the bone marrow. A comparison with the literature suggests that androgen therapy may accelerate the change to acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts in the bone marrow: a clinical trial of androgens in 90 patients. In a cooperative trial, 90 patients with refractory anaemia with an excess of blast cells in the marrow were evaluated and treated with androgens. The clinical presentation was very similar to previously published observations: features of medullary insufficiency were less marked than in primary aplastic anaemia; bone marrow blastic infiltration varied from case to case, and remained stable until death or until an acute leukaemic change. All the patients were treated with high doses of androgens as for aplastic anaemia. The efficacy of this therapy was poor. The average life expectancy was 13 months, 64% of deaths being associated with a change to acute myeloid leukaemia. A severe bone marrow deficiency foreshadowed early death, but myeloblastic transformation was observed whatever the initial degree of blastic infiltration of the bone marrow. A comparison with the literature suggests that androgen therapy may accelerate the change to acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:271014", "title": "Morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony.", "content": "The first stage in the morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony involves induction. In this process, individual analytic morphograms are combined to form analytic histograms, which in turn are connected to form analytic histomorphograms, which provide three-dimensional statements about the variation in craniofacial structures in a population. The second stage involves deduction, in which the analytic morphograms of a particular patient are compared with appropriate analytic histomorphograms, so that a diagnosis of the three-dimensional nature of the dysharmony can be made. Craniofacial morphanalysis is performed manually in small scale enquiries but the methods have been converted to computer-graphic technology for large-scale studies. A clinical morphanalysis service is currently conducted and a standard reference atlas is being prepared.", "contents": "Morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony. The first stage in the morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony involves induction. In this process, individual analytic morphograms are combined to form analytic histograms, which in turn are connected to form analytic histomorphograms, which provide three-dimensional statements about the variation in craniofacial structures in a population. The second stage involves deduction, in which the analytic morphograms of a particular patient are compared with appropriate analytic histomorphograms, so that a diagnosis of the three-dimensional nature of the dysharmony can be made. Craniofacial morphanalysis is performed manually in small scale enquiries but the methods have been converted to computer-graphic technology for large-scale studies. A clinical morphanalysis service is currently conducted and a standard reference atlas is being prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:271015", "title": "Bilateral mandibular condylysis-a morphanalytic diagnosis.", "content": "Four cases of bilateral mandibular condylysis are presented. The condition does not appear to be included in current teaching or existing nomenclature and consists of an acquired absence of the mandibular condyles, unassociated with temporomandibular ankylosis or aural/facial anomalies. In the literature of condylar maldevelopment four published cases appear to justify reclassification as bilateral mandibular condylysis, bringing the recorded total to eight. Whereas previous writers have regarded the condition as a prenatal condylar aplasia or hypoplasia, morphanalysis studies of the four current cases have shown that the probable aetiology is postnatal local disturbance in the condylar region. The term condylysis has been chosen to emphasise the locally destructive (or lytic) mechanism which appears to be involved. Mandibular condylysis is distinguished from condylar aplasia by its non-association with aural/facial anomalies and because normal development appears to proceed until the lytic event occurs. It is further distinguished from primary and secondary condylar hypoplasia because the condyle is absent rather than small, because normal development appears to proceed until the lytic event occurs and because of its non-association with aural/facial anomalies or temporomandibular ankylosis.", "contents": "Bilateral mandibular condylysis-a morphanalytic diagnosis. Four cases of bilateral mandibular condylysis are presented. The condition does not appear to be included in current teaching or existing nomenclature and consists of an acquired absence of the mandibular condyles, unassociated with temporomandibular ankylosis or aural/facial anomalies. In the literature of condylar maldevelopment four published cases appear to justify reclassification as bilateral mandibular condylysis, bringing the recorded total to eight. Whereas previous writers have regarded the condition as a prenatal condylar aplasia or hypoplasia, morphanalysis studies of the four current cases have shown that the probable aetiology is postnatal local disturbance in the condylar region. The term condylysis has been chosen to emphasise the locally destructive (or lytic) mechanism which appears to be involved. Mandibular condylysis is distinguished from condylar aplasia by its non-association with aural/facial anomalies and because normal development appears to proceed until the lytic event occurs. It is further distinguished from primary and secondary condylar hypoplasia because the condyle is absent rather than small, because normal development appears to proceed until the lytic event occurs and because of its non-association with aural/facial anomalies or temporomandibular ankylosis."}
{"id": "PMID:271017", "title": "Jaw lymphoma in Middle East children.", "content": "Six cases of jaw lymphoma occurring in Middle East children between 1971-1976 are reported. While the histological and radiological appearances of the tumours were suggestive of a diagnosis of Burkitt's tumour, the Middle East tumour failed to respond clinically to treatment which is effective against Burkitt's lymphoma. It is believed that these tumours may constitute a separate clinical entity. The identification of the initiating agent should be a matter of urgency, for treatment at present is invariably unsuccessful.", "contents": "Jaw lymphoma in Middle East children. Six cases of jaw lymphoma occurring in Middle East children between 1971-1976 are reported. While the histological and radiological appearances of the tumours were suggestive of a diagnosis of Burkitt's tumour, the Middle East tumour failed to respond clinically to treatment which is effective against Burkitt's lymphoma. It is believed that these tumours may constitute a separate clinical entity. The identification of the initiating agent should be a matter of urgency, for treatment at present is invariably unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:271018", "title": "Clinical statistics of odontogenic cysts in West Malaysia.", "content": "A study was made of the clinical statistics of odontogenic cysts treated at two hospitals in West Malaysia over a 6-year period. The general incidence of the individual cyst-types is similar to that reported in previous studies. A marked difference in the age distribution of radicular cysts emerged and 80% of the residual cysts in the survey occurred amongst the Chinese population. Reasons for the distribution variation are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical statistics of odontogenic cysts in West Malaysia. A study was made of the clinical statistics of odontogenic cysts treated at two hospitals in West Malaysia over a 6-year period. The general incidence of the individual cyst-types is similar to that reported in previous studies. A marked difference in the age distribution of radicular cysts emerged and 80% of the residual cysts in the survey occurred amongst the Chinese population. Reasons for the distribution variation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271019", "title": "Multiple cystic adenomas of labial salivary glands.", "content": "A case of multiple cystic adenomas is described and their histological characteristics discussed. Review of the literature showed no previous publication of multiple tumours from labial salivary glands.", "contents": "Multiple cystic adenomas of labial salivary glands. A case of multiple cystic adenomas is described and their histological characteristics discussed. Review of the literature showed no previous publication of multiple tumours from labial salivary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:271022", "title": "Current principles of morphanalysis and their implications in oral surgical practice.", "content": "This survey of morphanalysis in an oral surgical context summarises current conventions concerning the fixed relations theory, the analytic morphograph and craniofacial morphography. The oral surgical implications are then discussed in preparation for subsequent papers on the morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony and mandibular condylysis.", "contents": "Current principles of morphanalysis and their implications in oral surgical practice. This survey of morphanalysis in an oral surgical context summarises current conventions concerning the fixed relations theory, the analytic morphograph and craniofacial morphography. The oral surgical implications are then discussed in preparation for subsequent papers on the morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony and mandibular condylysis."}
{"id": "PMID:271029", "title": "Measurements of endosteal surface areas in human long bones: relationship to sites of occurrence of osteosarcoma.", "content": "Using techniques of bone scanning and ashing, the areas of the endosteal surfaces in cortical and trabecular bone have been determined for the proximal, mid and distal thirds of each of the six long bones of an adult human subject. The relative frequency of occurrence of bone sarcomas, scored as to site, has been analysed in relation to these measured areas. Data on tumour occurrence have been drawn from three sources: radium-case data from Rowland and Keane (33 cases), naturally-occurring cases from series by Sissons (139 cases) and by Dahlin (473 cases). A strong correlation is demonstrated between tumour frequency and trabecular area, but correlation with cortical area is poor. By comparing the tumour frequency in the mid thirds of the bones with the total recorded it has been possible to show that the probability of tumour occurrence per unit area of cortical bone, relative to that of trabecular bone, is 0.16 +/- 0.06. Analysis of the available dose data for the radium cases shows that in this instance dose has not contributed to the observed correlations. The results lend support to the thesis that tumour occurrence depends on surface area, i.e. on the number of cells at risk.", "contents": "Measurements of endosteal surface areas in human long bones: relationship to sites of occurrence of osteosarcoma. Using techniques of bone scanning and ashing, the areas of the endosteal surfaces in cortical and trabecular bone have been determined for the proximal, mid and distal thirds of each of the six long bones of an adult human subject. The relative frequency of occurrence of bone sarcomas, scored as to site, has been analysed in relation to these measured areas. Data on tumour occurrence have been drawn from three sources: radium-case data from Rowland and Keane (33 cases), naturally-occurring cases from series by Sissons (139 cases) and by Dahlin (473 cases). A strong correlation is demonstrated between tumour frequency and trabecular area, but correlation with cortical area is poor. By comparing the tumour frequency in the mid thirds of the bones with the total recorded it has been possible to show that the probability of tumour occurrence per unit area of cortical bone, relative to that of trabecular bone, is 0.16 +/- 0.06. Analysis of the available dose data for the radium cases shows that in this instance dose has not contributed to the observed correlations. The results lend support to the thesis that tumour occurrence depends on surface area, i.e. on the number of cells at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:271033", "title": "Methotrexate-induced malabsorption in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A one-hour D-xylose absorption test was performed on 18 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Xylose absorption was normal in children who had not received methotrexate, but there was a significant degree of malabsorption in those who had taken methotrexate within the previous seven days. There was a progressive and significant increase in malabsorption related to the cumulative dose of methotrexate. These findings provide further evidence that regular methotrexate treatment every seven days is more toxic than if it is more widely spaced. The spacing of treatment is currently under investigation.", "contents": "Methotrexate-induced malabsorption in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A one-hour D-xylose absorption test was performed on 18 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Xylose absorption was normal in children who had not received methotrexate, but there was a significant degree of malabsorption in those who had taken methotrexate within the previous seven days. There was a progressive and significant increase in malabsorption related to the cumulative dose of methotrexate. These findings provide further evidence that regular methotrexate treatment every seven days is more toxic than if it is more widely spaced. The spacing of treatment is currently under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:271034", "title": "Classification of bone tumours.", "content": "Primary tumours of bone can be classified conveniently into distinct groups based on the appearance of the tumour cell, or its product, or both. Almost all the groups have benign and malignant counterparts. However, malignant bone tumours usually do not arise from benign tumours. Although the cell of origin in many tumours is unknown, the classification described in this paper refers to well-defined clinicopathologic entities, so that the behaviour of a given tumour can be anticipated. This classification is accepted the world over and provides a \"common language\" for those who treat patients with bone tumours.", "contents": "Classification of bone tumours. Primary tumours of bone can be classified conveniently into distinct groups based on the appearance of the tumour cell, or its product, or both. Almost all the groups have benign and malignant counterparts. However, malignant bone tumours usually do not arise from benign tumours. Although the cell of origin in many tumours is unknown, the classification described in this paper refers to well-defined clinicopathologic entities, so that the behaviour of a given tumour can be anticipated. This classification is accepted the world over and provides a \"common language\" for those who treat patients with bone tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:271035", "title": "En bloc resection for osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Preservation of a limb without sacrifice of the principles of cancer surgery is desirable in young people with osteogenic sarcoma. At present amputation is generally regarded as the only well-established curative treatment for this condition. To determine whether en bloc resection with intensive chemotherapy is a realistic alternative to radical amputation and chemotherapy, 43 patients who underwent en bloc resection for osteogenic sarcoma of the distal femur (20 patients), proximal tibia (11 patients), shoulder girdle (11 patients) and fibula (1 patient) were studied. After tumour resection, chemotherapy and pulmonary resection 32 (74%) of the 43 patients are alive and 20 (67%) have no evidence of distant disease. Of the 38 patients without metastatic disease at the time of admission (5 were admitted with pulmonary metastases) 24 (63%) are alive without evidence of disease and without having had postoperative metastases.", "contents": "En bloc resection for osteogenic sarcoma. Preservation of a limb without sacrifice of the principles of cancer surgery is desirable in young people with osteogenic sarcoma. At present amputation is generally regarded as the only well-established curative treatment for this condition. To determine whether en bloc resection with intensive chemotherapy is a realistic alternative to radical amputation and chemotherapy, 43 patients who underwent en bloc resection for osteogenic sarcoma of the distal femur (20 patients), proximal tibia (11 patients), shoulder girdle (11 patients) and fibula (1 patient) were studied. After tumour resection, chemotherapy and pulmonary resection 32 (74%) of the 43 patients are alive and 20 (67%) have no evidence of distant disease. Of the 38 patients without metastatic disease at the time of admission (5 were admitted with pulmonary metastases) 24 (63%) are alive without evidence of disease and without having had postoperative metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:271036", "title": "Radiation treatment of Ewing's sarcoma and osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "At the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, during the period 1960 to 1975, radiation therapy was given to 59 patients with Ewing's sarcoma without overt metastases. Over this period treatment was modified to include, as well as irradiation to the primary tumour, total body irradiation (TBI) and chemotherapy according to various regiments. The 5-year survival rate of 38% in 26% patients who received TBI suggests that this may be of value. In patients with osteogenic sarcoma preoperative irradiation was not found to be of value. Recently the resection of pulmonary metastases combined with chemotherapy has increased the survival rate. When the primary site makes resection impracticable, the response to irradiation and chemotherapy is encouraging. Three cases so treated are described.", "contents": "Radiation treatment of Ewing's sarcoma and osteogenic sarcoma. At the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, during the period 1960 to 1975, radiation therapy was given to 59 patients with Ewing's sarcoma without overt metastases. Over this period treatment was modified to include, as well as irradiation to the primary tumour, total body irradiation (TBI) and chemotherapy according to various regiments. The 5-year survival rate of 38% in 26% patients who received TBI suggests that this may be of value. In patients with osteogenic sarcoma preoperative irradiation was not found to be of value. Recently the resection of pulmonary metastases combined with chemotherapy has increased the survival rate. When the primary site makes resection impracticable, the response to irradiation and chemotherapy is encouraging. Three cases so treated are described."}
{"id": "PMID:271037", "title": "Paraparesis following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside: a case report with neuropathologic findings.", "content": "A 65-year-old white male with acute myelogenous leukemia received whole brain irradiation (2550 rads) and intrathecal cytosine arabinoside for CNS prophylaxis. Bone marrow remission had been previously achieved with systemic chemotherapy (vincristine, Adriamycin, prednisone, and cytosine arabinoside). Two weeks following the last intrathecal cytosine arabinoside treatment, the patient developed a spastic paraparesis requiring the use of a walker. A gas myelogram was normal and CSF examination revealed a protein of 50 mg/100 ml but was otherwise unremarkable. Five months later, the patient had improved in that he could stand on his own. A relapse of his leukemia subsequently occurred and the patient died the following month. Striking degenerative changes were found in the spinal cord at postmortem examination. These included microvacuolization, axonal swellings, and loss of myelin with scattered macrophages laden with fat.", "contents": "Paraparesis following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside: a case report with neuropathologic findings. A 65-year-old white male with acute myelogenous leukemia received whole brain irradiation (2550 rads) and intrathecal cytosine arabinoside for CNS prophylaxis. Bone marrow remission had been previously achieved with systemic chemotherapy (vincristine, Adriamycin, prednisone, and cytosine arabinoside). Two weeks following the last intrathecal cytosine arabinoside treatment, the patient developed a spastic paraparesis requiring the use of a walker. A gas myelogram was normal and CSF examination revealed a protein of 50 mg/100 ml but was otherwise unremarkable. Five months later, the patient had improved in that he could stand on his own. A relapse of his leukemia subsequently occurred and the patient died the following month. Striking degenerative changes were found in the spinal cord at postmortem examination. These included microvacuolization, axonal swellings, and loss of myelin with scattered macrophages laden with fat."}
{"id": "PMID:271038", "title": "Metastatic osteosarcoma to lung: a clinicopathologic study of surgical biopsies and resections.", "content": "Metastatic tumor to the lungs is one of the most important factors in the poor prognosis of primary osteosarcoma of bone. Until recently, pulmonary resection alone was the only therapeutic method available to salvage these patients. Previous investigators have reviewed a number of clinical and pathologic parameters which may possibly relate to the prognosis of osteosarcoma and the occurrence of pulmonary metastases. The pathologic features of these latter lesions have received little attention other than to state that they generally are less differentiated than the primary tumor. A review of multiple pulmonary nodules resected from 15 patients has demonstrated that 66% of all lesions were essentially identical to the primary tumor. The 5-year survival from the original amputation was 33% in this series; however, it was not possible to prognosticate a favorable outcome from the metastasis, a similar type of observation which has been made by others in relation to the primary osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Metastatic osteosarcoma to lung: a clinicopathologic study of surgical biopsies and resections. Metastatic tumor to the lungs is one of the most important factors in the poor prognosis of primary osteosarcoma of bone. Until recently, pulmonary resection alone was the only therapeutic method available to salvage these patients. Previous investigators have reviewed a number of clinical and pathologic parameters which may possibly relate to the prognosis of osteosarcoma and the occurrence of pulmonary metastases. The pathologic features of these latter lesions have received little attention other than to state that they generally are less differentiated than the primary tumor. A review of multiple pulmonary nodules resected from 15 patients has demonstrated that 66% of all lesions were essentially identical to the primary tumor. The 5-year survival from the original amputation was 33% in this series; however, it was not possible to prognosticate a favorable outcome from the metastasis, a similar type of observation which has been made by others in relation to the primary osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:271039", "title": "Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma following an intramuscular injection.", "content": "A 29-year-old white male with an extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma is reported. He first noted a nodule at the site of eventual tumor development some eight years previously, following an intramuscular penicillin injection. Treatment consisted of wide surgical excision and radiation therapy, and he remains healthy some 8 months later. To our knowledge this represents the first case of extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma occurring at the site of a previous intramuscular injection.", "contents": "Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma following an intramuscular injection. A 29-year-old white male with an extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma is reported. He first noted a nodule at the site of eventual tumor development some eight years previously, following an intramuscular penicillin injection. Treatment consisted of wide surgical excision and radiation therapy, and he remains healthy some 8 months later. To our knowledge this represents the first case of extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma occurring at the site of a previous intramuscular injection."}
{"id": "PMID:271040", "title": "Carcinocythemia (carcinoma cell leukemia) due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast: report of a case.", "content": "A patient with a 17-year course of metastatic lobular carcinoma of the breast is described who developed large numbers of circulating carcinoma cells which were easily detectable in several routine peripheral blood smears shortly before death. This rare complication of carcinoma has been called \"carcinocythemia.\" Carcinocythemia is probably due to widespread infiltration of many bone marrow sites and may also be related to splenectomy, which may impair reticuloendothelial clearance of circulating tumor cells. The differential diagnosis of carcinocythemia from superimposed acute myelogenous leukemia, which can complicate radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the primary tumor, is discussed. Cytomorphology, histochemistry, and electron microscopy of abnormal circulating cells should aid in the distinction of these two processes.", "contents": "Carcinocythemia (carcinoma cell leukemia) due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast: report of a case. A patient with a 17-year course of metastatic lobular carcinoma of the breast is described who developed large numbers of circulating carcinoma cells which were easily detectable in several routine peripheral blood smears shortly before death. This rare complication of carcinoma has been called \"carcinocythemia.\" Carcinocythemia is probably due to widespread infiltration of many bone marrow sites and may also be related to splenectomy, which may impair reticuloendothelial clearance of circulating tumor cells. The differential diagnosis of carcinocythemia from superimposed acute myelogenous leukemia, which can complicate radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the primary tumor, is discussed. Cytomorphology, histochemistry, and electron microscopy of abnormal circulating cells should aid in the distinction of these two processes."}
{"id": "PMID:271041", "title": "A factor in human saliva that induces differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "The differentiated functions of phagocytosis, locomotion, and morphological changes into cells resembling granulocytes and macrophages were induced in cultured mouse myeloid leukemic cells, M1 clone 34, by treatment with human saliva. The rates of induction of these differentiated phenotypes were proportional to the concentration of saliva added and the period of treatment. The factor inducing differentiation was nondialyzable and heat labile. This factor was purified 70-fold by fractionation with Diaflo membranes and DE52 column chromatography. The activities inducing the three differentiated characters examined were purified together, suggesting that they were all due to the same factor.", "contents": "A factor in human saliva that induces differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells. The differentiated functions of phagocytosis, locomotion, and morphological changes into cells resembling granulocytes and macrophages were induced in cultured mouse myeloid leukemic cells, M1 clone 34, by treatment with human saliva. The rates of induction of these differentiated phenotypes were proportional to the concentration of saliva added and the period of treatment. The factor inducing differentiation was nondialyzable and heat labile. This factor was purified 70-fold by fractionation with Diaflo membranes and DE52 column chromatography. The activities inducing the three differentiated characters examined were purified together, suggesting that they were all due to the same factor."}
{"id": "PMID:271042", "title": "Transplantable granulocytic leukemia in strain 13 guinea pigs.", "content": "The occurrence of a granulocytic leukemia in 1 of 40 female strain 13/N guinea pigs given N-nitroso-N-butylurea continuously in their drinking water for 21 weeks is reported here. This leukemia has been successfully transplanted in this guinea pig strain for 13 transplant generations by i.p. inoculation of leukemic blood or marrow cells. Macroscopically and microscopically, this leukemia resembles the chronic myelogenous form in humans. Histochemical studies showed, however, that unlike the human leukemic cells those in the leukemic guinea pigs are alkaline phosphatase positive. Electron microscopic studies of the guinea pig leukemic cells revealed the presence of numerous intracisternal A-type particles that are not found in corresponding normal leukocytes.", "contents": "Transplantable granulocytic leukemia in strain 13 guinea pigs. The occurrence of a granulocytic leukemia in 1 of 40 female strain 13/N guinea pigs given N-nitroso-N-butylurea continuously in their drinking water for 21 weeks is reported here. This leukemia has been successfully transplanted in this guinea pig strain for 13 transplant generations by i.p. inoculation of leukemic blood or marrow cells. Macroscopically and microscopically, this leukemia resembles the chronic myelogenous form in humans. Histochemical studies showed, however, that unlike the human leukemic cells those in the leukemic guinea pigs are alkaline phosphatase positive. Electron microscopic studies of the guinea pig leukemic cells revealed the presence of numerous intracisternal A-type particles that are not found in corresponding normal leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:271043", "title": "Guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose plasma: N-acetylglucosaminide fucosyltransferase as in index of bone marrow hyperplasia after chemotherapy.", "content": "We have measured the plasma level of a fucosyltransferase in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at various stages of the disease and in normal controls. This enzyme transfers the sugar fucose from a guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose donor to high-molecular-weight acceptors with a terminal N-acetyl-glucosamine residue. The enzyme levels of fucosyltransferase in individuals free from disease and in patients with untreated leukemia or lymphoma were comparable. A substantial increase in plasma enzyme level was measured during drug-induced remissions, three weeks after drug therapy. The enzyme level fell to the normal range during unmaintained remissions inpatients with lymphomas; comparable information for the leukemia is not available since all remissions were drug maintained. These data, together with microscopic examination of marrow samples, indicate that the level of this fucosyltransferase is correlated with regeneration of a normal marrow population after chemotherapy. The enzyme assay may prove useful in defining normal bone marrow recovery and in timing cyclic combination chemotherapy in patients with neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose plasma: N-acetylglucosaminide fucosyltransferase as in index of bone marrow hyperplasia after chemotherapy. We have measured the plasma level of a fucosyltransferase in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at various stages of the disease and in normal controls. This enzyme transfers the sugar fucose from a guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose donor to high-molecular-weight acceptors with a terminal N-acetyl-glucosamine residue. The enzyme levels of fucosyltransferase in individuals free from disease and in patients with untreated leukemia or lymphoma were comparable. A substantial increase in plasma enzyme level was measured during drug-induced remissions, three weeks after drug therapy. The enzyme level fell to the normal range during unmaintained remissions inpatients with lymphomas; comparable information for the leukemia is not available since all remissions were drug maintained. These data, together with microscopic examination of marrow samples, indicate that the level of this fucosyltransferase is correlated with regeneration of a normal marrow population after chemotherapy. The enzyme assay may prove useful in defining normal bone marrow recovery and in timing cyclic combination chemotherapy in patients with neoplastic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:271044", "title": "Murine myeloid leukemia: I. Pathophysiology and drug sensitivity.", "content": "The pathophysiology of serially passaged myeloid leukemia of the RFM mouse was studied. The disease was characterized by progressive splenomegaly and infiltration of both marrow and spleen by myeloblasts. The animals became anemic and there was an associated erythroid hyperplasia in the spleen. Leukemic spleen cells obtained from animals early in the course of the leukemia were less malignant than those obtained from preterminal mice. The leukemia is most sensitive to alkylating agents but is also responsive to antimetabolites.", "contents": "Murine myeloid leukemia: I. Pathophysiology and drug sensitivity. The pathophysiology of serially passaged myeloid leukemia of the RFM mouse was studied. The disease was characterized by progressive splenomegaly and infiltration of both marrow and spleen by myeloblasts. The animals became anemic and there was an associated erythroid hyperplasia in the spleen. Leukemic spleen cells obtained from animals early in the course of the leukemia were less malignant than those obtained from preterminal mice. The leukemia is most sensitive to alkylating agents but is also responsive to antimetabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:271055", "title": "Studies on flies in Korea II. Taxonomical studies on sarcophagid flies (Diptera).", "content": "Thirty-eight species belonging to 15 genera of the family Sarcophagidae were found so far in Korea. The description, locality in Korea, distribution and bionomics of these species are given in this paper. The fifth sternite, forceps and genitalia of these male flies are illustrated. The key to the species of sarcophagid flies in Korea are also presented.", "contents": "Studies on flies in Korea II. Taxonomical studies on sarcophagid flies (Diptera). Thirty-eight species belonging to 15 genera of the family Sarcophagidae were found so far in Korea. The description, locality in Korea, distribution and bionomics of these species are given in this paper. The fifth sternite, forceps and genitalia of these male flies are illustrated. The key to the species of sarcophagid flies in Korea are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271071", "title": "[Congestive cardiomyopathy after doxorubicin (adriamycin)author's transl)].", "content": "Doxorubicin at a dose of 470 mg/m2 body surface, was administered to a 15-year-old boy with metastasising osteosarcoma. The cumulative dose caused severe \"secondary congestive cardiomyopathy\", which ended fatally, although the cumulative dose was below the recommended limit of 550 mg/m2. No other treatment for the tumour had been given. Postmortem examination revealed obliterative lesions in the intramural coronary vessels and electron-microscopy showed all the features of a cardiomyopathy at cellular level.", "contents": "[Congestive cardiomyopathy after doxorubicin (adriamycin)author's transl)]. Doxorubicin at a dose of 470 mg/m2 body surface, was administered to a 15-year-old boy with metastasising osteosarcoma. The cumulative dose caused severe \"secondary congestive cardiomyopathy\", which ended fatally, although the cumulative dose was below the recommended limit of 550 mg/m2. No other treatment for the tumour had been given. Postmortem examination revealed obliterative lesions in the intramural coronary vessels and electron-microscopy showed all the features of a cardiomyopathy at cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:271073", "title": "Correlation between hypomethylation of DNA and expression of globin genes in Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "This report identifies L-ethionine as an inducer of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. When Friend erythroleukemia cells are grown in the presence of 4mM L-ethionine, globin mRNA accumulates and in 4-5 days, 25-30% of the cells in the culture contain hemoglobin. Incubation of the cells with bromodeoxyuridine prevents both ethionine-induced accumulation of globin mRNA and erythroide differentiation. At the concentration where L-ethionine acts as an inducer of FL cell differentiation it inhibits methylation of DNA and tRNA in vivo but does not prevent macromolecular synthesis or cell division. To establish whether a link existed between inhibition of a specific methyltransferase and activation of globin synthesis in FL cells, we examined the degree of hypomethylation of DNA and tRNA from FL cells induced to differentiate with dimethylsulfoxide and butyrate. In contrast to the tRNA from ethionine-treated cells, tRNA from cells induced by butyrate or Me2SO cannot be methylated in vitro using homologous enzymes. DNA isolated from cells exposed to any of the three inducers, however, was significantly hypomethylated when compared with DNA from uninduced cells. These data suggest that methylation of DNA may play a role in the regulation of gene expression.", "contents": "Correlation between hypomethylation of DNA and expression of globin genes in Friend erythroleukemia cells. This report identifies L-ethionine as an inducer of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. When Friend erythroleukemia cells are grown in the presence of 4mM L-ethionine, globin mRNA accumulates and in 4-5 days, 25-30% of the cells in the culture contain hemoglobin. Incubation of the cells with bromodeoxyuridine prevents both ethionine-induced accumulation of globin mRNA and erythroide differentiation. At the concentration where L-ethionine acts as an inducer of FL cell differentiation it inhibits methylation of DNA and tRNA in vivo but does not prevent macromolecular synthesis or cell division. To establish whether a link existed between inhibition of a specific methyltransferase and activation of globin synthesis in FL cells, we examined the degree of hypomethylation of DNA and tRNA from FL cells induced to differentiate with dimethylsulfoxide and butyrate. In contrast to the tRNA from ethionine-treated cells, tRNA from cells induced by butyrate or Me2SO cannot be methylated in vitro using homologous enzymes. DNA isolated from cells exposed to any of the three inducers, however, was significantly hypomethylated when compared with DNA from uninduced cells. These data suggest that methylation of DNA may play a role in the regulation of gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:271075", "title": "Interactions of partial LSD analogs with behavioral disrupting effects of LSD and DMT in the rat.", "content": "Adult male Holtzman rats were trained to barpress on a schedule whereby every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml of sugar-sweetened milk (FR4). After an i.p. injection of LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or DMT (3.2 or 10 mg/kg) such barpressing is abolished completely and resumed, usually within an hour, at a rate near the preinjection control rate of pressing. It continues at a steady, uninterrupted pace until the animals are removed from the operant chamber one-half hour later. A series of N,N-diethylnipecotamide derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to modify the disruptive effect of these hallucinogens. N,N-diethylbutyramide (DBA) and 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-(N,N-diethylcarboxamide) (THPC) were also tested. Pretreatment with a single i.p. injection of any of these compounds (5--40 mg/kg) either had no effect on or else prolonged the duration of hallucinogen-induced cessation of barpressing.", "contents": "Interactions of partial LSD analogs with behavioral disrupting effects of LSD and DMT in the rat. Adult male Holtzman rats were trained to barpress on a schedule whereby every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml of sugar-sweetened milk (FR4). After an i.p. injection of LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or DMT (3.2 or 10 mg/kg) such barpressing is abolished completely and resumed, usually within an hour, at a rate near the preinjection control rate of pressing. It continues at a steady, uninterrupted pace until the animals are removed from the operant chamber one-half hour later. A series of N,N-diethylnipecotamide derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to modify the disruptive effect of these hallucinogens. N,N-diethylbutyramide (DBA) and 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-(N,N-diethylcarboxamide) (THPC) were also tested. Pretreatment with a single i.p. injection of any of these compounds (5--40 mg/kg) either had no effect on or else prolonged the duration of hallucinogen-induced cessation of barpressing."}
{"id": "PMID:271137", "title": "Patterns of alveolar bone loss in Nigerian Yorubas.", "content": "Unusual patterns of alveolar bone loss in 33 Nigerian Yorubas with severe periodontal disease are described. The subjects, aged 15-50 yr represented 1.4% of a population of dental patients in Western Nigeria. Periodontal pocketing and alveolar bone loss in the incisor and first molar regions, far in advance of other mouth areas, were the criteria for inclusion in this report. Intra-oral radiographs showed advanced horizontal or crescentic bone resorption in incisor regions, and vertical or arc-like bone defects around first molars. Incisors and first molars were frequently missing as a result of periodontal disease. Surveys of tooth mortality and periodontal pocketing in Western Nigeria, and immunological findings elsewhere, suggest these cases represent a severe form of plaque-induced inflammatory periodontal disease. The role of protein-calorie malnutrition as an aetiological factor is discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of alveolar bone loss in Nigerian Yorubas. Unusual patterns of alveolar bone loss in 33 Nigerian Yorubas with severe periodontal disease are described. The subjects, aged 15-50 yr represented 1.4% of a population of dental patients in Western Nigeria. Periodontal pocketing and alveolar bone loss in the incisor and first molar regions, far in advance of other mouth areas, were the criteria for inclusion in this report. Intra-oral radiographs showed advanced horizontal or crescentic bone resorption in incisor regions, and vertical or arc-like bone defects around first molars. Incisors and first molars were frequently missing as a result of periodontal disease. Surveys of tooth mortality and periodontal pocketing in Western Nigeria, and immunological findings elsewhere, suggest these cases represent a severe form of plaque-induced inflammatory periodontal disease. The role of protein-calorie malnutrition as an aetiological factor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271138", "title": "Potential for clinical cooperation between dentistry and speech pathology.", "content": "Clinical management of articulation dysfunctions is one area in which the joint efforts of dentistry and speech pathology are particularly beneficial. Those articulation deviations discussed result from: (1) deformities in the upper lip, teeth, mandible and the hard and soft palates; (2) introduction of dentures; (3) difficulties in adjusting to esophageal speech; and (4) special problems associated with cleft palate/cleft prepalate. Team management of the individual with cleft palate and/or cleft prepalate was also reviewed. While orthodontists and prosthodontists provide the technology for correct speech production, speech pathologists furnish therapy for cultivating speech or modifying defective articulation patterns. Speech pathologists also serve as liaisons with respect to patients and other professionals. The authors believe that, ideally, clinicians from all disciplines should assume a holistic attitude in treating organic and functional human pathologies. Such interdisciplinary clinical cooperation is especially effective between dentistry and speech pathology. The concept of team management of cleft palate/cleft prepalate is an excellent example of how concomitant treatment effects total patient care. However, joint research and educational ventures also contribute to this objective and should continue to be encouraged.", "contents": "Potential for clinical cooperation between dentistry and speech pathology. Clinical management of articulation dysfunctions is one area in which the joint efforts of dentistry and speech pathology are particularly beneficial. Those articulation deviations discussed result from: (1) deformities in the upper lip, teeth, mandible and the hard and soft palates; (2) introduction of dentures; (3) difficulties in adjusting to esophageal speech; and (4) special problems associated with cleft palate/cleft prepalate. Team management of the individual with cleft palate and/or cleft prepalate was also reviewed. While orthodontists and prosthodontists provide the technology for correct speech production, speech pathologists furnish therapy for cultivating speech or modifying defective articulation patterns. Speech pathologists also serve as liaisons with respect to patients and other professionals. The authors believe that, ideally, clinicians from all disciplines should assume a holistic attitude in treating organic and functional human pathologies. Such interdisciplinary clinical cooperation is especially effective between dentistry and speech pathology. The concept of team management of cleft palate/cleft prepalate is an excellent example of how concomitant treatment effects total patient care. However, joint research and educational ventures also contribute to this objective and should continue to be encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:271142", "title": "Tumor-associated humoral cytotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia before and after chemotherapy.", "content": "Sera of eight unselected adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia obtained before and after chemotherapy were repeatedly tested for specific complement-dependent cytotoxicity against autochthonous peripheral white blood cells from the acute leukemia stage and from the remission stage, respectively. Complement-dependent cytotas demonstrated in all of the eight patients, while none of three patients' sera were reactive against white blood cells from the remission stage tested in parallel. The cytotoxicity was increased after chemotherapy, also in those patients in whom remission was not achieved.", "contents": "Tumor-associated humoral cytotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia before and after chemotherapy. Sera of eight unselected adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia obtained before and after chemotherapy were repeatedly tested for specific complement-dependent cytotoxicity against autochthonous peripheral white blood cells from the acute leukemia stage and from the remission stage, respectively. Complement-dependent cytotas demonstrated in all of the eight patients, while none of three patients' sera were reactive against white blood cells from the remission stage tested in parallel. The cytotoxicity was increased after chemotherapy, also in those patients in whom remission was not achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:271143", "title": "Further evidence for a non-random chromosomal abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "We have previously reported on two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who had what appeared to be a deletion of chromosome No. 17. We now describe a third patient with APL. All three patients had a structural rearrangement involving No. 15 and No. 17. Our current interpretation of the chromosomal abnormality is that it is a reciprocal translocation, t (15;17) (q22; q21). Evidence that this is a consistent rearrangement associated with APL comes not only from our three patients, but also from two other published cases of APL, studied with banding, who also had an identical abnormality.", "contents": "Further evidence for a non-random chromosomal abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia. We have previously reported on two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who had what appeared to be a deletion of chromosome No. 17. We now describe a third patient with APL. All three patients had a structural rearrangement involving No. 15 and No. 17. Our current interpretation of the chromosomal abnormality is that it is a reciprocal translocation, t (15;17) (q22; q21). Evidence that this is a consistent rearrangement associated with APL comes not only from our three patients, but also from two other published cases of APL, studied with banding, who also had an identical abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:271144", "title": "Inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses makes non-differentiating mouse myeloid leukemia cells sensitive to a factor(s) stimulating differentiation.", "content": "Treatment with ascitic fluid from animals bearing various tumors, can induce mouse myeloid leukemia line cells, M1, to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes. Cells were isolated that were resistant to the ascitic fluid factor(s) stimulating differentiation (D-factor). The resistant cells became sensitive to the D-factor and differentiated after treatment with various inhibitors of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D, nogalamycin, chromomycin A3 or cordycepin) or protein synthesis (puromycin or cycloheximide). The cells could not be induced to differentiate by treatment with the inhibitors alone. The effective doses of the inhibitors of protein synthesis were toxic to the cells. Among these inhibitors actinomycin D (5 ng/ml) was the most effective for sensitizing the resistant cells. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis did not sensitize the resistant cells. Added actinomcyin D was mainly recovered in the nuclear fraction of the cells. The sensitizing effect of actinomycin D on the cells was roughly parallel to the extent of its inhibition of RNA synthesis in the cells. The effective concentration of actinomycin D (5 ng/ml) mainly inhibited it also inhibited alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA synthesis to some extent. These results suggest that alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA synthesis may be involved in sensitization of the resistant cells to the D-factor.", "contents": "Inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses makes non-differentiating mouse myeloid leukemia cells sensitive to a factor(s) stimulating differentiation. Treatment with ascitic fluid from animals bearing various tumors, can induce mouse myeloid leukemia line cells, M1, to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes. Cells were isolated that were resistant to the ascitic fluid factor(s) stimulating differentiation (D-factor). The resistant cells became sensitive to the D-factor and differentiated after treatment with various inhibitors of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D, nogalamycin, chromomycin A3 or cordycepin) or protein synthesis (puromycin or cycloheximide). The cells could not be induced to differentiate by treatment with the inhibitors alone. The effective doses of the inhibitors of protein synthesis were toxic to the cells. Among these inhibitors actinomycin D (5 ng/ml) was the most effective for sensitizing the resistant cells. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis did not sensitize the resistant cells. Added actinomcyin D was mainly recovered in the nuclear fraction of the cells. The sensitizing effect of actinomycin D on the cells was roughly parallel to the extent of its inhibition of RNA synthesis in the cells. The effective concentration of actinomycin D (5 ng/ml) mainly inhibited it also inhibited alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA synthesis to some extent. These results suggest that alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA synthesis may be involved in sensitization of the resistant cells to the D-factor."}
{"id": "PMID:271151", "title": "Glucocorticoid binding and mechanism of resistance in some clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells resistant to induction of differentiation by dexamethasone.", "content": "Several clones of dexamethasone-resistant cells, which could not differentiate even in a high concentration of dexamethasone, were isolated from glucocorticoid-sensitive myeloid leukemic cells. Some of them were shown to be deficient in steroid binding to specific cytoplasmic receptors, while the others contained glucocorticoid-specific cytoplasmic receptors that might be the same as those in sensitive cells. One of the resistant clones was found to be almost completely deficient in nuclear acceptor sites for cytoplasmic steroid-receptor complexes. The remaining clones were also characterized by significantly reduced amounts of nuclear-bound glucocorticoid. These results suggest that resistibility to glucocorticoids in the resistant clones of myeloid leukemic cells is due mainly to a defect in some steps of intracellular transfer of the steroid. Dexamethasone-sensitive cells, which could differentiate in the presence of dexamethasone, could be also induced to differentiate by protein factor(s) in ascitic fluid. Although all the resistant cells showed a low response to ascitic fluid, some of them showed 10-fold enhancement of phagocytic activity which is a typical character of differentiated cells. These results suggest that response to steroids is not directly correlated with that to protein inducer(s).", "contents": "Glucocorticoid binding and mechanism of resistance in some clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells resistant to induction of differentiation by dexamethasone. Several clones of dexamethasone-resistant cells, which could not differentiate even in a high concentration of dexamethasone, were isolated from glucocorticoid-sensitive myeloid leukemic cells. Some of them were shown to be deficient in steroid binding to specific cytoplasmic receptors, while the others contained glucocorticoid-specific cytoplasmic receptors that might be the same as those in sensitive cells. One of the resistant clones was found to be almost completely deficient in nuclear acceptor sites for cytoplasmic steroid-receptor complexes. The remaining clones were also characterized by significantly reduced amounts of nuclear-bound glucocorticoid. These results suggest that resistibility to glucocorticoids in the resistant clones of myeloid leukemic cells is due mainly to a defect in some steps of intracellular transfer of the steroid. Dexamethasone-sensitive cells, which could differentiate in the presence of dexamethasone, could be also induced to differentiate by protein factor(s) in ascitic fluid. Although all the resistant cells showed a low response to ascitic fluid, some of them showed 10-fold enhancement of phagocytic activity which is a typical character of differentiated cells. These results suggest that response to steroids is not directly correlated with that to protein inducer(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:271154", "title": "Pharmacology national board examinations: factors that may influence performance.", "content": "Data from a survey of pharmacology courses in 60 dental schools were used to determine whether certain teaching variables affect performance in pharmacology National Board examinations. In addition, three-year class-averaged pharmacology scores and, rarely, one-year averaged scores were correlated with several admissions variables. While correlations between some admissions variables and pharmacology scores were quite good, the averaged pharmacology scores were not powerfully affected by course length, placement of the course in the curriculum, length of the curriculum, or the presence of a dentally trained pharmacologist in the department. It is suggested that other factors, related to the student and his capabilities, influence performance on National Boards. Dental pharmacology courses should be designed to given students the best possible exposure to an important basic science, not to make them perform well on National Boards, because student performance on National Boards may be independent of the nature of the didactic courses.", "contents": "Pharmacology national board examinations: factors that may influence performance. Data from a survey of pharmacology courses in 60 dental schools were used to determine whether certain teaching variables affect performance in pharmacology National Board examinations. In addition, three-year class-averaged pharmacology scores and, rarely, one-year averaged scores were correlated with several admissions variables. While correlations between some admissions variables and pharmacology scores were quite good, the averaged pharmacology scores were not powerfully affected by course length, placement of the course in the curriculum, length of the curriculum, or the presence of a dentally trained pharmacologist in the department. It is suggested that other factors, related to the student and his capabilities, influence performance on National Boards. Dental pharmacology courses should be designed to given students the best possible exposure to an important basic science, not to make them perform well on National Boards, because student performance on National Boards may be independent of the nature of the didactic courses."}
{"id": "PMID:271155", "title": "The professional role of the dental hygienist as viewed by accreditation commissioners and consultants.", "content": "Members of the Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs and of its associated Committee D (Committee on Dental Hygiene) were asked a series of questions designed to elicit their positions on (1) the occupational status of dental hygiene in society at large and in the social prestige hierarchy of the dental profession, (2) reference groups for dental hygienists, (3) ethical norms for the hygienist role, (4) revivalism movements within dental hygiene, and (5) images of the \"ideal dental hygienist.\" Results indicate that commissioners and consultants see dental hygienists as (1) ranking 7.1 on a ten-point scale of professional status in the community-at-large, (2) somewhat lower than dentists but higher than other auxiliaries in the social hierarchy of the dental profession, (3) socially referenced to dentists rather than hygienists, (4) primarily oral health educators with strong clinical skills, (5) better educated and more skilled now than they have ever been before, (6) bound to essentially the same ethics as dentists, except for self-regulation, and (7) much too aggressive at the national level for their own good. The ideal dental hygienist was seen as a behavioral change specialist with (1) clinical skills, (2) an attitude of service to patients (3) a willingness to work with dentists to increase the scope of dental hygiene duties in the preventive and periodontal areas, and (4) a willingness to leave the decisions regarding the profession of dental hygiene to dentists.", "contents": "The professional role of the dental hygienist as viewed by accreditation commissioners and consultants. Members of the Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs and of its associated Committee D (Committee on Dental Hygiene) were asked a series of questions designed to elicit their positions on (1) the occupational status of dental hygiene in society at large and in the social prestige hierarchy of the dental profession, (2) reference groups for dental hygienists, (3) ethical norms for the hygienist role, (4) revivalism movements within dental hygiene, and (5) images of the \"ideal dental hygienist.\" Results indicate that commissioners and consultants see dental hygienists as (1) ranking 7.1 on a ten-point scale of professional status in the community-at-large, (2) somewhat lower than dentists but higher than other auxiliaries in the social hierarchy of the dental profession, (3) socially referenced to dentists rather than hygienists, (4) primarily oral health educators with strong clinical skills, (5) better educated and more skilled now than they have ever been before, (6) bound to essentially the same ethics as dentists, except for self-regulation, and (7) much too aggressive at the national level for their own good. The ideal dental hygienist was seen as a behavioral change specialist with (1) clinical skills, (2) an attitude of service to patients (3) a willingness to work with dentists to increase the scope of dental hygiene duties in the preventive and periodontal areas, and (4) a willingness to leave the decisions regarding the profession of dental hygiene to dentists."}
{"id": "PMID:271159", "title": "Endodontic problems resulting from surgical fistulation: report of two cases.", "content": "The use of surgical fistulation after endodontic therapy caused clinical problems for two patients. Only one patient was treated successfully for restoration of a molar; for the second, surgery was not advised. Analgesics and antibiotics may be better initial therapy than use of fistulation.", "contents": "Endodontic problems resulting from surgical fistulation: report of two cases. The use of surgical fistulation after endodontic therapy caused clinical problems for two patients. Only one patient was treated successfully for restoration of a molar; for the second, surgery was not advised. Analgesics and antibiotics may be better initial therapy than use of fistulation."}
{"id": "PMID:271161", "title": "Restoration of a fractured anterior tooth.", "content": "A fragment of tooth missing for three years was found in the patients' lower lip. The fragment was surgically removed and cleaned. It was restored to its original position on the maxillary left incisor with an acid etch resin technique. After three months, the restoration was satisfactory.", "contents": "Restoration of a fractured anterior tooth. A fragment of tooth missing for three years was found in the patients' lower lip. The fragment was surgically removed and cleaned. It was restored to its original position on the maxillary left incisor with an acid etch resin technique. After three months, the restoration was satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:271166", "title": "A cephalometric study of patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Children with cystic fibrosis have skeletal maturation and epiphyseal anomalies similar to those in children with nutritional problems. However, these patients have been found to have normal somatic development if treatment is begun early. In a group of children with cystic fibrosis undergoing medical treatment, cephalometric measurements compared favorably with those established by normal standards.", "contents": "A cephalometric study of patients with cystic fibrosis. Children with cystic fibrosis have skeletal maturation and epiphyseal anomalies similar to those in children with nutritional problems. However, these patients have been found to have normal somatic development if treatment is begun early. In a group of children with cystic fibrosis undergoing medical treatment, cephalometric measurements compared favorably with those established by normal standards."}
{"id": "PMID:271167", "title": "The case of the disappearing third molar.", "content": "A mandibular third molar moved into the lower border during a period of several years. When the patient experienced discomfort, an incisional biopsy and marsupialization were performed. Eight months later, adequate bone had regenerated and the molar and remaining cyst structure were removed. Full-mouth and panoramic radiographs would have allowed the dentist to locate the missing molar before surgery was necessary.", "contents": "The case of the disappearing third molar. A mandibular third molar moved into the lower border during a period of several years. When the patient experienced discomfort, an incisional biopsy and marsupialization were performed. Eight months later, adequate bone had regenerated and the molar and remaining cyst structure were removed. Full-mouth and panoramic radiographs would have allowed the dentist to locate the missing molar before surgery was necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:271168", "title": "Loss of color from Jiffy tubes.", "content": "Colored, disposable applicator tubes have been said to lose color to their contents during use. Since they are used to contol the placement of a variety of accessory materials important to clinical dentistry, a selection of restorative materials and solvents was evaluated to determine which had a color-leaching potential. Neither aqueous system nor alcohol, chloroform, eugenol, xylene, or ether caused a loss of color that was clinically significant. Acetone and amyl acetate caused a visibly apparent loss of color and softening of the tube matrix. Methyl methacrylate completely dissolved specimens of celluloid tubes. Unfilled resins containing methyl methacrylate in their liquid catalysts leached sufficient red color form the test specimens to stain the restorative noticeably pink; the composite resins and cements that were evaluated did not.", "contents": "Loss of color from Jiffy tubes. Colored, disposable applicator tubes have been said to lose color to their contents during use. Since they are used to contol the placement of a variety of accessory materials important to clinical dentistry, a selection of restorative materials and solvents was evaluated to determine which had a color-leaching potential. Neither aqueous system nor alcohol, chloroform, eugenol, xylene, or ether caused a loss of color that was clinically significant. Acetone and amyl acetate caused a visibly apparent loss of color and softening of the tube matrix. Methyl methacrylate completely dissolved specimens of celluloid tubes. Unfilled resins containing methyl methacrylate in their liquid catalysts leached sufficient red color form the test specimens to stain the restorative noticeably pink; the composite resins and cements that were evaluated did not."}
{"id": "PMID:271169", "title": "Clubbed fingers: indicators of serious disease.", "content": "Clubbed fingers were noted by a dentist in a woman patient having respiratory symptoms. He referred her to a physician to be examined for pulmonary disease. Bronchogenic carcinoma was diagnosed.", "contents": "Clubbed fingers: indicators of serious disease. Clubbed fingers were noted by a dentist in a woman patient having respiratory symptoms. He referred her to a physician to be examined for pulmonary disease. Bronchogenic carcinoma was diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:271171", "title": "Age and treatment response in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Treatment of older acute leukemia patients has been the subject of recent debate. We treated 101 acute leukemia patients in a prospective randomized trial. Fifty-seven per cent of the population was over 50. Half were treated with a mild induction program (VAMP) and half with a vigorous program (CAT). The older patients who received vigorous treatment did better than those who received mild treatment. We suggest that patients over 50 should be regarded as a separate category in design of treatment protocols in order to further maximize the benefits of therapy.", "contents": "Age and treatment response in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment of older acute leukemia patients has been the subject of recent debate. We treated 101 acute leukemia patients in a prospective randomized trial. Fifty-seven per cent of the population was over 50. Half were treated with a mild induction program (VAMP) and half with a vigorous program (CAT). The older patients who received vigorous treatment did better than those who received mild treatment. We suggest that patients over 50 should be regarded as a separate category in design of treatment protocols in order to further maximize the benefits of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:271183", "title": "Oral cancer: the behaviour and response to treatment of 194 cases.", "content": "During the 16 year period 1960-1975, 350 cases of Oral Cancer were seen in the Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery at the London Hospital. Detailed records were available for 250 patients. After excluding tumours of the salivary glands, sarcomata and tumours of the reticulo-endothelial system 194 cases remained and these were subjected to a computer analysis. The overall 5 year survival figure, not corrected for age and sex was, 32.8%. The local recurrence rate for all sites was 44%, 90% of these recurred within 2 years of diagnosis. The overall uncorrected 5 year survival figure for females was 42.1% and that for males was 22.9%. Analysis of the material has not provided a satisfactory explanation for this; lesions do not present at an earlier stage in females neither do they occur in younger patients. The distribution of the lesions by site and histology was the same for both sexes. Survival rates analysed by clinical staging at presentation confirm that the prognosis for early stage lesions is very much better than for late stage lesions, the 5 year survival for Stage I being 50% whereas that for Stage IV is only 20%.", "contents": "Oral cancer: the behaviour and response to treatment of 194 cases. During the 16 year period 1960-1975, 350 cases of Oral Cancer were seen in the Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery at the London Hospital. Detailed records were available for 250 patients. After excluding tumours of the salivary glands, sarcomata and tumours of the reticulo-endothelial system 194 cases remained and these were subjected to a computer analysis. The overall 5 year survival figure, not corrected for age and sex was, 32.8%. The local recurrence rate for all sites was 44%, 90% of these recurred within 2 years of diagnosis. The overall uncorrected 5 year survival figure for females was 42.1% and that for males was 22.9%. Analysis of the material has not provided a satisfactory explanation for this; lesions do not present at an earlier stage in females neither do they occur in younger patients. The distribution of the lesions by site and histology was the same for both sexes. Survival rates analysed by clinical staging at presentation confirm that the prognosis for early stage lesions is very much better than for late stage lesions, the 5 year survival for Stage I being 50% whereas that for Stage IV is only 20%."}
{"id": "PMID:271184", "title": "Haemangiomas of the parotid gland in children.", "content": "The authors present the case histories of 40 intraparotid haemangiomas, in 11 of which they achieved healing after radical surgical treatment (parotidectomy). Since 1971, the authors have adopted a conservative approach (not surgical), seeing that most of the cases involute spontaneously up to complete healing. None of the 29 cases treated conservatively has undergone exacerbations of the process, after the age of 6-9 months. No emergency surgical operations were required.", "contents": "Haemangiomas of the parotid gland in children. The authors present the case histories of 40 intraparotid haemangiomas, in 11 of which they achieved healing after radical surgical treatment (parotidectomy). Since 1971, the authors have adopted a conservative approach (not surgical), seeing that most of the cases involute spontaneously up to complete healing. None of the 29 cases treated conservatively has undergone exacerbations of the process, after the age of 6-9 months. No emergency surgical operations were required."}
{"id": "PMID:271185", "title": "Secondary lip correction in unilateral cleft lips.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1976, we performed 121 secondary corrections of the lip in cleft lip and palate cases; 75 of them were unilateral. Most of the cases were originally operated upon in another unit, usually by the same surgeon using a straight line closure according to Veau (1931). The result was always a short lip at the site of operation. In addition, the typical deformity of the aperture of the nose, with flatness of the ala cartilage, has been frequently observed. Various techniques have been used to correct the secondary deformities of the lip; some were modified by the author. In most cases, the Tennison (1952) technique was used with modification of the Trauner (1966) flap. The results of this technique were compared with those of Millard (1964). Other methods were used in a few cases. The results demonstrate, that by using the rotation advancement technique, better improvement of the nasal aperture will be obtained and the Z-plasty of the lip has the advantage of forming a cupid's bow. The method of lip correction chosen depends upon the nature of the lip deformity.", "contents": "Secondary lip correction in unilateral cleft lips. Between 1973 and 1976, we performed 121 secondary corrections of the lip in cleft lip and palate cases; 75 of them were unilateral. Most of the cases were originally operated upon in another unit, usually by the same surgeon using a straight line closure according to Veau (1931). The result was always a short lip at the site of operation. In addition, the typical deformity of the aperture of the nose, with flatness of the ala cartilage, has been frequently observed. Various techniques have been used to correct the secondary deformities of the lip; some were modified by the author. In most cases, the Tennison (1952) technique was used with modification of the Trauner (1966) flap. The results of this technique were compared with those of Millard (1964). Other methods were used in a few cases. The results demonstrate, that by using the rotation advancement technique, better improvement of the nasal aperture will be obtained and the Z-plasty of the lip has the advantage of forming a cupid's bow. The method of lip correction chosen depends upon the nature of the lip deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:271186", "title": "A rationale for the surgical treatment of exophthalmos and exorbitism.", "content": "Exophthalmos and exorbitism, although both manifesting protrusion of the eye, differ in their aetiology and treatment. Illustrative cases are presented from both catagories, with a short experimental section illustrating on the degree of orbital expansion obtained with various procedures. Methods for accurately measuring orbital volume clinically still require development.", "contents": "A rationale for the surgical treatment of exophthalmos and exorbitism. Exophthalmos and exorbitism, although both manifesting protrusion of the eye, differ in their aetiology and treatment. Illustrative cases are presented from both catagories, with a short experimental section illustrating on the degree of orbital expansion obtained with various procedures. Methods for accurately measuring orbital volume clinically still require development."}
{"id": "PMID:271187", "title": "A spectrum of application of autogenous costochondral grafts.", "content": "Autogenous costochondral grafts have found application in 26 variegated cases of congenital dysplasia, ankylosis, neoplastic disease, osteoarthritis, and post-traumatic dysfunction. The authors' experience with the grafting procedure has been generally favourable, but various difficulties have also arisen. There is a cursory discussion on the physiological superiority of rib cartilage grafts over those of other autogenous joints in reconstruction of the temporomandibular articulation.", "contents": "A spectrum of application of autogenous costochondral grafts. Autogenous costochondral grafts have found application in 26 variegated cases of congenital dysplasia, ankylosis, neoplastic disease, osteoarthritis, and post-traumatic dysfunction. The authors' experience with the grafting procedure has been generally favourable, but various difficulties have also arisen. There is a cursory discussion on the physiological superiority of rib cartilage grafts over those of other autogenous joints in reconstruction of the temporomandibular articulation."}
{"id": "PMID:271189", "title": "Cephalometric observations in premature craniosynostosis.", "content": "Forty patients with premature craniosynostosis of variable extent and severity were subjected to cephalometry. The majority of the children and adolescents involved had undergone bilateral cranial fenestration at age 6 months to 11 years. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used for analysis. The measurements obtained were compared with normal values of comparable age groups. In two thirds of the patients examined facial skull growth was found to be impaired, the clinical appearance ranging from pronounced faciostenosis to abortive forms. In some cases the clinical appearance was normal. One of the conclusions derived from the cephalometric data is that inhibited growth primarily affects the anterior portions of the skull base, which are found to be shorter than normal. The defect appears to involve the spheno-ethmoidal, intersphenoidal and sphenofrontal synochondroses.", "contents": "Cephalometric observations in premature craniosynostosis. Forty patients with premature craniosynostosis of variable extent and severity were subjected to cephalometry. The majority of the children and adolescents involved had undergone bilateral cranial fenestration at age 6 months to 11 years. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used for analysis. The measurements obtained were compared with normal values of comparable age groups. In two thirds of the patients examined facial skull growth was found to be impaired, the clinical appearance ranging from pronounced faciostenosis to abortive forms. In some cases the clinical appearance was normal. One of the conclusions derived from the cephalometric data is that inhibited growth primarily affects the anterior portions of the skull base, which are found to be shorter than normal. The defect appears to involve the spheno-ethmoidal, intersphenoidal and sphenofrontal synochondroses."}
{"id": "PMID:271190", "title": "Ceramic augmentation of the lower jaw.", "content": "Atrophy of the lower jaw is essentially a manifestation of vertical bone resorption and must be treated in a compensatory manner. Animal experiments have shown the value of the bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital as a bone replacement material. After box-shaped or step-shaped osteotomies, we perform interpositional plastic operations with glass ceramic in order to augment the atrophied human lower jaw. Results, advantages and dangers of the method are shown in 12 patients.", "contents": "Ceramic augmentation of the lower jaw. Atrophy of the lower jaw is essentially a manifestation of vertical bone resorption and must be treated in a compensatory manner. Animal experiments have shown the value of the bioactive glass ceramic Ceravital as a bone replacement material. After box-shaped or step-shaped osteotomies, we perform interpositional plastic operations with glass ceramic in order to augment the atrophied human lower jaw. Results, advantages and dangers of the method are shown in 12 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271191", "title": "The incidence of masticatory dysfunction and its relation to the masticatory myalgia syndrome.", "content": "840 people were included in this study. 29.2% of them were found to have at least two dysfunctional signs, either in combination with pain (7.2%) or without pain (22%). The former group represents cases of the masticatory myalgia syndrome, while the later (the non-painful masticatory dysfunction group) may be considered as representing a pre-clinical stage of the masticatory myalgia syndrome.", "contents": "The incidence of masticatory dysfunction and its relation to the masticatory myalgia syndrome. 840 people were included in this study. 29.2% of them were found to have at least two dysfunctional signs, either in combination with pain (7.2%) or without pain (22%). The former group represents cases of the masticatory myalgia syndrome, while the later (the non-painful masticatory dysfunction group) may be considered as representing a pre-clinical stage of the masticatory myalgia syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:271192", "title": "Production of a nasoantral window with an Ar+-laser.", "content": "In vitro experiments on perforating and cutting 14 human nasoantral walls using an argon laser are described. The drilling velocity is proportional to the power density up to 100 W/mm2. The cutting velocity is measured using focussed spots of 40 micrometer diameter and powers from 5 to 40 W. Histological studies were performed at the edges of the lesion. The experiments show that the technical problem for producing a window in the nasoantral wall using a laser can be solved.", "contents": "Production of a nasoantral window with an Ar+-laser. In vitro experiments on perforating and cutting 14 human nasoantral walls using an argon laser are described. The drilling velocity is proportional to the power density up to 100 W/mm2. The cutting velocity is measured using focussed spots of 40 micrometer diameter and powers from 5 to 40 W. Histological studies were performed at the edges of the lesion. The experiments show that the technical problem for producing a window in the nasoantral wall using a laser can be solved."}
{"id": "PMID:271201", "title": "Maximal stress test performance while wearing a self-contained breathing apparatus.", "content": "Fifteen adult male volunteers (mean age = 31.0 years; eight non-smokers and seven smokers) carried out a Bruce protocol maximal treadmill stress test under four separate conditions. These four conditions were (1) without Scott Air Pak (SAP) respirator; (2) with SAP respirator apparatus but not wearing face mask; (3) with SAP apparatus, wearing face mask in \"demand\" breathing mode; and (4) with SAP respirator apparatus, wearing face mask in \"pressure-demand\" breathing mode. The data indicate that the overriding factor in the approximately 20% decrement in work performance during conditions 2, 3, and 4 was related to the weight of the SAP respirator (15.8 kg), P less than 0.05. Only during condition 3 did eight of 15 subjects report lack of air as one reason for termination. Conditions 3 and 4 resulted in a significant decrease in TFore (2.5 degrees C) and was primarily related to the decreased Tinsp which reached a maximum decrement of 9.7 degrees C. Under all conditions the smokers' work time was significantly less than nonsmokers, P less than 0.05.", "contents": "Maximal stress test performance while wearing a self-contained breathing apparatus. Fifteen adult male volunteers (mean age = 31.0 years; eight non-smokers and seven smokers) carried out a Bruce protocol maximal treadmill stress test under four separate conditions. These four conditions were (1) without Scott Air Pak (SAP) respirator; (2) with SAP respirator apparatus but not wearing face mask; (3) with SAP apparatus, wearing face mask in \"demand\" breathing mode; and (4) with SAP respirator apparatus, wearing face mask in \"pressure-demand\" breathing mode. The data indicate that the overriding factor in the approximately 20% decrement in work performance during conditions 2, 3, and 4 was related to the weight of the SAP respirator (15.8 kg), P less than 0.05. Only during condition 3 did eight of 15 subjects report lack of air as one reason for termination. Conditions 3 and 4 resulted in a significant decrease in TFore (2.5 degrees C) and was primarily related to the decreased Tinsp which reached a maximum decrement of 9.7 degrees C. Under all conditions the smokers' work time was significantly less than nonsmokers, P less than 0.05."}
{"id": "PMID:271203", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Synovial chondromatosis is a benign, chronic, progressive synovial metaplasia that will not resolve spontaneously. Although it is non-neoplastic, the condition can be easily mistaken histologically as malignant. Seven patients with synovial chondromatosis involving the temporomandibular joint have been seen at the Mayo Clinic; two of these have been described previously. Of the remaining five, four have had the lesions evaluated histologically. The fifth patient, recently treated at the Mayo Clinic, has had no recurrence of symptoms a year after surgery.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint. Synovial chondromatosis is a benign, chronic, progressive synovial metaplasia that will not resolve spontaneously. Although it is non-neoplastic, the condition can be easily mistaken histologically as malignant. Seven patients with synovial chondromatosis involving the temporomandibular joint have been seen at the Mayo Clinic; two of these have been described previously. Of the remaining five, four have had the lesions evaluated histologically. The fifth patient, recently treated at the Mayo Clinic, has had no recurrence of symptoms a year after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:271204", "title": "Orbital tripod osteotomy for facial asymmetry.", "content": "An attempt has been made to provide an additional alternative to the treatment of zygomatic deformities. It is an approach that was used on a series of four patients but one that has met with success and satisfactory results in restoring more normal form and function. When performed correctly, the orbital tripod osteotomy is a physiologically and esthetically sound approach to the correction of the deformed or deficient cheek as a result of trauma or congenital malformation.", "contents": "Orbital tripod osteotomy for facial asymmetry. An attempt has been made to provide an additional alternative to the treatment of zygomatic deformities. It is an approach that was used on a series of four patients but one that has met with success and satisfactory results in restoring more normal form and function. When performed correctly, the orbital tripod osteotomy is a physiologically and esthetically sound approach to the correction of the deformed or deficient cheek as a result of trauma or congenital malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:271206", "title": "Interpositional bone graft augmentation of the atrophic mandible: a preliminary report.", "content": "The mandible is sectioned in an oblique direction and an iliac crest graft is placed between the fragments for augmentation of an atrophied mandible. The technique was used in 12 patients; follow-up examinations included serial panoramic radiographs and recording of changes in mandibular height. A 10% to 27% loss of the height gained occurred between three and 12 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Interpositional bone graft augmentation of the atrophic mandible: a preliminary report. The mandible is sectioned in an oblique direction and an iliac crest graft is placed between the fragments for augmentation of an atrophied mandible. The technique was used in 12 patients; follow-up examinations included serial panoramic radiographs and recording of changes in mandibular height. A 10% to 27% loss of the height gained occurred between three and 12 months postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:271207", "title": "Idiopathic bone cavities.", "content": "Nine cases of idiopathic bone cavities, also described as traumatic bone cysts, were discovered within a 15-month period. These lesions are obviously more prevalent than indicated by a perusal of the literature.", "contents": "Idiopathic bone cavities. Nine cases of idiopathic bone cavities, also described as traumatic bone cysts, were discovered within a 15-month period. These lesions are obviously more prevalent than indicated by a perusal of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:271209", "title": "Cleidocranial dysostosis: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "A case report is presented in which the management of impacted teeth and cystic lesions is described in a patient with cleidocranial dysostosis. A review of the literature with emphasis on the incidence, clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment is also discussed.", "contents": "Cleidocranial dysostosis: review of the literature and report of case. A case report is presented in which the management of impacted teeth and cystic lesions is described in a patient with cleidocranial dysostosis. A review of the literature with emphasis on the incidence, clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271210", "title": "Early recognition and treatment of the traumatically transected parotid duct: report of case.", "content": "The immediate treatment of a transected parotid duct has been presented along with a brief review of the literature. The importance of exploration of wounds in the facial area cannot be overemphasized, as early repair of a severed duct is of utmost importance for establishing its patency.", "contents": "Early recognition and treatment of the traumatically transected parotid duct: report of case. The immediate treatment of a transected parotid duct has been presented along with a brief review of the literature. The importance of exploration of wounds in the facial area cannot be overemphasized, as early repair of a severed duct is of utmost importance for establishing its patency."}
{"id": "PMID:271211", "title": "Atrophy of mandibular condyles after sagittal ramus split osteotomy: report of case.", "content": "Bilateral atrophy of the mandibular condyles after a SRSO with advancement is reported. Although a definite cause could not be established, a biomechanical phenomenon based on increased muscle tension was the most likely causative mechanism.", "contents": "Atrophy of mandibular condyles after sagittal ramus split osteotomy: report of case. Bilateral atrophy of the mandibular condyles after a SRSO with advancement is reported. Although a definite cause could not be established, a biomechanical phenomenon based on increased muscle tension was the most likely causative mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:271213", "title": "A large mandibular tumor with a distinct radiological \"sun-ray effect\" as the primary manifestation of multiple myeloma.", "content": "The significant feature of the reported case was that of a sinister-looking mandibular tumor highly suggestive of a metastatic lesion or of osteogenic sarcoma. A biopsy specimen and results of a thorough medical work-up showed the lesion to be multiple myeloma. The myeloma cells apparently have the capability to stimulate osteoblastic activity and new bone formation. This capability should be kept in mind when making the differential diagnosis of osteoblastic bony lesions of the jaws.", "contents": "A large mandibular tumor with a distinct radiological \"sun-ray effect\" as the primary manifestation of multiple myeloma. The significant feature of the reported case was that of a sinister-looking mandibular tumor highly suggestive of a metastatic lesion or of osteogenic sarcoma. A biopsy specimen and results of a thorough medical work-up showed the lesion to be multiple myeloma. The myeloma cells apparently have the capability to stimulate osteoblastic activity and new bone formation. This capability should be kept in mind when making the differential diagnosis of osteoblastic bony lesions of the jaws."}
{"id": "PMID:271215", "title": "Osteocartilaginous choristoma of the tongue: clinical and histopathologic considerations.", "content": "To the 25 previously reported cases, we have added an additional example of an osteocartilaginous choristoma of the tongue that occurred as an asymptomatic mass on the ventral surface of the tongue in a 57-year-old white woman.", "contents": "Osteocartilaginous choristoma of the tongue: clinical and histopathologic considerations. To the 25 previously reported cases, we have added an additional example of an osteocartilaginous choristoma of the tongue that occurred as an asymptomatic mass on the ventral surface of the tongue in a 57-year-old white woman."}
{"id": "PMID:271216", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the maxilla: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of leiomyosarcoma of the maxilla have been reported. These lesions occurred in 67- and 24-year-old men. One was treated by hemimaxillectomy, and the other by radical local excision.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the maxilla: report of two cases. Two cases of leiomyosarcoma of the maxilla have been reported. These lesions occurred in 67- and 24-year-old men. One was treated by hemimaxillectomy, and the other by radical local excision."}
{"id": "PMID:271217", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma: report of case.", "content": "A case of ameloblastic fibroma of the mandible in a 7-year-old girl is presented. The case is of interest because of the unusually large size of the lesion. The lesion was treated with conservative surgical enucleation. There has been no evidence of recurrence of the lesion during the 14-mongh postoperative period. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the United States Air Force or the Department of Defense.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma: report of case. A case of ameloblastic fibroma of the mandible in a 7-year-old girl is presented. The case is of interest because of the unusually large size of the lesion. The lesion was treated with conservative surgical enucleation. There has been no evidence of recurrence of the lesion during the 14-mongh postoperative period. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the United States Air Force or the Department of Defense."}
{"id": "PMID:271218", "title": "A procedure for stabilization of the proximal segment after vertical osteotomy of the mandibular ramus for apertognathia and micrognathia.", "content": "A supplemental technique has been presented for stabilization of the proximal segments after bilateral oblique osteotomies of the mandibular rami for the treatment of micrognathia and apertognathia. This procedure stabilizes the condylar segments in all planes. Since the medial plate of bone is not violated in creating the depression, it acts as a medial stop while the rest of it prevents the condyle from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The wire prevents movement of the condyle laterally and posteriorly.", "contents": "A procedure for stabilization of the proximal segment after vertical osteotomy of the mandibular ramus for apertognathia and micrognathia. A supplemental technique has been presented for stabilization of the proximal segments after bilateral oblique osteotomies of the mandibular rami for the treatment of micrognathia and apertognathia. This procedure stabilizes the condylar segments in all planes. Since the medial plate of bone is not violated in creating the depression, it acts as a medial stop while the rest of it prevents the condyle from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The wire prevents movement of the condyle laterally and posteriorly."}
{"id": "PMID:271219", "title": "Coccidioidomycosis involving the mandible: report of case.", "content": "We have presented a case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis involving the mandible in a 47-year-old white man. A review of the literature has shown that coccidioidomycosis involving the jaws is an unusual, if not rare, entity. The pathogenicity of the disease and accepted treatment were discussed.", "contents": "Coccidioidomycosis involving the mandible: report of case. We have presented a case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis involving the mandible in a 47-year-old white man. A review of the literature has shown that coccidioidomycosis involving the jaws is an unusual, if not rare, entity. The pathogenicity of the disease and accepted treatment were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271221", "title": "Thoracotomy as adjuvant to chemotherapy in metastatic osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "This is a review of the experience at Memorial Hospital using chemotherapy combined with surgical excision for control of pulmonary metastases in osteogenic sarcoma. Effective multiple drug chemotherapy was able to control small deposits of osteogenic sarcoma in the lung, making surgical resection of residual visible nodules worthwhile. Surgical resection was most successful for solitary nodules or where multiple nodules were shrunk or at least prevented from growing by chemotherapy. Eight percent of these patients with pulmonary metastases initially or subsequently showed bilateral lung disease. When two or more nodules were found at th oracotomy, they were never confined to one lobe. For these reasons, wedge resections or segmental resections were the most commonly indicated procedures. Results justify an aggressive surgical approach to these lesions including multiple wedge resections of all lesions found at thoracotomy, chest wall resection and multiple bilateral thoracotomies. Chemotherapy alone cannot be expected to cure metastatic osteogenic sarcoma of the lung, but combined with surgical resection of residual disease the results are encouraging.", "contents": "Thoracotomy as adjuvant to chemotherapy in metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. This is a review of the experience at Memorial Hospital using chemotherapy combined with surgical excision for control of pulmonary metastases in osteogenic sarcoma. Effective multiple drug chemotherapy was able to control small deposits of osteogenic sarcoma in the lung, making surgical resection of residual visible nodules worthwhile. Surgical resection was most successful for solitary nodules or where multiple nodules were shrunk or at least prevented from growing by chemotherapy. Eight percent of these patients with pulmonary metastases initially or subsequently showed bilateral lung disease. When two or more nodules were found at th oracotomy, they were never confined to one lobe. For these reasons, wedge resections or segmental resections were the most commonly indicated procedures. Results justify an aggressive surgical approach to these lesions including multiple wedge resections of all lesions found at thoracotomy, chest wall resection and multiple bilateral thoracotomies. Chemotherapy alone cannot be expected to cure metastatic osteogenic sarcoma of the lung, but combined with surgical resection of residual disease the results are encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:271223", "title": "Thickness of facial gingiva.", "content": "Gingival thickness was measured in 10 subjects with healthy gingiva on the facial aspect of selected maxillary and mandibular teeth at the depth of the gingival sulcus and midway between the sulcus depth and mucogingival line. Measurement instrumentation, consisting of a differential transformer coupled to an oscillator and digital voltmeter was sensitive to the travel of a probe from the gingival surface to tooth surface or alveolar bone. The probe assembly was accurate to 0.01 mm and the average range of differences in replicate measurements under a variety of conditions never exceeded 0.15 mm. 1. Free gingival thickness averaged 1.56 mm + 0.39, attached gingival thickness averaged 1.25 mm + 0.42 and the total mean thickness for all areas measured was 1.41 mm. 2. Thickness in mandibular free and attached gingiva and maxillary free gingiva increased from anterior to posterior. Thickness in maxillary attached gingiva remained fairly constant. 3. Thickness measured at the depth of the sulcus was directly proportional to the free gingival width. 4. Thickness measured midway between sulcus depth and mucogingival junction was inversely proportional to attached gingival width.", "contents": "Thickness of facial gingiva. Gingival thickness was measured in 10 subjects with healthy gingiva on the facial aspect of selected maxillary and mandibular teeth at the depth of the gingival sulcus and midway between the sulcus depth and mucogingival line. Measurement instrumentation, consisting of a differential transformer coupled to an oscillator and digital voltmeter was sensitive to the travel of a probe from the gingival surface to tooth surface or alveolar bone. The probe assembly was accurate to 0.01 mm and the average range of differences in replicate measurements under a variety of conditions never exceeded 0.15 mm. 1. Free gingival thickness averaged 1.56 mm + 0.39, attached gingival thickness averaged 1.25 mm + 0.42 and the total mean thickness for all areas measured was 1.41 mm. 2. Thickness in mandibular free and attached gingiva and maxillary free gingiva increased from anterior to posterior. Thickness in maxillary attached gingiva remained fairly constant. 3. Thickness measured at the depth of the sulcus was directly proportional to the free gingival width. 4. Thickness measured midway between sulcus depth and mucogingival junction was inversely proportional to attached gingival width."}
{"id": "PMID:271225", "title": "Subcutaneous emphysema during periodontal surgery: report of a case.", "content": "Subcutaneous emphysema (S.E.) of the facial region is an uncommon complication of dental procedures. A case is presented which details the development of S.E. following use of an air-water syringe during periodontal surgery. Differential diagnosis of the condition depends upon accurate historical data and the finding of crepitus on palpation of the involved tissues. Treatment is supportive in nature, although prophylactic antibiotic coverage is suggested. The etiology of S.E. is discussed and judicious use of compressed air or gas-producing medicaments during dental treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Subcutaneous emphysema during periodontal surgery: report of a case. Subcutaneous emphysema (S.E.) of the facial region is an uncommon complication of dental procedures. A case is presented which details the development of S.E. following use of an air-water syringe during periodontal surgery. Differential diagnosis of the condition depends upon accurate historical data and the finding of crepitus on palpation of the involved tissues. Treatment is supportive in nature, although prophylactic antibiotic coverage is suggested. The etiology of S.E. is discussed and judicious use of compressed air or gas-producing medicaments during dental treatment is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:271243", "title": "The radiologic diagnosis of pneumocele of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "Pneumocele of the maxillary sinus is a recently described disease, first noted in 1974. Three subsequent cases have been encountered. Pneumocele refers to an expansile cystic air-containing mass, occupying the entire maxillary sinus, and lined by the original attenuated mucous membrane. It is analogous to mucocele, but containing air rather than fluid content. Radiologic signs are diagnostic, and it is the purpose of this presentation to enumerate these radiologic findings.", "contents": "The radiologic diagnosis of pneumocele of the maxillary sinus. Pneumocele of the maxillary sinus is a recently described disease, first noted in 1974. Three subsequent cases have been encountered. Pneumocele refers to an expansile cystic air-containing mass, occupying the entire maxillary sinus, and lined by the original attenuated mucous membrane. It is analogous to mucocele, but containing air rather than fluid content. Radiologic signs are diagnostic, and it is the purpose of this presentation to enumerate these radiologic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:271244", "title": "The radiologic findings in synovial chondromatosis (chondrometaplasia) of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Synovial chondromatosis or chondrometaplasia is a rare disease in which foci of cartilage may develop in the synovial membrane, usually of the large diarthroidal joints. However, the temporomandibular joint may be affected, with less than 15 such cases documented. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the radiologic findings in synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint, not previously recorded, which allow for definitive diagnosis. These radiologic findings are: 1) widening of the joint space; 2) limitation of motion; 3) irregularity of joint surfaces; 4) presence of calcified loos bodies (cartilage); and 5) sclerosis of the glenoid fossa and mandibular condyle.", "contents": "The radiologic findings in synovial chondromatosis (chondrometaplasia) of the temporomandibular joint. Synovial chondromatosis or chondrometaplasia is a rare disease in which foci of cartilage may develop in the synovial membrane, usually of the large diarthroidal joints. However, the temporomandibular joint may be affected, with less than 15 such cases documented. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the radiologic findings in synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint, not previously recorded, which allow for definitive diagnosis. These radiologic findings are: 1) widening of the joint space; 2) limitation of motion; 3) irregularity of joint surfaces; 4) presence of calcified loos bodies (cartilage); and 5) sclerosis of the glenoid fossa and mandibular condyle."}
{"id": "PMID:271245", "title": "Sophisticated radiology in otolaryngology. I. Diagnostic imaging: roentgenographic (x-ray) modalities.", "content": "Conventional radiography is now complemented by a large range of newer radiologic diagnostic techniques, involving both roentgenographic and non-roentgenographic modalities. It is the purpose of this presentation to present these new roentgenographic modalities in graphic form, and demonstrate their application to otolaryngic diagnosis. The major roentgenographic modalities which will be stressed are: xeroradiography, angiography, and computerized tomographic scanning.", "contents": "Sophisticated radiology in otolaryngology. I. Diagnostic imaging: roentgenographic (x-ray) modalities. Conventional radiography is now complemented by a large range of newer radiologic diagnostic techniques, involving both roentgenographic and non-roentgenographic modalities. It is the purpose of this presentation to present these new roentgenographic modalities in graphic form, and demonstrate their application to otolaryngic diagnosis. The major roentgenographic modalities which will be stressed are: xeroradiography, angiography, and computerized tomographic scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:271246", "title": "Sophisticated radiology in otolaryngology. II. Diagnostic imaging: non-roentgenographic (non x-ray) modalities (ultrasound, nuclear medicine, thermography).", "content": "Newer forms of radiologic diagnostic imaging now include non-roentgenographic modalities such as ultrasound, nuclear medicin, and thermography, all of which can be applied to otolaryngology. It is the purpose of this presentation to demonstrate these modalities, and indicate their clinical application, yet in its earliest stages, to otolaryngology.", "contents": "Sophisticated radiology in otolaryngology. II. Diagnostic imaging: non-roentgenographic (non x-ray) modalities (ultrasound, nuclear medicine, thermography). Newer forms of radiologic diagnostic imaging now include non-roentgenographic modalities such as ultrasound, nuclear medicin, and thermography, all of which can be applied to otolaryngology. It is the purpose of this presentation to demonstrate these modalities, and indicate their clinical application, yet in its earliest stages, to otolaryngology."}
{"id": "PMID:271263", "title": "Simultaneous radiation and drug therapy: tumor response and toxicity.", "content": "Three patients who received simultaneous radiation and chemotherapy are described. Increased tumor response and enhanced radiation reaction were observed. Simultaneous drug and radiation therapy may prove to be the treatment of choice for particular malignant tumors. More data concerning the magnitude of the toxic effects when 2 modalities are used in conjunction is needed. Dose adjustments will be required for each modality to allow for optimal damage to the tumor with minimal and acceptable adverse reaction in the normal tissue.", "contents": "Simultaneous radiation and drug therapy: tumor response and toxicity. Three patients who received simultaneous radiation and chemotherapy are described. Increased tumor response and enhanced radiation reaction were observed. Simultaneous drug and radiation therapy may prove to be the treatment of choice for particular malignant tumors. More data concerning the magnitude of the toxic effects when 2 modalities are used in conjunction is needed. Dose adjustments will be required for each modality to allow for optimal damage to the tumor with minimal and acceptable adverse reaction in the normal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:271265", "title": "[Dental caries and the morbidity and mortality index in populations with endemic fluorosis].", "content": "Clinical and statistical research, conducted in collaboration with other workers in some instances, into the behaviour of dental decay and the morbidity and mortality indices in populations with dental fluorosis due to the ingestion of naturally fluorinated water in Calabria and Sicily showed that the fears expressed with respect to the toxic effect of fluorine on the organism can be considered excessive. It can also be asserted that fluorine is at present the only means available of ensuring a real reduction caries following its ingestion via various routes.", "contents": "[Dental caries and the morbidity and mortality index in populations with endemic fluorosis]. Clinical and statistical research, conducted in collaboration with other workers in some instances, into the behaviour of dental decay and the morbidity and mortality indices in populations with dental fluorosis due to the ingestion of naturally fluorinated water in Calabria and Sicily showed that the fears expressed with respect to the toxic effect of fluorine on the organism can be considered excessive. It can also be asserted that fluorine is at present the only means available of ensuring a real reduction caries following its ingestion via various routes."}
{"id": "PMID:271266", "title": "[Treatment of follicular cysts of the mandible with reduction cystostomy].", "content": "A surgical technique is described for the treatment of a voluminous mandibular cyst whereby the contrasting need to preserve the vitality of the teeth whose apex was near the cyst wall and that of preventing marsupialisation due to the difficulty of providing continuous and effective postoperative care were met by cystotomy with reduction of the primary cyst to a small, periapical cyst. The operation was planned to take place in two stages, the idea being to secure radical removal of the remains of the cyst at a later date. An exploratory inspection after 14 months showed that a bone cavity of negligible size and with no sign of a wall was left. Two objectives were thus achieved: maintenance of the vitality of the teeth around the cyst; improved and spontaneous alignment of the teeth to facilitate and simplify complementary orthodontic management.", "contents": "[Treatment of follicular cysts of the mandible with reduction cystostomy]. A surgical technique is described for the treatment of a voluminous mandibular cyst whereby the contrasting need to preserve the vitality of the teeth whose apex was near the cyst wall and that of preventing marsupialisation due to the difficulty of providing continuous and effective postoperative care were met by cystotomy with reduction of the primary cyst to a small, periapical cyst. The operation was planned to take place in two stages, the idea being to secure radical removal of the remains of the cyst at a later date. An exploratory inspection after 14 months showed that a bone cavity of negligible size and with no sign of a wall was left. Two objectives were thus achieved: maintenance of the vitality of the teeth around the cyst; improved and spontaneous alignment of the teeth to facilitate and simplify complementary orthodontic management."}
{"id": "PMID:271267", "title": "[Frequency of malocclusion in 800 school children in the province of Pavia].", "content": "After a brief review of the literature on the subject, the results of a study of the frequency of malocclusions in 800 primary school children are reported. A very high percentage (80.3%) was observed, with a prevalence of males(83%) over females (77%). The relationships between malocclusions and age and between malocclusions an; caries are also examined.", "contents": "[Frequency of malocclusion in 800 school children in the province of Pavia]. After a brief review of the literature on the subject, the results of a study of the frequency of malocclusions in 800 primary school children are reported. A very high percentage (80.3%) was observed, with a prevalence of males(83%) over females (77%). The relationships between malocclusions and age and between malocclusions an; caries are also examined."}
{"id": "PMID:271268", "title": "[Histomorphological features of adamantinoma].", "content": "The histomorphological features of ameloblastoma and the literature classifications of this form are examined and a personal series of 19 cases involving the mandible and 2 involving the upper jaw is presented. Cord-like and plexiform pictures were followed by follicular, cystic, cylindromatous and stellate forms in order of frequency. Death occurred in two cases of cylindromatous ameloblastoma.", "contents": "[Histomorphological features of adamantinoma]. The histomorphological features of ameloblastoma and the literature classifications of this form are examined and a personal series of 19 cases involving the mandible and 2 involving the upper jaw is presented. Cord-like and plexiform pictures were followed by follicular, cystic, cylindromatous and stellate forms in order of frequency. Death occurred in two cases of cylindromatous ameloblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:271271", "title": "Cellular distribution of hemoglobin F in a clonal hemopoietic stem-cell disorder.", "content": "Because all erythroid cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia are believed to arise from a common pluripotent stem cell, we studied the cellular distribution of fetal hemoglobin in patients with the disease to test whether cells with and without hemoglobin F have a common or separate pluripotent stem-cell origin. In a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and sickle/beta thalassemia, 17 per cent of the red cells during remission and 18 to 22 per cent during the blastic phase contained fetal hemoglobin. In 24 non-hemoglobinopathic leukemic patients 0.3 to 28 per cent of red cells contained hemoglobin F. Since the erythrocytes in chronic myelogenous leukemia are almost exclusively derived from the malignant clone, these data suggest that cells containing fetal hemoglobin originate from the same pluripotent stem-cell progenitor as those without hemoglobin F. The findings argue against a separate line of \"partially switched\" pluripotent stem cells as being responsible for maintenance of hemoglobin F production in the adult.", "contents": "Cellular distribution of hemoglobin F in a clonal hemopoietic stem-cell disorder. Because all erythroid cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia are believed to arise from a common pluripotent stem cell, we studied the cellular distribution of fetal hemoglobin in patients with the disease to test whether cells with and without hemoglobin F have a common or separate pluripotent stem-cell origin. In a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and sickle/beta thalassemia, 17 per cent of the red cells during remission and 18 to 22 per cent during the blastic phase contained fetal hemoglobin. In 24 non-hemoglobinopathic leukemic patients 0.3 to 28 per cent of red cells contained hemoglobin F. Since the erythrocytes in chronic myelogenous leukemia are almost exclusively derived from the malignant clone, these data suggest that cells containing fetal hemoglobin originate from the same pluripotent stem-cell progenitor as those without hemoglobin F. The findings argue against a separate line of \"partially switched\" pluripotent stem cells as being responsible for maintenance of hemoglobin F production in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:271275", "title": "Mandible-like structure with teeth in an ovarian cystic teratoma.", "content": "The findings of a tooth-bearing mandible-like structure within a large ovarian dermoid cyst is reported. Although the presence of assorted teeth and bone is not uncommon in teratomatous lesions, the formation of an apparent alveolar structure possessing multiple teeth is found less often.", "contents": "Mandible-like structure with teeth in an ovarian cystic teratoma. The findings of a tooth-bearing mandible-like structure within a large ovarian dermoid cyst is reported. Although the presence of assorted teeth and bone is not uncommon in teratomatous lesions, the formation of an apparent alveolar structure possessing multiple teeth is found less often."}
{"id": "PMID:271276", "title": "An unusual triad: microdontia, taurodontia, and dens invaginatus.", "content": "A 12 1/2-year-old white boy was examined and found to have permanent teeth that were smaller than those of the average adult. The microdontia was accompanied by taurodontia of the mandibular molars and several teeth with dens invaginatus. The patient was normal in appearance and had no other illness. The pedigree was compatible with X-linked recessive inheritance.", "contents": "An unusual triad: microdontia, taurodontia, and dens invaginatus. A 12 1/2-year-old white boy was examined and found to have permanent teeth that were smaller than those of the average adult. The microdontia was accompanied by taurodontia of the mandibular molars and several teeth with dens invaginatus. The patient was normal in appearance and had no other illness. The pedigree was compatible with X-linked recessive inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:271278", "title": "Antimicrobial effects of N2 in vitro.", "content": "The antimicrobial effect of the root canal filling material N2 has been studied in vitro. Pulverized as well as intact set N2 inhibited the growth of the mixed bacterial flora of saliva or pure cultures of S. mutants and A. viscosus on blood agar for at least 100 days. Intact set N2 transferred daily to blood agar inoculated with saliva lost its antimicrobial activity after nine transfers. The antimicrobial effect of N2 against S. mutants was found to be bactericidal. N2 also appeared to possess an antimicrobial \"vapor effect\".", "contents": "Antimicrobial effects of N2 in vitro. The antimicrobial effect of the root canal filling material N2 has been studied in vitro. Pulverized as well as intact set N2 inhibited the growth of the mixed bacterial flora of saliva or pure cultures of S. mutants and A. viscosus on blood agar for at least 100 days. Intact set N2 transferred daily to blood agar inoculated with saliva lost its antimicrobial activity after nine transfers. The antimicrobial effect of N2 against S. mutants was found to be bactericidal. N2 also appeared to possess an antimicrobial \"vapor effect\"."}
{"id": "PMID:271279", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to dog pulp tissue altered by N2 paste within the root canal.", "content": "After pulpal extirpation of twenty teeth in each of four dogs, these animals were primarily immunized intramuscularly with the dogs' own pulp (three dogs) altered by N2 paste and saline solution with pulp (one dog). A fifth dog was used as a control for skin tests. Secondary immunizations were accomplished via the root canal every 7 days over a 28-day period. Cell-mediated skin tests reactions demonstrated less of a response to the N2 paste alone than when the dogs' pulp was altered with this material. In vitro analysis of cell-mediated immune response (lymphocyte proliferation) showed a marked response to the pulp altered by N2 paste as compared to the saline-treated pulp (P less than 0.002). Therefore, dogs' pulp tissue became antigenically altered by the N2 material, recognized by the host, and a specific cell-mediated lymphocyte proliferation resulted.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to dog pulp tissue altered by N2 paste within the root canal. After pulpal extirpation of twenty teeth in each of four dogs, these animals were primarily immunized intramuscularly with the dogs' own pulp (three dogs) altered by N2 paste and saline solution with pulp (one dog). A fifth dog was used as a control for skin tests. Secondary immunizations were accomplished via the root canal every 7 days over a 28-day period. Cell-mediated skin tests reactions demonstrated less of a response to the N2 paste alone than when the dogs' pulp was altered with this material. In vitro analysis of cell-mediated immune response (lymphocyte proliferation) showed a marked response to the pulp altered by N2 paste as compared to the saline-treated pulp (P less than 0.002). Therefore, dogs' pulp tissue became antigenically altered by the N2 material, recognized by the host, and a specific cell-mediated lymphocyte proliferation resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:271284", "title": "A microangiographic study of vascular changes in replanted and autotransplanted teeth of young dogs.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the revascularization process of the pulp of replanted and autotransplanted teeth with incomplete root development in dogs. A barium-sulfate injection method combined with contact microradiography was used. Ingrowth of apparently new vessels was seen during the first postoperative days. After 10 days, visible vessels were seen in the apical half of the pulp, and after 30 days, in the whole pulp. Branches and apparently also anastomoses between pulpal vessels were seen after 10 days but were especially numerous after 30 days. One hundred eighty days postoperatively, only one of fifteen teeth was devoid of visible vessels, indicating pulpal necrosis. Thirteen of the remaining fourteen teeth exhibited visible vessels throughout the entire length of the pulp. It seems, therefore, that replanted and autotransplanted teeth with open apices have a high potential for repair. The revascularization of the pulp appeared to occur mainly by ingrowth of new vessels. In some instances, however, anastomoses seemed to form to pre-existing vessels in the pulp.", "contents": "A microangiographic study of vascular changes in replanted and autotransplanted teeth of young dogs. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the revascularization process of the pulp of replanted and autotransplanted teeth with incomplete root development in dogs. A barium-sulfate injection method combined with contact microradiography was used. Ingrowth of apparently new vessels was seen during the first postoperative days. After 10 days, visible vessels were seen in the apical half of the pulp, and after 30 days, in the whole pulp. Branches and apparently also anastomoses between pulpal vessels were seen after 10 days but were especially numerous after 30 days. One hundred eighty days postoperatively, only one of fifteen teeth was devoid of visible vessels, indicating pulpal necrosis. Thirteen of the remaining fourteen teeth exhibited visible vessels throughout the entire length of the pulp. It seems, therefore, that replanted and autotransplanted teeth with open apices have a high potential for repair. The revascularization of the pulp appeared to occur mainly by ingrowth of new vessels. In some instances, however, anastomoses seemed to form to pre-existing vessels in the pulp."}
{"id": "PMID:271285", "title": "Subacute pericoronitis from an unerupted supernumerary third molar. Report of a case.", "content": "Any tooth may be affected by pericoronitis. A case of acute pericoronitis from an unerupted supernumerary third molar tooth is described. The importance of the patient's history and the clinical examination in reaching a diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "Subacute pericoronitis from an unerupted supernumerary third molar. Report of a case. Any tooth may be affected by pericoronitis. A case of acute pericoronitis from an unerupted supernumerary third molar tooth is described. The importance of the patient's history and the clinical examination in reaching a diagnosis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:271286", "title": "Thyroglossal-tract cyst.", "content": "Thyroglossal-tract cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of any mass found in the anterior midline of the neck. A discussion and review of forty-two cases diagnosed between 1970 and 1976 at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center are presented.", "contents": "Thyroglossal-tract cyst. Thyroglossal-tract cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of any mass found in the anterior midline of the neck. A discussion and review of forty-two cases diagnosed between 1970 and 1976 at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271287", "title": "Frustration and temporomandibular joint pain.", "content": "The significance of frustration as a cause of temporomandibular joint pain is investigated through the use of bilateral electromyographic recording. Interpretation of both parametric and nonparametric data indicates the lack of relationship. The need for careful controls and the problems of psychologizing are discussed.", "contents": "Frustration and temporomandibular joint pain. The significance of frustration as a cause of temporomandibular joint pain is investigated through the use of bilateral electromyographic recording. Interpretation of both parametric and nonparametric data indicates the lack of relationship. The need for careful controls and the problems of psychologizing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271288", "title": "Correlative study of pain perception and masticatory muscle reflexes in man.", "content": "An attempt was made  to explore the possibility of using the masticatory muscle reflexes as pain indices in human subjects. It was found that the digastric reflex, so readily evoked by electrodental stimulation in experimental animals, could not be consistently elicited in man. The reflex silent period of the masseteric muscles, on the other hand, may be used as a pain index for evaluating dental analgesia, provided that analgesic interference is anticipated at points along the reflex arc.", "contents": "Correlative study of pain perception and masticatory muscle reflexes in man. An attempt was made  to explore the possibility of using the masticatory muscle reflexes as pain indices in human subjects. It was found that the digastric reflex, so readily evoked by electrodental stimulation in experimental animals, could not be consistently elicited in man. The reflex silent period of the masseteric muscles, on the other hand, may be used as a pain index for evaluating dental analgesia, provided that analgesic interference is anticipated at points along the reflex arc."}
{"id": "PMID:271289", "title": "Sialochemistry of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Electrolytes, protein, and salivary IgA.", "content": "Sialochemistry was undertaken to detect subclinical involvement of salivary glands in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The concentrations of salivary sodium and IgA were significantly elevated in 24 percent of the RA patients. Eighty per cent of the patients with elevated sodium and IgA concentrations had keratoconjunctivitis sicca as well. No correlation between serum and salivary IgA levels was found. The results indicate that salivary sodium and IgA levels can be used for detection of subclinical salivary gland involvement and for follow-up of RA patients.", "contents": "Sialochemistry of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Electrolytes, protein, and salivary IgA. Sialochemistry was undertaken to detect subclinical involvement of salivary glands in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The concentrations of salivary sodium and IgA were significantly elevated in 24 percent of the RA patients. Eighty per cent of the patients with elevated sodium and IgA concentrations had keratoconjunctivitis sicca as well. No correlation between serum and salivary IgA levels was found. The results indicate that salivary sodium and IgA levels can be used for detection of subclinical salivary gland involvement and for follow-up of RA patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271290", "title": "Sialadenoma papilliferum of the oral cavity.", "content": "Sialadenoma papilliferum is a rare tumor of salivary gland origin. A review of the English-language literature indicates that only four cases have been reported. This article describes the clinical and histologic characteristics of an additional case occurring on the left retromolar pad.", "contents": "Sialadenoma papilliferum of the oral cavity. Sialadenoma papilliferum is a rare tumor of salivary gland origin. A review of the English-language literature indicates that only four cases have been reported. This article describes the clinical and histologic characteristics of an additional case occurring on the left retromolar pad."}
{"id": "PMID:271291", "title": "Intradermal nevus associated with epidermoid cyst in the mucous membrane of the cheek.", "content": "A case of epidermoid cyst associated with an unusual amelanotic intradermal nevus, with structures identical to Meissner's tactile corpuscles, is reported. The possible relationship and the origin of both lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Intradermal nevus associated with epidermoid cyst in the mucous membrane of the cheek. A case of epidermoid cyst associated with an unusual amelanotic intradermal nevus, with structures identical to Meissner's tactile corpuscles, is reported. The possible relationship and the origin of both lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271292", "title": "Clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of thirty-seven autotransplanted impacted maxillary canines.", "content": "Thirty-seven autotransplanted canines in thirty-one patients were observed for a period of 2 to 7 years. Transplants with less than 2 years follow-up were not included in this study. Although the surgical root canal, and fixation techniques were identical, the delayed pathophysiologic changes were different.", "contents": "Clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of thirty-seven autotransplanted impacted maxillary canines. Thirty-seven autotransplanted canines in thirty-one patients were observed for a period of 2 to 7 years. Transplants with less than 2 years follow-up were not included in this study. Although the surgical root canal, and fixation techniques were identical, the delayed pathophysiologic changes were different."}
{"id": "PMID:271293", "title": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the oral mucosa.", "content": "An intraluminal reactive hyperplastic lesion from the lower labial mucosa of an adult male patient is described. It has been termed intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia and may have arisen in an organizing thrombosed vein. The importance of distinguishing it from a malignant vascular neoplasm is stressed, and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the oral mucosa. An intraluminal reactive hyperplastic lesion from the lower labial mucosa of an adult male patient is described. It has been termed intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia and may have arisen in an organizing thrombosed vein. The importance of distinguishing it from a malignant vascular neoplasm is stressed, and the differential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271294", "title": "Sialadenoma papilliferum.", "content": "Two previously unreported cases of sialadenoma papilliferum are presented. This brings the total number of reported cases of this entity to five. A review of the literature and a discussion of the histopathologic characteristics and possible histogenesis of the sialadenoma papilliferum are included.", "contents": "Sialadenoma papilliferum. Two previously unreported cases of sialadenoma papilliferum are presented. This brings the total number of reported cases of this entity to five. A review of the literature and a discussion of the histopathologic characteristics and possible histogenesis of the sialadenoma papilliferum are included."}
{"id": "PMID:271296", "title": "Osteoma cutis: cutaneous ossification with oral manifestations.", "content": "Subcutaneous and mucosal calcifications are rare lesions which present problems in diagnosis. A large bony mass is presented, with dermal and mucosal findings. The literature is reviewed on this non-neoplastic bony lesion and differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Osteoma cutis: cutaneous ossification with oral manifestations. Subcutaneous and mucosal calcifications are rare lesions which present problems in diagnosis. A large bony mass is presented, with dermal and mucosal findings. The literature is reviewed on this non-neoplastic bony lesion and differential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271304", "title": "[The importance of an endexspiratory plateau in respirators (author's transl)].", "content": "A two-compartment lung model with a bronchial obstruction was ventilated with different respirators: Engstr\u00f6m E 200, ER 300, ECS 2000, Bennett MA 1 B, Sandoz M 250 and Dr\u00e4ger Servoventilator 900 under same conditions. Redistribution of air, the socalled \"pendelluft\", was found in all respirators. The amount of \"pendelluft\" produced by E 200 and M 250 was much more lower than that produced by respirators with low internal compliance, ECS 2000 and Servo 900. Endinspiratory plateau means more even distribution of ventilation volume despite airway obstruction.", "contents": "[The importance of an endexspiratory plateau in respirators (author's transl)]. A two-compartment lung model with a bronchial obstruction was ventilated with different respirators: Engstr\u00f6m E 200, ER 300, ECS 2000, Bennett MA 1 B, Sandoz M 250 and Dr\u00e4ger Servoventilator 900 under same conditions. Redistribution of air, the socalled \"pendelluft\", was found in all respirators. The amount of \"pendelluft\" produced by E 200 and M 250 was much more lower than that produced by respirators with low internal compliance, ECS 2000 and Servo 900. Endinspiratory plateau means more even distribution of ventilation volume despite airway obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:271308", "title": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human bone marrow.", "content": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of human bone marrow reveal that the proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are much greater than the T1 of normal bone marrow.", "contents": "Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human bone marrow. Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of human bone marrow reveal that the proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are much greater than the T1 of normal bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:271330", "title": "The management of extramedullary disease in acute leukemia with therapeutic radiations.", "content": "The authors reviewed 181 patients who received local radiation therapy for the prevention or control of extramedullary disease resulting from acute leukemia. 126 had acute lymphocytic leukemia and 55 had acute granulocytic leukemia. They were treated over a 18-year period of time with different forms of chemotherapy. Most had not received prophylactic CNS radiation therapy. Patients were evaluated for local control until death or hematologic relapse intervened. More than 80% of patients with clinical ALL meningeal leukemia had a successful response to doses over 1000 rads. This same response was not apparent in AML. More than 80% of clinical non-CNS extra medullary leukemia was controlled with doses of 600 rads or greater. Only one patient with extra-medullary relapse is still alive. The authors feel that lower preventative doses of radiation to the CNS are compatible with similar control rates, based on their own data and other suggestive data.", "contents": "The management of extramedullary disease in acute leukemia with therapeutic radiations. The authors reviewed 181 patients who received local radiation therapy for the prevention or control of extramedullary disease resulting from acute leukemia. 126 had acute lymphocytic leukemia and 55 had acute granulocytic leukemia. They were treated over a 18-year period of time with different forms of chemotherapy. Most had not received prophylactic CNS radiation therapy. Patients were evaluated for local control until death or hematologic relapse intervened. More than 80% of patients with clinical ALL meningeal leukemia had a successful response to doses over 1000 rads. This same response was not apparent in AML. More than 80% of clinical non-CNS extra medullary leukemia was controlled with doses of 600 rads or greater. Only one patient with extra-medullary relapse is still alive. The authors feel that lower preventative doses of radiation to the CNS are compatible with similar control rates, based on their own data and other suggestive data."}
{"id": "PMID:271336", "title": "Fluoride content of dental plaque before, during and after ingestion of sucrose modified with fluoride or bicarbonate-phosphate.", "content": "Students ingested tablets daily during a period of 3 d growth of dental plaque and in connection with the collection of plaque specimens. The tablets varied in composition: sucrose (C), sucrose containing sodium bicarbonate-monopotassium orthophosphate and fluoride (BPF), and sucrose modified with fluoride (F). The daily fluoride dose in conjunction with the growth of plaque and the collection of specimens was 0.5 mg of total fluoride and 0.2 mg in the determination of ionized fluoride. The fluoride taken during the growth period did not significantly affect the total and ionized fluoride contents of the plaque. During the consumption of all the tablets, the total fluoride content of the plaque increased temporarily, after which a drop took place to close to the original value. In the case of the C- and the BPF-tablets, the increase was statistically significant (P-values less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively). During the consumption of the BPF- and F-tablets, the ionized fluoride content dropped significantly (P-values less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). The investigation showed that a binding of the free fluoride ions in dental plaque takes place in connection with fermentation.", "contents": "Fluoride content of dental plaque before, during and after ingestion of sucrose modified with fluoride or bicarbonate-phosphate. Students ingested tablets daily during a period of 3 d growth of dental plaque and in connection with the collection of plaque specimens. The tablets varied in composition: sucrose (C), sucrose containing sodium bicarbonate-monopotassium orthophosphate and fluoride (BPF), and sucrose modified with fluoride (F). The daily fluoride dose in conjunction with the growth of plaque and the collection of specimens was 0.5 mg of total fluoride and 0.2 mg in the determination of ionized fluoride. The fluoride taken during the growth period did not significantly affect the total and ionized fluoride contents of the plaque. During the consumption of all the tablets, the total fluoride content of the plaque increased temporarily, after which a drop took place to close to the original value. In the case of the C- and the BPF-tablets, the increase was statistically significant (P-values less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively). During the consumption of the BPF- and F-tablets, the ionized fluoride content dropped significantly (P-values less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). The investigation showed that a binding of the free fluoride ions in dental plaque takes place in connection with fermentation."}
{"id": "PMID:271337", "title": "Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans lipoteichoic acid to hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Lipoteichoic acid extracted from cells of S. mutans strain BHT exhibited a high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Phosphate ions, fluoride ions and to a lesser extent human saliva inhibited or reversed this adsorption. Extracellular lipoteichoic acid preparations obtained from the supernatant of cultures of the same bacteria exhibited similar properties. It is suggested that lipoteichoic acids could play a significant role in the colonization of teeth by Gram-positive bacteria and thereby contribute to the formation and pathogenicity of dental plaque.", "contents": "Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans lipoteichoic acid to hydroxyapatite. Lipoteichoic acid extracted from cells of S. mutans strain BHT exhibited a high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Phosphate ions, fluoride ions and to a lesser extent human saliva inhibited or reversed this adsorption. Extracellular lipoteichoic acid preparations obtained from the supernatant of cultures of the same bacteria exhibited similar properties. It is suggested that lipoteichoic acids could play a significant role in the colonization of teeth by Gram-positive bacteria and thereby contribute to the formation and pathogenicity of dental plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:271338", "title": "Evaluation of histologic criteria applied for description of pulp reactions in replanted human premolars.", "content": "To test the reproducibility of a scoring system prepared for the study of the tissue changes in replanted teeth, 30 teeth were allocated at random from a material comprising 70 replanted and control teeth. The scoring system elaborated was applied for description of the odontoblast layer, predentin, secondary dentin, circulatory alterations, resorption, Weil's zone, cellular infiltration and calcification. The registrations were performed twice with a time interval of approximately 2 months. The scores were subsequently compared. Generally speaking, the double determinations were in good agreement as only 4.7% of the pairs of registrations failed to correspond. The agreement was particularly good for secondary dentin, cellular infiltration, resorption, Weil's zone and calcification scores. These criteria are accessible for group comparisons when differences in pulp tissue characteristics are small. The remaining three criteria may prove not to be useful unless the tissue response is substantial.", "contents": "Evaluation of histologic criteria applied for description of pulp reactions in replanted human premolars. To test the reproducibility of a scoring system prepared for the study of the tissue changes in replanted teeth, 30 teeth were allocated at random from a material comprising 70 replanted and control teeth. The scoring system elaborated was applied for description of the odontoblast layer, predentin, secondary dentin, circulatory alterations, resorption, Weil's zone, cellular infiltration and calcification. The registrations were performed twice with a time interval of approximately 2 months. The scores were subsequently compared. Generally speaking, the double determinations were in good agreement as only 4.7% of the pairs of registrations failed to correspond. The agreement was particularly good for secondary dentin, cellular infiltration, resorption, Weil's zone and calcification scores. These criteria are accessible for group comparisons when differences in pulp tissue characteristics are small. The remaining three criteria may prove not to be useful unless the tissue response is substantial."}
{"id": "PMID:271339", "title": "Exact method for clinical measurement of loss of periodontal attachment.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to develop a clinical method for measuring loss of periodontal attachment, with a measuring unit of less than 1 mm, which did not require surgical intervention. The method was based upon impressions of the pocket area. Sixteen teeth on which the cementoenamel junction was situated below the gingival margin and which were scheduled for extraction for prosthetic reasons were used. Two impressions of the facial gingival pockets of each tooth were taken using steel strips dipped in Coe-flex and inserted at the bottom of the pocket. The loss of attachment in relation to the cementoenamel junction was measured in a stereomicroscope with a  measuring unit of 0.04 mm. After extraction, the teeth were stained for connective tissue attachment and the loss of attachment was measured. Duplicate measurements and pre- and post-extraction measurements of the same situation were compared. The results show that the accuracy and reproducibility of the method is high.", "contents": "Exact method for clinical measurement of loss of periodontal attachment. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a clinical method for measuring loss of periodontal attachment, with a measuring unit of less than 1 mm, which did not require surgical intervention. The method was based upon impressions of the pocket area. Sixteen teeth on which the cementoenamel junction was situated below the gingival margin and which were scheduled for extraction for prosthetic reasons were used. Two impressions of the facial gingival pockets of each tooth were taken using steel strips dipped in Coe-flex and inserted at the bottom of the pocket. The loss of attachment in relation to the cementoenamel junction was measured in a stereomicroscope with a  measuring unit of 0.04 mm. After extraction, the teeth were stained for connective tissue attachment and the loss of attachment was measured. Duplicate measurements and pre- and post-extraction measurements of the same situation were compared. The results show that the accuracy and reproducibility of the method is high."}
{"id": "PMID:271340", "title": "Microorganisms in recurrent aphthous ulcerations.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the cultivable bacterial flora in biopsies from recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU), experimental oral ulcerations (EOU), and normal oral mucosa (NOM) were carried out under aerobic and continuous anaerobic conditions. An attempt was made to culture yeasts, mycoplasma, and virus from the biopsies of RAU, which were also tested for the presence of herpes virus antigen by the fluorescent antibody method. The predominant bacteria recovered in RAU were alpha-hemolytic streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Neisseria. In EOU the main recoveries were alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium, Veillonella, Neisseria, and Haemophilus. In NOM alpha-hemolytic streptococci dominated the cultures. Yeasts were only cultured from one patient with RAU. No mycoplasmas or viruses were isolated, nor was herpes virus antigen demonstrated in any of the RAU specimens. The role of the microorganisms in the pathogenesis of RAU is discussed.", "contents": "Microorganisms in recurrent aphthous ulcerations. Qualitative and quantitative examinations of the cultivable bacterial flora in biopsies from recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU), experimental oral ulcerations (EOU), and normal oral mucosa (NOM) were carried out under aerobic and continuous anaerobic conditions. An attempt was made to culture yeasts, mycoplasma, and virus from the biopsies of RAU, which were also tested for the presence of herpes virus antigen by the fluorescent antibody method. The predominant bacteria recovered in RAU were alpha-hemolytic streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Neisseria. In EOU the main recoveries were alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium, Veillonella, Neisseria, and Haemophilus. In NOM alpha-hemolytic streptococci dominated the cultures. Yeasts were only cultured from one patient with RAU. No mycoplasmas or viruses were isolated, nor was herpes virus antigen demonstrated in any of the RAU specimens. The role of the microorganisms in the pathogenesis of RAU is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271341", "title": "Clinical findings in temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis.", "content": "The clinical findings in 20 patients with TMJ-crepitation (E1-group) and 19 patients with TMJ palpatory tenderness (E2-group) have been compared with the findings in 29 other patients with mandibular dysfunction (R-group). The patients underwent a clinical examination of the masticatory system and of the second distal interphalangeal joints (DIP II joints). No statistically significant differences could be found between groups with respect to clinical signs, occlusal interferences, or dental attrition. Loss of molar support was found to be significantly more frequent in the E1-group than in the R-group. The frequency of tenderness to palpation or pain on movement of DIP II joints was significantly higher in the E2-group than in the R-group. Periarticular bony swelling of DIP II joints was significantly correlated with TMJ-crepitation. The patients with TMJ-crepitation were considered to have TMJ-osteoarthrosis. The results of the present study indicate that patients with TMJ-OZ have a similar clinical picture to other patients with mandibular dysfunction and that molar loss plays a role in the etiology of TMJ-OA.", "contents": "Clinical findings in temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis. The clinical findings in 20 patients with TMJ-crepitation (E1-group) and 19 patients with TMJ palpatory tenderness (E2-group) have been compared with the findings in 29 other patients with mandibular dysfunction (R-group). The patients underwent a clinical examination of the masticatory system and of the second distal interphalangeal joints (DIP II joints). No statistically significant differences could be found between groups with respect to clinical signs, occlusal interferences, or dental attrition. Loss of molar support was found to be significantly more frequent in the E1-group than in the R-group. The frequency of tenderness to palpation or pain on movement of DIP II joints was significantly higher in the E2-group than in the R-group. Periarticular bony swelling of DIP II joints was significantly correlated with TMJ-crepitation. The patients with TMJ-crepitation were considered to have TMJ-osteoarthrosis. The results of the present study indicate that patients with TMJ-OZ have a similar clinical picture to other patients with mandibular dysfunction and that molar loss plays a role in the etiology of TMJ-OA."}
{"id": "PMID:271342", "title": "Variations in bone mass within the cortices of the mandible.", "content": "A study of intermandibular variations in bone mass in cortices between regions of the alveolar process and mandibular body and between buccal and lingual cortices in the same region has been carried out. The material consisted of 24 autopsy specimens of half mandibles from normal subjects. Microradiograms of ground sections from incisor, premolar, and molar regions were used. Quantitation of bone mass in percent within the cortices was done by an electronic point-counting system. The analysis indicates that bone mass may lie on nearly the same level all over in the entire lingual cortex. In buccal cortex, bone mass may vary from region to region, as a fall in bone mass from incisor to premolar to molar region in the buccal alveolar cortex, and a rise in bone mass from premolar to molar region in the mandibular body may occur. Bone mass in buccal incisor cortex of mandibular bodies shows great individual variations. Generally, bone mass may lie on a lower level in the buccal than in the lingual incisor and premolar cortec of the mandibular body while bone mass elsewhere lies on nearly the same level in the same part of the two cortices. Bone biopsies should be taken in either the premolar or the molar region of mandibular bodies.", "contents": "Variations in bone mass within the cortices of the mandible. A study of intermandibular variations in bone mass in cortices between regions of the alveolar process and mandibular body and between buccal and lingual cortices in the same region has been carried out. The material consisted of 24 autopsy specimens of half mandibles from normal subjects. Microradiograms of ground sections from incisor, premolar, and molar regions were used. Quantitation of bone mass in percent within the cortices was done by an electronic point-counting system. The analysis indicates that bone mass may lie on nearly the same level all over in the entire lingual cortex. In buccal cortex, bone mass may vary from region to region, as a fall in bone mass from incisor to premolar to molar region in the buccal alveolar cortex, and a rise in bone mass from premolar to molar region in the mandibular body may occur. Bone mass in buccal incisor cortex of mandibular bodies shows great individual variations. Generally, bone mass may lie on a lower level in the buccal than in the lingual incisor and premolar cortec of the mandibular body while bone mass elsewhere lies on nearly the same level in the same part of the two cortices. Bone biopsies should be taken in either the premolar or the molar region of mandibular bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:271343", "title": "Effect of acupuncture on myogenic headache.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to study the effect of acupuncture on myogenic headache and to examine whether electromyographic recordings of jaw muscle activity would provide objective evidence of the effect of such treatment. In 21 dental students, 14 males and seven females, with a history of 2--10 years of headache, acupuncture was performed unilaterally in the foot between the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones (G 41). The needle was inserted to a depth of 10--15 mm and moved continuously by hand for 15--20 min. Electromyographic recordings of postural activity in the right and left anterior temporal and masseter muscles were obtained in the same sitting before, during and after acupuncture treatment. In clinical controls 24 h, 1 month and 4 months after the treatment, 12 subjects reported considerable improvement, two variable results, and seven no change. The electromyographic recordings showed an average decrease in postural activity during acupuncture, particularly of the temporalis muscles, and a further decrease after completed treatment. However, marked individual variations in muscular response were noted. The results indicate that acupuncture treatment can relieve headache, and that electromyographic recordings may provide objective evidence of the effect of acupuncture.", "contents": "Effect of acupuncture on myogenic headache. The purpose of the investigation was to study the effect of acupuncture on myogenic headache and to examine whether electromyographic recordings of jaw muscle activity would provide objective evidence of the effect of such treatment. In 21 dental students, 14 males and seven females, with a history of 2--10 years of headache, acupuncture was performed unilaterally in the foot between the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones (G 41). The needle was inserted to a depth of 10--15 mm and moved continuously by hand for 15--20 min. Electromyographic recordings of postural activity in the right and left anterior temporal and masseter muscles were obtained in the same sitting before, during and after acupuncture treatment. In clinical controls 24 h, 1 month and 4 months after the treatment, 12 subjects reported considerable improvement, two variable results, and seven no change. The electromyographic recordings showed an average decrease in postural activity during acupuncture, particularly of the temporalis muscles, and a further decrease after completed treatment. However, marked individual variations in muscular response were noted. The results indicate that acupuncture treatment can relieve headache, and that electromyographic recordings may provide objective evidence of the effect of acupuncture."}
{"id": "PMID:271344", "title": "Galvanic series of some dental alloys.", "content": "Galvanic series for different metals in different electrolytes have been published, but never for dental alloys in artificial saline solution. The material classes studied are amalgam, gold alloy, nickel alloy, chromium cobalt casting alloy and temporary crown form. The electrogalvanic potentials were measured and determined in reference to a hydrogen electrode (H2/H+) arbitrarily defined as zero. A galvanic series of the tested materials was arranged in order of their potentials.", "contents": "Galvanic series of some dental alloys. Galvanic series for different metals in different electrolytes have been published, but never for dental alloys in artificial saline solution. The material classes studied are amalgam, gold alloy, nickel alloy, chromium cobalt casting alloy and temporary crown form. The electrogalvanic potentials were measured and determined in reference to a hydrogen electrode (H2/H+) arbitrarily defined as zero. A galvanic series of the tested materials was arranged in order of their potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:271345", "title": "Creep of dental amalgam and its phases.", "content": "The intention of the study was to evaluate creep as a function of temperature and stress, and to determine creep rate of compounds with a composition equivalent to the gamma, gamma1, and gamma2 phases in dental amalgam. The results were consistent with a creep model in which the deformation takes place in the gamma1 phase, and is dominated by glide pileups of dislocations in grain boundaries.", "contents": "Creep of dental amalgam and its phases. The intention of the study was to evaluate creep as a function of temperature and stress, and to determine creep rate of compounds with a composition equivalent to the gamma, gamma1, and gamma2 phases in dental amalgam. The results were consistent with a creep model in which the deformation takes place in the gamma1 phase, and is dominated by glide pileups of dislocations in grain boundaries."}
{"id": "PMID:271346", "title": "Correlation between strength and hardness of dental casting gold alloys.", "content": "The yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness of Type IV dental casting gold alloys were measured. Regression lines and prediction intervals for the estimation of yield strength and tensile strength from hardness measurements were then determined. The 95% prediction intervals for the yield strength and tensile strength were found to be +/- 45 MN/m2 and +/- 105 MN/m2, respectively.", "contents": "Correlation between strength and hardness of dental casting gold alloys. The yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness of Type IV dental casting gold alloys were measured. Regression lines and prediction intervals for the estimation of yield strength and tensile strength from hardness measurements were then determined. The 95% prediction intervals for the yield strength and tensile strength were found to be +/- 45 MN/m2 and +/- 105 MN/m2, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:271348", "title": "Fluoride release from a glass ionomer cement.", "content": "The release of fluoride from a glass ionomer cement (ASPA) was compared with that from a silicate cement. Test specimens were shaken in a solution with hydroxyapatite for 7 weeks. The solution was changed every week and the fluoride taken up by the hydroxyapatite measured. The specimens released considerably more fluoride during each of the first 2 weeks than during each of the subsequent 5 weeks. The continued release did not decrease very much with time. Slightly more fluoride was released from the glass ionomer cement than from the silicate.", "contents": "Fluoride release from a glass ionomer cement. The release of fluoride from a glass ionomer cement (ASPA) was compared with that from a silicate cement. Test specimens were shaken in a solution with hydroxyapatite for 7 weeks. The solution was changed every week and the fluoride taken up by the hydroxyapatite measured. The specimens released considerably more fluoride during each of the first 2 weeks than during each of the subsequent 5 weeks. The continued release did not decrease very much with time. Slightly more fluoride was released from the glass ionomer cement than from the silicate."}
{"id": "PMID:271350", "title": "Acute myeloid leukaemia with the Philadelphia chromosome.", "content": "A case report of serial chromosome studies on a 26-year-old male with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is presented. The classic Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) translocation, t (9;22) was found in 77% of the metaphases at diagnosis and in 100% in relapse; during a 3-month remission period the cytogenetic picture was normal or the Ph1 was present in a minor cell population only. The clinical and morphologic features of this case indicated that it was really a case of AML and less likely chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) presenting in blast crisis. It is suggested that the oncogen producing the 9;22-translocation and CML may also induce AML in rare instances.", "contents": "Acute myeloid leukaemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. A case report of serial chromosome studies on a 26-year-old male with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is presented. The classic Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) translocation, t (9;22) was found in 77% of the metaphases at diagnosis and in 100% in relapse; during a 3-month remission period the cytogenetic picture was normal or the Ph1 was present in a minor cell population only. The clinical and morphologic features of this case indicated that it was really a case of AML and less likely chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) presenting in blast crisis. It is suggested that the oncogen producing the 9;22-translocation and CML may also induce AML in rare instances."}
{"id": "PMID:271351", "title": "The transcobalamins in polycythaemia vera.", "content": "The unsaturated B12 binding capacity (UBBC) of the serum and the binding capacity of each of the 3 vitamin B12 binders--the transcobalamins (TC) I, II and III were determined in 21 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) during the course of the disease and following treatment, using the recently described charged cellulose filter technique. High serum UBBC due to elevated serum TCIII was found in all patients. TCI was moderately elevated in patients who had leucocytosis with a shift to the left. The changes in serum TCIII and UBBC correlated with the activity of the disease. Chemotherapy resulted in a decrease in TCIII and UBBC. The decrease in TCIII and UBBC folowing chemotherapy may be observed before a decrease in the haematocrit and the leucocyte count occurs. Activation of the disease may be assessed by the elevation of TCIII and UBBC. The onset of acute myeloblastic crisis in 1 patient was associated with a decrease in TCIII and TCI levels and a rise in serum TCII. The determination of TCIII and UBBC may be helpful in differentiating true from secondary polycythaemia.", "contents": "The transcobalamins in polycythaemia vera. The unsaturated B12 binding capacity (UBBC) of the serum and the binding capacity of each of the 3 vitamin B12 binders--the transcobalamins (TC) I, II and III were determined in 21 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) during the course of the disease and following treatment, using the recently described charged cellulose filter technique. High serum UBBC due to elevated serum TCIII was found in all patients. TCI was moderately elevated in patients who had leucocytosis with a shift to the left. The changes in serum TCIII and UBBC correlated with the activity of the disease. Chemotherapy resulted in a decrease in TCIII and UBBC. The decrease in TCIII and UBBC folowing chemotherapy may be observed before a decrease in the haematocrit and the leucocyte count occurs. Activation of the disease may be assessed by the elevation of TCIII and UBBC. The onset of acute myeloblastic crisis in 1 patient was associated with a decrease in TCIII and TCI levels and a rise in serum TCII. The determination of TCIII and UBBC may be helpful in differentiating true from secondary polycythaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:271352", "title": "Experience on the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) in blastic crisis.", "content": "A group of 50 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia in blastic crisis were treated with different chemotherapeutic regimens. A total of 19 remissions (6 CR + 13 PR) were achieved with an overall and complete response rate of 38% and 12% respectively. Of the 4 patients presenting with a lymphoblast-like appearance of the blasts, the 3 treated with the combination of vincristine and prednisone all achieved remission (2 CR + 1 PR). Duration of survival was significantly longer in responding patients (median 11.5 versus 4.5 months). Either more effective therapeutic regimens or prevention by aggressively approaching the chronic phase are to be sought in order to improve the prognosis of blastic crisis of CML.", "contents": "Experience on the treatment of chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) in blastic crisis. A group of 50 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia in blastic crisis were treated with different chemotherapeutic regimens. A total of 19 remissions (6 CR + 13 PR) were achieved with an overall and complete response rate of 38% and 12% respectively. Of the 4 patients presenting with a lymphoblast-like appearance of the blasts, the 3 treated with the combination of vincristine and prednisone all achieved remission (2 CR + 1 PR). Duration of survival was significantly longer in responding patients (median 11.5 versus 4.5 months). Either more effective therapeutic regimens or prevention by aggressively approaching the chronic phase are to be sought in order to improve the prognosis of blastic crisis of CML."}
{"id": "PMID:271358", "title": "[The AS/BS occlusal angle, a replacement for the ANB angle].", "content": "In cephalometrics the ASBS/Occlusal angle and the \"Wits\" appraisal determine the sagittal discrepancy between the upper and lower jaw precisely. Standardizing procedures in locating points A, B and Mo are primarily introduced in order to reflect the anatomical situation without any distortion. The accuracy in reproducing the said cephalometric points, lines, angles and distances is proved and the behaviour of the ASBS/Occlusal angle, the \"Wits\" appraisal and the angle ANB is shown in ideal cases and in class II/1, II/2 And III malocclusions. It is recommended to use either the ASBS/Occlusal angle or the \"Wits\" appraisal as a cephalometric measurement of sagittal jaw relationship and to locate points AS, BS and Mo according to the standardizing procedures described.", "contents": "[The AS/BS occlusal angle, a replacement for the ANB angle]. In cephalometrics the ASBS/Occlusal angle and the \"Wits\" appraisal determine the sagittal discrepancy between the upper and lower jaw precisely. Standardizing procedures in locating points A, B and Mo are primarily introduced in order to reflect the anatomical situation without any distortion. The accuracy in reproducing the said cephalometric points, lines, angles and distances is proved and the behaviour of the ASBS/Occlusal angle, the \"Wits\" appraisal and the angle ANB is shown in ideal cases and in class II/1, II/2 And III malocclusions. It is recommended to use either the ASBS/Occlusal angle or the \"Wits\" appraisal as a cephalometric measurement of sagittal jaw relationship and to locate points AS, BS and Mo according to the standardizing procedures described."}
{"id": "PMID:271359", "title": "[Electronic measuring and calculating devices for arcogrammetric model diagnosis and for the interpretation of teleradiographs].", "content": "A newly developed method to mesure different parameters from plaster models of the teeth, from dental radiographs and from cephalometric X-rays by means of a 4-K minicomputer and on-line linear transducers are described. Programs in connection to Arcogrammetrics [Herren] are presented. The electronic devices allow storage of these parameters in order to make drawings of the actual dental arches and of predicted arches, as well as to trace growth and/or progress in orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Electronic measuring and calculating devices for arcogrammetric model diagnosis and for the interpretation of teleradiographs]. A newly developed method to mesure different parameters from plaster models of the teeth, from dental radiographs and from cephalometric X-rays by means of a 4-K minicomputer and on-line linear transducers are described. Programs in connection to Arcogrammetrics [Herren] are presented. The electronic devices allow storage of these parameters in order to make drawings of the actual dental arches and of predicted arches, as well as to trace growth and/or progress in orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:271360", "title": "[The intraepithelial carcinoma of the mouth mucosa and its anatomo-clinical variants].", "content": "Contrary to common opinion the intraepithelial cancer of the buccal mucosa presents clinical symptoms, but they are discreet and different from those observed in an invasive carcinoma. Usually, there is leucoplakia with an erythema and an irregular keratosis or a punctuated one. There is an erythematous variation (Queyrat's erythroplasia) which is without keratinasation. Only histological evidence can confirm the diagnosis cancer. It should be differentiated against Bowen's disease and the light, intermediated and severe dysplasias.", "contents": "[The intraepithelial carcinoma of the mouth mucosa and its anatomo-clinical variants]. Contrary to common opinion the intraepithelial cancer of the buccal mucosa presents clinical symptoms, but they are discreet and different from those observed in an invasive carcinoma. Usually, there is leucoplakia with an erythema and an irregular keratosis or a punctuated one. There is an erythematous variation (Queyrat's erythroplasia) which is without keratinasation. Only histological evidence can confirm the diagnosis cancer. It should be differentiated against Bowen's disease and the light, intermediated and severe dysplasias."}
{"id": "PMID:271361", "title": "[Relationship between caries resistance in permanent teeth of the Wroc\u0142aw school children and the length of time of drinking-water fluoridation].", "content": "The age at which carious permanent teeth are equally distributed between upper and lower jaw depends upon the caries resistance of the individual. This age was called the \"characteristic age\" of the population. It was found that water fluoridation in Wroc\u0142aw (1967) postponed this characteristic age by two years. In females, this age is earlier than in males. This method is useful in the appredication of the caries susceptibility of a population. The effect of water fluoridation upon this susceptibility was shown. Caries resistance was found to be higher in males.", "contents": "[Relationship between caries resistance in permanent teeth of the Wroc\u0142aw school children and the length of time of drinking-water fluoridation]. The age at which carious permanent teeth are equally distributed between upper and lower jaw depends upon the caries resistance of the individual. This age was called the \"characteristic age\" of the population. It was found that water fluoridation in Wroc\u0142aw (1967) postponed this characteristic age by two years. In females, this age is earlier than in males. This method is useful in the appredication of the caries susceptibility of a population. The effect of water fluoridation upon this susceptibility was shown. Caries resistance was found to be higher in males."}
{"id": "PMID:271366", "title": "Leukaemic involvement of the pleura. A case report.", "content": "In chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), the pleura is a most uncommon site of extramedullary involvement. A 34-year-old man with CML presented with a massive pleural effusion. His peripheral blood contained few blast cells and the leucocyte alkaline phosphatase level was low. Cytological examination of the pleural fluid revealed cells with the morphological features of myeloblasts and monoblasts. The patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy, with no effect on the leukaemic pleural effusion.", "contents": "Leukaemic involvement of the pleura. A case report. In chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), the pleura is a most uncommon site of extramedullary involvement. A 34-year-old man with CML presented with a massive pleural effusion. His peripheral blood contained few blast cells and the leucocyte alkaline phosphatase level was low. Cytological examination of the pleural fluid revealed cells with the morphological features of myeloblasts and monoblasts. The patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy, with no effect on the leukaemic pleural effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:271369", "title": "Mucus in the healthy and diseased eye.", "content": "Mucous glycoproteins play an important role in maintaining the normal surface of the eye. Changes in the physical properties and chemical composition occur in disease with increased viscosity and a shift in the type of acid glycoprotein towards a predominance of sulphomucin causing some of the distinctive clinical features seen in dry eyes, superior limbic keratitis (SLK), vernal catarrh, and neuroparalytic keratitis.", "contents": "Mucus in the healthy and diseased eye. Mucous glycoproteins play an important role in maintaining the normal surface of the eye. Changes in the physical properties and chemical composition occur in disease with increased viscosity and a shift in the type of acid glycoprotein towards a predominance of sulphomucin causing some of the distinctive clinical features seen in dry eyes, superior limbic keratitis (SLK), vernal catarrh, and neuroparalytic keratitis."}
{"id": "PMID:271370", "title": "Changes in the permeability of the lens capsule in senile cataract.", "content": "When the water permeability of the lens capsule of a group containing all types of cataractous lenses is compared with a group of transparent lenses matched for age, there is no significant difference in permeability between the groups. If however, only those cataracts are selected which show changes in the cortex, namely, cuneiform opacities or 'water clefts', then the correlation between the water content of the cortex of these lenses and the permeability of their capsules is significant.", "contents": "Changes in the permeability of the lens capsule in senile cataract. When the water permeability of the lens capsule of a group containing all types of cataractous lenses is compared with a group of transparent lenses matched for age, there is no significant difference in permeability between the groups. If however, only those cataracts are selected which show changes in the cortex, namely, cuneiform opacities or 'water clefts', then the correlation between the water content of the cortex of these lenses and the permeability of their capsules is significant."}
{"id": "PMID:271371", "title": "Effect of lid specula and superior rectus traction on intraocular pressure.", "content": "The Pneumatonometer of Langham was used to record the effect upon intraocular pressure of a range of eyelid specula, lid sutures, and eyelid clamps. It was concluded that all methods tested produced a rise in intraocular pressure in most patients, and that the degree of rise was related to the degree to which the eyelids were separated. It was therefore recommended that a method of eyelid retraction which allows adjustment is to be preferred, and that specula which do not allow this, such as the Barraquer speculum, are not to be recommended. Traction upon the superior rectus suture was shown to lead to a considerable rise in intraocular pressure and this should therefore be avoided unless strictly necessary. The traction produced by two limbal sutures pulling tangentially downwards, rotates the eye downwards for intraocular surgery without inducing a rise in intraocular pressure. Measurement of intraocular pressure in the operating theatre is recommended in order to ascertain whether the method used to retract the eyelids or to rotate the eye to the field of surgery is having an adverse effect.", "contents": "Effect of lid specula and superior rectus traction on intraocular pressure. The Pneumatonometer of Langham was used to record the effect upon intraocular pressure of a range of eyelid specula, lid sutures, and eyelid clamps. It was concluded that all methods tested produced a rise in intraocular pressure in most patients, and that the degree of rise was related to the degree to which the eyelids were separated. It was therefore recommended that a method of eyelid retraction which allows adjustment is to be preferred, and that specula which do not allow this, such as the Barraquer speculum, are not to be recommended. Traction upon the superior rectus suture was shown to lead to a considerable rise in intraocular pressure and this should therefore be avoided unless strictly necessary. The traction produced by two limbal sutures pulling tangentially downwards, rotates the eye downwards for intraocular surgery without inducing a rise in intraocular pressure. Measurement of intraocular pressure in the operating theatre is recommended in order to ascertain whether the method used to retract the eyelids or to rotate the eye to the field of surgery is having an adverse effect."}
{"id": "PMID:271372", "title": "Anaesthesia for cataract surgery. A preliminary communication.", "content": "It is well recognized that patients presenting for cataract surgery are usually old, with a high incidence of medical disease. This combination is said greatly to increase the risk of general anaesthesia. In an unselected series of patients undergoing cataract surgery, 53.5% had a significant medical problem and 50% were receiving some form of medical treatment. All but three of the patients were given a general anaesthetic. The series is discussed against the background of anaesthetic morbidity. The authors recommend that routine electrocardiograms should be carried out on all patients over 60 years of age.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for cataract surgery. A preliminary communication. It is well recognized that patients presenting for cataract surgery are usually old, with a high incidence of medical disease. This combination is said greatly to increase the risk of general anaesthesia. In an unselected series of patients undergoing cataract surgery, 53.5% had a significant medical problem and 50% were receiving some form of medical treatment. All but three of the patients were given a general anaesthetic. The series is discussed against the background of anaesthetic morbidity. The authors recommend that routine electrocardiograms should be carried out on all patients over 60 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:271373", "title": "Haemostasis in cataract surgery. The Down bipolar coagulator.", "content": "The Downs bipolar coagulator is a precision microsurgical instrument for use in cataract surgery and other ophthalmic operations. Its chief advantages are robustness, ease of sterilization, mechanical reliability, and small size. The coagulation is delivered by a fine pair of forceps (designed for ophthalmic use). Precision can be achieved together with the advantage of being able to coagulate fine vessels under a wet film (as in the iris). The coagulation current can be varied and tissue shrinkage is lessened.", "contents": "Haemostasis in cataract surgery. The Down bipolar coagulator. The Downs bipolar coagulator is a precision microsurgical instrument for use in cataract surgery and other ophthalmic operations. Its chief advantages are robustness, ease of sterilization, mechanical reliability, and small size. The coagulation is delivered by a fine pair of forceps (designed for ophthalmic use). Precision can be achieved together with the advantage of being able to coagulate fine vessels under a wet film (as in the iris). The coagulation current can be varied and tissue shrinkage is lessened."}
{"id": "PMID:271374", "title": "Corneal thickness after cataract surgery.", "content": "An increase in corneal thickness occurs so regularly after cataract surgery as to be considered to be the rule. It reflects the state of endothelial activity and is therefore affected both by the preoperative condition of the endothelium and the degree of surgical manipulation. The question how quickly the endothelium can be expected to recover with consequent disappearance of corneal swelling is still open to discussion. The central corneal thickness of 55 eyes with normal slit-lamp endothelial appearance undergoing cataract surgery was measured preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 42nd postoperative days. The initial corneal thickness was 0.56 mm. The greatest corneal swelling, found on the third postoperative day, was 16%. Corneal thickness returned to preoperative values in four eyes within 7 days, in 19 eyes within 14 days, in 39 eyes within 21 days, in 50 eyes within 28 days, and in all 55 eyes within 42 days. Corneal swelling, as measured on the third postoperative day, was greatest (19%) when chromic catgut was used, less (13-16%) when black silk 7/0 was used, and least (9%) when virgin silk 8/0 was used.", "contents": "Corneal thickness after cataract surgery. An increase in corneal thickness occurs so regularly after cataract surgery as to be considered to be the rule. It reflects the state of endothelial activity and is therefore affected both by the preoperative condition of the endothelium and the degree of surgical manipulation. The question how quickly the endothelium can be expected to recover with consequent disappearance of corneal swelling is still open to discussion. The central corneal thickness of 55 eyes with normal slit-lamp endothelial appearance undergoing cataract surgery was measured preoperatively and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 42nd postoperative days. The initial corneal thickness was 0.56 mm. The greatest corneal swelling, found on the third postoperative day, was 16%. Corneal thickness returned to preoperative values in four eyes within 7 days, in 19 eyes within 14 days, in 39 eyes within 21 days, in 50 eyes within 28 days, and in all 55 eyes within 42 days. Corneal swelling, as measured on the third postoperative day, was greatest (19%) when chromic catgut was used, less (13-16%) when black silk 7/0 was used, and least (9%) when virgin silk 8/0 was used."}
{"id": "PMID:271375", "title": "Assessment of major intraocular and extraocular surgery performed as day cases.", "content": "A review of 473 patients operated upon as day cases indicates that such surgery is safe, effective, and practicable. The surgical procedures included strabismus and ptosis correction in 265 children; major oculoplastic surgery for subtotal full-thickness eyelid reconstruction; and intraocular surgery in adults for trabeculectomy, cataract extractions with or without simultaneous intraocular implant introduction, and cataract extractions combined with trabeculectomy. No modification in surgical technique was required for strabismus and ptosis surgery. Slight modification was necessary for cataract surgery, and certain innovations were made in oculoplastic surgery.", "contents": "Assessment of major intraocular and extraocular surgery performed as day cases. A review of 473 patients operated upon as day cases indicates that such surgery is safe, effective, and practicable. The surgical procedures included strabismus and ptosis correction in 265 children; major oculoplastic surgery for subtotal full-thickness eyelid reconstruction; and intraocular surgery in adults for trabeculectomy, cataract extractions with or without simultaneous intraocular implant introduction, and cataract extractions combined with trabeculectomy. No modification in surgical technique was required for strabismus and ptosis surgery. Slight modification was necessary for cataract surgery, and certain innovations were made in oculoplastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:271377", "title": "Hard contact lenses. Medical aspects.", "content": "Hard lenses, corneal and scleral, are still useful in correcting ametropia. They offer better visual acuity and increased field of vision in high myopia, irregular astigmatism, and aphakia. Since their chemical and physical properties are reliable they are likely to be used for some time to come.", "contents": "Hard contact lenses. Medical aspects. Hard lenses, corneal and scleral, are still useful in correcting ametropia. They offer better visual acuity and increased field of vision in high myopia, irregular astigmatism, and aphakia. Since their chemical and physical properties are reliable they are likely to be used for some time to come."}
{"id": "PMID:271378", "title": "Management of keratoconus with hard corneal lenses. The lens lid attachment technique.", "content": "Four modalities of corneal contact lens fitting in keratoconus have been considered: 1. The large alignment lens. 2. The large flat lens. 3. The small lens fitting flat on the apex of the cone. 4. The lens lid attachment technique. The lens lid attachment technique is considered in some detail and its particular merits discussed.", "contents": "Management of keratoconus with hard corneal lenses. The lens lid attachment technique. Four modalities of corneal contact lens fitting in keratoconus have been considered: 1. The large alignment lens. 2. The large flat lens. 3. The small lens fitting flat on the apex of the cone. 4. The lens lid attachment technique. The lens lid attachment technique is considered in some detail and its particular merits discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271379", "title": "Soft contact lenses in keratoconus.", "content": "In forming a special contact lens for use in cases of keratoconus, the centre the curves vary from 7.2 mm (47 dioptres) to 5.6 mm (60 dioptres), and at the periphery the curve is a constant 7.65 mm (44 dioptres) in all lenses. This special lens has the following advantages: (1) It protects the cornea: (2) It exerts a strong analgesic effect; (3) Vision is improved in 26% of cases from 0.03 to 0.6 and in 43% from 0.03 to 0.8. (4) Ophthalmometry gives equal values of about 69% and keratometry equal values of about 19%. The lenses may be made from PMMA, HEMA, CAB, and Polycon. The HEMA lenses did not correct the visual acuity, but those made with CAB and later with Polycon gave highly satisfactory results.", "contents": "Soft contact lenses in keratoconus. In forming a special contact lens for use in cases of keratoconus, the centre the curves vary from 7.2 mm (47 dioptres) to 5.6 mm (60 dioptres), and at the periphery the curve is a constant 7.65 mm (44 dioptres) in all lenses. This special lens has the following advantages: (1) It protects the cornea: (2) It exerts a strong analgesic effect; (3) Vision is improved in 26% of cases from 0.03 to 0.6 and in 43% from 0.03 to 0.8. (4) Ophthalmometry gives equal values of about 69% and keratometry equal values of about 19%. The lenses may be made from PMMA, HEMA, CAB, and Polycon. The HEMA lenses did not correct the visual acuity, but those made with CAB and later with Polycon gave highly satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:271381", "title": "Protective corneal membranes in the treatment of eye disease.", "content": "A protective corneal membrane (PCM) is a specific hydrophilic bandage lens made from Sauflon 85% hydrophilic material, chosen for its high oxygen transmission. The back curve or radius is 8.40 mm, the overall diameter 15.50 mm, and the centre thickness 0.15 mm. The PCM is made afocal, so that it will not alter whatever vision is present in the eye. This is particularly important when it is used for long-term treatment.", "contents": "Protective corneal membranes in the treatment of eye disease. A protective corneal membrane (PCM) is a specific hydrophilic bandage lens made from Sauflon 85% hydrophilic material, chosen for its high oxygen transmission. The back curve or radius is 8.40 mm, the overall diameter 15.50 mm, and the centre thickness 0.15 mm. The PCM is made afocal, so that it will not alter whatever vision is present in the eye. This is particularly important when it is used for long-term treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:271382", "title": "Contact lens in aphakia.", "content": "Aphakia may be said to be the best reason for contact lenses. All types are used--(hard) corneal lenses, soft lenses both for daily and extended wear, and even (hard) scleral lenses in exce,tional cases. At present all have their problems so that, although on theoretical grounds an extended wear lens would be ideal, the corneal lens is probably still the lens of choice.", "contents": "Contact lens in aphakia. Aphakia may be said to be the best reason for contact lenses. All types are used--(hard) corneal lenses, soft lenses both for daily and extended wear, and even (hard) scleral lenses in exce,tional cases. At present all have their problems so that, although on theoretical grounds an extended wear lens would be ideal, the corneal lens is probably still the lens of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:271383", "title": "Continuous wear soft lenses in the treatment of alphakia.", "content": "Continuous wear soft lenses made of Sauflon 85% were used in the treatment of 38 cases of uniocular aphakia. The patients were of all ages, but most of them were aged between 70 and 90 years. The success rate was greater than that achieved by hard contact lenses, especially after senile cataract extraction.", "contents": "Continuous wear soft lenses in the treatment of alphakia. Continuous wear soft lenses made of Sauflon 85% were used in the treatment of 38 cases of uniocular aphakia. The patients were of all ages, but most of them were aged between 70 and 90 years. The success rate was greater than that achieved by hard contact lenses, especially after senile cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:271384", "title": "Management of cataracts in infancy and childhood.", "content": "In recent years there has been a considerable improvement in our understanding of the mechanism of stimulus deprivation amblyopia and a continuous development of better surgical techniques for the removal of cataracts in very young patients. In spite of these advances and the fact that modern constant wear soft contact lenses are now a reliable proposition, there has not been a parallel improvement in the visual results achieved after cataract extraction and aphakia continues to present considerable problems of management in children. This study analyses over 100 cases treated at Moorfields Eye Hospital in recent years. As a result of our findings a Paediatric Aphakia Service has been established in order to integrate the surgical, contact lens, and orthoptic care of these patients.", "contents": "Management of cataracts in infancy and childhood. In recent years there has been a considerable improvement in our understanding of the mechanism of stimulus deprivation amblyopia and a continuous development of better surgical techniques for the removal of cataracts in very young patients. In spite of these advances and the fact that modern constant wear soft contact lenses are now a reliable proposition, there has not been a parallel improvement in the visual results achieved after cataract extraction and aphakia continues to present considerable problems of management in children. This study analyses over 100 cases treated at Moorfields Eye Hospital in recent years. As a result of our findings a Paediatric Aphakia Service has been established in order to integrate the surgical, contact lens, and orthoptic care of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271385", "title": "Laboratory studies in the management of soft contact lens use.", "content": "Laboratory procedures may be of great value in dealing with lens spoilation and in monitoring the state of the cornea during lens wear. Deposition of calcium-rich material remains the only defined non-mechanical process involved in spoilation although other forms of deposit and discolouration occur. Excess calcium levels in tear fluid are not a feature of contact lens wear, but changes in the sodium-potassium concentration ratio of tears are found. The basis for this effect is obscure but ratio changes may be useful empirical indices of corneal function.", "contents": "Laboratory studies in the management of soft contact lens use. Laboratory procedures may be of great value in dealing with lens spoilation and in monitoring the state of the cornea during lens wear. Deposition of calcium-rich material remains the only defined non-mechanical process involved in spoilation although other forms of deposit and discolouration occur. Excess calcium levels in tear fluid are not a feature of contact lens wear, but changes in the sodium-potassium concentration ratio of tears are found. The basis for this effect is obscure but ratio changes may be useful empirical indices of corneal function."}
{"id": "PMID:271387", "title": "\"Minor\" application of soft contact lenses.", "content": "Some of the minor applications of soft contact lenses are believed to be more important than was hitherto thought. Soft contact lenses may be used to potentiate the therapeutic action of drugs, for the pleoptic treatment of ambylopic patients, for determining the visual field in aphakia and high myopia, and for the treatment of corneal wounds and descemetocoele.", "contents": "\"Minor\" application of soft contact lenses. Some of the minor applications of soft contact lenses are believed to be more important than was hitherto thought. Soft contact lenses may be used to potentiate the therapeutic action of drugs, for the pleoptic treatment of ambylopic patients, for determining the visual field in aphakia and high myopia, and for the treatment of corneal wounds and descemetocoele."}
{"id": "PMID:271388", "title": "Pilocarpine administration by contact lens.", "content": "A previous investigation had indicated that pilocarpine delivered to the eye by means of a hydrophilic contact lens provided better control of the intraocular pressure over a longer period and with a smaller concentration of pilocarpine. To clarify the situation further, an animal experiment was undertaken with radioactive labelled pilocarpine. Three situations were compared: pilocarpine administered by a contact lens, by drops, and by subconjunctival injection. The results indicated that the contact lens gave a greater concentration of the pilocarpine in the iris and ciliary body than either the drops or the subconjunctival pilocarpine. A high concentration of pilocarpine was achieved in the conjunctiva with drop administration and was comparable to that of subconjunctival administration.", "contents": "Pilocarpine administration by contact lens. A previous investigation had indicated that pilocarpine delivered to the eye by means of a hydrophilic contact lens provided better control of the intraocular pressure over a longer period and with a smaller concentration of pilocarpine. To clarify the situation further, an animal experiment was undertaken with radioactive labelled pilocarpine. Three situations were compared: pilocarpine administered by a contact lens, by drops, and by subconjunctival injection. The results indicated that the contact lens gave a greater concentration of the pilocarpine in the iris and ciliary body than either the drops or the subconjunctival pilocarpine. A high concentration of pilocarpine was achieved in the conjunctiva with drop administration and was comparable to that of subconjunctival administration."}
{"id": "PMID:271389", "title": "Autoregulation of the blood supply to the anterior optic nerve and lamina cribrosa.", "content": "In the optic nerve an axial arterial system of peripheral origin is present; several intraneural collaterals of the central retinal artery are absent in the majority of cases while a rich pial network always exists. The question whether the central retinal artery should be considered as an important axial nutritional artery for the anterior optic nerve has to be answered in the negative. One or two large centrifugal collaterals running to the pial sheath-network probably play an autoregulatory role, protecting the laminar region from a temporary lack of blood supply during moderate rises in intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Autoregulation of the blood supply to the anterior optic nerve and lamina cribrosa. In the optic nerve an axial arterial system of peripheral origin is present; several intraneural collaterals of the central retinal artery are absent in the majority of cases while a rich pial network always exists. The question whether the central retinal artery should be considered as an important axial nutritional artery for the anterior optic nerve has to be answered in the negative. One or two large centrifugal collaterals running to the pial sheath-network probably play an autoregulatory role, protecting the laminar region from a temporary lack of blood supply during moderate rises in intraocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:271391", "title": "Ocular manifestations of Wilson's disease in Iran.", "content": "Within the last 5 years, 25 proved cases of hepato-lenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) have been seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center affiliated to Tehran University. The disease manifested abnormal copper metabolism in the following respects: (1) Hypoceruloplasminaemia was present: (2) 24-hr urinary copper excretion was low; (3) Tissue concentration of copper was high; (4) Treatment with penicillamine led to increased copper excretion in the urine and usually to relief of symptoms. The ophthalmologist cannot always assist the paediatrician in diagnosis, but fourteen of the 25 patients showed a Kayser-Fleischer ring and these were all in the older age groups. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The incidence of Wilson's disease in Iran is high; (2) Penicillamine treatment may be successful; (3) Any young person with kidney, liver, or neurological disease of uncertain aetiology should have a detailed ophthalmological examination.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of Wilson's disease in Iran. Within the last 5 years, 25 proved cases of hepato-lenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) have been seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center affiliated to Tehran University. The disease manifested abnormal copper metabolism in the following respects: (1) Hypoceruloplasminaemia was present: (2) 24-hr urinary copper excretion was low; (3) Tissue concentration of copper was high; (4) Treatment with penicillamine led to increased copper excretion in the urine and usually to relief of symptoms. The ophthalmologist cannot always assist the paediatrician in diagnosis, but fourteen of the 25 patients showed a Kayser-Fleischer ring and these were all in the older age groups. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The incidence of Wilson's disease in Iran is high; (2) Penicillamine treatment may be successful; (3) Any young person with kidney, liver, or neurological disease of uncertain aetiology should have a detailed ophthalmological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:271392", "title": "Meteorological triggering of acute glaucoma attacks.", "content": "The files of all patients admitted to the Geneva and Lausanne University Eye Hospitals during 1972, 1973, and 1974 with the diagnosis of acute glaucoma were examined. Only those cases in which the exact date of onset and recorded, and in which the diagnosis of acute closed-angle glaucoma left no doubt, were retained. The dates corresponding to the first symptoms in the 34 remaining cases were submitted to meteorlogical and statistical study. Twenty of these cases (60%) occurred during the same meteorological condition: an advection of cold maritime air from the north-west at the rear side of a low-pressure system together with, or following, the passage of an active atmospheric disturbance. These conditions occurred only 57 times during the period of 1,096 days under study.", "contents": "Meteorological triggering of acute glaucoma attacks. The files of all patients admitted to the Geneva and Lausanne University Eye Hospitals during 1972, 1973, and 1974 with the diagnosis of acute glaucoma were examined. Only those cases in which the exact date of onset and recorded, and in which the diagnosis of acute closed-angle glaucoma left no doubt, were retained. The dates corresponding to the first symptoms in the 34 remaining cases were submitted to meteorlogical and statistical study. Twenty of these cases (60%) occurred during the same meteorological condition: an advection of cold maritime air from the north-west at the rear side of a low-pressure system together with, or following, the passage of an active atmospheric disturbance. These conditions occurred only 57 times during the period of 1,096 days under study."}
{"id": "PMID:271393", "title": "Value of prophylactic peripheral iridectomy on the second eye in angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "In a group of 250 patients with gonioscopically proved angle-closure glaucoma, 72 who did not have prophylactic peripheral iridectomy were reviewed and the adverse effects suffered by these patients were analysed. Comparison was made with 63 patients from the same group who did have peripheral iridectomy. All these patients were drawn from the Glaucoma Clinic, University Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital.", "contents": "Value of prophylactic peripheral iridectomy on the second eye in angle-closure glaucoma. In a group of 250 patients with gonioscopically proved angle-closure glaucoma, 72 who did not have prophylactic peripheral iridectomy were reviewed and the adverse effects suffered by these patients were analysed. Comparison was made with 63 patients from the same group who did have peripheral iridectomy. All these patients were drawn from the Glaucoma Clinic, University Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:271394", "title": "Role of the vertical muscles in horizontal deviations.", "content": "This study was prompted by the observation that after horizontal muscle surgery a large number of cases of non-paralytic squint ended up with no binocular vision and an appreciable residual vertical deviation with a \"V\" or \"A\" pattern. It has become clear to us that the associated vertical deviation is usually present from the onset, and may play a major part in the mechanism of the squint. In less marked cases the vertical deviation is noticed only when the eye movements are fully examined, and is missed unless the extremes of elevation and depression are evoked. We have been largely influenced by the work and experience of Dr. M.H. Gobin (1964, 1968a, b, c), who feels that cyclotropia is an important factor in the aetiology of convergent squint. Gobin regards torsion as a third dimension in ocular motility, and thinks that for images to fall on corresponding retinal points it is reasonable to try to make the visual axes parallel horizontally and vertically, and that the retinal meridians should coincide.", "contents": "Role of the vertical muscles in horizontal deviations. This study was prompted by the observation that after horizontal muscle surgery a large number of cases of non-paralytic squint ended up with no binocular vision and an appreciable residual vertical deviation with a \"V\" or \"A\" pattern. It has become clear to us that the associated vertical deviation is usually present from the onset, and may play a major part in the mechanism of the squint. In less marked cases the vertical deviation is noticed only when the eye movements are fully examined, and is missed unless the extremes of elevation and depression are evoked. We have been largely influenced by the work and experience of Dr. M.H. Gobin (1964, 1968a, b, c), who feels that cyclotropia is an important factor in the aetiology of convergent squint. Gobin regards torsion as a third dimension in ocular motility, and thinks that for images to fall on corresponding retinal points it is reasonable to try to make the visual axes parallel horizontally and vertically, and that the retinal meridians should coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:271396", "title": "Conservative management of central serous retinopathy.", "content": "A study of 26 patients (thirty attacks) with central serous retinopathy was made in order to assess the results of conservative management, and the factors which might affect the incidence of residual symptoms. There were two groups, one given systemic steroids and one given no treatment. Comparison is made with two groups treated by laser coagulation and another given no treatment.", "contents": "Conservative management of central serous retinopathy. A study of 26 patients (thirty attacks) with central serous retinopathy was made in order to assess the results of conservative management, and the factors which might affect the incidence of residual symptoms. There were two groups, one given systemic steroids and one given no treatment. Comparison is made with two groups treated by laser coagulation and another given no treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:271397", "title": "Day case surgery for strabismus in children.", "content": "A consecutive series of 140 children was observed after strabismus surgery. All the postoperative problems are attributable to general anaesthesia, vomiting and drowsiness being the principal ones. Respiratory difficulties were unusual. There is no reason to keep a healthy child in hospital for longer than one night, and day case strabismus surgery appears to be safe if (1) an experienced doctor gives the anaesthetic, (2) there is adequate supervision for 3 to 4 hours after surgery, (3) the appropriate district nurse is forewarned that a child is returning home after general anaesthesia, and (4) facilities are available to retain a child in hospital if a problem arises before discharge. Signs of emotional trauma may be less in children treated as day cases than in those hospitalized for one or more nights.", "contents": "Day case surgery for strabismus in children. A consecutive series of 140 children was observed after strabismus surgery. All the postoperative problems are attributable to general anaesthesia, vomiting and drowsiness being the principal ones. Respiratory difficulties were unusual. There is no reason to keep a healthy child in hospital for longer than one night, and day case strabismus surgery appears to be safe if (1) an experienced doctor gives the anaesthetic, (2) there is adequate supervision for 3 to 4 hours after surgery, (3) the appropriate district nurse is forewarned that a child is returning home after general anaesthesia, and (4) facilities are available to retain a child in hospital if a problem arises before discharge. Signs of emotional trauma may be less in children treated as day cases than in those hospitalized for one or more nights."}
{"id": "PMID:271398", "title": "Aetiological survey of visually handicapped children in Northern Ireland.", "content": "A survey of visually h,ndicapped children in Northern Ireland identified 486 subjects aged 0 to 20 years on January 1, 1976, with a corrected visual acuity of 6/18 or less in the better eye. The prevalence of visual handicap was 81/100,000 of the population with an estimated ascertainment rate of 80%. Genetically determined diseases accounted for 51% of the cases. Birth hypoxia secondary to prenatal and perinatal complications was the second most important aetiological factor contributing towards visual handicap.", "contents": "Aetiological survey of visually handicapped children in Northern Ireland. A survey of visually h,ndicapped children in Northern Ireland identified 486 subjects aged 0 to 20 years on January 1, 1976, with a corrected visual acuity of 6/18 or less in the better eye. The prevalence of visual handicap was 81/100,000 of the population with an estimated ascertainment rate of 80%. Genetically determined diseases accounted for 51% of the cases. Birth hypoxia secondary to prenatal and perinatal complications was the second most important aetiological factor contributing towards visual handicap."}
{"id": "PMID:271399", "title": "Retinal detachment surgery without cryotherapy.", "content": "The traditional role of the cryotherapy adhesion in retinal detachment surgery is challenged by the successful treatment of 26 out of a series of 29 cases. The omission of cryotherapy has not interfered with the absorption of subretinal fluid and re-detachment has not occurred.", "contents": "Retinal detachment surgery without cryotherapy. The traditional role of the cryotherapy adhesion in retinal detachment surgery is challenged by the successful treatment of 26 out of a series of 29 cases. The omission of cryotherapy has not interfered with the absorption of subretinal fluid and re-detachment has not occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:271400", "title": "Retinal dialysis.", "content": "The aetiology of retinal dialysis has traditionally been closely linked to blunt trauma to the eye, and experimental work in the past has tended to confirm this view. However, a close look at eyes that have suffered known concussional injury indicates that trauma is rarely associated with retinal dialysis. The aetiology of dialysis is discussed and a technique for treatment is proposed.", "contents": "Retinal dialysis. The aetiology of retinal dialysis has traditionally been closely linked to blunt trauma to the eye, and experimental work in the past has tended to confirm this view. However, a close look at eyes that have suffered known concussional injury indicates that trauma is rarely associated with retinal dialysis. The aetiology of dialysis is discussed and a technique for treatment is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:271401", "title": "Encirclement versus 360 degrees buckling and prognostic factors in retinal separation surgery.", "content": "In 554 consecutive primary cases, adverse prognostic factors for successful retinal detachment surgery were aphakic retinal detachment, severe vitreous traction creating retinal breaks, especially with lattice degeneration, long-standing retinal separations, choroidal or combined detachments, giant tears, Marfan's syndrome, and preoperative massive vitreous retraction (MVR). Vitreous haemorrhage was of secondary importance, and not a primary cause of MVR. The use of therapeutic encirclement is unnecessary and does not prevent the proliferative process of MVR. The few indications for cerclage, such as total retinal separation with no detectable breaks, total retinal separation with breaks in all quadrants, and MVR, are more effectively treated by 360 degrees scleral buckling. Encirclement should not be used as a constriction to obtain a buckle or to compensate for lost intraocular volume after drainage of subretinal fluid.", "contents": "Encirclement versus 360 degrees buckling and prognostic factors in retinal separation surgery. In 554 consecutive primary cases, adverse prognostic factors for successful retinal detachment surgery were aphakic retinal detachment, severe vitreous traction creating retinal breaks, especially with lattice degeneration, long-standing retinal separations, choroidal or combined detachments, giant tears, Marfan's syndrome, and preoperative massive vitreous retraction (MVR). Vitreous haemorrhage was of secondary importance, and not a primary cause of MVR. The use of therapeutic encirclement is unnecessary and does not prevent the proliferative process of MVR. The few indications for cerclage, such as total retinal separation with no detectable breaks, total retinal separation with breaks in all quadrants, and MVR, are more effectively treated by 360 degrees scleral buckling. Encirclement should not be used as a constriction to obtain a buckle or to compensate for lost intraocular volume after drainage of subretinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:271403", "title": "Lensectomy.", "content": "Lensectomy is a new technique of lens extraction by which lens material is cut and aspirated through a fine-bore needle. The technique is simple and atraumatic. The small limbal incision, which does not require suturing, has the advantage of reducing the risk of vitreous loss and the amount of surgically-induced astigmatism to a minimum. Instruments designed primarily for vitreous surgery were used in the removal of cataracts from seventy eyes. This preliminary report shows that this new approach offers several advantages over conventional methods in selected cases. It appears to be of particular value in the management of cataracts secondary to chronic anterior uveitis. It is also a good alternative in the treatment of traumatic, presenile, and congenital or juvenile cataracts. Lensectomy is not a suitable technique for the removal of calcified lenses or those with hard nuclei. Possible complications include endothelial damage, loss of lens matter into the vitreous, and retinal detachment.", "contents": "Lensectomy. Lensectomy is a new technique of lens extraction by which lens material is cut and aspirated through a fine-bore needle. The technique is simple and atraumatic. The small limbal incision, which does not require suturing, has the advantage of reducing the risk of vitreous loss and the amount of surgically-induced astigmatism to a minimum. Instruments designed primarily for vitreous surgery were used in the removal of cataracts from seventy eyes. This preliminary report shows that this new approach offers several advantages over conventional methods in selected cases. It appears to be of particular value in the management of cataracts secondary to chronic anterior uveitis. It is also a good alternative in the treatment of traumatic, presenile, and congenital or juvenile cataracts. Lensectomy is not a suitable technique for the removal of calcified lenses or those with hard nuclei. Possible complications include endothelial damage, loss of lens matter into the vitreous, and retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:271404", "title": "Traumatic cataract.", "content": "In many cases of trauma it is presence of cataract which denies the patient a good final visual result. Cataract may be caused by blunt or perforating injury. Intraocular foreign bodies may be held within the lens or pass through it. Lens opacities may also be caused by chemical burns and remote forces such as electrical current and radiational injury. Frequently the cataract is unilateral, causing considerable impairment of vision of one eye while the function of the other eye is normal and expected to remain so. The aim of surgery must be to remove all lens protein from the pupillary area and as far as possible from behind the iris.", "contents": "Traumatic cataract. In many cases of trauma it is presence of cataract which denies the patient a good final visual result. Cataract may be caused by blunt or perforating injury. Intraocular foreign bodies may be held within the lens or pass through it. Lens opacities may also be caused by chemical burns and remote forces such as electrical current and radiational injury. Frequently the cataract is unilateral, causing considerable impairment of vision of one eye while the function of the other eye is normal and expected to remain so. The aim of surgery must be to remove all lens protein from the pupillary area and as far as possible from behind the iris."}
{"id": "PMID:271405", "title": "Kelman phaco-emulsification. Results and complications.", "content": "The visual results and complications in an unselected group of 100 patients are reviewed. The implantation of a posterior chamber acrylic lens is described.", "contents": "Kelman phaco-emulsification. Results and complications. The visual results and complications in an unselected group of 100 patients are reviewed. The implantation of a posterior chamber acrylic lens is described."}
{"id": "PMID:271407", "title": "Iris-supported lens implantation v. simple cataract extraction. An analysis of data.", "content": "In a study of a selected age (greater than 60) and ocularly matched population requiring cataract extraction, a perfectly executed intracapsular cataract extraction followed by the introduction of a Fyodorov Type II (\"Sputnik\") lens did not lead to irreversible anterior or posterior segment changes different from those seen in a group followed for from 5 to 9 years. It did lead to an incidence of implant support dislocation and to membrane formation in about 10% of cases, reducible to about 2% with correctly made lenses and the appropriate use of postoperative drugs. The incidence of corneal degeneration (0), retinal detachment (2%), and intraretinal cystic maculopathy (3%) was equal in each group. Visual acuity levels were also equal. In appropriate cases, if the surgery is carried out with sufficient skill, the reward to risk ratio of implantation not only justifies but indicates the use of such lenses.", "contents": "Iris-supported lens implantation v. simple cataract extraction. An analysis of data. In a study of a selected age (greater than 60) and ocularly matched population requiring cataract extraction, a perfectly executed intracapsular cataract extraction followed by the introduction of a Fyodorov Type II (\"Sputnik\") lens did not lead to irreversible anterior or posterior segment changes different from those seen in a group followed for from 5 to 9 years. It did lead to an incidence of implant support dislocation and to membrane formation in about 10% of cases, reducible to about 2% with correctly made lenses and the appropriate use of postoperative drugs. The incidence of corneal degeneration (0), retinal detachment (2%), and intraretinal cystic maculopathy (3%) was equal in each group. Visual acuity levels were also equal. In appropriate cases, if the surgery is carried out with sufficient skill, the reward to risk ratio of implantation not only justifies but indicates the use of such lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:271408", "title": "Management of patients with intraocular lenses. Guidelines for those who do not perform this operation.", "content": "Patients with intraocular lenses can be managed quite well by any experienced ophthalmologist. Every exmination must include the measurement of intraocular pressure and a slit-lamp examination, specifically noting: Corneal oedema, local or diffuse, Increasing corneal guttata, Touch of lens or iris suture to the cornea, AENS DISPLACEMENT, Iris suture problems, Pupil margin erosion, Secondary cataract, Vitreous face loss or thickening, Retrolenticular membrane formation, Vitreous cells. Lens implants should be removed only after very carefully consideration and consultation with an implant surgeon.", "contents": "Management of patients with intraocular lenses. Guidelines for those who do not perform this operation. Patients with intraocular lenses can be managed quite well by any experienced ophthalmologist. Every exmination must include the measurement of intraocular pressure and a slit-lamp examination, specifically noting: Corneal oedema, local or diffuse, Increasing corneal guttata, Touch of lens or iris suture to the cornea, AENS DISPLACEMENT, Iris suture problems, Pupil margin erosion, Secondary cataract, Vitreous face loss or thickening, Retrolenticular membrane formation, Vitreous cells. Lens implants should be removed only after very carefully consideration and consultation with an implant surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:271410", "title": "The safer operation for iris-clip lens implants.", "content": "This short paper is not designed to show any new techniques and will not present any large scale statistical evidence. Rather it will, I hope, show a trend in the way intraocular implant surgery is progressing. I believe the problems are rarely due to the intraocular lens itself, but are more often due to a poor selection of cases and, all too often, an inadequately trained surgeon.", "contents": "The safer operation for iris-clip lens implants. This short paper is not designed to show any new techniques and will not present any large scale statistical evidence. Rather it will, I hope, show a trend in the way intraocular implant surgery is progressing. I believe the problems are rarely due to the intraocular lens itself, but are more often due to a poor selection of cases and, all too often, an inadequately trained surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:271409", "title": "Manifestations of immunodeficiency diseases in ophthalmology.", "content": "The clinical features in various types of immunodeficiency are presented in patients selected from a total of fifteen seen at the Bristol Eye Hospital. Immunodeficiency, either primary or secondary, can produce severe infective disease of the eye which is often bizarre in nature and slow to respond to therapy. It is important for the ophthalmologist to be aware of the various immunodeficiency syndromes in order that a realistic policy towards prognosis and treatment can be adopted.", "contents": "Manifestations of immunodeficiency diseases in ophthalmology. The clinical features in various types of immunodeficiency are presented in patients selected from a total of fifteen seen at the Bristol Eye Hospital. Immunodeficiency, either primary or secondary, can produce severe infective disease of the eye which is often bizarre in nature and slow to respond to therapy. It is important for the ophthalmologist to be aware of the various immunodeficiency syndromes in order that a realistic policy towards prognosis and treatment can be adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:271411", "title": "Corneal oedema and endothelial cell loss after iris-clip lens implantation.", "content": "Lens implantation as a form of replacement surgery has some clear advantages over other forms of aphakic correction. The most feared complication of this type of operation is bullous keratopathy. A short-term study was carried out in two comparable groups of patients to assess corneal oedema and endothelial cell loss after simple cataract extraction and after iris-clip lens implantation following intracapsular extraction as a primary procedure. All patients were randomly chosen to have one or other procedure. The results indicate that lens implantation causes greater postoperative corneal oedema and greater endothelial cell loss. It is therefore important for implant surgeons to bear in mind the possible harm they may be inflicting and the need both for stringent criteria of selection and for the adoption of techniques which will minimize endothelial trauma.", "contents": "Corneal oedema and endothelial cell loss after iris-clip lens implantation. Lens implantation as a form of replacement surgery has some clear advantages over other forms of aphakic correction. The most feared complication of this type of operation is bullous keratopathy. A short-term study was carried out in two comparable groups of patients to assess corneal oedema and endothelial cell loss after simple cataract extraction and after iris-clip lens implantation following intracapsular extraction as a primary procedure. All patients were randomly chosen to have one or other procedure. The results indicate that lens implantation causes greater postoperative corneal oedema and greater endothelial cell loss. It is therefore important for implant surgeons to bear in mind the possible harm they may be inflicting and the need both for stringent criteria of selection and for the adoption of techniques which will minimize endothelial trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:271412", "title": "The theoretical ideal for an artificial lens implant to correct aphakia.", "content": "In considering the theoretical ideal for an artificial intraocular lens implant to be used in the correction of aphakia it has always been taken for granted that Nature's bioconvex lens is best. But there is some evidence that other configurations may be an improvement. We also have to decide how large it should be and whether it should be placed in front of the iris or behind it. Moreover we have to consider the management of eyes which are already aphakic when first seen and cataractous eyes requiring lens extraction before the pseudophakos can be inserted.", "contents": "The theoretical ideal for an artificial lens implant to correct aphakia. In considering the theoretical ideal for an artificial intraocular lens implant to be used in the correction of aphakia it has always been taken for granted that Nature's bioconvex lens is best. But there is some evidence that other configurations may be an improvement. We also have to decide how large it should be and whether it should be placed in front of the iris or behind it. Moreover we have to consider the management of eyes which are already aphakic when first seen and cataractous eyes requiring lens extraction before the pseudophakos can be inserted."}
{"id": "PMID:271413", "title": "Binocular effects of intraocular lens insertion.", "content": "Observation of fifty patients submitted to primary Binkhorst intraocular lens insertion for uniocular cataract has shown that 88% regained 6/12 or better visual acuity in the operated eye. All but three patients with healthy fellow eyes and a good visual result from surgery regained orthotropia and some binocular functions promptly without squint surgery, but formal tests of stereoacuity were poorly performed. The best clinical guide to binocular performance for near vision was found to be Lang's pen test.", "contents": "Binocular effects of intraocular lens insertion. Observation of fifty patients submitted to primary Binkhorst intraocular lens insertion for uniocular cataract has shown that 88% regained 6/12 or better visual acuity in the operated eye. All but three patients with healthy fellow eyes and a good visual result from surgery regained orthotropia and some binocular functions promptly without squint surgery, but formal tests of stereoacuity were poorly performed. The best clinical guide to binocular performance for near vision was found to be Lang's pen test."}
{"id": "PMID:271419", "title": "[Cellular immunity indices in osteogenic sarcoma].", "content": "Prior to the treatment 39 patients with osteogenic sarcoma were examined for some cell immunity indices by the skin-allergic reaction of delayed hypersensitivity (RDH) and the reaction of suppression of leucocytes migration (RSLM). As an antigen a polysaccharide fraction of osteogenic sarcoma was employed, for the control--normal bone polysaccharide fraction. In 25 patients the course of the disease was followed up for 8--14 months after the primary examination. Both RDH and RSLM were found to show no essential difference in the reactions for polysaccharide antigens isolated from osteogenic sarcoma and normal bone. In patients with a rapid growth of the primary tumor negative RSLM was noted, while RDH indices failed to show such differences. In patients without any signs of the progressing disease during 8--14 months since the moment of the examination, as a rule, positive RSLM and RDH are noted. In patients with a precipitous course of the disease 1--8 months prior to the treatment negative RSLM and RDH are more frequently observed.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity indices in osteogenic sarcoma]. Prior to the treatment 39 patients with osteogenic sarcoma were examined for some cell immunity indices by the skin-allergic reaction of delayed hypersensitivity (RDH) and the reaction of suppression of leucocytes migration (RSLM). As an antigen a polysaccharide fraction of osteogenic sarcoma was employed, for the control--normal bone polysaccharide fraction. In 25 patients the course of the disease was followed up for 8--14 months after the primary examination. Both RDH and RSLM were found to show no essential difference in the reactions for polysaccharide antigens isolated from osteogenic sarcoma and normal bone. In patients with a rapid growth of the primary tumor negative RSLM was noted, while RDH indices failed to show such differences. In patients without any signs of the progressing disease during 8--14 months since the moment of the examination, as a rule, positive RSLM and RDH are noted. In patients with a precipitous course of the disease 1--8 months prior to the treatment negative RSLM and RDH are more frequently observed."}
{"id": "PMID:271414", "title": "Undetectable ABO isoagglutinin in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "An instance of undetectable anti(A+B) was described in a patient, group O, in acute crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The finding was not parallel to the level of gamma globulin in the patient and a possibility of functional abnormality of the related antibody was discussed.", "contents": "Undetectable ABO isoagglutinin in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia. An instance of undetectable anti(A+B) was described in a patient, group O, in acute crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The finding was not parallel to the level of gamma globulin in the patient and a possibility of functional abnormality of the related antibody was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271418", "title": "[Comparative study of nuclear RNA in leukocytes of normal individuals and patients with leukemia by the method of molecular DNA-RNA hybridization].", "content": "Spectra of nuclear RNA were studied in leukocytes in healthy donors and in patients with leukoses by DNA-RNA hybridization. Cross competitive hybridization showed that in chronic lymphoid leukosis and acute myeloblastosis new forms of nuclear RNA were observed, which were not found in normal state; in myeloleukosis the nuclear RNA spectra were similar to those of normal granulocytes. The results obtained suggest that universal type of impairments appears to be absent in regulation of transcription in leukoses; it may be related not only to leukosis transformation but depends on variations in cell content of leukocyte populations studied.", "contents": "[Comparative study of nuclear RNA in leukocytes of normal individuals and patients with leukemia by the method of molecular DNA-RNA hybridization]. Spectra of nuclear RNA were studied in leukocytes in healthy donors and in patients with leukoses by DNA-RNA hybridization. Cross competitive hybridization showed that in chronic lymphoid leukosis and acute myeloblastosis new forms of nuclear RNA were observed, which were not found in normal state; in myeloleukosis the nuclear RNA spectra were similar to those of normal granulocytes. The results obtained suggest that universal type of impairments appears to be absent in regulation of transcription in leukoses; it may be related not only to leukosis transformation but depends on variations in cell content of leukocyte populations studied."}
{"id": "PMID:271427", "title": "[Anaemia with medullary myeloblastosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of refractory anaemia with medullary myeloblastosis (RAMM) is described. RAMM is a very rare disease and its relationship to aplastic anaemia and smouldering leukaemia is not clearly established. The diagnosis is confirmed by evaluation of the bone-marrow aspirate and ferrokinetic studies which demonstrate ineffective erythropoiesis. The disease is combined with leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and a hyperplastic bone-marrow. Our patient was monitored for 18 months, during which time her haematological findings remained stable. Since transformation into acute leukaemia occurs in about 25% of the cases, a bone-marrow culture study was performed in order to determine such a leukaemic transformation which is not detectable on examination by the light microscope. Culture studies are discussed along with some prognostic, therapeutic and pathophysiological problems of RAMM.", "contents": "[Anaemia with medullary myeloblastosis (author's transl)]. A case of refractory anaemia with medullary myeloblastosis (RAMM) is described. RAMM is a very rare disease and its relationship to aplastic anaemia and smouldering leukaemia is not clearly established. The diagnosis is confirmed by evaluation of the bone-marrow aspirate and ferrokinetic studies which demonstrate ineffective erythropoiesis. The disease is combined with leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and a hyperplastic bone-marrow. Our patient was monitored for 18 months, during which time her haematological findings remained stable. Since transformation into acute leukaemia occurs in about 25% of the cases, a bone-marrow culture study was performed in order to determine such a leukaemic transformation which is not detectable on examination by the light microscope. Culture studies are discussed along with some prognostic, therapeutic and pathophysiological problems of RAMM."}
{"id": "PMID:271431", "title": "Childhood pertussis and pneumonia admissions in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.", "content": "During a pertussis epidemic, the majority of children admitted with respiratory disease were under one year old and had pneumonia, with or without pertussis syndrome; heart failure was common. A greater proportion of those with 'pneumonia alone' were slightly older, were malnourished, were admitted earlier and recovered slightly faster than those who had 'pertussis with pneumonia'. Differential white cell count was of little help in diagnosis and chest X-ray findings seldom altered management. Eight percent of the pertussis and 3 percent of the pneumonia groups died: all had pneumonia and additional complications, and 71 percent of those who died were under one year of age. Results suggest that two or more infections of triple antigen may protect some children from an attack of pertussis so severe that hospital care would be needed.", "contents": "Childhood pertussis and pneumonia admissions in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. During a pertussis epidemic, the majority of children admitted with respiratory disease were under one year old and had pneumonia, with or without pertussis syndrome; heart failure was common. A greater proportion of those with 'pneumonia alone' were slightly older, were malnourished, were admitted earlier and recovered slightly faster than those who had 'pertussis with pneumonia'. Differential white cell count was of little help in diagnosis and chest X-ray findings seldom altered management. Eight percent of the pertussis and 3 percent of the pneumonia groups died: all had pneumonia and additional complications, and 71 percent of those who died were under one year of age. Results suggest that two or more infections of triple antigen may protect some children from an attack of pertussis so severe that hospital care would be needed."}
{"id": "PMID:271432", "title": "Recent advances in gastro-enteritis.", "content": "This paper briefly reviews new knowledge about the causes, consequences and control of gastro-enteritis. Various recently discovered viral and bacterial causes of gastro-enteritis are discussed and the possible role of prolonged gut infection in causing malabsorption and thus malnutrition, considered. The revival of interest in prevention by improved water supplies is discussed and the need to critically evaluate the relative importance of the quality and quantity of a water supply stressed. Some newer regimes for treating acute and chronic infections are also discussed.", "contents": "Recent advances in gastro-enteritis. This paper briefly reviews new knowledge about the causes, consequences and control of gastro-enteritis. Various recently discovered viral and bacterial causes of gastro-enteritis are discussed and the possible role of prolonged gut infection in causing malabsorption and thus malnutrition, considered. The revival of interest in prevention by improved water supplies is discussed and the need to critically evaluate the relative importance of the quality and quantity of a water supply stressed. Some newer regimes for treating acute and chronic infections are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271433", "title": "Patterns of tumoral calcinosis in Nigeria and Papua New Guinea.", "content": "An analysis was made of 7 cases of tumoral calcinosis diagnosed during a period of 6 years at a central laboratory serving the Igbos of Nigeria, West Africa. As in Papua New Guinea, the hip is the region of predilection and adults are usually affected, especially females. In both populations , most cases show discrete, solitary, hard, subcutaneous lesions which measure from 1 cm to 8 cm across.", "contents": "Patterns of tumoral calcinosis in Nigeria and Papua New Guinea. An analysis was made of 7 cases of tumoral calcinosis diagnosed during a period of 6 years at a central laboratory serving the Igbos of Nigeria, West Africa. As in Papua New Guinea, the hip is the region of predilection and adults are usually affected, especially females. In both populations , most cases show discrete, solitary, hard, subcutaneous lesions which measure from 1 cm to 8 cm across."}
{"id": "PMID:271450", "title": "Effect of a Ca(OH)2 solution and a chlorhexidine based detergent on the microbial activity of human carious teeth.", "content": "Occlusar carious lesions from human molars, preserved in continuous humidity after extraction, were removed using conventional clinical techniques. Bacteriological samples were taken after rinsing the cavity with water only, after experimentally infecting the cavity and after treating uninfected cavities either with a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution or with a chlorhexidine based detergent. The samples were cultivated on blood agar plates aerobically and anaerobically. Cavities rinsed with water only showed very sparce bacterial growth. After experimental infection the growth was significant, but decreased radically after treatment with the test materials. In order to describe the effect of the two test materials on the microbial enzyme activity in infected dentin, cryostat sections of 10 micrometer were prepared from undermineralized carious dentin fragments excavated from freshly extracted human teeth. Conventional histochemical techniques were applied to demonstrate the aminopeptidase activity in the sections using N-L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide as a substrate. The aminopeptidase activity of carious dentin was inhibited totally with the Ca(OH)2 solution, whereas the chlorhexidine based detergent had no effect on the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Effect of a Ca(OH)2 solution and a chlorhexidine based detergent on the microbial activity of human carious teeth. Occlusar carious lesions from human molars, preserved in continuous humidity after extraction, were removed using conventional clinical techniques. Bacteriological samples were taken after rinsing the cavity with water only, after experimentally infecting the cavity and after treating uninfected cavities either with a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution or with a chlorhexidine based detergent. The samples were cultivated on blood agar plates aerobically and anaerobically. Cavities rinsed with water only showed very sparce bacterial growth. After experimental infection the growth was significant, but decreased radically after treatment with the test materials. In order to describe the effect of the two test materials on the microbial enzyme activity in infected dentin, cryostat sections of 10 micrometer were prepared from undermineralized carious dentin fragments excavated from freshly extracted human teeth. Conventional histochemical techniques were applied to demonstrate the aminopeptidase activity in the sections using N-L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide as a substrate. The aminopeptidase activity of carious dentin was inhibited totally with the Ca(OH)2 solution, whereas the chlorhexidine based detergent had no effect on the enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:271452", "title": "Bite force and state of dentition.", "content": "The maximal bite force and the strength of the finger-thumb grip of 125 Skolt Lapps, aged 15 to 65, was measured with a specially devised apparatus. The bite force was measured with the biting fork placed between the first molars and between the incisors, respectively. The finger-thumb grip was measured by letting the subject press the prongs of the fork between the thumb and forefinger of each hand as hard as possible. The range of inter-individual variation of the maximal bite force and finger-thumb grip was great. The mean values were higher for the males than for the females. In the males the maximal bite force thus measured in the molar region was 39 kg (382 N) and 18 kg (176 N) in the incisor region. The corresponding values for the females were 22 kg (216 N) and 11 kg (108 N). The finger-thumb grip strength for males was, on the average, 10 kg (98 N); that of the females, 7 KG (69 N). The average difference in bite force between the men and the women was larger in the group with natural teeth than in the one with complete dentures. The values found for the bite force decreased with increasing age, especially for the females. Most of this reduction with increasing age was probably due to the age-dependent deterioration of the dentition. In both sexes the bite force was notably smaller among the denture wearers than among the dentate persons. The number of natural teeth varied closely with the bite force, i.e. the greater number of natural teeth the greater the bite force.", "contents": "Bite force and state of dentition. The maximal bite force and the strength of the finger-thumb grip of 125 Skolt Lapps, aged 15 to 65, was measured with a specially devised apparatus. The bite force was measured with the biting fork placed between the first molars and between the incisors, respectively. The finger-thumb grip was measured by letting the subject press the prongs of the fork between the thumb and forefinger of each hand as hard as possible. The range of inter-individual variation of the maximal bite force and finger-thumb grip was great. The mean values were higher for the males than for the females. In the males the maximal bite force thus measured in the molar region was 39 kg (382 N) and 18 kg (176 N) in the incisor region. The corresponding values for the females were 22 kg (216 N) and 11 kg (108 N). The finger-thumb grip strength for males was, on the average, 10 kg (98 N); that of the females, 7 KG (69 N). The average difference in bite force between the men and the women was larger in the group with natural teeth than in the one with complete dentures. The values found for the bite force decreased with increasing age, especially for the females. Most of this reduction with increasing age was probably due to the age-dependent deterioration of the dentition. In both sexes the bite force was notably smaller among the denture wearers than among the dentate persons. The number of natural teeth varied closely with the bite force, i.e. the greater number of natural teeth the greater the bite force."}
{"id": "PMID:271453", "title": "Discoloration of dental pellicle by tannic acid.", "content": "The ability of tannic acid to discolor pellicle was studied in vitro and in vivo. Freshly extracted teeth were submerget in solutions of tannic acid, and in the clinical study individuals rinsed three times daily with 0.1% or 0.2% tannic acid. It was fount that 0.2% tannic acid caused brownish discolorations within 10-12 days both in vitro and in vivo. Discolored pellicle material collected from the in vivo test group was shown to contain furaldehyde after hydrolysis. The origin of the furaldehyde is not ascertained, but could be due to the presence of dietary deposits, transformation of pellicle pentoses, or from reactions between reducing sugars and amino compounds.", "contents": "Discoloration of dental pellicle by tannic acid. The ability of tannic acid to discolor pellicle was studied in vitro and in vivo. Freshly extracted teeth were submerget in solutions of tannic acid, and in the clinical study individuals rinsed three times daily with 0.1% or 0.2% tannic acid. It was fount that 0.2% tannic acid caused brownish discolorations within 10-12 days both in vitro and in vivo. Discolored pellicle material collected from the in vivo test group was shown to contain furaldehyde after hydrolysis. The origin of the furaldehyde is not ascertained, but could be due to the presence of dietary deposits, transformation of pellicle pentoses, or from reactions between reducing sugars and amino compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:271454", "title": "14C vitamin A in developing rat teeth and bone. A whole body-autoradiographic study.", "content": "The distribution of vitamin A in developing young rats has been studied. Low doses of 14C-retinol were administered intraperiotoneally and the uptake analyzed autoradiographically. The vitamin was found to accumulate mainly in the intestines, liver, kidney, adrenal and brown fat. No uptake could be detected in hard tissue forming cells nor in any hard tissue, except in the secretory ameloblasts of the incisors.", "contents": "14C vitamin A in developing rat teeth and bone. A whole body-autoradiographic study. The distribution of vitamin A in developing young rats has been studied. Low doses of 14C-retinol were administered intraperiotoneally and the uptake analyzed autoradiographically. The vitamin was found to accumulate mainly in the intestines, liver, kidney, adrenal and brown fat. No uptake could be detected in hard tissue forming cells nor in any hard tissue, except in the secretory ameloblasts of the incisors."}
{"id": "PMID:271462", "title": "Development of chronic myelocytic leukemia during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia in an adult.", "content": "A 59-year-old patient is described who presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Complete remission was induced rapidly with vincristine and prednisone. Nine months later he acquired the clinical and hematological picture of a myeloproliferative disease, and bone marrow cytogenetic studies demonstrated the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. Within 4 months he again developed overt acute lymphocytic leukemia and died. Several lines of evidence have recently indicated a relationship between myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly chronic myelocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia. This patient's course is another example of that association.", "contents": "Development of chronic myelocytic leukemia during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia in an adult. A 59-year-old patient is described who presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Complete remission was induced rapidly with vincristine and prednisone. Nine months later he acquired the clinical and hematological picture of a myeloproliferative disease, and bone marrow cytogenetic studies demonstrated the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. Within 4 months he again developed overt acute lymphocytic leukemia and died. Several lines of evidence have recently indicated a relationship between myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly chronic myelocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia. This patient's course is another example of that association."}
{"id": "PMID:271464", "title": "The adult orthodontic patient.", "content": "Adults now make up an increasing portion of the orthodontist's patient load. Though most seek esthetic correction, requests for multidiscipline treatment are expanding. The etiology of adult malocclusion, unlike that of malocclusion in the young, presents us with psychological and physiologic factors that specifically affect treatment and dictate special diagnostic, planning, and mechanical procedures. The adult patient offers the orthodontist a new challenge and the stimulus to develop successful treatment approaches peculiar to the nongrowing patient. Careful diagnosis and treatment planning on a multidiscipline basis will result in satisfactory resolution of most adult malocclusions, and there is no requirement for esoteric appliances or mechanics. An evaluation of treated cases indicates that all corrective dental movements are possible and that the health, function, and esthetics of the dental apparatus can be markedly improved. The cases presented demonstrate that adults are amenable to treatment over the full orthodontic spectrum. Treating the adult patient can be very satisfying. The patient is invariably pleased with his effort (and your help), once the \"braces\" are off. Since the original need was great in the patient's mind, success in its satisfaction is especially rewarding and it overflows on everyone involved.", "contents": "The adult orthodontic patient. Adults now make up an increasing portion of the orthodontist's patient load. Though most seek esthetic correction, requests for multidiscipline treatment are expanding. The etiology of adult malocclusion, unlike that of malocclusion in the young, presents us with psychological and physiologic factors that specifically affect treatment and dictate special diagnostic, planning, and mechanical procedures. The adult patient offers the orthodontist a new challenge and the stimulus to develop successful treatment approaches peculiar to the nongrowing patient. Careful diagnosis and treatment planning on a multidiscipline basis will result in satisfactory resolution of most adult malocclusions, and there is no requirement for esoteric appliances or mechanics. An evaluation of treated cases indicates that all corrective dental movements are possible and that the health, function, and esthetics of the dental apparatus can be markedly improved. The cases presented demonstrate that adults are amenable to treatment over the full orthodontic spectrum. Treating the adult patient can be very satisfying. The patient is invariably pleased with his effort (and your help), once the \"braces\" are off. Since the original need was great in the patient's mind, success in its satisfaction is especially rewarding and it overflows on everyone involved."}
{"id": "PMID:271466", "title": "Early class II mixed-dentition treatment with the universal appliance.", "content": "I have attempted to describe Dr. Nagamoto's rationale and a method of treating early-mixed-dentition cases. This particular adaption of a two-phase approach to this type of case was formulated by him in the early 1950's and has since been used in his office and mine. The steps, mechanics, and arch wires necessary for treatment have been outlined. It is thought that, by approaching these cases at an early age, the potential is increased for development so as to avoid the extraction of premolars and to prevent possible irreparable damage to the procumbent maxillary anterior teeth in the event of an accident. It has been shown that these young patients can be treated successfully with an efficient, gentle appliance that, in my own clinical experience, has proved to be most valuable.", "contents": "Early class II mixed-dentition treatment with the universal appliance. I have attempted to describe Dr. Nagamoto's rationale and a method of treating early-mixed-dentition cases. This particular adaption of a two-phase approach to this type of case was formulated by him in the early 1950's and has since been used in his office and mine. The steps, mechanics, and arch wires necessary for treatment have been outlined. It is thought that, by approaching these cases at an early age, the potential is increased for development so as to avoid the extraction of premolars and to prevent possible irreparable damage to the procumbent maxillary anterior teeth in the event of an accident. It has been shown that these young patients can be treated successfully with an efficient, gentle appliance that, in my own clinical experience, has proved to be most valuable."}
{"id": "PMID:271467", "title": "A modified technique for ligating impacted canines.", "content": "This article describes a combined surgical-orthodontic method to manage impacted teeth, primarily maxillary canines. The method uses a modified type of ligation chain that enables the oral surgeon to lasso the tooth with ease and affords the orthodontist large, successively placed eyelets to which he can easily tie elastic thread in order to keep continuous heavy force pulling the tooth toward the oral cavity.", "contents": "A modified technique for ligating impacted canines. This article describes a combined surgical-orthodontic method to manage impacted teeth, primarily maxillary canines. The method uses a modified type of ligation chain that enables the oral surgeon to lasso the tooth with ease and affords the orthodontist large, successively placed eyelets to which he can easily tie elastic thread in order to keep continuous heavy force pulling the tooth toward the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:271468", "title": "Tensile properties of orthodontic wire.", "content": "1. Wires with a range of tensile properties are available for construction of a Stage 1 arch wire in the Begg orthodontic appliance. 2. Over a period of 3 days, a detectable amount of stress relaxation occurs in some orthodontic wires loaded initially to 20 kg.", "contents": "Tensile properties of orthodontic wire. 1. Wires with a range of tensile properties are available for construction of a Stage 1 arch wire in the Begg orthodontic appliance. 2. Over a period of 3 days, a detectable amount of stress relaxation occurs in some orthodontic wires loaded initially to 20 kg."}
{"id": "PMID:271474", "title": "The use of regression constants in estimating tooth size in a Negro population.", "content": "A study of a sample of 105 Negro children and adolescents, residents of Connecticut, was undertaken to determine the degree of correlation between mandibular tooth size and the size of the canines and premolars. The correlation between the total mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors and that of the maxillary or mandibular canine and first and second premolars was found to be 0.63 and 0.71, respectively. Further, regression constants were determined in an attempt to estimate the buccal segments from the mandibular incisors.", "contents": "The use of regression constants in estimating tooth size in a Negro population. A study of a sample of 105 Negro children and adolescents, residents of Connecticut, was undertaken to determine the degree of correlation between mandibular tooth size and the size of the canines and premolars. The correlation between the total mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors and that of the maxillary or mandibular canine and first and second premolars was found to be 0.63 and 0.71, respectively. Further, regression constants were determined in an attempt to estimate the buccal segments from the mandibular incisors."}
{"id": "PMID:271477", "title": "[Crux medicorum: Ondine's curse (author's transl)].", "content": "All known cases of the Ondine's curse syndrome with lifethreatening complications in consequence of narcosis, sedatives or oxygen-administration are reported. The avoidance of accidents requires blood gas analysis and more attention to the less well-known phenomenon--possibly a cause of the sudden-death-syndrome.", "contents": "[Crux medicorum: Ondine's curse (author's transl)]. All known cases of the Ondine's curse syndrome with lifethreatening complications in consequence of narcosis, sedatives or oxygen-administration are reported. The avoidance of accidents requires blood gas analysis and more attention to the less well-known phenomenon--possibly a cause of the sudden-death-syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:271479", "title": "Effect of a pneumatic breathing aid on the minute ventilation of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma.", "content": "A pneumatic breathing aid is described in which air pressure is used to compress the thorax and abdomen of patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. Pressures of 40 to 44 mm Hg were applied during the latter half of expiration. A mean decrease in minute ventilation of 14% was recorded 10 minutes after thoracic-abdominal compression in 18 tests. The mean decrease in expiratory volume was 218 in 10 cases. The use of this new pneumatic breathing aid is a preliminary report with the suggestion that similar studies be utilized to increase the ventilatory function of patients who present suggestive evidence of air trapping and alveolar over-distention.", "contents": "Effect of a pneumatic breathing aid on the minute ventilation of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma. A pneumatic breathing aid is described in which air pressure is used to compress the thorax and abdomen of patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. Pressures of 40 to 44 mm Hg were applied during the latter half of expiration. A mean decrease in minute ventilation of 14% was recorded 10 minutes after thoracic-abdominal compression in 18 tests. The mean decrease in expiratory volume was 218 in 10 cases. The use of this new pneumatic breathing aid is a preliminary report with the suggestion that similar studies be utilized to increase the ventilatory function of patients who present suggestive evidence of air trapping and alveolar over-distention."}
{"id": "PMID:271481", "title": "Anterior cervical arachnoid cyst simulating syringomyelia: a case with preceding posterior arachnoid cysts.", "content": "An arachnoid cyst lying anterior to the cervical cord at level C6-7 was found in a 28-year-old woman believed to have syringomyelia. This diagnosis was based both on previous findings at laminectomy and on computerized tomography. The diagnosis of arachnoid cyst was suspected because of clinical features atypical for classical syringomyelia and a history of arachnoid cysts found during childhood. Air myelography demonstrated an extramedullary intradural mass anteriorly that proved to be an arachnoid cyst. Drainage and subtotal resection resulted in marked clinical improvement. This case illustrates the need for reevaluation when a patient with \"known\" syringomyelia presents an atypical clinical picture. Anterior cervical arachnoid cyst, which may accompany or succeed posterior arachnoid cysts, should be considered.", "contents": "Anterior cervical arachnoid cyst simulating syringomyelia: a case with preceding posterior arachnoid cysts. An arachnoid cyst lying anterior to the cervical cord at level C6-7 was found in a 28-year-old woman believed to have syringomyelia. This diagnosis was based both on previous findings at laminectomy and on computerized tomography. The diagnosis of arachnoid cyst was suspected because of clinical features atypical for classical syringomyelia and a history of arachnoid cysts found during childhood. Air myelography demonstrated an extramedullary intradural mass anteriorly that proved to be an arachnoid cyst. Drainage and subtotal resection resulted in marked clinical improvement. This case illustrates the need for reevaluation when a patient with \"known\" syringomyelia presents an atypical clinical picture. Anterior cervical arachnoid cyst, which may accompany or succeed posterior arachnoid cysts, should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:271493", "title": "Renal angiography and the management of severe closed renal trauma.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the place of selective renal angiography in the assessment of major renal trauma. Thirty-one cases of renal injury assessed by urography and angiography were reviewed, and the radiological features correlated with the subsequent clinical course. Based on the angiographic findings, a classification of these more severe injuries is proposed, and the prognostic significance of renal ischaemia demonstrated. Because conservative treatment in those cases with significant ischaemia is likely to fail, early elective surgery is recommended. In this selected group, viable renal tissue can be preserved, and the necessity for subsequent nephrectomy due to secondary haemorrhage, or continuing urine leakage, is avoided.", "contents": "Renal angiography and the management of severe closed renal trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the place of selective renal angiography in the assessment of major renal trauma. Thirty-one cases of renal injury assessed by urography and angiography were reviewed, and the radiological features correlated with the subsequent clinical course. Based on the angiographic findings, a classification of these more severe injuries is proposed, and the prognostic significance of renal ischaemia demonstrated. Because conservative treatment in those cases with significant ischaemia is likely to fail, early elective surgery is recommended. In this selected group, viable renal tissue can be preserved, and the necessity for subsequent nephrectomy due to secondary haemorrhage, or continuing urine leakage, is avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:271494", "title": "Surgical and external ureteric trauma.", "content": "This paper details the aetiology, presentation, diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment, and results, of 84 surgical and external ureteric injuries. Although the incidence of surgical ureteric trauma was found to be low it was related to both the particular operation performed and certain faults in surgical technique. The series emphasizes the importance of prophylaxis, early diagnosis, and specific therapy. There were 94 operations carried out on the 84 ureters, resulting in 22 nephrectomies and 63 open repair procedures, of which 55 were regarded as successful and 8 as failures.", "contents": "Surgical and external ureteric trauma. This paper details the aetiology, presentation, diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment, and results, of 84 surgical and external ureteric injuries. Although the incidence of surgical ureteric trauma was found to be low it was related to both the particular operation performed and certain faults in surgical technique. The series emphasizes the importance of prophylaxis, early diagnosis, and specific therapy. There were 94 operations carried out on the 84 ureters, resulting in 22 nephrectomies and 63 open repair procedures, of which 55 were regarded as successful and 8 as failures."}
{"id": "PMID:271495", "title": "Experiences with cryosurgery in the management of benign prostatic obstruction.", "content": "Cryosurgery of the prostate gland has been used on mainly unfit patients for ten years as an alternative to open and endoscopic surgery in over 250 patients. With the use of a simple \"rule of thumb\" technique, blind cryosurgery can be recommended as causing few complications. Furthermore, the patient's early discharge from hospital can be achieved. Long-term functional results are satisfactory. More complicated techniques have been described and are mentioned, but as a result of experience simplicity of technique is recommended.", "contents": "Experiences with cryosurgery in the management of benign prostatic obstruction. Cryosurgery of the prostate gland has been used on mainly unfit patients for ten years as an alternative to open and endoscopic surgery in over 250 patients. With the use of a simple \"rule of thumb\" technique, blind cryosurgery can be recommended as causing few complications. Furthermore, the patient's early discharge from hospital can be achieved. Long-term functional results are satisfactory. More complicated techniques have been described and are mentioned, but as a result of experience simplicity of technique is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:271496", "title": "The surgical treatment of retrocaval ureter.", "content": "Ureteric obstruction resulting from retrocaval ureter may be due to either compression of the ureter by the vena cava or stenosis of the postcaval segment. If obstruction is due to stenosis, the commonly described operation of division and anastomosis through the proximal dilated ureter or pelvis, after repositioning of the ureter, is likely to fail, as is division of the vena cava itself. Excision of the postcaval segment with anastomosis of the spatulated ureter over a Silastic splint is therefore recommended. Three case histories of patients with retrocaval ureter treated surgically are presented and support this view.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of retrocaval ureter. Ureteric obstruction resulting from retrocaval ureter may be due to either compression of the ureter by the vena cava or stenosis of the postcaval segment. If obstruction is due to stenosis, the commonly described operation of division and anastomosis through the proximal dilated ureter or pelvis, after repositioning of the ureter, is likely to fail, as is division of the vena cava itself. Excision of the postcaval segment with anastomosis of the spatulated ureter over a Silastic splint is therefore recommended. Three case histories of patients with retrocaval ureter treated surgically are presented and support this view."}
{"id": "PMID:271498", "title": "Carotid body tumours.", "content": "Carotid body tumours are rare, but important. Their reputation for slow growth and virtual non-malignancy has had, in the light of experience, to be revised. Sudden spurts of growth are well known, and the tumour may become irremovable in a relatively short time. Aggressive local invasion and widespread metastasis are now well recognized. Histological features are no guide to malignancy. These tumors can nearly all be removed with an acceptable mortality and morbidity, without damage to the internal carotid artery. Ideally the diagnosis should be made by clinical acumen and confirmatory X-ray examination. Biopsy makes subsequent removal of the tumour much more difficult, and should be avoided if at all possible. Eleven personal cases of carotid body tumours are reported, and the technique of surgical excision is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Carotid body tumours. Carotid body tumours are rare, but important. Their reputation for slow growth and virtual non-malignancy has had, in the light of experience, to be revised. Sudden spurts of growth are well known, and the tumour may become irremovable in a relatively short time. Aggressive local invasion and widespread metastasis are now well recognized. Histological features are no guide to malignancy. These tumors can nearly all be removed with an acceptable mortality and morbidity, without damage to the internal carotid artery. Ideally the diagnosis should be made by clinical acumen and confirmatory X-ray examination. Biopsy makes subsequent removal of the tumour much more difficult, and should be avoided if at all possible. Eleven personal cases of carotid body tumours are reported, and the technique of surgical excision is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:271499", "title": "Radionuclide pancreatic scanning: a retrospective analysis.", "content": "Records of 346 patients were studied to determine the reliability and diagnostic value of pancreatic scanning. In 157 the pancreatic diagnosis was established subsequent to scanning. The scan was abnormal in 28 of 34 patients (82%) with pancreatic neoplasm, and in 21 of 26 patients (81%) with chronic pancreatitis. Of 71 with normal scans, 56 (79%) had a normal pancreas, and 15 had pancreatic disease (a false negative rate of 21%). Of the 86 with abnormal scans, the pancreas was diseased in 56 (65%), and of the others, 14 had extrapancreatic conditions known to be associated with a high incidence of scan abnormalities. In obstructive jaundice all 21 patients with pancreatic carcinoma had abnormal scans (and the scan accurately diagnosed all four cases of bile duct carcinoma). A normal scan reliably indicated that the cause of jaundice was outside the pancreas. In chronic abdominal pain an abnormal scan was unreliable, but a normal scan excluded pancreatic disease with reasonable accuracy.", "contents": "Radionuclide pancreatic scanning: a retrospective analysis. Records of 346 patients were studied to determine the reliability and diagnostic value of pancreatic scanning. In 157 the pancreatic diagnosis was established subsequent to scanning. The scan was abnormal in 28 of 34 patients (82%) with pancreatic neoplasm, and in 21 of 26 patients (81%) with chronic pancreatitis. Of 71 with normal scans, 56 (79%) had a normal pancreas, and 15 had pancreatic disease (a false negative rate of 21%). Of the 86 with abnormal scans, the pancreas was diseased in 56 (65%), and of the others, 14 had extrapancreatic conditions known to be associated with a high incidence of scan abnormalities. In obstructive jaundice all 21 patients with pancreatic carcinoma had abnormal scans (and the scan accurately diagnosed all four cases of bile duct carcinoma). A normal scan reliably indicated that the cause of jaundice was outside the pancreas. In chronic abdominal pain an abnormal scan was unreliable, but a normal scan excluded pancreatic disease with reasonable accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:271500", "title": "Arterial problems seen in a teaching hospital in Hong Kong.", "content": "Over a 12-month period, 58 patients presented with arterial disease or other arterial problems to the University Surgical Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. These patients accounted for only 0.6% of this Unit's annual admissions. In spite of the reported rarity of atherosclerotic arterial disease in this part of the world, this was the cause of the disease in nearly half of our patients. Abdominal aortic aneurysm was the single most common condition encountered. In at least one-third of patients with atheromatous disease of the aortoiliac segment, chronic peptic ulcers were demonstrated. It is concluded that peripheral arterial disease is rare, but atherosclerosis is the most common cause.", "contents": "Arterial problems seen in a teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Over a 12-month period, 58 patients presented with arterial disease or other arterial problems to the University Surgical Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. These patients accounted for only 0.6% of this Unit's annual admissions. In spite of the reported rarity of atherosclerotic arterial disease in this part of the world, this was the cause of the disease in nearly half of our patients. Abdominal aortic aneurysm was the single most common condition encountered. In at least one-third of patients with atheromatous disease of the aortoiliac segment, chronic peptic ulcers were demonstrated. It is concluded that peripheral arterial disease is rare, but atherosclerosis is the most common cause."}
{"id": "PMID:271501", "title": "Migration of a ureteric calculus to the bladder via a ureterocolic and a vesicocolic fistula.", "content": "Following a difficult nephrectomy for pyonephrosis, two large calculi in the left pelvic ureter were not removed. The upper of these two calculi finally found its way into the bladder after ulcerating into the sigmoid colon and thence into the bladder. The calculi and the residual ureter were removed and the fistulae closed, with a successful outcome.", "contents": "Migration of a ureteric calculus to the bladder via a ureterocolic and a vesicocolic fistula. Following a difficult nephrectomy for pyonephrosis, two large calculi in the left pelvic ureter were not removed. The upper of these two calculi finally found its way into the bladder after ulcerating into the sigmoid colon and thence into the bladder. The calculi and the residual ureter were removed and the fistulae closed, with a successful outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:271503", "title": "Ileal replacement for gunshot injury of the ureter.", "content": "A case of gunshot injury of the upper third of the ureter is reported. The injury was managed by ileal replacement with complete conservation of the kidney, after an attempt at primary repair had failed. A survey of the literature has not disclosed any previous report of a gunshot injury of ureter being treated by this method. However, we recommend it only in cases where the conventional procedure of end-to-end repair fails.", "contents": "Ileal replacement for gunshot injury of the ureter. A case of gunshot injury of the upper third of the ureter is reported. The injury was managed by ileal replacement with complete conservation of the kidney, after an attempt at primary repair had failed. A survey of the literature has not disclosed any previous report of a gunshot injury of ureter being treated by this method. However, we recommend it only in cases where the conventional procedure of end-to-end repair fails."}
{"id": "PMID:271504", "title": "Isolated perforations of the ileum and jejunum in blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "A report of ten cases of perforations of the ileum and jejunum from blunt abdominal trauma is presented. The perforation was the only injury in eight patients, while in two there were other visceral injuries. The perforations were single in seven patients and double in three. Simple closure was used in seven cases and resection in three. Of the three patients who were operated upon late, one died.", "contents": "Isolated perforations of the ileum and jejunum in blunt abdominal trauma. A report of ten cases of perforations of the ileum and jejunum from blunt abdominal trauma is presented. The perforation was the only injury in eight patients, while in two there were other visceral injuries. The perforations were single in seven patients and double in three. Simple closure was used in seven cases and resection in three. Of the three patients who were operated upon late, one died."}
{"id": "PMID:271505", "title": "Abdominal pain and gonorrhoea.", "content": "Two patients are described who presented with features of the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Recognition of this entity may prevent unnecessary investigation before diagnosis and treatment. As the incidence of gonorrhoea is increasing, complications such as this may be seen more frequently among patients presenting to surgical or gynaecological wards.", "contents": "Abdominal pain and gonorrhoea. Two patients are described who presented with features of the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Recognition of this entity may prevent unnecessary investigation before diagnosis and treatment. As the incidence of gonorrhoea is increasing, complications such as this may be seen more frequently among patients presenting to surgical or gynaecological wards."}
{"id": "PMID:271506", "title": "The simplification of a clinical data base: application to gallstone patients.", "content": "In patients with gallstones, recommendations for cholecystectomy depend on evidence of abnormality in the cholecystogram. Symptoms and signs, usually related as a syndrome, are employed to identify patients who should have a cholecystogram. Triplet combinations of clinical data from gallstone patients and controls were examined to find which combination was the best discriminator between diseased and non-diseased, and between those who should be investigated radiologically and those who need not. The cholecystogram was confirmed as the best overall discriminator, but right costal margin pain by itself was as efficient as any triplet. The performance of a cholecystogram on all patients with right costal margin pain is as efficient a system for identifying patients with gallstones as the consideration of any quantity of clinical data.", "contents": "The simplification of a clinical data base: application to gallstone patients. In patients with gallstones, recommendations for cholecystectomy depend on evidence of abnormality in the cholecystogram. Symptoms and signs, usually related as a syndrome, are employed to identify patients who should have a cholecystogram. Triplet combinations of clinical data from gallstone patients and controls were examined to find which combination was the best discriminator between diseased and non-diseased, and between those who should be investigated radiologically and those who need not. The cholecystogram was confirmed as the best overall discriminator, but right costal margin pain by itself was as efficient as any triplet. The performance of a cholecystogram on all patients with right costal margin pain is as efficient a system for identifying patients with gallstones as the consideration of any quantity of clinical data."}
{"id": "PMID:271507", "title": "The pathophysiology of renal hypertension.", "content": "The increased understanding of the mechanisms leading to production of renal hypertension, and in particular the recognition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis as an integrated capacity-volume system for the control of arterial blood pressure, now allows a rational approach to the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from this disease. In this brief review some of the experimental evidence behind this rational approach is presented.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of renal hypertension. The increased understanding of the mechanisms leading to production of renal hypertension, and in particular the recognition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis as an integrated capacity-volume system for the control of arterial blood pressure, now allows a rational approach to the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from this disease. In this brief review some of the experimental evidence behind this rational approach is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271512", "title": "Treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia with a triple cytotoxic regime: DAT.", "content": "Twenty patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were treated with a combination of chemotherapy which included daunorubicin, cytosine arabino-side and 6-thioguanine (DAT). The complete remission rate was 85% and was achieved, in responsive cases, after an average of 2 courses of therapy. Patients remained in hospital for an average of 37.5 days during remission-induction therapy and 3.7 days per month thereafter. The median remission period was 48 weeks and median survival was 70 weeks. A disappointing feature was the high relapse rate. This feature of the results re-affirms the need for a more effective form of remission therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia with a triple cytotoxic regime: DAT. Twenty patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were treated with a combination of chemotherapy which included daunorubicin, cytosine arabino-side and 6-thioguanine (DAT). The complete remission rate was 85% and was achieved, in responsive cases, after an average of 2 courses of therapy. Patients remained in hospital for an average of 37.5 days during remission-induction therapy and 3.7 days per month thereafter. The median remission period was 48 weeks and median survival was 70 weeks. A disappointing feature was the high relapse rate. This feature of the results re-affirms the need for a more effective form of remission therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:271513", "title": "Spectral analysis of mouse EEG after the administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine.", "content": "Mice were implanted with permanent cortical electrodes. The EEG was recorded during the sleep-wake cycle and after the administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Based upon spectral analysis the EEG was classified into three categories: awake, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). The dominant frequencies were located below 2 Hz in the case of SWS and between 6 and 9 Hz for REM. When DMT was administered intraperitoneally at 20 or 40 mg/kg, a dose-dependent hypersynchrony at 2.5-4.5 Hz was always observed lasting for up to 60 min. Hypersynchronous activity in the same range was occasionally observed during awake. In this range DMT induced a different but unique frequency for each animal. This individual frequency was closely reproduced by repeated administrations of DMT to the same animal.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of mouse EEG after the administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Mice were implanted with permanent cortical electrodes. The EEG was recorded during the sleep-wake cycle and after the administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Based upon spectral analysis the EEG was classified into three categories: awake, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). The dominant frequencies were located below 2 Hz in the case of SWS and between 6 and 9 Hz for REM. When DMT was administered intraperitoneally at 20 or 40 mg/kg, a dose-dependent hypersynchrony at 2.5-4.5 Hz was always observed lasting for up to 60 min. Hypersynchronous activity in the same range was occasionally observed during awake. In this range DMT induced a different but unique frequency for each animal. This individual frequency was closely reproduced by repeated administrations of DMT to the same animal."}
{"id": "PMID:271516", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in adults.", "content": "Fifty-one adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were entered into a trial of intense initial chemotherapy and early \"prophylaxis\" of the central nervous system (CNS). Initial treatment with OPAL (Oncovin (vincristine), prednisolone, adriamycin (doxorubicin), and L-asparaginase (colaspase)) followed by craniospinal or cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate produced remission in 36 patients (71%). Seventeen of these patients relapsed three to 18 months after the start of remission; the remainder had been in remission for 12 to 52 months by the end of the study. The predicted median duration of complete remission was 18.5 months. None of the four patients who initially had clinical evidence of CNS disease, three of whom also had leukaemic cells identical to those found in Burkitt's lymphoma, achieved remission. Those patients who initially had hepatomegaly or splenomegaly had a shorter remission than those without. The predicted median survival was 27 months in those who achieved complete remission, one month in those who did not, and 21 months overall. The addition of colaspase and doxorubicin to vincristine and prednisolone and the use of early CNS treatment clearly improved the remission rate among adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, though the presence and length of remission was affected by the extent of disease at presentation. Burkitt-like leukaemia, which had a poor prognosis, is probably a separate disease and may benefit from a different therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in adults. Fifty-one adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were entered into a trial of intense initial chemotherapy and early \"prophylaxis\" of the central nervous system (CNS). Initial treatment with OPAL (Oncovin (vincristine), prednisolone, adriamycin (doxorubicin), and L-asparaginase (colaspase)) followed by craniospinal or cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate produced remission in 36 patients (71%). Seventeen of these patients relapsed three to 18 months after the start of remission; the remainder had been in remission for 12 to 52 months by the end of the study. The predicted median duration of complete remission was 18.5 months. None of the four patients who initially had clinical evidence of CNS disease, three of whom also had leukaemic cells identical to those found in Burkitt's lymphoma, achieved remission. Those patients who initially had hepatomegaly or splenomegaly had a shorter remission than those without. The predicted median survival was 27 months in those who achieved complete remission, one month in those who did not, and 21 months overall. The addition of colaspase and doxorubicin to vincristine and prednisolone and the use of early CNS treatment clearly improved the remission rate among adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, though the presence and length of remission was affected by the extent of disease at presentation. Burkitt-like leukaemia, which had a poor prognosis, is probably a separate disease and may benefit from a different therapeutic approach."}
{"id": "PMID:271517", "title": "Seven cases of Gilles de la tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study.", "content": "The histories of seven consecutive cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are presented to exemplify the range of clinical manifestations in this disease and to collate preliminary results with the new benzodiazepine, clonazepam, as possible adjuvant therapy of this disorder. Controlled trials with clonazepam alone and in association with haloperidol are now justified. Five of our 7 patients had a positive family history of tics, and 2 a confirmed family history of gout. Because clonazepam improves myoclonia and tics and because its mechanism of action possibly involves serotonin, we thought it worthwhile to study simultaneously the relative roles of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the production of tics, and their relationship to possible defects in purine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.", "contents": "Seven cases of Gilles de la tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. The histories of seven consecutive cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are presented to exemplify the range of clinical manifestations in this disease and to collate preliminary results with the new benzodiazepine, clonazepam, as possible adjuvant therapy of this disorder. Controlled trials with clonazepam alone and in association with haloperidol are now justified. Five of our 7 patients had a positive family history of tics, and 2 a confirmed family history of gout. Because clonazepam improves myoclonia and tics and because its mechanism of action possibly involves serotonin, we thought it worthwhile to study simultaneously the relative roles of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the production of tics, and their relationship to possible defects in purine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:271518", "title": "Suppression of human myelosarcoma growth in athymic mice by a primate antiserum.", "content": "A primate (Macaca speciosa) antiserum prepared against the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562 suppressed the growth of the human myelosarcomas in nude mice. The ip administration of 0.5 ml of immune serum plus 0.5 ml of guinea pig complement, starting 7 days after sc tumor transplantation, resulted in a fourfold to fivefold decrease in tumor weight at 15 days when compared to nude mice given pre-immune serum plus complement or complement alone. Whereas the other two groups experienced an exponential increase in tumor volume at 7-9 days after tumor transplantation, the immune serum-treated mice remained in a \"lag\" phase of tumor growth during which the tumor volume neither increased nor decreased substantially. Histopathologic studies revealed various degrees of tumor alterations ranging form focal hydropic cellular degeneration to massive coagulation necrosis. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the tumors was also markedly diminished in the mice given immune serum.", "contents": "Suppression of human myelosarcoma growth in athymic mice by a primate antiserum. A primate (Macaca speciosa) antiserum prepared against the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K-562 suppressed the growth of the human myelosarcomas in nude mice. The ip administration of 0.5 ml of immune serum plus 0.5 ml of guinea pig complement, starting 7 days after sc tumor transplantation, resulted in a fourfold to fivefold decrease in tumor weight at 15 days when compared to nude mice given pre-immune serum plus complement or complement alone. Whereas the other two groups experienced an exponential increase in tumor volume at 7-9 days after tumor transplantation, the immune serum-treated mice remained in a \"lag\" phase of tumor growth during which the tumor volume neither increased nor decreased substantially. Histopathologic studies revealed various degrees of tumor alterations ranging form focal hydropic cellular degeneration to massive coagulation necrosis. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the tumors was also markedly diminished in the mice given immune serum."}
{"id": "PMID:271529", "title": "An osteosarcoma cell and matrix retained morphogen for normal bone formation.", "content": "Histophysiology, ultrastructure, chemical analyses of transplants and implants of Dunn and Ridgway mouse osteosarcomas demonstrate that tumorigenesis is a manifestation of deranged morphogenesis in developing mesenchymal cell populations. The end product of development is defective, incompletely calcified, disorganized bone without any inclusions of bone marrow tissue. When Dunn osteosarcoma is freeze-dried and then implanted, the tumor is resorbed and replaced by deposits of normal cartilage, bone, and bone marrow. Freeze-dried Ridgway osteosarcoma is replaced only by a fibrous connective tissue scar. Disaggregated Dunn tumor osteoblasts synthesize a trypsin-labile collagenase-resistant cell surface localized bone morphogen. Tumor matrix stroma, prepared by sequential chemical extraction of soluble non-collagenous proteins also contains significant quantities of the same bone morphogen. Tumor tissue pulverized to particle size as small as 44 micrometer3 transmitted bone morphogen more rapidly than intact tumor tissue. The total tumor cell and stroma mediated bone morphogen produces three times more normal bone than normal cortical bone matrix. Our working hypothesis is that a normal bone morphogenetic polypeptide (BMP) is synthesized by Dunn osteosarcoma cells and retained by the tumor matrix stroma. Neither the mechanism of transmission nor the mesenchymal cell receptor sites of BMP are known.", "contents": "An osteosarcoma cell and matrix retained morphogen for normal bone formation. Histophysiology, ultrastructure, chemical analyses of transplants and implants of Dunn and Ridgway mouse osteosarcomas demonstrate that tumorigenesis is a manifestation of deranged morphogenesis in developing mesenchymal cell populations. The end product of development is defective, incompletely calcified, disorganized bone without any inclusions of bone marrow tissue. When Dunn osteosarcoma is freeze-dried and then implanted, the tumor is resorbed and replaced by deposits of normal cartilage, bone, and bone marrow. Freeze-dried Ridgway osteosarcoma is replaced only by a fibrous connective tissue scar. Disaggregated Dunn tumor osteoblasts synthesize a trypsin-labile collagenase-resistant cell surface localized bone morphogen. Tumor matrix stroma, prepared by sequential chemical extraction of soluble non-collagenous proteins also contains significant quantities of the same bone morphogen. Tumor tissue pulverized to particle size as small as 44 micrometer3 transmitted bone morphogen more rapidly than intact tumor tissue. The total tumor cell and stroma mediated bone morphogen produces three times more normal bone than normal cortical bone matrix. Our working hypothesis is that a normal bone morphogenetic polypeptide (BMP) is synthesized by Dunn osteosarcoma cells and retained by the tumor matrix stroma. Neither the mechanism of transmission nor the mesenchymal cell receptor sites of BMP are known."}
{"id": "PMID:271530", "title": "Total femur and total knee replacement. A preliminary report.", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma, a highly malignant tumor of bone, is generally treated by amputation. This is a report of 19 cases of excision of the entire femur because of skip areas which are occasionally seen. The femur usually has the lowest cure rate according to site of involvement. In total femur replacement, the whole bone is removed while the limb is saved. The operation consists of isolating the neurovascular bundle and removing the knee joint and femur including some surrounding normal tissue for margin of safety. The femur and knee replacements are made entirely of metal. The resultant extremity is weak, but functional. The patients can walk without support, but their gait is better using a cane and/or an ischial weight bearing brace.", "contents": "Total femur and total knee replacement. A preliminary report. Osteogenic sarcoma, a highly malignant tumor of bone, is generally treated by amputation. This is a report of 19 cases of excision of the entire femur because of skip areas which are occasionally seen. The femur usually has the lowest cure rate according to site of involvement. In total femur replacement, the whole bone is removed while the limb is saved. The operation consists of isolating the neurovascular bundle and removing the knee joint and femur including some surrounding normal tissue for margin of safety. The femur and knee replacements are made entirely of metal. The resultant extremity is weak, but functional. The patients can walk without support, but their gait is better using a cane and/or an ischial weight bearing brace."}
{"id": "PMID:271568", "title": "[Problems in the determination of the hinge axis in the partially edentulous arch].", "content": "The mandibular movements are well known to be complex because of the many muscles inserted at the most varied points and the anatomical peculiarities of the joints. This complicated course of movement is coordinated by a control system which is essentially influenced by the tactile sensitivity of the pressure receptors in the desmodont, but also by signals from the temporomandibular joints and the musculature itself.", "contents": "[Problems in the determination of the hinge axis in the partially edentulous arch]. The mandibular movements are well known to be complex because of the many muscles inserted at the most varied points and the anatomical peculiarities of the joints. This complicated course of movement is coordinated by a control system which is essentially influenced by the tactile sensitivity of the pressure receptors in the desmodont, but also by signals from the temporomandibular joints and the musculature itself."}
{"id": "PMID:271570", "title": "[Lateral teleradiographic diagnosis of deep bite].", "content": "113 lateral teleradiographs of students were analysed by A. M. Schwarz's method of X-ray analysis inorder to clarify whether the occlusal position of a patient can be determined from gnathometric data and data relating to soft parts in the lateral teleradiograph with sufficient certainty. The relatively high proportion of close bite cases (20%) enabled a comparison to be made of the measurements of anatomically correct occlusal position and close bite. The large scatter of the measurements for anatomically correct interlocking was striking. Of seven specific close bite characteristics, with anatomically correct occlusal position three at most could be identified whereas in cases of close bite, four to six occurred. So the diagnosis of \"close bite\" from the appearance of four or more close bite characteristics in the lateral teleradiograph seems to be confirmed.", "contents": "[Lateral teleradiographic diagnosis of deep bite]. 113 lateral teleradiographs of students were analysed by A. M. Schwarz's method of X-ray analysis inorder to clarify whether the occlusal position of a patient can be determined from gnathometric data and data relating to soft parts in the lateral teleradiograph with sufficient certainty. The relatively high proportion of close bite cases (20%) enabled a comparison to be made of the measurements of anatomically correct occlusal position and close bite. The large scatter of the measurements for anatomically correct interlocking was striking. Of seven specific close bite characteristics, with anatomically correct occlusal position three at most could be identified whereas in cases of close bite, four to six occurred. So the diagnosis of \"close bite\" from the appearance of four or more close bite characteristics in the lateral teleradiograph seems to be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:271572", "title": "[Abrasion in modeling materials].", "content": "Ten frequently used hard plasters (Types 3 and 4 in accordance with DIN 13911) and 5 current modelling plastics have been investigated. Abrasion with testing forces of 1, 2 and 5 N were determined on samples 2 mm broad and about 12 mm long. The amount of abrasion could be calculated from the loss in weight. Only Kol-Dur and the plastics Diemet, Impredur and Alpha-Die are sufficiently reliable not to become damaged by abrasion on wax modelling (abrasion less than 5 micrometer). Hard plasters are not hard enough to resist abrasion. Taking into account the bending strength and modulus of elasticity, only Kol-Dur and Diemet can be recommended. Because of the improved dimensional stability of the hard plasters, Alca Dental Stone, Begolith, Duralit, Tewstone or Ferrodur can be recommended if the bending properties and a possible slight abrasion are taken into consideration. With the hard plasters, damage of more than 10 micrometer is easily possible.", "contents": "[Abrasion in modeling materials]. Ten frequently used hard plasters (Types 3 and 4 in accordance with DIN 13911) and 5 current modelling plastics have been investigated. Abrasion with testing forces of 1, 2 and 5 N were determined on samples 2 mm broad and about 12 mm long. The amount of abrasion could be calculated from the loss in weight. Only Kol-Dur and the plastics Diemet, Impredur and Alpha-Die are sufficiently reliable not to become damaged by abrasion on wax modelling (abrasion less than 5 micrometer). Hard plasters are not hard enough to resist abrasion. Taking into account the bending strength and modulus of elasticity, only Kol-Dur and Diemet can be recommended. Because of the improved dimensional stability of the hard plasters, Alca Dental Stone, Begolith, Duralit, Tewstone or Ferrodur can be recommended if the bending properties and a possible slight abrasion are taken into consideration. With the hard plasters, damage of more than 10 micrometer is easily possible."}
{"id": "PMID:271573", "title": "[Bending strength in modeling materials].", "content": "The bending strength and modulus of elasticity of 15 materials were measured. 9 of them were hard plasters. Five were plastics with filling material, one a hard plaster with copper. On the basis of modelling calculation a bending strength of 20 N/mm2 is necessary. It is exceeded by 12 of the materials and not quite attained by 3 of them.", "contents": "[Bending strength in modeling materials]. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity of 15 materials were measured. 9 of them were hard plasters. Five were plastics with filling material, one a hard plaster with copper. On the basis of modelling calculation a bending strength of 20 N/mm2 is necessary. It is exceeded by 12 of the materials and not quite attained by 3 of them."}
{"id": "PMID:271574", "title": "[Correlation between dimensional changes of the casting investment and the accuracy of fit of schematic crown rings].", "content": "90 pairs of measurements were evaluated to determine the correlation between the combined setting and thermal expansion of the investment Deguvest HFG and the width of the gap of the rings casted by Degulor M. The correlation is significant but not especially strict.", "contents": "[Correlation between dimensional changes of the casting investment and the accuracy of fit of schematic crown rings]. 90 pairs of measurements were evaluated to determine the correlation between the combined setting and thermal expansion of the investment Deguvest HFG and the width of the gap of the rings casted by Degulor M. The correlation is significant but not especially strict."}
{"id": "PMID:271575", "title": "[Bending strength of UV hardening composites].", "content": "Mechanical firmness of 4 UV hardened composites was estimated by the bending test according to DIN 13922. Bending strength and breaking point lie between 70 and 120 MPA and 0.5 and 0.25 mm compared with 110 MPA and 0.13 mm for Adaptic. The results show that the combination of filling substance and UV irradiation is well balanced.", "contents": "[Bending strength of UV hardening composites]. Mechanical firmness of 4 UV hardened composites was estimated by the bending test according to DIN 13922. Bending strength and breaking point lie between 70 and 120 MPA and 0.5 and 0.25 mm compared with 110 MPA and 0.13 mm for Adaptic. The results show that the combination of filling substance and UV irradiation is well balanced."}
{"id": "PMID:271577", "title": "[Fluorescence of dental ceramics by means of non-radioactive materials].", "content": "In order to improve the aesthetics of dental ceramics under all lighting conditions, uranium and cerium are added as fluorescent additives. However, studies have shown that the fluorescent behavior of dental ceramics is still not identical to that of natural teeth in all cases. A further disadvantage of the use of uranium are its radioactive and poisonous properties. This study was undertaken in order to investigate the possibility of using elements of the rare earth family as fluorescent additives for dental ceramics. The rare earths were added to a potassium feldspar glass host and emission spectra were measured. As a result it is recommended that divalent europium and trivalent dysprosium be further investigated as possible fluorescent additives for dental ceramics, as they show intense blue-white and yellow fluorescence respectively.", "contents": "[Fluorescence of dental ceramics by means of non-radioactive materials]. In order to improve the aesthetics of dental ceramics under all lighting conditions, uranium and cerium are added as fluorescent additives. However, studies have shown that the fluorescent behavior of dental ceramics is still not identical to that of natural teeth in all cases. A further disadvantage of the use of uranium are its radioactive and poisonous properties. This study was undertaken in order to investigate the possibility of using elements of the rare earth family as fluorescent additives for dental ceramics. The rare earths were added to a potassium feldspar glass host and emission spectra were measured. As a result it is recommended that divalent europium and trivalent dysprosium be further investigated as possible fluorescent additives for dental ceramics, as they show intense blue-white and yellow fluorescence respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:271578", "title": "[Laboratory technical problems of denture linings].", "content": "Inaccuracies after underpinning of total prosthesis must be the responsibility of the technical laboratory in the first place. Six procedures were compared. B\u00f6cker's apparatus for underpinning gave the best results.", "contents": "[Laboratory technical problems of denture linings]. Inaccuracies after underpinning of total prosthesis must be the responsibility of the technical laboratory in the first place. Six procedures were compared. B\u00f6cker's apparatus for underpinning gave the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:271580", "title": "[The mechanical effect of various types of tooth brushes on the alveolar mucosa and the gingiva (scanning electron microscopic studies)].", "content": "In animal experiments guinea pigs were subjected three times weekly for 4 weeks to cleaning with a plane multitufted or a toothed \"space tufted\" toothbrush for 20 seconds by a standardised method comparing opposing quadrants on each side. Scan electronmicroscopic evaluation of the tissue exfoliation from the area of attached gum before cleaning, after 2 and 4 weeks, shows that localised though different epithelial lesions occur with both tooth brushes. The lesions reach into the submucosa with the toothed type brush. Influence on the epithelium in the sense of normalising keratinisation after tooth brush massage could not be confirmed.", "contents": "[The mechanical effect of various types of tooth brushes on the alveolar mucosa and the gingiva (scanning electron microscopic studies)]. In animal experiments guinea pigs were subjected three times weekly for 4 weeks to cleaning with a plane multitufted or a toothed \"space tufted\" toothbrush for 20 seconds by a standardised method comparing opposing quadrants on each side. Scan electronmicroscopic evaluation of the tissue exfoliation from the area of attached gum before cleaning, after 2 and 4 weeks, shows that localised though different epithelial lesions occur with both tooth brushes. The lesions reach into the submucosa with the toothed type brush. Influence on the epithelium in the sense of normalising keratinisation after tooth brush massage could not be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:271581", "title": "[The effect of brush stimulation on the keratinization of the gingival epithelium].", "content": "During a prolonged tooth-cleaning experiment extending over 6 weeks, using \"multitufted\" and \"space-tufted\" brushes on mini-pigs it was shown that significant thickening in all epithelial layers and in the total epithelium occurred in the area of the \"attached\" gingiva in comparison to the control side. These results were obtained by histological means, measuring the thickness of individual epithelial layers and total thickness with a semi-automatic picture analysing apparatus. Both brushes investigated showed no essential differences in the histological picture. Clinical evaluation however gives preference to the \"multitufted\" toothbrush over the \"space-tufted\" brush on the basis of better tissue tolerance.", "contents": "[The effect of brush stimulation on the keratinization of the gingival epithelium]. During a prolonged tooth-cleaning experiment extending over 6 weeks, using \"multitufted\" and \"space-tufted\" brushes on mini-pigs it was shown that significant thickening in all epithelial layers and in the total epithelium occurred in the area of the \"attached\" gingiva in comparison to the control side. These results were obtained by histological means, measuring the thickness of individual epithelial layers and total thickness with a semi-automatic picture analysing apparatus. Both brushes investigated showed no essential differences in the histological picture. Clinical evaluation however gives preference to the \"multitufted\" toothbrush over the \"space-tufted\" brush on the basis of better tissue tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:271582", "title": "[Cell culture of human gingival epithelium].", "content": "Gingival explants were taken from 8 volunteers in order to find a method to grow gingival epithelial cells. We succeeded in what we regarded as optimal conditions in achieving a monolayer cell thickness in the culture by means of BHK medium and foetal calf serum.", "contents": "[Cell culture of human gingival epithelium]. Gingival explants were taken from 8 volunteers in order to find a method to grow gingival epithelial cells. We succeeded in what we regarded as optimal conditions in achieving a monolayer cell thickness in the culture by means of BHK medium and foetal calf serum."}
{"id": "PMID:271583", "title": "[Pretreatment in periodontal therapy].", "content": "Initial treatment is of central importance in dental interventions for marginal periodontal lesions. The hygienic phase must be successfully concluded before further measures of periodontal surgery or bigger reconstructions of any kind are undertaken. In this way optimal prognosis is achieved for all phases of therapy.", "contents": "[Pretreatment in periodontal therapy]. Initial treatment is of central importance in dental interventions for marginal periodontal lesions. The hygienic phase must be successfully concluded before further measures of periodontal surgery or bigger reconstructions of any kind are undertaken. In this way optimal prognosis is achieved for all phases of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:271584", "title": "[Measurements of the temperature during the use of dental ultrasonic devices].", "content": "This investigation worked at temperature measurements in cylindric pieces of copper for determination of surface temperatures and in root dentin of calves using ultrasonics by varying intensity, water flowing and pressure. In each experiment two different dental ultrasonic devices were used with two tips. The experiments with sufficient water flowing showed that the spray temperature which was determined separately in further experiments influenced the measurements mainly. On the other hand an insufficient water flowing resulted in remarkable findings showing for example temperatures in the pieces of copper higher than 195 degrees C and macroscopic changes on the root surface in form of carbonization and alterations of cementum and root dentin.", "contents": "[Measurements of the temperature during the use of dental ultrasonic devices]. This investigation worked at temperature measurements in cylindric pieces of copper for determination of surface temperatures and in root dentin of calves using ultrasonics by varying intensity, water flowing and pressure. In each experiment two different dental ultrasonic devices were used with two tips. The experiments with sufficient water flowing showed that the spray temperature which was determined separately in further experiments influenced the measurements mainly. On the other hand an insufficient water flowing resulted in remarkable findings showing for example temperatures in the pieces of copper higher than 195 degrees C and macroscopic changes on the root surface in form of carbonization and alterations of cementum and root dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:271585", "title": "[Experimental gingivitis as a model for the testing of the pharmacological effect in anti-inflammatory treatment of the gingiva].", "content": "This is a report concerning the feasibility of using gingivitis caused by neglect of usual oral hygiene for testing the pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory agents. An unexpected difficulty is presented by the inability to reproduce the height of increase of the SB-index during repetition of the experiment after interruption of oral hygiene for one week.", "contents": "[Experimental gingivitis as a model for the testing of the pharmacological effect in anti-inflammatory treatment of the gingiva]. This is a report concerning the feasibility of using gingivitis caused by neglect of usual oral hygiene for testing the pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory agents. An unexpected difficulty is presented by the inability to reproduce the height of increase of the SB-index during repetition of the experiment after interruption of oral hygiene for one week."}
{"id": "PMID:271586", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies on pedicled grafts of alveolar mucosa and on newly formed periosteal epithelium].", "content": "20 patients who had undergone a vestibuloplasty using the technique of Edlan and Mejchar were examined by histo-morphological studies of the transplanted alveolar mucosa and the epithelialised periosteal zone up to one year post-operatively. The following conclusions were reached: --the original characteristics of the transplanted tissue remain unaltered. --numerous abnormalities in the epithelium and connective tissue are explained by insufficient oxygen diffusion and marked inflammatory reaction in the connective tissue. --there is no keratin formation although the number of layers of the stratum superficiale increases after the 16th post-operative week. On the basis of these results the question of whether there is a possible change-over from uncornified to a cornified epithelium is answered in the negative.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies on pedicled grafts of alveolar mucosa and on newly formed periosteal epithelium]. 20 patients who had undergone a vestibuloplasty using the technique of Edlan and Mejchar were examined by histo-morphological studies of the transplanted alveolar mucosa and the epithelialised periosteal zone up to one year post-operatively. The following conclusions were reached: --the original characteristics of the transplanted tissue remain unaltered. --numerous abnormalities in the epithelium and connective tissue are explained by insufficient oxygen diffusion and marked inflammatory reaction in the connective tissue. --there is no keratin formation although the number of layers of the stratum superficiale increases after the 16th post-operative week. On the basis of these results the question of whether there is a possible change-over from uncornified to a cornified epithelium is answered in the negative."}
{"id": "PMID:271588", "title": "[Comparative clinical and cytological studies on the local tissue toxicity of fluoride gels].", "content": "Local short term and long term topical applications of a sodium fluoride jelly and an aminofluoride jelly were tested in a comparative clinical and cytological study of the reaction of the alveolar mucosa and the attached gum. Neither after short term use (single application) nor after long term use (four times continuous daily application) of the fluoride jelly was any change detected in the oral mucosa or gingiva. No clinically manifest epithelial damage or changes in cytology were observed outside the range of normal variations.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and cytological studies on the local tissue toxicity of fluoride gels]. Local short term and long term topical applications of a sodium fluoride jelly and an aminofluoride jelly were tested in a comparative clinical and cytological study of the reaction of the alveolar mucosa and the attached gum. Neither after short term use (single application) nor after long term use (four times continuous daily application) of the fluoride jelly was any change detected in the oral mucosa or gingiva. No clinically manifest epithelial damage or changes in cytology were observed outside the range of normal variations."}
{"id": "PMID:271589", "title": "[Comparative clinical studies on 2 toothbrushing methods--Roll and Bass technic].", "content": "The effectiveness of two tooth cleaning methods (Roll and Bass technique) was evaluated in 28 patients. Answers to the following questions were sought: 1. Which of the two methods results in greater reduction of plaque formation? 2. Are difficulties encountered in the learning and practice of each method? 3. Which method gives better results in the less accessible parts of the jaws? A significant difference in the cleaning effectiveness of the two methods could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical studies on 2 toothbrushing methods--Roll and Bass technic]. The effectiveness of two tooth cleaning methods (Roll and Bass technique) was evaluated in 28 patients. Answers to the following questions were sought: 1. Which of the two methods results in greater reduction of plaque formation? 2. Are difficulties encountered in the learning and practice of each method? 3. Which method gives better results in the less accessible parts of the jaws? A significant difference in the cleaning effectiveness of the two methods could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:271590", "title": "[Evaluation of various radiographic technics for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases with special reference to the status X unilateral technic].", "content": "Various X-ray techniques (panorama views and intraoral plates) were contrasted and evaluated for diagnostic use in periodontal lesions. In addition the Status X-unilateral technique (Durner, Meyer) was compared to intraoral right angle roentgen states (Updergrave) in the examination of 20 patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation of various radiographic technics for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases with special reference to the status X unilateral technic]. Various X-ray techniques (panorama views and intraoral plates) were contrasted and evaluated for diagnostic use in periodontal lesions. In addition the Status X-unilateral technique (Durner, Meyer) was compared to intraoral right angle roentgen states (Updergrave) in the examination of 20 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271591", "title": "[Comparative studies on panoramic radiographic (Panorex) and intra-oral radiographs].", "content": "27 patients with periodontal lesions were examined by Panorex layered film and 14 intra-oral dental X-ray films (Updegrave's long tube right angle technique). The result of this enquiry shows that the two radiological methods do not compete with one another. Each has advantages over the other which derive from fundamentally different exposure techniques. The dental status films with right angle technique are superior in showing clear periodontal structures and hard dental tissue whilst the Panorex method gives X-ray surveillance over the whole mastication organ and neighbouring structures which cannot be visualised in its entirety by the intra-oral method.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on panoramic radiographic (Panorex) and intra-oral radiographs]. 27 patients with periodontal lesions were examined by Panorex layered film and 14 intra-oral dental X-ray films (Updegrave's long tube right angle technique). The result of this enquiry shows that the two radiological methods do not compete with one another. Each has advantages over the other which derive from fundamentally different exposure techniques. The dental status films with right angle technique are superior in showing clear periodontal structures and hard dental tissue whilst the Panorex method gives X-ray surveillance over the whole mastication organ and neighbouring structures which cannot be visualised in its entirety by the intra-oral method."}
{"id": "PMID:271592", "title": "[Critical thoughts on the periodontal status].", "content": "After 8 years' use of the periodontal status, recommendations for alterations to it are put forward for discussion, based on our own experience and on the evaluation of 218 analysed parodontal statuses. The headings \"previous history\", \"function\" and \"diagnosis\" are discussed in greater detail. Because of the significance of plaques as aetiological factors, it is recommended that a headling of plaque diagnosis should be added to the status.", "contents": "[Critical thoughts on the periodontal status]. After 8 years' use of the periodontal status, recommendations for alterations to it are put forward for discussion, based on our own experience and on the evaluation of 218 analysed parodontal statuses. The headings \"previous history\", \"function\" and \"diagnosis\" are discussed in greater detail. Because of the significance of plaques as aetiological factors, it is recommended that a headling of plaque diagnosis should be added to the status."}
{"id": "PMID:271593", "title": "[Plaque reduction by means of \"multi-tuft\" brushes connected to electric toothbrushes].", "content": "In 20 patients the plaque-removing properties of two toothbrushes were tested which work on the principle of an electric swing toothbrush. Brush A was of space-tufted type, brush B of multi-tufted type. The test ran for 14 days for each toothbrush. The study showed that the multi-tufted brush achieved a 30 to 50% better plaque reduction, measured on all tooth surfaces. When considering individual tooth surfaces it was shown that approximal surfaces were less well cleaned than the facial or oral surfaces. After a fortnight the cleaning power of both brushes was reduced. In spite of better plaque reduction by the multi-tufted type of brush the hand tooth brush by instructed patients is to be preferred.", "contents": "[Plaque reduction by means of \"multi-tuft\" brushes connected to electric toothbrushes]. In 20 patients the plaque-removing properties of two toothbrushes were tested which work on the principle of an electric swing toothbrush. Brush A was of space-tufted type, brush B of multi-tufted type. The test ran for 14 days for each toothbrush. The study showed that the multi-tufted brush achieved a 30 to 50% better plaque reduction, measured on all tooth surfaces. When considering individual tooth surfaces it was shown that approximal surfaces were less well cleaned than the facial or oral surfaces. After a fortnight the cleaning power of both brushes was reduced. In spite of better plaque reduction by the multi-tufted type of brush the hand tooth brush by instructed patients is to be preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:271594", "title": "[Free mucosal grafts: a technic for obtaining grafts with a newly developed mucotome].", "content": "\"Free gingival grafts--a technique for obtaining grafts using the Mucotom\": A new instrument with a mechanically oscillating blade for obtaining grafts from a palatal donor site was designed. The Mucotom can be attached to a dental unit. In 27 patients aged 18 to 46 the width of the attached gingiva in the mandibular anterior and bicuspid region was widened using for each case three independent grafts of ultrathin, thin and intermediate thickness. Each graft taken with the Mucotom was measured clinically in the center and at both ends using a Mitotoyo thickness measuring gauge. The average (+/- stand. dev.) thicknesses were in millimeters: 0.37 +/- 0.09 (M I), 0.55 +/- 0.12 (M II) and 0.75 +/- 0.14 (M II) respectively. Grafts obtained by manual scalpel preparation averaged 0.96 +/- 0.15 mm. Grafts of intermediate thickness (M III) showed excellent clinical healing of the donor and the recipient site. The precise cutting of the instrument and the direct visual control of the instrument's guidance produced grafts of uniform thicknesses and without microlacerations.", "contents": "[Free mucosal grafts: a technic for obtaining grafts with a newly developed mucotome]. \"Free gingival grafts--a technique for obtaining grafts using the Mucotom\": A new instrument with a mechanically oscillating blade for obtaining grafts from a palatal donor site was designed. The Mucotom can be attached to a dental unit. In 27 patients aged 18 to 46 the width of the attached gingiva in the mandibular anterior and bicuspid region was widened using for each case three independent grafts of ultrathin, thin and intermediate thickness. Each graft taken with the Mucotom was measured clinically in the center and at both ends using a Mitotoyo thickness measuring gauge. The average (+/- stand. dev.) thicknesses were in millimeters: 0.37 +/- 0.09 (M I), 0.55 +/- 0.12 (M II) and 0.75 +/- 0.14 (M II) respectively. Grafts obtained by manual scalpel preparation averaged 0.96 +/- 0.15 mm. Grafts of intermediate thickness (M III) showed excellent clinical healing of the donor and the recipient site. The precise cutting of the instrument and the direct visual control of the instrument's guidance produced grafts of uniform thicknesses and without microlacerations."}
{"id": "PMID:271595", "title": "[Selfinduced gingival mutilations--a diagnostic and therapeutic problem].", "content": "A case of factitial gingival traumatism and trichotillomania in a hysteric 28-year-old female patient is reported. During a period of 31 months the patient presented with gingival necrosis which involved the lingual aspects of all four quadrants respectively. A wide range of diagnostical aids failed to enlighten the nature of the lesions until the patient developed an alopecia capitis which was typical for hysteric trichotillomania. The diagnostical and therapeutical aspects of selfmutilation in hysteria are discussed.", "contents": "[Selfinduced gingival mutilations--a diagnostic and therapeutic problem]. A case of factitial gingival traumatism and trichotillomania in a hysteric 28-year-old female patient is reported. During a period of 31 months the patient presented with gingival necrosis which involved the lingual aspects of all four quadrants respectively. A wide range of diagnostical aids failed to enlighten the nature of the lesions until the patient developed an alopecia capitis which was typical for hysteric trichotillomania. The diagnostical and therapeutical aspects of selfmutilation in hysteria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271596", "title": "[Studies with the HSE-digital periodontometer on tooth mobility and for checking of clinical degrees of mobility].", "content": "The mobility of normal teeth and teeth with periodontal lesions could be measured by means of the newly constructed HSE-digital-periodontometer and specially developed measuring head. After obtaining norm values, measurements of pethological changes allowed us to determine to what degree the clinically increased mobility of teeth was subject to subjective influences (range of error 36.5 to 70.5%). These results suggest that the scale of clinical grades of tooth mobility be increased to 5 altogether and that practical objective measuring apparatus be developed especially for dental practice.", "contents": "[Studies with the HSE-digital periodontometer on tooth mobility and for checking of clinical degrees of mobility]. The mobility of normal teeth and teeth with periodontal lesions could be measured by means of the newly constructed HSE-digital-periodontometer and specially developed measuring head. After obtaining norm values, measurements of pethological changes allowed us to determine to what degree the clinically increased mobility of teeth was subject to subjective influences (range of error 36.5 to 70.5%). These results suggest that the scale of clinical grades of tooth mobility be increased to 5 altogether and that practical objective measuring apparatus be developed especially for dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:271598", "title": "[Oral leukoplakia. II. Results of a year-long polyclinical pilot study].", "content": "A pilot study was carried out on close on 4000 uniformly examined and documented patients of the Erlanger maxillo-facial Policlinic. This resulted in the extensive collection of data useful as a basis for future follow-up studies on leucoplakia patients. Leucoplakia was found in 123 patients (3,1%) including 7 precancerous lesions and 6 mucosal carcinomata. Age and sex distribution of leucoplakia patients and various potential influential factors were statistically compared with a control group of an equal number of outpatients. For each of the factors examined, chronic smoking, chronic alcohol consumption, enoral habits, the connection with the occurrence of leucoplakia was highly significant (alpha less than 0,001).", "contents": "[Oral leukoplakia. II. Results of a year-long polyclinical pilot study]. A pilot study was carried out on close on 4000 uniformly examined and documented patients of the Erlanger maxillo-facial Policlinic. This resulted in the extensive collection of data useful as a basis for future follow-up studies on leucoplakia patients. Leucoplakia was found in 123 patients (3,1%) including 7 precancerous lesions and 6 mucosal carcinomata. Age and sex distribution of leucoplakia patients and various potential influential factors were statistically compared with a control group of an equal number of outpatients. For each of the factors examined, chronic smoking, chronic alcohol consumption, enoral habits, the connection with the occurrence of leucoplakia was highly significant (alpha less than 0,001)."}
{"id": "PMID:271608", "title": "Reagents specific for cell surface components.", "content": "Mercury, diazonium ions and dyes which bind nucleic acids were covalently linked to dextrans using methods that resulted in non-hydrolyzable reagent-dextran bonds without impairing the binding abilities of the reagents, i.e. these dextran derivatives reacted with thiols, phenols/imidazoles and nucleic acids respectively. Since these dextran derivatives cannot penetrate into cells and since dextran itself does not bind to cells, these compounds represent reagents specific for the cell surface. They may be used both to evaluate cell surface constituents of intact cells and to affect viable cells via an interaction with those constituents. Mercury-dextran was found to bind to cells; the amount of mercury thus attached to the cells was about ten times smaller than when an equivalent concentration of free mercury ions was used. Mercury-dextran, bound to cells after a 30-min exposure at room temperature, was localized on the surface of these cells, as sodium borohydride reduced this complex giving rise to the intact cells, elementary mercury and free dextran which was released into medium. When cells were constantly exposed to the mercury-dextran, its toxic effects were comparable to that of free mercury ions. Diazonium-dextran, which also binds tightly to the cell surface, was also considerably toxic. Dextrans substituted with dyes which bind to nucleic acids were less toxic than the parent dyes themselves; it was shown that the attachment of such a dye to dextran decreased the binding of dye to cells under detection limits.", "contents": "Reagents specific for cell surface components. Mercury, diazonium ions and dyes which bind nucleic acids were covalently linked to dextrans using methods that resulted in non-hydrolyzable reagent-dextran bonds without impairing the binding abilities of the reagents, i.e. these dextran derivatives reacted with thiols, phenols/imidazoles and nucleic acids respectively. Since these dextran derivatives cannot penetrate into cells and since dextran itself does not bind to cells, these compounds represent reagents specific for the cell surface. They may be used both to evaluate cell surface constituents of intact cells and to affect viable cells via an interaction with those constituents. Mercury-dextran was found to bind to cells; the amount of mercury thus attached to the cells was about ten times smaller than when an equivalent concentration of free mercury ions was used. Mercury-dextran, bound to cells after a 30-min exposure at room temperature, was localized on the surface of these cells, as sodium borohydride reduced this complex giving rise to the intact cells, elementary mercury and free dextran which was released into medium. When cells were constantly exposed to the mercury-dextran, its toxic effects were comparable to that of free mercury ions. Diazonium-dextran, which also binds tightly to the cell surface, was also considerably toxic. Dextrans substituted with dyes which bind to nucleic acids were less toxic than the parent dyes themselves; it was shown that the attachment of such a dye to dextran decreased the binding of dye to cells under detection limits."}
{"id": "PMID:271614", "title": "Effects of the spinal cord section and of subsequent denervation on the mechanical properties of fast and slow muscles.", "content": "The Soleus muscle of the rat, 3--6 months old, becomes significantly faster than in the controls, if the spinal cord is cut at birth. Mechanical properties of Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle are not altered by spinal cord section. In cordotomized animals Soleus muscle always remains slower than EDL muscle. Denervation, performed 3--6 months after birth, has the same slowing effects in the Soleus and EDL muscles, both in cordotomized and in the control animals.", "contents": "Effects of the spinal cord section and of subsequent denervation on the mechanical properties of fast and slow muscles. The Soleus muscle of the rat, 3--6 months old, becomes significantly faster than in the controls, if the spinal cord is cut at birth. Mechanical properties of Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle are not altered by spinal cord section. In cordotomized animals Soleus muscle always remains slower than EDL muscle. Denervation, performed 3--6 months after birth, has the same slowing effects in the Soleus and EDL muscles, both in cordotomized and in the control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:271625", "title": "Differential diagnosis of orofacial pain.", "content": "No attempt has been made to deal with all of the various diseases that the dentist has to consider when diagnosing orofacial pain. One of the most important causes of facial pain--so-called temporomandibular joint or myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome--has not been mentioned, yet it accounts for many of the patients attending facial pain clinics. There are several textbooks devoted to the MPD and the reader is referred to these for a full description of the condition. Whenever a patient presents for evaluation of orofacial pain the dentist must remember: (1) to take a detailed history of the characteristics of the pain; (2) to complete a full examination of not only the teeth and the oral cavity but also the face, head, and neck; (3) not to assume that the patient in his chair necessarily has a dental condition producing his pain; (4) that if he is unaware of the existence of certain diseases he will never diagnose them!; and (5) to have no hesitation in referring a patient for evaluation rather than perform irreversible dental procedures.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of orofacial pain. No attempt has been made to deal with all of the various diseases that the dentist has to consider when diagnosing orofacial pain. One of the most important causes of facial pain--so-called temporomandibular joint or myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome--has not been mentioned, yet it accounts for many of the patients attending facial pain clinics. There are several textbooks devoted to the MPD and the reader is referred to these for a full description of the condition. Whenever a patient presents for evaluation of orofacial pain the dentist must remember: (1) to take a detailed history of the characteristics of the pain; (2) to complete a full examination of not only the teeth and the oral cavity but also the face, head, and neck; (3) not to assume that the patient in his chair necessarily has a dental condition producing his pain; (4) that if he is unaware of the existence of certain diseases he will never diagnose them!; and (5) to have no hesitation in referring a patient for evaluation rather than perform irreversible dental procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:271626", "title": "Selected pain states and the use of anesthesia in dentistry.", "content": "Certain pain disorders may be difficult to diagnose because their presenting symptoms are confusing and difficult to classify, or because they occur so infrequently that they are not commonly considered. This article has presented a classification and discussion of selected pain states which the practitioner may find difficult to diagnose. When faced with a perplexing pain problem, the dentist is encouraged to perform a careful evaluation to determine whether the patient's pain is or is not of dental origin. Certain pain states require that the patient be referred for evaluation to other dental or medical specialists. The value of local anesthesia as a diagnostic aid in evaluating face and head pain has been presented.", "contents": "Selected pain states and the use of anesthesia in dentistry. Certain pain disorders may be difficult to diagnose because their presenting symptoms are confusing and difficult to classify, or because they occur so infrequently that they are not commonly considered. This article has presented a classification and discussion of selected pain states which the practitioner may find difficult to diagnose. When faced with a perplexing pain problem, the dentist is encouraged to perform a careful evaluation to determine whether the patient's pain is or is not of dental origin. Certain pain states require that the patient be referred for evaluation to other dental or medical specialists. The value of local anesthesia as a diagnostic aid in evaluating face and head pain has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271627", "title": "A factor inducing differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "The M1 line cells of mouse myeloid leukemia can be induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages by a factor in human amniotic fluid. The macrophages showed phagocytosis and locomotic activity, and also gained Fc receptors on the cell surface. This factor in amniotic fluid capable of inducing differentiation of M1 cells was heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive, and non-dialysable. A growth-stimulating factor for the M1 cells was also found in the human amniotic fluid, and it was heat-stable and trypsin-resistant. The conditioned medium obtained from the amnion had the activity of differentiating the M1 cells.", "contents": "A factor inducing differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells in human amniotic fluid. The M1 line cells of mouse myeloid leukemia can be induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages by a factor in human amniotic fluid. The macrophages showed phagocytosis and locomotic activity, and also gained Fc receptors on the cell surface. This factor in amniotic fluid capable of inducing differentiation of M1 cells was heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive, and non-dialysable. A growth-stimulating factor for the M1 cells was also found in the human amniotic fluid, and it was heat-stable and trypsin-resistant. The conditioned medium obtained from the amnion had the activity of differentiating the M1 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:271630", "title": "A case of chronic myeloid leukemia with a translocation (12;22)(p13;q11).", "content": "Chromosomal studies of the bone marrow and cultured peripheral blood cells in a 42-year-old female with the clinical and laboratory features typical for CML revealed a previously undescribed variant translocation involving chromosomes 12 and 22.", "contents": "A case of chronic myeloid leukemia with a translocation (12;22)(p13;q11). Chromosomal studies of the bone marrow and cultured peripheral blood cells in a 42-year-old female with the clinical and laboratory features typical for CML revealed a previously undescribed variant translocation involving chromosomes 12 and 22."}
{"id": "PMID:271632", "title": "Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements in 27 cases of human myeloid leukemia.", "content": "The R-banding pattern of the chromosomes of 31 patients hospitalized in the Hematologic Clinic for myeloid leukemia were studied before chemotherapy. This analysis permitted identification of one unusual 3-chromosome rearrangement t(3;9;22) in addition to 25 classic forms of (22q-;9q+) translocation accompanied by the specific Ph' chromosome in chronic granulocytic leukemia patients, independent of the blastic course of the disease. During blastic crisis observed in 6 patients, extra 8 and 10 chromosomes, monosomy for chromosome 17, isochromosomes 17q, translocation (12q;13q), and additional Ph' were noted. The nonrandomness of these findings is determined from results published by other authors. Their significance for the cellular phenotype is presently unknown.", "contents": "Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements in 27 cases of human myeloid leukemia. The R-banding pattern of the chromosomes of 31 patients hospitalized in the Hematologic Clinic for myeloid leukemia were studied before chemotherapy. This analysis permitted identification of one unusual 3-chromosome rearrangement t(3;9;22) in addition to 25 classic forms of (22q-;9q+) translocation accompanied by the specific Ph' chromosome in chronic granulocytic leukemia patients, independent of the blastic course of the disease. During blastic crisis observed in 6 patients, extra 8 and 10 chromosomes, monosomy for chromosome 17, isochromosomes 17q, translocation (12q;13q), and additional Ph' were noted. The nonrandomness of these findings is determined from results published by other authors. Their significance for the cellular phenotype is presently unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:271633", "title": "[Immunological diagnosis of filariosis in persons returning from tropical countries and in European and indigenous inhabitants of endemic areas (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum samples from persons who lived in areas where onchocerciasis occurred or who had filariasis were examined with the complement fixation test and the indirect hemagglutination test for the presence of antibodies against crude extracts from Dirofilaria immitis, Onchocerca volvulus, Dipetalonema viteae, and Ascaris suum. The results could be interpreted as follows: 1. The indirect hemagglutination test was more sensitive than the complement fixation test for the demonstration of antibodies in sera from European and indigenous inhabitants of endemic areas. 2. There were no differences between the responses to the four crude worm extracts among the groups of 21 patients with Loa loa, 12 patients with Onchocerca volvulus, 11 patients with Dipetalonema perstans, and 22 patients with clinical filariasis in whom no microfilaria had been found. It was concluded that the examination with crude extracts cannot give any information about the antigens that had caused the stimulation of antibodies.", "contents": "[Immunological diagnosis of filariosis in persons returning from tropical countries and in European and indigenous inhabitants of endemic areas (author's transl)]. Serum samples from persons who lived in areas where onchocerciasis occurred or who had filariasis were examined with the complement fixation test and the indirect hemagglutination test for the presence of antibodies against crude extracts from Dirofilaria immitis, Onchocerca volvulus, Dipetalonema viteae, and Ascaris suum. The results could be interpreted as follows: 1. The indirect hemagglutination test was more sensitive than the complement fixation test for the demonstration of antibodies in sera from European and indigenous inhabitants of endemic areas. 2. There were no differences between the responses to the four crude worm extracts among the groups of 21 patients with Loa loa, 12 patients with Onchocerca volvulus, 11 patients with Dipetalonema perstans, and 22 patients with clinical filariasis in whom no microfilaria had been found. It was concluded that the examination with crude extracts cannot give any information about the antigens that had caused the stimulation of antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:271651", "title": "The plaque-inhibiting effect of copper amalgam.", "content": "In order to assess whether copper amalgam accumulates less bacterial plaque than silver amalgam, 14 copper amalgam cervical restorations were placed in 10 patients. Control silver amalgam fillings were placed in homologous teeth of the same jaw. To evaluate the amount of plaque, the stained areas on the amalgams were analyzed from photographs with a planimetric method. Further quantitative analyses of plaque growth on copper amalgam were carried out with microbiological methods, for which a new group of 10 patients was selected. Cervical cavities were prepared on both sides of the jaw. Specimens of copper amalgam and silver amalgam restorations were placed on opposite sides. The plaque was collected after 2 and 3 days and cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on blood agar plates and on Mitis Salivarius Agar. The results of both methods show a very significant inhibition of plaque growth on copper amalgam. These results were confirmed by scanning electron micrographs which showed that copper amalgam only had plaque on small areas. The plaque appeared in band formations arranged irregularly on the surface. Higher magnifications revealed a filamentous structure with predominating coccoid organisms. Scanning electron micrographs also showed that pellicle formation, which is considered to be necessary for bacterial adherence to the surface, took place on both amalgams.", "contents": "The plaque-inhibiting effect of copper amalgam. In order to assess whether copper amalgam accumulates less bacterial plaque than silver amalgam, 14 copper amalgam cervical restorations were placed in 10 patients. Control silver amalgam fillings were placed in homologous teeth of the same jaw. To evaluate the amount of plaque, the stained areas on the amalgams were analyzed from photographs with a planimetric method. Further quantitative analyses of plaque growth on copper amalgam were carried out with microbiological methods, for which a new group of 10 patients was selected. Cervical cavities were prepared on both sides of the jaw. Specimens of copper amalgam and silver amalgam restorations were placed on opposite sides. The plaque was collected after 2 and 3 days and cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on blood agar plates and on Mitis Salivarius Agar. The results of both methods show a very significant inhibition of plaque growth on copper amalgam. These results were confirmed by scanning electron micrographs which showed that copper amalgam only had plaque on small areas. The plaque appeared in band formations arranged irregularly on the surface. Higher magnifications revealed a filamentous structure with predominating coccoid organisms. Scanning electron micrographs also showed that pellicle formation, which is considered to be necessary for bacterial adherence to the surface, took place on both amalgams."}
{"id": "PMID:271652", "title": "Calculus removal and loss of tooth substance in response to different periodontal instruments. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The efficiency of calculus removal and the amount of lost tooth substance resulting from the use of hand curette, ultrasonic curette and rotating diamond and Roto-Pro points were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Root surfaces of mandibular incisors placed in a jaw model were cleaned of adhering deposits, photographed by SEM and evaluated at a standard magnification by three examiners. Scores were given for remaining calculus (RCI) and loss of tooth substance (LTSI) according to defined index criteria. The results revealed that calculus removal was most complete following diamond instrumentation, whereas the ultrasonic curette was least efficient in this respect. Hand curette, ultrasonic curette and Roto-Pro removed about the same amount of tooth substance whereas the diamond removed considerably more than the others. The diamond regularly removed all the cementum and left deep instrumental marks in the dentin; it seems advisable to avoid the use of such instruments in periodontal depuration.", "contents": "Calculus removal and loss of tooth substance in response to different periodontal instruments. A scanning electron microscope study. The efficiency of calculus removal and the amount of lost tooth substance resulting from the use of hand curette, ultrasonic curette and rotating diamond and Roto-Pro points were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Root surfaces of mandibular incisors placed in a jaw model were cleaned of adhering deposits, photographed by SEM and evaluated at a standard magnification by three examiners. Scores were given for remaining calculus (RCI) and loss of tooth substance (LTSI) according to defined index criteria. The results revealed that calculus removal was most complete following diamond instrumentation, whereas the ultrasonic curette was least efficient in this respect. Hand curette, ultrasonic curette and Roto-Pro removed about the same amount of tooth substance whereas the diamond removed considerably more than the others. The diamond regularly removed all the cementum and left deep instrumental marks in the dentin; it seems advisable to avoid the use of such instruments in periodontal depuration."}
{"id": "PMID:271653", "title": "Periodontal treatment needs of 35-year-old citizens in Oslo.", "content": "The periodontal condition was evaluated according to the PI and the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) in a random sample of 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The study demonstrated that periodontal disease was a major dental health problem despite the fact that 88.9% of the subjects visited a dentist regularly. No statistically significant differences were found in PI, PTNS and OHI-S values among the different sexes and educational groups. Although the majority of the subjects (77.8%) brushed their teeth more than once a day, the oral hygiene status was not satisfactory (mean OHI-S 1.56). The frequency of toothbrushing did not influence the mean PI scores. Dental hard and soft tissue lesions related to toothbrushing were found in 30.0 and 6.8% of the subjects respectively, and more often among persons brushing more than once a day than among persons brushing less frequently.", "contents": "Periodontal treatment needs of 35-year-old citizens in Oslo. The periodontal condition was evaluated according to the PI and the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) in a random sample of 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The study demonstrated that periodontal disease was a major dental health problem despite the fact that 88.9% of the subjects visited a dentist regularly. No statistically significant differences were found in PI, PTNS and OHI-S values among the different sexes and educational groups. Although the majority of the subjects (77.8%) brushed their teeth more than once a day, the oral hygiene status was not satisfactory (mean OHI-S 1.56). The frequency of toothbrushing did not influence the mean PI scores. Dental hard and soft tissue lesions related to toothbrushing were found in 30.0 and 6.8% of the subjects respectively, and more often among persons brushing more than once a day than among persons brushing less frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:271654", "title": "Juvenile periodontitis: skeletal bone mineral content.", "content": "No analysis of the skeletal bone mineral content in patients with juvenile periodontitis seems to be available. The purpose of the present analysis, therefore, was to determine, on the basis of estimation of the skeletal bone mineral content (BMC), if an osteopenia is present in patients with juvenile periodontitis. The material consisted of 30 subjects without known systemic diseases: one group of 15 patients with juvenile periodontitis and a control group of 15 subjects with normal periodontal conditions. Test- and control subjects were paired according to sex, age, height, and weight. Each group comprised four men and 11 women aged 18-31 years. The bone mineral content (BMC) was estimated by gamma-ray photon absorptiometry of both forearms, expressed (in arbitrary units) as the mean value of 6 scans of each forearm. No significant differences were found between the total average of the 6 scans from right and left forearms or between the total and mean value for BMC in the test- and in the control group. Conclusively, the analysis shows that the BMC values lie within normal limits in patients with juvenile periodontitis. Therefore, a generalized osteopenia does not seem to be a contributory factor in this disease.", "contents": "Juvenile periodontitis: skeletal bone mineral content. No analysis of the skeletal bone mineral content in patients with juvenile periodontitis seems to be available. The purpose of the present analysis, therefore, was to determine, on the basis of estimation of the skeletal bone mineral content (BMC), if an osteopenia is present in patients with juvenile periodontitis. The material consisted of 30 subjects without known systemic diseases: one group of 15 patients with juvenile periodontitis and a control group of 15 subjects with normal periodontal conditions. Test- and control subjects were paired according to sex, age, height, and weight. Each group comprised four men and 11 women aged 18-31 years. The bone mineral content (BMC) was estimated by gamma-ray photon absorptiometry of both forearms, expressed (in arbitrary units) as the mean value of 6 scans of each forearm. No significant differences were found between the total average of the 6 scans from right and left forearms or between the total and mean value for BMC in the test- and in the control group. Conclusively, the analysis shows that the BMC values lie within normal limits in patients with juvenile periodontitis. Therefore, a generalized osteopenia does not seem to be a contributory factor in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:271659", "title": "Mental health and dental education.", "content": "The relationship between mental health and the educational process in dental school has rarely been explored. In the author's experience as the mental health consultant at the USC School of Dentistry, several focal points of conflict do influence academic effectiveness. These problem areas are often marked by a variety of physical or psychological symptoms such as anxiety--sometimes of panic proportions--gastrointestinal disturbances, and the like. These are frequently related to fear of failure, being exposed as being intellectually inept and fraudulent, neurotic competitive needs, real and unreal paranoid attitudes toward instructors, the student's expectations as to what his or her \"silent partners\" require to him or her, and the effect dental education has on marriage.", "contents": "Mental health and dental education. The relationship between mental health and the educational process in dental school has rarely been explored. In the author's experience as the mental health consultant at the USC School of Dentistry, several focal points of conflict do influence academic effectiveness. These problem areas are often marked by a variety of physical or psychological symptoms such as anxiety--sometimes of panic proportions--gastrointestinal disturbances, and the like. These are frequently related to fear of failure, being exposed as being intellectually inept and fraudulent, neurotic competitive needs, real and unreal paranoid attitudes toward instructors, the student's expectations as to what his or her \"silent partners\" require to him or her, and the effect dental education has on marriage."}
{"id": "PMID:271661", "title": "Mastery learning strategy applied to a preclinical course in endodontics.", "content": "Student learning is the primary aim of the educational process. Learning is facilitated by designing courses that remove many of the inhibitory factors inherent in conventional lecture/demonstration methods. The development of resource material, testing methods and the changed role of the teacher in Mastery Learning techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Mastery learning strategy applied to a preclinical course in endodontics. Student learning is the primary aim of the educational process. Learning is facilitated by designing courses that remove many of the inhibitory factors inherent in conventional lecture/demonstration methods. The development of resource material, testing methods and the changed role of the teacher in Mastery Learning techniques are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271665", "title": "Sample size needed for student ratings of instruction.", "content": "The number of evaluation forms students are asked to complete is multiplying. To reduce that number, the present study determines the minimum sample size needed for accurate student ratings of instruction. Typical questionnaire items using four- and seven-category ratings scales were studied. Data for four class sizes (40, 60, 100, 140) were sampled in graduated sizes, and a standard error of the mean was computed for each sample size. A permissible error index was computed to estimate the accuracy of ratings obtained from any sample size needed for the four different class sizes. Figures are presented from which minimum sample sizes necessary for accurate student evaluation of instruction can be computed. The figures show that sampling only one-third of classes of 100-140 students is sufficient to obtain accurate evaluations.", "contents": "Sample size needed for student ratings of instruction. The number of evaluation forms students are asked to complete is multiplying. To reduce that number, the present study determines the minimum sample size needed for accurate student ratings of instruction. Typical questionnaire items using four- and seven-category ratings scales were studied. Data for four class sizes (40, 60, 100, 140) were sampled in graduated sizes, and a standard error of the mean was computed for each sample size. A permissible error index was computed to estimate the accuracy of ratings obtained from any sample size needed for the four different class sizes. Figures are presented from which minimum sample sizes necessary for accurate student evaluation of instruction can be computed. The figures show that sampling only one-third of classes of 100-140 students is sufficient to obtain accurate evaluations."}
{"id": "PMID:271666", "title": "Dental research priorities and availability of research opportunities for dental students.", "content": "The American Student Dental Association surveyed 69 dental deans representing schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico to assess the priority of research and the role of dental students in research activity. Student interest, curricular requirements, potential funding, and opportunities available, as related to dental research, were topics included on the questionnaire. The results indicate that although the percentage of dental students seeking research involvement is small, opportunities and financial support for research are available in most dental schools as part of the regular curriculum.", "contents": "Dental research priorities and availability of research opportunities for dental students. The American Student Dental Association surveyed 69 dental deans representing schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico to assess the priority of research and the role of dental students in research activity. Student interest, curricular requirements, potential funding, and opportunities available, as related to dental research, were topics included on the questionnaire. The results indicate that although the percentage of dental students seeking research involvement is small, opportunities and financial support for research are available in most dental schools as part of the regular curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:271667", "title": "Preclinical laboratory course in dental behavioral science: changing human behavior.", "content": "Dental health professionals are frequently frustrated when they present preventive or therapeutic regimens to patients. This paper describes an approach to the teaching of behavioral science designed to familiarize the dental student with applying behavioral change techniques to dental problems. Ninety-nine second-year dental students participated in the two-credit course. Students were taught in six groups, each led by a clinician-behavioral scientist team. The behavioral science materials were presented in five slide-tape programs developed by the authors. The key to the course was a behavior change project in which each student identified a problem, designed an intervention strategy, and attempted to manage the problem using the behavioral techniques presented.", "contents": "Preclinical laboratory course in dental behavioral science: changing human behavior. Dental health professionals are frequently frustrated when they present preventive or therapeutic regimens to patients. This paper describes an approach to the teaching of behavioral science designed to familiarize the dental student with applying behavioral change techniques to dental problems. Ninety-nine second-year dental students participated in the two-credit course. Students were taught in six groups, each led by a clinician-behavioral scientist team. The behavioral science materials were presented in five slide-tape programs developed by the authors. The key to the course was a behavior change project in which each student identified a problem, designed an intervention strategy, and attempted to manage the problem using the behavioral techniques presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271674", "title": "Relative discernment of lesions by intraoral and panoramic radiography.", "content": "Panoramic and intraoral periapical radiographs were compared for their demonstration of pathologic conditions in patients seeking general dental care. Panoramic views allowed additional detection of noteworthy lesions that were not detected by intraoral survey in 5.3% of the cases reviewed, with only 0.1% or one patient in 1,000 possibly requiring treatment. The paucity and lack of urgency of the pathologic conditions discovered solely by panoramic radiography suggest that the expectation of a high incidence of detection of such conditions cannot be used as the sole rationale for the routine use of this procedure as an adjunct to the intraoral survey.", "contents": "Relative discernment of lesions by intraoral and panoramic radiography. Panoramic and intraoral periapical radiographs were compared for their demonstration of pathologic conditions in patients seeking general dental care. Panoramic views allowed additional detection of noteworthy lesions that were not detected by intraoral survey in 5.3% of the cases reviewed, with only 0.1% or one patient in 1,000 possibly requiring treatment. The paucity and lack of urgency of the pathologic conditions discovered solely by panoramic radiography suggest that the expectation of a high incidence of detection of such conditions cannot be used as the sole rationale for the routine use of this procedure as an adjunct to the intraoral survey."}
{"id": "PMID:271675", "title": "Placebos in dentistry: their profound potential effects.", "content": "The placebo effect may influence the treatment of patients with postextraction pain, localized osteitis, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome, to name a few. The patient, the doctor, and the situation all influence the placebo effect. This phenomenon is still not understood, and further research is needed. The practitioner should learn to utilize the placebo effect for its potential benefits.", "contents": "Placebos in dentistry: their profound potential effects. The placebo effect may influence the treatment of patients with postextraction pain, localized osteitis, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome, to name a few. The patient, the doctor, and the situation all influence the placebo effect. This phenomenon is still not understood, and further research is needed. The practitioner should learn to utilize the placebo effect for its potential benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:271676", "title": "Supracrestal fiberotomy.", "content": "Details of a surgical technique to divide the free gingival and transseptal fibers around rotated teeth that have been corrected orthodontically are outlined. The rationale of the procedure, its applications, indications, and contraindications are discussed. Supracrestal fiberotomy is not a substitute but an adjunct to normal retention procedures.", "contents": "Supracrestal fiberotomy. Details of a surgical technique to divide the free gingival and transseptal fibers around rotated teeth that have been corrected orthodontically are outlined. The rationale of the procedure, its applications, indications, and contraindications are discussed. Supracrestal fiberotomy is not a substitute but an adjunct to normal retention procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:271677", "title": "Retention and effectiveness of a single application of an adhesive sealant in preventing occlusal caries: final report after five years of a study in Kalispell, Montana.", "content": "The single application of a BIS-GMA adhesive sealant in Kalispell on a paired half-moouth basis and the annual monitoring of the sealed sites for five years is not a recommended preventive regimen. The study does proved information on the potential long-term in vivo retention of the sealant and its ability to prevent dental caries. The findings of this study clearly show that when this pit and fissure sealant is retained, its is effective in preventing caries in sealed tooth surfaces. Moreover, on occlusal surfaces, the usual susceptibility to decay is not altered by having been treated with a sealant that is not retained.", "contents": "Retention and effectiveness of a single application of an adhesive sealant in preventing occlusal caries: final report after five years of a study in Kalispell, Montana. The single application of a BIS-GMA adhesive sealant in Kalispell on a paired half-moouth basis and the annual monitoring of the sealed sites for five years is not a recommended preventive regimen. The study does proved information on the potential long-term in vivo retention of the sealant and its ability to prevent dental caries. The findings of this study clearly show that when this pit and fissure sealant is retained, its is effective in preventing caries in sealed tooth surfaces. Moreover, on occlusal surfaces, the usual susceptibility to decay is not altered by having been treated with a sealant that is not retained."}
{"id": "PMID:271678", "title": "Oral manifestations of acute leukemia in children.", "content": "Seventy-seven children with acute leukemia were examined. A wide spectrum of oral findings was observed as the consequence of direct leukemic infiltration of tissue, infection resulting from bone marrow and immunosuppression, impaired healing responses, and poor oral hygiene. Guidelines for dental treatment are provided.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of acute leukemia in children. Seventy-seven children with acute leukemia were examined. A wide spectrum of oral findings was observed as the consequence of direct leukemic infiltration of tissue, infection resulting from bone marrow and immunosuppression, impaired healing responses, and poor oral hygiene. Guidelines for dental treatment are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:271679", "title": "Osteochondromatous exostosis of the condyle.", "content": "Osteochondromatous exostosis of the condyle is rare. When these exotoses become large, they can cause temporomandibular pain and clicking with mandibular movements. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the mass. Adjunctive care may include use of intermaxillary fixation, training elastics, and jaw exercises.", "contents": "Osteochondromatous exostosis of the condyle. Osteochondromatous exostosis of the condyle is rare. When these exotoses become large, they can cause temporomandibular pain and clicking with mandibular movements. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the mass. Adjunctive care may include use of intermaxillary fixation, training elastics, and jaw exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:271681", "title": "Patient susceptibility limits to the effectiveness of preventive oral health education.", "content": "A preventive oral health care regimen will not succeed for every dental patient. Instruction probably will not be effective unless the patient has a good general attitude toward all his health habits. Dentists who have developed a preventive program should individualize the treatment to obtain maximum patient susceptibility.", "contents": "Patient susceptibility limits to the effectiveness of preventive oral health education. A preventive oral health care regimen will not succeed for every dental patient. Instruction probably will not be effective unless the patient has a good general attitude toward all his health habits. Dentists who have developed a preventive program should individualize the treatment to obtain maximum patient susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:271682", "title": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "content": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a fungal diseases that has a 50% mortality. Its occurrence has increased, possibly because of greater use of chemotherapeutic agents that mya compromise the immunologic defenses of the host or alter the normal flora. The earliest signs, ulceration and pain, may appear in the mouth. In the patient described in this report, the autopsy showed that mucormycosis had entered the brain cells.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a fungal diseases that has a 50% mortality. Its occurrence has increased, possibly because of greater use of chemotherapeutic agents that mya compromise the immunologic defenses of the host or alter the normal flora. The earliest signs, ulceration and pain, may appear in the mouth. In the patient described in this report, the autopsy showed that mucormycosis had entered the brain cells."}
{"id": "PMID:271684", "title": "Post-tetanic mechanical tension and evoked action potentials in McArdle's disease.", "content": "The tension produced by the cramp evoked in the adductor pollicis muscle by repetitive stimuli to the nerve (20/s for 50 s) and by full voluntary effort in the brachial biceps was measured in a patient with McArdle's disease. The contracture was 17% of the peaktetanic tension, and was not associated with action potentials. Twitches superimposed on the contracture were at most diminished to half, as were their action potentials. Both slow and fast muscle fibres participated in the contracture. The contraction time of the twitches elicited after the tetanus was prolonged more in the patient than in a normal subject of the same age. There was evidence of delayed firing, first observed 90 seconds after the peak of the contracture. The patient had electromyographic and histological signs of myopathy.", "contents": "Post-tetanic mechanical tension and evoked action potentials in McArdle's disease. The tension produced by the cramp evoked in the adductor pollicis muscle by repetitive stimuli to the nerve (20/s for 50 s) and by full voluntary effort in the brachial biceps was measured in a patient with McArdle's disease. The contracture was 17% of the peaktetanic tension, and was not associated with action potentials. Twitches superimposed on the contracture were at most diminished to half, as were their action potentials. Both slow and fast muscle fibres participated in the contracture. The contraction time of the twitches elicited after the tetanus was prolonged more in the patient than in a normal subject of the same age. There was evidence of delayed firing, first observed 90 seconds after the peak of the contracture. The patient had electromyographic and histological signs of myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:271698", "title": "The art of history taking.", "content": "The art of history taking involves the ability to recognize the interrelationship between the details of the medical history and the patient's personal history. For the oral surgeon, this provides important insights into how the patient has reacted to illness in the past as well as how he is most likely to react to current treatment. Specific problems have been reviewed as well as suggested interview techniques to guide the oral surgeon in his management of his patient's reactions. No one expects the doctor to be an iconoclast. He cannot be all things to all patients. He should recognize a problem, acknowledge it as a problem, and be flexible enough to deal with it or refer the patient to someone who can. This kind of understanding will enable the oral surgeon to fulfill his role with appreciation from his patients and an inner sense of professional and personal achievement.", "contents": "The art of history taking. The art of history taking involves the ability to recognize the interrelationship between the details of the medical history and the patient's personal history. For the oral surgeon, this provides important insights into how the patient has reacted to illness in the past as well as how he is most likely to react to current treatment. Specific problems have been reviewed as well as suggested interview techniques to guide the oral surgeon in his management of his patient's reactions. No one expects the doctor to be an iconoclast. He cannot be all things to all patients. He should recognize a problem, acknowledge it as a problem, and be flexible enough to deal with it or refer the patient to someone who can. This kind of understanding will enable the oral surgeon to fulfill his role with appreciation from his patients and an inner sense of professional and personal achievement."}
{"id": "PMID:271701", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen in the adjunctive treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of chronic osteomyelitis has been presented to show the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen in treatment of this disease. Surgical intervention is needed, as are adequate cultures, even though the cultures may be difficult to obtain and identify. Because the antibiotic therapy may need to be changed during the course of the disease, the selection of antibiotics should be dictated by positive cultures as well as the clinical course. Antibiotic therapy is needed for four to six weeks after abatement of symptoms.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen in the adjunctive treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible: report of case. A case of chronic osteomyelitis has been presented to show the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen in treatment of this disease. Surgical intervention is needed, as are adequate cultures, even though the cultures may be difficult to obtain and identify. Because the antibiotic therapy may need to be changed during the course of the disease, the selection of antibiotics should be dictated by positive cultures as well as the clinical course. Antibiotic therapy is needed for four to six weeks after abatement of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:271702", "title": "Mandibular-piriform aperture wiring for fractures in infants: report of case.", "content": "A case was presented of bilateral subcondylar and parasymphyseal fractures of the mandible in a 16-month-old boy. The case was treated by mandibular-piriform fixation. The advantages of this procedure are described.", "contents": "Mandibular-piriform aperture wiring for fractures in infants: report of case. A case was presented of bilateral subcondylar and parasymphyseal fractures of the mandible in a 16-month-old boy. The case was treated by mandibular-piriform fixation. The advantages of this procedure are described."}
{"id": "PMID:271703", "title": "Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandible with pathologic fracture.", "content": "A case of disseminated miliary tuberculosis with a lesion of the left side of the mandible leading to pathologic fracture has been presented. The primary medications and the basic principles of treatment have been reviewed.", "contents": "Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandible with pathologic fracture. A case of disseminated miliary tuberculosis with a lesion of the left side of the mandible leading to pathologic fracture has been presented. The primary medications and the basic principles of treatment have been reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:271704", "title": "Inverted-L osteotomy for correction of mandibular prognathism after relapse.", "content": "As more orthognathic surgery is performed, more case of relapse can be expected. A case of re-operation of a recurrent prognathism has been reported. An alternative surgical approach was used because the planned operation could not be accomplished. However, the implications of the use of the technique are broader than the single example given in this report. The inverted-L technique, because of its similarity to the combined oblique osteotomy and coronoidectomy for correction of extreme prognathism, provides an alternative procedure that leaves a greater proportion of the masticatory musculature in its natural position. In addition, with the development of techniques and instrumentation for intraoral approaches to oblique osteotomy of the ramus, the feasibility of an intraoral inverted-L osteotomy becomes apparent and the approach merits further consideration.", "contents": "Inverted-L osteotomy for correction of mandibular prognathism after relapse. As more orthognathic surgery is performed, more case of relapse can be expected. A case of re-operation of a recurrent prognathism has been reported. An alternative surgical approach was used because the planned operation could not be accomplished. However, the implications of the use of the technique are broader than the single example given in this report. The inverted-L technique, because of its similarity to the combined oblique osteotomy and coronoidectomy for correction of extreme prognathism, provides an alternative procedure that leaves a greater proportion of the masticatory musculature in its natural position. In addition, with the development of techniques and instrumentation for intraoral approaches to oblique osteotomy of the ramus, the feasibility of an intraoral inverted-L osteotomy becomes apparent and the approach merits further consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:271707", "title": "Brown tumors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Two cases of brown tumors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure are reported. Both patients underwent excision of the tumor because of mechanical interference. Subsequent parathyroidectomy has substantially improved the general status of the patients.", "contents": "Brown tumors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure. Two cases of brown tumors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure are reported. Both patients underwent excision of the tumor because of mechanical interference. Subsequent parathyroidectomy has substantially improved the general status of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271710", "title": "Prevalence, location, and patency of accessory canals in the furcation region of permanent molars.", "content": "One hundred and two extracted permanent molars were debrided in 3% H2O2, sealed at the apex, and placed in a vacuum chamber. Safranin dye was introduced into the teeth that were placed in a vacuum of 525 mm of Hg. Observations were made of the external root surface to determine any staining due to patent accessory canals. Accessory canals were demonstrated in the \"furcation region\" in 28.4% of the total sample; 29.4% in mandibular molars, and 27.4% in maxillary molars. Of the total sample 25.5% exhibited canals in the \"furcation\" only, while 10.2% exhibited canals on the lateral root surface. Communication between the pulp chamber and the external surface was noted via dentinal tubules, especially when the cementum was denuded. The salient biologic and pathologic ramification of these aberrant canals were discussed along with the need to establish a differential diagnosis in order to determine the proper sequence of treatment should pulpal-periodontal disease exist.", "contents": "Prevalence, location, and patency of accessory canals in the furcation region of permanent molars. One hundred and two extracted permanent molars were debrided in 3% H2O2, sealed at the apex, and placed in a vacuum chamber. Safranin dye was introduced into the teeth that were placed in a vacuum of 525 mm of Hg. Observations were made of the external root surface to determine any staining due to patent accessory canals. Accessory canals were demonstrated in the \"furcation region\" in 28.4% of the total sample; 29.4% in mandibular molars, and 27.4% in maxillary molars. Of the total sample 25.5% exhibited canals in the \"furcation\" only, while 10.2% exhibited canals on the lateral root surface. Communication between the pulp chamber and the external surface was noted via dentinal tubules, especially when the cementum was denuded. The salient biologic and pathologic ramification of these aberrant canals were discussed along with the need to establish a differential diagnosis in order to determine the proper sequence of treatment should pulpal-periodontal disease exist."}
{"id": "PMID:271711", "title": "The effects of root shape and biology on bone growth.", "content": "A statistical study was carried out on the influence of root surfaces on adjacent cellular activity. This activity is indeed affected by both the shape and the biology of those surfaces. Flat surfaces tend to inhibit, nicked surfaces tend to stimulate bone formation in a bone-growing environment. A biologic effect is exerted by the matrix of diseases roots. They contain an inhibitory principle which is not present in healthy roots. This factor is masked by the apatite structure and is destroyed by heat.", "contents": "The effects of root shape and biology on bone growth. A statistical study was carried out on the influence of root surfaces on adjacent cellular activity. This activity is indeed affected by both the shape and the biology of those surfaces. Flat surfaces tend to inhibit, nicked surfaces tend to stimulate bone formation in a bone-growing environment. A biologic effect is exerted by the matrix of diseases roots. They contain an inhibitory principle which is not present in healthy roots. This factor is masked by the apatite structure and is destroyed by heat."}
{"id": "PMID:271712", "title": "Quantitation of retention of endosseous dental blade implants in dogs.", "content": "This research was initiated in order to study the extraction forces associated with solid, single-vented and multi-vented blade dental implants placed in mandibles of dog for 2 months. An extraction device was used to measure the extraction forces on five of the implants and a histological study was carried out around the sixth multi-vented implant. The main finding was that the extraction forces for the multi-vented blade implants were 6 to 12 times those of the single-vented and solid blades. Other findings in this study were: none of the implants exhibited mobility; sulci ranged from 2 to 3 mm at the implant neck; bone covered the implant shoulder. There was gross and histologic evidence of bone growth in the vents of the multi-vented blade; close adaptation of the bone, connective tissue capsule and implant; and no gross, histologic, clinical or radiographic evidence of bone pathology.", "contents": "Quantitation of retention of endosseous dental blade implants in dogs. This research was initiated in order to study the extraction forces associated with solid, single-vented and multi-vented blade dental implants placed in mandibles of dog for 2 months. An extraction device was used to measure the extraction forces on five of the implants and a histological study was carried out around the sixth multi-vented implant. The main finding was that the extraction forces for the multi-vented blade implants were 6 to 12 times those of the single-vented and solid blades. Other findings in this study were: none of the implants exhibited mobility; sulci ranged from 2 to 3 mm at the implant neck; bone covered the implant shoulder. There was gross and histologic evidence of bone growth in the vents of the multi-vented blade; close adaptation of the bone, connective tissue capsule and implant; and no gross, histologic, clinical or radiographic evidence of bone pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:271713", "title": "A simple shield for radiographic film.", "content": "The fabrication and use of a simple shield to protect radiographic film during exposure of a full series has been described.", "contents": "A simple shield for radiographic film. The fabrication and use of a simple shield to protect radiographic film during exposure of a full series has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:271714", "title": "A simplified technique for fabricating a lightweight obturator.", "content": "Polyurethane foam was used as a core material in the fabrication of a lightweight obturator. This is a time-saving method of achieving a meaningful reduction in the total weight of a prosthesis while increasing strength and facilitating repair.", "contents": "A simplified technique for fabricating a lightweight obturator. Polyurethane foam was used as a core material in the fabrication of a lightweight obturator. This is a time-saving method of achieving a meaningful reduction in the total weight of a prosthesis while increasing strength and facilitating repair."}
{"id": "PMID:271716", "title": "Observations on the use of the Denar pantograph and articulator.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken to determine the reproducibility of articular settings from graphic records of simulated mandibular movement using the Denar pantograph and the Denar D4-A articulator. The results of the study showed that most of the articulator adjustments were reproducible with a reasonable degree of accuracy, although not quite to the extent one would hope for. The rear-wall and top-wall adjustments are of questionable value in reproducing mandibular movements with this technique, since the results for these adjustments in the present study were unreliable. However, familiarity with the technique gave better results, as shown in the third experiment. It would, therefore, seem that much of the basis for adverse reports depended upon results obtained by operators with insufficient experience in the technique.", "contents": "Observations on the use of the Denar pantograph and articulator. An investigation was undertaken to determine the reproducibility of articular settings from graphic records of simulated mandibular movement using the Denar pantograph and the Denar D4-A articulator. The results of the study showed that most of the articulator adjustments were reproducible with a reasonable degree of accuracy, although not quite to the extent one would hope for. The rear-wall and top-wall adjustments are of questionable value in reproducing mandibular movements with this technique, since the results for these adjustments in the present study were unreliable. However, familiarity with the technique gave better results, as shown in the third experiment. It would, therefore, seem that much of the basis for adverse reports depended upon results obtained by operators with insufficient experience in the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:271717", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygenation: prosthodontic responsibilities.", "content": "This article discussed the use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, and nonhealing wounds. The fabrication of custom-fitted oxygen applicators is presented, and specific recommendations are made for their use. The prosthodontist serves as a valuable member of the hyperbaric treatment team. His professional knowledge and technical expertise allow him to construct treatment applicators which are professionally sound and provide comfort for the patient.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygenation: prosthodontic responsibilities. This article discussed the use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, and nonhealing wounds. The fabrication of custom-fitted oxygen applicators is presented, and specific recommendations are made for their use. The prosthodontist serves as a valuable member of the hyperbaric treatment team. His professional knowledge and technical expertise allow him to construct treatment applicators which are professionally sound and provide comfort for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:271719", "title": "Influence of immediate dentures on oral motor skill and speech.", "content": "An investigation was designed to test whether the precision of finely coordinated orofacial movements is influenced by the transition from natural to artificial dentition. The oral motor skill of 16 patients was tested before extraction and within 2 weeks of wearing immediate dentures. Speech recordings were employed to detect changes in voice quality and speech sound production. Results showed that the loss of natural teeth and the wearing of immediate dentures did not alter sensorimotor pathways significant to the precision of oral motor skills. It was also determined that physical characteristics of dentures are significant factors in the production of acceptable speech.", "contents": "Influence of immediate dentures on oral motor skill and speech. An investigation was designed to test whether the precision of finely coordinated orofacial movements is influenced by the transition from natural to artificial dentition. The oral motor skill of 16 patients was tested before extraction and within 2 weeks of wearing immediate dentures. Speech recordings were employed to detect changes in voice quality and speech sound production. Results showed that the loss of natural teeth and the wearing of immediate dentures did not alter sensorimotor pathways significant to the precision of oral motor skills. It was also determined that physical characteristics of dentures are significant factors in the production of acceptable speech."}
{"id": "PMID:271720", "title": "Histochemical and histopathologic studies of alveolar mucosa under complete dentures.", "content": "An investigation was made of the enzymatic, histochemical, and histopathologic characteristics of clinically healthy edentulous mucosae of non-denture wearers. The effects of dentures on the oral mucosa were examined and related to the length of time that dentures were worn. Succinodehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were used along with periodic acid Schiff's stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used for the histopathologic study. The results indicated that a denture stimulates the underlying mucosa for the first 3 years. A healthy mucosa results, showing slight hyperkeratinization and increased enzymatic activity. After 3 years there are atrophic changes which can lead to inflammatory changes. There is also a reduction in enzyme activity associated with wearing dentures for more than 3 years. Remaking the dentures after 3 years increases the enzymatic activity of the alveolar mucosa.", "contents": "Histochemical and histopathologic studies of alveolar mucosa under complete dentures. An investigation was made of the enzymatic, histochemical, and histopathologic characteristics of clinically healthy edentulous mucosae of non-denture wearers. The effects of dentures on the oral mucosa were examined and related to the length of time that dentures were worn. Succinodehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were used along with periodic acid Schiff's stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used for the histopathologic study. The results indicated that a denture stimulates the underlying mucosa for the first 3 years. A healthy mucosa results, showing slight hyperkeratinization and increased enzymatic activity. After 3 years there are atrophic changes which can lead to inflammatory changes. There is also a reduction in enzyme activity associated with wearing dentures for more than 3 years. Remaking the dentures after 3 years increases the enzymatic activity of the alveolar mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:271721", "title": "A histologic evaluation of tissue response to three currently used temporary acrylic resin crowns.", "content": "The subgingival placement of any one of the three types of temporary crowns placed on 28 posterior teeth of seven subjects caused no detectable change in the gingiva over a 3 week period. There is a need for further study of the influence of temporary crowns on the different types of gingival tissue.", "contents": "A histologic evaluation of tissue response to three currently used temporary acrylic resin crowns. The subgingival placement of any one of the three types of temporary crowns placed on 28 posterior teeth of seven subjects caused no detectable change in the gingiva over a 3 week period. There is a need for further study of the influence of temporary crowns on the different types of gingival tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:271722", "title": "Articulator adjustments using the transfer vise.", "content": "The transfer vise, a new instrument that is used for the adjustment of articulators, is described. Its application to one articulator, the Simulator, is presented in detail. The technique using the transfer vise is compared to other existing techniques, and its advantages and limitations are discussed. The transfer vise and its technique are recommended for the routine treatment of fixed and removable prosthodontic patients.", "contents": "Articulator adjustments using the transfer vise. The transfer vise, a new instrument that is used for the adjustment of articulators, is described. Its application to one articulator, the Simulator, is presented in detail. The technique using the transfer vise is compared to other existing techniques, and its advantages and limitations are discussed. The transfer vise and its technique are recommended for the routine treatment of fixed and removable prosthodontic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271723", "title": "Evaluation of the use of a face-bow in complete denture occlusion.", "content": "A study was conducted that compared three arbitrarily located axes to the true hinge axis location on ten subjects. Of the 60 different arbitrary axis locations registered, 55% were within 6 mm of the true hinge axis. The results of this study revealed very small differences between a hinge axis face-bow. Hanau 132-SM face-bow, and the Whip-Mix ear face-bow. A linear deviation range of 0.116 to 0.268 mm is of doubtful clinical significance to complete denture construction. If an articulator like the New Simplex is used without a face-bow and with a 3 mm interocclusal wax record, it can be anticipated that there will be a 1 mm deviation in the anterior direction in centric occlusion. This discrepancy, incorporated with errors due to processing, can be eliminated by remounting the finished complete dentures with a new centric relation record for occlusal correction.", "contents": "Evaluation of the use of a face-bow in complete denture occlusion. A study was conducted that compared three arbitrarily located axes to the true hinge axis location on ten subjects. Of the 60 different arbitrary axis locations registered, 55% were within 6 mm of the true hinge axis. The results of this study revealed very small differences between a hinge axis face-bow. Hanau 132-SM face-bow, and the Whip-Mix ear face-bow. A linear deviation range of 0.116 to 0.268 mm is of doubtful clinical significance to complete denture construction. If an articulator like the New Simplex is used without a face-bow and with a 3 mm interocclusal wax record, it can be anticipated that there will be a 1 mm deviation in the anterior direction in centric occlusion. This discrepancy, incorporated with errors due to processing, can be eliminated by remounting the finished complete dentures with a new centric relation record for occlusal correction."}
{"id": "PMID:271724", "title": "A safe crown-removal technique.", "content": "A method has been described that may help the dentist in removing ceramic-metal restorations that resist easy removal from the teeth during the fitting procedure and after temporary or final cementation.", "contents": "A safe crown-removal technique. A method has been described that may help the dentist in removing ceramic-metal restorations that resist easy removal from the teeth during the fitting procedure and after temporary or final cementation."}
{"id": "PMID:271725", "title": "Tear strength of elastomeric impression materials.", "content": "1. Under simulated clinical conditions the maximum tear strength of those materials tested was reached in 10 to 15 minutes. 2. The polysulfide materials showed three to six times the tear strength of the silicones. 3. The polyether material displayed a tear resistance slightly higher than that of the silicones but one third to one fifth as high as that of the polysulfides. 4. The clinical significance of the differences in tear strength was undetermined since other factors (such as adhesion) were not considered.", "contents": "Tear strength of elastomeric impression materials. 1. Under simulated clinical conditions the maximum tear strength of those materials tested was reached in 10 to 15 minutes. 2. The polysulfide materials showed three to six times the tear strength of the silicones. 3. The polyether material displayed a tear resistance slightly higher than that of the silicones but one third to one fifth as high as that of the polysulfides. 4. The clinical significance of the differences in tear strength was undetermined since other factors (such as adhesion) were not considered."}
{"id": "PMID:271727", "title": "Using pantographic tracings to detect TMJ and muscle dysfunctions.", "content": "Forty-six subjects were examined using the HDI and a PRI. Two sets of pantographic tracings were used to determine if subjects experiencing dysfunction could differentiate between degrees of dysfunction. Subjects were divided into groups according to their clinical symptoms: none (D0), sligh (D1), and moderate dysfunction (D5). Each subject was further classified into one of two groups according to his state of occlusion/articulation. The PRI detected differences between the group with moderate dysfunction and those groups with no dysfunction and slight dysfunction on the basis of differences between the first and second sets of tracings; no difference was found between the groups with slight and moderate dysfunction. Subjects with poor occlusions had higher PRI scores. The diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction may require the use of several modalities such as subjective responses, clinical examination, radiographs, and pantographic tracings.", "contents": "Using pantographic tracings to detect TMJ and muscle dysfunctions. Forty-six subjects were examined using the HDI and a PRI. Two sets of pantographic tracings were used to determine if subjects experiencing dysfunction could differentiate between degrees of dysfunction. Subjects were divided into groups according to their clinical symptoms: none (D0), sligh (D1), and moderate dysfunction (D5). Each subject was further classified into one of two groups according to his state of occlusion/articulation. The PRI detected differences between the group with moderate dysfunction and those groups with no dysfunction and slight dysfunction on the basis of differences between the first and second sets of tracings; no difference was found between the groups with slight and moderate dysfunction. Subjects with poor occlusions had higher PRI scores. The diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction may require the use of several modalities such as subjective responses, clinical examination, radiographs, and pantographic tracings."}
{"id": "PMID:271728", "title": "The anatomy of a smile.", "content": "The anatomy of the smile is an integral part of dentistry. Its understanding involves close scrutiny of all elements of the oral region. It is not enough to establish the size of teeth based on the high and low lip lines, size of the mouth, and a shade to blend with the age and complexion. To create a harmonious smile the dentist must maintain or create the normal curvature of the lips, proper exposure of the red zone of the lips, an undistorted philtrum, and undisturbed nasolabial grooves. These entities, maintained in harmony with the exposed teeth, constitute the anatomy of a smile. In order that patients may be served properly, the smile must be understood, recorded, and analyzed so that desirable aspects may be preserved and graceless components returned to attractiveness.", "contents": "The anatomy of a smile. The anatomy of the smile is an integral part of dentistry. Its understanding involves close scrutiny of all elements of the oral region. It is not enough to establish the size of teeth based on the high and low lip lines, size of the mouth, and a shade to blend with the age and complexion. To create a harmonious smile the dentist must maintain or create the normal curvature of the lips, proper exposure of the red zone of the lips, an undistorted philtrum, and undisturbed nasolabial grooves. These entities, maintained in harmony with the exposed teeth, constitute the anatomy of a smile. In order that patients may be served properly, the smile must be understood, recorded, and analyzed so that desirable aspects may be preserved and graceless components returned to attractiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:271731", "title": "Procedural problems in using the Denar pantograph as a transfer-bow.", "content": "A method has been described for using zinc-oxide/eugenol paste as an interclutch support when the Denar pantograph is used as a transfer-bow. Using this technique a stable centric relation position can be maintained during the maxillary cast mounting procedure and the subsequent setting of the articulator to the pantographic recordings.", "contents": "Procedural problems in using the Denar pantograph as a transfer-bow. A method has been described for using zinc-oxide/eugenol paste as an interclutch support when the Denar pantograph is used as a transfer-bow. Using this technique a stable centric relation position can be maintained during the maxillary cast mounting procedure and the subsequent setting of the articulator to the pantographic recordings."}
{"id": "PMID:271732", "title": "Practical considerations in iontophoresis of fluoride for desensitizing dentin.", "content": "A review of the literature on treatment of dentin hypersensitivity by use of fluorides and fluoride iontophoresis was presented. It was concluded that topical applications of fluoride are modestly effective for treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, but the most rapid and effective relief follows fluoride iontophoresis. This technique has a broad application in dental practice since fluoride iontophoresis was shown to be an effective desenitizer in cavity preparation, before cementation of restorations, and in cases of occlusal wear and enamel hypoplasia. The report also presents a new and effective method for the iontophoresis of fluoride for dentin desensitization.", "contents": "Practical considerations in iontophoresis of fluoride for desensitizing dentin. A review of the literature on treatment of dentin hypersensitivity by use of fluorides and fluoride iontophoresis was presented. It was concluded that topical applications of fluoride are modestly effective for treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, but the most rapid and effective relief follows fluoride iontophoresis. This technique has a broad application in dental practice since fluoride iontophoresis was shown to be an effective desenitizer in cavity preparation, before cementation of restorations, and in cases of occlusal wear and enamel hypoplasia. The report also presents a new and effective method for the iontophoresis of fluoride for dentin desensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:271733", "title": "Polyurethane elastomers for facial prostheses.", "content": "A review of the polyurethane elastomers used for facial prostheses has been presented. A description of the casting technique was given. The materials require accuracy and care in handling to insure the successful casting of a prosthesis. They seem to simulate the characteristics of the facial tissues and are more durable and comfortable than previously used materials. Over 300 patients have been exposed to or treated with these materials without evidencing significant adverse tissue reaction. In spite of the improvements that these materials present over previous ones (PVC and silicones), much work is still required to understand their behavior and their physical and mechanical characteristics and to compensate for the metameric phenomenon.", "contents": "Polyurethane elastomers for facial prostheses. A review of the polyurethane elastomers used for facial prostheses has been presented. A description of the casting technique was given. The materials require accuracy and care in handling to insure the successful casting of a prosthesis. They seem to simulate the characteristics of the facial tissues and are more durable and comfortable than previously used materials. Over 300 patients have been exposed to or treated with these materials without evidencing significant adverse tissue reaction. In spite of the improvements that these materials present over previous ones (PVC and silicones), much work is still required to understand their behavior and their physical and mechanical characteristics and to compensate for the metameric phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:271736", "title": "Vinyl chloride concentrations in maxillofacial prosthetics laboratories.", "content": "Air sampling was conducted in three maxillofacial laboratories to determine whether vinyl chloride, a carcinogen, was released during the formulation of polyvinylchloride facial prostheses. Results show that time-weighted average exposures of technicians were less than 0.1 ppm, a concentration meeting current U.S. Department of Labor standards.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride concentrations in maxillofacial prosthetics laboratories. Air sampling was conducted in three maxillofacial laboratories to determine whether vinyl chloride, a carcinogen, was released during the formulation of polyvinylchloride facial prostheses. Results show that time-weighted average exposures of technicians were less than 0.1 ppm, a concentration meeting current U.S. Department of Labor standards."}
{"id": "PMID:271747", "title": "Cytodifferentiation in the acute myeloblastic leukemias of man.", "content": "Correlation analysis of numbers of colony-forming progenitor cells was used as an approach to the quantitation of human pluripotent stem cells. Marrow specimens were obtained from 24 patients with untreated acute myeloblastic leukemia, 22 patients under treatment, and 29 patients with no hematologic malignant disease. Three classes of progenitor cells were assayed: burst-forming units dependent on erythropoietin (BFU-E), colony-forming units dependent on erythropoietin (CFU-E), and granulopoietic progenitors (CFU-C). Significant positive correlations between numbers of BFU-E, CFU-E, and CFU-C were found in all 3 groups of patients. In contrast, no such positive correlations were seen between marrow blasts and any of the classes of colony-forming progenitors. These results were compatible with a shared relationship of the colony-forming progenitors to a pluripotent cell of origin and raised the possibility that the immediate progenitors of the blasts may not be any of the myelopoietic progenitor cells monitored in these studies.", "contents": "Cytodifferentiation in the acute myeloblastic leukemias of man. Correlation analysis of numbers of colony-forming progenitor cells was used as an approach to the quantitation of human pluripotent stem cells. Marrow specimens were obtained from 24 patients with untreated acute myeloblastic leukemia, 22 patients under treatment, and 29 patients with no hematologic malignant disease. Three classes of progenitor cells were assayed: burst-forming units dependent on erythropoietin (BFU-E), colony-forming units dependent on erythropoietin (CFU-E), and granulopoietic progenitors (CFU-C). Significant positive correlations between numbers of BFU-E, CFU-E, and CFU-C were found in all 3 groups of patients. In contrast, no such positive correlations were seen between marrow blasts and any of the classes of colony-forming progenitors. These results were compatible with a shared relationship of the colony-forming progenitors to a pluripotent cell of origin and raised the possibility that the immediate progenitors of the blasts may not be any of the myelopoietic progenitor cells monitored in these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:271753", "title": "[Acute hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis due to rubella-infection in acute lymphatic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed a fatal meningoencephalitis in a patient who suffered from acute lymphatic leukemia. The infection occurred after complete bone marrow remission. As the cause of this complication we discovered a rubella-infection, whose beginning had been several weeks ago. Relations to several forms of rubella-encephalitis in otherwise healthy patients are discussed and pathogenetical conclusions are made.", "contents": "[Acute hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis due to rubella-infection in acute lymphatic leukemia (author's transl)]. We observed a fatal meningoencephalitis in a patient who suffered from acute lymphatic leukemia. The infection occurred after complete bone marrow remission. As the cause of this complication we discovered a rubella-infection, whose beginning had been several weeks ago. Relations to several forms of rubella-encephalitis in otherwise healthy patients are discussed and pathogenetical conclusions are made."}
{"id": "PMID:271759", "title": "[Influence of remission induction therapy on the further outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 66 children with ALL treated during the last 10 years shows an increase in medium survival time from 27.1 +/- 17.8 months to so far 39.3 +/- 15.1 months after the introduction of preventive CNS therapy. In the group with preventive CNS therapy both CNS relapses and hematological relapses are markedly reduced. Furthermore, in the group with preventive CNS therapy, patients initially treated with 3 drugs obviously survive longer than patients initially treated with only 2 drugs. Thus our study shows the importance of the quality of first remission for the further outcome of a patient with leukemia.", "contents": "[Influence of remission induction therapy on the further outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (author's transl)]. An analysis of 66 children with ALL treated during the last 10 years shows an increase in medium survival time from 27.1 +/- 17.8 months to so far 39.3 +/- 15.1 months after the introduction of preventive CNS therapy. In the group with preventive CNS therapy both CNS relapses and hematological relapses are markedly reduced. Furthermore, in the group with preventive CNS therapy, patients initially treated with 3 drugs obviously survive longer than patients initially treated with only 2 drugs. Thus our study shows the importance of the quality of first remission for the further outcome of a patient with leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:271764", "title": "[Correlation of the cytochemical classification of acute leukemia in children with the course of their disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute leukemia in 93 children was cytochemically classified into three groups: 1. the PAS-Typ (acute undifferenciated leukemia) paramyeloblastic leukemia, 2. the AML, and 3. the Acid Phosphatase Typ (SP-Typ). Therapy for the first group differed from that for AML. The acid-Phosphatase-Typ was found in only a few cases, where the acid Phosphatase is good to see in the paranuclear region of the cell. These cases have a bad prognosis. It is proposed to publish even single cases of the acid Phosphatasetype leukemia in order to find the optimal therapy.", "contents": "[Correlation of the cytochemical classification of acute leukemia in children with the course of their disease (author's transl)]. Acute leukemia in 93 children was cytochemically classified into three groups: 1. the PAS-Typ (acute undifferenciated leukemia) paramyeloblastic leukemia, 2. the AML, and 3. the Acid Phosphatase Typ (SP-Typ). Therapy for the first group differed from that for AML. The acid-Phosphatase-Typ was found in only a few cases, where the acid Phosphatase is good to see in the paranuclear region of the cell. These cases have a bad prognosis. It is proposed to publish even single cases of the acid Phosphatasetype leukemia in order to find the optimal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:271773", "title": "Neurologic complications of acute myelomonoblastic leukemia of four years' duration.", "content": "An adult with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia involving the central nervous system is presented. Unusual features included: (1) Focal signs and radiographic evidence of sagittal sinus occlusion early in the course of disease; (2) progressive meningeal, cranial nerve, and spinal nerve involvement despite a 4-year bone marrow remission; (3) intracerebral tumor formation, and (4) retrobulbar optic neuritis associated with microscopic findings of herpeslike viral particles. The incidence of clinically overt neurologic disease in adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia seems to have increased in tandem with improved chemotherapy. The prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system during prolonged remission of adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia may prove of benefit to these patients.", "contents": "Neurologic complications of acute myelomonoblastic leukemia of four years' duration. An adult with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia involving the central nervous system is presented. Unusual features included: (1) Focal signs and radiographic evidence of sagittal sinus occlusion early in the course of disease; (2) progressive meningeal, cranial nerve, and spinal nerve involvement despite a 4-year bone marrow remission; (3) intracerebral tumor formation, and (4) retrobulbar optic neuritis associated with microscopic findings of herpeslike viral particles. The incidence of clinically overt neurologic disease in adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia seems to have increased in tandem with improved chemotherapy. The prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system during prolonged remission of adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia may prove of benefit to these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271776", "title": "[Etiopathogenetical, clinical and therapeutic considerations on meningo-encephalic localizations in acute lymphatic leukemias: personal contribution].", "content": "The aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms and therapeutic attempts carried out in connection with the central nervous system localizations in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, on the basis of an extensive review of the literature and of personal experience are examined. The particular role which central nervous system leukaemia plays on the subsequent clinical course of the disease is stressed and the efforts made, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in order to decrease the incidence of this complication, which invariably has a deteriorating influence of the progress of the disease are described.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenetical, clinical and therapeutic considerations on meningo-encephalic localizations in acute lymphatic leukemias: personal contribution]. The aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms and therapeutic attempts carried out in connection with the central nervous system localizations in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, on the basis of an extensive review of the literature and of personal experience are examined. The particular role which central nervous system leukaemia plays on the subsequent clinical course of the disease is stressed and the efforts made, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in order to decrease the incidence of this complication, which invariably has a deteriorating influence of the progress of the disease are described."}
{"id": "PMID:271796", "title": "Contraceptive use and pregnancy planning in the Hutt Valley.", "content": "This survey, carried out in an area where there are good family planning services, demonstrates that such surveys can be successfully carried out in New Zealand where so far there is little data on contraceptive practice and pregnancy planning. This article compares failure rates of several contraceptive methods and shows that most women in the survey sample had had some experience in contraception during the previous three years. Pregnancy planning overall is seen as poor, with 29.9 percent of all pregnancies being unwanted at the time of conception.", "contents": "Contraceptive use and pregnancy planning in the Hutt Valley. This survey, carried out in an area where there are good family planning services, demonstrates that such surveys can be successfully carried out in New Zealand where so far there is little data on contraceptive practice and pregnancy planning. This article compares failure rates of several contraceptive methods and shows that most women in the survey sample had had some experience in contraception during the previous three years. Pregnancy planning overall is seen as poor, with 29.9 percent of all pregnancies being unwanted at the time of conception."}
{"id": "PMID:271797", "title": "Social characteristics of patients attending a private early pregnancy termination service in Auckland.", "content": "During a two-year period, 5143 of 6303 patients referred, had a therapeutic abortion at a private service in Auckland. The basic social characteristics of these patients and the workings of this service are presented. Reasons for denial of abortion requests in 18.4 percent of patients are discussed.", "contents": "Social characteristics of patients attending a private early pregnancy termination service in Auckland. During a two-year period, 5143 of 6303 patients referred, had a therapeutic abortion at a private service in Auckland. The basic social characteristics of these patients and the workings of this service are presented. Reasons for denial of abortion requests in 18.4 percent of patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271798", "title": "Daycare Pomeroy sterilisation by the vaginal route.", "content": "One hundred consecutive Pomeroy sterilisations were performed via the posterior vaginal fornix. In 50 cases the patient went home on the day of operation and was visited by a district nurse at home. The other 50 cases remained in hospital as inpatients for a minimum of 36 hours. The morbidity in the two groups was the same. The advantages of the daycare approach are discussed.", "contents": "Daycare Pomeroy sterilisation by the vaginal route. One hundred consecutive Pomeroy sterilisations were performed via the posterior vaginal fornix. In 50 cases the patient went home on the day of operation and was visited by a district nurse at home. The other 50 cases remained in hospital as inpatients for a minimum of 36 hours. The morbidity in the two groups was the same. The advantages of the daycare approach are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271799", "title": "Health and mortality status of the West Coast population 1969-72.", "content": "Findings presented confirm and extend earlier evidence that people living on the West Coast of the South Island are disadvantaged in terms of mortality status. This is so of total mortality, of most ages, of neonatal but not post-neonatal or total infant mortality, and of the several major causes of death. In addition the frequency of dying is found to be higher among the unmarried compared with the married, and greater among blue rather than white collar workers.", "contents": "Health and mortality status of the West Coast population 1969-72. Findings presented confirm and extend earlier evidence that people living on the West Coast of the South Island are disadvantaged in terms of mortality status. This is so of total mortality, of most ages, of neonatal but not post-neonatal or total infant mortality, and of the several major causes of death. In addition the frequency of dying is found to be higher among the unmarried compared with the married, and greater among blue rather than white collar workers."}
{"id": "PMID:271803", "title": "Non-medical drug use in students.", "content": "A questionnaire was used with tertiary education students. This obtained information regarding the use of, and attitudes towards, various illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol. The results demonstrate the almost universal acceptance among the samples of regular alcohol use. Tobacco and cannabis are the next most popular social drugs, used by about one-third of those surveyed. Respondents' reasons for regular use suggest wide acceptance of these drugs to alleviate psychological discomfort. Use of other illicit drugs remains minimal.", "contents": "Non-medical drug use in students. A questionnaire was used with tertiary education students. This obtained information regarding the use of, and attitudes towards, various illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol. The results demonstrate the almost universal acceptance among the samples of regular alcohol use. Tobacco and cannabis are the next most popular social drugs, used by about one-third of those surveyed. Respondents' reasons for regular use suggest wide acceptance of these drugs to alleviate psychological discomfort. Use of other illicit drugs remains minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:271804", "title": "Accidental poisoning in children: a psychosocial study.", "content": "Fifty pre-school children thought to have ingested potentially poisonous substances were studied, together with 50 controls. An interview of each child and mother was undertaken in the home situation. Seven at-risk factors make a child more likely to ingest a toxic substance. These are: greater accommodation changes by the family, father having had a large number of jobs, paternal past history of accidents, child's exploring ability, child's past history of poisonings, an abnormal appetite in children older than two years old and lower stimulation indices in 2-5 year-olds. Attention is drawn to the similarity between many of these factors and childhood abuse and neglect.", "contents": "Accidental poisoning in children: a psychosocial study. Fifty pre-school children thought to have ingested potentially poisonous substances were studied, together with 50 controls. An interview of each child and mother was undertaken in the home situation. Seven at-risk factors make a child more likely to ingest a toxic substance. These are: greater accommodation changes by the family, father having had a large number of jobs, paternal past history of accidents, child's exploring ability, child's past history of poisonings, an abnormal appetite in children older than two years old and lower stimulation indices in 2-5 year-olds. Attention is drawn to the similarity between many of these factors and childhood abuse and neglect."}
{"id": "PMID:271805", "title": "Accident and emergency services at Auckland hospital.", "content": "This is an investigation of the role that the accident and emergency department of the Auckland Hospital plays in the provision of medical care in the Auckland area. It is demonstrated that a significant part of the work that is done in that department could equally well be performed by general practitioners and that there is a need for further education of the public concerning the delivery of health care.", "contents": "Accident and emergency services at Auckland hospital. This is an investigation of the role that the accident and emergency department of the Auckland Hospital plays in the provision of medical care in the Auckland area. It is demonstrated that a significant part of the work that is done in that department could equally well be performed by general practitioners and that there is a need for further education of the public concerning the delivery of health care."}
{"id": "PMID:271806", "title": "The content of some trace elements in infant milk foods and supplements available in New Zealand.", "content": "The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, cadmium and lead are reported for milk foods and supplements offered to infants before the introduction of mixed feeding. Levels of most of the trace elements in samples of breast milk and homogenised cows' milk were within the ranges reported overseas. Most of the milk products should supply adequate amounts of iron, copper, manganese and nickel to the young infant although zinc intakes may be marginal. Concentrations of cadmium and lead were well below the maximum values permitted by law.", "contents": "The content of some trace elements in infant milk foods and supplements available in New Zealand. The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, cadmium and lead are reported for milk foods and supplements offered to infants before the introduction of mixed feeding. Levels of most of the trace elements in samples of breast milk and homogenised cows' milk were within the ranges reported overseas. Most of the milk products should supply adequate amounts of iron, copper, manganese and nickel to the young infant although zinc intakes may be marginal. Concentrations of cadmium and lead were well below the maximum values permitted by law."}
{"id": "PMID:271807", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody among Samoans living in Christchurch.", "content": "Ninety-six Western Samoan volunteers were examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs). Seventy-two volunteers were full blooded Samoans and four were found to be asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. No mixed blood volunteers had detectable HBsAg by either haemagglutination or radioimmunoassay techniques. Fifty of the 72 full blooded Samoans had anti-HBs detectable by radioimmunoassay. Eight of these reactions were only weakly positive. Seventeen of the 24 mixed blood volunteers had detectable anti-Hbs. All were Samoan born. This study suggests that Samoan born Somoans should provide a valuable source of anti-HBs if New Zealand preparation of this antibody is contemplated.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody among Samoans living in Christchurch. Ninety-six Western Samoan volunteers were examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs). Seventy-two volunteers were full blooded Samoans and four were found to be asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. No mixed blood volunteers had detectable HBsAg by either haemagglutination or radioimmunoassay techniques. Fifty of the 72 full blooded Samoans had anti-HBs detectable by radioimmunoassay. Eight of these reactions were only weakly positive. Seventeen of the 24 mixed blood volunteers had detectable anti-Hbs. All were Samoan born. This study suggests that Samoan born Somoans should provide a valuable source of anti-HBs if New Zealand preparation of this antibody is contemplated."}
{"id": "PMID:271814", "title": "Recreational drug use among Auckland high school students.", "content": "The first large scale questionnaire survey of Auckland high school students demonstrated widespread use of alcohol, a slight drop in tobacco use relative to an earlier survey and almost one-third of the students prepared to take marihuana if the opportunity arose. The reasons given by the students for their regular use or abstention from various drugs are discussed in the context of pervasive drug use throughout New Zealand society and the drug information currently available to high school students.", "contents": "Recreational drug use among Auckland high school students. The first large scale questionnaire survey of Auckland high school students demonstrated widespread use of alcohol, a slight drop in tobacco use relative to an earlier survey and almost one-third of the students prepared to take marihuana if the opportunity arose. The reasons given by the students for their regular use or abstention from various drugs are discussed in the context of pervasive drug use throughout New Zealand society and the drug information currently available to high school students."}
{"id": "PMID:271815", "title": "After hours availability of general practitioners in Canterbury/Westland: a survey.", "content": "The results of a postal questionnaire to 185 general practitioners in the Canterbury-Westland agea are discussed. The intention was to describe the after hours provision for patients made by general practitioners. The study indicates that about one half of doctors are on call on weekdays evenings and about a third on weekends. Only a handful of doctors provide no cover. The kind of cover provided is discussed and the patient load during such hours is analysed. Figures are presented which suggest that Canterbury practitioners are marginally younger than the national average; that most doctors (100 out of 106 responding) have formal cover arrangements; that 82% are on duty no more than one weekend a month (less often for group practitioners); that about two-thirds have a regular half-day free during the week; that about two-thirds of after hours call are judged to be justified.", "contents": "After hours availability of general practitioners in Canterbury/Westland: a survey. The results of a postal questionnaire to 185 general practitioners in the Canterbury-Westland agea are discussed. The intention was to describe the after hours provision for patients made by general practitioners. The study indicates that about one half of doctors are on call on weekdays evenings and about a third on weekends. Only a handful of doctors provide no cover. The kind of cover provided is discussed and the patient load during such hours is analysed. Figures are presented which suggest that Canterbury practitioners are marginally younger than the national average; that most doctors (100 out of 106 responding) have formal cover arrangements; that 82% are on duty no more than one weekend a month (less often for group practitioners); that about two-thirds have a regular half-day free during the week; that about two-thirds of after hours call are judged to be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:271816", "title": "Correlates of impulsive suicidal behaviour.", "content": "Up to two-thirds of reported suicidal acts are impulsive in nature. In a series of patients presenting at a general hospital as a result of suicidal behaviour, it was concluded that over half the acts were impulsive in nature. A number of variables were found to be related to the occurrence of impulsive suicidal behaviour and they included the following: a past history of suicidal behaviour, the tablets being in the same room when the decision to engage in the act was reached, the ingestion of more than half the available tablets, and finally, the tablets tending to be bottled rather than foil packaged. Findings were discussed in terms of the aetiology and prevention of impulsive suicidal behaviour.", "contents": "Correlates of impulsive suicidal behaviour. Up to two-thirds of reported suicidal acts are impulsive in nature. In a series of patients presenting at a general hospital as a result of suicidal behaviour, it was concluded that over half the acts were impulsive in nature. A number of variables were found to be related to the occurrence of impulsive suicidal behaviour and they included the following: a past history of suicidal behaviour, the tablets being in the same room when the decision to engage in the act was reached, the ingestion of more than half the available tablets, and finally, the tablets tending to be bottled rather than foil packaged. Findings were discussed in terms of the aetiology and prevention of impulsive suicidal behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:271817", "title": "Current health problems in the South and Central Pacific.", "content": "Tabulation of monthly reports of infectious diseases from 19 countries and territories in the South and Central Pacific for the years 1973 through 1975 indicated that influenza-like illness, dengue, dysentery, measles, and gonorrhoea were the greatest problems. Reports of the leading causes of hospitalisation from 11 areas indicated that infectious respiratory disease, gastroenteritis and accidents were the most common problems requiring hospitalisation in most Pacific countries. The leading causes of death showed a different pattern with striking differences between traditional and modernised areas. It appeared that the major causes of death were changing from infectious diseases in the traditional areas to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer in the modernised areas.", "contents": "Current health problems in the South and Central Pacific. Tabulation of monthly reports of infectious diseases from 19 countries and territories in the South and Central Pacific for the years 1973 through 1975 indicated that influenza-like illness, dengue, dysentery, measles, and gonorrhoea were the greatest problems. Reports of the leading causes of hospitalisation from 11 areas indicated that infectious respiratory disease, gastroenteritis and accidents were the most common problems requiring hospitalisation in most Pacific countries. The leading causes of death showed a different pattern with striking differences between traditional and modernised areas. It appeared that the major causes of death were changing from infectious diseases in the traditional areas to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer in the modernised areas."}
{"id": "PMID:271818", "title": "Hryntschak prostatectomy: a review of 900 patients.", "content": "A personal series of 900 consecutive Hyrntschak prostatectomy operations is reported. Haemostasis with this method is excellent and post-operative haemorrhage has been much less of a problem than in the past. In this series there were 24 hospital deaths (2.6%) 19 of these being in bad-risk patients, the other five being due to pulmonary embolism in good-risk cases. The average post-operative hospital stay in the survivors was 10.6 days. In the last 300 cases there were six deaths (2%)--five bad-risk cases, one pulmonary embolus--and an average hospital stay of 9.2 days.", "contents": "Hryntschak prostatectomy: a review of 900 patients. A personal series of 900 consecutive Hyrntschak prostatectomy operations is reported. Haemostasis with this method is excellent and post-operative haemorrhage has been much less of a problem than in the past. In this series there were 24 hospital deaths (2.6%) 19 of these being in bad-risk patients, the other five being due to pulmonary embolism in good-risk cases. The average post-operative hospital stay in the survivors was 10.6 days. In the last 300 cases there were six deaths (2%)--five bad-risk cases, one pulmonary embolus--and an average hospital stay of 9.2 days."}
{"id": "PMID:271819", "title": "Tropical fish tank granuloma.", "content": "A case of tropical fish tank granuloma due to mycobacterium marinum is presented. The source, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Tropical fish tank granuloma. A case of tropical fish tank granuloma due to mycobacterium marinum is presented. The source, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271826", "title": "Psychotherapeutic prescribing patterns in general practice.", "content": "An analysis of more than 25 000 prescription items dispensed between January and May 1976 in a rural town (Ashburton) and a city (Dunedin) has indicated that one item out of every eight written in general practice is for a psychiatric symptom, and that of these psychotherapeutic agents, almost three out of every four are written for adult women. In addition it has been shown that the consumption of psychotherapeutic agents in the urban environment of Dunedin city is significantly higher than that in the rural town of Ashburton.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic prescribing patterns in general practice. An analysis of more than 25 000 prescription items dispensed between January and May 1976 in a rural town (Ashburton) and a city (Dunedin) has indicated that one item out of every eight written in general practice is for a psychiatric symptom, and that of these psychotherapeutic agents, almost three out of every four are written for adult women. In addition it has been shown that the consumption of psychotherapeutic agents in the urban environment of Dunedin city is significantly higher than that in the rural town of Ashburton."}
{"id": "PMID:271827", "title": "A clinical trial of cyproterone acetate for sexual deviancy.", "content": "Cyproterone acetate was used in the treatment of ten patients presenting with problems of sexual deviancy. Of these six completed the course of treatment over a period of one year and psychological, medical and endocrinological measures were recorded.", "contents": "A clinical trial of cyproterone acetate for sexual deviancy. Cyproterone acetate was used in the treatment of ten patients presenting with problems of sexual deviancy. Of these six completed the course of treatment over a period of one year and psychological, medical and endocrinological measures were recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:271828", "title": "Generalised amyloidosis with involvement of the parathyroids: case report.", "content": "A case of generalised amyloidosis is described. Attention is drawn to the involvement of the parathyroids, an uncommon site of amyloid deposition. The histology and ultrastructure are illustrated and the relevant literature reviewed.", "contents": "Generalised amyloidosis with involvement of the parathyroids: case report. A case of generalised amyloidosis is described. Attention is drawn to the involvement of the parathyroids, an uncommon site of amyloid deposition. The histology and ultrastructure are illustrated and the relevant literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:271836", "title": "Viral hepatitis among practising dentists.", "content": "A survey among Auckland dentists has shown a high experience of viral hepatitis occuring during practising years. The prevalence of dentists affected is higher than for similar groups of American dentists, and the incidence of viral hepatitis among dentists practising in Auckland appears to be rising. This study supports the view that infection with viral hepatitis should be regarded as a occupational health risk for practising dentists.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis among practising dentists. A survey among Auckland dentists has shown a high experience of viral hepatitis occuring during practising years. The prevalence of dentists affected is higher than for similar groups of American dentists, and the incidence of viral hepatitis among dentists practising in Auckland appears to be rising. This study supports the view that infection with viral hepatitis should be regarded as a occupational health risk for practising dentists."}
{"id": "PMID:271837", "title": "Towards an accurate measurement of dietary fibre.", "content": "A method of acid and neutral detergent extraction of food has been used to measure the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of a number of New Zealand foods. Foods can be classified as those high or relatively high in hemicellulose and those high or relatively high in cellulose and lignin. The accurate determination of this fibre content is of importance in understanding the physical, chemical and bacteriological effects of various fibre components in preventing or causing disease.", "contents": "Towards an accurate measurement of dietary fibre. A method of acid and neutral detergent extraction of food has been used to measure the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of a number of New Zealand foods. Foods can be classified as those high or relatively high in hemicellulose and those high or relatively high in cellulose and lignin. The accurate determination of this fibre content is of importance in understanding the physical, chemical and bacteriological effects of various fibre components in preventing or causing disease."}
{"id": "PMID:271838", "title": "Patients denied abortion at a private early pregnancy termination service in Auckland.", "content": "Follow-up of patients who were denied abortion at a private early pregnancy termination service shows at least half of the sample eventually had an abortion elsewhere.", "contents": "Patients denied abortion at a private early pregnancy termination service in Auckland. Follow-up of patients who were denied abortion at a private early pregnancy termination service shows at least half of the sample eventually had an abortion elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:271839", "title": "Scombroid poisoning--recapitulation on the role of histamine.", "content": "The histamine content and the total vagal stimulating activities in various fish samples involved in an outbreak of food poisoning were compared. There was a close correlation between the two levels and there was lack of potentiation between histamine and other non-active fractions. The role of histamine in scombroid poisoning is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Scombroid poisoning--recapitulation on the role of histamine. The histamine content and the total vagal stimulating activities in various fish samples involved in an outbreak of food poisoning were compared. There was a close correlation between the two levels and there was lack of potentiation between histamine and other non-active fractions. The role of histamine in scombroid poisoning is discussed in the light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:271844", "title": "An audit of weight reduction in a diabetic clinic.", "content": "A group of long-term attenders at a diabetic outpatient clinic were compared with new patients who were referred for the first time by their own general practitioners. There was some evidence that first attenders, especially women, appear to lose weight significantly over the subsequent three years, such weight loss being more marked when the diet therapy is also combined with a re-organisation of their attendances over a month, to provide education both to the patients and to the relatives. This preliminary information suggests that the development of patient self-sufficiency programmes in diabetes in the New Zealand setting appears to have economic justification.", "contents": "An audit of weight reduction in a diabetic clinic. A group of long-term attenders at a diabetic outpatient clinic were compared with new patients who were referred for the first time by their own general practitioners. There was some evidence that first attenders, especially women, appear to lose weight significantly over the subsequent three years, such weight loss being more marked when the diet therapy is also combined with a re-organisation of their attendances over a month, to provide education both to the patients and to the relatives. This preliminary information suggests that the development of patient self-sufficiency programmes in diabetes in the New Zealand setting appears to have economic justification."}
{"id": "PMID:271845", "title": "Neuroblastoma: a twenty year review.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of children with neuroblastoma presenting to Princess Mary Hospital over the past twenty years and to Green Lane Hospital over the past fifteen years. There was an increase in the numbers of children presenting over the years. The majority of patients were under five years of age and half of them were under two years. The majority of cases had an abdominal tumour, and abdominal mass was the commonest mode of presentation. In general, those children under one year of age and early stage and/or a primary tumour outside the abdomen, had a far better prognosis. A particularly good prognosis was noted in those children under one year of age with metastases confined to the liver skin and bone marrow (stage IVS).", "contents": "Neuroblastoma: a twenty year review. A retrospective study was made of children with neuroblastoma presenting to Princess Mary Hospital over the past twenty years and to Green Lane Hospital over the past fifteen years. There was an increase in the numbers of children presenting over the years. The majority of patients were under five years of age and half of them were under two years. The majority of cases had an abdominal tumour, and abdominal mass was the commonest mode of presentation. In general, those children under one year of age and early stage and/or a primary tumour outside the abdomen, had a far better prognosis. A particularly good prognosis was noted in those children under one year of age with metastases confined to the liver skin and bone marrow (stage IVS)."}
{"id": "PMID:271846", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and avascular bone necrosis.", "content": "Two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developing avascular bone necrosis are described. One case had eight separate areas involved (shouldres, hips, knees and both distal tibiae), which is the largest number in a single case of SLE yet reported. In both cases, at the onset of symptoms of necrosis in a new area, the antinuclear factor increased markedly compared to the preceding level. This indicates that the onset of the pathological process leading to necrosis is due to increased activity of the SLE rather than the steroid treatment.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus and avascular bone necrosis. Two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developing avascular bone necrosis are described. One case had eight separate areas involved (shouldres, hips, knees and both distal tibiae), which is the largest number in a single case of SLE yet reported. In both cases, at the onset of symptoms of necrosis in a new area, the antinuclear factor increased markedly compared to the preceding level. This indicates that the onset of the pathological process leading to necrosis is due to increased activity of the SLE rather than the steroid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:271847", "title": "Cervical spondylotic myelopathy in wide canals.", "content": "The anteroposterior diameters of the cervical spinal canal in 21 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy were measured. In more than one-third (eight) of these it was found that this diameter of the canal was more than 14 mm, despite a widely held belief that this myelopathy is unlikely if the cervical spinal canal is wider than 14 mm in the AP diameter.", "contents": "Cervical spondylotic myelopathy in wide canals. The anteroposterior diameters of the cervical spinal canal in 21 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy were measured. In more than one-third (eight) of these it was found that this diameter of the canal was more than 14 mm, despite a widely held belief that this myelopathy is unlikely if the cervical spinal canal is wider than 14 mm in the AP diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:271854", "title": "Classification of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A classification of glomerulonephritis which is being used as a basis for the New Zealand National Study of Glomerulonephritis is presented, together with comments about the salient pathological features of each type of glomerular disease.", "contents": "Classification of glomerulonephritis. A classification of glomerulonephritis which is being used as a basis for the New Zealand National Study of Glomerulonephritis is presented, together with comments about the salient pathological features of each type of glomerular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:271855", "title": "Auckland hospital ethical committee: the first three years.", "content": "A committee responsible for the ethical surveillance of research involving human subjects has been in existence at the Auckland Hospital for over three years. Guidelines for clinical investigators have been published and a form of application for approval of research projects designed. Major problems grappled with in 121 research projects are outlined. The need for such ethical surveillance appears to have been established beyond reasonable doubt.", "contents": "Auckland hospital ethical committee: the first three years. A committee responsible for the ethical surveillance of research involving human subjects has been in existence at the Auckland Hospital for over three years. Guidelines for clinical investigators have been published and a form of application for approval of research projects designed. Major problems grappled with in 121 research projects are outlined. The need for such ethical surveillance appears to have been established beyond reasonable doubt."}
{"id": "PMID:271856", "title": "Models for hospital care.", "content": "Analyses of hospital functioning are frequently reported with patient outcomes as the independent variable. However, the main focus in this paper is the length of stay in hospital not just in terms of \"short stay\" or \"long stay\", but ranked in tenths so that ten-point distributions of patient use of hospital resources are available for study. From the analysis of these distributions three patterns emerge: (a) a \"standard procedure\" model with best fitting \"curves\" given by a linear function, eg routine surgery; (b) a \"finite disease\" model (exponential series) eg internal medicine and, (c) a \"person in hospital care\" model (power series) eg psychiatry.", "contents": "Models for hospital care. Analyses of hospital functioning are frequently reported with patient outcomes as the independent variable. However, the main focus in this paper is the length of stay in hospital not just in terms of \"short stay\" or \"long stay\", but ranked in tenths so that ten-point distributions of patient use of hospital resources are available for study. From the analysis of these distributions three patterns emerge: (a) a \"standard procedure\" model with best fitting \"curves\" given by a linear function, eg routine surgery; (b) a \"finite disease\" model (exponential series) eg internal medicine and, (c) a \"person in hospital care\" model (power series) eg psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:271857", "title": "Endometrioma of the rectum: case report.", "content": "A case of endometrioma of the rectum is reported. This was clinically indistinguishable from a carcinoma. The difficulties of diagnosis and management are emphasised.", "contents": "Endometrioma of the rectum: case report. A case of endometrioma of the rectum is reported. This was clinically indistinguishable from a carcinoma. The difficulties of diagnosis and management are emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:271858", "title": "Phospholipid monolayers and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A hypothesis is presented of the fundamental cause of the systemic lupus erythematosus. From a study of the molecular interaction of procainamide with phospholipid monolayers, it is proposed that the drug causes phospholipid loss from the cell membrane. Chronic phospholipid loss would lead to cell lysis and antinuclear antibody production.", "contents": "Phospholipid monolayers and systemic lupus erythematosus. A hypothesis is presented of the fundamental cause of the systemic lupus erythematosus. From a study of the molecular interaction of procainamide with phospholipid monolayers, it is proposed that the drug causes phospholipid loss from the cell membrane. Chronic phospholipid loss would lead to cell lysis and antinuclear antibody production."}
{"id": "PMID:271862", "title": "Follow-up of past tuberculosis, its value and limitations.", "content": "Recently the policy of life-long follow-up of tuberculous patients has been questioned, particularly for those who have taken adequate chemotherapy. To assess the value of follow-up at a chest clinic, the relapse rate of approximately 3000 male patients was examined and found to be 0.51 percent annually during the last eight years. It was 0.46 percent amongst those treated prior to the introduction of prolonged chemotherapy, 0.55 percent anually amongst those prescribed at least 18 months chemotherapy. No relapses would have been missed if all the patients had been followed for five years after ceasing chemotherapy and only selected groups subsequently. The selected groups included, those not prescribed adequate chemotherapy in the past, those suspected of irregularity of drug intake, alcoholics and those with atypical or resistant organisms. It was concluded that patients adequately treated with chemotherapy need not be followed up after five years.", "contents": "Follow-up of past tuberculosis, its value and limitations. Recently the policy of life-long follow-up of tuberculous patients has been questioned, particularly for those who have taken adequate chemotherapy. To assess the value of follow-up at a chest clinic, the relapse rate of approximately 3000 male patients was examined and found to be 0.51 percent annually during the last eight years. It was 0.46 percent amongst those treated prior to the introduction of prolonged chemotherapy, 0.55 percent anually amongst those prescribed at least 18 months chemotherapy. No relapses would have been missed if all the patients had been followed for five years after ceasing chemotherapy and only selected groups subsequently. The selected groups included, those not prescribed adequate chemotherapy in the past, those suspected of irregularity of drug intake, alcoholics and those with atypical or resistant organisms. It was concluded that patients adequately treated with chemotherapy need not be followed up after five years."}
{"id": "PMID:271872", "title": "Renal biopsy pathology in Auckland, 1969-1976.", "content": "The pathology of 1058 samples of kidney tissue studied during the past seven years as part of the renal biopsy service in Auckland is reviewed. About half of the samples were examples of glomerulonephritis, with diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis being the most common finding. In the group of focal glomerular disease, lupus nephropathy and Goodpasture's Syndrome were frequently diagnosed.", "contents": "Renal biopsy pathology in Auckland, 1969-1976. The pathology of 1058 samples of kidney tissue studied during the past seven years as part of the renal biopsy service in Auckland is reviewed. About half of the samples were examples of glomerulonephritis, with diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis being the most common finding. In the group of focal glomerular disease, lupus nephropathy and Goodpasture's Syndrome were frequently diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:271873", "title": "Serum digoxin levels in neonates, infants and children with heart disease.", "content": "Serum digoxin levels were measured in 53 neonates and infants receiving 18-22 microgram/kg/day (high dose) oral maintenance digoxin, and 44 neonates, infants and children receiving less than 18 microgram/kg/day (low dose) oral maintenance digoxin. In both groups, patients under four months of age had significantly higher serum digoxin levels than older patients, in the high dose group 2.6 ng/ml compared with 1.4 ng/ml and in the low dose group 2.2 ng/ml compared with 1.0 ng/ml. Correlation between digoxin dosage and serum level was weak and unaffected by blood urea level. Only two patients in the entire series showed toxic manifestations. Sixteen patients had serum digoxin levels measured before and after corrective cardiac surgery while receiving comparable dosages of digoxin. Despite lower serum digoxin levels postoperatively pulse rates fell significantly, illustrating the influence of changing haemodynamic status on the inter-relationships of digoxin dosage, serum levels and clinical response. Recommended dosage regimens are outlined.", "contents": "Serum digoxin levels in neonates, infants and children with heart disease. Serum digoxin levels were measured in 53 neonates and infants receiving 18-22 microgram/kg/day (high dose) oral maintenance digoxin, and 44 neonates, infants and children receiving less than 18 microgram/kg/day (low dose) oral maintenance digoxin. In both groups, patients under four months of age had significantly higher serum digoxin levels than older patients, in the high dose group 2.6 ng/ml compared with 1.4 ng/ml and in the low dose group 2.2 ng/ml compared with 1.0 ng/ml. Correlation between digoxin dosage and serum level was weak and unaffected by blood urea level. Only two patients in the entire series showed toxic manifestations. Sixteen patients had serum digoxin levels measured before and after corrective cardiac surgery while receiving comparable dosages of digoxin. Despite lower serum digoxin levels postoperatively pulse rates fell significantly, illustrating the influence of changing haemodynamic status on the inter-relationships of digoxin dosage, serum levels and clinical response. Recommended dosage regimens are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:271879", "title": "Death certification in Dunedin hospitals.", "content": "An analysis is presented of death certification in Dunedin Hospitals. The study involved a comparison of death certificates with post-mortem findings in 643 deaths which occurred in Dunedin hospitals between 1 October 1971 and 30 September 1973. The cases were categorised according to diseases in the various body systems. The study also involved consideration of the format of the current death certificate and of attitudes towards death certification. Serious defects have been revealed in all areas of the study which are considered to be representative of the national scene. Errors of epidemiological significance were found in 64.7 percent of the certificates, and in 57.5 percent of individual diagnoses. Responsibility for the defects lies with the certification itself and not with the statisticians who diligently compile mortality data from the information supplied to them.", "contents": "Death certification in Dunedin hospitals. An analysis is presented of death certification in Dunedin Hospitals. The study involved a comparison of death certificates with post-mortem findings in 643 deaths which occurred in Dunedin hospitals between 1 October 1971 and 30 September 1973. The cases were categorised according to diseases in the various body systems. The study also involved consideration of the format of the current death certificate and of attitudes towards death certification. Serious defects have been revealed in all areas of the study which are considered to be representative of the national scene. Errors of epidemiological significance were found in 64.7 percent of the certificates, and in 57.5 percent of individual diagnoses. Responsibility for the defects lies with the certification itself and not with the statisticians who diligently compile mortality data from the information supplied to them."}
{"id": "PMID:271880", "title": "Endocrinology of normal pregnancy and premature labour.", "content": "Peripheral plasma levels of the biologically important hormones of pregnancy--plasma oestradiol 17 beta, plasma oestriol, plasma progesterone, human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) have been measured serially in a control group of 10 normal women who delivered at term +/- three days. A second group of patients were similarly studied when admitted in premature labour and the levels compared with the control group. The levels of all hormones except human chorionic gonadotrophin increased till 37 weeks. After the 30th week, the increase of oestriol was steeper than oestradiol and hPL. The hormone profile of the maternal plasma is a good index of feto-placental function. The hPL levels which heralded the increase in endocrine function of the feto-placental unit were also elevated in premature labour, suggesting a casual relationship of significance. Levels of plasma oestradiol in premature labour were considerably higher than in the control study and suggests an endocrine basis for premature labour of hitherto unknown aetiology.", "contents": "Endocrinology of normal pregnancy and premature labour. Peripheral plasma levels of the biologically important hormones of pregnancy--plasma oestradiol 17 beta, plasma oestriol, plasma progesterone, human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) have been measured serially in a control group of 10 normal women who delivered at term +/- three days. A second group of patients were similarly studied when admitted in premature labour and the levels compared with the control group. The levels of all hormones except human chorionic gonadotrophin increased till 37 weeks. After the 30th week, the increase of oestriol was steeper than oestradiol and hPL. The hormone profile of the maternal plasma is a good index of feto-placental function. The hPL levels which heralded the increase in endocrine function of the feto-placental unit were also elevated in premature labour, suggesting a casual relationship of significance. Levels of plasma oestradiol in premature labour were considerably higher than in the control study and suggests an endocrine basis for premature labour of hitherto unknown aetiology."}
{"id": "PMID:271881", "title": "Seat belt injury of the colon.", "content": "Two cases of seat belt injury of the colon are presented. In each case a gangrenous tube of mucosa remained while the muscle layers and adjacent mesentery were divided. The delay before the severity of the injury is appreciated is emphasised.", "contents": "Seat belt injury of the colon. Two cases of seat belt injury of the colon are presented. In each case a gangrenous tube of mucosa remained while the muscle layers and adjacent mesentery were divided. The delay before the severity of the injury is appreciated is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:271882", "title": "The susceptibility of New Zealand isolates of leptospira to three antibiotics.", "content": "The susceptibilities of 14 recent isolates of Leptospira to benzyl penicillin, tetracycline and minocycline, were tested. All strains were highly susceptible to penicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the two tetracyclines were generally low, and no significant difference was found between them.", "contents": "The susceptibility of New Zealand isolates of leptospira to three antibiotics. The susceptibilities of 14 recent isolates of Leptospira to benzyl penicillin, tetracycline and minocycline, were tested. All strains were highly susceptible to penicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the two tetracyclines were generally low, and no significant difference was found between them."}
{"id": "PMID:271883", "title": "Haemostasis in traumatic injury to the portal vein.", "content": "A case of penetrating thoraco-abdominal injury involving portal vein in the free margin of lesser omentum is reported; light traction on a tape sling or a tape tourniquet around the hepato-duodenal ligament applied just above the level of duodenum is an effective method of achieving haemostasis and space necessary for repair of portal venous injury at this site.", "contents": "Haemostasis in traumatic injury to the portal vein. A case of penetrating thoraco-abdominal injury involving portal vein in the free margin of lesser omentum is reported; light traction on a tape sling or a tape tourniquet around the hepato-duodenal ligament applied just above the level of duodenum is an effective method of achieving haemostasis and space necessary for repair of portal venous injury at this site."}
{"id": "PMID:271884", "title": "A simple method for the prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolism.", "content": "A simple appliance for the prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolic disease is described and a plea is made for its use in a multicentre trial. A modified device should be placed in the beds of all high risk medical, surgical and obstetric patients.", "contents": "A simple method for the prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolism. A simple appliance for the prevention of postoperative thrombo-embolic disease is described and a plea is made for its use in a multicentre trial. A modified device should be placed in the beds of all high risk medical, surgical and obstetric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:271888", "title": "A random blood sugar diabetes detection survey.", "content": "In a co-operative study undertaken between various groups in the community, 3212 persons were screened at the Agricultural and Pastoral Summer Show in Christchurch. The mean glucose value was 88.4 mg/dl (4.9mmol/l) which roughly equates to 91 mg/dl (5.1mmol/l) plasma value. There was a standard deviation of 19.5mg/dl (1.08mmol/l) the 22.5 percentile was 63mg (3.5mmol/l), the 97.5 percentile was 125 (6.5mmol/l). One hundred and twenty persons of the total of 3212 were advised to contact their family doctors as a result of higher than normal blood sugar levels on the day. Twenty-five probable diabetics were diagnosed.", "contents": "A random blood sugar diabetes detection survey. In a co-operative study undertaken between various groups in the community, 3212 persons were screened at the Agricultural and Pastoral Summer Show in Christchurch. The mean glucose value was 88.4 mg/dl (4.9mmol/l) which roughly equates to 91 mg/dl (5.1mmol/l) plasma value. There was a standard deviation of 19.5mg/dl (1.08mmol/l) the 22.5 percentile was 63mg (3.5mmol/l), the 97.5 percentile was 125 (6.5mmol/l). One hundred and twenty persons of the total of 3212 were advised to contact their family doctors as a result of higher than normal blood sugar levels on the day. Twenty-five probable diabetics were diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:271889", "title": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M in New Zealand and Tokelauan children.", "content": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M are described in a group of New Zealand (NZ) children of European descent. These findings are used as reference standards for three groups of Tokelauan children, atoll residents, migrants in NZ, and NZ-born Tokelauan children. All three Tokelauan groups had high levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM. Breast feeding was diminished and morbidity was higher in the NZ-born group. The IgG level was negatively correlated with duration of breast feeding in this group. In the atoll group IgG was related to present illness but no other consistent relationships were found between present illness status and the immunoglobulin levels. It remains unclear whether the high Tokelauan immunoglobulin levels are genetically or environmentally determined.", "contents": "Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M in New Zealand and Tokelauan children. Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M are described in a group of New Zealand (NZ) children of European descent. These findings are used as reference standards for three groups of Tokelauan children, atoll residents, migrants in NZ, and NZ-born Tokelauan children. All three Tokelauan groups had high levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM. Breast feeding was diminished and morbidity was higher in the NZ-born group. The IgG level was negatively correlated with duration of breast feeding in this group. In the atoll group IgG was related to present illness but no other consistent relationships were found between present illness status and the immunoglobulin levels. It remains unclear whether the high Tokelauan immunoglobulin levels are genetically or environmentally determined."}
{"id": "PMID:271890", "title": "Drug prescribing in rheumatoid arthritis in Otago.", "content": "The drug therapy prescribed for a group of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Otago prior to specialist referral was examined. Thirty-two patients were receiving some first-line anti-inflammatory drugs and six were receiving no therapy at the time of their first hospital clinic visit. Salicylates had been prescribed first in only 16 of the 50 patients while this drug had been withdrawn because of side effects in about one-third of the patients who had been treated with it prior to specialist referral. Seven patients had received phenylbutazone and six corticosteroids as the first treatment for their rheumatoid arthritis. About one-third of the patients were receiving more than one anti-inflammatory drug at the time of their initial clinic visit.", "contents": "Drug prescribing in rheumatoid arthritis in Otago. The drug therapy prescribed for a group of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Otago prior to specialist referral was examined. Thirty-two patients were receiving some first-line anti-inflammatory drugs and six were receiving no therapy at the time of their first hospital clinic visit. Salicylates had been prescribed first in only 16 of the 50 patients while this drug had been withdrawn because of side effects in about one-third of the patients who had been treated with it prior to specialist referral. Seven patients had received phenylbutazone and six corticosteroids as the first treatment for their rheumatoid arthritis. About one-third of the patients were receiving more than one anti-inflammatory drug at the time of their initial clinic visit."}
{"id": "PMID:271891", "title": "Drugs which interfere with alcohol metabolism.", "content": "A review is made of compounds which produce antagonism to alcohol. Some of these drugs are used purposefully in alcoholism therapy to curtail drinking; others, which are administered for quite unrelated reasons in the treatment of different medical conditions, may also cause unpleasant symptoms if alcohol is subsequently ingested.", "contents": "Drugs which interfere with alcohol metabolism. A review is made of compounds which produce antagonism to alcohol. Some of these drugs are used purposefully in alcoholism therapy to curtail drinking; others, which are administered for quite unrelated reasons in the treatment of different medical conditions, may also cause unpleasant symptoms if alcohol is subsequently ingested."}
{"id": "PMID:271892", "title": "Hand reconstruction using a damaged index finger.", "content": "Improvement in the function and appearance of hand brought about by using tissue from a damaged index finger is presented. The damaged index finger could have been retained as a stiff digit or thrown away in the bucket.", "contents": "Hand reconstruction using a damaged index finger. Improvement in the function and appearance of hand brought about by using tissue from a damaged index finger is presented. The damaged index finger could have been retained as a stiff digit or thrown away in the bucket."}
{"id": "PMID:271898", "title": "Initial experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: the role in clinical practice.", "content": "A series of 62 patients referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is reported. The pancreatic or biliary ductular systems were demonstrated in 42, the success rate of cannulation improving with experience. The technique was diagnostic in 25 of 31 patients referred with hepatobiliary problems and in 3 of 11 with suspected pancreatic pathology. In a further seven patients in this latter group the examination was helpful in management. Duodenoscopy, without duct cannulation, demonstrated carcinoma of the periampullary region in two patients. Pancreatitis occurred in two patients and cholangitis in one. There are few contra-indications to the examination which should be undertaken early in the investigation of patients with cholestasis.", "contents": "Initial experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: the role in clinical practice. A series of 62 patients referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is reported. The pancreatic or biliary ductular systems were demonstrated in 42, the success rate of cannulation improving with experience. The technique was diagnostic in 25 of 31 patients referred with hepatobiliary problems and in 3 of 11 with suspected pancreatic pathology. In a further seven patients in this latter group the examination was helpful in management. Duodenoscopy, without duct cannulation, demonstrated carcinoma of the periampullary region in two patients. Pancreatitis occurred in two patients and cholangitis in one. There are few contra-indications to the examination which should be undertaken early in the investigation of patients with cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:271899", "title": "Benign postoperative jaundice complicating severe trauma.", "content": "Five patients are described in whom deep jaundice developed following severe trauma. Only two of the patients showed acute renal failure. All showed the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The livers at autopsy were enlarged and showed centrilobular congestion and cholestases. This syndrome, which is closely analogous, to that described as \"benign postoperative jaundice\", is more closely associated with the hypoxic hypoxia of acute respiratory failure than with the stagnant hypoxia of acute circulatory failure. It is accentuated by transfusion, and often by disseminated intra-vascular coagulation.", "contents": "Benign postoperative jaundice complicating severe trauma. Five patients are described in whom deep jaundice developed following severe trauma. Only two of the patients showed acute renal failure. All showed the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The livers at autopsy were enlarged and showed centrilobular congestion and cholestases. This syndrome, which is closely analogous, to that described as \"benign postoperative jaundice\", is more closely associated with the hypoxic hypoxia of acute respiratory failure than with the stagnant hypoxia of acute circulatory failure. It is accentuated by transfusion, and often by disseminated intra-vascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:271900", "title": "Distribution of various coronary risk factors in an urban general practice.", "content": "Seven hundred and fifty asymptomatic European subjects aged 16 to 69 years from an urban general practice were screened for various coronary risk factors. Required information was completed for 98.9 percent of the total sample. The incidence of individual risk factors in males and females respectively were: smoking, 52.8 percent and 45.6 percent; obesity, 26.9 percent and 30.9 percent; definite hypertension, 5.6 percent and 4.0 percent; borderline hypertension, 5.3 percent and 5.1 percent; hyperlipidaemia, 12.8 percent and 8.0 percent; impaired glucose tolerance, 1.1 percent and 1.3 percent. Respective figures for males and females with regard to numbers of risk factors present were: one or more risks present, 68.5 percent and 66.9 percent; two or more, 26.5 percent and 23.5 percent; three or more, 8.0 percent and 4.5 percent; four risk factors present, 1.6 percent and 0.3 percent.", "contents": "Distribution of various coronary risk factors in an urban general practice. Seven hundred and fifty asymptomatic European subjects aged 16 to 69 years from an urban general practice were screened for various coronary risk factors. Required information was completed for 98.9 percent of the total sample. The incidence of individual risk factors in males and females respectively were: smoking, 52.8 percent and 45.6 percent; obesity, 26.9 percent and 30.9 percent; definite hypertension, 5.6 percent and 4.0 percent; borderline hypertension, 5.3 percent and 5.1 percent; hyperlipidaemia, 12.8 percent and 8.0 percent; impaired glucose tolerance, 1.1 percent and 1.3 percent. Respective figures for males and females with regard to numbers of risk factors present were: one or more risks present, 68.5 percent and 66.9 percent; two or more, 26.5 percent and 23.5 percent; three or more, 8.0 percent and 4.5 percent; four risk factors present, 1.6 percent and 0.3 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:271901", "title": "The influence of glucagon on sodium retention after fasting.", "content": "Two groups of five obese female subjects, having undergone a ten day therapeutic fast, were fed with either glucose 50 g/day or with L-alanine 50 g/day for three days. Plasma glucagon concentrations and urinary electrolyte excretion were compared in the two groups. Although 4.00pm plasma glucagon concentrations during refeeding were significantly greater in the alanine refeed group (P less than 0.05) the reduction in urinary sodium excretion in each of the two groups was identical. These observations do not support the hypothesis that glucose induced suppression of plasma glucagon concentrations is a mechanism whereby carbohydrate refeeding produces post-fast urinary sodium retention.", "contents": "The influence of glucagon on sodium retention after fasting. Two groups of five obese female subjects, having undergone a ten day therapeutic fast, were fed with either glucose 50 g/day or with L-alanine 50 g/day for three days. Plasma glucagon concentrations and urinary electrolyte excretion were compared in the two groups. Although 4.00pm plasma glucagon concentrations during refeeding were significantly greater in the alanine refeed group (P less than 0.05) the reduction in urinary sodium excretion in each of the two groups was identical. These observations do not support the hypothesis that glucose induced suppression of plasma glucagon concentrations is a mechanism whereby carbohydrate refeeding produces post-fast urinary sodium retention."}
{"id": "PMID:271921", "title": "Subluxation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "The temporomandibular joint in actual function does not resemble other joints in the body in that the condyles leave their fossae with maximal opening and in some subjects with only a 35 mm. opening. The term subluxation, with its implication of abnormality, does not seem applicable to a normal movement. While significant problems, such as dislocation, locking, and loud clicking, can occur with such anterior-to-the-fossae movements, they are relatively rare. Most temporomandibular problems are associated with confinment of the condyles to their fossae with limited or no translatory condylar movement. A recognition of the normal range of condylar movement would lessen iatrogenic abuse of this area.", "contents": "Subluxation of the temporomandibular joint. The temporomandibular joint in actual function does not resemble other joints in the body in that the condyles leave their fossae with maximal opening and in some subjects with only a 35 mm. opening. The term subluxation, with its implication of abnormality, does not seem applicable to a normal movement. While significant problems, such as dislocation, locking, and loud clicking, can occur with such anterior-to-the-fossae movements, they are relatively rare. Most temporomandibular problems are associated with confinment of the condyles to their fossae with limited or no translatory condylar movement. A recognition of the normal range of condylar movement would lessen iatrogenic abuse of this area."}
{"id": "PMID:271922", "title": "Mandibular prognathism and apertognathia associated with cleidocranial dysostosis in a father and son.", "content": "No reports to date have described apertognathia as an associated finding of cleidocranial dysostosis. The case of a patient with prognathism and apertognathia associated with cleidocranial dysostosis is reported. Periodontal, restorative, prosthetic, and oral surgical services were necessary to rehabilitate this patient orofacially. A review of the syndrome and of the patient's familial history is presented.", "contents": "Mandibular prognathism and apertognathia associated with cleidocranial dysostosis in a father and son. No reports to date have described apertognathia as an associated finding of cleidocranial dysostosis. The case of a patient with prognathism and apertognathia associated with cleidocranial dysostosis is reported. Periodontal, restorative, prosthetic, and oral surgical services were necessary to rehabilitate this patient orofacially. A review of the syndrome and of the patient's familial history is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271923", "title": "The mandibular foramen: its anteroposterior position.", "content": "This study has been conducted on forty-five Asiatic skulls and sixty-two mixed skulls of black and white Americans to determine the anteroposterior relationship of the mandibular foramen. The mean size of the anterior dimension was greater than the mean size of the posterior dimension of the ramus in all instances. The mandibular foramen was found to be located in the third quadrant anteroposteriorly. The lingula was located just anterior to the mandibular foramen. There was no right- or left-side dominance in the ramus size and position of the mandibular foramen. No appreciable difference was noted in the location of mandibular foramen in the two groups studied.", "contents": "The mandibular foramen: its anteroposterior position. This study has been conducted on forty-five Asiatic skulls and sixty-two mixed skulls of black and white Americans to determine the anteroposterior relationship of the mandibular foramen. The mean size of the anterior dimension was greater than the mean size of the posterior dimension of the ramus in all instances. The mandibular foramen was found to be located in the third quadrant anteroposteriorly. The lingula was located just anterior to the mandibular foramen. There was no right- or left-side dominance in the ramus size and position of the mandibular foramen. No appreciable difference was noted in the location of mandibular foramen in the two groups studied."}
{"id": "PMID:271924", "title": "Abnormalities of tooth development in pituitary dwarfism.", "content": "Roentgenographic studies of the jaws and teeth in a group of forty-eight pituitary dwarfs showed the following abnormalities in the development of the teeth: 1. Delayed shedding of the deciduous teeth. 2. Absence of resorption of the roots of the deciduous teeth at the usual time. 3. Marked delay in eruption of the permanent teeth. 4. Retention of permanent teeth in the maxillary and mandibular shafts. 5. Development of the apical parts of roots of the retained permanent teeth and their growth toward the lower mandibular edge. 6. Displacement of the first molars from the mandibular shaft to rami. 7. Tilting of some of the retained teeth. 8. Small size of the maxilla and mandible with overcrowding of the teeth in these bones. 9. Complete absence of buds of the wisdom teeth, even in patients in the fourth decade of life. 10. Stimulation of development and eruption of the teeth after administration of anabolic drugs. These abnormalities when present in combination depend on growth hormone deficiency since they do not occur in other types of dwarfism.", "contents": "Abnormalities of tooth development in pituitary dwarfism. Roentgenographic studies of the jaws and teeth in a group of forty-eight pituitary dwarfs showed the following abnormalities in the development of the teeth: 1. Delayed shedding of the deciduous teeth. 2. Absence of resorption of the roots of the deciduous teeth at the usual time. 3. Marked delay in eruption of the permanent teeth. 4. Retention of permanent teeth in the maxillary and mandibular shafts. 5. Development of the apical parts of roots of the retained permanent teeth and their growth toward the lower mandibular edge. 6. Displacement of the first molars from the mandibular shaft to rami. 7. Tilting of some of the retained teeth. 8. Small size of the maxilla and mandible with overcrowding of the teeth in these bones. 9. Complete absence of buds of the wisdom teeth, even in patients in the fourth decade of life. 10. Stimulation of development and eruption of the teeth after administration of anabolic drugs. These abnormalities when present in combination depend on growth hormone deficiency since they do not occur in other types of dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:271926", "title": "Liposarcoma of the oropharyngeal region. Review of the literature and report of two cases.", "content": "Liposarcomas of the oropharyngeal regions are exceedingly rare. Their silent, slow growth, submucosal or deep location, circumscription, and firm but resilient texture often suggest a diagnosis of a cyst or benign soft-tissue neoplasm. Two cases of well-differentiated myxoid liposarcoma are presented. The literature of over half a century was reviewed, and all documented cases were critically analyzed. The clinical data correlated with the histopathology and biologic behavior of the tumors indicated that two thirds of all liposarcomas of the head and neck are of the myxoid type. The well-differentiated myxoid liposarcoma was the most common one and has an over-all favorable prognosis. Lipomas of the oropharyngeal regions are relatively common and small, generally not exceeding 2.5 cm. in greatest diamter. A lobulated firm tumor of fast tissue significantly exceeding this size should be strongly suspected of being a liposarcoma.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the oropharyngeal region. Review of the literature and report of two cases. Liposarcomas of the oropharyngeal regions are exceedingly rare. Their silent, slow growth, submucosal or deep location, circumscription, and firm but resilient texture often suggest a diagnosis of a cyst or benign soft-tissue neoplasm. Two cases of well-differentiated myxoid liposarcoma are presented. The literature of over half a century was reviewed, and all documented cases were critically analyzed. The clinical data correlated with the histopathology and biologic behavior of the tumors indicated that two thirds of all liposarcomas of the head and neck are of the myxoid type. The well-differentiated myxoid liposarcoma was the most common one and has an over-all favorable prognosis. Lipomas of the oropharyngeal regions are relatively common and small, generally not exceeding 2.5 cm. in greatest diamter. A lobulated firm tumor of fast tissue significantly exceeding this size should be strongly suspected of being a liposarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:271927", "title": "Description of a computerized tumor recall program for premalignant and aggressive oral lesions.", "content": "The rationale for establishing a computerized tumor recall program as an adjunct to a diagnostic biopsy service to assist practitioners in instituting periodic reexamination of patients with oral lesions that have been diagnosed histologically as either premalignant or locally aggressive is given. The necessary forms, with a description of pertinent information, are described in conjunction with the proper sequential procedure for completing the forms before and after information has been submitted to a computer center.", "contents": "Description of a computerized tumor recall program for premalignant and aggressive oral lesions. The rationale for establishing a computerized tumor recall program as an adjunct to a diagnostic biopsy service to assist practitioners in instituting periodic reexamination of patients with oral lesions that have been diagnosed histologically as either premalignant or locally aggressive is given. The necessary forms, with a description of pertinent information, are described in conjunction with the proper sequential procedure for completing the forms before and after information has been submitted to a computer center."}
{"id": "PMID:271928", "title": "Focal odontoblastic dysplasia: dentin dysplasia type III?", "content": "A new, nonsyndromic dentin defect, focal odontoblastic dysplasia, is described on the basis of clinical, radiographic, histologic, and scanning electron microscopic criteria. A provisional classification is proposed for this disease entity according to the nosology of Shields and associates. Four additional cases in the literature which possibly represent this new entity are presented, and a possible genetic etiology is discussed.", "contents": "Focal odontoblastic dysplasia: dentin dysplasia type III? A new, nonsyndromic dentin defect, focal odontoblastic dysplasia, is described on the basis of clinical, radiographic, histologic, and scanning electron microscopic criteria. A provisional classification is proposed for this disease entity according to the nosology of Shields and associates. Four additional cases in the literature which possibly represent this new entity are presented, and a possible genetic etiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271929", "title": "Endodontic morphology. IV. A comparative study.", "content": "One hundred sixty-four extracted human teeth of all denominations were subjected to radiographic study after their canal systems were prepared with endodontic instruments and perfused with a water-soluble, radiopaque contrast medium. The same specimens had been studied prior to endodontic instrumentation by means of the same technique, and a comparison of the two sets of radiographs was made. Results of this comparative study were combined with information gained during the instrumentation procedures, and an analysis of the success rate for each group of specimens has been given. The over-all rate of success was high (92 per cent), being highest in the case of maxillary incisors and canines (100 per cent) and lowest in mandibular incisors and canines (81.8 per cent). The belief that the canals of molars present more difficulties than those of other teeth was not substantiated in this experiment, with the success rate for maxillary and mandibular molars being 92.1 per cent. Discussed were the potential for the packing of debris into the apical ends of root canals during instrumentation, the presence of residual traces of alloy within canals after canal preparation, and the known and unknown fracturing of endodontic instruments.", "contents": "Endodontic morphology. IV. A comparative study. One hundred sixty-four extracted human teeth of all denominations were subjected to radiographic study after their canal systems were prepared with endodontic instruments and perfused with a water-soluble, radiopaque contrast medium. The same specimens had been studied prior to endodontic instrumentation by means of the same technique, and a comparison of the two sets of radiographs was made. Results of this comparative study were combined with information gained during the instrumentation procedures, and an analysis of the success rate for each group of specimens has been given. The over-all rate of success was high (92 per cent), being highest in the case of maxillary incisors and canines (100 per cent) and lowest in mandibular incisors and canines (81.8 per cent). The belief that the canals of molars present more difficulties than those of other teeth was not substantiated in this experiment, with the success rate for maxillary and mandibular molars being 92.1 per cent. Discussed were the potential for the packing of debris into the apical ends of root canals during instrumentation, the presence of residual traces of alloy within canals after canal preparation, and the known and unknown fracturing of endodontic instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:271930", "title": "Extraradicular communicating dens invaginatus.", "content": "The morphologic occurrence of dens invaginatus often results in pathologic involvement of the pulp and associated periodontal tissues. Treatment must include endodontic therapy to reduce the organic and infectious content of the pulp and invaginated tract. Concervative therapy, however, is frequently insufficient to eliminate the irritant force to a level that is biologically acceptable to the host. Therefore, surgical intervention has been considered by most authors to be the most acceptable approach for correction of the deformity and associated alveolar defects. Both cases reviewed here represent the dens invaginatus type of malformations that have primary zones of irritation within the anomalous tract. A report similar to our Case 2 appeared in the literature 2 weeks after initial therapy of the nonpupally involved lateral incisor. These cases are published to document the occurrence of these forms of dens invaginatus and their associated periradicular pathosis, to recommend treatment, and to note the apparent favorable response to the involved tissues.", "contents": "Extraradicular communicating dens invaginatus. The morphologic occurrence of dens invaginatus often results in pathologic involvement of the pulp and associated periodontal tissues. Treatment must include endodontic therapy to reduce the organic and infectious content of the pulp and invaginated tract. Concervative therapy, however, is frequently insufficient to eliminate the irritant force to a level that is biologically acceptable to the host. Therefore, surgical intervention has been considered by most authors to be the most acceptable approach for correction of the deformity and associated alveolar defects. Both cases reviewed here represent the dens invaginatus type of malformations that have primary zones of irritation within the anomalous tract. A report similar to our Case 2 appeared in the literature 2 weeks after initial therapy of the nonpupally involved lateral incisor. These cases are published to document the occurrence of these forms of dens invaginatus and their associated periradicular pathosis, to recommend treatment, and to note the apparent favorable response to the involved tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:271931", "title": "The lack of pulpal pathosis in rice rats with the periodontal syndrome.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine in the rice rat model whether a relationship exists between the severity of periodontal disease and the presence of severity of pulpal lesions. The results indicated that, even in the presence of severe loss of alveolar bone, extending close to the root apices, there were no detectable changes in the pulpal tissues as compared to the pulps of teeth in which there was no loss of alveolar bone. The scarcity of accessory pulp canals in the rice rat may be related to our findings.", "contents": "The lack of pulpal pathosis in rice rats with the periodontal syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine in the rice rat model whether a relationship exists between the severity of periodontal disease and the presence of severity of pulpal lesions. The results indicated that, even in the presence of severe loss of alveolar bone, extending close to the root apices, there were no detectable changes in the pulpal tissues as compared to the pulps of teeth in which there was no loss of alveolar bone. The scarcity of accessory pulp canals in the rice rat may be related to our findings."}
{"id": "PMID:271932", "title": "The radiologic features of fibrous dysplasia of the craniofacial bones.", "content": "The radiographs of twenty-five patients (eight males, seventeen females) with histologically proven craniofacial fibrous dysplasia were analyzed. The lesions could be classified into six radiologic types: (1) peau d'orange, (2) whorled plaquelike, (3) diffuse sclerotic, (4) cystlike (multilocular or unilocular), (5) pagetoid, and (6) chalky types. The peau d'orange type was by far the most common (40 per cent) followed by the plaquelike (20 per cent, cystlike (16 per cent), and sclerotic (12 per cent). Most of the patients were young, with 60 per cent being underthe age of 20 years and 96 per cent under the age of 40 years.", "contents": "The radiologic features of fibrous dysplasia of the craniofacial bones. The radiographs of twenty-five patients (eight males, seventeen females) with histologically proven craniofacial fibrous dysplasia were analyzed. The lesions could be classified into six radiologic types: (1) peau d'orange, (2) whorled plaquelike, (3) diffuse sclerotic, (4) cystlike (multilocular or unilocular), (5) pagetoid, and (6) chalky types. The peau d'orange type was by far the most common (40 per cent) followed by the plaquelike (20 per cent, cystlike (16 per cent), and sclerotic (12 per cent). Most of the patients were young, with 60 per cent being underthe age of 20 years and 96 per cent under the age of 40 years."}
{"id": "PMID:271937", "title": "Treatment of acute non-lymphoid leukemias: comparison of two protocols.", "content": "The results of treatment of 57 patients suffering from acute non-lymphoid leukemia by two protocols are compared. The more aggressive Coap protocol rendered a higher remission rate (57.1%), than the mild Guyer protocol where the remission rate has been 25%. The best results have been achieved in the former group in the younger population; in the latter group there has been no age-effect relationship. Although the remission rate differed in both protocols there has been no statistically significant difference in survival.", "contents": "Treatment of acute non-lymphoid leukemias: comparison of two protocols. The results of treatment of 57 patients suffering from acute non-lymphoid leukemia by two protocols are compared. The more aggressive Coap protocol rendered a higher remission rate (57.1%), than the mild Guyer protocol where the remission rate has been 25%. The best results have been achieved in the former group in the younger population; in the latter group there has been no age-effect relationship. Although the remission rate differed in both protocols there has been no statistically significant difference in survival."}
{"id": "PMID:271938", "title": "Recent results in cancer research related to non-solid tumors in children.", "content": "The frequency of acute leukaemia, and the recent results of therapy are described. The requirements to achieve these relatively good results (early and exact diagnosis, intensive therapy, prophylaxis and treatment of side effects, mental and physical rehabilitation) are also discussed.", "contents": "Recent results in cancer research related to non-solid tumors in children. The frequency of acute leukaemia, and the recent results of therapy are described. The requirements to achieve these relatively good results (early and exact diagnosis, intensive therapy, prophylaxis and treatment of side effects, mental and physical rehabilitation) are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:271939", "title": "[How can the largest possible number of people be reached by a prophylaxis program in a country with a scattered population?].", "content": "Two prophylactic programs are described suited to Icelandic conditions: a basic program for the majority of children and youth, and an additional program for individuals who have unusually high caries activities, -called the risk-group. The basic program consists of a) information distributed to groups on diets, including a restricted use of carbohydrates, b) instructions in dental hygiene, c) regular use of fluoride in the form of mouth-wash or tooth-brushing with a fluoride-solution. The additional program aims at individual motivation, explanation of cause and effect and intensive fluorideutilization.", "contents": "[How can the largest possible number of people be reached by a prophylaxis program in a country with a scattered population?]. Two prophylactic programs are described suited to Icelandic conditions: a basic program for the majority of children and youth, and an additional program for individuals who have unusually high caries activities, -called the risk-group. The basic program consists of a) information distributed to groups on diets, including a restricted use of carbohydrates, b) instructions in dental hygiene, c) regular use of fluoride in the form of mouth-wash or tooth-brushing with a fluoride-solution. The additional program aims at individual motivation, explanation of cause and effect and intensive fluorideutilization."}
{"id": "PMID:271944", "title": "On subthreshold solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations.", "content": "Subthreshold solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations are considered here by means of the linearized forms of these equations. An asymptotic theory is obtained, based on dimensional analysis and scaling arguments. Explicit expressions for the crest speed are obtained and are shown to be in good agreement with experiment, with computation, and with an exact asymptotic value which is also obtained here.", "contents": "On subthreshold solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Subthreshold solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations are considered here by means of the linearized forms of these equations. An asymptotic theory is obtained, based on dimensional analysis and scaling arguments. Explicit expressions for the crest speed are obtained and are shown to be in good agreement with experiment, with computation, and with an exact asymptotic value which is also obtained here."}
{"id": "PMID:271945", "title": "Netropsin-poly(dA-dT) complex in solution: structure and dynamics of antibiotic-free base pair regions and those centered on bound netropsin.", "content": "The biphasic duplex-to-strand transition for the netropsin.poly(dA-dT) complex, phosphate/drug mole ratio (P/D) = 50, has been investigated by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at the nonexchangeable base and sugar protons in 0.1 M cacodylate solution. The NMR spectral parameters monitor the structure and dynamics of the opening of antibiotic-free base pair regions (55 degrees-65 degrees) and the opening of base regions centered on bound netropsin (90 degrees-100 degrees). The gradual addition of netropsin to poly(dA-dT) results in structural perturbations extending into the antibiotic-free base pair regions that begin to level off above 0.02 antibiotic molecules per polynucleotide phosphate (P/D = 50). The NMR chemical shift parameters at the antibiotic-free base pair regions in the P/D = 50 complex suggest changes in the glycosidic torsion angles of the deoxyadenosine and thymidine residues and less pronounced changes in the base pair overlap geometries. The dissociation rates of the antibiotic-free base pair regions are at least an order of magnitude slower in the P/D = 50 netropsin.poly(dA-dT) complex compared to related parameters for poly(dA-dT) and the P/D = 50 ethidium bromide-poly(dA-dT) complex. There is decreased segmental mobility at the antibiotic-free strand regions in the temperature range (65 degrees-90 degrees) between the two transitions in the biphasic melting curve of the P/D = 50 netropsin-poly(dA-dT) complex. Netropsin stabilizes at least five base pairs, with their center at its binding site.", "contents": "Netropsin-poly(dA-dT) complex in solution: structure and dynamics of antibiotic-free base pair regions and those centered on bound netropsin. The biphasic duplex-to-strand transition for the netropsin.poly(dA-dT) complex, phosphate/drug mole ratio (P/D) = 50, has been investigated by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at the nonexchangeable base and sugar protons in 0.1 M cacodylate solution. The NMR spectral parameters monitor the structure and dynamics of the opening of antibiotic-free base pair regions (55 degrees-65 degrees) and the opening of base regions centered on bound netropsin (90 degrees-100 degrees). The gradual addition of netropsin to poly(dA-dT) results in structural perturbations extending into the antibiotic-free base pair regions that begin to level off above 0.02 antibiotic molecules per polynucleotide phosphate (P/D = 50). The NMR chemical shift parameters at the antibiotic-free base pair regions in the P/D = 50 complex suggest changes in the glycosidic torsion angles of the deoxyadenosine and thymidine residues and less pronounced changes in the base pair overlap geometries. The dissociation rates of the antibiotic-free base pair regions are at least an order of magnitude slower in the P/D = 50 netropsin.poly(dA-dT) complex compared to related parameters for poly(dA-dT) and the P/D = 50 ethidium bromide-poly(dA-dT) complex. There is decreased segmental mobility at the antibiotic-free strand regions in the temperature range (65 degrees-90 degrees) between the two transitions in the biphasic melting curve of the P/D = 50 netropsin-poly(dA-dT) complex. Netropsin stabilizes at least five base pairs, with their center at its binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:271946", "title": "Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin on the millisecond timescale.", "content": "A simple technique is described that uses a continuous wave laser with electromechanical modulation to obtain time-resolved Raman spectra of transient species on the millisecond timescale. The time behavior of the vibrational bands of the intermediates involved in the proton pumping of bacteriorhodopsin is determined. From these results, along with resonance enhancement and power dependence studies, the bands that appear in the continuous wave Raman spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin can be assigned to three intermediates in the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin, bR570, bL550, and bM412. The Raman spectra of bR570 and bM412 are compared with published spectra of model Schiff bases of all-trans and 13-cis retinal.", "contents": "Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin on the millisecond timescale. A simple technique is described that uses a continuous wave laser with electromechanical modulation to obtain time-resolved Raman spectra of transient species on the millisecond timescale. The time behavior of the vibrational bands of the intermediates involved in the proton pumping of bacteriorhodopsin is determined. From these results, along with resonance enhancement and power dependence studies, the bands that appear in the continuous wave Raman spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin can be assigned to three intermediates in the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin, bR570, bL550, and bM412. The Raman spectra of bR570 and bM412 are compared with published spectra of model Schiff bases of all-trans and 13-cis retinal."}
{"id": "PMID:271947", "title": "Light-regulated permeability of rhodopsin:egg phosphatidylcholine recombinant membranes.", "content": "Purified rhodopsin was incorporated into phospholipid bilayers of egg phosphatidylcholine to give recombinant membrane vesicles, which were examined by proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Increased rhodopsin content in the membranes appears to progressively inhibit the molecular motions of the methyl, methylene, and phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules. This indicates that regions of the rhodopsin molecule interact in a manner that affects the phospholipids from the aqueous interface to the bilayer midline. In the dark, the recombinant vesicles were sealed to europium, manganese, or cobalt ions. Light exposure allowed rapid equilibration of Mn2+ and Co2+, and somewhat slower equilibration of Eu3+ across the membrane. Light changed the membrane permeability, and the gradient in chemical potential resulted in a net ion movement across the rhodopsin:phospholipid recombinant membrane. The results suggest rhodopsin is a transmembrane protein.", "contents": "Light-regulated permeability of rhodopsin:egg phosphatidylcholine recombinant membranes. Purified rhodopsin was incorporated into phospholipid bilayers of egg phosphatidylcholine to give recombinant membrane vesicles, which were examined by proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Increased rhodopsin content in the membranes appears to progressively inhibit the molecular motions of the methyl, methylene, and phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules. This indicates that regions of the rhodopsin molecule interact in a manner that affects the phospholipids from the aqueous interface to the bilayer midline. In the dark, the recombinant vesicles were sealed to europium, manganese, or cobalt ions. Light exposure allowed rapid equilibration of Mn2+ and Co2+, and somewhat slower equilibration of Eu3+ across the membrane. Light changed the membrane permeability, and the gradient in chemical potential resulted in a net ion movement across the rhodopsin:phospholipid recombinant membrane. The results suggest rhodopsin is a transmembrane protein."}
{"id": "PMID:271948", "title": "\"Viral\" expansion of enzyme flux and use of quasi-chemical approximation for two-state enzymes with enzyme-enzyme interactions.", "content": "Two examples of enzyme systems with interactions, at steady state, are treated here. In both cases, the enzyme cycle has two states and quasi-equilibrium in spatial distributions obtains at steady state (because f alpha + f beta = 1). The first example is a dilute solution of enzyme molecules in a solvent. The flux (turnover) per molecule is expanded in powers of the enzyme concentration (a \"viral\" expansion). Aggregation of the enzyme molecules in solution is considered as a special case. In the second example, we treat an arbitrary lattice of enzyme molecules, with nearest-neighbor interactions, using the well-known quasi-chemical approximation. The flux per molecule is obtained. Critical behavior and hysteresis are illustrated.", "contents": "\"Viral\" expansion of enzyme flux and use of quasi-chemical approximation for two-state enzymes with enzyme-enzyme interactions. Two examples of enzyme systems with interactions, at steady state, are treated here. In both cases, the enzyme cycle has two states and quasi-equilibrium in spatial distributions obtains at steady state (because f alpha + f beta = 1). The first example is a dilute solution of enzyme molecules in a solvent. The flux (turnover) per molecule is expanded in powers of the enzyme concentration (a \"viral\" expansion). Aggregation of the enzyme molecules in solution is considered as a special case. In the second example, we treat an arbitrary lattice of enzyme molecules, with nearest-neighbor interactions, using the well-known quasi-chemical approximation. The flux per molecule is obtained. Critical behavior and hysteresis are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:271949", "title": "Transition state structures of a dipeptide related to the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The tetrahedral adducts formed during nucleophilic attack by a hydroxyl ion on the carbonyl carbon of a model dipeptide, glycylglycine, were studied by modified-intermediate-neglect-of-differential-overlap molecular orbital calculations. This dipeptide is taken to represent the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the polypeptides involved in the cross-linking transpeptidation reaction of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. It was found that nucleophilic attack on one face of the carbonyl carbon leads to a transition intermediate species structurally similar to that afforded by the bicyclic nucleus of penicillins and cephalosporin antibiotics. The results support the concept that the beta-lactam antibiotics, which are known to inhibit various bacterial cell wall enzymes, may act as transition state analogs. Also, the structure formed from nucleophilic attack on the so-called alpha face of the dipeptide is more similar to the antibiotic structures than is that from attack on the opposite face. In agreement with other types of experiments, the results suggest that the alpha face may be the one approached by a nucleophile in the receptor site(s) of the appropriate cell wall enzymes.", "contents": "Transition state structures of a dipeptide related to the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics. The tetrahedral adducts formed during nucleophilic attack by a hydroxyl ion on the carbonyl carbon of a model dipeptide, glycylglycine, were studied by modified-intermediate-neglect-of-differential-overlap molecular orbital calculations. This dipeptide is taken to represent the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the polypeptides involved in the cross-linking transpeptidation reaction of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. It was found that nucleophilic attack on one face of the carbonyl carbon leads to a transition intermediate species structurally similar to that afforded by the bicyclic nucleus of penicillins and cephalosporin antibiotics. The results support the concept that the beta-lactam antibiotics, which are known to inhibit various bacterial cell wall enzymes, may act as transition state analogs. Also, the structure formed from nucleophilic attack on the so-called alpha face of the dipeptide is more similar to the antibiotic structures than is that from attack on the opposite face. In agreement with other types of experiments, the results suggest that the alpha face may be the one approached by a nucleophile in the receptor site(s) of the appropriate cell wall enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:271950", "title": "Hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and the radial and orientational distributions of residues in native proteins.", "content": "The radial distributions of the Calpha and side-chain atoms in a sample of 13 native proteins have been examined. It is found that there are substantial differences in behavior between different atoms of the same amino acid. In particular, the Calpha atoms of polar residues show no particular preference for being far from the center of mass. In light of these results, a new criterion for hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity is proposed--namely, the orientational preference of the side chain. The distribution of this property is shown, and it is suggested that this provides a basis for incorporating hydrophobic interactions into a protein folding algorithm.", "contents": "Hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and the radial and orientational distributions of residues in native proteins. The radial distributions of the Calpha and side-chain atoms in a sample of 13 native proteins have been examined. It is found that there are substantial differences in behavior between different atoms of the same amino acid. In particular, the Calpha atoms of polar residues show no particular preference for being far from the center of mass. In light of these results, a new criterion for hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity is proposed--namely, the orientational preference of the side chain. The distribution of this property is shown, and it is suggested that this provides a basis for incorporating hydrophobic interactions into a protein folding algorithm."}
{"id": "PMID:271951", "title": "Activation of factor IX by the reaction product of tissue factor and factor VII: additional pathway for initiating blood coagulation.", "content": "A study was carried out on mechanisms, independent of activated Factor XI, capable of activating Factor IX. The reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII functioned as a potent Factor IX activator in the assay system used. Activated Factor IX itself activated Factor X; thrombin failed to activate Factor IX. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed that the reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII activated Factor IX, with replacement of the band corresponding to native factor IX [molecular weight (Mr) 55,000] by bands corresponding to the heavy chain (Mr 27,000) and light chain (Mr 17,000) of activated Factor IX. When either Factor VII or calcium ions were left out of incubation mixtures, the band of native Factor IX persisted unchanged. Contact of blood with tissue factor represents a second mechanism, bypassing activated Factor XI, for the activation of Factor IX during hemostasis. It may help to explain the discrepancy between the mild bleeding of hereditary Factor XI deficiency and the severe bleeding of hereditary Factor IX deficiency.", "contents": "Activation of factor IX by the reaction product of tissue factor and factor VII: additional pathway for initiating blood coagulation. A study was carried out on mechanisms, independent of activated Factor XI, capable of activating Factor IX. The reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII functioned as a potent Factor IX activator in the assay system used. Activated Factor IX itself activated Factor X; thrombin failed to activate Factor IX. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed that the reaction product of tissue factor and Factor VII activated Factor IX, with replacement of the band corresponding to native factor IX [molecular weight (Mr) 55,000] by bands corresponding to the heavy chain (Mr 27,000) and light chain (Mr 17,000) of activated Factor IX. When either Factor VII or calcium ions were left out of incubation mixtures, the band of native Factor IX persisted unchanged. Contact of blood with tissue factor represents a second mechanism, bypassing activated Factor XI, for the activation of Factor IX during hemostasis. It may help to explain the discrepancy between the mild bleeding of hereditary Factor XI deficiency and the severe bleeding of hereditary Factor IX deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:271952", "title": "Origin of replication of pBR345 plasmid DNA.", "content": "A small (approximately 1100 base pairs) ColE1-type plasmid, pBR345, was constructed from plasmid pMB1 by a series of in vitro recombinant manipulations. Approximately 9% of the supercoiled pBR345 DNA obtained from cultures amplified with chloramphenicol appears to be replicative intermediates with replicating \"eye\" structures of uniform size. Results obtained from electron microscopy and biochemical analyses have enabled us to localize the origin of replication at the same position as that reported for ColE1. A sequence of 420 nucleotides surrounding this origin has been determined. A comparison between this sequence and the one determined for the origin of replication of ColE1 is presented.", "contents": "Origin of replication of pBR345 plasmid DNA. A small (approximately 1100 base pairs) ColE1-type plasmid, pBR345, was constructed from plasmid pMB1 by a series of in vitro recombinant manipulations. Approximately 9% of the supercoiled pBR345 DNA obtained from cultures amplified with chloramphenicol appears to be replicative intermediates with replicating \"eye\" structures of uniform size. Results obtained from electron microscopy and biochemical analyses have enabled us to localize the origin of replication at the same position as that reported for ColE1. A sequence of 420 nucleotides surrounding this origin has been determined. A comparison between this sequence and the one determined for the origin of replication of ColE1 is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:271953", "title": "Identification of the major adducts formed by reaction of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide with DNA in vitro.", "content": "Covalent binding of the benzo[a]pyrene metabolite (+/-)7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene to calf thymus DNA was investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the carcinogen-modified DNA and subsequent separation via reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography resulted in the detection and isolation of seven distinct products. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicates that these products are covalent adducts of deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine. The deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine adducts involve binding between the activated hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide) and exocyclic amino groups of the respective purines.", "contents": "Identification of the major adducts formed by reaction of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide with DNA in vitro. Covalent binding of the benzo[a]pyrene metabolite (+/-)7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene to calf thymus DNA was investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the carcinogen-modified DNA and subsequent separation via reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography resulted in the detection and isolation of seven distinct products. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicates that these products are covalent adducts of deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine. The deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine adducts involve binding between the activated hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide) and exocyclic amino groups of the respective purines."}
{"id": "PMID:271954", "title": "Phage T4-modified RNA polymerase transcribes T4 late genes in vitro.", "content": "Initiation of T4 late RNA synthesis has been achieved in an in vitro system prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with wild-type or maturation-defective mutant T4 phage. The system uses a cellophane membrane as a mechanical support for concentrated cell lysates and for added streptolydigin-resistant RNA polymerases. Transcriptional activity and selectivity of added RNA polymerases are tested while endogenous RNA polymerase activity is inhibited by streptolydigin. T4-modified RNA polymerase is required for substantial stimulation of T4 late RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Phage T4-modified RNA polymerase transcribes T4 late genes in vitro. Initiation of T4 late RNA synthesis has been achieved in an in vitro system prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with wild-type or maturation-defective mutant T4 phage. The system uses a cellophane membrane as a mechanical support for concentrated cell lysates and for added streptolydigin-resistant RNA polymerases. Transcriptional activity and selectivity of added RNA polymerases are tested while endogenous RNA polymerase activity is inhibited by streptolydigin. T4-modified RNA polymerase is required for substantial stimulation of T4 late RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:271955", "title": "Spatial requirement for coupling of iodotyrosine residues to form thyroid hormones.", "content": "A linear random copolymer of tyrosine and lysine and two synthetic oligopeptides containing two tyrosine residues in addition to lysine residues give thyroid hormone (thyroxine and triodothyronine) residues in good yield upon enzymatic iodination with thyroid peroxidase. These synthetic peptides may serve as simple models for thyroglobulin, the protein in which biosynthesis of the thyroid hormone takes place. For the formation of significant amounts of hormone, such model compounds must contain at least two properly spaced tyrosine residues.", "contents": "Spatial requirement for coupling of iodotyrosine residues to form thyroid hormones. A linear random copolymer of tyrosine and lysine and two synthetic oligopeptides containing two tyrosine residues in addition to lysine residues give thyroid hormone (thyroxine and triodothyronine) residues in good yield upon enzymatic iodination with thyroid peroxidase. These synthetic peptides may serve as simple models for thyroglobulin, the protein in which biosynthesis of the thyroid hormone takes place. For the formation of significant amounts of hormone, such model compounds must contain at least two properly spaced tyrosine residues."}
{"id": "PMID:271956", "title": "An internal deletion mutant of a myosin heavy chain in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Unc-54 I is the structural gene for a myosin heavy chain present in a major fraction of the total myosin of Caenorhabditis elegans. The allele e675, which possesses a normal amount of myosin but fails to assemble thick filaments, has been shown previously to contain a novel heavy chain of molecular weight 2 X 10(5), shorter by 10(4) than the wild-type (N2) unc-54 gene product. The structural alteration of the E675 heavy chain is an internal deletion of 10(4) molecular weight near the COOH terminus of the molecule. This has been determined by mapping the partial digestion products of heavy chain fragments labeled specifically at their NH2 termini.", "contents": "An internal deletion mutant of a myosin heavy chain in Caenorhabditis elegans. Unc-54 I is the structural gene for a myosin heavy chain present in a major fraction of the total myosin of Caenorhabditis elegans. The allele e675, which possesses a normal amount of myosin but fails to assemble thick filaments, has been shown previously to contain a novel heavy chain of molecular weight 2 X 10(5), shorter by 10(4) than the wild-type (N2) unc-54 gene product. The structural alteration of the E675 heavy chain is an internal deletion of 10(4) molecular weight near the COOH terminus of the molecule. This has been determined by mapping the partial digestion products of heavy chain fragments labeled specifically at their NH2 termini."}
{"id": "PMID:271957", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase cofactor activity of a carboxyl-terminal peptide of apolipoprotein C-II.", "content": "Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a small protein found associated with the plasma lipoproteins. It serves a unique function in the activation of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (triacylglycerol acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3). ApoC-II contains a single arginine residue, permitting tryptic cleavage into two peptides after succinylation of the native protein. The succinylated amino-terminal peptide, approximately 50 residues, did not activate lipoprotein lipase. The succinylated carboxyl-terminal peptide, about 29 residues, had significant cofactor activity. Relative to native apoC-II, the maximal activation observed with the succinylated carboxyl-terminal peptide was 50% lower and the concentration required for half-maximal activity was approximately 10 times higher. Mixtures of the carboxyl- and amino-terminal peptides had no more activity than the carboxyl-terminal peptide alone. Localization of functional properties to the carboxyl region is a feature also common to apolipoproteins C-III, A-II, and A-I.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase cofactor activity of a carboxyl-terminal peptide of apolipoprotein C-II. Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a small protein found associated with the plasma lipoproteins. It serves a unique function in the activation of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (triacylglycerol acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3). ApoC-II contains a single arginine residue, permitting tryptic cleavage into two peptides after succinylation of the native protein. The succinylated amino-terminal peptide, approximately 50 residues, did not activate lipoprotein lipase. The succinylated carboxyl-terminal peptide, about 29 residues, had significant cofactor activity. Relative to native apoC-II, the maximal activation observed with the succinylated carboxyl-terminal peptide was 50% lower and the concentration required for half-maximal activity was approximately 10 times higher. Mixtures of the carboxyl- and amino-terminal peptides had no more activity than the carboxyl-terminal peptide alone. Localization of functional properties to the carboxyl region is a feature also common to apolipoproteins C-III, A-II, and A-I."}
{"id": "PMID:271958", "title": "Regulation of proline oxidase activity by lactate.", "content": "We found that proline oxidase, the first enzyme of the proline degradative pathway, is inhibited by lactate. The Km of the enzyme for proline increases with increasing concentrations of lactate. Since proline can be a source for gluconeogenesis, regulation of proline degradation by lactate may serve as a mechanism for allocation of metabolic fuel sources. The marked inhibition of proline oxidase at levels of lactate that commonly occur in both genetic and acquired lactic acidosis may cause the previously unexplained hyperprolinemia seen in these metabolic disorders.", "contents": "Regulation of proline oxidase activity by lactate. We found that proline oxidase, the first enzyme of the proline degradative pathway, is inhibited by lactate. The Km of the enzyme for proline increases with increasing concentrations of lactate. Since proline can be a source for gluconeogenesis, regulation of proline degradation by lactate may serve as a mechanism for allocation of metabolic fuel sources. The marked inhibition of proline oxidase at levels of lactate that commonly occur in both genetic and acquired lactic acidosis may cause the previously unexplained hyperprolinemia seen in these metabolic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:271959", "title": "Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) induced transcriptional control of interferon production.", "content": "The production of interferon was used to study the site and mechanism of action of retinoic acid (vitamin A). The data are consistent with a site of action at the gene level, because it appears that interferon production is blocked at the transcriptional step by a retinoic acid-induced protein. (i) The effect of retinoic acid is probably on an early cellular function associated with interferon production rather than an effect on the inducer [virus or poly(I).poly(C)]. (ii) The suppression of interferon production by retinoic acid is blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that a newly synthesized protein (repressor) mediates the suppression. (iii) When allowances are made for the time required for the synthesis of the retinoic acid-induced protein, the time course of retinoic acid suppression of interferon production is superimposable on the time course of actinomycin D suppression because the slopes are parallel. These data provide evidence for transcriptional control of a specific protein (interferon) by retinoic acid. Additionally, they support the existence of transcriptional control of interferon production after addition of inducer.", "contents": "Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) induced transcriptional control of interferon production. The production of interferon was used to study the site and mechanism of action of retinoic acid (vitamin A). The data are consistent with a site of action at the gene level, because it appears that interferon production is blocked at the transcriptional step by a retinoic acid-induced protein. (i) The effect of retinoic acid is probably on an early cellular function associated with interferon production rather than an effect on the inducer [virus or poly(I).poly(C)]. (ii) The suppression of interferon production by retinoic acid is blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that a newly synthesized protein (repressor) mediates the suppression. (iii) When allowances are made for the time required for the synthesis of the retinoic acid-induced protein, the time course of retinoic acid suppression of interferon production is superimposable on the time course of actinomycin D suppression because the slopes are parallel. These data provide evidence for transcriptional control of a specific protein (interferon) by retinoic acid. Additionally, they support the existence of transcriptional control of interferon production after addition of inducer."}
{"id": "PMID:271960", "title": "Developmental control of messenger RNA for hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase.", "content": "The enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] first appears in the livers of young rats around the 15th postnatal day, and increases to the adult level by the 22nd day. Studies have shown that the appearance and subsequent development of the enzyme activity result from an increase in the rate of its synthesis and thus in the amount present in the liver. In this study, we have attempted to ascertain whether the appearance and development of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA coincided with, and thus led to, the development of enzyme activity, or whether the biosynthesis of this enzyme was due to a developmental event enabling translation of a preexisting, sequestered, reservoir of its mRNA. Using a cell-free protein-synthesizing system based on a wheat germ S30 supernatant, we measured the level of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA in the livers of rats between 0 and 22 days of age. We found that functional tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA is not detectable in rat liver until the 15th postnatal day. It increases to the adult level by the 22nd postnatal day, in parallel with the enzyme. The appearance and development of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase are the direct consequence of the parallel appearance and development of its mRNA. It has been shown that glucocorticoids, which induce tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in adult rats, are capable of inducing the appearance of this enzyme precociously in 8- and 10-day-old rats. We have found that it is also possible to induce tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase catalytic activity with hydrocortisone precociously in 4-day-old rats. Moreover, precocious induction of enzyme activity and the induction that occurs during the enzyme's normal developmental rise to the adult level between 15 and 22 days, are mediated through parallel increases in the level of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA. The present findings indicate that glucocorticoids are developmental hormones that act upon the postnatal hepatocyte to evoke elevated levels of the mRNA species coding for tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; the findings are compatible with the hypothesis that such hormones act by initiating and accelerating transcription of the structural genes coding for the alpha and beta protomers of this enzyme.", "contents": "Developmental control of messenger RNA for hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. The enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] first appears in the livers of young rats around the 15th postnatal day, and increases to the adult level by the 22nd day. Studies have shown that the appearance and subsequent development of the enzyme activity result from an increase in the rate of its synthesis and thus in the amount present in the liver. In this study, we have attempted to ascertain whether the appearance and development of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA coincided with, and thus led to, the development of enzyme activity, or whether the biosynthesis of this enzyme was due to a developmental event enabling translation of a preexisting, sequestered, reservoir of its mRNA. Using a cell-free protein-synthesizing system based on a wheat germ S30 supernatant, we measured the level of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA in the livers of rats between 0 and 22 days of age. We found that functional tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA is not detectable in rat liver until the 15th postnatal day. It increases to the adult level by the 22nd postnatal day, in parallel with the enzyme. The appearance and development of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase are the direct consequence of the parallel appearance and development of its mRNA. It has been shown that glucocorticoids, which induce tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in adult rats, are capable of inducing the appearance of this enzyme precociously in 8- and 10-day-old rats. We have found that it is also possible to induce tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase catalytic activity with hydrocortisone precociously in 4-day-old rats. Moreover, precocious induction of enzyme activity and the induction that occurs during the enzyme's normal developmental rise to the adult level between 15 and 22 days, are mediated through parallel increases in the level of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA. The present findings indicate that glucocorticoids are developmental hormones that act upon the postnatal hepatocyte to evoke elevated levels of the mRNA species coding for tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; the findings are compatible with the hypothesis that such hormones act by initiating and accelerating transcription of the structural genes coding for the alpha and beta protomers of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:271961", "title": "Distribution of rat liver albumin mRNA membrane-bound and free in polyribosomes as determined by molecular hybridization.", "content": "Recently, we purified rat liver albumin mRNA and prepared albumin [(3)H]cDNA. Using albumin [(3)H]cDNA in molecular hybridization experiments, we have now determined the distribution of albumin mRNA sequences in membrane-bound and free liver polyribosomes prepared by techniques in which there is high recovery of polyribosomes without evidence of degradation. By using molecular hybridization to measure specific mRNA sequence content, numerous problems could be avoided in interpretation of results as obtained by cell-free protein synthesis or immunological methods. Under these conditions, 98% of albumin mRNA sequences in polyribosomes are found in the membrane-bound fraction.", "contents": "Distribution of rat liver albumin mRNA membrane-bound and free in polyribosomes as determined by molecular hybridization. Recently, we purified rat liver albumin mRNA and prepared albumin [(3)H]cDNA. Using albumin [(3)H]cDNA in molecular hybridization experiments, we have now determined the distribution of albumin mRNA sequences in membrane-bound and free liver polyribosomes prepared by techniques in which there is high recovery of polyribosomes without evidence of degradation. By using molecular hybridization to measure specific mRNA sequence content, numerous problems could be avoided in interpretation of results as obtained by cell-free protein synthesis or immunological methods. Under these conditions, 98% of albumin mRNA sequences in polyribosomes are found in the membrane-bound fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:271962", "title": "Sites of transcription initiation in vivo on Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA.", "content": "We report the results of a novel method for locating sites of transcription initiation using a complex of capping enzymes from vaccinia virions that catalyze the reaction pppG + S-adenosylmethionine + (p)ppXpYpZp..... -->(7m)GpppXpYpZp..... [Ensinger, M. J., Martin, S. A., Paoletti, E. and Moss, B. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2525-2529]. This enzyme complex will cap di- or triphosphate termini but will not cap monophosphate or hydroxyl termini. Xenopus laevis 40S precursor rRNA from oocytes is capped by these enzymes, and we conclude that it has 5'-polyphosphate termini. Therefore, 40S RNA must represent the primary transcript of amplified X. laevis ribosomal DNA. The majority of 40S molecules with polyphosphate termini begin with the sequence (p)ppAAG. There is evidence, however, that the 5' terminus may be heterogeneous. The majority of all detectable initiation events were localized close to the region coding for the 5' end of the 40S RNA. No initiation sites were detected in the nontranscribed spacer, but an apparent initiation site in the middle of the transcribed region was also observed.", "contents": "Sites of transcription initiation in vivo on Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA. We report the results of a novel method for locating sites of transcription initiation using a complex of capping enzymes from vaccinia virions that catalyze the reaction pppG + S-adenosylmethionine + (p)ppXpYpZp..... -->(7m)GpppXpYpZp..... [Ensinger, M. J., Martin, S. A., Paoletti, E. and Moss, B. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2525-2529]. This enzyme complex will cap di- or triphosphate termini but will not cap monophosphate or hydroxyl termini. Xenopus laevis 40S precursor rRNA from oocytes is capped by these enzymes, and we conclude that it has 5'-polyphosphate termini. Therefore, 40S RNA must represent the primary transcript of amplified X. laevis ribosomal DNA. The majority of 40S molecules with polyphosphate termini begin with the sequence (p)ppAAG. There is evidence, however, that the 5' terminus may be heterogeneous. The majority of all detectable initiation events were localized close to the region coding for the 5' end of the 40S RNA. No initiation sites were detected in the nontranscribed spacer, but an apparent initiation site in the middle of the transcribed region was also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:271963", "title": "Defects of glycosyltransferase activities in human fibroblasts of Pk and p blood group phenotypes.", "content": "We demonstrate that human fibroblasts of the rare Pk phenotype lack globoside, which was identified as the blood group P antigen, and that p cells possess neither globoside nor trihexosyl ceramide, which was identified as Pk antigen. Our investigations indicate also that these glycosphingolipid patterns are most likely caused by inherited preferential biosynthetic pathways in the abnormal phenotypes rather than by excess catabolism of the antigens. Evidence is presented that the fibroblasts of Pk phenotype lack beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (globoside synthetase; UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:trihexosylceramide beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.79) activity, and those of p are deficient in alpha-galactosyltransferase (trihexosylceramide synthetase; UDP galactose:lactosylceramide alpha-galactosyltransferase) and possibly also in globoside synthetase. The diminished globoside synthetase activity in p cells, however, is not caused by the defect in the gene coding for this enzyme. It appears, rather, to be caused by a failure in gene expression because one-third of Pk X p hybrids became able to express P antigenicity with a time lag of 3-4 days after cell fusion [Fellous, M., Gerbal, A., Nobillot, G. & Weils, J. (1977) Vox Sang. 32, 262-268].", "contents": "Defects of glycosyltransferase activities in human fibroblasts of Pk and p blood group phenotypes. We demonstrate that human fibroblasts of the rare Pk phenotype lack globoside, which was identified as the blood group P antigen, and that p cells possess neither globoside nor trihexosyl ceramide, which was identified as Pk antigen. Our investigations indicate also that these glycosphingolipid patterns are most likely caused by inherited preferential biosynthetic pathways in the abnormal phenotypes rather than by excess catabolism of the antigens. Evidence is presented that the fibroblasts of Pk phenotype lack beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (globoside synthetase; UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:trihexosylceramide beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.79) activity, and those of p are deficient in alpha-galactosyltransferase (trihexosylceramide synthetase; UDP galactose:lactosylceramide alpha-galactosyltransferase) and possibly also in globoside synthetase. The diminished globoside synthetase activity in p cells, however, is not caused by the defect in the gene coding for this enzyme. It appears, rather, to be caused by a failure in gene expression because one-third of Pk X p hybrids became able to express P antigenicity with a time lag of 3-4 days after cell fusion [Fellous, M., Gerbal, A., Nobillot, G. & Weils, J. (1977) Vox Sang. 32, 262-268]."}
{"id": "PMID:271964", "title": "High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins.", "content": "The two-dimensional electrophoretic technique of O'Farrell has been adapted to the analysis of human plasma proteins, and 30 polypeptides have been identified in the pattern produced. Genetic variants involving charge (isoelectric point) or size (molecular weight in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) changes should be routinely detectable in at least 20 proteins at once, facilitating studies of human mutation rates.", "contents": "High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins. The two-dimensional electrophoretic technique of O'Farrell has been adapted to the analysis of human plasma proteins, and 30 polypeptides have been identified in the pattern produced. Genetic variants involving charge (isoelectric point) or size (molecular weight in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) changes should be routinely detectable in at least 20 proteins at once, facilitating studies of human mutation rates."}
{"id": "PMID:271965", "title": "Orientation of bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium halobium as studied by selective proteolysis.", "content": "The orientation of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium has been studied by proteolytic degradation of purple membrane sheets, reconstituted vesicles, and whole cells, with the following results: (i) Bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane sheets is cleaved at a single site by Pronase or trypsin; a polypeptide segment of about 15 amino acids is lost from the carboxyl end. Carboxypeptidase A sequentially releases amino acids from the carboxyl end; the tetrapeptide sequence -Ala-Ala-Thr-Ser(COOH) was tentatively deduced for this terminus. (ii) The apomembrane, which lacks retinal, undergoes a second cleavage with trypsin releasing a fragment of approximately 6300 molecular weight from the amino terminus. (iii) Vesicles reconstituted from the purple membrane sheets and synthetic lecithins, in which the direction of proton pumping is opposite to that in the whole cells, have the carboxyl terminus of bacteriorhodopsin accessible to proteolysis. (iv) In envelope vesicles, which largely pump protons in the same direction as the whole cells, the carboxyl terminus is largely protected against proteolysis. (v) Treatment of whole cells with proteinase K hydrolyzes the cell wall proteins but has no effect on acteriorhodopsin. However, the same treatment after lysis of the cells results in degradation of the hydrophilic region at the carboxyl terminus. The results show that the carboxyl terminus as well as the additional cleavage site near the amino terminus observed in apomembrane are on the cytoplasmic side of the purple membrane.", "contents": "Orientation of bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium halobium as studied by selective proteolysis. The orientation of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium has been studied by proteolytic degradation of purple membrane sheets, reconstituted vesicles, and whole cells, with the following results: (i) Bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane sheets is cleaved at a single site by Pronase or trypsin; a polypeptide segment of about 15 amino acids is lost from the carboxyl end. Carboxypeptidase A sequentially releases amino acids from the carboxyl end; the tetrapeptide sequence -Ala-Ala-Thr-Ser(COOH) was tentatively deduced for this terminus. (ii) The apomembrane, which lacks retinal, undergoes a second cleavage with trypsin releasing a fragment of approximately 6300 molecular weight from the amino terminus. (iii) Vesicles reconstituted from the purple membrane sheets and synthetic lecithins, in which the direction of proton pumping is opposite to that in the whole cells, have the carboxyl terminus of bacteriorhodopsin accessible to proteolysis. (iv) In envelope vesicles, which largely pump protons in the same direction as the whole cells, the carboxyl terminus is largely protected against proteolysis. (v) Treatment of whole cells with proteinase K hydrolyzes the cell wall proteins but has no effect on acteriorhodopsin. However, the same treatment after lysis of the cells results in degradation of the hydrophilic region at the carboxyl terminus. The results show that the carboxyl terminus as well as the additional cleavage site near the amino terminus observed in apomembrane are on the cytoplasmic side of the purple membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:271966", "title": "Oligopeptides as potential antiaggregation agents for deoxyhemoglobin S.", "content": "Oligopeptides that mimic segments of the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin S at potential contact sites can be used to inhibit aggregation. These oligopeptide inhibitors raise the minimum gelling concentration of deoxyhemoglobin S so that chemical modification does not have to be used. The hexapeptide amides of both betaS 1-6 which is believed to be one of the contact areas among aggregates, and betaA 1-6 of hemoglobin A increase the minimum gelling concentration by more than 70%. The hexapeptide amide beta79-84 behaves like beta1-6 (beta being betaS or betaA). Shorter oligopeptides, such as betaS3-6, are less effective as an inhibitor but longer ones, such as betaS1-8, are no more effective than beta1-6. Permutations of the sequence, such as betaS125634, do not alter the percent increase in the minimum gelling concentration. Leu- and Met-enkephalin increase the minimum gelling concentration just as beta1-6 does, but (Pro)6 is not very effective. Thus, the use of complementary oligopeptides as inhibitors is extended to include certain \"flexible\" peptides, which can adapt themselves to interfere with the molecular contacts and thereby gelation of deoxyhemoglobin S.", "contents": "Oligopeptides as potential antiaggregation agents for deoxyhemoglobin S. Oligopeptides that mimic segments of the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin S at potential contact sites can be used to inhibit aggregation. These oligopeptide inhibitors raise the minimum gelling concentration of deoxyhemoglobin S so that chemical modification does not have to be used. The hexapeptide amides of both betaS 1-6 which is believed to be one of the contact areas among aggregates, and betaA 1-6 of hemoglobin A increase the minimum gelling concentration by more than 70%. The hexapeptide amide beta79-84 behaves like beta1-6 (beta being betaS or betaA). Shorter oligopeptides, such as betaS3-6, are less effective as an inhibitor but longer ones, such as betaS1-8, are no more effective than beta1-6. Permutations of the sequence, such as betaS125634, do not alter the percent increase in the minimum gelling concentration. Leu- and Met-enkephalin increase the minimum gelling concentration just as beta1-6 does, but (Pro)6 is not very effective. Thus, the use of complementary oligopeptides as inhibitors is extended to include certain \"flexible\" peptides, which can adapt themselves to interfere with the molecular contacts and thereby gelation of deoxyhemoglobin S."}
{"id": "PMID:271967", "title": "The bicistronic nature of lens alpha-crystallin 14S mRNA.", "content": "The A2 and B2 polypeptide chains of calf lens alpha-crystallin are synthesized on a 14S, 1500-nucleotide mRNA and a 10S, 735-nucleotide mRNA, respectively. The 10S mRNA is theoretically compatible with the size of the B2 chain, but the 14S mRNA contains approximately twice the required number of nucleotides necessary for A2 chain synthesis. This fact raises the question of the function of the additional nucleotide sequence in the 14S mRNA. The following observations on 14S mRNA suggest that it may contain an additional cistron. (i) Under a number of denaturing conditions, 14S mRNA continues to retain its initial size characteristics. (ii) In addition to synthesis of the A2 chain, 14S mRNA directs the synthesis of another polypeptide with the same electrophoretic mobility as that of the B2 chain. (iii) Molecular hybridization of the 14S mRNA with the cDNA produced from the 10S mRNA suggests that 2 mol of the cDNA bind to 1 mol of the 14S mRNA. (iv) Examination of the nucleotide sequences of the 10S and 14S mRNAs by two-dimensional maps of RNase A and T1 digests indicates marked similarity. The overall data suggest that the additional cistronic component may carry coding information for an alpha-crystallin polypeptide or a closely related polypeptide species.", "contents": "The bicistronic nature of lens alpha-crystallin 14S mRNA. The A2 and B2 polypeptide chains of calf lens alpha-crystallin are synthesized on a 14S, 1500-nucleotide mRNA and a 10S, 735-nucleotide mRNA, respectively. The 10S mRNA is theoretically compatible with the size of the B2 chain, but the 14S mRNA contains approximately twice the required number of nucleotides necessary for A2 chain synthesis. This fact raises the question of the function of the additional nucleotide sequence in the 14S mRNA. The following observations on 14S mRNA suggest that it may contain an additional cistron. (i) Under a number of denaturing conditions, 14S mRNA continues to retain its initial size characteristics. (ii) In addition to synthesis of the A2 chain, 14S mRNA directs the synthesis of another polypeptide with the same electrophoretic mobility as that of the B2 chain. (iii) Molecular hybridization of the 14S mRNA with the cDNA produced from the 10S mRNA suggests that 2 mol of the cDNA bind to 1 mol of the 14S mRNA. (iv) Examination of the nucleotide sequences of the 10S and 14S mRNAs by two-dimensional maps of RNase A and T1 digests indicates marked similarity. The overall data suggest that the additional cistronic component may carry coding information for an alpha-crystallin polypeptide or a closely related polypeptide species."}
{"id": "PMID:271968", "title": "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.", "content": "A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described. It is similar to the \"plus and minus\" method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448] but makes use of the 2',3'-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. The technique has been applied to the DNA of bacteriophage varphiX174 and is more rapid and more accurate than either the plus or the minus method.", "contents": "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described. It is similar to the \"plus and minus\" method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448] but makes use of the 2',3'-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. The technique has been applied to the DNA of bacteriophage varphiX174 and is more rapid and more accurate than either the plus or the minus method."}
{"id": "PMID:271969", "title": "Hepatic mitochondrial cytochrome P-450: isolation and functional characterization.", "content": "A CO-binding heme protein was solubilized and partially purified from the inner membrane fraction of rat liver mitochondria by a modification of a method [Imai, Y. & Sato, R. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60, 8-14] developed to purify cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes. The partially purified preparation contained protoheme and its spectral properties are characteristic of the heme proteins of the cytochrome P-450 family. The isolated cytochrome P-450 preparation could reconstitute a CO-sensitive, NADPH-dependent 26-hydroxylation activity for 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,-12alpha-triol when supplemented with NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin, both purified from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Unlike a cytochrome P-450 purified from liver microsomes of drug-untreated rats, however, the liver mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 could not catalyze NADPH-dependent benzphetamine N-demethylation in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin or function with the purified microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase plus Emulgen 913 as an electron-donating system. It is concluded that the rat liver inner mitochondrial membrane houses a species of cytochrome P-450 functional in 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol 26-hydroxylation.", "contents": "Hepatic mitochondrial cytochrome P-450: isolation and functional characterization. A CO-binding heme protein was solubilized and partially purified from the inner membrane fraction of rat liver mitochondria by a modification of a method [Imai, Y. & Sato, R. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60, 8-14] developed to purify cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes. The partially purified preparation contained protoheme and its spectral properties are characteristic of the heme proteins of the cytochrome P-450 family. The isolated cytochrome P-450 preparation could reconstitute a CO-sensitive, NADPH-dependent 26-hydroxylation activity for 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,-12alpha-triol when supplemented with NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin, both purified from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Unlike a cytochrome P-450 purified from liver microsomes of drug-untreated rats, however, the liver mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 could not catalyze NADPH-dependent benzphetamine N-demethylation in the presence of adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin or function with the purified microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase plus Emulgen 913 as an electron-donating system. It is concluded that the rat liver inner mitochondrial membrane houses a species of cytochrome P-450 functional in 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol 26-hydroxylation."}
{"id": "PMID:271970", "title": "Two distinct adenosine-sensitive sites on adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The effects of adenosine and adenosine analogs on adenylate cyclases from several tissues have been examined. Two adenosine-reactive sites have been identified: (i) the \"R\" site, occupancy of which usually leads to activation of cyclase and which requires integrity of the ribose ring for activity, and (ii) the \"P\" site, which mediates inhibition and requires integrity of the purine ring for activity. Biphasic effects of adenosine are explained by the presence of both sites on a single adenylate cyclase. Comparison of these data with those in the literature indicates that adenosine-reactive \"P\" and \"R\" sites are present generally.", "contents": "Two distinct adenosine-sensitive sites on adenylate cyclase. The effects of adenosine and adenosine analogs on adenylate cyclases from several tissues have been examined. Two adenosine-reactive sites have been identified: (i) the \"R\" site, occupancy of which usually leads to activation of cyclase and which requires integrity of the ribose ring for activity, and (ii) the \"P\" site, which mediates inhibition and requires integrity of the purine ring for activity. Biphasic effects of adenosine are explained by the presence of both sites on a single adenylate cyclase. Comparison of these data with those in the literature indicates that adenosine-reactive \"P\" and \"R\" sites are present generally."}
{"id": "PMID:271971", "title": "Presence of protein A24 in rat liver nucleosomes.", "content": "Two-dimensional gel profiles of the 0.2 M H2SO4-soluble proteins of monomer nucleosomal fractions were found to contain protein A24. Protein A24 is of interest because it is composed of histone 2A and \"ubiquitin\", apparently joined by an isopeptide linkage [Goldknopf, I.L. & Busch, H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 864-868; Hunt, L.T. & Dayhoff, M.O. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74, 650-655]. Monomer nucleosomal fractions were obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of micrococcal nuclease digests of rat liver nuclei. As shown by their DNA size, the monomer fractions were highly purified. Proteins A24 and Bu, another protein of unknown characteristics, were found along with histones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 in the monomer fractions in relative amounts similar to those found in extracts from whole nuclei and chromatin. Other acid-soluble proteins found in the nuclear and chromatin extracts were essentially absent from the monomer fraction. Inasmuch as protein A24 and Bu were found in lesser amounts than the histones, it is suggested that they are associated with specialized subsets of nucleosomes.", "contents": "Presence of protein A24 in rat liver nucleosomes. Two-dimensional gel profiles of the 0.2 M H2SO4-soluble proteins of monomer nucleosomal fractions were found to contain protein A24. Protein A24 is of interest because it is composed of histone 2A and \"ubiquitin\", apparently joined by an isopeptide linkage [Goldknopf, I.L. & Busch, H. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 864-868; Hunt, L.T. & Dayhoff, M.O. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74, 650-655]. Monomer nucleosomal fractions were obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of micrococcal nuclease digests of rat liver nuclei. As shown by their DNA size, the monomer fractions were highly purified. Proteins A24 and Bu, another protein of unknown characteristics, were found along with histones 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 in the monomer fractions in relative amounts similar to those found in extracts from whole nuclei and chromatin. Other acid-soluble proteins found in the nuclear and chromatin extracts were essentially absent from the monomer fraction. Inasmuch as protein A24 and Bu were found in lesser amounts than the histones, it is suggested that they are associated with specialized subsets of nucleosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:271972", "title": "Alternative aspirins as antisickling agents: acetyl-3,5-dibromosalicylic acid.", "content": "Acetyl-3,5-dibromosalicylic acid (dibromoaspirin) is shown to be a potent acylating agent of intracellular hemoglobin in vitro. Transfer of the actyl group of dibromoaspirin to amino groups of hemoglobins A and S seems to occur predominantly at just two or three sites on these proteins. This acetylation produces moderate increases in the oxygen affinities of normal and sickle erythrocytes. Furthermore, treatment of intracellular hemoglobin S with dibromoaspirin directly inhibits erythrocyte sickling. This antisickling effect is paralleled by an increase in the minimum gelling concentration of deoxy hemoglobin S extracted from sickle erythrocytes that had been exposed to low concentrations of dibromoaspirin. These observations suggest that dibromoaspirin might be an effective antisickling agent in vivo.", "contents": "Alternative aspirins as antisickling agents: acetyl-3,5-dibromosalicylic acid. Acetyl-3,5-dibromosalicylic acid (dibromoaspirin) is shown to be a potent acylating agent of intracellular hemoglobin in vitro. Transfer of the actyl group of dibromoaspirin to amino groups of hemoglobins A and S seems to occur predominantly at just two or three sites on these proteins. This acetylation produces moderate increases in the oxygen affinities of normal and sickle erythrocytes. Furthermore, treatment of intracellular hemoglobin S with dibromoaspirin directly inhibits erythrocyte sickling. This antisickling effect is paralleled by an increase in the minimum gelling concentration of deoxy hemoglobin S extracted from sickle erythrocytes that had been exposed to low concentrations of dibromoaspirin. These observations suggest that dibromoaspirin might be an effective antisickling agent in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:271973", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of 5' terminus of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 leading into coat protein cistron.", "content": "The sequence of the 5'-terminal 74 nucleotides of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4, the mRNA for the viral coat protein, has been deduced by using various new techniques for labeling the RNA at the 5' end with 32P and for sequencing the 5'-32P-labeled RNA. The sequence is NpppGUUUUUAUUUUUAAUUUUCUUUCAAAUACUUCCAUCAUGAGUUCUUCACAAAAGAAAGCUGGUGGGAAAGCUGG. The AUG initiator codon is located 36 nucleotides in from the 5' end; the nucleotide sequence beyond corresponds to the amino acid sequence of the coat protein. This 5' noncoding region is rich in U (58% U); except for the 5'-terminal G, the next G in is part of the initiator AUG codon.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of 5' terminus of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 leading into coat protein cistron. The sequence of the 5'-terminal 74 nucleotides of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4, the mRNA for the viral coat protein, has been deduced by using various new techniques for labeling the RNA at the 5' end with 32P and for sequencing the 5'-32P-labeled RNA. The sequence is NpppGUUUUUAUUUUUAAUUUUCUUUCAAAUACUUCCAUCAUGAGUUCUUCACAAAAGAAAGCUGGUGGGAAAGCUGG. The AUG initiator codon is located 36 nucleotides in from the 5' end; the nucleotide sequence beyond corresponds to the amino acid sequence of the coat protein. This 5' noncoding region is rich in U (58% U); except for the 5'-terminal G, the next G in is part of the initiator AUG codon."}
{"id": "PMID:271974", "title": "New method for localizing proteins in periodic structures: Fab fragment labeling combined with image processing of electron micrographs.", "content": "Fab fragments prepared from antisera directed against purified bacteriophage T4 structural proteins and head-related structures were used to label proteins on the surface of T-even giant phage capsids. Optically filtered electron micrographs of the Fab-labeled capsids reveal both the location of specific proteins within the capsomeres and differing conformational states of the protein subunits. We describe parameters affecting the utility of this technique for the study of molecular organization and protein conformation in periodic biological structures.", "contents": "New method for localizing proteins in periodic structures: Fab fragment labeling combined with image processing of electron micrographs. Fab fragments prepared from antisera directed against purified bacteriophage T4 structural proteins and head-related structures were used to label proteins on the surface of T-even giant phage capsids. Optically filtered electron micrographs of the Fab-labeled capsids reveal both the location of specific proteins within the capsomeres and differing conformational states of the protein subunits. We describe parameters affecting the utility of this technique for the study of molecular organization and protein conformation in periodic biological structures."}
{"id": "PMID:271975", "title": "Histone H3 disulfide dimers and nucleosome structure.", "content": "The arginine-rich histone, H3, isolated from avian erythrocytes, can dimerize by forming a disulfide linkage between the single cysteine sulfhydryl residues at position 110 of the H3 polypeptide chain. The H3 dimer can be substituted for undimerized H3 in experiments in which the nucleosome is reconstituted from DNA and mixtures of the four \"core\" histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. We report here that reconstituted nucleosomes containing H3 dimer are indistinguishable, by a number of criteria, either from native nucleosomes or from reconstitutes containing H3 monomer. The criteria include the pattern of susceptibility of the complex to nucleases, the amount of DNA supercoiling induced by histone binding, and the hydrodynamic properties of reconstituted nucleosome \"core\" preparations. The results suggest that the residues in the neighborhood of position 110 on each H3 molecule are in close contact in the nucleosome. If, as has been proposed, the nucleosome has a dyad axis, then the disulfide bridge between H3 molecules must lie on this axis.", "contents": "Histone H3 disulfide dimers and nucleosome structure. The arginine-rich histone, H3, isolated from avian erythrocytes, can dimerize by forming a disulfide linkage between the single cysteine sulfhydryl residues at position 110 of the H3 polypeptide chain. The H3 dimer can be substituted for undimerized H3 in experiments in which the nucleosome is reconstituted from DNA and mixtures of the four \"core\" histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. We report here that reconstituted nucleosomes containing H3 dimer are indistinguishable, by a number of criteria, either from native nucleosomes or from reconstitutes containing H3 monomer. The criteria include the pattern of susceptibility of the complex to nucleases, the amount of DNA supercoiling induced by histone binding, and the hydrodynamic properties of reconstituted nucleosome \"core\" preparations. The results suggest that the residues in the neighborhood of position 110 on each H3 molecule are in close contact in the nucleosome. If, as has been proposed, the nucleosome has a dyad axis, then the disulfide bridge between H3 molecules must lie on this axis."}
{"id": "PMID:271976", "title": "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the developing retina.", "content": "Six- and 13-day chicken embryo retinas contain 10 and 320 fmol per mg of protein of specific binding sites for 3-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, a ligand of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Most of the receptors of 13-day embryo retina were found, by autoradiography, to be localized in two sharp bands within the inner synaptic layer of the retina. In the adult, the receptors were found almost exclusively in three bands in the inner synaptic layer of the retina. A possible mechanism for generating sets of stratified or columnar neurons and relating one set to another is proposed.", "contents": "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the developing retina. Six- and 13-day chicken embryo retinas contain 10 and 320 fmol per mg of protein of specific binding sites for 3-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, a ligand of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Most of the receptors of 13-day embryo retina were found, by autoradiography, to be localized in two sharp bands within the inner synaptic layer of the retina. In the adult, the receptors were found almost exclusively in three bands in the inner synaptic layer of the retina. A possible mechanism for generating sets of stratified or columnar neurons and relating one set to another is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:271977", "title": "Reversible and irreversible inhibition by anesthetics of the calcium-induced luminescence of aequorin.", "content": "The actions of various kinds of so-called membrane-stabilizing drugs on Ca2+-induced flash intensity of purified aequorin, a photoprotein obtained from Aequorea aequorea, were examined. All drugs used in this experiment, including inhalational anesthetics, tetracaine, chlorpromazine, and morphine, depressed flash intensity, and the inhibition increased with time. The inhibition followed a mixture of reversible and irreversible kinetics. A method of analyzing irreversible kinetics is presented. The dissociation constants for reversible inhibition and the rate constants for irreversible inhibition are presented for each agent.", "contents": "Reversible and irreversible inhibition by anesthetics of the calcium-induced luminescence of aequorin. The actions of various kinds of so-called membrane-stabilizing drugs on Ca2+-induced flash intensity of purified aequorin, a photoprotein obtained from Aequorea aequorea, were examined. All drugs used in this experiment, including inhalational anesthetics, tetracaine, chlorpromazine, and morphine, depressed flash intensity, and the inhibition increased with time. The inhibition followed a mixture of reversible and irreversible kinetics. A method of analyzing irreversible kinetics is presented. The dissociation constants for reversible inhibition and the rate constants for irreversible inhibition are presented for each agent."}
{"id": "PMID:271978", "title": "Electron microscopy of fibers and discs of hemoglobin S having sixfold symmetry.", "content": "Aggregated forms of deoxyhemoglobin S were examined with a field emission transmission electron microscope. Images of isolated helical fibers were obtained from sickled cell lysates stained directly on the electron microscope grid. Optical and digital analyses of the electron micrographs showed that the fibers are similar to those characterized by J. T. Finch, M. F. Perutz, J. F. Bertles, and J. D\u00f6bler [(1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 718-722] in that they consist of stacked discs each composed of six hemoglobin molecules. The fibers exhibit an outer diameter of 160-170 A and an inner diameter of about 60 A with an axial spacing of 58 A per disc. The fiber can be described as a helix consisting of 56 discs per helical turn. We observed discs of six hemoglobin molecules, which may be stable substructural components of the fibers. They were observed in preparations of hemoglobin fibers and exhibited 6-fold symmetry by power spectrum analysis. A reconstructed image of a disc digitally filtered for 6-fold symmetry has a maximum external diameter of approximately 170 A and a central hole of 60 A diameter and is similar to the axial projection of a single disc from a low-resolution, three-dimensional reconstructed model of a fiber.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of fibers and discs of hemoglobin S having sixfold symmetry. Aggregated forms of deoxyhemoglobin S were examined with a field emission transmission electron microscope. Images of isolated helical fibers were obtained from sickled cell lysates stained directly on the electron microscope grid. Optical and digital analyses of the electron micrographs showed that the fibers are similar to those characterized by J. T. Finch, M. F. Perutz, J. F. Bertles, and J. D\u00f6bler [(1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 718-722] in that they consist of stacked discs each composed of six hemoglobin molecules. The fibers exhibit an outer diameter of 160-170 A and an inner diameter of about 60 A with an axial spacing of 58 A per disc. The fiber can be described as a helix consisting of 56 discs per helical turn. We observed discs of six hemoglobin molecules, which may be stable substructural components of the fibers. They were observed in preparations of hemoglobin fibers and exhibited 6-fold symmetry by power spectrum analysis. A reconstructed image of a disc digitally filtered for 6-fold symmetry has a maximum external diameter of approximately 170 A and a central hole of 60 A diameter and is similar to the axial projection of a single disc from a low-resolution, three-dimensional reconstructed model of a fiber."}
{"id": "PMID:271979", "title": "Random walk analysis of potassium fluxes associated with nerve impulses.", "content": "We present a novel recursion method for obtaining theoretical expressions for unidirectional single-file fluxes of ions through narrow membrane channels containing an arbitrary number of ion sites. The theory is applied to experimental tracer fluxes associated with nerve impulses from cephalopod giant axon membranes at various temperatures between 7 degrees and 27 degrees. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental one-way fluxes suggests that the potassium channel in nerve membrane contains three ion sites, which is consistent with the deduction by Hodgkin and Keynes that the potassium channel contains two or three sites on the basis of the ratio of tracer influx to tracer efflux. The analytical results in this paper provide a further test of the single-file model for nerve and other membrane preparations.", "contents": "Random walk analysis of potassium fluxes associated with nerve impulses. We present a novel recursion method for obtaining theoretical expressions for unidirectional single-file fluxes of ions through narrow membrane channels containing an arbitrary number of ion sites. The theory is applied to experimental tracer fluxes associated with nerve impulses from cephalopod giant axon membranes at various temperatures between 7 degrees and 27 degrees. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental one-way fluxes suggests that the potassium channel in nerve membrane contains three ion sites, which is consistent with the deduction by Hodgkin and Keynes that the potassium channel contains two or three sites on the basis of the ratio of tracer influx to tracer efflux. The analytical results in this paper provide a further test of the single-file model for nerve and other membrane preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:271980", "title": "Genetic dissection of the control of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells.", "content": "Normal myeloid precursors and MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells by the normal protein inducer MGI. The sequence of differentiation is the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc immune phagocytosis (IP), synthesis and secretion of lysozyme, and formation of mature macrophages and granulocytes. Mutant clones of myeloid leukemic cells have been isolated with differences in the time of induction of C3 and Fc rosettes and C3 and Fc IP, in which lysozyme was induced without going through the stage of Fc or C3 IP, and with differences in inducibility by MGI to mature macrophages or granulocytes. Only one out of five MGI(-)D(-) clones gave rise to MGI(+)D(+) mutants. The ability to obtain mutants from this clone was associated with its special chromosome constitution, and these mutants showed a change in their ability for cap formation by concanavalin A. The steroid inducer dexamethasone can induce in MGI(+)D(+) clones differentiation to macrophages but not to granulocytes. Differentiation by steroid inducer in different clones occurred either with or without induction of Fc rosettes and Fc IP, and induction of C3 rosettes was not always associated with induction of C3 IP. The use of mutants that differ in their competence to be induced by MGI or steroid inducer has shown that there are separate controls for the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc IP, lysozyme, macrophages, and granulocytes.", "contents": "Genetic dissection of the control of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells. Normal myeloid precursors and MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells by the normal protein inducer MGI. The sequence of differentiation is the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc immune phagocytosis (IP), synthesis and secretion of lysozyme, and formation of mature macrophages and granulocytes. Mutant clones of myeloid leukemic cells have been isolated with differences in the time of induction of C3 and Fc rosettes and C3 and Fc IP, in which lysozyme was induced without going through the stage of Fc or C3 IP, and with differences in inducibility by MGI to mature macrophages or granulocytes. Only one out of five MGI(-)D(-) clones gave rise to MGI(+)D(+) mutants. The ability to obtain mutants from this clone was associated with its special chromosome constitution, and these mutants showed a change in their ability for cap formation by concanavalin A. The steroid inducer dexamethasone can induce in MGI(+)D(+) clones differentiation to macrophages but not to granulocytes. Differentiation by steroid inducer in different clones occurred either with or without induction of Fc rosettes and Fc IP, and induction of C3 rosettes was not always associated with induction of C3 IP. The use of mutants that differ in their competence to be induced by MGI or steroid inducer has shown that there are separate controls for the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc IP, lysozyme, macrophages, and granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:271981", "title": "Nerve growth factor prevents vinblastine destructive effects on sympathetic ganglia in newborn mice.", "content": "Vinblastine injections in newborn mice produce severe atrophy of sympathetic ganglia; after a 7-day treatment the ganglia are 80% reduced in volume. Histological examinations show that this effect is due to a marked decrease in the neuronal cell population. The most precocious ultra-structural alterations are localized in the nuclear compartment, followed by axonal swelling and microtubule disappearance. Simultaneous injections of nerve growth factor entirely prevent the noxious effects of the vinca alkaloid, and result in partial appearance of the growth effects of nerve growth factor. Such protective action is not due to inhibition of vinblastine uptake which is the same in control mice and in mice pretreated with nerve growth factor. It is suggested that nerve growth factor prevents the vinca alkaloid action by favoring the assembly or organization, or both, of microtubules, which, from in vitro studies, have been proved to be inaccessible to vinblastine.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor prevents vinblastine destructive effects on sympathetic ganglia in newborn mice. Vinblastine injections in newborn mice produce severe atrophy of sympathetic ganglia; after a 7-day treatment the ganglia are 80% reduced in volume. Histological examinations show that this effect is due to a marked decrease in the neuronal cell population. The most precocious ultra-structural alterations are localized in the nuclear compartment, followed by axonal swelling and microtubule disappearance. Simultaneous injections of nerve growth factor entirely prevent the noxious effects of the vinca alkaloid, and result in partial appearance of the growth effects of nerve growth factor. Such protective action is not due to inhibition of vinblastine uptake which is the same in control mice and in mice pretreated with nerve growth factor. It is suggested that nerve growth factor prevents the vinca alkaloid action by favoring the assembly or organization, or both, of microtubules, which, from in vitro studies, have been proved to be inaccessible to vinblastine."}
{"id": "PMID:271982", "title": "Mosaic mice with teratocarcinoma-derived mutant cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "Mutagenized stem cells of a cultured mouse teratocarcinoma cell line were selected for resistance to the purine base analog 6-thioguanine. Cells of a resistant clone were completely deficient in activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), the same X-linked lesion as occurs in human Lesch-Nyhan disease. After microinjection into blastocysts of another genetic strain, the previously malignant cells successfully participated in normal embryogenesis and tumor-free, viable mosaic mice were obtained. Cells of tumor lineage were identified by strain markers in virtually all tissues of some individuals. Mature function of those cells was evident from their tissue-specific products (e.g., melanins, liver proteins). These mutagenized teratocarcinoma cells are therefore developmentally totipotent. Retention of the severe HPRT deficiency in the differentiated state was documented in extracts of mosaic tissues by depressed specific activity of the enzyme, and also by presence of unlabeled clones in autoradiographs of explanted cells incubated in [(3)H]hypoxanthine. Some mosaic individuals had mutant-strain cells in only one or a few tissues. Such animals may provide unique opportunities to identify the tissue sources of particular aspects of the complex disease syndrome. The tissue distribution of HPRT-deficient cells suggests that selection against them is particularly strong in blood of the mosaic mice, as is already known to be the case in human heterozygotes. This phenotypic parallelism supports the expectation that afflicted F(1) male mice that might be obtained from mutant germ cells can serve as a model of the human disease.", "contents": "Mosaic mice with teratocarcinoma-derived mutant cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Mutagenized stem cells of a cultured mouse teratocarcinoma cell line were selected for resistance to the purine base analog 6-thioguanine. Cells of a resistant clone were completely deficient in activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), the same X-linked lesion as occurs in human Lesch-Nyhan disease. After microinjection into blastocysts of another genetic strain, the previously malignant cells successfully participated in normal embryogenesis and tumor-free, viable mosaic mice were obtained. Cells of tumor lineage were identified by strain markers in virtually all tissues of some individuals. Mature function of those cells was evident from their tissue-specific products (e.g., melanins, liver proteins). These mutagenized teratocarcinoma cells are therefore developmentally totipotent. Retention of the severe HPRT deficiency in the differentiated state was documented in extracts of mosaic tissues by depressed specific activity of the enzyme, and also by presence of unlabeled clones in autoradiographs of explanted cells incubated in [(3)H]hypoxanthine. Some mosaic individuals had mutant-strain cells in only one or a few tissues. Such animals may provide unique opportunities to identify the tissue sources of particular aspects of the complex disease syndrome. The tissue distribution of HPRT-deficient cells suggests that selection against them is particularly strong in blood of the mosaic mice, as is already known to be the case in human heterozygotes. This phenotypic parallelism supports the expectation that afflicted F(1) male mice that might be obtained from mutant germ cells can serve as a model of the human disease."}
{"id": "PMID:271983", "title": "Angiotensin stimulation of bovine adrenocortical cell growth.", "content": "Factors controlling proliferation of adrenocortical cells have been studied in monolayer cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells. Angiotensin II stimulated cell proliferation and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.96 +/- 0.27 nM. Similar sensitivity to angiotensin III with reduced sensitivity to angiotensin I and tetradecapeptide renin substrate was observed. Although sensitivity to angiotensin II was equivalent to that for fibroblast growth factor (1.5 nM half-maximal effective concentration), maximal effects of angiotensin were less than for fibroblast growth factor and serum. High concentrations of insulin (1-10 micrometer) also stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell proliferation. [Sar1,Ile5,Ile8]Angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, blocked angiotensin II stimulation of DNA synthesis but did not affect fibroblast growth factor and insulin stimulation of DNA synthesis. Corticotropin (ACTH) blocked the stimulatory effects of both angiotensin II and fibroblast growth factor. The dose-response curves for angiotensin II stimulation of steroidogenesis were similar to those for stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Among the seven cell types examined, only adrenocortical cells responded to angiotension II with stimulation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Angiotensin stimulation of bovine adrenocortical cell growth. Factors controlling proliferation of adrenocortical cells have been studied in monolayer cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells. Angiotensin II stimulated cell proliferation and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.96 +/- 0.27 nM. Similar sensitivity to angiotensin III with reduced sensitivity to angiotensin I and tetradecapeptide renin substrate was observed. Although sensitivity to angiotensin II was equivalent to that for fibroblast growth factor (1.5 nM half-maximal effective concentration), maximal effects of angiotensin were less than for fibroblast growth factor and serum. High concentrations of insulin (1-10 micrometer) also stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell proliferation. [Sar1,Ile5,Ile8]Angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, blocked angiotensin II stimulation of DNA synthesis but did not affect fibroblast growth factor and insulin stimulation of DNA synthesis. Corticotropin (ACTH) blocked the stimulatory effects of both angiotensin II and fibroblast growth factor. The dose-response curves for angiotensin II stimulation of steroidogenesis were similar to those for stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Among the seven cell types examined, only adrenocortical cells responded to angiotension II with stimulation of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:271984", "title": "Evidence that pyrimidine dimers in DNA can give rise to tumors.", "content": "The Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa, is a small fish that grows in clones. Hence, cells from one animal may be transplanted to another without danger of rejection. Cells from thyroid and adjacent tissue were irradiated with UV light in vitro and injected into the abdominal cavity of isogeneic recipients. At appropriate UV doses and numbers of cells injected, all recipients showed exuberant thyroid proliferation. We give arguments and data indicating that the proliferation is a tumor, not a goitrogenic response. If the UV irradiation is followed, but not preceded, by photoreactivating illumination, the yield of thyroid growths is markedly decreased. Because other investigations have shown that photoreactivation monomerizes UV-induced cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers in DNA and does not affect other photoproducts, our data indicate that pyrimidine dimers in DNA can give rise to tumors.", "contents": "Evidence that pyrimidine dimers in DNA can give rise to tumors. The Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa, is a small fish that grows in clones. Hence, cells from one animal may be transplanted to another without danger of rejection. Cells from thyroid and adjacent tissue were irradiated with UV light in vitro and injected into the abdominal cavity of isogeneic recipients. At appropriate UV doses and numbers of cells injected, all recipients showed exuberant thyroid proliferation. We give arguments and data indicating that the proliferation is a tumor, not a goitrogenic response. If the UV irradiation is followed, but not preceded, by photoreactivating illumination, the yield of thyroid growths is markedly decreased. Because other investigations have shown that photoreactivation monomerizes UV-induced cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers in DNA and does not affect other photoproducts, our data indicate that pyrimidine dimers in DNA can give rise to tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:271985", "title": "DNA degradation in terminally differentiating lens fiber cells from chick embryos.", "content": "During the terminal differentiation of lens fiber cells, nuclear DNA is known to accumulate free 3'-OH ends and is progressively lost from the nucleus. Toward the end of this process, nuclei undergo pycnosis and disappear. The size of the DNA in the epithelia and in early and late stages of fiber cell development was examined by electrophoresis on nondenaturing agarose/polyacrylamide gels. Low molecular weight DNA of discrete sizes appears only at the final stages of nuclear degeneration in central fiber cells and persists after the disappearance of the nuclei. These low molecular weight DNA fragments appear as multiples of a monomeric unit and are similar to the fragments produced by the digestion of epithelial cell nuclei by micrococcal nuclease. The data indicate that in lens fiber nuclei the double-strand breaks in vivo affect the chromatin during nuclear degeneration, and the data suggest that the DNA of these cells is organized into chromatin composed of discrete subunits.", "contents": "DNA degradation in terminally differentiating lens fiber cells from chick embryos. During the terminal differentiation of lens fiber cells, nuclear DNA is known to accumulate free 3'-OH ends and is progressively lost from the nucleus. Toward the end of this process, nuclei undergo pycnosis and disappear. The size of the DNA in the epithelia and in early and late stages of fiber cell development was examined by electrophoresis on nondenaturing agarose/polyacrylamide gels. Low molecular weight DNA of discrete sizes appears only at the final stages of nuclear degeneration in central fiber cells and persists after the disappearance of the nuclei. These low molecular weight DNA fragments appear as multiples of a monomeric unit and are similar to the fragments produced by the digestion of epithelial cell nuclei by micrococcal nuclease. The data indicate that in lens fiber nuclei the double-strand breaks in vivo affect the chromatin during nuclear degeneration, and the data suggest that the DNA of these cells is organized into chromatin composed of discrete subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:271986", "title": "Transitions in collagen types during matrix-induced cartilage, bone, and bone marrow formation.", "content": "The localization of types I, II, and III collagens during bone matrix-induced sequential differentiation of cartilage, bone, and bone marrow was studied by specific immunofluorescence. Subcutaneous transplantation of coarse powders of demineralized rat bone matrix into allogeneic recipients resulted in new bone formation. After a transient appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the implant, fibroblasts appeared in close continguity to the matrix on day 3. Type III collagen was then localized as a fine network around the invading fibroblasts. On days 4--6 smaller amounts of type I were also detected around these proliferating cells. With the onset of chondrogenesis, type II collagen was detected in the cartilage matrix on day 6 and persisted until the early stages of bone formation. Vascular invasion of the implant was accompanied by osteogenesis on day 10. Type I collagen was demonstrated in the newly deposited bone matrix coating the surfaces of cartilage spicules and particles of implanted bone powder. On day 17 and thereafter, type III collagen was localized as a fibrous array around nests of hematopoietic cells.", "contents": "Transitions in collagen types during matrix-induced cartilage, bone, and bone marrow formation. The localization of types I, II, and III collagens during bone matrix-induced sequential differentiation of cartilage, bone, and bone marrow was studied by specific immunofluorescence. Subcutaneous transplantation of coarse powders of demineralized rat bone matrix into allogeneic recipients resulted in new bone formation. After a transient appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the implant, fibroblasts appeared in close continguity to the matrix on day 3. Type III collagen was then localized as a fine network around the invading fibroblasts. On days 4--6 smaller amounts of type I were also detected around these proliferating cells. With the onset of chondrogenesis, type II collagen was detected in the cartilage matrix on day 6 and persisted until the early stages of bone formation. Vascular invasion of the implant was accompanied by osteogenesis on day 10. Type I collagen was demonstrated in the newly deposited bone matrix coating the surfaces of cartilage spicules and particles of implanted bone powder. On day 17 and thereafter, type III collagen was localized as a fibrous array around nests of hematopoietic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:271987", "title": "Post-translational cleavage of presecretory proteins with an extract of rough microsomes from dog pancreas containing signal peptidase activity.", "content": "The protease(s) responsible for removing the amino-terminal extension of nascent presecretory proteins (signal peptidase) has been extracted from rough microsomes of dog pancreas with the detergent sodium deoxycholate. Preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone, prepared by in vitro translation of bovine pituitary RNA in the wheat germ system, were used to assay signal peptidase in the extract. When added to the wheat germ system during translation, the extract reduced the size of preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone to that of prolactin and growth hormone, respectively. Post-translational addition of the extract also reduced the size of preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone to that of the authentic hormones. The prolactin produced by post-translational cleavage of radiolabeled preprolactin has been shown, by partial amino-terminal sequence analysis, to have the correct amino terminus. This post-translational assay has permitted the investigation of the subcellular localization of the enzyme. Sodium deoxycholate extracts of rough microsomes were active, whereas extracts of smooth microsomes were inactive. However, without detergent treatment, neither rough nor smooth microsomes were capable of cleaving preprolactin in the post-translational assay. From this we conclude that the signal peptidase activity is confined to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is latent. Finally, we have detected two small peptides which we believe could be the signal peptides generated by the endoproteolytic cleavage of preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone by signal peptidase.", "contents": "Post-translational cleavage of presecretory proteins with an extract of rough microsomes from dog pancreas containing signal peptidase activity. The protease(s) responsible for removing the amino-terminal extension of nascent presecretory proteins (signal peptidase) has been extracted from rough microsomes of dog pancreas with the detergent sodium deoxycholate. Preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone, prepared by in vitro translation of bovine pituitary RNA in the wheat germ system, were used to assay signal peptidase in the extract. When added to the wheat germ system during translation, the extract reduced the size of preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone to that of prolactin and growth hormone, respectively. Post-translational addition of the extract also reduced the size of preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone to that of the authentic hormones. The prolactin produced by post-translational cleavage of radiolabeled preprolactin has been shown, by partial amino-terminal sequence analysis, to have the correct amino terminus. This post-translational assay has permitted the investigation of the subcellular localization of the enzyme. Sodium deoxycholate extracts of rough microsomes were active, whereas extracts of smooth microsomes were inactive. However, without detergent treatment, neither rough nor smooth microsomes were capable of cleaving preprolactin in the post-translational assay. From this we conclude that the signal peptidase activity is confined to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is latent. Finally, we have detected two small peptides which we believe could be the signal peptides generated by the endoproteolytic cleavage of preprolactin and pre-growth-hormone by signal peptidase."}
{"id": "PMID:271988", "title": "Liposome--lymphocyte interaction: saturable sites for transfer and intracellular release of liposome contents.", "content": "The water-soluble dye 6-carboxyfluorescein was trapped in the internal aqueous compartments of small sonicated dioleoyl lecithin vesicles and used to assess the kinetics of transfer of vesicle contents to human lymphocytes. By using flow microfluorometry, the initial rate of dye transfer to the cells was measured as a function of the concentration of vesicles in the external medium. The rate of transfer consists of at least two components, one of which saturates at high vesicle concentration and the other of which does not saturate in the range of concentrations explored. The saturable component was competitively inhibited by vesicles not containing dye. Both the saturable and nonsaturable components of transfer were inhibited by fetal calf serum or bovine serum albumin but neither component was affected by bovine IgG, choline chloride, or heparin. Pretreatment of the lymphocytes with trypsin or Pronase had no effect on either component. The saturable component can be interpreted in terms of a two-step process in which vesicles bind reversely to sites on the cell surface, and dye is then transferred into the cell from the vesicle-site complex.", "contents": "Liposome--lymphocyte interaction: saturable sites for transfer and intracellular release of liposome contents. The water-soluble dye 6-carboxyfluorescein was trapped in the internal aqueous compartments of small sonicated dioleoyl lecithin vesicles and used to assess the kinetics of transfer of vesicle contents to human lymphocytes. By using flow microfluorometry, the initial rate of dye transfer to the cells was measured as a function of the concentration of vesicles in the external medium. The rate of transfer consists of at least two components, one of which saturates at high vesicle concentration and the other of which does not saturate in the range of concentrations explored. The saturable component was competitively inhibited by vesicles not containing dye. Both the saturable and nonsaturable components of transfer were inhibited by fetal calf serum or bovine serum albumin but neither component was affected by bovine IgG, choline chloride, or heparin. Pretreatment of the lymphocytes with trypsin or Pronase had no effect on either component. The saturable component can be interpreted in terms of a two-step process in which vesicles bind reversely to sites on the cell surface, and dye is then transferred into the cell from the vesicle-site complex."}
{"id": "PMID:271989", "title": "Molecular evolution of human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs.", "content": "The primary structures of human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs are compared. Using as a standard the extent of nucleotide substitutions inferred from the hypervariable amino acid residues of fibrinopeptides A and B, which are thought to change largely by neutral evolution, we show that not all silent mutations in globin mRNA are neutral. The divergence of the sequences is limited in part by the selective usage of synonymous codons. The divergent nucleotides tend to be distributed nonrandomly: in the coding region silent substitutions are most rare in segments that are also deficient in substitutions leading to replacements.", "contents": "Molecular evolution of human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs. The primary structures of human and rabbit beta-globin mRNAs are compared. Using as a standard the extent of nucleotide substitutions inferred from the hypervariable amino acid residues of fibrinopeptides A and B, which are thought to change largely by neutral evolution, we show that not all silent mutations in globin mRNA are neutral. The divergence of the sequences is limited in part by the selective usage of synonymous codons. The divergent nucleotides tend to be distributed nonrandomly: in the coding region silent substitutions are most rare in segments that are also deficient in substitutions leading to replacements."}
{"id": "PMID:271990", "title": "Assignment of the human gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase to chromosome 9: studies with Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids were analyzed for the expression of human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT; UDPglucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.12) by electrophoresis and for the presence of human chromosomes cytogenetically with the aid of Q-banding. Three of the 10 randomly chosen independently derived primary hybrid lines showed the presence of human GALT. Human chromosome 9 was consistently present in the hybrid lines expressing human GALT and consistently absent in the lines not expressing it. Biochemical analysis alone of 11 independently derived hybrid lines showed human GALT to be syntenic with known chromosome 9 markers (soluble aconitase, adenylate kinase 1, and adenylate kinase 3). Previous studies on chromosome assignment of this locus, utilizing somatic cell hybrids, have yielded inconsistent results; one group assigned GALT to chromosome 2, and another assigned it to chromosome 3. However, we believe that, based on our results and other published evidence, the correct assignment of the human GALT locus is to chromosome 9.", "contents": "Assignment of the human gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase to chromosome 9: studies with Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids. Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids were analyzed for the expression of human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT; UDPglucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.12) by electrophoresis and for the presence of human chromosomes cytogenetically with the aid of Q-banding. Three of the 10 randomly chosen independently derived primary hybrid lines showed the presence of human GALT. Human chromosome 9 was consistently present in the hybrid lines expressing human GALT and consistently absent in the lines not expressing it. Biochemical analysis alone of 11 independently derived hybrid lines showed human GALT to be syntenic with known chromosome 9 markers (soluble aconitase, adenylate kinase 1, and adenylate kinase 3). Previous studies on chromosome assignment of this locus, utilizing somatic cell hybrids, have yielded inconsistent results; one group assigned GALT to chromosome 2, and another assigned it to chromosome 3. However, we believe that, based on our results and other published evidence, the correct assignment of the human GALT locus is to chromosome 9."}
{"id": "PMID:271991", "title": "Increased dexamethasone resistance of cystic fibrosis fibroblasts.", "content": "We demonstrate previously that fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are significantly more resistant to the toxic effects of ouabain than normal human fibroblasts are. Ouabain is generally assumed to act primarily at the level of the cell membrane and to cause killing of cells by inhibiting ion transport. We have therefore examined the ability of normal and CF cells to survive exposure to ethacrynic acid, another inhibitor of ion transport, and to survive colchicine and aminopterin, resistance to which has been associated with membrane alterations in other cells. The effect of dexamethasone, which has a sterol nucleus similar to that of ouabain but is thought to have a different site of cellular action, was also tested. Exposure of the cells to ethacrynic acid, colchicine, or aminopterin did not reveal any differences in survival between normal and CF fibroblasts. However, CF cells survived exposure to dexamethasone significantly better than normal cells did. These results suggest that normal and CF cells do not differ in terms of a generalized resistance to ion transport inhibitors or to drugs that must pass through the membrane to be active. Instead, the results raise the possibility that CF cells have an enhanced resistance to drugs that have the sterol nucleus found in ouabain and dexamethasone.", "contents": "Increased dexamethasone resistance of cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. We demonstrate previously that fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are significantly more resistant to the toxic effects of ouabain than normal human fibroblasts are. Ouabain is generally assumed to act primarily at the level of the cell membrane and to cause killing of cells by inhibiting ion transport. We have therefore examined the ability of normal and CF cells to survive exposure to ethacrynic acid, another inhibitor of ion transport, and to survive colchicine and aminopterin, resistance to which has been associated with membrane alterations in other cells. The effect of dexamethasone, which has a sterol nucleus similar to that of ouabain but is thought to have a different site of cellular action, was also tested. Exposure of the cells to ethacrynic acid, colchicine, or aminopterin did not reveal any differences in survival between normal and CF fibroblasts. However, CF cells survived exposure to dexamethasone significantly better than normal cells did. These results suggest that normal and CF cells do not differ in terms of a generalized resistance to ion transport inhibitors or to drugs that must pass through the membrane to be active. Instead, the results raise the possibility that CF cells have an enhanced resistance to drugs that have the sterol nucleus found in ouabain and dexamethasone."}
{"id": "PMID:271992", "title": "Design of molecular control mechanisms and the demand for gene expression.", "content": "Regulation by a repressor protein is the mechanism selected when, in the organism's natural environment, there is low demand for expression of the regulated structural genes. Regulation by an activator protein is selected when there is high demand for expression of the regulated structural genes. These general conclusions are useful in relating physiological function to underlying molecular determinants in a wide variety of systems that includes repressible biosynthetic pathways, inducible biosynthetic enzymes, inducible drug resistance, and prophage induction, as well as inducible catabolic pathways, for which a special case of this prediction previously was reported [Savageau, M. A. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2453-2455].", "contents": "Design of molecular control mechanisms and the demand for gene expression. Regulation by a repressor protein is the mechanism selected when, in the organism's natural environment, there is low demand for expression of the regulated structural genes. Regulation by an activator protein is selected when there is high demand for expression of the regulated structural genes. These general conclusions are useful in relating physiological function to underlying molecular determinants in a wide variety of systems that includes repressible biosynthetic pathways, inducible biosynthetic enzymes, inducible drug resistance, and prophage induction, as well as inducible catabolic pathways, for which a special case of this prediction previously was reported [Savageau, M. A. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2453-2455]."}
{"id": "PMID:271993", "title": "Microsurgically produced homozygous-diploid uniparental mice.", "content": "Shortly after fertilization, either the male or the female pronucleus was microsurgically removed from 202 F(1) hybrid eggs derived from crosses of two inbred strains. Subsequent incubation of these haploid eggs in medium containing cytochalasin B, which inhibits cytokinesis but not nuclear division, enabled the remaining pronucleus to become diploid. After nuclear diploidization and transfer to regular culture medium, cleavage commenced normally, and a total of 135 successfully manipulated eggs continued in development and yielded 93 morulae and blastocysts. These embryos were surgically transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant foster mothers who gave birth to seven live female offspring. Five of the females were derived from the maternal genome (gynogenesis) and the remaining two mice inherited only the paternal genes (androgenesis), depending on whether the female or male pronucleus had been retained in the egg, respectively. Homozygosity for a number of genetic loci positioned on different chromosomes and effecting the coat color phenotype and strain-specific allelic variants of several enzymes, urinary and plasma proteins, and hemoglobins could be demonstrated unequivocally in all instances. Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal diploid karyotype including two X chromosomes. Thus far, six of the seven homozygous-diploid (isogeneic) females have proved to be fertile and have given birth to progeny corresponding only to the pronuclear genotype of the mother.", "contents": "Microsurgically produced homozygous-diploid uniparental mice. Shortly after fertilization, either the male or the female pronucleus was microsurgically removed from 202 F(1) hybrid eggs derived from crosses of two inbred strains. Subsequent incubation of these haploid eggs in medium containing cytochalasin B, which inhibits cytokinesis but not nuclear division, enabled the remaining pronucleus to become diploid. After nuclear diploidization and transfer to regular culture medium, cleavage commenced normally, and a total of 135 successfully manipulated eggs continued in development and yielded 93 morulae and blastocysts. These embryos were surgically transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant foster mothers who gave birth to seven live female offspring. Five of the females were derived from the maternal genome (gynogenesis) and the remaining two mice inherited only the paternal genes (androgenesis), depending on whether the female or male pronucleus had been retained in the egg, respectively. Homozygosity for a number of genetic loci positioned on different chromosomes and effecting the coat color phenotype and strain-specific allelic variants of several enzymes, urinary and plasma proteins, and hemoglobins could be demonstrated unequivocally in all instances. Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal diploid karyotype including two X chromosomes. Thus far, six of the seven homozygous-diploid (isogeneic) females have proved to be fertile and have given birth to progeny corresponding only to the pronuclear genotype of the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:271994", "title": "Interactions of C-reactive protein and complement with liposomes.", "content": "Interactions between C-reactive protein (CRP) and liposomal model membranes containing phosphatidylcholine were investigated. These interactions, in the presence of human serum, resulted in consumption of each of the components of the classical complement pathway (C1-C9) and also resulted in complement-dependent damage and release of trapped glucose from certain types of liposomes. CRP-initiated lysis of liposomes was strongly dependent upon membrane lipid composition. Optimal activity occurred with positively charged liposomes containing galactosylceramide (galactocerebroside); positively charged liposomes lacking galactocerebroside released much less glucose, while negatively charged liposomes, either with or without galactocerebroside, did not release glucose at all. Glucose release was inhibited by free phosphocholine. Lesser, but significant, \"background\" glucose release independent of the presence of CRP also was observed with positively charged liposomes containing galactocerebroside, and this was associated with marked preferential consumption of the later-acting complement components (C3-C9). C2-deficient human serum failed to support CRP-dependent glucose release, but glucose release was observed upon reconstitution of the serum with C2. Guinea pig complement also did not support CRP-mediated glucose release, but upon addition of human C1q substantial glucose release was observed. We conclude that (i) CRP can sensitize appropriate liposomes for complement-dependent damage via the primary complement pathway starting at the level of C1q; (ii) of those studied, liposomes that are most susceptible to membrane damage contain phosphatidylcholine, have a positive charge, and contain a ceramide glycolipid; and (iii) such liposomes also are sensitive, although to a much lesser degree, to complement-dependent lysis initiated in the absence of CRP and involving consumption of terminal in excess of early acting complement components.", "contents": "Interactions of C-reactive protein and complement with liposomes. Interactions between C-reactive protein (CRP) and liposomal model membranes containing phosphatidylcholine were investigated. These interactions, in the presence of human serum, resulted in consumption of each of the components of the classical complement pathway (C1-C9) and also resulted in complement-dependent damage and release of trapped glucose from certain types of liposomes. CRP-initiated lysis of liposomes was strongly dependent upon membrane lipid composition. Optimal activity occurred with positively charged liposomes containing galactosylceramide (galactocerebroside); positively charged liposomes lacking galactocerebroside released much less glucose, while negatively charged liposomes, either with or without galactocerebroside, did not release glucose at all. Glucose release was inhibited by free phosphocholine. Lesser, but significant, \"background\" glucose release independent of the presence of CRP also was observed with positively charged liposomes containing galactocerebroside, and this was associated with marked preferential consumption of the later-acting complement components (C3-C9). C2-deficient human serum failed to support CRP-dependent glucose release, but glucose release was observed upon reconstitution of the serum with C2. Guinea pig complement also did not support CRP-mediated glucose release, but upon addition of human C1q substantial glucose release was observed. We conclude that (i) CRP can sensitize appropriate liposomes for complement-dependent damage via the primary complement pathway starting at the level of C1q; (ii) of those studied, liposomes that are most susceptible to membrane damage contain phosphatidylcholine, have a positive charge, and contain a ceramide glycolipid; and (iii) such liposomes also are sensitive, although to a much lesser degree, to complement-dependent lysis initiated in the absence of CRP and involving consumption of terminal in excess of early acting complement components."}
{"id": "PMID:271995", "title": "Antigen-binding mutants of mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "A cultured mouse myeloma cell line, S107, that secretes an IgA phosphocholine-binding immunoglobulin has been cloned in soft agar and overlaid with phosphocholine-hemocyanin. Spontaneous mutants that secrete immunoglobulin with a decreased ability to precipitate antigen were detected with this plate assay and occur at a very high frequency. From one such mutant, phenotypic revertants arise spontaneously with a frequency of 0.28-2.8%. This mutant and one of its revertants were studied, and they were found to differ from the parent and from each other serologically and in antigen binding. While it is not yet clear whether these findings bear any relationship to the normal generation of antibody diversity, they do indicate that it is possible to generate antigen binding diversity in somatic cells.", "contents": "Antigen-binding mutants of mouse myeloma cells. A cultured mouse myeloma cell line, S107, that secretes an IgA phosphocholine-binding immunoglobulin has been cloned in soft agar and overlaid with phosphocholine-hemocyanin. Spontaneous mutants that secrete immunoglobulin with a decreased ability to precipitate antigen were detected with this plate assay and occur at a very high frequency. From one such mutant, phenotypic revertants arise spontaneously with a frequency of 0.28-2.8%. This mutant and one of its revertants were studied, and they were found to differ from the parent and from each other serologically and in antigen binding. While it is not yet clear whether these findings bear any relationship to the normal generation of antibody diversity, they do indicate that it is possible to generate antigen binding diversity in somatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:271996", "title": "Evidence for ovarian \"inhibin\": suppression of the secondary rise in serum follicle stimulating hormone levels in proestrous rats by injection of porcine follicular fluid.", "content": "The present studies were carried out to see if porcine follicular fluid could inhibit increases in serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels when injected into the rat. For these studies the pentobarbital-treated proestrous rat was chosen as the major test animal model. If an artificial surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) is administered to these rats, it can induce a synchronized secondary rise in FSH secretion rate. Normal saline-treated rats were also used as test animals. They exhibit preovulatory endogenous \"surges\" of LH and FSH, and also a secondary FSH rise. Porcine follicular fluid was harvested from medium-sized and large (3- to 10-mm diameter) follicles and treated with charcoal to remove endogenous steroids. Charcoal-treated porcine serum served as a control solution. The fluid was injected intraperitoneally in two 0.5-ml doses into pentobarbital-treated proestrous rats immediately and 3 hr after LH injection. Follicular fluid, but not the serum, suppressed the secondary, LH-induced FSH rise (P < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner, without altering the effects of LH upon serum ovarian steroid levels or follicular rupture. It was effective down to a total dose of 200 mul. Porcine follicular fluid also blocked the secondary FSH surge in normal proestrous rats exhibiting endogenous LH/FSH primary surges. Thus, it would appear that porcine follicular fluid contains a non-steroidal substance(s) that can block the secretion of FSH that is secondary to a natural or artificial LH surge.", "contents": "Evidence for ovarian \"inhibin\": suppression of the secondary rise in serum follicle stimulating hormone levels in proestrous rats by injection of porcine follicular fluid. The present studies were carried out to see if porcine follicular fluid could inhibit increases in serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels when injected into the rat. For these studies the pentobarbital-treated proestrous rat was chosen as the major test animal model. If an artificial surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) is administered to these rats, it can induce a synchronized secondary rise in FSH secretion rate. Normal saline-treated rats were also used as test animals. They exhibit preovulatory endogenous \"surges\" of LH and FSH, and also a secondary FSH rise. Porcine follicular fluid was harvested from medium-sized and large (3- to 10-mm diameter) follicles and treated with charcoal to remove endogenous steroids. Charcoal-treated porcine serum served as a control solution. The fluid was injected intraperitoneally in two 0.5-ml doses into pentobarbital-treated proestrous rats immediately and 3 hr after LH injection. Follicular fluid, but not the serum, suppressed the secondary, LH-induced FSH rise (P < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner, without altering the effects of LH upon serum ovarian steroid levels or follicular rupture. It was effective down to a total dose of 200 mul. Porcine follicular fluid also blocked the secondary FSH surge in normal proestrous rats exhibiting endogenous LH/FSH primary surges. Thus, it would appear that porcine follicular fluid contains a non-steroidal substance(s) that can block the secretion of FSH that is secondary to a natural or artificial LH surge."}
{"id": "PMID:271997", "title": "Demonstration of different contractile mechanisms for angiotensin II and des-Asp1-angiotensin II in rabbit aortic strips.", "content": "Evidence of selective inhibition, differences in dose-response relationships, and cross-tachyphylaxis studies suggest that separate receptors and/or mechanisms may be involved in responses to angiotensin (Ang), [Sar1]Ang II, and Ang III (= des-Asp1-Ang II). The extracellular Ca2+ requirement for contractile responses induced by angiotensin peptides and norepinephrine was determined in rabbit aortic strips. Responses to K+ and [Sar1]Ang II were attenuated markedly by treatment with SKF-525A, verapamil, or Ca2+-free buffer. The response to Ang II was not impaired by verapamil, was blocked partially by SKF-525A, and was reduced markedly in Ca2+-free medium. Norepinephrine- and Ang III-induced contractions were not dependent on extracellular Ca2+. K+, Ang II, and [Sar1]Ang II required extracellular Ca2+ to induce contraction of the rabbit aorta. The data indicate that Ang III may have a mechanism of action that differs from that of [Sar1]Ang II and Ang II.", "contents": "Demonstration of different contractile mechanisms for angiotensin II and des-Asp1-angiotensin II in rabbit aortic strips. Evidence of selective inhibition, differences in dose-response relationships, and cross-tachyphylaxis studies suggest that separate receptors and/or mechanisms may be involved in responses to angiotensin (Ang), [Sar1]Ang II, and Ang III (= des-Asp1-Ang II). The extracellular Ca2+ requirement for contractile responses induced by angiotensin peptides and norepinephrine was determined in rabbit aortic strips. Responses to K+ and [Sar1]Ang II were attenuated markedly by treatment with SKF-525A, verapamil, or Ca2+-free buffer. The response to Ang II was not impaired by verapamil, was blocked partially by SKF-525A, and was reduced markedly in Ca2+-free medium. Norepinephrine- and Ang III-induced contractions were not dependent on extracellular Ca2+. K+, Ang II, and [Sar1]Ang II required extracellular Ca2+ to induce contraction of the rabbit aorta. The data indicate that Ang III may have a mechanism of action that differs from that of [Sar1]Ang II and Ang II."}
{"id": "PMID:271998", "title": "Mapping of human chromosomal regions related to neoplasia: evidence from chromosomes 1 and 17.", "content": "In clonal aberrations leading to an excess or partial excess of chromosome 1, trisomy for bands 1q25-1q32 was noted in the myeloid cells from all of 34 patients who had various disorders such as acute leukemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis. This was not the result of a particularly fragile site in that region of the chromosome because the break points in reciprocal translocations that involve it occurred almost exclusively in the short arm. Two consistent rearrangements that have been observed in chromosome 17 produced either duplication of the entire long arm or a translocation of the distal portion of the long arm to chromosome 15. The nonrandom chromosomal changes found in hematologic disorders can now be correlated with the gene loci on these chromosomes or chromosomal segments. Seventy-five genes related to various metabolic enzymes have been mapped; it may be significant that chromosomes carrying gene loci related to nucleic acid metabolism are more frequently involved in hematologic disorders (and other malignancies as well) than are gene loci related to intermediary or carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the known virus-human chromosome associations are closely correlated with the chromosomes affected in hematologic disorders. If one of the effects of carcinogens (including viruses) is to activate genes that regulate host cell DNA synthesis, and if translocations or duplications of specific chromosomal segments produce the same effect, then either of these mechanisms might provide the affected cell with a proliferative advantage.", "contents": "Mapping of human chromosomal regions related to neoplasia: evidence from chromosomes 1 and 17. In clonal aberrations leading to an excess or partial excess of chromosome 1, trisomy for bands 1q25-1q32 was noted in the myeloid cells from all of 34 patients who had various disorders such as acute leukemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis. This was not the result of a particularly fragile site in that region of the chromosome because the break points in reciprocal translocations that involve it occurred almost exclusively in the short arm. Two consistent rearrangements that have been observed in chromosome 17 produced either duplication of the entire long arm or a translocation of the distal portion of the long arm to chromosome 15. The nonrandom chromosomal changes found in hematologic disorders can now be correlated with the gene loci on these chromosomes or chromosomal segments. Seventy-five genes related to various metabolic enzymes have been mapped; it may be significant that chromosomes carrying gene loci related to nucleic acid metabolism are more frequently involved in hematologic disorders (and other malignancies as well) than are gene loci related to intermediary or carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the known virus-human chromosome associations are closely correlated with the chromosomes affected in hematologic disorders. If one of the effects of carcinogens (including viruses) is to activate genes that regulate host cell DNA synthesis, and if translocations or duplications of specific chromosomal segments produce the same effect, then either of these mechanisms might provide the affected cell with a proliferative advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:271999", "title": "Molecular basis of reovirus virulence: role of the S1 gene.", "content": "A genetic approach has been used to define the molecular basis for the different patterns of virulence and central nervous system cell tropism exhibited by reovirus types 1 and 3. Intracerebral inoculation of reovirus type 3 into newborn mice causes a necrotizing encephalitis (without ependymal damage) that is uniformly fatal. Animal inoculated with reovirus type 1 generally survive and may develop epedymal cell damage (without neuronal necrosis) and hydrocephalus. Using recombinant clones derived from crosses between reovirus types 1 and 3, we have been able to determine that the S1 genome segment is responsible for the differing cell tropism of reovirus serotypes and is the major determinant of neurovirulence. The type 1 S1 genome segment is responsible for ependymal damage with subsequent hydrocephalus; the type 3 S1 genome segment is responsible for neuronal necrosis and neurovirulence. We postulate that these differences are due to the specific interaction of the sigma1 outer capsid polypeptide (the protein coded for by the S1 genome segment) with receptors on the surface of either ependymal cells or neuronal cells.", "contents": "Molecular basis of reovirus virulence: role of the S1 gene. A genetic approach has been used to define the molecular basis for the different patterns of virulence and central nervous system cell tropism exhibited by reovirus types 1 and 3. Intracerebral inoculation of reovirus type 3 into newborn mice causes a necrotizing encephalitis (without ependymal damage) that is uniformly fatal. Animal inoculated with reovirus type 1 generally survive and may develop epedymal cell damage (without neuronal necrosis) and hydrocephalus. Using recombinant clones derived from crosses between reovirus types 1 and 3, we have been able to determine that the S1 genome segment is responsible for the differing cell tropism of reovirus serotypes and is the major determinant of neurovirulence. The type 1 S1 genome segment is responsible for ependymal damage with subsequent hydrocephalus; the type 3 S1 genome segment is responsible for neuronal necrosis and neurovirulence. We postulate that these differences are due to the specific interaction of the sigma1 outer capsid polypeptide (the protein coded for by the S1 genome segment) with receptors on the surface of either ependymal cells or neuronal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:272000", "title": "Histrionicotoxin enhances agonist-induced desensitization of acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Dihydroisohistrionicotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptor-dependent 22Na+ uptake of cultured chick muscle cells with a KI of 0.2 micrometer. The inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to agonists. The toxin enhances desensitization of the receptor by agonists which is accompanied by a 10-fold increase in receptor affinity for agonists. Dihydroisohistrionicotoxin increases the affinity of the desensitized form of the receptor for agonists but not antagonists. The results suggest that dihydroisohistrionicotoxin inhibits the acetylcholine receptor by causing an increase in the affinity of the desensitized form of the receptor for agonists and thereby stabilizing the desensitized state.", "contents": "Histrionicotoxin enhances agonist-induced desensitization of acetylcholine receptor. Dihydroisohistrionicotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptor-dependent 22Na+ uptake of cultured chick muscle cells with a KI of 0.2 micrometer. The inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to agonists. The toxin enhances desensitization of the receptor by agonists which is accompanied by a 10-fold increase in receptor affinity for agonists. Dihydroisohistrionicotoxin increases the affinity of the desensitized form of the receptor for agonists but not antagonists. The results suggest that dihydroisohistrionicotoxin inhibits the acetylcholine receptor by causing an increase in the affinity of the desensitized form of the receptor for agonists and thereby stabilizing the desensitized state."}
{"id": "PMID:272001", "title": "Effect of increased potassium concentrations on particle motion within a neurosecretory structure.", "content": "Intensity fluctuation spectroscopy was used to detect particle motion within the pericardial organ of the crab Carcinus while it was perfused with media with increased potassium concentrations. Replacement of some or all of the sodium ions of the normal medium with potassium ions caused a graded increase in motion. Evidence is presented which indicates that this effect is not a consequence of membrane depolarization or calcium ion influx, but is due to the flux of potassium chloride and water into the cytoplasm of the cells.", "contents": "Effect of increased potassium concentrations on particle motion within a neurosecretory structure. Intensity fluctuation spectroscopy was used to detect particle motion within the pericardial organ of the crab Carcinus while it was perfused with media with increased potassium concentrations. Replacement of some or all of the sodium ions of the normal medium with potassium ions caused a graded increase in motion. Evidence is presented which indicates that this effect is not a consequence of membrane depolarization or calcium ion influx, but is due to the flux of potassium chloride and water into the cytoplasm of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:272002", "title": "Determination of transmitter function by neuronal activity.", "content": "The role of neuronal activity in the determination of transmitter function was studied in cultures of dissociated sympathetic neurons from newborn rat superior cervical ganglia. Cholinergic and adrenergic differentiation were assayed by incubating the cultures with radioactive choline and tyrosine and determining the rate of synthesis and accumulation of labelled acetylcholine and catecholamines. As in previous studies, pure neuronal cultures grown in control medium displayed much lower ratios of acetylcholine synthesis to catecholamine synthesis than did sister cultures grown in medium previously conditioned by incubation on appropriate nonneuronal cells (conditioned medium). However, here we report that neurons treated with the depolarizing agents elevated K(+) or veratridine, or stimulated directly with electrical current, either before or during application of conditioned medium, displayed up to 300-fold lower acetylcholine/catecholamine ratios than they would have without depolarization, and thus remained primarily adrenergic. Elevated K(+) and veratridine produced this effect on cholinergic differentiation without significantly altering neuronal survival. Because depolarization causes Ca(2+) entry in a number of cell types, the effects of several Ca(2+) agonists and antagonists were investigated. In the presence of the Ca(2+) antagonists D600 or Mg(2+), K(+) did not prevent the induction of cholinergic properties by conditioned medium. Thus depolarization, either steady or accompanying activity, is one of the factors determining whether cultured sympathetic neurons become adrenergic or cholinergic, and this effect may be mediated by Ca(2+).", "contents": "Determination of transmitter function by neuronal activity. The role of neuronal activity in the determination of transmitter function was studied in cultures of dissociated sympathetic neurons from newborn rat superior cervical ganglia. Cholinergic and adrenergic differentiation were assayed by incubating the cultures with radioactive choline and tyrosine and determining the rate of synthesis and accumulation of labelled acetylcholine and catecholamines. As in previous studies, pure neuronal cultures grown in control medium displayed much lower ratios of acetylcholine synthesis to catecholamine synthesis than did sister cultures grown in medium previously conditioned by incubation on appropriate nonneuronal cells (conditioned medium). However, here we report that neurons treated with the depolarizing agents elevated K(+) or veratridine, or stimulated directly with electrical current, either before or during application of conditioned medium, displayed up to 300-fold lower acetylcholine/catecholamine ratios than they would have without depolarization, and thus remained primarily adrenergic. Elevated K(+) and veratridine produced this effect on cholinergic differentiation without significantly altering neuronal survival. Because depolarization causes Ca(2+) entry in a number of cell types, the effects of several Ca(2+) agonists and antagonists were investigated. In the presence of the Ca(2+) antagonists D600 or Mg(2+), K(+) did not prevent the induction of cholinergic properties by conditioned medium. Thus depolarization, either steady or accompanying activity, is one of the factors determining whether cultured sympathetic neurons become adrenergic or cholinergic, and this effect may be mediated by Ca(2+)."}
{"id": "PMID:272020", "title": "Distribution of 59Fe-labelled iron-poly(soribitol-gluconic acid) complex in normal and anaemic rats.", "content": "An iron carbohydrate complex, iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid), Ferastral, was labelled with 59Fe, and its distribution in rats was studied. The animals were intramuscularly treated with a dose of 10 mg of iron/kg. Three groups of animals were used: group A: non-anaemic and group B: anaemic rats, both kept on iron-deficient diet, and group C: non-anaemic rats kept on iron-supplemented diet. Urinary and faecal excretion, distribution in the body and incorporation in blood of the 59Fe was followed up to 28 days. The total excretion after that time was 15%. There was a rapid initial phase followed by a slower continuous one. After 28 days group A had 25, group B 13 and group C 40% of the given dose remaining at the site of injection. The corresponding values in liver after 28 days were 7, 4 and 17% of the given dose, respectively. In blood a continuous increase was observed. At 28 days after administration 26, 43 and 17% of the given dose had been incorporated in the red blood corpuscles of the respective groups. These results show that the iron complex is absorbed from the site of injection and is utilized for haemoglobin synthesis. They also show that the disposition of the complex is influenced by the iron content of the diet.", "contents": "Distribution of 59Fe-labelled iron-poly(soribitol-gluconic acid) complex in normal and anaemic rats. An iron carbohydrate complex, iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid), Ferastral, was labelled with 59Fe, and its distribution in rats was studied. The animals were intramuscularly treated with a dose of 10 mg of iron/kg. Three groups of animals were used: group A: non-anaemic and group B: anaemic rats, both kept on iron-deficient diet, and group C: non-anaemic rats kept on iron-supplemented diet. Urinary and faecal excretion, distribution in the body and incorporation in blood of the 59Fe was followed up to 28 days. The total excretion after that time was 15%. There was a rapid initial phase followed by a slower continuous one. After 28 days group A had 25, group B 13 and group C 40% of the given dose remaining at the site of injection. The corresponding values in liver after 28 days were 7, 4 and 17% of the given dose, respectively. In blood a continuous increase was observed. At 28 days after administration 26, 43 and 17% of the given dose had been incorporated in the red blood corpuscles of the respective groups. These results show that the iron complex is absorbed from the site of injection and is utilized for haemoglobin synthesis. They also show that the disposition of the complex is influenced by the iron content of the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:272021", "title": "The absorption and availability of iron from iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex in rats as measured by phlebotomy.", "content": "The local and systemic availability of the iron in an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) has been studied in rats. The animals were treated intramuscularly with the complex in a dose corresponding to 10 mg of iron per animal. The technique of repeated phlebotomy was used to induce and maintain constant levels of anaemia. The phlebotomies were started immediately after injection and at 14 and 28 days after dosing. At the end of the appropriate interval, the remaining amount of iron at the injection sites as well as the degree of utilization of the iron retained in the animals were estimated. It was shown that the amount of iron at the site of injection of these anaemic animals was less than 3% regardless of the time when the series of phlebotomies were started. It was also shown that the degree of utilization of the iron from the complex was 90% of the retained amount of iron when the phlebotomies immediately followed dosing, and 86% and 79% when initiated 14 days and 28 days respectively. The significance of the decrease in utilization is discussed.", "contents": "The absorption and availability of iron from iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex in rats as measured by phlebotomy. The local and systemic availability of the iron in an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) has been studied in rats. The animals were treated intramuscularly with the complex in a dose corresponding to 10 mg of iron per animal. The technique of repeated phlebotomy was used to induce and maintain constant levels of anaemia. The phlebotomies were started immediately after injection and at 14 and 28 days after dosing. At the end of the appropriate interval, the remaining amount of iron at the injection sites as well as the degree of utilization of the iron retained in the animals were estimated. It was shown that the amount of iron at the site of injection of these anaemic animals was less than 3% regardless of the time when the series of phlebotomies were started. It was also shown that the degree of utilization of the iron from the complex was 90% of the retained amount of iron when the phlebotomies immediately followed dosing, and 86% and 79% when initiated 14 days and 28 days respectively. The significance of the decrease in utilization is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272022", "title": "Disposition in rats of the carbohydrate polymer in Ferastral--an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex.", "content": "The disposition and pharmacokinetics in rats of 14C-sorbitol-Ferastral has been studied as an initial step towards elucidating the metabolic fate of the polymeric organic moiety. The period of time studied was 24 h. Following i.v. administration of a dose corresponding to 10 mg/kg of iron approximately 60% of the isotope was found in the urine after this period of time. A further 3% was demonstrated in the faeces whilst the expired air accounted for about 10% in the form of 14CO2. Thus, a relatively large proportion of the radiolabel was promptly excreted via the kidneys whilst the expired air and probably bile constituted secondary excretion routes. The physico-chemical nature of the urinary product was similar to the parent carbohydrate compound. The residual 14C radioactivity was distributed mainly between the liver, which contained approximately 45% of the retained label, carcass with 36% and large intestine with 7%. The plasma disappearance pattern was biphasic. Similar experiments with the 14C-sorbitol polymer starting material were performed for purposes of comparison.", "contents": "Disposition in rats of the carbohydrate polymer in Ferastral--an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex. The disposition and pharmacokinetics in rats of 14C-sorbitol-Ferastral has been studied as an initial step towards elucidating the metabolic fate of the polymeric organic moiety. The period of time studied was 24 h. Following i.v. administration of a dose corresponding to 10 mg/kg of iron approximately 60% of the isotope was found in the urine after this period of time. A further 3% was demonstrated in the faeces whilst the expired air accounted for about 10% in the form of 14CO2. Thus, a relatively large proportion of the radiolabel was promptly excreted via the kidneys whilst the expired air and probably bile constituted secondary excretion routes. The physico-chemical nature of the urinary product was similar to the parent carbohydrate compound. The residual 14C radioactivity was distributed mainly between the liver, which contained approximately 45% of the retained label, carcass with 36% and large intestine with 7%. The plasma disappearance pattern was biphasic. Similar experiments with the 14C-sorbitol polymer starting material were performed for purposes of comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:272023", "title": "Distribution of the carbohydrate polymer in 14C-labelled iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex after intramuscular administration in normal and anaemic rats.", "content": "The carbohydrate polymer in an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex was prepared by using uniformly labelled 14C-sorbitol or 14C-gluconic acid. The distribution of these complexes 7, 14 and 28 days after administration has been followed in non-anaemic and anaemic rats. Most of the 14C from the labelled complexes was found in the expired CO2, faeces and urine. Twenty-eight days after injection of 14C-labelled Ferastral, less than 13% of the given dose of either 14C-sorbitol or 14C-gluconic acid labelled preparation could be found in the body. There was no specific accumulation of 14C in any organ except in the bones, where 3% of the given dose could be seen 28 days after 14C-gluconic acid labelled Ferastral to both non-anaemic and anaemic animals.", "contents": "Distribution of the carbohydrate polymer in 14C-labelled iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex after intramuscular administration in normal and anaemic rats. The carbohydrate polymer in an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex was prepared by using uniformly labelled 14C-sorbitol or 14C-gluconic acid. The distribution of these complexes 7, 14 and 28 days after administration has been followed in non-anaemic and anaemic rats. Most of the 14C from the labelled complexes was found in the expired CO2, faeces and urine. Twenty-eight days after injection of 14C-labelled Ferastral, less than 13% of the given dose of either 14C-sorbitol or 14C-gluconic acid labelled preparation could be found in the body. There was no specific accumulation of 14C in any organ except in the bones, where 3% of the given dose could be seen 28 days after 14C-gluconic acid labelled Ferastral to both non-anaemic and anaemic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:272024", "title": "Studies on the placental transfer in rats of 59Fe- and 14C-labelled iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex.", "content": "The placental transfer of an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, has been studied. By use of the 59Fe-, 14C-sorbitol, and 14C-gluconic acid labelled complexes it was shown that the passage of the iron moiety is related to foetal need and that only negligible amounts of 14C from either 14C-sorbitol or 14C-gluconic acid labelled iron complexes were found in the foetus. This implies that the intact complex does not pass the placental barrier.", "contents": "Studies on the placental transfer in rats of 59Fe- and 14C-labelled iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex. The placental transfer of an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, has been studied. By use of the 59Fe-, 14C-sorbitol, and 14C-gluconic acid labelled complexes it was shown that the passage of the iron moiety is related to foetal need and that only negligible amounts of 14C from either 14C-sorbitol or 14C-gluconic acid labelled iron complexes were found in the foetus. This implies that the intact complex does not pass the placental barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:272025", "title": "Metabolic studies of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral.", "content": "The metabolism of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) was studied in 6 blood donors with latent iron deficiency and 13 patients with manifest iron deficiency anaemia. Between 125 and 1 000 mg of iron were injected. In latent deficiency an average of 19% of the dose given was excreted during the first two weeks. The corresponding figure for patients with manifest iron deficiency was 11%. An average of 8% of the dose was retained at the site of injection after 40 days. In the two groups, respectively, 61% (range 47%-70%) and 58% (range 24%-86%) of the iron retained was incorporated into red cells after 40 days, which is judged to be quite satisfactory. Some local side effects were observed.", "contents": "Metabolic studies of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral. The metabolism of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) was studied in 6 blood donors with latent iron deficiency and 13 patients with manifest iron deficiency anaemia. Between 125 and 1 000 mg of iron were injected. In latent deficiency an average of 19% of the dose given was excreted during the first two weeks. The corresponding figure for patients with manifest iron deficiency was 11%. An average of 8% of the dose was retained at the site of injection after 40 days. In the two groups, respectively, 61% (range 47%-70%) and 58% (range 24%-86%) of the iron retained was incorporated into red cells after 40 days, which is judged to be quite satisfactory. Some local side effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:272026", "title": "Absorption, excretion, and utilization of an intramuscular iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral.", "content": "An iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) labelled with 59Fe was administered by intramuscular injection to clinically and haematologically normal male volunteers. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was measured for the first 48 hours following injection, and was 2%-10% of the administered dose. Disappearance of radioactivity at the site of injection and accumulation of radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and sacrum were measured by external scintillation counting. Plasma radioactivity was measured at intervals for four days and red cell incorporation of 59Fe reached levels of 29%-57.5%. An unexpected finding was that the highest levels of urinary excretion of radioactivity did not coincide with the highest levels of plasma radioactivity.", "contents": "Absorption, excretion, and utilization of an intramuscular iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral. An iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) labelled with 59Fe was administered by intramuscular injection to clinically and haematologically normal male volunteers. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was measured for the first 48 hours following injection, and was 2%-10% of the administered dose. Disappearance of radioactivity at the site of injection and accumulation of radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and sacrum were measured by external scintillation counting. Plasma radioactivity was measured at intervals for four days and red cell incorporation of 59Fe reached levels of 29%-57.5%. An unexpected finding was that the highest levels of urinary excretion of radioactivity did not coincide with the highest levels of plasma radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:272027", "title": "Studies on iron stores built up by an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, in man. Preliminary report.", "content": "The characteristics of iron stores built up by a new parenteral iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, have been studied in iron depleted non-anemic blood donors. The results from studies on the first three subjects are presented. The availability of this storage iron for the chelator, desferrioxamine, was found to be in the same range as normal iron stores. The pattern of distribution in reticulo-endothelial cells of the bone marrow could not be differentiated from natural storage iron. No visible iron could be detected in liver parenchymal cells 40 days after iron administration. The results from these preliminary studies suggests normal bioavailability of this material for Hb-synthesis. The absence of iron in liver parenchymal cells might be explained by the short time interval between the iron administration and the fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "contents": "Studies on iron stores built up by an iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, in man. Preliminary report. The characteristics of iron stores built up by a new parenteral iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral, have been studied in iron depleted non-anemic blood donors. The results from studies on the first three subjects are presented. The availability of this storage iron for the chelator, desferrioxamine, was found to be in the same range as normal iron stores. The pattern of distribution in reticulo-endothelial cells of the bone marrow could not be differentiated from natural storage iron. No visible iron could be detected in liver parenchymal cells 40 days after iron administration. The results from these preliminary studies suggests normal bioavailability of this material for Hb-synthesis. The absence of iron in liver parenchymal cells might be explained by the short time interval between the iron administration and the fine needle aspiration biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:272028", "title": "Interaction between Ferastral and plasma factors.", "content": "Ferastral, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, in aqueous solution is completely adsorbed by magnesium carbonate; Ferastral in serum solution is only partially adsorbed by magnesium carbonate. Adsorption by magnesium carbonate removes the fraction of Ferastral in serum solution which donates iron more readily to transferrin. It is suggested that this fraction comprises the smaller molecular species of the Ferastral complex and that these species have a faster rate of absorption from an intramuscular injection site than the larger molecular species of the iron complex preparation. These findings shed some light on the patterns of serum transferrin bound iron compared with serum Ferastral concentrations which occur with time after intramuscular Ferastral injection.", "contents": "Interaction between Ferastral and plasma factors. Ferastral, iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, in aqueous solution is completely adsorbed by magnesium carbonate; Ferastral in serum solution is only partially adsorbed by magnesium carbonate. Adsorption by magnesium carbonate removes the fraction of Ferastral in serum solution which donates iron more readily to transferrin. It is suggested that this fraction comprises the smaller molecular species of the Ferastral complex and that these species have a faster rate of absorption from an intramuscular injection site than the larger molecular species of the iron complex preparation. These findings shed some light on the patterns of serum transferrin bound iron compared with serum Ferastral concentrations which occur with time after intramuscular Ferastral injection."}
{"id": "PMID:272029", "title": "The assay of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) and its separation from transferrin in serum.", "content": "A new iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) has been studied. A method of assay is described. The iron complex may be separated from serum transferrin using a Sephadex DEAE A50 column. This binds the iron complex and elutes iron-transferrin which can then be assayed. It is shown that the assay of serum transferrin unsaturated binding capacity using excess 59FeCl2 and MgCO3 adsorption, is valid in the presence of Ferastral. Serum unsaturated iron binding capacity may therefore be used to follow the binding of Ferastral iron by transferrin. These methods may be used to follow the distribution of iron in plasma after an intramuscular injection of Ferastral.", "contents": "The assay of iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) and its separation from transferrin in serum. A new iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral) has been studied. A method of assay is described. The iron complex may be separated from serum transferrin using a Sephadex DEAE A50 column. This binds the iron complex and elutes iron-transferrin which can then be assayed. It is shown that the assay of serum transferrin unsaturated binding capacity using excess 59FeCl2 and MgCO3 adsorption, is valid in the presence of Ferastral. Serum unsaturated iron binding capacity may therefore be used to follow the binding of Ferastral iron by transferrin. These methods may be used to follow the distribution of iron in plasma after an intramuscular injection of Ferastral."}
{"id": "PMID:272030", "title": "Studies on an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "A preparation containing an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia is described. The physical and chemical properties of the iron complex have been studied by using electrophoresis and gel permeation chromatography. A rapid absorption from the injection site after intramuscular administration to rabbits takes place, 70% of the iron being absorbed after 24-48 hours. Thereafter, the absorption rate is slower, and 32 days after the injection 94% has been absorbed from the injection site. In rabbits the maximum level of iron in serum is reached after 12-24 hours; in dogs after 1-3 hours. Disappearance from the serum takes place slowly. The complex is exclusively absorbed via the lymphatic route. Nine to ten per cent of the given dose is excreted by the kidney within 72 hours in rats and 24 hours in rabbits after intramuscular administration. On administration of the preparation to rats, made anaemic by phlebotomy, a rapid increase of haemoglobin values is observed as well as a very high utilization of the retained amount of the given dose.", "contents": "Studies on an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. A preparation containing an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia is described. The physical and chemical properties of the iron complex have been studied by using electrophoresis and gel permeation chromatography. A rapid absorption from the injection site after intramuscular administration to rabbits takes place, 70% of the iron being absorbed after 24-48 hours. Thereafter, the absorption rate is slower, and 32 days after the injection 94% has been absorbed from the injection site. In rabbits the maximum level of iron in serum is reached after 12-24 hours; in dogs after 1-3 hours. Disappearance from the serum takes place slowly. The complex is exclusively absorbed via the lymphatic route. Nine to ten per cent of the given dose is excreted by the kidney within 72 hours in rats and 24 hours in rabbits after intramuscular administration. On administration of the preparation to rats, made anaemic by phlebotomy, a rapid increase of haemoglobin values is observed as well as a very high utilization of the retained amount of the given dose."}
{"id": "PMID:272031", "title": "Transfer of iron from Ferastral and other organic complexes to transferrin as measured by reticulocyte uptake.", "content": "The transfer of iron from the iron carbohydrate complexes, Ferastral, Imferon, and Jectofer, and from ferric chloride has been studied by the effect of such transfer in reducing reticulocyte uptake of 59Fe from labelled transferrin. There are plasma factors which augment the transfer of iron from complex to transferrin. The pattern of transfer from Ferastral and from Imferon are similar: at concentration of 5000 microgram/100 ml and 1250 microgram/100 ml in plasma these complexes transfer about 0.8% and 1.7%, respectively. Jectofer transfers about four times these amounts under similar conditions. In the case of Ferastral there is evidence of an equilibrium between transferrin-bound and Ferastral-bound iron. The characteristics of Ferastral assessed in this way suggest that it may prove suitable for therapeutic use as a total dose infusion.", "contents": "Transfer of iron from Ferastral and other organic complexes to transferrin as measured by reticulocyte uptake. The transfer of iron from the iron carbohydrate complexes, Ferastral, Imferon, and Jectofer, and from ferric chloride has been studied by the effect of such transfer in reducing reticulocyte uptake of 59Fe from labelled transferrin. There are plasma factors which augment the transfer of iron from complex to transferrin. The pattern of transfer from Ferastral and from Imferon are similar: at concentration of 5000 microgram/100 ml and 1250 microgram/100 ml in plasma these complexes transfer about 0.8% and 1.7%, respectively. Jectofer transfers about four times these amounts under similar conditions. In the case of Ferastral there is evidence of an equilibrium between transferrin-bound and Ferastral-bound iron. The characteristics of Ferastral assessed in this way suggest that it may prove suitable for therapeutic use as a total dose infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:272032", "title": "Kinetic studies on an intramuscular iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex.", "content": "Levels of iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity in serum and the renal excretion of iron were studied in 15 anaemic patients receiving Ferastral. Various dose schedules were used, 100 mg Fe daily for 10 days, 200 mg Fe daily for 5 days, and 500 mg Fe twice at various intervals from 2 to 7 days. A continuous increase of iron in serum was seen after the doses 100 mg and 200 mg daily as well as after 500 mg given at intervals of 2 and 3 days. Longer 500 mg dose intervals resulted in a fluctuation in the iron concentration. Peak levels varied between 740 and 5 260 microgram/100 ml (132 and 942 mumol/1). A transient decrease in the UIBC was seen. Urinary excretion of iron varied between 8.9 and 26.9% of the dose given. No local or general side effects occurred.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on an intramuscular iron-poly (sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex. Levels of iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity in serum and the renal excretion of iron were studied in 15 anaemic patients receiving Ferastral. Various dose schedules were used, 100 mg Fe daily for 10 days, 200 mg Fe daily for 5 days, and 500 mg Fe twice at various intervals from 2 to 7 days. A continuous increase of iron in serum was seen after the doses 100 mg and 200 mg daily as well as after 500 mg given at intervals of 2 and 3 days. Longer 500 mg dose intervals resulted in a fluctuation in the iron concentration. Peak levels varied between 740 and 5 260 microgram/100 ml (132 and 942 mumol/1). A transient decrease in the UIBC was seen. Urinary excretion of iron varied between 8.9 and 26.9% of the dose given. No local or general side effects occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:272033", "title": "Patterns of plasma iron fractions after intramuscular Ferastral.", "content": "The distribution of plasma iron fractions after intramuscular Ferastral is described for times up to eight days after injection. Transferrin-bound iron reaches a peak value in 4-8 hours and falls towards normal values while circulating iron-complex concentration remains high. The peak concentration of iron-complex occurs 8-24 hours after injection, and is virtually cleared from the circulation in 6-8 days. An approximate T 1/2 of 30 hours for plasma Ferastral is deduced from the rate of fall from peak values. UIBC values fell as transferrin-bound iron increased, but did not reach zero in any subject studied.", "contents": "Patterns of plasma iron fractions after intramuscular Ferastral. The distribution of plasma iron fractions after intramuscular Ferastral is described for times up to eight days after injection. Transferrin-bound iron reaches a peak value in 4-8 hours and falls towards normal values while circulating iron-complex concentration remains high. The peak concentration of iron-complex occurs 8-24 hours after injection, and is virtually cleared from the circulation in 6-8 days. An approximate T 1/2 of 30 hours for plasma Ferastral is deduced from the rate of fall from peak values. UIBC values fell as transferrin-bound iron increased, but did not reach zero in any subject studied."}
{"id": "PMID:272034", "title": "Compensation for blood loss in plastic surgery with ferastral and autologous blood transfusion.", "content": "A study has been made to assess the effect on haematological status of pre-operative parenteral iron in a operation accompanied by conisderable blood loss. Forty-two patients who were to undergo breast reducing operations were selected for the trial. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 which received no iron treatment, group 2 which received Ferastral, 250 mg Fe, 21 days before operation and group 3 which received Ferastral, 250 mg Fe, 21 days before operation plus an autologous blood transfusion during operation. The blood loss at operation which was estimated to be between 500 and 1 000 ml in 86% of the cases resulted in a decrease in haemoglobin in all groups. On the 14th postoperative day the decrease in Hb was significantly lower in both group 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (P less 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Forty per cent of the patients were anaemic in group 1, 10% in group 2 and 15% in group 3. It is concluded that the need for blood transfusion may be avoided in operations where the blood loss is less than 1 000 ml, provided sufficient iron is available for spontaneous blood replacement to take place.", "contents": "Compensation for blood loss in plastic surgery with ferastral and autologous blood transfusion. A study has been made to assess the effect on haematological status of pre-operative parenteral iron in a operation accompanied by conisderable blood loss. Forty-two patients who were to undergo breast reducing operations were selected for the trial. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 which received no iron treatment, group 2 which received Ferastral, 250 mg Fe, 21 days before operation and group 3 which received Ferastral, 250 mg Fe, 21 days before operation plus an autologous blood transfusion during operation. The blood loss at operation which was estimated to be between 500 and 1 000 ml in 86% of the cases resulted in a decrease in haemoglobin in all groups. On the 14th postoperative day the decrease in Hb was significantly lower in both group 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (P less 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Forty per cent of the patients were anaemic in group 1, 10% in group 2 and 15% in group 3. It is concluded that the need for blood transfusion may be avoided in operations where the blood loss is less than 1 000 ml, provided sufficient iron is available for spontaneous blood replacement to take place."}
{"id": "PMID:272035", "title": "Iron-deficiency in the tropics.", "content": "Different populations in the tropics show wide variation in their iron status, even when living in the same area. These differences range from the most profound iron-deficiency anaemia to nutritional haemosiderosis. The extremes of dietary iron content so far reported are 5 mg per day in Mauritius to 180 mg per day in Ethiopia. Contamination with inorganic iron is an important source in some communities. Generally, the iron in food is in excess of requirement, but lumenal factors are all important in deciding how much is available for absorption. The iron of some diets is readily absorbed, but in other only a small percentage is utilizable. Hookworm infection is the commonest cause of severe iron-deficiency in many parts of the world. Its prevalence and its density depends on social habits, and may vary considerably even within tribes. The development of iron-deficiency anaemia depends on the hookworm load being sufficient to cause iron loss in excess of available intake. Anaemia impairs work capacity, reproductive ability of women and the development of children, and has wide social and economic repercussions. An intramuscular preparation by which 500 mg of iron may be administered in one injection has most useful application in areas where medical care is minimal.", "contents": "Iron-deficiency in the tropics. Different populations in the tropics show wide variation in their iron status, even when living in the same area. These differences range from the most profound iron-deficiency anaemia to nutritional haemosiderosis. The extremes of dietary iron content so far reported are 5 mg per day in Mauritius to 180 mg per day in Ethiopia. Contamination with inorganic iron is an important source in some communities. Generally, the iron in food is in excess of requirement, but lumenal factors are all important in deciding how much is available for absorption. The iron of some diets is readily absorbed, but in other only a small percentage is utilizable. Hookworm infection is the commonest cause of severe iron-deficiency in many parts of the world. Its prevalence and its density depends on social habits, and may vary considerably even within tribes. The development of iron-deficiency anaemia depends on the hookworm load being sufficient to cause iron loss in excess of available intake. Anaemia impairs work capacity, reproductive ability of women and the development of children, and has wide social and economic repercussions. An intramuscular preparation by which 500 mg of iron may be administered in one injection has most useful application in areas where medical care is minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:272036", "title": "Pharmacological studies on an iron-poly-(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "Intravenous injection of the iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (IPSG) to cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone caused a transient decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and a temporary increase in central venous pressure, heart rate and femoral blood flow at large doses (cumulative doses up to 744 mg/kg). Tachyphylaxis developed upon repeated administration. A temporary reduction in the magnitude of the blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline was obtained after large doses of IPSG. The blood pressure effects of acetylcholine, histamine and bilateral carotid occlusion were not affected. No definite effects were seen on the electrocardiograms. The transient cardiovascular effects were interpreted as being due to the presence of small amounts of ferrous iron in the preparation. IPSG did not significantly affect blood coagulation or platelet aggregation as judged from results of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Immunogenicity studies in rabbits and antibody analyses of sera from patients treated with IPSG failed to demonstrate any effect of IPSG on the immune system.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on an iron-poly-(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex for parenteral treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. Intravenous injection of the iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (IPSG) to cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone caused a transient decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and a temporary increase in central venous pressure, heart rate and femoral blood flow at large doses (cumulative doses up to 744 mg/kg). Tachyphylaxis developed upon repeated administration. A temporary reduction in the magnitude of the blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline was obtained after large doses of IPSG. The blood pressure effects of acetylcholine, histamine and bilateral carotid occlusion were not affected. No definite effects were seen on the electrocardiograms. The transient cardiovascular effects were interpreted as being due to the presence of small amounts of ferrous iron in the preparation. IPSG did not significantly affect blood coagulation or platelet aggregation as judged from results of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Immunogenicity studies in rabbits and antibody analyses of sera from patients treated with IPSG failed to demonstrate any effect of IPSG on the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:272039", "title": "Oncological study in rats of Ferastral, an iron-poly-(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, after intramuscular administration.", "content": "Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were given Ferastral, an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (IPSG) or Imferon, an iron-dextran complex, intramuscularly twice a week for 17 weeks. The experiment lasted for 95 weeks. Each compound was given to two groups, one low dose group and one high dose group. Depending on the body mass, the dose levels varied between 2.5 and 10 mg (25-50 mg/kg body mass) and between 5 and 20 mg (50-100 mg/kg body mass) of iron per rat, respectively. The mean total dose of iron per rat was calculated to be 235 and 495 mg, respectively. Another group of animals served as a control. From about the 30th experimental week onwards tumours developed at the intramuscular injection sites in the groups given Ferastral and Imferon. The tumours appeared to be sarcomas. In almost all the treated animals that lived longer than 30 weeks after the start of the experiment, sarcomas were present at the intramuscular injection sites. The sarcomas appeared earlier in the high dose groups than in the low dose groups and slightly earlier in the rats given Ferastral than in those given Imferon. No other pathological changes, including neoplasms, were considered to be related to the treatment.", "contents": "Oncological study in rats of Ferastral, an iron-poly-(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex, after intramuscular administration. Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were given Ferastral, an iron-poly(sorbitol-gluconic acid) complex (IPSG) or Imferon, an iron-dextran complex, intramuscularly twice a week for 17 weeks. The experiment lasted for 95 weeks. Each compound was given to two groups, one low dose group and one high dose group. Depending on the body mass, the dose levels varied between 2.5 and 10 mg (25-50 mg/kg body mass) and between 5 and 20 mg (50-100 mg/kg body mass) of iron per rat, respectively. The mean total dose of iron per rat was calculated to be 235 and 495 mg, respectively. Another group of animals served as a control. From about the 30th experimental week onwards tumours developed at the intramuscular injection sites in the groups given Ferastral and Imferon. The tumours appeared to be sarcomas. In almost all the treated animals that lived longer than 30 weeks after the start of the experiment, sarcomas were present at the intramuscular injection sites. The sarcomas appeared earlier in the high dose groups than in the low dose groups and slightly earlier in the rats given Ferastral than in those given Imferon. No other pathological changes, including neoplasms, were considered to be related to the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272040", "title": "[Oral health for everyone--an unattainable goal? Analysis of a questionnaire among 1200 Swiss recruits].", "content": "The attitude of 1085 Swiss military recruits towards the dentist and dental care, their knowledge of periodontal disease and its prevention, the incidence of smoking and the frequency of eating sweets as well as interest in their own teeth in general was determined by use of a questionnaire. The results showed a positive attitude on the part of the participants towards their own teeth and a definite motivation for good oral health. The oral hygiene habits of only a minority could be classified as sufficient, the knowledge of periodontal disease and its prevention were limited. Smoking and eating sweets were found to be widespread. It can be stated, therfore, that hygiene instruction for improvement of oral health by the dental profession as well as motivational efforts towards general health education at home and at school were unfortunately unsatisfactory.", "contents": "[Oral health for everyone--an unattainable goal? Analysis of a questionnaire among 1200 Swiss recruits]. The attitude of 1085 Swiss military recruits towards the dentist and dental care, their knowledge of periodontal disease and its prevention, the incidence of smoking and the frequency of eating sweets as well as interest in their own teeth in general was determined by use of a questionnaire. The results showed a positive attitude on the part of the participants towards their own teeth and a definite motivation for good oral health. The oral hygiene habits of only a minority could be classified as sufficient, the knowledge of periodontal disease and its prevention were limited. Smoking and eating sweets were found to be widespread. It can be stated, therfore, that hygiene instruction for improvement of oral health by the dental profession as well as motivational efforts towards general health education at home and at school were unfortunately unsatisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:272041", "title": "[Transplantation of oral mucosa using a mucotome].", "content": "\"Free gingival grafts--a technique for obtaining transplant tissue using a newly developed Mucotom\": A new instrument for obtaining palatal soft tissue grafts was designed. It has a mechanically oscillating blade. The Mucotom is driven by the dental unit like a handpiece. The attached gingiva in the mandibular anterior region was widened in over 100 cases through a simplified surgical procedure and by taking the grafts with the Mucotom. Intermediate split thickness grafts resulted in good esthetics and function. The superior cutting ability of the instrument produced smooth grafts of uniform thickness.", "contents": "[Transplantation of oral mucosa using a mucotome]. \"Free gingival grafts--a technique for obtaining transplant tissue using a newly developed Mucotom\": A new instrument for obtaining palatal soft tissue grafts was designed. It has a mechanically oscillating blade. The Mucotom is driven by the dental unit like a handpiece. The attached gingiva in the mandibular anterior region was widened in over 100 cases through a simplified surgical procedure and by taking the grafts with the Mucotom. Intermediate split thickness grafts resulted in good esthetics and function. The superior cutting ability of the instrument produced smooth grafts of uniform thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:272042", "title": "[Surface analysis of 2 composite filling materials after various methods of finishing and sealing].", "content": "The surface quality of 2 composite filling materials (Adaptic with coarse hard quartz fillers and Cosmic with fine softer glass fillers) was evaluated using profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and light reflectometry after finishing with experimental diamond discs, 3M discs, corundum discs, polishing paste and also after sealing. Plaque formation on standardized surfaces of both composites was photographically recorded in 20 subjects. The sealed surfaces and the surfaces finished by the matrix alone were approximately 10 times less rough than after finishing procedures. Under in vivo conditions they reflected the most light, for both composites. The sealer failed to cover the whole composite surface. The unfinished and sealed surfaces lost their shine 3-7 days after placement in the mouth. Decrease in reflectance was independent of mechanical oral hygiene procedures. There were no significant differences in the roughness produced by the various discs on Adaptic surfaces. Diamond discs with particle size 1-3 micrometer resulted in least surface roughness and were the only instruments not destroying the filler particles of either composite. 3M discs and the rough corundum discs caused significantly more surface roughness of the Cosmic surface. Reflectometry showed that the finishing methods unfavourably affected composite surface smoothness. Among all finishing methods polishing paste produced the highest reflection value on the Cosmic surface. Adaptic surfaces were always associated with more plaque formation than Cosmic surface after all finishing methods.", "contents": "[Surface analysis of 2 composite filling materials after various methods of finishing and sealing]. The surface quality of 2 composite filling materials (Adaptic with coarse hard quartz fillers and Cosmic with fine softer glass fillers) was evaluated using profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and light reflectometry after finishing with experimental diamond discs, 3M discs, corundum discs, polishing paste and also after sealing. Plaque formation on standardized surfaces of both composites was photographically recorded in 20 subjects. The sealed surfaces and the surfaces finished by the matrix alone were approximately 10 times less rough than after finishing procedures. Under in vivo conditions they reflected the most light, for both composites. The sealer failed to cover the whole composite surface. The unfinished and sealed surfaces lost their shine 3-7 days after placement in the mouth. Decrease in reflectance was independent of mechanical oral hygiene procedures. There were no significant differences in the roughness produced by the various discs on Adaptic surfaces. Diamond discs with particle size 1-3 micrometer resulted in least surface roughness and were the only instruments not destroying the filler particles of either composite. 3M discs and the rough corundum discs caused significantly more surface roughness of the Cosmic surface. Reflectometry showed that the finishing methods unfavourably affected composite surface smoothness. Among all finishing methods polishing paste produced the highest reflection value on the Cosmic surface. Adaptic surfaces were always associated with more plaque formation than Cosmic surface after all finishing methods."}
{"id": "PMID:272043", "title": "[Adpatation and marginal fit of thixotropic composites and syringe system composites. In vitro findings].", "content": "In a dye penetration test and a scanning electron microscopic evaluation MOD-restorations made of a thixotropic material (ZKP-A-5(2)) and of two syringe system composites (Concise-Capsule-Composite3, Compocap-S4) were investigated with respect to microleakage and marginal adaptation. These materials did not reveal better marginal micromorphology than a comparable two-paste composite system (Concise3); Compocap-S showed markedly less microleakage. The quality of marginal adaptation, however, was improved to 52% when a low viscosity sealant (ZKP-A-2(2), Concise Enamel Bond3) was applied before insertion of the restorative. A sealant pretreatment is therefore compulsory in thixotropic and syringe packed composites as well. The perfection reached with these composite brands is equal to that of adhesive restorations made of Concise or Adaptic5 [6,7]. Restorations performed with new, complete composite systems (Nimetic6, GC's Epolite 100/Epobond7) revealed moderate results when compared to standard materials like Concise or Adaptic [6,7].", "contents": "[Adpatation and marginal fit of thixotropic composites and syringe system composites. In vitro findings]. In a dye penetration test and a scanning electron microscopic evaluation MOD-restorations made of a thixotropic material (ZKP-A-5(2)) and of two syringe system composites (Concise-Capsule-Composite3, Compocap-S4) were investigated with respect to microleakage and marginal adaptation. These materials did not reveal better marginal micromorphology than a comparable two-paste composite system (Concise3); Compocap-S showed markedly less microleakage. The quality of marginal adaptation, however, was improved to 52% when a low viscosity sealant (ZKP-A-2(2), Concise Enamel Bond3) was applied before insertion of the restorative. A sealant pretreatment is therefore compulsory in thixotropic and syringe packed composites as well. The perfection reached with these composite brands is equal to that of adhesive restorations made of Concise or Adaptic5 [6,7]. Restorations performed with new, complete composite systems (Nimetic6, GC's Epolite 100/Epobond7) revealed moderate results when compared to standard materials like Concise or Adaptic [6,7]."}
{"id": "PMID:272044", "title": "[Evaluation of 16 months old variously fashioned incisor fillings].", "content": "The influence of the cavity preparation form, enamel conditioning, and application of a low viscosity sealer upon marginal adaptation and microleakage of anterior teeth proximal composite restorations was investigated in vivo. Restorations inserted using the principles of Adhesive Restoration showed the best results. Experimental adhesive fillings placed into minimally prepared saucer-shaped cavities with no macroscopic dentin retention demonstrated likewise satisfactory results because of their small volume. Definitely inferior marginal adaptation and increased microleakage were obtained with other restorative techniques. Trace areas of etched enamel could be observed after 16 months in those cases where enamel conditioning was not followed by a sealer application. The utilization of a sealer, therefore, improves not only the marginal adaptation of the composite material but in addition offers a protective seal to the previously conditioned enamel surface. Once the adhesive restoration is completed, it is recommended that a fluoride solution be applied to all enamel surfaces in the operational field. This fluoride treatment results in the formation of extremely high concentrations of fluorapatite in enamel areas which might have been inadvertently exposed to etching solutions during the procedure and not sealed or covered by composite material.", "contents": "[Evaluation of 16 months old variously fashioned incisor fillings]. The influence of the cavity preparation form, enamel conditioning, and application of a low viscosity sealer upon marginal adaptation and microleakage of anterior teeth proximal composite restorations was investigated in vivo. Restorations inserted using the principles of Adhesive Restoration showed the best results. Experimental adhesive fillings placed into minimally prepared saucer-shaped cavities with no macroscopic dentin retention demonstrated likewise satisfactory results because of their small volume. Definitely inferior marginal adaptation and increased microleakage were obtained with other restorative techniques. Trace areas of etched enamel could be observed after 16 months in those cases where enamel conditioning was not followed by a sealer application. The utilization of a sealer, therefore, improves not only the marginal adaptation of the composite material but in addition offers a protective seal to the previously conditioned enamel surface. Once the adhesive restoration is completed, it is recommended that a fluoride solution be applied to all enamel surfaces in the operational field. This fluoride treatment results in the formation of extremely high concentrations of fluorapatite in enamel areas which might have been inadvertently exposed to etching solutions during the procedure and not sealed or covered by composite material."}
{"id": "PMID:272045", "title": "[Core build-ups from composites--evaluation of the technics of application].", "content": "The advantages and disadvantages of composite materials when used in direct core restoration of endodontically treated teeth is discussed. With the aid of dye penetration tests and scanning electron microscopy, in vitro fabrication of gold and amalgam cores were compared to those of 3 different composite core techniques. A compression technique used in the application of composite to the Radix -anchor post was judged successful. Neither modification of preparation nor application of a sealer before composite insertion improved margin adaptation or reduced microleakage of restoration margins. Acid etching of dentin definitely decreased marginal quality; therefore, for core construction using composites, the acid etch technique is not indicated. The proper use of composites is superior to gold and comparable to amalgam in core fabrication of endodontically treated teeth, when evaluating marginal adaptation and the reduction of microleakage at the composite-dentin interface.", "contents": "[Core build-ups from composites--evaluation of the technics of application]. The advantages and disadvantages of composite materials when used in direct core restoration of endodontically treated teeth is discussed. With the aid of dye penetration tests and scanning electron microscopy, in vitro fabrication of gold and amalgam cores were compared to those of 3 different composite core techniques. A compression technique used in the application of composite to the Radix -anchor post was judged successful. Neither modification of preparation nor application of a sealer before composite insertion improved margin adaptation or reduced microleakage of restoration margins. Acid etching of dentin definitely decreased marginal quality; therefore, for core construction using composites, the acid etch technique is not indicated. The proper use of composites is superior to gold and comparable to amalgam in core fabrication of endodontically treated teeth, when evaluating marginal adaptation and the reduction of microleakage at the composite-dentin interface."}
{"id": "PMID:272046", "title": "[Effect of the shape of the cavity and the sealant system on the adaptive quality of the proximal anterior filling margins].", "content": "The influence of different cavity preparation and the use of a low viscosity sealant on the marginal adaptation and microleakage of class III composite restorations was investigated in a dye penetration and a SEM-study in vivo. In 9 subjects with 4 restorations each, different forms of dentin cavities and enamel preparations were performed. In 3 out of 4 cavity types a low viscosity sealant was applied prior to the insertion of the composite material. Replicas of the restorations after 30 min, 15 and 120 days were examined by SEM (magnification 400X). Marginal areas 1 h, 15 and 120 days after restoration placement were coated with a fluorescent permeating dye, flushed with water, dried and photographed under UV-light. The micromorphological and in vivo permeation investigations have demonstrated that restorations with no marginal leakage and with perfect marginal adaptation could be achieved when using a sealant composite system with a new cavity design, the \"adhesive preparation\". Furthermore the retentive strength of the \"adhesive restoration\" which has no macroscopic dentinal retention was largely sufficient.", "contents": "[Effect of the shape of the cavity and the sealant system on the adaptive quality of the proximal anterior filling margins]. The influence of different cavity preparation and the use of a low viscosity sealant on the marginal adaptation and microleakage of class III composite restorations was investigated in a dye penetration and a SEM-study in vivo. In 9 subjects with 4 restorations each, different forms of dentin cavities and enamel preparations were performed. In 3 out of 4 cavity types a low viscosity sealant was applied prior to the insertion of the composite material. Replicas of the restorations after 30 min, 15 and 120 days were examined by SEM (magnification 400X). Marginal areas 1 h, 15 and 120 days after restoration placement were coated with a fluorescent permeating dye, flushed with water, dried and photographed under UV-light. The micromorphological and in vivo permeation investigations have demonstrated that restorations with no marginal leakage and with perfect marginal adaptation could be achieved when using a sealant composite system with a new cavity design, the \"adhesive preparation\". Furthermore the retentive strength of the \"adhesive restoration\" which has no macroscopic dentinal retention was largely sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:272047", "title": "[In vitro evaluation of the adaptation and quality of the margins in various composite systems].", "content": "Microleakage and marginal adaptation of different composite brands (Epoxydent, Restodent, Cosmic) in conventional and adhesive MOD-cavities have been investigated in an in vitro dye-penetration and scanning electron microscope study. The results were compared to those of a standard composite brand (Adaptic). Unrelated to the type of cavity and enamel etching procedures Epoxydent and Restodent revealed moderate results only. When the use of a sealant was omitted prior to bulk placement Cosmic showed the best adaptation. Priming (Cosmic Bond) was found to impede microleakage but not to influence marginal adaptation. The superiority of the adhesive restorations that had been performed with the Adaptic and the Concise system [4] is a result of the combination of these composite materials with a sealant and the new cavity design.", "contents": "[In vitro evaluation of the adaptation and quality of the margins in various composite systems]. Microleakage and marginal adaptation of different composite brands (Epoxydent, Restodent, Cosmic) in conventional and adhesive MOD-cavities have been investigated in an in vitro dye-penetration and scanning electron microscope study. The results were compared to those of a standard composite brand (Adaptic). Unrelated to the type of cavity and enamel etching procedures Epoxydent and Restodent revealed moderate results only. When the use of a sealant was omitted prior to bulk placement Cosmic showed the best adaptation. Priming (Cosmic Bond) was found to impede microleakage but not to influence marginal adaptation. The superiority of the adhesive restorations that had been performed with the Adaptic and the Concise system [4] is a result of the combination of these composite materials with a sealant and the new cavity design."}
{"id": "PMID:272048", "title": "[Therapy of periodontal diseases].", "content": "An analysis of general periodontal treatment carried out in the Departement of Cardiology, Periodontology and Preventive Dental Medicine of the University of Zurich, Dental Institute was undertaken with the aid of 50 randomly selected patient case histories. Immediately following therapy, it was found that a normal marginal periodontium had been established in all cases. A prerequisite for this success was effective patient oral hygiene. The duration of total treatment depended upon diagnosis and treatment plan and ranged from 18 to 62 h. Documentation of each phase of treatment was responsible for a significant part of the total therapy time. In view of the relatively large amount of time necessary to treat periodontal disease, future emphasis should be placed upon the refinement and propagation of preventive measures.", "contents": "[Therapy of periodontal diseases]. An analysis of general periodontal treatment carried out in the Departement of Cardiology, Periodontology and Preventive Dental Medicine of the University of Zurich, Dental Institute was undertaken with the aid of 50 randomly selected patient case histories. Immediately following therapy, it was found that a normal marginal periodontium had been established in all cases. A prerequisite for this success was effective patient oral hygiene. The duration of total treatment depended upon diagnosis and treatment plan and ranged from 18 to 62 h. Documentation of each phase of treatment was responsible for a significant part of the total therapy time. In view of the relatively large amount of time necessary to treat periodontal disease, future emphasis should be placed upon the refinement and propagation of preventive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:272049", "title": "[Cariogenic antitussive agents].", "content": "Nine cough mixtures available on the Swiss market and randomly chosen were tested telemetrically. With the exception of Sinecod all syrups effected immediate and long-lasting pH-depressions in interdental plaque. Patients should be informed on the pronounced caries-promoting potential of these medications.", "contents": "[Cariogenic antitussive agents]. Nine cough mixtures available on the Swiss market and randomly chosen were tested telemetrically. With the exception of Sinecod all syrups effected immediate and long-lasting pH-depressions in interdental plaque. Patients should be informed on the pronounced caries-promoting potential of these medications."}
{"id": "PMID:272051", "title": "The antiplaque effects of a nonflavored and a flavored chlorhexidine gluconate rinsing solution.", "content": "A flavored chlorhexidine gluconate rinsing solution was compared with a nonflavored solution. Both solutions inhibited plaque growth significantly (60% PlI, 40% SPI). The differences between the flavored and the nonflavored solution were not significant.", "contents": "The antiplaque effects of a nonflavored and a flavored chlorhexidine gluconate rinsing solution. A flavored chlorhexidine gluconate rinsing solution was compared with a nonflavored solution. Both solutions inhibited plaque growth significantly (60% PlI, 40% SPI). The differences between the flavored and the nonflavored solution were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:272052", "title": "Gingivitis in Zurich schoolchildren. A reexamination after 20 years.", "content": "In 1957 the periodontal health of 1350 Zurich schoolchildren was assessed. The same investigator (M.Z.) examined 1217 children in the same school district 18 years later. 909 children were considered for statistical analysis. Only 9.1% were found to be free from gingival inflammation. 32% of the papillary and marginal gingival areas showed inflammatory signs. Prevalence of gingivitis was similar in different socioeconomic groups and in children treated by general practitioners and school dental clinics respectively. Gingivitis prevalence was remarkably similar in 1957 and 1975. An increase in the intensity of inflammation was, however, statistically significant. Reconsideration and modification of the existing measures in preventive periodontology are indicated.", "contents": "Gingivitis in Zurich schoolchildren. A reexamination after 20 years. In 1957 the periodontal health of 1350 Zurich schoolchildren was assessed. The same investigator (M.Z.) examined 1217 children in the same school district 18 years later. 909 children were considered for statistical analysis. Only 9.1% were found to be free from gingival inflammation. 32% of the papillary and marginal gingival areas showed inflammatory signs. Prevalence of gingivitis was similar in different socioeconomic groups and in children treated by general practitioners and school dental clinics respectively. Gingivitis prevalence was remarkably similar in 1957 and 1975. An increase in the intensity of inflammation was, however, statistically significant. Reconsideration and modification of the existing measures in preventive periodontology are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:272053", "title": "Treatment of periodontal pockets with tricalcium phosphate in man. A preliminary report.", "content": "After oral hygiene instruction 29 infrabony pockets in 9 patients were treated with deep scaling and flap surgery. The pockets were filled with a biodegradable tricalcium phosphate implant paste. 6 months postoperatively the average reduction of clinical pockets was 2.6 mm and the radiographically detectable attachment was 1.1 mm more coronal than preoperatively. 10% of the pockets remained deeper than 3 mm. Easy handling and simple storage are the predominant advantages of the described implantation material. Before recommending it for general use, however, some technical problems will have to be solved.", "contents": "Treatment of periodontal pockets with tricalcium phosphate in man. A preliminary report. After oral hygiene instruction 29 infrabony pockets in 9 patients were treated with deep scaling and flap surgery. The pockets were filled with a biodegradable tricalcium phosphate implant paste. 6 months postoperatively the average reduction of clinical pockets was 2.6 mm and the radiographically detectable attachment was 1.1 mm more coronal than preoperatively. 10% of the pockets remained deeper than 3 mm. Easy handling and simple storage are the predominant advantages of the described implantation material. Before recommending it for general use, however, some technical problems will have to be solved."}
{"id": "PMID:272054", "title": "Endosteal oral implantology: two-year results of mobility and hysteresis measurements; A human study.", "content": "Clinical experience with tooth mobility measurements for assessment of periodontal health was employed in evaluating endosteal implant status. Mobility and hysteresis measurements of 14 implants in 11 patients were carried out regularly during a 2-year period. Immediate postsurgical implant post displacement was 5 hundreths of a millimeter (5.10(-2) mm). After 1, 6, and 24 months, mobility had increased to 13, 21, and 54.10(-2) mm respectively. Viscoelastic recoil patterns were recognized as diagnostic indicators of profound changes in the biophysical properties of periimplant environment.", "contents": "Endosteal oral implantology: two-year results of mobility and hysteresis measurements; A human study. Clinical experience with tooth mobility measurements for assessment of periodontal health was employed in evaluating endosteal implant status. Mobility and hysteresis measurements of 14 implants in 11 patients were carried out regularly during a 2-year period. Immediate postsurgical implant post displacement was 5 hundreths of a millimeter (5.10(-2) mm). After 1, 6, and 24 months, mobility had increased to 13, 21, and 54.10(-2) mm respectively. Viscoelastic recoil patterns were recognized as diagnostic indicators of profound changes in the biophysical properties of periimplant environment."}
{"id": "PMID:272055", "title": "Dental caries 12 years after introduction of a preventive program-preliminary report from seven communities.", "content": "Supervised toothbrushing with fluoride preparations and information on prevention of dental disease was introduced in 1963/64 for the majority of schools in the canton of Zurich. From 1963 to 1975, DMFT levels decreased by 47 to 54 percent, DMFS levels by 59 to 64 percent. Caries on surfaces of anterior teeth and on smooth surfaces of molars was reduced by 90 percent. The number of sound deciduous teeth increased substantially from 1963 to 1975.", "contents": "Dental caries 12 years after introduction of a preventive program-preliminary report from seven communities. Supervised toothbrushing with fluoride preparations and information on prevention of dental disease was introduced in 1963/64 for the majority of schools in the canton of Zurich. From 1963 to 1975, DMFT levels decreased by 47 to 54 percent, DMFS levels by 59 to 64 percent. Caries on surfaces of anterior teeth and on smooth surfaces of molars was reduced by 90 percent. The number of sound deciduous teeth increased substantially from 1963 to 1975."}
{"id": "PMID:272056", "title": "[Which strata of the population are poorly provided with dental care? A socioeconomic study].", "content": "The survey tried to reveal the strata of population which are badly provided with dental care, in the city of Berne and surroundings of 25 km. In a house-to-house query questions were asked on 3 parameters: dental hygiene, removable dentures, and number of remaining teeth. Socioeconomic criteria such as age, residence (urban or rural), presence or absence of a dentist in the region and social status were used. The results showed that the 3 examined parameters were in close relationship to the socio-economic factors. People over 50 and people from lower social level had inferior dental treatment and a 5 times higher percentage of full dentures. This applied particularly to regions without dentist.", "contents": "[Which strata of the population are poorly provided with dental care? A socioeconomic study]. The survey tried to reveal the strata of population which are badly provided with dental care, in the city of Berne and surroundings of 25 km. In a house-to-house query questions were asked on 3 parameters: dental hygiene, removable dentures, and number of remaining teeth. Socioeconomic criteria such as age, residence (urban or rural), presence or absence of a dentist in the region and social status were used. The results showed that the 3 examined parameters were in close relationship to the socio-economic factors. People over 50 and people from lower social level had inferior dental treatment and a 5 times higher percentage of full dentures. This applied particularly to regions without dentist."}
{"id": "PMID:272057", "title": "[The Michigan splint, a diagnostic and therapeutic aid for patients with disorders of the masticatory system. I. Construction on an articulator and fitted in the patient's mouth].", "content": "The Michigan splint is an occlusal appliance for patients with functional disturbances of the gnathic system. It helps to stabilize, reposition and to equilibrate and is a means of diagnosis and therapy. Form and function of the splint are described along with its construction. Special attention is given to the incorporation and the checking appointments with the patient. The splint helps to relax the masticatory musculature. Thereby the madibular recording is facilitated. It helps to make a correct functional analysis and to induce a proper occlusal therapy.", "contents": "[The Michigan splint, a diagnostic and therapeutic aid for patients with disorders of the masticatory system. I. Construction on an articulator and fitted in the patient's mouth]. The Michigan splint is an occlusal appliance for patients with functional disturbances of the gnathic system. It helps to stabilize, reposition and to equilibrate and is a means of diagnosis and therapy. Form and function of the splint are described along with its construction. Special attention is given to the incorporation and the checking appointments with the patient. The splint helps to relax the masticatory musculature. Thereby the madibular recording is facilitated. It helps to make a correct functional analysis and to induce a proper occlusal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:272058", "title": "[Biopsies, how and when?].", "content": "The subject is technique and indication for biopsies in the dental office. Should the dentist take biopsies at all? The literature on the subject is controversial. The author warns against the practice of biopsies in the presence of large tumors or when malignancies are suspected. Biopsies should remain part of the main treatment in the respective special clinic. On the other hand, a dentist may make small excision biopsies on small and harmless tissue changes of the mucosa in order to send them in for histological checking.", "contents": "[Biopsies, how and when?]. The subject is technique and indication for biopsies in the dental office. Should the dentist take biopsies at all? The literature on the subject is controversial. The author warns against the practice of biopsies in the presence of large tumors or when malignancies are suspected. Biopsies should remain part of the main treatment in the respective special clinic. On the other hand, a dentist may make small excision biopsies on small and harmless tissue changes of the mucosa in order to send them in for histological checking."}
{"id": "PMID:272060", "title": "[Gingival injuries from toothbrush bristles].", "content": "The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study on 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardisation of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two-week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The \"cut bristles\" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the \"cut bristles\". The size of the lesions was not sex-dependent.", "contents": "[Gingival injuries from toothbrush bristles]. The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study on 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardisation of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two-week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The \"cut bristles\" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the \"cut bristles\". The size of the lesions was not sex-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:272061", "title": "[The effect of bioceramics (calcium phosphate ceramics) on cultured rabbit fibroblasts].", "content": "Cell compatibility of biodegradable calciumphosphate ceramic material was tested in rabbit fibroblasts cultivated on cover slips. Culture growth was in no way inhibited during 12 days of cultivation in the presence of ceramics. The fibroblasts showed phagocytosis of ceramic particles and were able to undergo mitosis as long as the cytoplasm was not overloaded with particles. After incorporation of ceramics, impairment of cytoplasmic division could lead to the formation of polyploid and polynuclear cells. Death of overloaded cells was observed only in the cell-and ceramic-dense center of the cultures from the 10th day on, and may be considered as natural decay of aged cells. The cell- and tissue-compatibility of bioceramic material observed in experimental surgery is thus confirmed.", "contents": "[The effect of bioceramics (calcium phosphate ceramics) on cultured rabbit fibroblasts]. Cell compatibility of biodegradable calciumphosphate ceramic material was tested in rabbit fibroblasts cultivated on cover slips. Culture growth was in no way inhibited during 12 days of cultivation in the presence of ceramics. The fibroblasts showed phagocytosis of ceramic particles and were able to undergo mitosis as long as the cytoplasm was not overloaded with particles. After incorporation of ceramics, impairment of cytoplasmic division could lead to the formation of polyploid and polynuclear cells. Death of overloaded cells was observed only in the cell-and ceramic-dense center of the cultures from the 10th day on, and may be considered as natural decay of aged cells. The cell- and tissue-compatibility of bioceramic material observed in experimental surgery is thus confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:272071", "title": "[The suitability of Cr-Co casting investments for use with precious metal casting].", "content": "Extensive practical experience, experimental studies and theoretical considerations lead to the result that the investment compounds \"Modellgusseinbettmasse LAW\" and \"Silikan\" may be recommended not only for casting chromium-cobalt alloys but also for casting precious metal alloys.", "contents": "[The suitability of Cr-Co casting investments for use with precious metal casting]. Extensive practical experience, experimental studies and theoretical considerations lead to the result that the investment compounds \"Modellgusseinbettmasse LAW\" and \"Silikan\" may be recommended not only for casting chromium-cobalt alloys but also for casting precious metal alloys."}
{"id": "PMID:272072", "title": "[Experimental studies with radionuclides on the functional behavior of the blood circulation system in the dental pulp].", "content": "Using a special semiconductor detector probe and the radiopharmacon DF32P, the author measured the blood supply in the dental pulp. To test the sensitivity of the measuring system, adrenaline was injected for the purpose of vasoconstriction. The resulting change in blood volume is demonstrated by measuring the decrease of the pulse rates during a given period of time.", "contents": "[Experimental studies with radionuclides on the functional behavior of the blood circulation system in the dental pulp]. Using a special semiconductor detector probe and the radiopharmacon DF32P, the author measured the blood supply in the dental pulp. To test the sensitivity of the measuring system, adrenaline was injected for the purpose of vasoconstriction. The resulting change in blood volume is demonstrated by measuring the decrease of the pulse rates during a given period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:272073", "title": "[M\u00fchlberg's. Br\u00e4uninger's and Weiskopf's Leipzig index as a sliding disk--an auxiliary tool for optimal model analysis].", "content": "Not all the orthodontists of our country make use of the advantages offered by the index inaugurated by M\u00fchlberg, Br\u00e4uninger and Weiskopf for model analysis. Their adherence to the currently used index of Pont is explained. A sliding disk is intended for propagating the \"Leipzig index\". This disk has been elaborated by Schubert with reference to the Orthometer designed by Korkhaus.", "contents": "[M\u00fchlberg's. Br\u00e4uninger's and Weiskopf's Leipzig index as a sliding disk--an auxiliary tool for optimal model analysis]. Not all the orthodontists of our country make use of the advantages offered by the index inaugurated by M\u00fchlberg, Br\u00e4uninger and Weiskopf for model analysis. Their adherence to the currently used index of Pont is explained. A sliding disk is intended for propagating the \"Leipzig index\". This disk has been elaborated by Schubert with reference to the Orthometer designed by Korkhaus."}
{"id": "PMID:272074", "title": "[Comparative studies on the setting time of various phosphate cements and on the effect of differentiated powder-fluid ratios and air humidity on the setting time].", "content": "A comparative experimental study served to determine the standard consistency and setting time of various phosphate cements (according to DIN 13903). One of the products under investigation did not comply with standard specifications; therefore, from the viewpoint of setting behaviour, it cannot be recommended for cementing fixed tooth-restorations. It was shown that variations in the powder-liquid ratio affected the setting time, whereas variations in air humidity in the range from 50 to 100% exerted no signficant effects, which might lead to a simplication of material testing and quality control.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the setting time of various phosphate cements and on the effect of differentiated powder-fluid ratios and air humidity on the setting time]. A comparative experimental study served to determine the standard consistency and setting time of various phosphate cements (according to DIN 13903). One of the products under investigation did not comply with standard specifications; therefore, from the viewpoint of setting behaviour, it cannot be recommended for cementing fixed tooth-restorations. It was shown that variations in the powder-liquid ratio affected the setting time, whereas variations in air humidity in the range from 50 to 100% exerted no signficant effects, which might lead to a simplication of material testing and quality control."}
{"id": "PMID:272075", "title": "[Evaluation of epithetic restoration].", "content": "Starting from an analysis of facial prostheses applied during the years 1967-1977, the authors report of the therapeutical success. The evaluation involved not only objective criteria but also psychical problems of the face-injured patients. Priorities of stomatological efficacy are established with regard to insertion, adaptation and the postadaptive phase.", "contents": "[Evaluation of epithetic restoration]. Starting from an analysis of facial prostheses applied during the years 1967-1977, the authors report of the therapeutical success. The evaluation involved not only objective criteria but also psychical problems of the face-injured patients. Priorities of stomatological efficacy are established with regard to insertion, adaptation and the postadaptive phase."}
{"id": "PMID:272078", "title": "[The methodological position of frontal feedbacks during work with large groups of dental students].", "content": "Single-channel feedback installations without revertive communication to the single work place and without possibility for evaluating the student's performance may be used with success in lectures and diagnostic exercises for large groups of dental students. Dispensing deliberately with the evaluation of performance permits to carry on a dialogue with the student, which offers the possibility of acting rapidly on the learning process during the very same teaching event. This control procedure allows to activate and motivate the students considerably. The methodical approach is explained.", "contents": "[The methodological position of frontal feedbacks during work with large groups of dental students]. Single-channel feedback installations without revertive communication to the single work place and without possibility for evaluating the student's performance may be used with success in lectures and diagnostic exercises for large groups of dental students. Dispensing deliberately with the evaluation of performance permits to carry on a dialogue with the student, which offers the possibility of acting rapidly on the learning process during the very same teaching event. This control procedure allows to activate and motivate the students considerably. The methodical approach is explained."}
{"id": "PMID:272079", "title": "The aid of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of osteosarcoma of the bone (case report).", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma with marked cellular anaplasia and little or no osteoid formation may present major problems in histologic identification. The application of electron microscopy is demonstrated in a case of a poorly differentiated osteosarcoma of the tibia. Unequivocal electron microscopic diagnostic findings are described in relation to light microscopic data.", "contents": "The aid of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of osteosarcoma of the bone (case report). Osteogenic sarcoma with marked cellular anaplasia and little or no osteoid formation may present major problems in histologic identification. The application of electron microscopy is demonstrated in a case of a poorly differentiated osteosarcoma of the tibia. Unequivocal electron microscopic diagnostic findings are described in relation to light microscopic data."}
{"id": "PMID:272086", "title": "[On the growth characteristics of human osseous sarcoma metastases: mathematical calculations and clinical consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "Metastases of osteosarcomas do not grow according to a simple exponential function, but rather according to a type of Gompertz' function where flattening with a tendency toward plateau formation sets in after a certain time. This deviation from an exponential growth type corresponds to a substantial increase in the initial tumor size--doubling time. The metastasis doubles in the period after its transfer faster than when it first becomes visible in an x-ray. Another important conclusion resulting from the use of the Gompertz model is the assumption of a tumor-specific maximum volume which cannot be exceeded over a period of infinite growth. For lung metastases of osteosarcoma this volume amounts to approximately 120 cm3. The critical volume which kills the host is, at 70 to 80 cm3, relatively close to this theoretical growth limit (only approximately one cell division below this limit). If a metastasis develops from a single cell, the number of divisions up to this point is approximately 46. Of these, 38 lie within the growth zone which is not visible via x-ray. Since cell-cycle specific agents (for example Vincristin and Methotrexate) have the greatest effect against rapidly proliferating tumors, these drugs (for example alkylantic drugs) are especially effective in the case of slowly proliferating neoplasms. Therefore, use of these drugs should be favored when the metastasis is visible in the x-ray. Since occasionally, particular when the primary tumor is still relatively small, metastasization may not necessarily have already taken place, radical operation of the primary tumor should be carried out as soon as possible. A preliminary irradiation of the primary tumor cannot prevent metastasization with certainty. Therefore delayed amputation should be avoided.", "contents": "[On the growth characteristics of human osseous sarcoma metastases: mathematical calculations and clinical consequences (author's transl)]. Metastases of osteosarcomas do not grow according to a simple exponential function, but rather according to a type of Gompertz' function where flattening with a tendency toward plateau formation sets in after a certain time. This deviation from an exponential growth type corresponds to a substantial increase in the initial tumor size--doubling time. The metastasis doubles in the period after its transfer faster than when it first becomes visible in an x-ray. Another important conclusion resulting from the use of the Gompertz model is the assumption of a tumor-specific maximum volume which cannot be exceeded over a period of infinite growth. For lung metastases of osteosarcoma this volume amounts to approximately 120 cm3. The critical volume which kills the host is, at 70 to 80 cm3, relatively close to this theoretical growth limit (only approximately one cell division below this limit). If a metastasis develops from a single cell, the number of divisions up to this point is approximately 46. Of these, 38 lie within the growth zone which is not visible via x-ray. Since cell-cycle specific agents (for example Vincristin and Methotrexate) have the greatest effect against rapidly proliferating tumors, these drugs (for example alkylantic drugs) are especially effective in the case of slowly proliferating neoplasms. Therefore, use of these drugs should be favored when the metastasis is visible in the x-ray. Since occasionally, particular when the primary tumor is still relatively small, metastasization may not necessarily have already taken place, radical operation of the primary tumor should be carried out as soon as possible. A preliminary irradiation of the primary tumor cannot prevent metastasization with certainty. Therefore delayed amputation should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:272112", "title": "The incidence and significance of intracytoplasmic calcifications in nipple aspirate specimens.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic deposits demonstrated to be calcifications have been identified in nipple aspirates from 3.6 per cent of breasts with satisfactory cytology. The deposits occurred almost exclusively in epithelial groups, and their structure ranged from dust-like particles and spiculated forms to psammoma bodies; all exhibited characteristic density, refractility and well-defined, irregular borders. Nipple aspirates containing calcifications were typically characterized by the presence of numerous epithelial groups, frequently of papillary type. This association was supported histologically by the fact that 11 of the 14 available tissue specimens contained papillary lesions in the duct system, including three with papillary carcinoma in situ. Cytologic abnormality was significantly associated with the presence of calcifications, and marked cellular changes were found four times as often in this group as in the total population with satisfactory cytology. Calcific deposits were found in six of the fourteen available tissue specimens, four of which contained breast carcinoma. Calcifications were noted in only 23 per cent of 97 available mammograms, but further investigation has revealed other significant radiologic findings. Cytologic calcifications were found most frequently in aspirates from women between the ages of 41 and 60 and were often associated with clinical findings of breast disease. Preliminary findings indicate an increased prevalence of breast carcinoma in patients with cytologic calcifications and suggest that such patients may require closer than normal follow-up.", "contents": "The incidence and significance of intracytoplasmic calcifications in nipple aspirate specimens. Intracytoplasmic deposits demonstrated to be calcifications have been identified in nipple aspirates from 3.6 per cent of breasts with satisfactory cytology. The deposits occurred almost exclusively in epithelial groups, and their structure ranged from dust-like particles and spiculated forms to psammoma bodies; all exhibited characteristic density, refractility and well-defined, irregular borders. Nipple aspirates containing calcifications were typically characterized by the presence of numerous epithelial groups, frequently of papillary type. This association was supported histologically by the fact that 11 of the 14 available tissue specimens contained papillary lesions in the duct system, including three with papillary carcinoma in situ. Cytologic abnormality was significantly associated with the presence of calcifications, and marked cellular changes were found four times as often in this group as in the total population with satisfactory cytology. Calcific deposits were found in six of the fourteen available tissue specimens, four of which contained breast carcinoma. Calcifications were noted in only 23 per cent of 97 available mammograms, but further investigation has revealed other significant radiologic findings. Cytologic calcifications were found most frequently in aspirates from women between the ages of 41 and 60 and were often associated with clinical findings of breast disease. Preliminary findings indicate an increased prevalence of breast carcinoma in patients with cytologic calcifications and suggest that such patients may require closer than normal follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:272113", "title": "Ferruginous bodies in sputa of former asbestos workers.", "content": "Routine cytopathologic examinations were performed at six-month intervals on sputum specimens from 628 former asbestos workers and 138 control patients. The occurrence of ferruginous bodies in sputa is found to increase as a logarithmic function of the length of occupational exposure to asbestos in workdays. No significant association is found between the occurrence of ferruginous bodies and the worker's age, smoking history, degree of cellular epithelial atypia, or time since last exposure. We conclude that the presence of ferruginous bodies in sputa is evidence of probable significant occupational exposure to asbestos dust. Their absence does not indicate lack of exposure. We can also conclude that routine cytopathology procedures are sufficient for the detection of ferruginous bodies in sputa.", "contents": "Ferruginous bodies in sputa of former asbestos workers. Routine cytopathologic examinations were performed at six-month intervals on sputum specimens from 628 former asbestos workers and 138 control patients. The occurrence of ferruginous bodies in sputa is found to increase as a logarithmic function of the length of occupational exposure to asbestos in workdays. No significant association is found between the occurrence of ferruginous bodies and the worker's age, smoking history, degree of cellular epithelial atypia, or time since last exposure. We conclude that the presence of ferruginous bodies in sputa is evidence of probable significant occupational exposure to asbestos dust. Their absence does not indicate lack of exposure. We can also conclude that routine cytopathology procedures are sufficient for the detection of ferruginous bodies in sputa."}
{"id": "PMID:272117", "title": "Development of osteosarcoma in rats after irradiation.", "content": "The rat femur diaphysis was exposed to local continuous irradiation with various constant dose-rates for different periods of time and examined after different observation times. The incidence of osteogenic sarcomas per cm2 appeared to be comparable to that reported for animals exposed to internal irradiation by bone-seeking isotopes which involves systemic effects. The site of origin in 5 rats was found to be in or near the endosteum. Malignant proliferation started after at least 180 days of irradiation. Tumour development was dependent upon continued irradiation of an endosteum which contained a thin layer of fibroblasts and a few apparently inactive osteoblasts and osteoclasts. No increased cellular activity and no indication of new bone, cartilage or fibrosis were evident before the tumours began to develop.", "contents": "Development of osteosarcoma in rats after irradiation. The rat femur diaphysis was exposed to local continuous irradiation with various constant dose-rates for different periods of time and examined after different observation times. The incidence of osteogenic sarcomas per cm2 appeared to be comparable to that reported for animals exposed to internal irradiation by bone-seeking isotopes which involves systemic effects. The site of origin in 5 rats was found to be in or near the endosteum. Malignant proliferation started after at least 180 days of irradiation. Tumour development was dependent upon continued irradiation of an endosteum which contained a thin layer of fibroblasts and a few apparently inactive osteoblasts and osteoclasts. No increased cellular activity and no indication of new bone, cartilage or fibrosis were evident before the tumours began to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:272114", "title": "The numerical composition of cellular samples from the female reproductive tract IV. Carcinoma in situ cases exhibiting other than normal vaginal flora.", "content": "The numerical composition of vaginal, ectocervical and endocervical (VCE) cell samples from patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix exhibiting other than normal vaginal flora is described. The comparative results of cell counts in patients with carcinoma in situ with normal and other than normal vaginal flora are presented.", "contents": "The numerical composition of cellular samples from the female reproductive tract IV. Carcinoma in situ cases exhibiting other than normal vaginal flora. The numerical composition of vaginal, ectocervical and endocervical (VCE) cell samples from patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix exhibiting other than normal vaginal flora is described. The comparative results of cell counts in patients with carcinoma in situ with normal and other than normal vaginal flora are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:272119", "title": "Trichinosis in an immunosuppressed human host.", "content": "The clinical presentation and autopsy findings in the case of a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and trichinosis are described. Cellular immunity is an important host defense against nematode infections such as strongyloidiasis. It is therefore probable that the severe trichinosis seen in this immunosuppressed patient was more than coincidental. Due to concomitant failure of humoral immunity, serodiagnosis of trichinosis would have been impossible. The only means of making the diagnosis antemortem would have been muscle biopsy.", "contents": "Trichinosis in an immunosuppressed human host. The clinical presentation and autopsy findings in the case of a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and trichinosis are described. Cellular immunity is an important host defense against nematode infections such as strongyloidiasis. It is therefore probable that the severe trichinosis seen in this immunosuppressed patient was more than coincidental. Due to concomitant failure of humoral immunity, serodiagnosis of trichinosis would have been impossible. The only means of making the diagnosis antemortem would have been muscle biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:272120", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXVIII. Value of detailed chromosome studies on large numbers of cells in CML.", "content": "Comparison of the chromosome findings obtained on routine examination (10-50 cells) of the marrows from patients with Ph1-positive CML with those based on a large number (110-500 cells) of metaphases in six of these patients, in whom appropriate material was available, revealed the presence of small percentages of aneuploid cells in the marrow during the chronic phase of the disease and not seen with the routine procedure. These aneuploid cells may ultimately constitute the dominant clone during the blastic phase of the chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Furthermore, karyotypically abnormal cells, in addition those observed on routine study, were detected in the blastic phase when a large number of cells was examined. The value and implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXVIII. Value of detailed chromosome studies on large numbers of cells in CML. Comparison of the chromosome findings obtained on routine examination (10-50 cells) of the marrows from patients with Ph1-positive CML with those based on a large number (110-500 cells) of metaphases in six of these patients, in whom appropriate material was available, revealed the presence of small percentages of aneuploid cells in the marrow during the chronic phase of the disease and not seen with the routine procedure. These aneuploid cells may ultimately constitute the dominant clone during the blastic phase of the chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Furthermore, karyotypically abnormal cells, in addition those observed on routine study, were detected in the blastic phase when a large number of cells was examined. The value and implications of these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272121", "title": "The value of reverse banding in detecting bone marrow chromosomal abnormalities: translocation between chromosomes 1, 9, and 22 in a case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).", "content": "A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with complex chromosomal abnormalities is reported. Conventional staining techniques indicated incorrectly that the Ph1 chromosome was not present. These studies showed a 46,XY,-1,+C karyotype in all bone marrow cells. Employing RFA (R bands by fluorescence using acridine orange) technique it was clear that the part of the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q23 leads to qter) was missing the tip of the long arm chromosome 22 (band q22) was translocated to it. The missing long arm of chromosome 1 was translocated to the long arm of chromosome 9. Furthermore, there was a break at band 9q22 and the whole terminal part was lost. The value of RFA technique is discussed.", "contents": "The value of reverse banding in detecting bone marrow chromosomal abnormalities: translocation between chromosomes 1, 9, and 22 in a case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with complex chromosomal abnormalities is reported. Conventional staining techniques indicated incorrectly that the Ph1 chromosome was not present. These studies showed a 46,XY,-1,+C karyotype in all bone marrow cells. Employing RFA (R bands by fluorescence using acridine orange) technique it was clear that the part of the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q23 leads to qter) was missing the tip of the long arm chromosome 22 (band q22) was translocated to it. The missing long arm of chromosome 1 was translocated to the long arm of chromosome 9. Furthermore, there was a break at band 9q22 and the whole terminal part was lost. The value of RFA technique is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272122", "title": "Therapeutic considerations in acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Evidence that the first human neoplasm systematically explored with chemotherapeutic treatments has apparently been cured in a palpable segment of affected patients evokes optimism for other types of cancer. The application of similar effort, similar logic, and quantitative experimental therapeutic approaches to the common cancers augurs well for cancer research and clinical medicine.", "contents": "Therapeutic considerations in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Evidence that the first human neoplasm systematically explored with chemotherapeutic treatments has apparently been cured in a palpable segment of affected patients evokes optimism for other types of cancer. The application of similar effort, similar logic, and quantitative experimental therapeutic approaches to the common cancers augurs well for cancer research and clinical medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:272125", "title": "[Measurements of cuff pressure of different low pressure cuffed endotracheal tubes under mechanical ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different low pressure cuffed endotracheal tubes (Lanz, Portex soft-seal, Kamen-Wilkinson) were studied in cadaver tracheas and patients in our intensive care unit during ventilation. In the air filled low pressure cuffs without controlled pressure system the cuff pressure and the ventilation pressure are almost identical. Rises of intrathoracic pressure during mechanical ventilation are reflected by increased cuff pressure. Tubes with controlled pressure system or foam-filled cuffs have lower peak cuff pressures, especially during sighing, coughing and suctioning.", "contents": "[Measurements of cuff pressure of different low pressure cuffed endotracheal tubes under mechanical ventilation (author's transl)]. Three different low pressure cuffed endotracheal tubes (Lanz, Portex soft-seal, Kamen-Wilkinson) were studied in cadaver tracheas and patients in our intensive care unit during ventilation. In the air filled low pressure cuffs without controlled pressure system the cuff pressure and the ventilation pressure are almost identical. Rises of intrathoracic pressure during mechanical ventilation are reflected by increased cuff pressure. Tubes with controlled pressure system or foam-filled cuffs have lower peak cuff pressures, especially during sighing, coughing and suctioning."}
{"id": "PMID:272126", "title": "The need for orthodontic treatment.", "content": "Basic problems of the need and demand for orthodontic treatment have been discussed and new areas of research have been identified. Discrepancies have been described between the views of the dental profession and the potential patients on malocclusion and the need for treatment. For malocclusions with or without impairment of the function the self perception of the patient may be different from and of more relevance than the professional judgment of the orthodontist. Before going into orthodontic treatment, the social sufficiency of the patient should be evaluated.", "contents": "The need for orthodontic treatment. Basic problems of the need and demand for orthodontic treatment have been discussed and new areas of research have been identified. Discrepancies have been described between the views of the dental profession and the potential patients on malocclusion and the need for treatment. For malocclusions with or without impairment of the function the self perception of the patient may be different from and of more relevance than the professional judgment of the orthodontist. Before going into orthodontic treatment, the social sufficiency of the patient should be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:272127", "title": "A radiographic study of tongue posture at rest and during the phonation of /s/ in class III malocclusion.", "content": "In this investigation a group of individuals with Angle Class III malocclusions were studied radiographically to determine their tongue posture at rest and during phonation of /s/. Their speech and hearing was also evaluated. All of the subjects had normal hearing, while eleven of the twelve in the group showed some degree of sibilant distortion. At rest, these Class III subjects demonstrated a tongue posture that was lower than normal and more retruded. During the phonation of /s/ these individuals also demonstrated retrusion of the tongue in an apparent attempt to achieve a normal relationship of the tongue tip to the maxillary anterior teeth, an increased amount of mandibular depression, and a greater than normal distance between the tongue tip and the mandibular anterior teeth. Despite the compensatory movements exhibited by these individuals with Class III malocclusions, normal /s/ production was found in only one of the twelve subjects studied. This is in contrast to the successful compensations that result in normal /s/ production seen in a great number of individuals with a Class III, Division 1 malocclusion, as demonstrated by Subtelny, Mestre and Subtelny.", "contents": "A radiographic study of tongue posture at rest and during the phonation of /s/ in class III malocclusion. In this investigation a group of individuals with Angle Class III malocclusions were studied radiographically to determine their tongue posture at rest and during phonation of /s/. Their speech and hearing was also evaluated. All of the subjects had normal hearing, while eleven of the twelve in the group showed some degree of sibilant distortion. At rest, these Class III subjects demonstrated a tongue posture that was lower than normal and more retruded. During the phonation of /s/ these individuals also demonstrated retrusion of the tongue in an apparent attempt to achieve a normal relationship of the tongue tip to the maxillary anterior teeth, an increased amount of mandibular depression, and a greater than normal distance between the tongue tip and the mandibular anterior teeth. Despite the compensatory movements exhibited by these individuals with Class III malocclusions, normal /s/ production was found in only one of the twelve subjects studied. This is in contrast to the successful compensations that result in normal /s/ production seen in a great number of individuals with a Class III, Division 1 malocclusion, as demonstrated by Subtelny, Mestre and Subtelny."}
{"id": "PMID:272128", "title": "A new approach to cephalometric analysis of the dental base relationship.", "content": "1. The Reference line, connecting the centres of area of the projected skull outline, the cranium and the face, is relatively easy to locate and forms a more stable base from which to measure changes in the face in profile including the dental base relationship, than are the sella-nasion, maxillary or mandibular planes. 2. The Reference-Profile angle is a reliable assessor of a bimaxillary prognathism or retrognathism. Its mean value is 44 degrees. Angles above this value are associated with a bimaxillary retrognathism, and angles below this value with a bimaxillary prognathism. 3. The Reference-Dental Base angle is the most consistent for assessing the anterior jaw relationship between the maxilla and mandible. Its mean value of 50 degrees indicates a Class I relationship. Angles of 53 degrees and above indicate clinical Class II cases and angles of 48 degrees and below indicate clinical Class III cases. 4. These two angles are potentially valuable diagnostic indices for use in orthodontic clinical assessment.", "contents": "A new approach to cephalometric analysis of the dental base relationship. 1. The Reference line, connecting the centres of area of the projected skull outline, the cranium and the face, is relatively easy to locate and forms a more stable base from which to measure changes in the face in profile including the dental base relationship, than are the sella-nasion, maxillary or mandibular planes. 2. The Reference-Profile angle is a reliable assessor of a bimaxillary prognathism or retrognathism. Its mean value is 44 degrees. Angles above this value are associated with a bimaxillary retrognathism, and angles below this value with a bimaxillary prognathism. 3. The Reference-Dental Base angle is the most consistent for assessing the anterior jaw relationship between the maxilla and mandible. Its mean value of 50 degrees indicates a Class I relationship. Angles of 53 degrees and above indicate clinical Class II cases and angles of 48 degrees and below indicate clinical Class III cases. 4. These two angles are potentially valuable diagnostic indices for use in orthodontic clinical assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:272129", "title": "Hyoid changes following orthopedic treatment of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "In this study 30 patients exhibiting mandibular prognathism were treated by the orthopedic chin-cup appliance for a three-year period. The patients began treatment at the age of six years and completed treatment at the age of nine years. As previously reported, chin-cup treatment resulted in a \"clockwise\" facial rotation with the mandible moving relatively posteriorly and inferiorly. Hyoid position measured in this study also tended to move slightly posteriorly but was primarily displaced in an inferior direction. The positional alteration exceeded in amount what might have been expected by growth alone. The inferior direction of change in hyoid and associated structures and the resultant lack of encroachment on the vital pharyngeal passageways suggests that stability and patency of the pharyngeal airway is a primary factor in hyoid positioning. The duration and \"growth guidance\" aspects of treatment allowed for functional as well as morphologic adaption to the altered hyoid position.", "contents": "Hyoid changes following orthopedic treatment of mandibular prognathism. In this study 30 patients exhibiting mandibular prognathism were treated by the orthopedic chin-cup appliance for a three-year period. The patients began treatment at the age of six years and completed treatment at the age of nine years. As previously reported, chin-cup treatment resulted in a \"clockwise\" facial rotation with the mandible moving relatively posteriorly and inferiorly. Hyoid position measured in this study also tended to move slightly posteriorly but was primarily displaced in an inferior direction. The positional alteration exceeded in amount what might have been expected by growth alone. The inferior direction of change in hyoid and associated structures and the resultant lack of encroachment on the vital pharyngeal passageways suggests that stability and patency of the pharyngeal airway is a primary factor in hyoid positioning. The duration and \"growth guidance\" aspects of treatment allowed for functional as well as morphologic adaption to the altered hyoid position."}
{"id": "PMID:272131", "title": "The effect of image quality on the identification of cephalometric landmarks.", "content": "The effect of rare-earth phosphor intensifying screens on diagnostic image quality was examined. Five observers were asked to identify ten landmarks on each of fifteen cephalometric images having varying screen-film-kvp combinations. The most sensitive screens were found to significantly affect diagnostic image quality and thereby the reliability of landmarks identification. This finding was, however, only established for those landmarks having the lowest standard deviations and the clinical significance is thus questionable. There would appear to be other more important factors than physical image quality involved in the reliability of landmark identification. High intensifying screens are, therefore, recommended for use in cephalometric analyses since they help to reduce patient dose and do not appear to sacrifice diagnostic image quality to the extent that the reliability of cephalometric measurements is significantly affected.", "contents": "The effect of image quality on the identification of cephalometric landmarks. The effect of rare-earth phosphor intensifying screens on diagnostic image quality was examined. Five observers were asked to identify ten landmarks on each of fifteen cephalometric images having varying screen-film-kvp combinations. The most sensitive screens were found to significantly affect diagnostic image quality and thereby the reliability of landmarks identification. This finding was, however, only established for those landmarks having the lowest standard deviations and the clinical significance is thus questionable. There would appear to be other more important factors than physical image quality involved in the reliability of landmark identification. High intensifying screens are, therefore, recommended for use in cephalometric analyses since they help to reduce patient dose and do not appear to sacrifice diagnostic image quality to the extent that the reliability of cephalometric measurements is significantly affected."}
{"id": "PMID:272132", "title": "Upper headgear versus lower headgear, yokes, and class III elastics.", "content": "The use of a lower headgear-yoke-Class II mechanism on an average works faster than a maxillary headgear. The distal tipping of the molars is greater with HGY-II which may be the result of the quicker tooth movement. The speed of distalization is probably due to the effect of the constant force of the Class II elastics. An orthopedic change on the maxilla could be seen if one can draw any conclusions from a change of only 1 degrees. A reduction of the SNA angle and a slight clockwise rotation of the palatal plane was noticed. These results agree with earlier investigations about cephalometric changes with headgear therapy. We have come to the conclusion that both methods are indicated. We use the upper headgear especially at a time when a complete therapy is not possible because of noneruption of the permanent teeth. The HGY-II mechanism is indicated when most permanent teeth are available and thus the therapy can be completed in one treatment period.", "contents": "Upper headgear versus lower headgear, yokes, and class III elastics. The use of a lower headgear-yoke-Class II mechanism on an average works faster than a maxillary headgear. The distal tipping of the molars is greater with HGY-II which may be the result of the quicker tooth movement. The speed of distalization is probably due to the effect of the constant force of the Class II elastics. An orthopedic change on the maxilla could be seen if one can draw any conclusions from a change of only 1 degrees. A reduction of the SNA angle and a slight clockwise rotation of the palatal plane was noticed. These results agree with earlier investigations about cephalometric changes with headgear therapy. We have come to the conclusion that both methods are indicated. We use the upper headgear especially at a time when a complete therapy is not possible because of noneruption of the permanent teeth. The HGY-II mechanism is indicated when most permanent teeth are available and thus the therapy can be completed in one treatment period."}
{"id": "PMID:272133", "title": "Prediction of breadth of permanent canines and premolars in the mixed dentition.", "content": "Multiple stepwise regression was used in the selection of mixed dentition variables capable of predicting the total breadth of the unerupted permanent canine and premolars. The material consisted of 77 children. Stone casts were made before and after eruption of the canine and premolars. At the first examination when the children were, on the average, 10 years old, intraoral roentgenograms were obtained of the canine and the premolars. To predict the total breadth of the upper canine and premolars the buccolingual breadth of the upper first permanent molar and measurements on roentgenograms of the breadths of the upper canine and premolars proved most useful. In the prediction of the total breadth of the lower canine and premolars the best results were obtained with measurement of the breadths of the teeth in the roentgenograms. The breadth of the incisors proved less useful as a predictor of the breadths of unerupted canines and premolars.", "contents": "Prediction of breadth of permanent canines and premolars in the mixed dentition. Multiple stepwise regression was used in the selection of mixed dentition variables capable of predicting the total breadth of the unerupted permanent canine and premolars. The material consisted of 77 children. Stone casts were made before and after eruption of the canine and premolars. At the first examination when the children were, on the average, 10 years old, intraoral roentgenograms were obtained of the canine and the premolars. To predict the total breadth of the upper canine and premolars the buccolingual breadth of the upper first permanent molar and measurements on roentgenograms of the breadths of the upper canine and premolars proved most useful. In the prediction of the total breadth of the lower canine and premolars the best results were obtained with measurement of the breadths of the teeth in the roentgenograms. The breadth of the incisors proved less useful as a predictor of the breadths of unerupted canines and premolars."}
{"id": "PMID:272134", "title": "The mandibular dental arch: part II. Effects of lower incisor position on the soft tissue profile.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that there are reliable methods of predicting the ultimate position of the lower incisor and the soft tissue. However, the concept of treating this tooth to any one number for every individual was not supported by the evidence. An optimum system would allow the clinician to select and combine factors from all methods and arrive at a balance of esthetics, function, and stability, obtaining a suitable compromise for his individual patient. This is undoubtedly attempted intuitively by many experienced clinicians.", "contents": "The mandibular dental arch: part II. Effects of lower incisor position on the soft tissue profile. It has been demonstrated that there are reliable methods of predicting the ultimate position of the lower incisor and the soft tissue. However, the concept of treating this tooth to any one number for every individual was not supported by the evidence. An optimum system would allow the clinician to select and combine factors from all methods and arrive at a balance of esthetics, function, and stability, obtaining a suitable compromise for his individual patient. This is undoubtedly attempted intuitively by many experienced clinicians."}
{"id": "PMID:272135", "title": "Digital image enhancement of cephalograms.", "content": "Quantification of cephalometric X-rays requires the use of hand tracings of the structures to delineate points, lines, and angles. The structures, especially soft tissue, are often obscure and are therefore approximated. Recent biomedical application of image enhancement by digital computer promises a method whereby landmarks in the cranium are more clearly defined. Development of this technique will enable a more extensive and accurate utilization of cephalometric radiographs for diagnostic and research purposes.", "contents": "Digital image enhancement of cephalograms. Quantification of cephalometric X-rays requires the use of hand tracings of the structures to delineate points, lines, and angles. The structures, especially soft tissue, are often obscure and are therefore approximated. Recent biomedical application of image enhancement by digital computer promises a method whereby landmarks in the cranium are more clearly defined. Development of this technique will enable a more extensive and accurate utilization of cephalometric radiographs for diagnostic and research purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:272136", "title": "Is partial anodontia a syndrome of Black Americans?", "content": "A study was designed to test the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in two Black American samples of children, ages 3-18. When combined, male with female, and compared with the Caucasian sample, the incidence of congenital absence is 2.57% and 5.15% for Caucasians.", "contents": "Is partial anodontia a syndrome of Black Americans? A study was designed to test the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in two Black American samples of children, ages 3-18. When combined, male with female, and compared with the Caucasian sample, the incidence of congenital absence is 2.57% and 5.15% for Caucasians."}
{"id": "PMID:272137", "title": "Chronic, multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette's disease. CSF acid monoamine metabolites after probenecid administration.", "content": "Central nervous system metabolism in six children and one adult with the syndrome of chronic multiple tics was studied by measuring the accumulation of acid metabolites of dopamine and serotonin (homovanillic acid [HVA] and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid [5-HIAA], respectively) in the CSF following probenecid administration. The accumulation of 5-HIAA was reduced in patients with multiple tics in contrast with other pediatric patients (N = 27). The degree of reduction in 5-HIAA relative to HVA appeared to be associated with the severity of the tic disorder. With dextroamphetamine, tic symptoms worsened, CSF HVA level decreased, and CSF 5-HIAA concentration increased. These findings suggest an association in Gilles de la Tourette's disease of reduced functioning of inhibitory serotonergic mechanisms and functional dopaminergic overactivity.", "contents": "Chronic, multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette's disease. CSF acid monoamine metabolites after probenecid administration. Central nervous system metabolism in six children and one adult with the syndrome of chronic multiple tics was studied by measuring the accumulation of acid metabolites of dopamine and serotonin (homovanillic acid [HVA] and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid [5-HIAA], respectively) in the CSF following probenecid administration. The accumulation of 5-HIAA was reduced in patients with multiple tics in contrast with other pediatric patients (N = 27). The degree of reduction in 5-HIAA relative to HVA appeared to be associated with the severity of the tic disorder. With dextroamphetamine, tic symptoms worsened, CSF HVA level decreased, and CSF 5-HIAA concentration increased. These findings suggest an association in Gilles de la Tourette's disease of reduced functioning of inhibitory serotonergic mechanisms and functional dopaminergic overactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:272164", "title": "Endo- and exoglycosidases in an experimental rat osteosarcoma.", "content": "Glycosidases capable of degrading intercellular matrix components were investigated in a 32P induced rat osteosarcoma. Homogenates of ossifying tumour were shown to readily degrade hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphates 4 and 6 but not dermatan sulphate. High levels of the exoglycosidases, beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in tumour homogenates, and it was demonstrated that these enzymes contribute to the degradation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. The levels of these enzymes were compared with activities found in homogenates of neonatal bone and muscle surrounding tumours. Exoglycosidases, but not hyaluronidase, were found to be produced by cultures of osteosarcoma in vitro.", "contents": "Endo- and exoglycosidases in an experimental rat osteosarcoma. Glycosidases capable of degrading intercellular matrix components were investigated in a 32P induced rat osteosarcoma. Homogenates of ossifying tumour were shown to readily degrade hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphates 4 and 6 but not dermatan sulphate. High levels of the exoglycosidases, beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in tumour homogenates, and it was demonstrated that these enzymes contribute to the degradation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. The levels of these enzymes were compared with activities found in homogenates of neonatal bone and muscle surrounding tumours. Exoglycosidases, but not hyaluronidase, were found to be produced by cultures of osteosarcoma in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:272165", "title": "Analgesic abuse, renal parenchymal disease and carcinoma of the kidney or ureter.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 88 cases of carcinoma of the kidney and upper urinary tract seen at one hospital, 31 had malignant urothelial tumours of the renal pelvis or ureter. Forty-two per cent of these transitional-cell carcinomas occurred in patients with renal papillary necrosis following upon prolonged and heavy analgesic ingestion. Other possible aetiological factors were heavy cigarette smoking (61% of cases), long standing urinary obstruction or infection (23%) and possible occupational exposure (6%); in only four cases (13%) was there no identifiable aetiological factor. Those cases with analgesic nephropathy were characterised by renal functional impairment, hypertension and interstitial nephritis, but there was no difference in the clinical behaviour or pathological appearances of the tumours in the two groups. The clinical and experimental evidence that certain metabolites of phenacetin are carcinogenic is reviewed.", "contents": "Analgesic abuse, renal parenchymal disease and carcinoma of the kidney or ureter. In a consecutive series of 88 cases of carcinoma of the kidney and upper urinary tract seen at one hospital, 31 had malignant urothelial tumours of the renal pelvis or ureter. Forty-two per cent of these transitional-cell carcinomas occurred in patients with renal papillary necrosis following upon prolonged and heavy analgesic ingestion. Other possible aetiological factors were heavy cigarette smoking (61% of cases), long standing urinary obstruction or infection (23%) and possible occupational exposure (6%); in only four cases (13%) was there no identifiable aetiological factor. Those cases with analgesic nephropathy were characterised by renal functional impairment, hypertension and interstitial nephritis, but there was no difference in the clinical behaviour or pathological appearances of the tumours in the two groups. The clinical and experimental evidence that certain metabolites of phenacetin are carcinogenic is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:272166", "title": "Cigarette smoking in a cohort of Sydney schoolchildren: 1971--1974.", "content": "Cigarette smoking habits of a cohort of Sydney schoolchildren aged 12--13 years in 1971 have been recorded for four years. Smoking prevalence increases steadily over those years, 2.3% of boys and 0.5% of girls smoking 20 or more cigarettes a week at age 12.7 years in 1971, rising to 23.6% of boys and 17.6% of girls by age 15.6 years in 1974. A substantial increase in smoking prevalence in children aged 15.6 years was found in 1974 compared with a similarly aged group studied by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Subcommittee on Smoking in 1968. Quite a few children changed their smoking habits during the study. Children who changed or left schools smoked more than children who remained at the one school. Attacks of asthma or bronchitis were not related to smoking except that girls who were very heavy smokers reported more of these illnesses in 1974. No changes in lung function could be attributed to smoking by age 14.6 years. New approaches to smoking need to be evaluated in view of its rising prevalence, especially among older schoolchildren.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking in a cohort of Sydney schoolchildren: 1971--1974. Cigarette smoking habits of a cohort of Sydney schoolchildren aged 12--13 years in 1971 have been recorded for four years. Smoking prevalence increases steadily over those years, 2.3% of boys and 0.5% of girls smoking 20 or more cigarettes a week at age 12.7 years in 1971, rising to 23.6% of boys and 17.6% of girls by age 15.6 years in 1974. A substantial increase in smoking prevalence in children aged 15.6 years was found in 1974 compared with a similarly aged group studied by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Subcommittee on Smoking in 1968. Quite a few children changed their smoking habits during the study. Children who changed or left schools smoked more than children who remained at the one school. Attacks of asthma or bronchitis were not related to smoking except that girls who were very heavy smokers reported more of these illnesses in 1974. No changes in lung function could be attributed to smoking by age 14.6 years. New approaches to smoking need to be evaluated in view of its rising prevalence, especially among older schoolchildren."}
{"id": "PMID:272168", "title": "The effect of ethyl alcohol on striated muscle: some clinical and pathological observations.", "content": "Electrophysiological and pathological studies have been performed on three patients with recurrent focal swelling of the calf muscles simulating deep venous thrombosis, and in a patient with both cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle disease. In all patients there were elevated CPK levels, histological evidence of an acute myopathy, heavy alcohol intake prior to the development of symptoms, and improvement in hospital with the cessation of alcohol consumption. These patients illustrate a form of alcoholic muscle disease which may be more common than generally realised.", "contents": "The effect of ethyl alcohol on striated muscle: some clinical and pathological observations. Electrophysiological and pathological studies have been performed on three patients with recurrent focal swelling of the calf muscles simulating deep venous thrombosis, and in a patient with both cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle disease. In all patients there were elevated CPK levels, histological evidence of an acute myopathy, heavy alcohol intake prior to the development of symptoms, and improvement in hospital with the cessation of alcohol consumption. These patients illustrate a form of alcoholic muscle disease which may be more common than generally realised."}
{"id": "PMID:272170", "title": "Electromyographic (EMG) study in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.", "content": "Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is produced by a different metabolic disorder than familial periodic paralysis. In the familial disorder, a myopathic cause is well known, but although electromyography can be used to demonstrate the site of the lesion in TPP, such studies are rare in the medical literature and the results are conflicting. In this report, EMG studies were carried out on eight Chinese patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis during the attack and the results compared with studies repeated during a remission. Most cases showed a myopathic pattern during an attack of paralysis which disappeared during remission. The myopathic changes noted were a decrease in duration of muscle action potentials, an increase in polyphasic potentials, a satisfactory interference pattern with reduced amplitude and a reduced amplitude of the evoked muscle action potential on nerve stimulation. Peripheral nerve function was normal in the cases studied. It is concluded that the weakness in TPP is myopathic and that the peripheral nerve function during paralysis is normal.", "contents": "Electromyographic (EMG) study in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is produced by a different metabolic disorder than familial periodic paralysis. In the familial disorder, a myopathic cause is well known, but although electromyography can be used to demonstrate the site of the lesion in TPP, such studies are rare in the medical literature and the results are conflicting. In this report, EMG studies were carried out on eight Chinese patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis during the attack and the results compared with studies repeated during a remission. Most cases showed a myopathic pattern during an attack of paralysis which disappeared during remission. The myopathic changes noted were a decrease in duration of muscle action potentials, an increase in polyphasic potentials, a satisfactory interference pattern with reduced amplitude and a reduced amplitude of the evoked muscle action potential on nerve stimulation. Peripheral nerve function was normal in the cases studied. It is concluded that the weakness in TPP is myopathic and that the peripheral nerve function during paralysis is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:272171", "title": "Demonstration of surgical portasystemic venous shunts by scintisplenoportography.", "content": "Scintisplenoportography (SSP) was used to assess shunt patency in 15 patients with surgically created portasystemic venous shunts and proved to be a simple, safe and accurate technique for demonstrating the patency of both mesocaval \"H\" grafts and distal lienorenal shunts. SSP was as accurate as angiography in confirming shunt patency but was simpler to perform and resulted in less radiation exposure to the patient. The direction and distribution of blood flow within the splanchnic venous system was different to that obtained by angiography. It is postulated that SSP may well reflect portal haemodynamics more accurately than angiography. In patients with patent mesocaval \"H\" grafts SSP demonstrated the complete diversion of splanchnic venous blood through the shunt into the systemic venous circulation. This suggests that the mesocaval \"H\" graft is haemodynamically similar to other side to side portacaval shunts.", "contents": "Demonstration of surgical portasystemic venous shunts by scintisplenoportography. Scintisplenoportography (SSP) was used to assess shunt patency in 15 patients with surgically created portasystemic venous shunts and proved to be a simple, safe and accurate technique for demonstrating the patency of both mesocaval \"H\" grafts and distal lienorenal shunts. SSP was as accurate as angiography in confirming shunt patency but was simpler to perform and resulted in less radiation exposure to the patient. The direction and distribution of blood flow within the splanchnic venous system was different to that obtained by angiography. It is postulated that SSP may well reflect portal haemodynamics more accurately than angiography. In patients with patent mesocaval \"H\" grafts SSP demonstrated the complete diversion of splanchnic venous blood through the shunt into the systemic venous circulation. This suggests that the mesocaval \"H\" graft is haemodynamically similar to other side to side portacaval shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:272172", "title": "Jejuno-gastric intussusception---gastroscopic diagnosis.", "content": "A case of actue jejuno-gastric intussusception diagnosed at gastroscopy is described. The patient had undergone a Polya gastrectomy eight years previously. Other reported cases have been discovered by radiology or at surgery. Endoscopy is the method of choice to diagnose this uncommon, but important condition.", "contents": "Jejuno-gastric intussusception---gastroscopic diagnosis. A case of actue jejuno-gastric intussusception diagnosed at gastroscopy is described. The patient had undergone a Polya gastrectomy eight years previously. Other reported cases have been discovered by radiology or at surgery. Endoscopy is the method of choice to diagnose this uncommon, but important condition."}
{"id": "PMID:272173", "title": "Peripheral vascular disease as a mode of presentation of pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Two men presenting with premature peripheral vascular disease and minimal risk for atherosclerosis were found to have pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Fluorescein angiography was found to be of potential value in the early recognition of angioid streaks and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. There was evidence of disruption of arterial elastic tissue which may contribute to atherogenesis in PXE. Management is presently limited largely to minimizing risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular disease as a mode of presentation of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Two men presenting with premature peripheral vascular disease and minimal risk for atherosclerosis were found to have pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Fluorescein angiography was found to be of potential value in the early recognition of angioid streaks and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. There was evidence of disruption of arterial elastic tissue which may contribute to atherogenesis in PXE. Management is presently limited largely to minimizing risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:272203", "title": "The significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are reported, both of which lost the Philadelphia chromosome during remission. In one patient remission of the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia continued but classical Ph1 positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia developed. In the other patient relapse of the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia occurred associated with the return of the Ph1 chromosome. The evidence suggests that the chromosome aberration occurred in a pluripotential stem cell, which in one case proliferated along both a lymphoid cell line and a myeloid cell line. Both cases responded well to conventional therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "The significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report of two cases. Two cases of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are reported, both of which lost the Philadelphia chromosome during remission. In one patient remission of the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia continued but classical Ph1 positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia developed. In the other patient relapse of the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia occurred associated with the return of the Ph1 chromosome. The evidence suggests that the chromosome aberration occurred in a pluripotential stem cell, which in one case proliferated along both a lymphoid cell line and a myeloid cell line. Both cases responded well to conventional therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:272205", "title": "Serum enzymes profile in human acute myeloblastic leukaemia: preliminary results.", "content": "Serum enzymatic activities in 18 human acute myeloblastic leukaemias were tested using a semiquantitative micromethod: the activities of 5 enzymes were observed to be changed.", "contents": "Serum enzymes profile in human acute myeloblastic leukaemia: preliminary results. Serum enzymatic activities in 18 human acute myeloblastic leukaemias were tested using a semiquantitative micromethod: the activities of 5 enzymes were observed to be changed."}
{"id": "PMID:272206", "title": "Monitoring normal and malignant human white blood cells by the use of linear programmed thermal degradation mass spectrometry.", "content": "A new methodology has been applied to the analysis of human white blood cells obtained both from donors with normal white cells and from donors having one of several cytologically identified leukemias. The analytical process makes use of evolution patterns of molecular fragments generated during the well controlled degradation of the cells. The process has been shown to be effective both in grouping together malignant cells that originate from the same diseases and in distinguishing between malignant cells originating from different diseases. The reproducibility of the method has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Monitoring normal and malignant human white blood cells by the use of linear programmed thermal degradation mass spectrometry. A new methodology has been applied to the analysis of human white blood cells obtained both from donors with normal white cells and from donors having one of several cytologically identified leukemias. The analytical process makes use of evolution patterns of molecular fragments generated during the well controlled degradation of the cells. The process has been shown to be effective both in grouping together malignant cells that originate from the same diseases and in distinguishing between malignant cells originating from different diseases. The reproducibility of the method has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:272207", "title": "Intermittent combination chemotherapy with adriamycin for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: clinical results.", "content": "One hundred thirty-seven children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia were entered into a new program that included intermittent combination chemotherapy featuring Adriamycin. Remission induction was initially randomized to vincristine and prednisone with or without an anthracycline. All children received asparaginase consolidation and central nervous system prophylaxis with cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. There were no primary failures of CNS prophylaxis. Complications were primarily infectious. Clinical evidence of cardiotoxicity and leukoencephalopathy were not observed. The time to enter complete remission and the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass at diagnosis were found to be statistically significant adverse prognostic factors, whereas presenting age and white blood count were not. With a median follow-up of 26 mo, and using life plot analysis, 65% of the children have remianed in continuous complete remission.", "contents": "Intermittent combination chemotherapy with adriamycin for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: clinical results. One hundred thirty-seven children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia were entered into a new program that included intermittent combination chemotherapy featuring Adriamycin. Remission induction was initially randomized to vincristine and prednisone with or without an anthracycline. All children received asparaginase consolidation and central nervous system prophylaxis with cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. There were no primary failures of CNS prophylaxis. Complications were primarily infectious. Clinical evidence of cardiotoxicity and leukoencephalopathy were not observed. The time to enter complete remission and the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass at diagnosis were found to be statistically significant adverse prognostic factors, whereas presenting age and white blood count were not. With a median follow-up of 26 mo, and using life plot analysis, 65% of the children have remianed in continuous complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:272208", "title": "Conversion of polycythemia vera to refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic findings in the conversion of treated polycythemia vera to pancytopenia with hyperplastic bone marrow (refractory anemia or pancytopenia with hyperplastic bone marrow) are described in light of our own observation. The nomenclature associated with this condition (pancytopenia, chronic erythroleukemia, preleukemia) is not uniform, whereas the morphologic findings are virtually identical. Some patients subsequently develop acute leukemia. The prognosis in cases of refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow following polycythemia vera is, independent of the subsequent acute leukemia, invariably terminal.", "contents": "Conversion of polycythemia vera to refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow. Clinical and morphologic findings in the conversion of treated polycythemia vera to pancytopenia with hyperplastic bone marrow (refractory anemia or pancytopenia with hyperplastic bone marrow) are described in light of our own observation. The nomenclature associated with this condition (pancytopenia, chronic erythroleukemia, preleukemia) is not uniform, whereas the morphologic findings are virtually identical. Some patients subsequently develop acute leukemia. The prognosis in cases of refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow following polycythemia vera is, independent of the subsequent acute leukemia, invariably terminal."}
{"id": "PMID:272218", "title": "Hallucinogenic N-methylated indolealkylamines in the cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric and control populations.", "content": "The incidence and quantities of dimethyltryptamine and O-methylbufotenine were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering acute schizophrenic illnesses and in surgical and neurological control groups. Some schizophrenic patients have higher levels of both amines than do controls, though the differences in distribution did not reach statistical significance in the sample studied. The gas-chromatographic technique used is sensitive at the low picogram level.", "contents": "Hallucinogenic N-methylated indolealkylamines in the cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric and control populations. The incidence and quantities of dimethyltryptamine and O-methylbufotenine were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering acute schizophrenic illnesses and in surgical and neurological control groups. Some schizophrenic patients have higher levels of both amines than do controls, though the differences in distribution did not reach statistical significance in the sample studied. The gas-chromatographic technique used is sensitive at the low picogram level."}
{"id": "PMID:272220", "title": "Giant-cell pneumonia caused by measles and methotrexate in childhood leukaemia in remission.", "content": "Four children who had acurate lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission and developed pneumonia were studied. Investigations including electron microscopy and immunofluorescence of lung biopsy material disclosed measles, although there was no clinical evidence of the disease. Despite an identical presentation, two types of illness developed: two children died of giant-cell pneumonia, while the other two developed pneumonia indistinguishable from that associated with methotrexate treatment, recovering when treated with steroids and gammaglobulin. Measles infection is easily overlooked in the absence of rash. The diagnosis may be suggested by clinical and radiological features and confirmed by specific immunofluorescence staining of lung biopsy tissue.", "contents": "Giant-cell pneumonia caused by measles and methotrexate in childhood leukaemia in remission. Four children who had acurate lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission and developed pneumonia were studied. Investigations including electron microscopy and immunofluorescence of lung biopsy material disclosed measles, although there was no clinical evidence of the disease. Despite an identical presentation, two types of illness developed: two children died of giant-cell pneumonia, while the other two developed pneumonia indistinguishable from that associated with methotrexate treatment, recovering when treated with steroids and gammaglobulin. Measles infection is easily overlooked in the absence of rash. The diagnosis may be suggested by clinical and radiological features and confirmed by specific immunofluorescence staining of lung biopsy tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:272221", "title": "Testicular disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Report on behalf of the Medical Research Council's Working Party on leukaemia in childhood.", "content": "In three trials conducted by the Medical Research Council on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood the incidence of testicular infiltration in relation to presenting features and treatment was analysed. Initial severe thrombocytopenia was associated with an increased incidence. Testicular infiltration was occasionally found during treatment in patients with high blood leucocyte counts at diagnosis but the main incidence in patients with all types of disease occurred within one year of stopping treatment. The incidence may be increased when \"second-line\" drugs, especially cyclophosphamide, have been used. A reappraisal of the value of additional drugs in maintenance treatment of patients with good prognosis is needed.", "contents": "Testicular disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Report on behalf of the Medical Research Council's Working Party on leukaemia in childhood. In three trials conducted by the Medical Research Council on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood the incidence of testicular infiltration in relation to presenting features and treatment was analysed. Initial severe thrombocytopenia was associated with an increased incidence. Testicular infiltration was occasionally found during treatment in patients with high blood leucocyte counts at diagnosis but the main incidence in patients with all types of disease occurred within one year of stopping treatment. The incidence may be increased when \"second-line\" drugs, especially cyclophosphamide, have been used. A reappraisal of the value of additional drugs in maintenance treatment of patients with good prognosis is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:272224", "title": "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukemia. IV. The critical association between dose fractionation and immunosuppression induced by cranial irradiation.", "content": "The degree of long term lymphopenia induced by cranial irradiation is shown to be dependent upon the number of fractions into which the standard cranial dose of 2400 rads is divided. The mean lymphocyte count of patients three months after receiving this dose in five fractions was 1.84 X 10(9)/1; in twelve fractions it was 1.12 X 10(9)/1 and in twenty fractions it was 0.64 X 10(9)/1. An explanation for this finding is offered which is based upon marked radiosensitivity of certain lymphocytes and the pattern of recirculation and redistribution of these cells.", "contents": "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukemia. IV. The critical association between dose fractionation and immunosuppression induced by cranial irradiation. The degree of long term lymphopenia induced by cranial irradiation is shown to be dependent upon the number of fractions into which the standard cranial dose of 2400 rads is divided. The mean lymphocyte count of patients three months after receiving this dose in five fractions was 1.84 X 10(9)/1; in twelve fractions it was 1.12 X 10(9)/1 and in twenty fractions it was 0.64 X 10(9)/1. An explanation for this finding is offered which is based upon marked radiosensitivity of certain lymphocytes and the pattern of recirculation and redistribution of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:272225", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXIX. Further studies on karyotypic progression in CML.", "content": "Fifty-seven Ph1-positive cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were analyzed with chromosomal banding techniques and their karyotypic progression followed. These cases included 1 without evidence of a Ph1-translocation and 1 new patient with a complex Ph1-translocation involving chromosomes No. 9, No. 17 and No. 22. Of the 57 patients, 28 had the Ph1 as the only karyotypic anomaly, whereas the remaining 29 cases developed and/or were associated with chromosomal changes usually of a hyperdiploid nature, particularly in the blastic phase, in addition to the Ph1. Even though the additional karyotypic changes frequently included chromosomes No. 8, No. 17, No. 19 and No. 21, a large number of others was also involved, although less often. The series included 3 cases with different types of translocations unrelated to the Ph1. The cytogenetic observations have been correlated with some of the clinical parameters. The survival of the patients was evaluated in relation to the karyotypic findings, indicating that the chromosomal changes may not play as important a role in the prognostic and progressive aspects of Ph1-positive CML as that of other as yet undetermined factors.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXIX. Further studies on karyotypic progression in CML. Fifty-seven Ph1-positive cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were analyzed with chromosomal banding techniques and their karyotypic progression followed. These cases included 1 without evidence of a Ph1-translocation and 1 new patient with a complex Ph1-translocation involving chromosomes No. 9, No. 17 and No. 22. Of the 57 patients, 28 had the Ph1 as the only karyotypic anomaly, whereas the remaining 29 cases developed and/or were associated with chromosomal changes usually of a hyperdiploid nature, particularly in the blastic phase, in addition to the Ph1. Even though the additional karyotypic changes frequently included chromosomes No. 8, No. 17, No. 19 and No. 21, a large number of others was also involved, although less often. The series included 3 cases with different types of translocations unrelated to the Ph1. The cytogenetic observations have been correlated with some of the clinical parameters. The survival of the patients was evaluated in relation to the karyotypic findings, indicating that the chromosomal changes may not play as important a role in the prognostic and progressive aspects of Ph1-positive CML as that of other as yet undetermined factors."}
{"id": "PMID:272226", "title": "Anaphylactoid type reactions in two patients receiving high dose intravenous methotrexate.", "content": "Two patients recieving intravenous high dose methotrexate (MTX) and intracutaneous BCG injections as adjuvant treatment for osteogenic sarcoma suffered sudden cardiovascular collapse within minutes of infusion of MTX. These cases demonstrate that anaphylactic or idiosyncratic reactions to MTX and/or contaminants in these preparations do occur and that careful patient monitoring is required.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid type reactions in two patients receiving high dose intravenous methotrexate. Two patients recieving intravenous high dose methotrexate (MTX) and intracutaneous BCG injections as adjuvant treatment for osteogenic sarcoma suffered sudden cardiovascular collapse within minutes of infusion of MTX. These cases demonstrate that anaphylactic or idiosyncratic reactions to MTX and/or contaminants in these preparations do occur and that careful patient monitoring is required."}
{"id": "PMID:272222", "title": "Biochemical and pharmacological basis for the lateral hypothalamic syndrome.", "content": "The lateral hypothalamic (LH) syndrome characterized by impairment of the ability to regulate food and water intake has been reported to occur after injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into this region. In the present experiment the fluorescence histochemical technique was used to assess monoamine depletion of noradrenaline and dopamine containing neurons following intrahypothalamic injection of 6-OHDA. Results show that the intensity and area of monoamine accumulation in axons served by 6-OHDA is correlated with the severity of behavioral deficits but that actual catecholamine depletion of either the corpus striatum or the hypothalamus is unrelated to the syndrome. Possible mechanisms of action of this accumulation in producing behavioral deficits are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical and pharmacological basis for the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. The lateral hypothalamic (LH) syndrome characterized by impairment of the ability to regulate food and water intake has been reported to occur after injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into this region. In the present experiment the fluorescence histochemical technique was used to assess monoamine depletion of noradrenaline and dopamine containing neurons following intrahypothalamic injection of 6-OHDA. Results show that the intensity and area of monoamine accumulation in axons served by 6-OHDA is correlated with the severity of behavioral deficits but that actual catecholamine depletion of either the corpus striatum or the hypothalamus is unrelated to the syndrome. Possible mechanisms of action of this accumulation in producing behavioral deficits are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272229", "title": "Changes in DNA associated with induction of erythroid differentiation by dimethyl sulfoxide in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The Friend virus-infected murine erythroleukemia cell can be induced to differentiate along erythroid cells in culture with various compounds, including dimethyl sulfoxide. DNA from murine erythroleukemia cells cultured with dimethyl sulfoxide shows a decrease in sedimentation rate in alkaline sucrose gradients after alkali lysis of the cells. These changes can be detected as early as 27 hr after the beginning of culture. Similar results are observed with DNA of the cells cultured with other inducers, butyric acid and dimethylacetamide, but not with DNA from a variant cell line resistant to induction with dimethyl sulfoxide. Ultraviolet irradiation, which is known to cause similar changes in the sedimentation rate of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients, induces differentiation of the murine erythroleukemia cells. These studies suggest that alterations in DNA may be related to events involved in the induction of differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "contents": "Changes in DNA associated with induction of erythroid differentiation by dimethyl sulfoxide in murine erythroleukemia cells. The Friend virus-infected murine erythroleukemia cell can be induced to differentiate along erythroid cells in culture with various compounds, including dimethyl sulfoxide. DNA from murine erythroleukemia cells cultured with dimethyl sulfoxide shows a decrease in sedimentation rate in alkaline sucrose gradients after alkali lysis of the cells. These changes can be detected as early as 27 hr after the beginning of culture. Similar results are observed with DNA of the cells cultured with other inducers, butyric acid and dimethylacetamide, but not with DNA from a variant cell line resistant to induction with dimethyl sulfoxide. Ultraviolet irradiation, which is known to cause similar changes in the sedimentation rate of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients, induces differentiation of the murine erythroleukemia cells. These studies suggest that alterations in DNA may be related to events involved in the induction of differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells by dimethyl sulfoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:272235", "title": "Objectives and criteria for the management of cleft lip and palate and the delivery of management services.", "content": "This is a report of the proceedings of a conference convened for the purpose of identifying objectives of cleft lip and palate treatment and criteria for systems by which the treatment is delivered. A major feature of the report is the consideration of the interdisciplinary approach which is required for effective treatment of the problem.", "contents": "Objectives and criteria for the management of cleft lip and palate and the delivery of management services. This is a report of the proceedings of a conference convened for the purpose of identifying objectives of cleft lip and palate treatment and criteria for systems by which the treatment is delivered. A major feature of the report is the consideration of the interdisciplinary approach which is required for effective treatment of the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:272236", "title": "Differences in the size of the palatal processes in mouse embryos with cleft palate induced in two critical periods.", "content": "Using planimetric measurements of projections of the space between the palatal processes of ICR-Velaz mouse embryos, we indirectly demonstrated that the pre-horizontalization size of the palatal processes after the i.m. administration of 7.5 mg cortsone acetate on the 12th day of gestation was smaller than in the controls. After horizontalization, the inadequate palatal processes were unable to meet in the midline as they do in the majority of normal embryos. The administration of 0.5 mg 6-amino-nicotinamide on the 14th day of gestation did not significantly affect the size of the palatal processes.", "contents": "Differences in the size of the palatal processes in mouse embryos with cleft palate induced in two critical periods. Using planimetric measurements of projections of the space between the palatal processes of ICR-Velaz mouse embryos, we indirectly demonstrated that the pre-horizontalization size of the palatal processes after the i.m. administration of 7.5 mg cortsone acetate on the 12th day of gestation was smaller than in the controls. After horizontalization, the inadequate palatal processes were unable to meet in the midline as they do in the majority of normal embryos. The administration of 0.5 mg 6-amino-nicotinamide on the 14th day of gestation did not significantly affect the size of the palatal processes."}
{"id": "PMID:272237", "title": "An assessment of informative-counseling procedures for cleft palate children.", "content": "32 children with cleft palate and their mothers were interviewed for the purpose of learning what information they had about cleft and cleft management. Their responses were compared with standards specified by eight cleft palate specialists from four disciplines. The findings indicate that the specialists were somewhat inconsistent in what they expected the families to know about clefts and in their routine counseling procedures to provide the information. In general, the mothers had appropriate knowledge about clefts but predicted that their children knew more about clefts and cleft management than was actually the case. The children had less than adequate information about the general impact of a cleft, the etiology of clefts, the rationale for cleft management they had received, and future management of their problem. The results of the study indicate the need or more systematic procedures for providing information to the child with a cleft. The results also suggest the need for additional research about the general counseling process.", "contents": "An assessment of informative-counseling procedures for cleft palate children. 32 children with cleft palate and their mothers were interviewed for the purpose of learning what information they had about cleft and cleft management. Their responses were compared with standards specified by eight cleft palate specialists from four disciplines. The findings indicate that the specialists were somewhat inconsistent in what they expected the families to know about clefts and in their routine counseling procedures to provide the information. In general, the mothers had appropriate knowledge about clefts but predicted that their children knew more about clefts and cleft management than was actually the case. The children had less than adequate information about the general impact of a cleft, the etiology of clefts, the rationale for cleft management they had received, and future management of their problem. The results of the study indicate the need or more systematic procedures for providing information to the child with a cleft. The results also suggest the need for additional research about the general counseling process."}
{"id": "PMID:272238", "title": "A lining vomer flap for palate pushback in unilateral cleft palate repair.", "content": "A combinaation vomer mucoperiosteal flap and nasal floor mucoperiosteal flap is described which is used to achieve nasal coverage in unilateral cleft palate patients requiring pushbacks. A posteriorly based readily accessible vomer flap is raised on the cleft side and used as nasal lining for the palatal mucoperiosteal flap on the non-cleft side. On  the cleft side, a symmetrically sized nasal floor flap is easily elevated under direct vision and used to cover the nasal aspect of the corresponding mucoperiosteal palatal flap.", "contents": "A lining vomer flap for palate pushback in unilateral cleft palate repair. A combinaation vomer mucoperiosteal flap and nasal floor mucoperiosteal flap is described which is used to achieve nasal coverage in unilateral cleft palate patients requiring pushbacks. A posteriorly based readily accessible vomer flap is raised on the cleft side and used as nasal lining for the palatal mucoperiosteal flap on the non-cleft side. On  the cleft side, a symmetrically sized nasal floor flap is easily elevated under direct vision and used to cover the nasal aspect of the corresponding mucoperiosteal palatal flap."}
{"id": "PMID:272239", "title": "Lip adhesion and its effect on the maxillofacial complex in complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate.", "content": "The use of a lip adhesion as part of the treatment program for wide complete clefts of the lip and palate is gradually being accepted. Heretofore, little mention has been made as to its actual beneficial effects. Since the introduction of this procedure by our Group in 1966, it has been used routinely by us. Its effects on the maxillofacial complex is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Lip adhesion and its effect on the maxillofacial complex in complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate. The use of a lip adhesion as part of the treatment program for wide complete clefts of the lip and palate is gradually being accepted. Heretofore, little mention has been made as to its actual beneficial effects. Since the introduction of this procedure by our Group in 1966, it has been used routinely by us. Its effects on the maxillofacial complex is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:272240", "title": "A rapid method of measuring the palatal surface area of cleft palate infants.", "content": "A method is described for rapidly measuring the surface area of the palate by adapting a piece of soft plastic to a model of the upper jaw using a vacuum moulding technique. Tests with a hemisphere of known surface area showed the method to be consistent and to have a low degree of systematic error. When measuring models with unrepaired cleft palates, the error was found to be 2.1 per cent (compared with 3 per cent using stereophotogrammetry) but 7.1 percent when measuring intact palates. Because of the consistency of the method, the true palatal area could be calculated from the measured area by the use of a multiplying factor. These findings are described, and the application of the technique to the pretreatment assessment of cleft cases is illustrated by showing that, in a series of 30 cleft palate and 30 normal infants, a tissue deficiency of 16.8 per cent existed in the cleft subjects at birth.", "contents": "A rapid method of measuring the palatal surface area of cleft palate infants. A method is described for rapidly measuring the surface area of the palate by adapting a piece of soft plastic to a model of the upper jaw using a vacuum moulding technique. Tests with a hemisphere of known surface area showed the method to be consistent and to have a low degree of systematic error. When measuring models with unrepaired cleft palates, the error was found to be 2.1 per cent (compared with 3 per cent using stereophotogrammetry) but 7.1 percent when measuring intact palates. Because of the consistency of the method, the true palatal area could be calculated from the measured area by the use of a multiplying factor. These findings are described, and the application of the technique to the pretreatment assessment of cleft cases is illustrated by showing that, in a series of 30 cleft palate and 30 normal infants, a tissue deficiency of 16.8 per cent existed in the cleft subjects at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:272241", "title": "Craniofacial and dental characteristics of cartilage-hair hypoplasia.", "content": "The cranio-facial and dental features were studied by means of roentgencephalometry and anthropometry in 24 patients with cartilage-hair-hypoplasia. Data pertaining to the cranial base were considered indicative of subnormal growth in some of the cranial synchondroses. The width of the neurocranium was slightly below the values of the controls, whereas neurocranial length and circumference appeared unaffected. Facial height was larger than in the controls and facial index values were high. The chin was receding, but the other values of facial depth were relatively large. No abnormalities were observed in tooth morphology, dental age, or dental occlusion. The neurocranial morphology in CHH and achondroplasia show some similarities; the skull base, however, is clearly less bent in the CHH-syndrome. This, together with the virtually normal face and dentition in CHH-patients, is, perhaps, of differential diagnostic value.", "contents": "Craniofacial and dental characteristics of cartilage-hair hypoplasia. The cranio-facial and dental features were studied by means of roentgencephalometry and anthropometry in 24 patients with cartilage-hair-hypoplasia. Data pertaining to the cranial base were considered indicative of subnormal growth in some of the cranial synchondroses. The width of the neurocranium was slightly below the values of the controls, whereas neurocranial length and circumference appeared unaffected. Facial height was larger than in the controls and facial index values were high. The chin was receding, but the other values of facial depth were relatively large. No abnormalities were observed in tooth morphology, dental age, or dental occlusion. The neurocranial morphology in CHH and achondroplasia show some similarities; the skull base, however, is clearly less bent in the CHH-syndrome. This, together with the virtually normal face and dentition in CHH-patients, is, perhaps, of differential diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:272242", "title": "A new syndrome involving cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, typical facies, and learning disabilities: velo-cardio-facial syndrome.", "content": "This report describes a pattern of similarities among 12 patients which are felt to represent a newly recognized congenital malformation syndrome. The symptoms shown most consistently by the 12 patients were overt or submuscous clefts of the secondary palate, ventricular septal defects, typical facies, and learning disabilities. Other symptoms were noted with varying frequency. The occurrence of velopharyngeal insufficiency in all twelve patients reflected poor motion in the lateral pharyngeal walls, thus necessitating specific forms of treatment. Treatment was often dependent on the extent of cardiac lesions.", "contents": "A new syndrome involving cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, typical facies, and learning disabilities: velo-cardio-facial syndrome. This report describes a pattern of similarities among 12 patients which are felt to represent a newly recognized congenital malformation syndrome. The symptoms shown most consistently by the 12 patients were overt or submuscous clefts of the secondary palate, ventricular septal defects, typical facies, and learning disabilities. Other symptoms were noted with varying frequency. The occurrence of velopharyngeal insufficiency in all twelve patients reflected poor motion in the lateral pharyngeal walls, thus necessitating specific forms of treatment. Treatment was often dependent on the extent of cardiac lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:272243", "title": "Videoendoscopic feedback in training velopharyngeal closure.", "content": "Each of two adolescents with velopharyngeal closure deficits was taught to position him or herself on an endoscope attached to a television camera and to observe the velopharyngeal port during the production of syllables and other units. The videoendoscope was then used as a training apparatus, and each subject was given practice attempting to increase velopharyngeal closure while producing vowels and syllables. Videorecordings of each subject made without feedback before, during, and after the training period were played to panels of observers who were to rate closure during each utterance, and the data obtained indicated that the subjects more frequently approximated complete closure as the study progressed but improved performance was not established on an automatic level. Suggestions are made for the refinement and further investigation of videoendoscopic closure training.", "contents": "Videoendoscopic feedback in training velopharyngeal closure. Each of two adolescents with velopharyngeal closure deficits was taught to position him or herself on an endoscope attached to a television camera and to observe the velopharyngeal port during the production of syllables and other units. The videoendoscope was then used as a training apparatus, and each subject was given practice attempting to increase velopharyngeal closure while producing vowels and syllables. Videorecordings of each subject made without feedback before, during, and after the training period were played to panels of observers who were to rate closure during each utterance, and the data obtained indicated that the subjects more frequently approximated complete closure as the study progressed but improved performance was not established on an automatic level. Suggestions are made for the refinement and further investigation of videoendoscopic closure training."}
{"id": "PMID:272244", "title": "Cleft uvula: prevalence and genetics.", "content": "The prevalence of cleft uvula (CU) was determined among 70,359 school children 6-18 years of age; 90 children having the condition were chosen as probands for a family study. Prevalence of CU was 0.44 per cent with no sex differences. The Non-Ashkenazi group had a higher prevalence than the other population groups. The prevalence of CU in parents and siblings was 7.7 per cent and 7.5 per cent respectively. The findings from the family study support the hypothesis of a polygenic mode of inheritance for CU. The prevalence of cleft palate and agenesis of upper lateral incisors in the families studied did not differ from that expected in the general population.", "contents": "Cleft uvula: prevalence and genetics. The prevalence of cleft uvula (CU) was determined among 70,359 school children 6-18 years of age; 90 children having the condition were chosen as probands for a family study. Prevalence of CU was 0.44 per cent with no sex differences. The Non-Ashkenazi group had a higher prevalence than the other population groups. The prevalence of CU in parents and siblings was 7.7 per cent and 7.5 per cent respectively. The findings from the family study support the hypothesis of a polygenic mode of inheritance for CU. The prevalence of cleft palate and agenesis of upper lateral incisors in the families studied did not differ from that expected in the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:272245", "title": "Posterior pillar webbing and palatopharyngeus displacement: possible causes of congenital palatal incompetence.", "content": "Three cases of congenital palatal incompetence in the absence of the usual stigmata associated with hypernasality are presented. In two instances, mucosal webbing of the posterior pillars was noted and in one case the palatopharyngeus muscle was displaced. Hypernasal voice quality was apparent in each patient. A z-plasty on both sides of the posterior pillars is suggested as the treatment of choice when no other morphologic abnormalities are present.", "contents": "Posterior pillar webbing and palatopharyngeus displacement: possible causes of congenital palatal incompetence. Three cases of congenital palatal incompetence in the absence of the usual stigmata associated with hypernasality are presented. In two instances, mucosal webbing of the posterior pillars was noted and in one case the palatopharyngeus muscle was displaced. Hypernasal voice quality was apparent in each patient. A z-plasty on both sides of the posterior pillars is suggested as the treatment of choice when no other morphologic abnormalities are present."}
{"id": "PMID:272247", "title": "Early septal surgery in a chimpanzee animal model.", "content": "Early resection of the proximal one-third of the cartilagenous nasal septum was performed in a chimpanzee. Longitudinal data on facial growth was collected for fourteen months. Growth rates (from regression equations) were shown to be the same for operated and unoperated animals. Implications for cleft palate repair are discussed.", "contents": "Early septal surgery in a chimpanzee animal model. Early resection of the proximal one-third of the cartilagenous nasal septum was performed in a chimpanzee. Longitudinal data on facial growth was collected for fourteen months. Growth rates (from regression equations) were shown to be the same for operated and unoperated animals. Implications for cleft palate repair are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272250", "title": "Overview of ethical aspects of clinical studies.", "content": "Research in human subjects should be conducted only if the rights and welfare of the participants are protected. Prospective study subjects must be given adequate information about all aspects of a study so that they can make a rationally exercised decision about participation; coercive techniques to solicit participants should not be used. Research in humans may be classified in one of three categories: (1) research on treatment of existing conditions; (2) research on preventive measures; and (3) research other than for treatment or prevention. Different concerns and aspects of informed consent assume particular importance in each category. In research on the treatment of existing conditions, untreated or placebo-treated control groups are rarely justified if the condition is irreversible. In research on preventive methods prospective subjects should be informed of the likelihood of receiving an ineffective treatment, if one or more placebo groups are included. A randomized clinical trial is usually the best design for studies of preventive methods. Non-randomized designs, which are feasible and statistically valid, may be employed in order to avoid depriving some subjects from receiving effective preventive methods. In social or behavioral research, confidentiality of collected information and privacy of the subject are essential considerations.", "contents": "Overview of ethical aspects of clinical studies. Research in human subjects should be conducted only if the rights and welfare of the participants are protected. Prospective study subjects must be given adequate information about all aspects of a study so that they can make a rationally exercised decision about participation; coercive techniques to solicit participants should not be used. Research in humans may be classified in one of three categories: (1) research on treatment of existing conditions; (2) research on preventive measures; and (3) research other than for treatment or prevention. Different concerns and aspects of informed consent assume particular importance in each category. In research on the treatment of existing conditions, untreated or placebo-treated control groups are rarely justified if the condition is irreversible. In research on preventive methods prospective subjects should be informed of the likelihood of receiving an ineffective treatment, if one or more placebo groups are included. A randomized clinical trial is usually the best design for studies of preventive methods. Non-randomized designs, which are feasible and statistically valid, may be employed in order to avoid depriving some subjects from receiving effective preventive methods. In social or behavioral research, confidentiality of collected information and privacy of the subject are essential considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:272251", "title": "Social sciences research: ethical and policy implications.", "content": "Ethical issues are raised about the conduct of social research in the dental field particularly with respect to the use of survey methodology and aggregated data. Problems associated with respondent identifiers, open-ended and probing questioning, privacy of subject-matter, community contamination and burden, group stereotyping, knowledge of law violations, mis-use of data banks, re-use of data, effects of disclosure, and referral for treatment are discussed. The natural and the contrived social experiments are reviewed as well as the issue of needed research on the effects of regulation on science and on the protection of privacy.", "contents": "Social sciences research: ethical and policy implications. Ethical issues are raised about the conduct of social research in the dental field particularly with respect to the use of survey methodology and aggregated data. Problems associated with respondent identifiers, open-ended and probing questioning, privacy of subject-matter, community contamination and burden, group stereotyping, knowledge of law violations, mis-use of data banks, re-use of data, effects of disclosure, and referral for treatment are discussed. The natural and the contrived social experiments are reviewed as well as the issue of needed research on the effects of regulation on science and on the protection of privacy."}
{"id": "PMID:272252", "title": "Behavioral science research: ethical and policy implications.", "content": "Problems centered about protection of human subjects in behavioral science research are discussed. Difficulties in obtaining truly informed consent are noted. It is concluded that the risks involved to subjects are minimal in this field of research. The use of deception in psychological research is discussed along with the necessity of appropriately debriefing the subject. The use of institutional committees to protect subjects' rights is contrasted with the bureaucratic review processes of the government. It is concluded that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the local institutional review process is likely to induce greater cooperation from investigators in protecting subjects' rights.", "contents": "Behavioral science research: ethical and policy implications. Problems centered about protection of human subjects in behavioral science research are discussed. Difficulties in obtaining truly informed consent are noted. It is concluded that the risks involved to subjects are minimal in this field of research. The use of deception in psychological research is discussed along with the necessity of appropriately debriefing the subject. The use of institutional committees to protect subjects' rights is contrasted with the bureaucratic review processes of the government. It is concluded that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the local institutional review process is likely to induce greater cooperation from investigators in protecting subjects' rights."}
{"id": "PMID:272253", "title": "Community dentistry: developmental discussion approach.", "content": "In 1960, Blackerby asked the question \"Why not a department of social dentistry?\". Since that time most of the dental schools in the United States have made some attempt at establishing such a department. Various names were given to these departments, but the one that appears to be in the forefront is the Department of Community Dentistry. Since that time each school with such a department has strived to develop various innovative methods of teaching community dentistry to its students. When the amount of time is taken into consideration, unlike the biological and clinical sciences, time allotted to community dentistry is minimal. However, at The University of Michigan students spend 232 hours in community dentistry, which necessitates development of creative teaching techniques to maintain their interest. This paper discusses one such technique which has proven to be successful over the past 3 years. Emphasis is placed on utilizing a modified method of the developmental discussion approach in teaching a course in community dentistry to 3rd-year dental students.", "contents": "Community dentistry: developmental discussion approach. In 1960, Blackerby asked the question \"Why not a department of social dentistry?\". Since that time most of the dental schools in the United States have made some attempt at establishing such a department. Various names were given to these departments, but the one that appears to be in the forefront is the Department of Community Dentistry. Since that time each school with such a department has strived to develop various innovative methods of teaching community dentistry to its students. When the amount of time is taken into consideration, unlike the biological and clinical sciences, time allotted to community dentistry is minimal. However, at The University of Michigan students spend 232 hours in community dentistry, which necessitates development of creative teaching techniques to maintain their interest. This paper discusses one such technique which has proven to be successful over the past 3 years. Emphasis is placed on utilizing a modified method of the developmental discussion approach in teaching a course in community dentistry to 3rd-year dental students."}
{"id": "PMID:272254", "title": "Betal chewing and caries experience in New Guinea.", "content": "The prevalence of dental caries and variables relating to the betel-chewing habit were examined in a sample of 301 rural New Guineans aged 12--24 years. Consistent inverse associations were demonstrated between caries experience and the intensity of betel chewing for individuals and aggregates of subjects. The results indicate that betel chewing confers a degree of protection against caries.", "contents": "Betal chewing and caries experience in New Guinea. The prevalence of dental caries and variables relating to the betel-chewing habit were examined in a sample of 301 rural New Guineans aged 12--24 years. Consistent inverse associations were demonstrated between caries experience and the intensity of betel chewing for individuals and aggregates of subjects. The results indicate that betel chewing confers a degree of protection against caries."}
{"id": "PMID:272255", "title": "Occurrence of dental caries and gingivitis in low, medium and high fluoride areas in Finland.", "content": "The study was performed on a material of 365 Finnish schoolchildren aged 13--15 years. One-third of the children were from Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, with 0.2 parts/10(6) fluoride in the drinking water, one-third from Kuopio, with an artificially corrected 1.0 parts/10(6) fluoride content since 1959, and one-third from Hamina, where the natural fluoride content of the drinking water varies between 2.5 and 5.0 parts/10(6). All the children were scored for the Visible Plaque Index (VPI), the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) and for past caries experience (DFS). With increasing fluoride content of the drinking water the DFS scores were found to decrease significantly. No such difference was observed with regard to the VPI scores. The prevalence of gingival bleeding was found to be highest in Hamina (2.5 parts/10(6)). A highly significant positive correlation was found between individual VPI and GBI scores in all three towns. No corresponding correlations were found between the individual VPD and DFS scores. The latter finding is in desagreement with the generally accepted view that oral hygiene is an efficient caries-preventive measure.", "contents": "Occurrence of dental caries and gingivitis in low, medium and high fluoride areas in Finland. The study was performed on a material of 365 Finnish schoolchildren aged 13--15 years. One-third of the children were from Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, with 0.2 parts/10(6) fluoride in the drinking water, one-third from Kuopio, with an artificially corrected 1.0 parts/10(6) fluoride content since 1959, and one-third from Hamina, where the natural fluoride content of the drinking water varies between 2.5 and 5.0 parts/10(6). All the children were scored for the Visible Plaque Index (VPI), the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) and for past caries experience (DFS). With increasing fluoride content of the drinking water the DFS scores were found to decrease significantly. No such difference was observed with regard to the VPI scores. The prevalence of gingival bleeding was found to be highest in Hamina (2.5 parts/10(6)). A highly significant positive correlation was found between individual VPI and GBI scores in all three towns. No corresponding correlations were found between the individual VPD and DFS scores. The latter finding is in desagreement with the generally accepted view that oral hygiene is an efficient caries-preventive measure."}
{"id": "PMID:272256", "title": "An epidemiologic study of dental space anomalies in Icelandic schoolchildren.", "content": "This study was performed mainly to determine the prevalence of space anomalies with regard to the various stages of dental development in Icelandic schoolchildren. The sample consisted of 1,641 randomly selected children (791 boys and 850 girls), making up 9.5% of the children attending all primary and secondary schools in Reykjav\u00edk during the school year 1972--73. In most of the frequencies of the different space anomalies boys showed a higher prevalence than girls. In both sexes there was often a significant difference from one stage of dental development to another. The results were compared with those reported for other ethnic groups.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of dental space anomalies in Icelandic schoolchildren. This study was performed mainly to determine the prevalence of space anomalies with regard to the various stages of dental development in Icelandic schoolchildren. The sample consisted of 1,641 randomly selected children (791 boys and 850 girls), making up 9.5% of the children attending all primary and secondary schools in Reykjav\u00edk during the school year 1972--73. In most of the frequencies of the different space anomalies boys showed a higher prevalence than girls. In both sexes there was often a significant difference from one stage of dental development to another. The results were compared with those reported for other ethnic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:272257", "title": "Etiological factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A retrospective survey of 75 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (ICD Nos. 143, 144, 145) resident in the County Borough of Stoke-on-Trent, England, and 150 controls has been carried out by interview. The controls were matched for age, sex, occupation and place of residence. There was no difference in the prevalence or duration of denture wearing, although male controls had their dentures remade more frequently. Male patients practised oral hygiene procedures less frequently when they had their own teeth than controls. Habitual beer-drinking was more common and greater quantities were drunk by male patients than controls. Habitual cigarette smoking was less and pipe smoking greater among male patients than controls. Tobacco chewing, which was restricted to miners, was equally common (45%) in the two groups. Among miners, the combined habit of tobacco chewing and pipe smoking was more common among patients (1005) than among controls (25%).", "contents": "Etiological factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. A retrospective survey of 75 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (ICD Nos. 143, 144, 145) resident in the County Borough of Stoke-on-Trent, England, and 150 controls has been carried out by interview. The controls were matched for age, sex, occupation and place of residence. There was no difference in the prevalence or duration of denture wearing, although male controls had their dentures remade more frequently. Male patients practised oral hygiene procedures less frequently when they had their own teeth than controls. Habitual beer-drinking was more common and greater quantities were drunk by male patients than controls. Habitual cigarette smoking was less and pipe smoking greater among male patients than controls. Tobacco chewing, which was restricted to miners, was equally common (45%) in the two groups. Among miners, the combined habit of tobacco chewing and pipe smoking was more common among patients (1005) than among controls (25%)."}
{"id": "PMID:272258", "title": "Five years of community preventive dentistry and health education in the county of Sutherland, Scotland.", "content": "Examination of 11-year-old Scots children who had participated in a 5-year, fortnightly dental health education and preventive dentistry programme showed that, compared with a similar age-matched group, the regimen produced mean DMF and DMFS reductions of 48.6% and 42.1%, respectively. In addition, the plaque and gingival indices differed significantly and 22.5% of test children were caries-free compared with only 7.6% of controls.", "contents": "Five years of community preventive dentistry and health education in the county of Sutherland, Scotland. Examination of 11-year-old Scots children who had participated in a 5-year, fortnightly dental health education and preventive dentistry programme showed that, compared with a similar age-matched group, the regimen produced mean DMF and DMFS reductions of 48.6% and 42.1%, respectively. In addition, the plaque and gingival indices differed significantly and 22.5% of test children were caries-free compared with only 7.6% of controls."}
{"id": "PMID:272259", "title": "Enamel solubility reduction by acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) treatment.", "content": "The enamel solubility reducing (ESR) potential of acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) solutions containing varying amounts of F was studied. Commercial APF (1.23% F, pH 3.0) reduced solubility by about 80%. Fivefold dilutions of this APF were made with either phosphoric acid or water without significant effect on ESR potential. Further dilution to 0.12% F significantly decreased effectiveness. Commercially available APF products (1.23%) can be diluted several-fold with distilled water in the dental office without significant loss of ability to reduce the solubility of enamel.", "contents": "Enamel solubility reduction by acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) treatment. The enamel solubility reducing (ESR) potential of acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) solutions containing varying amounts of F was studied. Commercial APF (1.23% F, pH 3.0) reduced solubility by about 80%. Fivefold dilutions of this APF were made with either phosphoric acid or water without significant effect on ESR potential. Further dilution to 0.12% F significantly decreased effectiveness. Commercially available APF products (1.23%) can be diluted several-fold with distilled water in the dental office without significant loss of ability to reduce the solubility of enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:272260", "title": "Effect of a field program based on systematic plaque control on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren after 3 years.", "content": "The effect of a field program, based on systematic plaque control, on caries and gingivitis was tested during a 3-year period on 1,100 schoolchildren. Once every 3rd week the children were given oral hygiene instructions, professional toothcleaning and fluorides topically delivered by specially trained dental nurses. The children of a control group of approximately the same number of pupils, participated in a preventive program consisting of mouthrinsings once every 2nd week with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. The children of the third and fourth grades were, at the start of the experiment, selected as reference groups and then continuously examined once every year. At the end of the trial the mean reduction of surfaces haboring plaque and units with gingival inflammation was 59% and 73%, respectively. The reduction in caries increment was 51%.", "contents": "Effect of a field program based on systematic plaque control on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren after 3 years. The effect of a field program, based on systematic plaque control, on caries and gingivitis was tested during a 3-year period on 1,100 schoolchildren. Once every 3rd week the children were given oral hygiene instructions, professional toothcleaning and fluorides topically delivered by specially trained dental nurses. The children of a control group of approximately the same number of pupils, participated in a preventive program consisting of mouthrinsings once every 2nd week with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. The children of the third and fourth grades were, at the start of the experiment, selected as reference groups and then continuously examined once every year. At the end of the trial the mean reduction of surfaces haboring plaque and units with gingival inflammation was 59% and 73%, respectively. The reduction in caries increment was 51%."}
{"id": "PMID:272261", "title": "Release of fluoride from fluoride-containing chewing gum.", "content": "The release of fluoride from fluoride-containing chewing gum and the fluoride concentration in whole saliva was measured at different intervals after the start of the chewing procedures. The residual fluoride contents were 78, 32, and 6% of the initial 0.25 mg in the gum after chewing for 2, 5, and 10 min, respectively. When chewing for 10 min, the salivary fluoride increased from 0.05 to 11.7 and 15.3 parts/10(6) after 2 and 5 min, respectively, followed by a fall to 3.9 parts/10(6) after 10 min. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded 60 min after the start of the chewing.", "contents": "Release of fluoride from fluoride-containing chewing gum. The release of fluoride from fluoride-containing chewing gum and the fluoride concentration in whole saliva was measured at different intervals after the start of the chewing procedures. The residual fluoride contents were 78, 32, and 6% of the initial 0.25 mg in the gum after chewing for 2, 5, and 10 min, respectively. When chewing for 10 min, the salivary fluoride increased from 0.05 to 11.7 and 15.3 parts/10(6) after 2 and 5 min, respectively, followed by a fall to 3.9 parts/10(6) after 10 min. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded 60 min after the start of the chewing."}
{"id": "PMID:272262", "title": "Mottled permanent incisors in 15-year-old Lagos children.", "content": "Mottled permanent incisors were studied in a stratified convenience sample of 206 Lagos schoolchildren aged 15 years. The mouth prevalence of this condition was 32%, and the right-left symmetry of the mottled incisors occurred very approximately in only a third of those persons with mottling. The distribution pattern was similar to that observed in similarly aged children in non-fluoride communities, and also that observed in optimally fluoridated Anglesey, England. The cause of this type of mottling in unknown, but its distribution suggests that endogenous (possibly genetic) factors may be involved.", "contents": "Mottled permanent incisors in 15-year-old Lagos children. Mottled permanent incisors were studied in a stratified convenience sample of 206 Lagos schoolchildren aged 15 years. The mouth prevalence of this condition was 32%, and the right-left symmetry of the mottled incisors occurred very approximately in only a third of those persons with mottling. The distribution pattern was similar to that observed in similarly aged children in non-fluoride communities, and also that observed in optimally fluoridated Anglesey, England. The cause of this type of mottling in unknown, but its distribution suggests that endogenous (possibly genetic) factors may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:272263", "title": "Effect of professional toothcleansing every third week on gingivitis and dental caries in children.", "content": "A previous paper reported on the 1-year effect on dental caries and gingivitis of biweekly professional toothcleansing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a change from 2 to 3 weeks in the interval between the professional toothcleansings during the 2nd year. The DMFS increment during the 2nd year did not differe significantly between the experimental and control groups. The plaque and gingival indices, although  increased during the 2nd year, were still significantly lower in children subjected to the 3-weekly cleansing than in children in the control group.", "contents": "Effect of professional toothcleansing every third week on gingivitis and dental caries in children. A previous paper reported on the 1-year effect on dental caries and gingivitis of biweekly professional toothcleansing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a change from 2 to 3 weeks in the interval between the professional toothcleansings during the 2nd year. The DMFS increment during the 2nd year did not differe significantly between the experimental and control groups. The plaque and gingival indices, although  increased during the 2nd year, were still significantly lower in children subjected to the 3-weekly cleansing than in children in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:272264", "title": "Oral conditions and need for dental treatment in an elderly population in northern Norway.", "content": "Oral conditions and dental treatment needs were investigated in a group of persons aged 65--79. A sample comprising 280 persons was drawn systematically to cover all persons in this age category living in the county of Troms in Norway. 241 persons attended, leaving a participation-rate of 86. The participants were examined mainly in their homes by dentists in graduate training. Sixteen percent of the group were in constant need of assistance or care due to a poor general state of health. In all, 80% were edentulous: 72% of the men and 87% of the women. Ninety-two percent wore removable dentures, 5% had natural teeth only, and 14% had natural teeth combined with a denture. Furthermore, 4% had neither teeth nor dentures, while dentures in both jaws were found in 66%. The \"objective\" treatment needs were extensive and had mainly accumulated due to neglectec care. Forty percent of the total group needed new complete dentures and 20% a more comprehensive correction of their dentures. By contrast only 30% intended to seek treatment in the near future. There seemd to be a definite need for a dental program to overcome or reduce the economic and other situational barriers.", "contents": "Oral conditions and need for dental treatment in an elderly population in northern Norway. Oral conditions and dental treatment needs were investigated in a group of persons aged 65--79. A sample comprising 280 persons was drawn systematically to cover all persons in this age category living in the county of Troms in Norway. 241 persons attended, leaving a participation-rate of 86. The participants were examined mainly in their homes by dentists in graduate training. Sixteen percent of the group were in constant need of assistance or care due to a poor general state of health. In all, 80% were edentulous: 72% of the men and 87% of the women. Ninety-two percent wore removable dentures, 5% had natural teeth only, and 14% had natural teeth combined with a denture. Furthermore, 4% had neither teeth nor dentures, while dentures in both jaws were found in 66%. The \"objective\" treatment needs were extensive and had mainly accumulated due to neglectec care. Forty percent of the total group needed new complete dentures and 20% a more comprehensive correction of their dentures. By contrast only 30% intended to seek treatment in the near future. There seemd to be a definite need for a dental program to overcome or reduce the economic and other situational barriers."}
{"id": "PMID:272287", "title": "Vacuolated lymphocytes in type II glycogenosis--a diagnostic approach?", "content": "Using electron microscopy, glycogen-filled lysosomes were found in peripheral lymphocytes in 5 cases of the infantile form of glycogenosis type II. In two infants whose blood smears were available, the ultrastructural demonstration of this pathognomonic storage corresponded to well-delineated vacuoles detected by routine light microscopy. Detection of such vacuoles in peripheral lymphocytes by light microscopy and demonstration of glycogen-filled lysosomes by electron microscopy could be a simple and harmless tool for diagnosing the classical form of type II glycogenosis.", "contents": "Vacuolated lymphocytes in type II glycogenosis--a diagnostic approach? Using electron microscopy, glycogen-filled lysosomes were found in peripheral lymphocytes in 5 cases of the infantile form of glycogenosis type II. In two infants whose blood smears were available, the ultrastructural demonstration of this pathognomonic storage corresponded to well-delineated vacuoles detected by routine light microscopy. Detection of such vacuoles in peripheral lymphocytes by light microscopy and demonstration of glycogen-filled lysosomes by electron microscopy could be a simple and harmless tool for diagnosing the classical form of type II glycogenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:272289", "title": "Measurement of erythropoietin in chloroleukemic rats.", "content": "Erythropoietin (Ep) levels were measured in Shay chloroleukemic rats at various stages of anemia. Serum Ep was shown to increase logarithmically as the anemia became more severe. This increase in Ep levels was similar to that observed in normal rats subjected to acute blood loss. Significant levels of Ep were also demonstrated in ascitic fluid extracted from the peritoneal cavity of leukemic rats. These results indicate that the anemia of this disease is not due to a diminished production of Ep.", "contents": "Measurement of erythropoietin in chloroleukemic rats. Erythropoietin (Ep) levels were measured in Shay chloroleukemic rats at various stages of anemia. Serum Ep was shown to increase logarithmically as the anemia became more severe. This increase in Ep levels was similar to that observed in normal rats subjected to acute blood loss. Significant levels of Ep were also demonstrated in ascitic fluid extracted from the peritoneal cavity of leukemic rats. These results indicate that the anemia of this disease is not due to a diminished production of Ep."}
{"id": "PMID:272290", "title": "Murine myeloid leukemia: colony formation in vitro.", "content": "Normal and myeloid leukemic spleen cells from RF mice were cultured in vitro in plasma clots. In situ histochemical staining and karyotypic analysis of the colonies formed in the clot revealed that the colonies produced by leukemic and normal progenitors were indistinguishable morphologically and cytochemically. Colonies of leukemic origin were identified by in situ karyotypic analysis, a method not previously utilized in studies of hematopoietic proliferation in semi-solid matrices.", "contents": "Murine myeloid leukemia: colony formation in vitro. Normal and myeloid leukemic spleen cells from RF mice were cultured in vitro in plasma clots. In situ histochemical staining and karyotypic analysis of the colonies formed in the clot revealed that the colonies produced by leukemic and normal progenitors were indistinguishable morphologically and cytochemically. Colonies of leukemic origin were identified by in situ karyotypic analysis, a method not previously utilized in studies of hematopoietic proliferation in semi-solid matrices."}
{"id": "PMID:272363", "title": "Son-sire-regression based heritability estimates of chiasma frequency, using T70H mouse translocation heterozygotes, and the relation between univalence, chiasma frequency and sperm production.", "content": "T(1;13)70H/+ translocation heretozygous mice were used for assessing heritability values for chiasma frequencies and the epididymal sperm count. The chiasma frequency estimates were based on 15 son-sire pairs, the translocation heterozygotes being maintained in a Swiss random-bred genetic background. The chiasma frequencies were scored separately for the T70H/+ derived multivalent, specific pairing segments within the multivalent and the remaining bivalents. Chiasma counts within these specified parts of the genome were positively correlated. The heritability estimates, significantly greater than zero, ranged from 0.78-0.98, depending on the chromosome segments included. These results indicate a strong genetic control on a cellular basis for the formation of chiasmata in the mouse. Despite significantly positive correlations and regressions between the various chiasma frequencies and the sperm count (for which 29 pairs of observations were available), no significant heritability estimate for the sperm count was obtained. The relation between the chiasma frequency and the sperm count was weakest when the chiasma count was confined to a region of the translocation-caused multivalent in which the absence of a chiasma almost always resulted in the production of an univalent. This indicates that in the translocation heterozygotes used, the overall chiasma frequency has a greater predictive value for the sperm count than autosomal univalence alone.", "contents": "Son-sire-regression based heritability estimates of chiasma frequency, using T70H mouse translocation heterozygotes, and the relation between univalence, chiasma frequency and sperm production. T(1;13)70H/+ translocation heretozygous mice were used for assessing heritability values for chiasma frequencies and the epididymal sperm count. The chiasma frequency estimates were based on 15 son-sire pairs, the translocation heterozygotes being maintained in a Swiss random-bred genetic background. The chiasma frequencies were scored separately for the T70H/+ derived multivalent, specific pairing segments within the multivalent and the remaining bivalents. Chiasma counts within these specified parts of the genome were positively correlated. The heritability estimates, significantly greater than zero, ranged from 0.78-0.98, depending on the chromosome segments included. These results indicate a strong genetic control on a cellular basis for the formation of chiasmata in the mouse. Despite significantly positive correlations and regressions between the various chiasma frequencies and the sperm count (for which 29 pairs of observations were available), no significant heritability estimate for the sperm count was obtained. The relation between the chiasma frequency and the sperm count was weakest when the chiasma count was confined to a region of the translocation-caused multivalent in which the absence of a chiasma almost always resulted in the production of an univalent. This indicates that in the translocation heterozygotes used, the overall chiasma frequency has a greater predictive value for the sperm count than autosomal univalence alone."}
{"id": "PMID:272368", "title": "Toxicity study of cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate in the maintenance therapy of childhood leukemia. A Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "In a toxicity study to determine the feasibility of treating patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) using an intravenous combination of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and methotrexate (MTX), the drugs were given either simultaneously or sequentially every two weeks. Twenty-nine patients were studied, 17 treated simultaneously, 12 treated sequentially. The tolerated doses of Ara-C and MTX were 60 mg/m2 and 90 mg/m2, respectively, for the simultaneous treatment schedule and 90 mg/m2 and 150 mg/m2, respectively, for the sequential treatment schedule. The dose-limiting factor of the drug combination was gastrointestinal toxicity. The observed recurrent vomiting on both schedules rendered the treatment unsuitable for maintenance therapy.", "contents": "Toxicity study of cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate in the maintenance therapy of childhood leukemia. A Southwest Oncology Group study. In a toxicity study to determine the feasibility of treating patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) using an intravenous combination of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and methotrexate (MTX), the drugs were given either simultaneously or sequentially every two weeks. Twenty-nine patients were studied, 17 treated simultaneously, 12 treated sequentially. The tolerated doses of Ara-C and MTX were 60 mg/m2 and 90 mg/m2, respectively, for the simultaneous treatment schedule and 90 mg/m2 and 150 mg/m2, respectively, for the sequential treatment schedule. The dose-limiting factor of the drug combination was gastrointestinal toxicity. The observed recurrent vomiting on both schedules rendered the treatment unsuitable for maintenance therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:272373", "title": "Dentin permeation: comparison of diffusion with filtration.", "content": "A comparison was made between the rate of iodide permeation of dentin by diffusion and by filtration. Before acid etching, filtration only doubled the rate of iodide permeation relative to that obtained by diffusion. After acid etching, filtration produced a 32-fold increase in permeation. Acid etching, by removing occluding debris, facilitates filtration more than diffusion.", "contents": "Dentin permeation: comparison of diffusion with filtration. A comparison was made between the rate of iodide permeation of dentin by diffusion and by filtration. Before acid etching, filtration only doubled the rate of iodide permeation relative to that obtained by diffusion. After acid etching, filtration produced a 32-fold increase in permeation. Acid etching, by removing occluding debris, facilitates filtration more than diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:272374", "title": "Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead.", "content": "Enamel biopsies taken from schoolchildren in a community where exposure to lead was a health hazard were analyzed for lead and fluoride. The children with high enamel lead had significantly higher caries scores than the children with low enamel lead, in spite of the fact that the high lead group also was higher in enamel fluoride. There was no increase in enamel lead with age. The lead in saliva was only a fraction of that in blood. Infants with lead poisoning showed higher saliva lead than a normal infant. The use of the lead in enamel biopsies and in saliva for measuring exposure to lead is discussed.", "contents": "Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead. Enamel biopsies taken from schoolchildren in a community where exposure to lead was a health hazard were analyzed for lead and fluoride. The children with high enamel lead had significantly higher caries scores than the children with low enamel lead, in spite of the fact that the high lead group also was higher in enamel fluoride. There was no increase in enamel lead with age. The lead in saliva was only a fraction of that in blood. Infants with lead poisoning showed higher saliva lead than a normal infant. The use of the lead in enamel biopsies and in saliva for measuring exposure to lead is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272376", "title": "The effects of inorganic ions situated at the enamel surface on the adsorption and activity of acid phosphatase.", "content": "This study has demonstrated, first, that the affinity of the enamel surface for a biologically active protein-in this case, acid phosphatase-may be modified by first impregnating the mineral with particular inorganic ions. Second, enzymic activity is altered as a function of the inorganic ion incorporated into the enamel surface. Third, strong inhibition of acid phosphatase is demonstrated by ions expected to be released during the carious process which contradicts the postulation that phosphatases are actively hydrolyzing enamel matrix-bound phosphate during the carious attack. Fourth, these results suggest that by incorporating a particular ion into the enamel mineral, a surface with assigned properties may be created which offers some degree of control over subsequent adsorption of organic matter. Thus, it is apparent that by proper selection of inorganic ions and organic macromolecules, both structural properties and biological activities at the enamel-oral fluid interface may be predictably modified.", "contents": "The effects of inorganic ions situated at the enamel surface on the adsorption and activity of acid phosphatase. This study has demonstrated, first, that the affinity of the enamel surface for a biologically active protein-in this case, acid phosphatase-may be modified by first impregnating the mineral with particular inorganic ions. Second, enzymic activity is altered as a function of the inorganic ion incorporated into the enamel surface. Third, strong inhibition of acid phosphatase is demonstrated by ions expected to be released during the carious process which contradicts the postulation that phosphatases are actively hydrolyzing enamel matrix-bound phosphate during the carious attack. Fourth, these results suggest that by incorporating a particular ion into the enamel mineral, a surface with assigned properties may be created which offers some degree of control over subsequent adsorption of organic matter. Thus, it is apparent that by proper selection of inorganic ions and organic macromolecules, both structural properties and biological activities at the enamel-oral fluid interface may be predictably modified."}
{"id": "PMID:272377", "title": "Effect of SnF2 mouthrinse on initial bacterial colonization of tooth enamel.", "content": "Microbiologic quantitative methods and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the effect of stannous fluoride (100 ppm F-) mouthrinse on early plaque formation. An in vivo plaque model system was used on two individuals to test this experimental agent. Following SnF2 mouthrinsing, the total bacterial counts of two-day-old plaque on enamel cylinders were reduced up to 50.8 times or 98% and the streptococcal counts were decreased up to 48.4 times or 97.9%. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed a marked decrease of bacteria on enamel with use of SnF2 mouthrinse. It appears that, in addition to reducing enamel solubility and other properties, SnF2 may also alter bacterial accumulations on teeth.", "contents": "Effect of SnF2 mouthrinse on initial bacterial colonization of tooth enamel. Microbiologic quantitative methods and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the effect of stannous fluoride (100 ppm F-) mouthrinse on early plaque formation. An in vivo plaque model system was used on two individuals to test this experimental agent. Following SnF2 mouthrinsing, the total bacterial counts of two-day-old plaque on enamel cylinders were reduced up to 50.8 times or 98% and the streptococcal counts were decreased up to 48.4 times or 97.9%. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed a marked decrease of bacteria on enamel with use of SnF2 mouthrinse. It appears that, in addition to reducing enamel solubility and other properties, SnF2 may also alter bacterial accumulations on teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:272378", "title": "The effects of fluoride on the percentage bacterial composition of dental plaque, on caries incidence, and on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinobacillus sp.", "content": "Administration of 250 mug/ml NaF in drinking water to rats reduced both caries incidence (P less than 0.001) and the percentage of S mutans (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001) although the percentage of Actinobacillus sp. was increased (P less than 0.001). An Actinobacillus sp. and S mutans FA1 both proliferated in NaF broth only if the NaF greater than 10 mug/ml, which was associated with the inhibition of acid production.", "contents": "The effects of fluoride on the percentage bacterial composition of dental plaque, on caries incidence, and on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinobacillus sp. Administration of 250 mug/ml NaF in drinking water to rats reduced both caries incidence (P less than 0.001) and the percentage of S mutans (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001) although the percentage of Actinobacillus sp. was increased (P less than 0.001). An Actinobacillus sp. and S mutans FA1 both proliferated in NaF broth only if the NaF greater than 10 mug/ml, which was associated with the inhibition of acid production."}
{"id": "PMID:272380", "title": "The effect of adsorption on the acid production of caries and noncaries-producing streptococci.", "content": "Eighteen different Streptococcus strains including S mutans, sanguis, mitis, salivarius, bovis, and 2F2, were assayed for their relative adsorption to synthetic hydroxyapatite and for quantities of lactic acid produced while in the adsorbed state. The results indicated that all S mutans and some S sanguis have an enhanced metabolic activity while adsorbed to hydroxapatite as compared to control suspensions without hydroxyapatite.", "contents": "The effect of adsorption on the acid production of caries and noncaries-producing streptococci. Eighteen different Streptococcus strains including S mutans, sanguis, mitis, salivarius, bovis, and 2F2, were assayed for their relative adsorption to synthetic hydroxyapatite and for quantities of lactic acid produced while in the adsorbed state. The results indicated that all S mutans and some S sanguis have an enhanced metabolic activity while adsorbed to hydroxapatite as compared to control suspensions without hydroxyapatite."}
{"id": "PMID:272381", "title": "Effects of an argon laser on the crystalline properties and rate of dissolution in acid of tooth enamel in the presence of sodium fluoride.", "content": "Upon exposure to laser radiation, enamel powder mixed with NaF underwent an increase in crystallite size and/or perfection with a significant uptake of fluoride. Incisor teeth lased in the presence of NaF released significantly less calcium and phosphorus into sodium acetate (pH 4.0) compared with unlased controls, suggesting a possible role for the laser in caries prevention.", "contents": "Effects of an argon laser on the crystalline properties and rate of dissolution in acid of tooth enamel in the presence of sodium fluoride. Upon exposure to laser radiation, enamel powder mixed with NaF underwent an increase in crystallite size and/or perfection with a significant uptake of fluoride. Incisor teeth lased in the presence of NaF released significantly less calcium and phosphorus into sodium acetate (pH 4.0) compared with unlased controls, suggesting a possible role for the laser in caries prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:272383", "title": "Improving the fracture resistance of dental ceramic.", "content": "A time-temperature sequence for optimally strengthening dental ceramic by ion exchange was investigated. Stress relaxation occurs at higher temperatures and/or longer times. Improved strenghts are obtained in a reasonable period of time that could be used for clinical application.", "contents": "Improving the fracture resistance of dental ceramic. A time-temperature sequence for optimally strengthening dental ceramic by ion exchange was investigated. Stress relaxation occurs at higher temperatures and/or longer times. Improved strenghts are obtained in a reasonable period of time that could be used for clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:272385", "title": "Clinical study of dental cements. VI. A study of zinc phosphate, EBA-reinforced zinc oxide eugenol and polyacrylic acid cements as luting agents in fixed prostheses.", "content": "A clinical trial for the final cementation of crowns and bridges with a reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol cement, a polyacrylic acid cement and a zinc phosphate cement was made over a 3-year period. The study involved 441 patients for whom 547 bridges and 162 single restorations were cemented. The patients were recalled at 6-month intervals for the duration of the study and the restorations were examined for looseness. Of the 547 bridges 520 remained firmly cemented to the abutment teeth. Of 1,082 bridge retainers, 1,049 remained in position; success and failure by types of retainer will be the subject of a subsequent paper. Of the 162 single restorations 159 remained in place.", "contents": "Clinical study of dental cements. VI. A study of zinc phosphate, EBA-reinforced zinc oxide eugenol and polyacrylic acid cements as luting agents in fixed prostheses. A clinical trial for the final cementation of crowns and bridges with a reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol cement, a polyacrylic acid cement and a zinc phosphate cement was made over a 3-year period. The study involved 441 patients for whom 547 bridges and 162 single restorations were cemented. The patients were recalled at 6-month intervals for the duration of the study and the restorations were examined for looseness. Of the 547 bridges 520 remained firmly cemented to the abutment teeth. Of 1,082 bridge retainers, 1,049 remained in position; success and failure by types of retainer will be the subject of a subsequent paper. Of the 162 single restorations 159 remained in place."}
{"id": "PMID:272386", "title": "Reduction in the modulus of elasticity in orthodontic wires.", "content": "The modulus of elasticity of stainless steel orthodontic wires was found to be 20% below the normally assumed range of 19.3 to 20.0 x 10(4) MPa (28.0 to 29.0 x 10(6) psi). Use of the latter value can result in significant computational errors in orthodontic applicance mechanics. The lower modulus was attributed to severe cold drawing.", "contents": "Reduction in the modulus of elasticity in orthodontic wires. The modulus of elasticity of stainless steel orthodontic wires was found to be 20% below the normally assumed range of 19.3 to 20.0 x 10(4) MPa (28.0 to 29.0 x 10(6) psi). Use of the latter value can result in significant computational errors in orthodontic applicance mechanics. The lower modulus was attributed to severe cold drawing."}
{"id": "PMID:272387", "title": "Collagen biochemistry of the two layers of carious dentin.", "content": "The amino acid composition and intermolecular cross links of collagen fibers in the two layers of carious dentin, differentiated by a 0.5% basic fuchsin-propylene glycol-stain, were biochemically investigated. No difference in the pattern of amino acid composition of collagen fibers was found between the first and second layers of carious dentin and the sound dentin. However, obvious differences in the intermolecular cross links of collagen fibers were found between the three layers. Namely, compared with the sound dentin, the second layer of carious dentin had decreased cross links and increased precursors. This change is considered to be reversible. Contrastingly, in the first layer, both the cross links and the precursors remarkably decreased. In addition, the hexitollysines (protein-saccharide compounds probably related to bacterial metabolism) were found and several peaks of unknown materials appeared. This indicates irreversible destruction of cross-linkage in the first layer of carious dentin.", "contents": "Collagen biochemistry of the two layers of carious dentin. The amino acid composition and intermolecular cross links of collagen fibers in the two layers of carious dentin, differentiated by a 0.5% basic fuchsin-propylene glycol-stain, were biochemically investigated. No difference in the pattern of amino acid composition of collagen fibers was found between the first and second layers of carious dentin and the sound dentin. However, obvious differences in the intermolecular cross links of collagen fibers were found between the three layers. Namely, compared with the sound dentin, the second layer of carious dentin had decreased cross links and increased precursors. This change is considered to be reversible. Contrastingly, in the first layer, both the cross links and the precursors remarkably decreased. In addition, the hexitollysines (protein-saccharide compounds probably related to bacterial metabolism) were found and several peaks of unknown materials appeared. This indicates irreversible destruction of cross-linkage in the first layer of carious dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:272389", "title": "Properties and distribution of inorganic pyrophosphatase in rabbit dental pulp.", "content": "Some properties and the intracellular distriubtion of inorganic pyrophosphatase in rabbit dental pulp were determined. This enzyme was sensitive to Mg2+, and not inhibited by imidazol and CN- which are inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase. Inorganic pyrophosphatase was found predominantly in the supernatant fraction.", "contents": "Properties and distribution of inorganic pyrophosphatase in rabbit dental pulp. Some properties and the intracellular distriubtion of inorganic pyrophosphatase in rabbit dental pulp were determined. This enzyme was sensitive to Mg2+, and not inhibited by imidazol and CN- which are inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase. Inorganic pyrophosphatase was found predominantly in the supernatant fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:272390", "title": "Quantification of pulpal blood flow in developing teeth of dogs.", "content": "Pulpal blood flow was determined in 32 dogs ranging in age from 6 weeks to 18 months by the isotope fractionation method incorporating diffusible and nondiffusible tracers. Dogs were placed into selected age groups by the developmental status of the canine teeth. For the teeth sampled, the maxillary first, second, and third incisors along with the canines and first molars, pulpal blood flow was determined to be not different in teeth at various developmental stages. For some dental pulps, alveolar mucosa, and bone, the tracers were not determining equivalent blood flows. Because of incomplete trapping of the 7- to 10 mu microspheres and the flow limitation of 86Rb, the 15 mu spheres would appear to be a reliable indicator of \"total\" blood flow to pulpal tissues. However, in alveolar mucosa and bone, and 15 mu microspheres may not be completely trapped and thus, may underestimate blood flow to these tissues. Within the age range of these dogs, tissue blood flow was not dependent upon the stages of oral development.", "contents": "Quantification of pulpal blood flow in developing teeth of dogs. Pulpal blood flow was determined in 32 dogs ranging in age from 6 weeks to 18 months by the isotope fractionation method incorporating diffusible and nondiffusible tracers. Dogs were placed into selected age groups by the developmental status of the canine teeth. For the teeth sampled, the maxillary first, second, and third incisors along with the canines and first molars, pulpal blood flow was determined to be not different in teeth at various developmental stages. For some dental pulps, alveolar mucosa, and bone, the tracers were not determining equivalent blood flows. Because of incomplete trapping of the 7- to 10 mu microspheres and the flow limitation of 86Rb, the 15 mu spheres would appear to be a reliable indicator of \"total\" blood flow to pulpal tissues. However, in alveolar mucosa and bone, and 15 mu microspheres may not be completely trapped and thus, may underestimate blood flow to these tissues. Within the age range of these dogs, tissue blood flow was not dependent upon the stages of oral development."}
{"id": "PMID:272392", "title": "Association between HLA-antigens and periodontal disease.", "content": "Patients with periodontitis juvenilis and patients with periodontitis were tissue typed. In the juvenile group, frequencies of tissue type specificities HLA-A9, HLA-A28, and HLA-BW15 were significantly increased as compared to the findings in the general population. In the periodontitis groups, no significant tissue type deviations were found.", "contents": "Association between HLA-antigens and periodontal disease. Patients with periodontitis juvenilis and patients with periodontitis were tissue typed. In the juvenile group, frequencies of tissue type specificities HLA-A9, HLA-A28, and HLA-BW15 were significantly increased as compared to the findings in the general population. In the periodontitis groups, no significant tissue type deviations were found."}
{"id": "PMID:272394", "title": "Phagocytosis of collagen by human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Human gingival fibroblasts cultivated on collagen-coated cover slips had collagen fibrils in deep folds of the cell membranes after one hour and fully interiorized fibrils by 24 hours. In 5-day sections, fibrils were within dense bodies, some containing multiple dense granules (40 to 50 nm) aligned along the surface of the interiorized collagen fibrils.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of collagen by human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Human gingival fibroblasts cultivated on collagen-coated cover slips had collagen fibrils in deep folds of the cell membranes after one hour and fully interiorized fibrils by 24 hours. In 5-day sections, fibrils were within dense bodies, some containing multiple dense granules (40 to 50 nm) aligned along the surface of the interiorized collagen fibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:272395", "title": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin on fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "It was found that 0.02 mM was the higher concentration of drug which is not toxic and is compatible with normal cell morphology and growth over a period of a week. Using this concentration of drug there was no consistent stimulation of cell growth. A small increase in cell number was noted, however, in some cultures during the first 24 hours of culture. DpH at a concentration of 0.02 mM in the presence of ascorbic acid decreased collagen prolyl hydroxylation in \"old\" W1-38 cultures but a concentration of 0.1 mM was required to decrease the values to a similar extent in \"young\" cultures. A concentration of 0.02 mM DpH had no effect on hydroxylation in an \"old\" HGF culture. It is speculated that in a responsive individual a reduction of collagen prolyl hydroxylation may play a role in the etiology of DpH-induced gingival enlargement and congenital malformations.", "contents": "The effect of diphenylhydantoin on fibroblasts in vitro. It was found that 0.02 mM was the higher concentration of drug which is not toxic and is compatible with normal cell morphology and growth over a period of a week. Using this concentration of drug there was no consistent stimulation of cell growth. A small increase in cell number was noted, however, in some cultures during the first 24 hours of culture. DpH at a concentration of 0.02 mM in the presence of ascorbic acid decreased collagen prolyl hydroxylation in \"old\" W1-38 cultures but a concentration of 0.1 mM was required to decrease the values to a similar extent in \"young\" cultures. A concentration of 0.02 mM DpH had no effect on hydroxylation in an \"old\" HGF culture. It is speculated that in a responsive individual a reduction of collagen prolyl hydroxylation may play a role in the etiology of DpH-induced gingival enlargement and congenital malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:272396", "title": "A method for the in vitro toxicity testing of dental restorative materials.", "content": "An vitro method of toxicity testing of dental restorative materials is described in which their clinical usage is closely simulated. The test material was separated from the cells by either a synthetic filter or dentine slice. Toxic effects were quantiated by determining changes in enzyme activity by scanning and integrating microdensitometry.", "contents": "A method for the in vitro toxicity testing of dental restorative materials. An vitro method of toxicity testing of dental restorative materials is described in which their clinical usage is closely simulated. The test material was separated from the cells by either a synthetic filter or dentine slice. Toxic effects were quantiated by determining changes in enzyme activity by scanning and integrating microdensitometry."}
{"id": "PMID:272397", "title": "Graphic digitizer analysis of the myelinated axon spectrum in the inferior alveolar nerve of the cat.", "content": "The diameter spectrum and other parameters indicating size and shape of myelinated axons were established in a cross-section of the inferior alveolar nerve obtained at the mandibular foramen. The spectrum is bimodal with approximately equal numbers of axons in the Aalpha and Adelta-range, in contrast to unimodal spectra of certain branches contributing to the inferior alveolar nerve.", "contents": "Graphic digitizer analysis of the myelinated axon spectrum in the inferior alveolar nerve of the cat. The diameter spectrum and other parameters indicating size and shape of myelinated axons were established in a cross-section of the inferior alveolar nerve obtained at the mandibular foramen. The spectrum is bimodal with approximately equal numbers of axons in the Aalpha and Adelta-range, in contrast to unimodal spectra of certain branches contributing to the inferior alveolar nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:272411", "title": "Rationale and methods for crown lengthening.", "content": "Surgical crown lengthening should not be attempted when tooth fractures extend into the middle third of the root. Excessive bone reduction on the fractured tooth and necessary blending of osseous contours over adjacent teeth may result in mobility or furcation involvement. In addition, the necessary osseous surgery may create precipitous changes in the bony architecture that will be bridged by soft tissues. This results in increased pocket depth and an unhealthy situation. If the tooth in question has a hopeless prognosis or the osseous surgical procedure would create a poor crown-root ratio, furcation involvement, mobility, or esthetic problems, crown lengthening should be avoided. In cases such as these, extraction may be indicated.", "contents": "Rationale and methods for crown lengthening. Surgical crown lengthening should not be attempted when tooth fractures extend into the middle third of the root. Excessive bone reduction on the fractured tooth and necessary blending of osseous contours over adjacent teeth may result in mobility or furcation involvement. In addition, the necessary osseous surgery may create precipitous changes in the bony architecture that will be bridged by soft tissues. This results in increased pocket depth and an unhealthy situation. If the tooth in question has a hopeless prognosis or the osseous surgical procedure would create a poor crown-root ratio, furcation involvement, mobility, or esthetic problems, crown lengthening should be avoided. In cases such as these, extraction may be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:272412", "title": "An evaluation of the clinical laboratory as an adjunct to dental practice.", "content": "A study was completed at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry in which 172 randomly selected adult dental patients were subjected to a battery of laboratory screening tests as a part of the initial examination procedure. The tests performed included rapid plasma reagin test, complete blood cell count, and determinations of serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and serum cholesterol values. Nearly 17% of the patients had at least one abnormal laboratory value. Thirty-three percent of the values were so abnormal that the patients required medical care. For the total group, the rate of detection of previously undiagnosed medical problems was 6.9%. Elevated serum glucose values were found most frequently.", "contents": "An evaluation of the clinical laboratory as an adjunct to dental practice. A study was completed at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry in which 172 randomly selected adult dental patients were subjected to a battery of laboratory screening tests as a part of the initial examination procedure. The tests performed included rapid plasma reagin test, complete blood cell count, and determinations of serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and serum cholesterol values. Nearly 17% of the patients had at least one abnormal laboratory value. Thirty-three percent of the values were so abnormal that the patients required medical care. For the total group, the rate of detection of previously undiagnosed medical problems was 6.9%. Elevated serum glucose values were found most frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:272413", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium and Limulus assays for bacteremia after dental extraction: effect of topical antiseptics.", "content": "Bacteremia that occurs after dental extraction is common. This study assessed the effect of topical antisepsis on the incidence and magnitude of post-extraction bacteremia. On hundred patients scheduled for elective tooth extraction were randomized among four groups: contr-l, mouthrinsing with sodium-p-toluene sulfonchloramide (chloramine-T), toothbrushing with chloramine-T, and irrigation with Lugol's solution. The results showed that 84% of the control group and 59% of the treatment groups had positive blood cultures (290 organisms isolated) after dental extraction. The duration and magnitude of these bacteremias were diminutive as documented by the six serial blood cultures taken for each patient, colony counts per milliliter of blood, and nitroblue tetrazolium and Limulus assays. Brushing the teeth or rinsing the mouth with chloramine-T before dental extraction significantly reduced the incidence of bacteremia (P less than .025) and the number of different organisms recovered from each patient (P less than .05). Thus, topical treatment with chloramine-T is a simple and effective means of reducing the incidence of postextraction bacteremia.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium and Limulus assays for bacteremia after dental extraction: effect of topical antiseptics. Bacteremia that occurs after dental extraction is common. This study assessed the effect of topical antisepsis on the incidence and magnitude of post-extraction bacteremia. On hundred patients scheduled for elective tooth extraction were randomized among four groups: contr-l, mouthrinsing with sodium-p-toluene sulfonchloramide (chloramine-T), toothbrushing with chloramine-T, and irrigation with Lugol's solution. The results showed that 84% of the control group and 59% of the treatment groups had positive blood cultures (290 organisms isolated) after dental extraction. The duration and magnitude of these bacteremias were diminutive as documented by the six serial blood cultures taken for each patient, colony counts per milliliter of blood, and nitroblue tetrazolium and Limulus assays. Brushing the teeth or rinsing the mouth with chloramine-T before dental extraction significantly reduced the incidence of bacteremia (P less than .025) and the number of different organisms recovered from each patient (P less than .05). Thus, topical treatment with chloramine-T is a simple and effective means of reducing the incidence of postextraction bacteremia."}
{"id": "PMID:272414", "title": "Ethyl alcohol by the oral route as a sedative in dentistry.", "content": "The history and social use and misuse of alcohol have been reviewed. Alcohol is an effective mild sedative drug for dental therapy when used in suggested dosage, and its use is encouraged. Guidelines and contraindications for administration have been suggested.", "contents": "Ethyl alcohol by the oral route as a sedative in dentistry. The history and social use and misuse of alcohol have been reviewed. Alcohol is an effective mild sedative drug for dental therapy when used in suggested dosage, and its use is encouraged. Guidelines and contraindications for administration have been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:272415", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease: report of case and review of the literature.", "content": "A man with chronic granulomatous disease had severe gingivitis and ulcerous lesions in the buccal mucosa and palatal plate. After the use of good hygiene procedures, his condition improved greatly. It is possible that oral symptoms reported in this disease are due in part to accumulations of plaque. A review of the literature on chronic granulomatous disease is included.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease: report of case and review of the literature. A man with chronic granulomatous disease had severe gingivitis and ulcerous lesions in the buccal mucosa and palatal plate. After the use of good hygiene procedures, his condition improved greatly. It is possible that oral symptoms reported in this disease are due in part to accumulations of plaque. A review of the literature on chronic granulomatous disease is included."}
{"id": "PMID:272416", "title": "Cleidocranial dysostosis: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment.", "content": "To ensure eruption of the dentition in patients with cleidocranial dysostosis, close collatoration between the oral surgeon and the orthodontist is essential to determine the sequence of extraction, the teeth to be ligated, the preferred technique of ligation, and the approach for surgical exposure.", "contents": "Cleidocranial dysostosis: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. To ensure eruption of the dentition in patients with cleidocranial dysostosis, close collatoration between the oral surgeon and the orthodontist is essential to determine the sequence of extraction, the teeth to be ligated, the preferred technique of ligation, and the approach for surgical exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:272417", "title": "Prosthodontic therapy for cleidocranial dysostosis: report of case.", "content": "Objectives of treatment of the oral manifestations of cleidocranial dysostosis should include restoring the vertical dimension of occlusion, building out the maxilla, establishing of functional occlusion, improving appearance and phonation, and improving the patient's mental well-being.", "contents": "Prosthodontic therapy for cleidocranial dysostosis: report of case. Objectives of treatment of the oral manifestations of cleidocranial dysostosis should include restoring the vertical dimension of occlusion, building out the maxilla, establishing of functional occlusion, improving appearance and phonation, and improving the patient's mental well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:272418", "title": "Cleidocranial dysostosis: report of case.", "content": "In the treatment of oral problems of patients with cleidocranial dysostosis, the multidisciplinary approach should be considered. The collective abilities of the oral surgeon, the prosthodontist, and the orthodontist should be utilized to determine the most effective treatment.", "contents": "Cleidocranial dysostosis: report of case. In the treatment of oral problems of patients with cleidocranial dysostosis, the multidisciplinary approach should be considered. The collective abilities of the oral surgeon, the prosthodontist, and the orthodontist should be utilized to determine the most effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272426", "title": "Biopsy technique: the pathological considerations.", "content": "As the dental profession moves toward additional emphasis in detection of disease and sophistication in diagnosis, biopsy is being used with increasing frequency as a diagnostic tool. This article states and elucidates simple ground rules that govern the rationale of surgical sampling of pathologic tissue. The three most common deficiencies that hamper interpretation (tissue artifact, inadequate clinical information, and inappropriate tissue sampling) are discussed, and the biopsy approach to various types of clinical lesions is reviewed.", "contents": "Biopsy technique: the pathological considerations. As the dental profession moves toward additional emphasis in detection of disease and sophistication in diagnosis, biopsy is being used with increasing frequency as a diagnostic tool. This article states and elucidates simple ground rules that govern the rationale of surgical sampling of pathologic tissue. The three most common deficiencies that hamper interpretation (tissue artifact, inadequate clinical information, and inappropriate tissue sampling) are discussed, and the biopsy approach to various types of clinical lesions is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:272427", "title": "Physical properties of dental silver-tin amalgams with high and low copper contents.", "content": "Newly developed amalgams such as Tytin, Sybraloy, and Dispersalloy had low static creep, high compressive strength, and similar values for both diametral tensile strength and dimensional change in comparison with conventional amalgams such as Kerr Spheraloy, Caulk Spherical, Shofu Spherical, and Caulk 20th Century Micro Cut. The data for physical properties were evaluated statistically, and the amalgams were ranked according to the numerical position assigned to each property.", "contents": "Physical properties of dental silver-tin amalgams with high and low copper contents. Newly developed amalgams such as Tytin, Sybraloy, and Dispersalloy had low static creep, high compressive strength, and similar values for both diametral tensile strength and dimensional change in comparison with conventional amalgams such as Kerr Spheraloy, Caulk Spherical, Shofu Spherical, and Caulk 20th Century Micro Cut. The data for physical properties were evaluated statistically, and the amalgams were ranked according to the numerical position assigned to each property."}
{"id": "PMID:272428", "title": "Dental fluorosis as related to the concentration of fluoride in teeth and bone.", "content": "Rats (N = 58), given a diet low in fluoride, were stomach-fed solutions of NaF and (NH4)3AIF6 in amounts corresponding to 3.3, 8.3, and 16.5 microgram of fluoride per gram of body weight. After five weeks, the incisors were scored for fluorosis and samples of the incisors and mandibles were analyzed for fluoride. Less fluoride was deposited in teeth and bone from AIF6, than from NaF at all dosage levels. Less fluorosis also developed from AIF6, except at the lowest dosage level, which produced very little fluorosis in either group. Both incisor fluoride and fluorosis scores increased with increases in ingestion of fluoride. In a larger group of rats (N = 101) that had been on different fluoride regimens, the fluoride concentrations of the incisors were grouped according to the fluorosis scroes. There was a consistent trend of increase in fluoride with increase in fluorosis scores, but each score had a wide range and overlap in fluoride concentrations.", "contents": "Dental fluorosis as related to the concentration of fluoride in teeth and bone. Rats (N = 58), given a diet low in fluoride, were stomach-fed solutions of NaF and (NH4)3AIF6 in amounts corresponding to 3.3, 8.3, and 16.5 microgram of fluoride per gram of body weight. After five weeks, the incisors were scored for fluorosis and samples of the incisors and mandibles were analyzed for fluoride. Less fluoride was deposited in teeth and bone from AIF6, than from NaF at all dosage levels. Less fluorosis also developed from AIF6, except at the lowest dosage level, which produced very little fluorosis in either group. Both incisor fluoride and fluorosis scores increased with increases in ingestion of fluoride. In a larger group of rats (N = 101) that had been on different fluoride regimens, the fluoride concentrations of the incisors were grouped according to the fluorosis scroes. There was a consistent trend of increase in fluoride with increase in fluorosis scores, but each score had a wide range and overlap in fluoride concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:272429", "title": "Clinical aspects of Candida infection in denture wearers.", "content": "Candida-induced denture stomatitis usually does not reflect any deep-seated, systemic abnormality, the dentures being the primary predisposing condition. However, infection with C albicans should be recognized as an extremely common complication to the wearing of dentures. Most cases are treated relatively easily, but recurrences are frequent and the infection often spreads to other parts of the oral mucosa. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken against colonization by Candida of the palatal mucosa and the dentures. In healthy persons, Candida-induced denture stomatitis is not serious; however, it should be considered a possible spearhead of systemic yeast infections in seriously ill patients, especially in those subjected to prolonged treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of Candida infection in denture wearers. Candida-induced denture stomatitis usually does not reflect any deep-seated, systemic abnormality, the dentures being the primary predisposing condition. However, infection with C albicans should be recognized as an extremely common complication to the wearing of dentures. Most cases are treated relatively easily, but recurrences are frequent and the infection often spreads to other parts of the oral mucosa. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken against colonization by Candida of the palatal mucosa and the dentures. In healthy persons, Candida-induced denture stomatitis is not serious; however, it should be considered a possible spearhead of systemic yeast infections in seriously ill patients, especially in those subjected to prolonged treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:272430", "title": "A public education program in self-examination for orofacial cancer.", "content": "Instruction in self-examination for early signs of orofacial cancer was given to over 450 persons attending a large county fair in western New York State. Participants received one-on-one instruction from dentists or specially trained dental hygienists according to a protocol designed to detect abnormalities of the oral cavity, cervical lymph nodes, and major salivary glands, as well as facial skin cancers. This method of personal instruction was judged feasible for large-scale application.", "contents": "A public education program in self-examination for orofacial cancer. Instruction in self-examination for early signs of orofacial cancer was given to over 450 persons attending a large county fair in western New York State. Participants received one-on-one instruction from dentists or specially trained dental hygienists according to a protocol designed to detect abnormalities of the oral cavity, cervical lymph nodes, and major salivary glands, as well as facial skin cancers. This method of personal instruction was judged feasible for large-scale application."}
{"id": "PMID:272433", "title": "Absorption kinetics of sublingually administered propranolol.", "content": "The absorption of propranolol through the buccal cavity has been investigated in normal healthy male volunteers. Propranolol doses of 10 mg were retained in the mouth for varying lengths of time to investigate the absorption kinetics. Both plasma and oral contents were analyzed. Propranolol was found to be incompletely absorbed (about 40%) from the buccal cavity. The disappearance of propranolol from the oral cavity does not, however, reflect absorption of drug into the blood. Absorption onto or into the buccal mucosa followed first order kinetics with a half life of 1 to 17 minutes, variability being great between subjects. The appearance of drug into the blood was also first order characterized by a half life of 20 to 25 minutes. It was found that uptake from the oral cavity and appearance in the plasma are separate processes with transport into the plasma being the rate limiting step. This data is discussed in terms of previously presented models of buccal absorption.", "contents": "Absorption kinetics of sublingually administered propranolol. The absorption of propranolol through the buccal cavity has been investigated in normal healthy male volunteers. Propranolol doses of 10 mg were retained in the mouth for varying lengths of time to investigate the absorption kinetics. Both plasma and oral contents were analyzed. Propranolol was found to be incompletely absorbed (about 40%) from the buccal cavity. The disappearance of propranolol from the oral cavity does not, however, reflect absorption of drug into the blood. Absorption onto or into the buccal mucosa followed first order kinetics with a half life of 1 to 17 minutes, variability being great between subjects. The appearance of drug into the blood was also first order characterized by a half life of 20 to 25 minutes. It was found that uptake from the oral cavity and appearance in the plasma are separate processes with transport into the plasma being the rate limiting step. This data is discussed in terms of previously presented models of buccal absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:272434", "title": "Plasma cell leukemia: response to conventional myeloma therapy.", "content": "A 76-year-old man with plasma cell leukemia was treated with L-phenylalanine mustard and prednisone (CLGB 7461). There was good partial remission of the plasma cell disease characterized by disappearance of the plasma cells in the peripheral blood, reduction of plasma cells in the marrow aspirates to less than 5% of the nucleated hematopoietic cells, a reduction in the serum monoclonal IgG from 7.6 to 2 gms/100 ml, and the disappearance of urinary monoclonal IgG, Bence-Jones protein and a complex of gamma-chain fragment and beta2-microglobulins. There was also a marked improvement in the renal function and a decrease in the proteinuria from 4+ to 1+. The patient relapsed after more than 8 months of response and failed to respond to subsequent treatment with cytoxan and cytosine arabinoside. However, the efficacy of standard myeloma therapy was clearly apparent in this case of plasma cell leukemia.", "contents": "Plasma cell leukemia: response to conventional myeloma therapy. A 76-year-old man with plasma cell leukemia was treated with L-phenylalanine mustard and prednisone (CLGB 7461). There was good partial remission of the plasma cell disease characterized by disappearance of the plasma cells in the peripheral blood, reduction of plasma cells in the marrow aspirates to less than 5% of the nucleated hematopoietic cells, a reduction in the serum monoclonal IgG from 7.6 to 2 gms/100 ml, and the disappearance of urinary monoclonal IgG, Bence-Jones protein and a complex of gamma-chain fragment and beta2-microglobulins. There was also a marked improvement in the renal function and a decrease in the proteinuria from 4+ to 1+. The patient relapsed after more than 8 months of response and failed to respond to subsequent treatment with cytoxan and cytosine arabinoside. However, the efficacy of standard myeloma therapy was clearly apparent in this case of plasma cell leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:272435", "title": "Metabolic changes induced by human growth hormone.", "content": "In man purified human growth hormone shows anti-lipolytic effect and glycolysis is inhibited. The activity of lecithin-cholesterol-acyl-transferase is stimulated. The blood level of certain aminoacids fall.", "contents": "Metabolic changes induced by human growth hormone. In man purified human growth hormone shows anti-lipolytic effect and glycolysis is inhibited. The activity of lecithin-cholesterol-acyl-transferase is stimulated. The blood level of certain aminoacids fall."}
{"id": "PMID:272436", "title": "Interferences and recovery of digitalis glycoside preparations using commercial radioimmunoassay kits for digoxin and digitoxin.", "content": "The authors compare and discuss sensitivity and reproducibility of commercial RIA kits of digoxin and digitoxin commonly used in routine hospital laboratories and in emergency. Cross reactivity and recovery of these kits with different digitalis preparations currently prescribed in medical practice are studied with a view to practical application in patients receiving digitalis glycosides and derivatives.", "contents": "Interferences and recovery of digitalis glycoside preparations using commercial radioimmunoassay kits for digoxin and digitoxin. The authors compare and discuss sensitivity and reproducibility of commercial RIA kits of digoxin and digitoxin commonly used in routine hospital laboratories and in emergency. Cross reactivity and recovery of these kits with different digitalis preparations currently prescribed in medical practice are studied with a view to practical application in patients receiving digitalis glycosides and derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:272437", "title": "Local anesthetics in surgical oral dentistry and in maxillofacial surgery their limits in regard to the cardiovascular system.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of vasopressor substances contained in local anesthetics in dentistry. The results obtained indicate substantial cardiac activity of these anaesthetics, as shown by electrocardiographic (EKG) tracings carried out on patients before and after anesthetization. The vasoconstrictors, adrenaline or noradrenaline, resulted at times in slight cardiac lesions which could not be observed clinically. Careful anamneses could avoid such situations.", "contents": "Local anesthetics in surgical oral dentistry and in maxillofacial surgery their limits in regard to the cardiovascular system. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of vasopressor substances contained in local anesthetics in dentistry. The results obtained indicate substantial cardiac activity of these anaesthetics, as shown by electrocardiographic (EKG) tracings carried out on patients before and after anesthetization. The vasoconstrictors, adrenaline or noradrenaline, resulted at times in slight cardiac lesions which could not be observed clinically. Careful anamneses could avoid such situations."}
{"id": "PMID:272438", "title": "The concept of the sagittal condylar guidance: biological fact or fallacy?", "content": "The clinical concept of a sagittal condylar guidance pertaining to the human temporomandibular joint is discussed in the light of selected studies on the anatomy, radiography and cineradiography of this joint, and clinical attempts at recording a sagittal condylar guidance. It seems as if there is no single and well defined sagittal condylar guidance in vivo, and thus no single and well defined sagittal condylar guidance angle applicable to the adjustable articulator.", "contents": "The concept of the sagittal condylar guidance: biological fact or fallacy? The clinical concept of a sagittal condylar guidance pertaining to the human temporomandibular joint is discussed in the light of selected studies on the anatomy, radiography and cineradiography of this joint, and clinical attempts at recording a sagittal condylar guidance. It seems as if there is no single and well defined sagittal condylar guidance in vivo, and thus no single and well defined sagittal condylar guidance angle applicable to the adjustable articulator."}
{"id": "PMID:272439", "title": "In vitro caries related to marginal leakage around composite resin restorations.", "content": "The histology of caries-like lesions around composite resin restorations with and without marginal leakage has been studied. The lesions were generated from bacterial plaque growing in an in vitro system. Marginal leakage was prevented by an acid etch technique. Ground sections of the experimental teeth were studied by polarized light and microradiography. The caries lesions penetrated along conventional class V restorations with marginal leakage while restorations bonded to an acid etched enamel surface totally prevented this ingrowth.", "contents": "In vitro caries related to marginal leakage around composite resin restorations. The histology of caries-like lesions around composite resin restorations with and without marginal leakage has been studied. The lesions were generated from bacterial plaque growing in an in vitro system. Marginal leakage was prevented by an acid etch technique. Ground sections of the experimental teeth were studied by polarized light and microradiography. The caries lesions penetrated along conventional class V restorations with marginal leakage while restorations bonded to an acid etched enamel surface totally prevented this ingrowth."}
{"id": "PMID:272440", "title": "Mast cells in masseter muscle in experimental bruxism in man.", "content": "Three human subjects performed tooth grinding for 25 min, and after 20 h biopsies of the right and left masseter muscles were examined for their contents of mast cells. In comparison with specimens from a control group of three subjects, there was an increase of degranulating mast cells in muscles that had performed bruxism.", "contents": "Mast cells in masseter muscle in experimental bruxism in man. Three human subjects performed tooth grinding for 25 min, and after 20 h biopsies of the right and left masseter muscles were examined for their contents of mast cells. In comparison with specimens from a control group of three subjects, there was an increase of degranulating mast cells in muscles that had performed bruxism."}
{"id": "PMID:272441", "title": "Gnathosonic monitoring of patients with gnathic dysfunctions.", "content": "The progress of 23 adult patients during treatment for gnathic dysfunctions was monitored by gnathosonic techniques and graphs of the fluctuations in occlusal sound duration were studied. It was concluded that this method gave a useful insight into the progress of patients under treatment and aided the assessment of the effects of treatment.", "contents": "Gnathosonic monitoring of patients with gnathic dysfunctions. The progress of 23 adult patients during treatment for gnathic dysfunctions was monitored by gnathosonic techniques and graphs of the fluctuations in occlusal sound duration were studied. It was concluded that this method gave a useful insight into the progress of patients under treatment and aided the assessment of the effects of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272442", "title": "The development of an artificial saliva for in vitro amalgam corrosion studies.", "content": "Published data, consideration of chemical and physical properties and the requirements of amalgam corrosion testing were used to formulate an artificial saliva. A previously described method was used to determine the relevance of a number of human saliva constituents. Some results of those tests are described. Practical problems are discussed, and necessary further developments outlined. A number of other applications are suggested.", "contents": "The development of an artificial saliva for in vitro amalgam corrosion studies. Published data, consideration of chemical and physical properties and the requirements of amalgam corrosion testing were used to formulate an artificial saliva. A previously described method was used to determine the relevance of a number of human saliva constituents. Some results of those tests are described. Practical problems are discussed, and necessary further developments outlined. A number of other applications are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:272443", "title": "In vitro studies of fluoridated amalgam.", "content": "Four types of fluoridated amalgam were assessed in vitro in terms of fluoride release, corrosion behaviour and compressive strength, and compared with amalgams prepared from the corresponding non-fluoridated alloys. Although corrosion susceptibility was found to be increased, steady release of the fluoride ion was demonstrated over a 16-week period, indicating that fluoridated amalgams might be prophylactically employed in clinical dentistry as a means of overcoming the problem of secondary caries associated with amalgam restorations.", "contents": "In vitro studies of fluoridated amalgam. Four types of fluoridated amalgam were assessed in vitro in terms of fluoride release, corrosion behaviour and compressive strength, and compared with amalgams prepared from the corresponding non-fluoridated alloys. Although corrosion susceptibility was found to be increased, steady release of the fluoride ion was demonstrated over a 16-week period, indicating that fluoridated amalgams might be prophylactically employed in clinical dentistry as a means of overcoming the problem of secondary caries associated with amalgam restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:272444", "title": "Some self-reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in a population in Northern Norway.", "content": "The distribution of a number of self-reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, parafunctions and treatment behaviour was studied by means of a questionnaire answered by 94% of a population group of 358 persons aged 20-69 years in Northern Norway. Nine subjects reported pain from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) when opening their mouth and/or when chewing, while twenty-one subjects had clicking sounds in the TMJ. Seventeen persons had been grinding their teeth during the previous week. Only seven individuals had ever sought medical or dental advice because of TMJ disorder. Tooth grinding and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction were most common in young people, in people with twenty teeth of more and/or in people from high social classes, whereas differences according to sex and income were small. The low frequency of subjective symptoms of TMJ dysfunction and parafunctions in this population was related to demographical, social, dental and methodological influences.", "contents": "Some self-reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in a population in Northern Norway. The distribution of a number of self-reported symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, parafunctions and treatment behaviour was studied by means of a questionnaire answered by 94% of a population group of 358 persons aged 20-69 years in Northern Norway. Nine subjects reported pain from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) when opening their mouth and/or when chewing, while twenty-one subjects had clicking sounds in the TMJ. Seventeen persons had been grinding their teeth during the previous week. Only seven individuals had ever sought medical or dental advice because of TMJ disorder. Tooth grinding and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction were most common in young people, in people with twenty teeth of more and/or in people from high social classes, whereas differences according to sex and income were small. The low frequency of subjective symptoms of TMJ dysfunction and parafunctions in this population was related to demographical, social, dental and methodological influences."}
{"id": "PMID:272445", "title": "Does a temperature gradient exist across the mucogingival junction?", "content": "On the assumption that the colour difference between attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa is accompanied by a temperature difference, twenty subjects with a high standard of oral health were studied. Five points on either side of the mucogingival junction were examined by means of a thermocouple probe. A mean difference amounting to about 2/3 degrees C was found between the surface temperatures of the two structures.", "contents": "Does a temperature gradient exist across the mucogingival junction? On the assumption that the colour difference between attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa is accompanied by a temperature difference, twenty subjects with a high standard of oral health were studied. Five points on either side of the mucogingival junction were examined by means of a thermocouple probe. A mean difference amounting to about 2/3 degrees C was found between the surface temperatures of the two structures."}
{"id": "PMID:272446", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials. I. A method of measuring shear modulus and rigidity during setting.", "content": "A method of measuring torsional shear modulus and rigidity of elastomeric impression materials has been developed and is described. In addition, the changes in viscoelastic properties of these materials during setting are discussed.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials. I. A method of measuring shear modulus and rigidity during setting. A method of measuring torsional shear modulus and rigidity of elastomeric impression materials has been developed and is described. In addition, the changes in viscoelastic properties of these materials during setting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272447", "title": "Horizontal stabilization of upper and lower borders of the comfortable zone.", "content": "Using a screw jack device the upper and lower borders of the comfortable zone were recorded in a two step procedure designed to counteract bias inherent in previous measurements. In these measurements, successively increasing and decreasing values of zonal borders were recorded corresponding to a fully closed or fully opened starting position of the screw. Both of these positions are outside the comfortable zone. The two step procedure used a starting position which was supposed to lie inside the comfortable zone. However, the procedure did not achieve its aim fully. It succeeded only in stabilizing the lower border values. In the discussion hypothetical considerations are made concerning the neurophysiological mechanism underlying recordings of the borders of the comfortable zone, which might explain the differential behaviour of the zonal borders.", "contents": "Horizontal stabilization of upper and lower borders of the comfortable zone. Using a screw jack device the upper and lower borders of the comfortable zone were recorded in a two step procedure designed to counteract bias inherent in previous measurements. In these measurements, successively increasing and decreasing values of zonal borders were recorded corresponding to a fully closed or fully opened starting position of the screw. Both of these positions are outside the comfortable zone. The two step procedure used a starting position which was supposed to lie inside the comfortable zone. However, the procedure did not achieve its aim fully. It succeeded only in stabilizing the lower border values. In the discussion hypothetical considerations are made concerning the neurophysiological mechanism underlying recordings of the borders of the comfortable zone, which might explain the differential behaviour of the zonal borders."}
{"id": "PMID:272448", "title": "Role of mucin and albumin in saline polarization of dental amalgam.", "content": "Studies into the electrochemical nature and corrosion behaviour of dental amalgam have indicated the need for an artificial saliva formula that will accurately simulate the electrochemical properties of natural saliva. Existing formulae have been based on inorganic saliva constituent concentrations, without accurate representation of organic constituents. Albumin and mucin were added to several dilutions of saline solution. The resulting solutions were used as electrolyte at 4 degrees and 37 degrees C for the potentiostatic anodic polarization of conventional amalgam. The presence of albumin and mucin did not appear to alter the major characteristics of corrosion profile. Examination of the current-time transient curves indicated, however, that the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions were delayed. Also, the open circuit potential was observed to shift to more active values with the addition of organic constituents, thereby creating a low current density region in the initial segment of the polarization profile.", "contents": "Role of mucin and albumin in saline polarization of dental amalgam. Studies into the electrochemical nature and corrosion behaviour of dental amalgam have indicated the need for an artificial saliva formula that will accurately simulate the electrochemical properties of natural saliva. Existing formulae have been based on inorganic saliva constituent concentrations, without accurate representation of organic constituents. Albumin and mucin were added to several dilutions of saline solution. The resulting solutions were used as electrolyte at 4 degrees and 37 degrees C for the potentiostatic anodic polarization of conventional amalgam. The presence of albumin and mucin did not appear to alter the major characteristics of corrosion profile. Examination of the current-time transient curves indicated, however, that the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions were delayed. Also, the open circuit potential was observed to shift to more active values with the addition of organic constituents, thereby creating a low current density region in the initial segment of the polarization profile."}
{"id": "PMID:272450", "title": "Conscious sedation with intravenous drugs: a study of amnesia.", "content": "A comparison of amnesia that is produced by two intravenous sedation techniques commonly used to reduce anxiety in ambulatory oral surgery patients showed that both techniques induce high levels of safe, predictable amnesia. More than 200 patients undergoing surgical extraction of third molars were asked to verbally identify visual and cutaneous-tactile stimuli intraoperatively. The patients responded via written questionnaires at the postoperative interview sessions. No retrograde amnesia was observed. Complete amnesia was attained for the local anesthetic injections. Amnesia for visual stimuli was significantly lower than for cutaneous-tactile stimuli. No significant differences in amnesia were observed between the two drug combinations studied.", "contents": "Conscious sedation with intravenous drugs: a study of amnesia. A comparison of amnesia that is produced by two intravenous sedation techniques commonly used to reduce anxiety in ambulatory oral surgery patients showed that both techniques induce high levels of safe, predictable amnesia. More than 200 patients undergoing surgical extraction of third molars were asked to verbally identify visual and cutaneous-tactile stimuli intraoperatively. The patients responded via written questionnaires at the postoperative interview sessions. No retrograde amnesia was observed. Complete amnesia was attained for the local anesthetic injections. Amnesia for visual stimuli was significantly lower than for cutaneous-tactile stimuli. No significant differences in amnesia were observed between the two drug combinations studied."}
{"id": "PMID:272451", "title": "Reversible skeletal muscle damage after administration of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine.", "content": "Local anesthetic preparations with and without epinephrine, which are in common clinical use, produced reversible skeletal muscle damage in the rat after a single local administration. In addition, epinephrine alone, in concentrations of more than 1:200,000, caused similar but less extensive damage.", "contents": "Reversible skeletal muscle damage after administration of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine. Local anesthetic preparations with and without epinephrine, which are in common clinical use, produced reversible skeletal muscle damage in the rat after a single local administration. In addition, epinephrine alone, in concentrations of more than 1:200,000, caused similar but less extensive damage."}
{"id": "PMID:272452", "title": "Microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) as a hemostatic agent in experimental oral wounds.", "content": "In dogs with experimentally created oral wounds, Avitene proved to be superior to Gelfoam or Surgicel as a topical hemostatic agent. No postoperative problems were encountered. All sites healed equally well and there was no discernible histological difference between results with Avitene and with the other agents.", "contents": "Microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) as a hemostatic agent in experimental oral wounds. In dogs with experimentally created oral wounds, Avitene proved to be superior to Gelfoam or Surgicel as a topical hemostatic agent. No postoperative problems were encountered. All sites healed equally well and there was no discernible histological difference between results with Avitene and with the other agents."}
{"id": "PMID:272454", "title": "Surgical correction of macroglossia in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have been reported. The children were large at birth and had an umbilical defect and macroglossia. After considering several alternatives, the elliptical (modified Butlin-Handley), U-shaped excision was used in case 1 for the following reasons: symmetry and minimal disturbance of muscle attachment, reduction of thickness without reduction of width, and reduction in length of the tongue. Use of the V-shaped excision proved most advantageous in the second case where length, rather than thickness, was the only problem. It was hoped that partial glossectomy at an early age might help circumvent the attendant sequelae of macroglossia in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.", "contents": "Surgical correction of macroglossia in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Two cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have been reported. The children were large at birth and had an umbilical defect and macroglossia. After considering several alternatives, the elliptical (modified Butlin-Handley), U-shaped excision was used in case 1 for the following reasons: symmetry and minimal disturbance of muscle attachment, reduction of thickness without reduction of width, and reduction in length of the tongue. Use of the V-shaped excision proved most advantageous in the second case where length, rather than thickness, was the only problem. It was hoped that partial glossectomy at an early age might help circumvent the attendant sequelae of macroglossia in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:272455", "title": "Combined surgical and orthodontic management of anterior open bite using corticotomy.", "content": "Two cases of dentoalveolar abnormality have been presented that were treated successfully in a relatively short time by using the combined efforts of the oral surgeon and orthodontist. Although corticotomy has limited applications, it has a place in the armamentarium of the orthognathic surgeon.", "contents": "Combined surgical and orthodontic management of anterior open bite using corticotomy. Two cases of dentoalveolar abnormality have been presented that were treated successfully in a relatively short time by using the combined efforts of the oral surgeon and orthodontist. Although corticotomy has limited applications, it has a place in the armamentarium of the orthognathic surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:272456", "title": "Resorption of the zygomatic arch after elevation of a depressed fracture and subsequent osteomyelitis: report of case.", "content": "A case of osteomyelitis of the zygomatic arch with complete resorption has been presented. The cause of osteomyelitis of the facial bones was discussed. Infection of the soft tissue after intraoral elevation of fractured zygomas does occur, but rarely leads to osteomyelitis and subsequent bony resorption of the underlying bone. Antibiotics have reduced the incidence of osteomyelitic infections in the past 20 years; however, a vigorous regimen of preoperative and postoperative attention to aseptic technique, proper antibiotics, and close follow-up is required to control these problems.", "contents": "Resorption of the zygomatic arch after elevation of a depressed fracture and subsequent osteomyelitis: report of case. A case of osteomyelitis of the zygomatic arch with complete resorption has been presented. The cause of osteomyelitis of the facial bones was discussed. Infection of the soft tissue after intraoral elevation of fractured zygomas does occur, but rarely leads to osteomyelitis and subsequent bony resorption of the underlying bone. Antibiotics have reduced the incidence of osteomyelitic infections in the past 20 years; however, a vigorous regimen of preoperative and postoperative attention to aseptic technique, proper antibiotics, and close follow-up is required to control these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:272457", "title": "Malignant lymphoma and salivary obstruction.", "content": "Salivary obstruction may result from growth of a malignant tumor in the vicinity of the salivary gland, as well as result from sialolithiasis. Lymphomas of all types, including Hodgkin disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma frequently are diagnosed in the region of the head and neck. The biopsy of a suspected tumor should be done by multiple needle biopsies. Open biopsies should be avoided to prevent seeding and spreading. When the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma is made, the tumor must be classified histologically and the extent of disease must be determined and staged for proper treatment. Treatment should consist of radiation and chemotherapy. Surgery is of little value. Malignant lymphomas usually are disseminated widely and end fatally.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma and salivary obstruction. Salivary obstruction may result from growth of a malignant tumor in the vicinity of the salivary gland, as well as result from sialolithiasis. Lymphomas of all types, including Hodgkin disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma frequently are diagnosed in the region of the head and neck. The biopsy of a suspected tumor should be done by multiple needle biopsies. Open biopsies should be avoided to prevent seeding and spreading. When the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma is made, the tumor must be classified histologically and the extent of disease must be determined and staged for proper treatment. Treatment should consist of radiation and chemotherapy. Surgery is of little value. Malignant lymphomas usually are disseminated widely and end fatally."}
{"id": "PMID:272458", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of chondrosarcoma of the mandible in a 69-year-old man has been reported. The patient was treated by radical surgery (hemimandibulectomy) and he was alive 54 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the mandible: report of case. A case of chondrosarcoma of the mandible in a 69-year-old man has been reported. The patient was treated by radical surgery (hemimandibulectomy) and he was alive 54 months postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:272460", "title": "Orbital decompression and infraorbital augmentation for correction of exophthalmos secondary to Cruzon disease.", "content": "Facial deformity secondary to Crouzon disease may include exophthalmos and midfacial hypoplasia. If there is no dental malocclusion, treatment may consist of transantral orbital decompression and infraorbital augmentation with custom-made Silastic implants.", "contents": "Orbital decompression and infraorbital augmentation for correction of exophthalmos secondary to Cruzon disease. Facial deformity secondary to Crouzon disease may include exophthalmos and midfacial hypoplasia. If there is no dental malocclusion, treatment may consist of transantral orbital decompression and infraorbital augmentation with custom-made Silastic implants."}
{"id": "PMID:272461", "title": "Dentists' perceptions of their patients relation to quality of care.", "content": "This study investigates dentists' perceptions of their patients and the relation of these perceptions to measures of actual quality of restorative treatment. The results indicate that 1) though the dentists see their patients as \"cooperative,\" they perceived a substantial number of \"problems,\" i.e., willingness to pay for optimal care or follow professional recommendations; and 2) there are significant associations between dentists' perceptions of patients and measures of the quality of restorative treatments; higher quality scores were associated with perceptions of a more cooperative patient.", "contents": "Dentists' perceptions of their patients relation to quality of care. This study investigates dentists' perceptions of their patients and the relation of these perceptions to measures of actual quality of restorative treatment. The results indicate that 1) though the dentists see their patients as \"cooperative,\" they perceived a substantial number of \"problems,\" i.e., willingness to pay for optimal care or follow professional recommendations; and 2) there are significant associations between dentists' perceptions of patients and measures of the quality of restorative treatments; higher quality scores were associated with perceptions of a more cooperative patient."}
{"id": "PMID:272463", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in a dental school patient population.", "content": "A sample of 300 adult patients accepted for initial treatment between January 5th and 24th, 1977 at the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry had blood samples drawn and analyzed by radioimmunoassay+ for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Two patients were positive for HBSAg (a prevalence of .67 percent. Medical questionnaire information obtained from each participant indicated that 11 patients had had hepatitis; seven were confirmed by the patients' private physicians. Both patients positive for HBSAg gave confirmed histories of having had hepatitis. The information gathered tends to indicate that dental patients who give a history of hepatitis should have a blood sample drawn and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for HBSAg to determine whether they are carriers of HBSAg. This analysis should precede any dental treatment. Further studies are planned to obtain information from another sample population.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in a dental school patient population. A sample of 300 adult patients accepted for initial treatment between January 5th and 24th, 1977 at the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry had blood samples drawn and analyzed by radioimmunoassay+ for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Two patients were positive for HBSAg (a prevalence of .67 percent. Medical questionnaire information obtained from each participant indicated that 11 patients had had hepatitis; seven were confirmed by the patients' private physicians. Both patients positive for HBSAg gave confirmed histories of having had hepatitis. The information gathered tends to indicate that dental patients who give a history of hepatitis should have a blood sample drawn and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for HBSAg to determine whether they are carriers of HBSAg. This analysis should precede any dental treatment. Further studies are planned to obtain information from another sample population."}
{"id": "PMID:272468", "title": "Destruction of circulating leukemia cells by phagocytosis in rats with myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Acute myelogenous leukemia was induced in outbred Long-Evans rats by iv injections of leukemia cells from a subcutaneous tumor of Shay myelogenous leukemia. In rats with this leukemia the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts varied from 2.4 to 700 X 10(9)/liter. No differences were found in the bone marrow of the rats with the high WBC counts and that of rats with low WBC counts. This observation could explain the large variations in the number of circulating leukemia cells caused by differences in cell proliferation or delivery of cells into the circulation. Massive phagocytosis of leukemia cells occurred in animals with low WBC counts (less than 12 X 10(9)/liter) but not in animals with high WBC counts (greater than 150 X 10(9)/liter). This phagocytosis was directed against circulating leukemia cells. The main phagocytes were Kupffer's cells of the liver and macrophages of the spleen parenchyma. In addition, phagocytosis occurred in the spleens and bone marrow by intravascular macrophages, which were derived from extravascular sites. The endothelium of the postcapillary venules of the lymph nodes participated in the phagocytosis of circulating leukemia cells while continuing to be the locus of lymphocytic return from circulation to lymphatic parenchyma. The factors underlying the differences in macrophage activity between the rats with high and low WBC counts were unknown.", "contents": "Destruction of circulating leukemia cells by phagocytosis in rats with myelogenous leukemia. Acute myelogenous leukemia was induced in outbred Long-Evans rats by iv injections of leukemia cells from a subcutaneous tumor of Shay myelogenous leukemia. In rats with this leukemia the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts varied from 2.4 to 700 X 10(9)/liter. No differences were found in the bone marrow of the rats with the high WBC counts and that of rats with low WBC counts. This observation could explain the large variations in the number of circulating leukemia cells caused by differences in cell proliferation or delivery of cells into the circulation. Massive phagocytosis of leukemia cells occurred in animals with low WBC counts (less than 12 X 10(9)/liter) but not in animals with high WBC counts (greater than 150 X 10(9)/liter). This phagocytosis was directed against circulating leukemia cells. The main phagocytes were Kupffer's cells of the liver and macrophages of the spleen parenchyma. In addition, phagocytosis occurred in the spleens and bone marrow by intravascular macrophages, which were derived from extravascular sites. The endothelium of the postcapillary venules of the lymph nodes participated in the phagocytosis of circulating leukemia cells while continuing to be the locus of lymphocytic return from circulation to lymphatic parenchyma. The factors underlying the differences in macrophage activity between the rats with high and low WBC counts were unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:272470", "title": "Antitumor activity of interferon against murine osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro.", "content": "Murine interferon inhibited the growth of a continuous line of osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) cells in tissue culture. Inhibition of tumor cell growth by interferon was demonstrated by: a) decreased colony formation in soft agar, b) suppression of clone formation in liquid medium, and c) reduction of tumor cell counts in monolayer cultures. This inhibition of cell growth was further documented by suppression of [3H]thymidine uptake by OGS cells exposed to interferon, which suggested inhibition of DNA synthesis of tumor cells. Exposure of tumor cells for 4 hours, 24 hours, and 2,3,4,6, and 8 days demonstrated greater activity with prolonged exposure to interferon. Inhibition of cell growth was significantly greater for OGS cells than for normal mouse embryo fibroblasts. Finally, the antitumor activity of the interferon preparation could be reversed by anti-interferon antibody.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of interferon against murine osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro. Murine interferon inhibited the growth of a continuous line of osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) cells in tissue culture. Inhibition of tumor cell growth by interferon was demonstrated by: a) decreased colony formation in soft agar, b) suppression of clone formation in liquid medium, and c) reduction of tumor cell counts in monolayer cultures. This inhibition of cell growth was further documented by suppression of [3H]thymidine uptake by OGS cells exposed to interferon, which suggested inhibition of DNA synthesis of tumor cells. Exposure of tumor cells for 4 hours, 24 hours, and 2,3,4,6, and 8 days demonstrated greater activity with prolonged exposure to interferon. Inhibition of cell growth was significantly greater for OGS cells than for normal mouse embryo fibroblasts. Finally, the antitumor activity of the interferon preparation could be reversed by anti-interferon antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:272473", "title": "Atypical pyoderma gangrenosum with leukemia.", "content": "Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) has been increasingly reported in association with myeloproliferative disorders. Monoclonal gammaopathy, myeloma, myeloid metaplasia, and polycythemia have all been found in association with PG. Recently, seven cases of PG in association with leukemia have been described: three cases with acute myeloblastic leukemia, two cases with chronic myelogenous leukemia, one case with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one case with acute leukemia of either plasma cell or myeloblast origin. To these we add two cases of PG with acute myeloblastic leukemia. These patients often have an atypical clinical presentation for PG, with bullae and relatively superficial involvement obscuring the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Atypical pyoderma gangrenosum with leukemia. Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) has been increasingly reported in association with myeloproliferative disorders. Monoclonal gammaopathy, myeloma, myeloid metaplasia, and polycythemia have all been found in association with PG. Recently, seven cases of PG in association with leukemia have been described: three cases with acute myeloblastic leukemia, two cases with chronic myelogenous leukemia, one case with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one case with acute leukemia of either plasma cell or myeloblast origin. To these we add two cases of PG with acute myeloblastic leukemia. These patients often have an atypical clinical presentation for PG, with bullae and relatively superficial involvement obscuring the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:272477", "title": "[Enzyme activities in platelets of different specific gravity in thrombocytosis of various etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelets of patients with thrombocytosis following splenectomy, in chronic granulocytic leukaemia and in polycythaemia vera were separated into five fractions by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll density gradient. Platelet volume, content of protein and enzyme activities of lactic dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were distinctly higher for the three groups in the heavy fraction IV compared with the light fraction I. With regard to the platelet volume, however, these differences were compensated almost completely like in the normal persons.", "contents": "[Enzyme activities in platelets of different specific gravity in thrombocytosis of various etiology (author's transl)]. Platelets of patients with thrombocytosis following splenectomy, in chronic granulocytic leukaemia and in polycythaemia vera were separated into five fractions by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll density gradient. Platelet volume, content of protein and enzyme activities of lactic dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were distinctly higher for the three groups in the heavy fraction IV compared with the light fraction I. With regard to the platelet volume, however, these differences were compensated almost completely like in the normal persons."}
{"id": "PMID:272481", "title": "Preselective sex determination.", "content": "Preselective sex determination in ten consecutive pregnancies has been achieved by means of strict control over timing and technique of coitus which was combined with acidic or alkaline douching. Eight female and two male babies were born.", "contents": "Preselective sex determination. Preselective sex determination in ten consecutive pregnancies has been achieved by means of strict control over timing and technique of coitus which was combined with acidic or alkaline douching. Eight female and two male babies were born."}
{"id": "PMID:272483", "title": "Therapeutic leukopheresis of acute myelo-monocytic leukemia in pregnancy.", "content": "Cytopheresis techniques have proven useful in the provision of platelets and granulocytes for transfusion to the pancytopenic patient. Mechanical cell removal has been applied to the treatment of chronic myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemias and the Sezary syndrome. We have treated a 16-year-old pregnant acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) patient for 12 weeks solely with the use of intensive leukopheresis utilizing batch processing centrifugation and packed red cell transfusions. The patient presented with a white blood cell count of 54,000/mm3 with 64% myelomonoblasts, a platelet count of 45,000/mm3, marked gingival hyperplasia, and splenomegaly. Patient had a normal spontaneous delivery of a 2.5-kg male infant without complications. At the time of delivery, 12 weeks later, the white blood count had fallen to 4,9000/mm3 with 8% blasts and the platelet count had risen to over 100,000/mm3. Gingival hyperplasia decreased and the patient felt well. We have treated an additional small group of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with high white counts with short term intensive leukopheresis followed by chemotherapy with promising results.", "contents": "Therapeutic leukopheresis of acute myelo-monocytic leukemia in pregnancy. Cytopheresis techniques have proven useful in the provision of platelets and granulocytes for transfusion to the pancytopenic patient. Mechanical cell removal has been applied to the treatment of chronic myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemias and the Sezary syndrome. We have treated a 16-year-old pregnant acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) patient for 12 weeks solely with the use of intensive leukopheresis utilizing batch processing centrifugation and packed red cell transfusions. The patient presented with a white blood cell count of 54,000/mm3 with 64% myelomonoblasts, a platelet count of 45,000/mm3, marked gingival hyperplasia, and splenomegaly. Patient had a normal spontaneous delivery of a 2.5-kg male infant without complications. At the time of delivery, 12 weeks later, the white blood count had fallen to 4,9000/mm3 with 8% blasts and the platelet count had risen to over 100,000/mm3. Gingival hyperplasia decreased and the patient felt well. We have treated an additional small group of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with high white counts with short term intensive leukopheresis followed by chemotherapy with promising results."}
{"id": "PMID:272486", "title": "[Results and problems in the treatment of childhood leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "391 children received complex chemotherapy according to uniform treatment schedules, proposed by the Hungarian Study Group for Childhood Leukaemia, which was established in 1971. Survival among the patients showed an increasing tendency: more than 50% of patients with ALL are stille alive 3 years after the beginning of treatment. One patient is in complete remission 9 3/4 years after the establishment of the diagnosis. Two types of maintenance therapy were investigated among the patients entered for this study in 1974. \"Pulses\" with Vincristine-Prednisolone every second month were found to be more optimal than monthly \"pulses\".", "contents": "[Results and problems in the treatment of childhood leukaemia (author's transl)]. 391 children received complex chemotherapy according to uniform treatment schedules, proposed by the Hungarian Study Group for Childhood Leukaemia, which was established in 1971. Survival among the patients showed an increasing tendency: more than 50% of patients with ALL are stille alive 3 years after the beginning of treatment. One patient is in complete remission 9 3/4 years after the establishment of the diagnosis. Two types of maintenance therapy were investigated among the patients entered for this study in 1974. \"Pulses\" with Vincristine-Prednisolone every second month were found to be more optimal than monthly \"pulses\"."}
{"id": "PMID:272491", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: clinical and genetic studies in a midwestern city.", "content": "Clinical and genetic observations of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were carried out on members of 14 families from the Minneapolis area. An unusual number of the families were of Jewish and other Eastern European ancestry, and in all but one of these families multiple members were affected. These observations parallel our earlier findings based on 21 families from the New York City area. Together with recent evidence indicating relative instability of a specific enzyme in some patients, these observations suggest that there is a genetically determined form of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: clinical and genetic studies in a midwestern city. Clinical and genetic observations of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were carried out on members of 14 families from the Minneapolis area. An unusual number of the families were of Jewish and other Eastern European ancestry, and in all but one of these families multiple members were affected. These observations parallel our earlier findings based on 21 families from the New York City area. Together with recent evidence indicating relative instability of a specific enzyme in some patients, these observations suggest that there is a genetically determined form of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:272508", "title": "How accessible are physicians? Some findings and implications of the changing distribution of general practitioners in three New Zealand cities.", "content": "An understanding of the changing distribution of general practitioners within urban areas is considered necessary as a first step towards understanding the problems of developing primary care services. Both the distribution of general practitioners and the pattern of change 1966 to 1974 are analysed for three urban centres: Auckland, Wellington-Hutt and Christchurch. Results indicate that newer suburbs are less well served than either established neighbourhoods or areas of high socio-economic status. In addition, non-European areas were found to be disadvantaged. It is suggested that two particular strategies are required to promote change: (a) the development of an information system for primary care, and (b) some organisational framework within which primary care services can develop.", "contents": "How accessible are physicians? Some findings and implications of the changing distribution of general practitioners in three New Zealand cities. An understanding of the changing distribution of general practitioners within urban areas is considered necessary as a first step towards understanding the problems of developing primary care services. Both the distribution of general practitioners and the pattern of change 1966 to 1974 are analysed for three urban centres: Auckland, Wellington-Hutt and Christchurch. Results indicate that newer suburbs are less well served than either established neighbourhoods or areas of high socio-economic status. In addition, non-European areas were found to be disadvantaged. It is suggested that two particular strategies are required to promote change: (a) the development of an information system for primary care, and (b) some organisational framework within which primary care services can develop."}
{"id": "PMID:272509", "title": "Accidental paraquat poisonings.", "content": "Three accidental deaths due to ingestion of paraquat are described. There is as yet no proven effective treatment once significant absorption has taken place. A short review of clinical features and recommended treatment is presented.", "contents": "Accidental paraquat poisonings. Three accidental deaths due to ingestion of paraquat are described. There is as yet no proven effective treatment once significant absorption has taken place. A short review of clinical features and recommended treatment is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:272510", "title": "Skin infections in Kaimai Rail Tunnel construction workers.", "content": "Skin lesions in Kaimai Rail Tunnel workers were noted to respond poorly to treatment and investigations revealed that this was because the lesions were either gram-negative infections or Trichophyton rubrum infections.", "contents": "Skin infections in Kaimai Rail Tunnel construction workers. Skin lesions in Kaimai Rail Tunnel workers were noted to respond poorly to treatment and investigations revealed that this was because the lesions were either gram-negative infections or Trichophyton rubrum infections."}
{"id": "PMID:272511", "title": "Hereditary angio-oedema.", "content": "A family with three affected but only two symptomatic members with angio-oedema is described. One had potentially life threatening dental treatment at presentation while the other had inexplicable gastro-intestinal disease.", "contents": "Hereditary angio-oedema. A family with three affected but only two symptomatic members with angio-oedema is described. One had potentially life threatening dental treatment at presentation while the other had inexplicable gastro-intestinal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:272516", "title": "Asymptomatic gonorrhoea in males.", "content": "Over a 21 month period at Cook Hospital nine patients, or 10% of diagnosed cases of gonorrhoea in men were asymptomatic. The importance of this group in maintaining a reservoir of infection is noted. About half of these patients have been treated inadequately for gonorrhoea and the importance of post-treatment cultures and urine checks is stressed. Penicillin by injection is still the best method of treatment.", "contents": "Asymptomatic gonorrhoea in males. Over a 21 month period at Cook Hospital nine patients, or 10% of diagnosed cases of gonorrhoea in men were asymptomatic. The importance of this group in maintaining a reservoir of infection is noted. About half of these patients have been treated inadequately for gonorrhoea and the importance of post-treatment cultures and urine checks is stressed. Penicillin by injection is still the best method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272517", "title": "Cholestyramine in the treatment of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis: a case report.", "content": "A patient with antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis (A-PMC) is described in whom there was a dramatic response to the administration of cholestyramine. Although it is not clear why cholestyramine should be beneficial, its use should be considered whenever the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis is entertained.", "contents": "Cholestyramine in the treatment of antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis: a case report. A patient with antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis (A-PMC) is described in whom there was a dramatic response to the administration of cholestyramine. Although it is not clear why cholestyramine should be beneficial, its use should be considered whenever the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis is entertained."}
{"id": "PMID:272521", "title": "A model to integrate hospital board and health office functions at district level.", "content": "Proposals to integrate the administrative responsibilities of a hospital board and a district health office, are described. Relevant literature advocating the combination of some of the operational functions of these two agencies is reviewed, as is the situation in the Gisborne district as it was at the time that the proposals were formulated. Possible constraints that may obstruct the implementation of the proposals are also discussed, and the need for empowering legislation to allow further development to proceed is emphasised.", "contents": "A model to integrate hospital board and health office functions at district level. Proposals to integrate the administrative responsibilities of a hospital board and a district health office, are described. Relevant literature advocating the combination of some of the operational functions of these two agencies is reviewed, as is the situation in the Gisborne district as it was at the time that the proposals were formulated. Possible constraints that may obstruct the implementation of the proposals are also discussed, and the need for empowering legislation to allow further development to proceed is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:272528", "title": "Why educate the diabetic?", "content": "There is a need for better education of diabetics. This leads to better quality care by the patient, and better quality of care by health professionals. Economic advantages of patient education are discussed.", "contents": "Why educate the diabetic? There is a need for better education of diabetics. This leads to better quality care by the patient, and better quality of care by health professionals. Economic advantages of patient education are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272529", "title": "The needs of the intellectually handicapped.", "content": "There are about 10 000 intellectually handicapped people in New Zealand. Most are fit, healthy, mobile adults with individual needs and the same rights as other citizens. Most can be trained to live semi-independent lives, living within the community in family-type homes, flats or small hostels, provided properly organised and efficient community based support services are developed. A minority present major problems in behaviour, or lack mobility, or are multi-handicapped and require permanent institutional care. Such institutions should be small and located in the community that they serve. There is a need for action, not words, in developing the provisions for the intellectually handicapped in our community.", "contents": "The needs of the intellectually handicapped. There are about 10 000 intellectually handicapped people in New Zealand. Most are fit, healthy, mobile adults with individual needs and the same rights as other citizens. Most can be trained to live semi-independent lives, living within the community in family-type homes, flats or small hostels, provided properly organised and efficient community based support services are developed. A minority present major problems in behaviour, or lack mobility, or are multi-handicapped and require permanent institutional care. Such institutions should be small and located in the community that they serve. There is a need for action, not words, in developing the provisions for the intellectually handicapped in our community."}
{"id": "PMID:272532", "title": "Child health revisited.", "content": "Much discussion has taken place over the recently published mortality statistics for infants and young children. These statistics are critically examined and conclusions reached. Suggestions with regard to the improving of Child Health Services are made.", "contents": "Child health revisited. Much discussion has taken place over the recently published mortality statistics for infants and young children. These statistics are critically examined and conclusions reached. Suggestions with regard to the improving of Child Health Services are made."}
{"id": "PMID:272534", "title": "Echovirus 19 outbreak in Auckland 1975-76.", "content": "An epidemic of echovirus 19 infection in Auckland, New Zealand, during the summer of 1975-76 is reported. Echovirus 19 was recovered from 33 patients, 70 percent of whom had upper respiratory tract involvement, 55 percent presented with meningitis and 33 percent exhibited a rash. Gastroenteritis was diagnosed in 9 percent. Various clinical syndrome combinations were common. The overall male to female ratio was one. Infants younger than six months were more seriously affected than older patients.", "contents": "Echovirus 19 outbreak in Auckland 1975-76. An epidemic of echovirus 19 infection in Auckland, New Zealand, during the summer of 1975-76 is reported. Echovirus 19 was recovered from 33 patients, 70 percent of whom had upper respiratory tract involvement, 55 percent presented with meningitis and 33 percent exhibited a rash. Gastroenteritis was diagnosed in 9 percent. Various clinical syndrome combinations were common. The overall male to female ratio was one. Infants younger than six months were more seriously affected than older patients."}
{"id": "PMID:272535", "title": "Community health screening in Taumarunui.", "content": "Males and females 30 years and over were invited to participate in a community health screening project. Thirty percent of the target population did so. They were questioned on personal and family medical history, smoking and drinking habits and occupation. Height, weight, blood pressure and ECG were recorded. Haemoglobin, blood sugar, cholesterol and uric acid were analysed. Overweight, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were common. About one third of males and females smoked but 23 percent of males had given up smoking at the time of the survey.", "contents": "Community health screening in Taumarunui. Males and females 30 years and over were invited to participate in a community health screening project. Thirty percent of the target population did so. They were questioned on personal and family medical history, smoking and drinking habits and occupation. Height, weight, blood pressure and ECG were recorded. Haemoglobin, blood sugar, cholesterol and uric acid were analysed. Overweight, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were common. About one third of males and females smoked but 23 percent of males had given up smoking at the time of the survey."}
{"id": "PMID:272536", "title": "A prospective study into thyroid disease in a geriatric unit.", "content": "A prospective study of thyroid disease in 229 consecutive admissions to a geriatric rehabilitation ward are described. The overall prevalence of thyroid disease in this study was 6.98 percent. It was noted that clinical assessment and thyroid function in the elderly in this study were poorly correlated. The routine use of thyroid function tests in elderly people to detect cases of untreated and undetected thyroid disease is recommended.", "contents": "A prospective study into thyroid disease in a geriatric unit. A prospective study of thyroid disease in 229 consecutive admissions to a geriatric rehabilitation ward are described. The overall prevalence of thyroid disease in this study was 6.98 percent. It was noted that clinical assessment and thyroid function in the elderly in this study were poorly correlated. The routine use of thyroid function tests in elderly people to detect cases of untreated and undetected thyroid disease is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:272537", "title": "The treatment and prevention of chronic otorrhoea in the Northland health district.", "content": "The operation of a mobile ear clinic within the school medical service in Northland is described. The major justification for the use of a sophisticated unit lies in the opportunity which it affords for the education of children and adults on aural health. The higher costs of treatment may well be more than offset by the long-term benefits resulting from increased awareness and better understanding in our population on the causation of supporative otitis media.", "contents": "The treatment and prevention of chronic otorrhoea in the Northland health district. The operation of a mobile ear clinic within the school medical service in Northland is described. The major justification for the use of a sophisticated unit lies in the opportunity which it affords for the education of children and adults on aural health. The higher costs of treatment may well be more than offset by the long-term benefits resulting from increased awareness and better understanding in our population on the causation of supporative otitis media."}
{"id": "PMID:272538", "title": "Urinary fibrin degradation products in childhood acute nephritis.", "content": "Fourteen children with acute post-streptococcal nephritis had daily measurements of urine fibrin degradation products (FDP) excretion during the acute phase of their illness. The amount of FDP excreted daily varied greatly but a general decrease occurred as other parameters showed resolution of the illness. Some children showed no increase in FDP output. We feel, however, this test may help in monitoring the progress of this illness in certain patients. Fibrin degradation products (FDP) are excreted in the urine in many forms of glomerulonephritis (Clarkson and others, 1971). The origin of the FDP is renal and not filtrated from the blood (Ekberg, Pandolfi, 1975). Clarkson further showed that in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis there is a cessation of FDP excretion at the time of clinical recovery. We have studied a group of children with acute post-streptococcal nephritis in order to further assess the extent and possible value of daily FDP estimations in the management of patients during the acute phase of the disease.", "contents": "Urinary fibrin degradation products in childhood acute nephritis. Fourteen children with acute post-streptococcal nephritis had daily measurements of urine fibrin degradation products (FDP) excretion during the acute phase of their illness. The amount of FDP excreted daily varied greatly but a general decrease occurred as other parameters showed resolution of the illness. Some children showed no increase in FDP output. We feel, however, this test may help in monitoring the progress of this illness in certain patients. Fibrin degradation products (FDP) are excreted in the urine in many forms of glomerulonephritis (Clarkson and others, 1971). The origin of the FDP is renal and not filtrated from the blood (Ekberg, Pandolfi, 1975). Clarkson further showed that in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis there is a cessation of FDP excretion at the time of clinical recovery. We have studied a group of children with acute post-streptococcal nephritis in order to further assess the extent and possible value of daily FDP estimations in the management of patients during the acute phase of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:272546", "title": "Sjogren's syndrome in SLE: Part I. The frequency of the clinical and subclinical features of Sjogren's syndrome in patients with SLE.", "content": "Clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome were found in 31 percent of 32 patients with SLE. Eight patients had features of KCS while four had xerostomia. Subclinical abnormalities were found in six other patients tested with sialography and labial salivary gland biopsy and there were abnormalities in 65 percent of SLE patients in whom labial salivary gland biopsy was performed. The prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon and renal disease in SLE patients with and without Sjogren's syndrome were similar but four of the five patients with SLE and an erosive arthritis had symptomatic Sjogren's syndrome.", "contents": "Sjogren's syndrome in SLE: Part I. The frequency of the clinical and subclinical features of Sjogren's syndrome in patients with SLE. Clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome were found in 31 percent of 32 patients with SLE. Eight patients had features of KCS while four had xerostomia. Subclinical abnormalities were found in six other patients tested with sialography and labial salivary gland biopsy and there were abnormalities in 65 percent of SLE patients in whom labial salivary gland biopsy was performed. The prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon and renal disease in SLE patients with and without Sjogren's syndrome were similar but four of the five patients with SLE and an erosive arthritis had symptomatic Sjogren's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:272547", "title": "Sjogren's syndrome in SLE: Part 2. An examination of the clinical significance of Sjogren's syndrome by comparison of its frequency in typical and atypical forms of SLE, overlap syndromes and scleroderma.", "content": "The clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome were found in 24 percent of Glasgow patients with SLE without other atypical features. Sjogren's syndrome was found in one (13 percent) of a group of eight patients with features of both SLE and scleroderma, one of three patients with features of both polymyositis and scleroderma and in three of 12 (25 percent) patients with scleroderma. The highest frequency of Sjogren's syndrome was seen in six patients with features of SLE and an erosive polyarthritis, five of whom (83 percent) had Sjogren's syndrome. In patients satisfying diagnostic criteria for SLE no relationship between the presence of Sjogren's and the presence or absence of renal disease was found.", "contents": "Sjogren's syndrome in SLE: Part 2. An examination of the clinical significance of Sjogren's syndrome by comparison of its frequency in typical and atypical forms of SLE, overlap syndromes and scleroderma. The clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome were found in 24 percent of Glasgow patients with SLE without other atypical features. Sjogren's syndrome was found in one (13 percent) of a group of eight patients with features of both SLE and scleroderma, one of three patients with features of both polymyositis and scleroderma and in three of 12 (25 percent) patients with scleroderma. The highest frequency of Sjogren's syndrome was seen in six patients with features of SLE and an erosive polyarthritis, five of whom (83 percent) had Sjogren's syndrome. In patients satisfying diagnostic criteria for SLE no relationship between the presence of Sjogren's and the presence or absence of renal disease was found."}
{"id": "PMID:272548", "title": "Vitamin C status of elderly men in a residential home.", "content": "The vitamin C status of 35 men, over 70 years of age from a residential home has been studied by measuring the plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels and by assessing the intake of vitamin C. The mean plasma vitamin C level of the group was 16 +/- 15 mumol/l which was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than that of a similar group of elderly men living alone (26 +/- 20 mumol/l). The mean leucocyte vitamin C levels of the two groups did not differ significantly. Twenty-nine (83 percent) of the institution group had plasma vitamin C levels below 23 mumol/l and 13 men (37 percent) had leucocyte vitamin C levels below 10 microgram/10(8)WBC. The residents who supplemented the institution diet with their own fresh fruit supplies had higher plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels than the men who did not (P less than 0.01). Some clinical signs possible related to vitamin C deficiency were recorded but these could not later be statistically related to either plasma or leucocyte vitamin C levels. A case is made for vitamin C supplementation of puddings in institutional meals for the elderly.", "contents": "Vitamin C status of elderly men in a residential home. The vitamin C status of 35 men, over 70 years of age from a residential home has been studied by measuring the plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels and by assessing the intake of vitamin C. The mean plasma vitamin C level of the group was 16 +/- 15 mumol/l which was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than that of a similar group of elderly men living alone (26 +/- 20 mumol/l). The mean leucocyte vitamin C levels of the two groups did not differ significantly. Twenty-nine (83 percent) of the institution group had plasma vitamin C levels below 23 mumol/l and 13 men (37 percent) had leucocyte vitamin C levels below 10 microgram/10(8)WBC. The residents who supplemented the institution diet with their own fresh fruit supplies had higher plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels than the men who did not (P less than 0.01). Some clinical signs possible related to vitamin C deficiency were recorded but these could not later be statistically related to either plasma or leucocyte vitamin C levels. A case is made for vitamin C supplementation of puddings in institutional meals for the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:272549", "title": "The clinical significance of low urine oestriol values.", "content": "Urine oestriol values from 327 pregnancies with antenatal complications were measured between 30 weeks gestation and term. Mean values were much lower than those obtained from pregnancies without complications. When infants were light for dates or developed evidence of neonatal morbidity, oestriol values were more likely to have been below the normal range than in pregnancies resulting in deliveries of normal infants. There was no evidence of severe fetal jeopardy in most pregnancies with oestriol values below normal. Perinatal death was consistently predicted when urine oestriol values lay below a line joining 35 mumol/day at 30 weeks and 65 mumol/day at term.", "contents": "The clinical significance of low urine oestriol values. Urine oestriol values from 327 pregnancies with antenatal complications were measured between 30 weeks gestation and term. Mean values were much lower than those obtained from pregnancies without complications. When infants were light for dates or developed evidence of neonatal morbidity, oestriol values were more likely to have been below the normal range than in pregnancies resulting in deliveries of normal infants. There was no evidence of severe fetal jeopardy in most pregnancies with oestriol values below normal. Perinatal death was consistently predicted when urine oestriol values lay below a line joining 35 mumol/day at 30 weeks and 65 mumol/day at term."}
{"id": "PMID:272555", "title": "Prescribing information in drug advertisements.", "content": "The need for continuing education in clinical pharmacology for practising doctors is seen in the light of a study of the prescribing information contained in recent New Zealand drug advertisements. Less than half of the advertisements contained details of dosage and only a quarter mentioned toxic effects.", "contents": "Prescribing information in drug advertisements. The need for continuing education in clinical pharmacology for practising doctors is seen in the light of a study of the prescribing information contained in recent New Zealand drug advertisements. Less than half of the advertisements contained details of dosage and only a quarter mentioned toxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:272556", "title": "Operative cholangiography in two hundred consecutive cholecystectomies.", "content": "The records of two hundred consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones in the university department of surgery, Christchurch Hospital, were reviewed to evaluate the benefit and standard of operative cholangiography. The main benefit lay in the avoiding of unnecessary common bile duct exploration. Of the cholangiograms later reviewed by an independent radiologist, only 70 percent were considered satisfactory.", "contents": "Operative cholangiography in two hundred consecutive cholecystectomies. The records of two hundred consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones in the university department of surgery, Christchurch Hospital, were reviewed to evaluate the benefit and standard of operative cholangiography. The main benefit lay in the avoiding of unnecessary common bile duct exploration. Of the cholangiograms later reviewed by an independent radiologist, only 70 percent were considered satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:272557", "title": "How effective is a reversal procedure following a vasectomy?", "content": "Twenty patients who have requested a reversal procedure following a bilateral vasectomy for sterilisation have been operated upon using a simple end-to-end anastomotic technique on each vas. In nine couples a successful pregnancy has followed, and in 14 of the 20 patients sperms have reappeared in the semen in normal numbers.", "contents": "How effective is a reversal procedure following a vasectomy? Twenty patients who have requested a reversal procedure following a bilateral vasectomy for sterilisation have been operated upon using a simple end-to-end anastomotic technique on each vas. In nine couples a successful pregnancy has followed, and in 14 of the 20 patients sperms have reappeared in the semen in normal numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:272559", "title": "The iron status of children with low leucocyte ascorbic acid levels.", "content": "A group of young children who had low levels of leucocyte ascorbic acid had iron status assessed. Those children with low ascorbic acid had also concomitant low iron saturation of their blood. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The iron status of children with low leucocyte ascorbic acid levels. A group of young children who had low levels of leucocyte ascorbic acid had iron status assessed. Those children with low ascorbic acid had also concomitant low iron saturation of their blood. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272567", "title": "Bacterial meningitis in children.", "content": "Cases of bacterial, non-tuberculous meningitis among Auckland children aged one month to 13 years were reviewed for the five year period September 1971 to September 1976. The aetiological agent was established in 203 of 227 cases. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent cause and together with Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for all sequelae S. pneumoniae was responsible for most fatal cases. It is an unusually common cause of meningitis in Auckland, particularly in children under a year of age. Polynesians contracted bacterial meningitis almost four times as often as Europeans. For a Polynesian child the risk of death due to bacterial meningitis was 12 times that of European.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis in children. Cases of bacterial, non-tuberculous meningitis among Auckland children aged one month to 13 years were reviewed for the five year period September 1971 to September 1976. The aetiological agent was established in 203 of 227 cases. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent cause and together with Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for all sequelae S. pneumoniae was responsible for most fatal cases. It is an unusually common cause of meningitis in Auckland, particularly in children under a year of age. Polynesians contracted bacterial meningitis almost four times as often as Europeans. For a Polynesian child the risk of death due to bacterial meningitis was 12 times that of European."}
{"id": "PMID:272568", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): an appraisal.", "content": "Cannulation of the ampulla of Vater via a fiberoptic duodenoscope to obtain radiographic visualisation of biliary and pancreatic ductal systems is a new technique to many hospitals. The experience of the first fifty examinations by this technique at Auckland Hospital is reported. One serious complication was encountered and this responded to appropriate therapy. It is concluded that some of the difficulties of mastering the technique have been exaggerated and the contribution to management of biliary disease is firmly established. It is possible to diagnose several pancreatic disorders to a high confidence level by pancreatography, but this has not yet been proven to influence the patient's management.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): an appraisal. Cannulation of the ampulla of Vater via a fiberoptic duodenoscope to obtain radiographic visualisation of biliary and pancreatic ductal systems is a new technique to many hospitals. The experience of the first fifty examinations by this technique at Auckland Hospital is reported. One serious complication was encountered and this responded to appropriate therapy. It is concluded that some of the difficulties of mastering the technique have been exaggerated and the contribution to management of biliary disease is firmly established. It is possible to diagnose several pancreatic disorders to a high confidence level by pancreatography, but this has not yet been proven to influence the patient's management."}
{"id": "PMID:272569", "title": "The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: a family study.", "content": "Two brothers were found to have athetoid cerebral palsy, mental and growth retardation and evidence of self mutilation. One had passed a renal calculus and both had high serum uric acid levels. The diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome was confirmed by the finding of low levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in erythrocytes and by autoradiography of fibriblasts. The mother, maternal grandmother, a female sibling and a maternal aunt were identified as carriers of the X-linked mutation which was responsible for the enzyme deficiency in the two male siblings.", "contents": "The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: a family study. Two brothers were found to have athetoid cerebral palsy, mental and growth retardation and evidence of self mutilation. One had passed a renal calculus and both had high serum uric acid levels. The diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome was confirmed by the finding of low levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in erythrocytes and by autoradiography of fibriblasts. The mother, maternal grandmother, a female sibling and a maternal aunt were identified as carriers of the X-linked mutation which was responsible for the enzyme deficiency in the two male siblings."}
{"id": "PMID:272570", "title": "Cerebral monitoring by compressed spectral array.", "content": "Application of a frequency analysis technique, the compressed spectral array (CSA), permits the display of cerebral activity recorded by the electroencephalogram (EEG) over long periods of time in a succinct, graphic manner. This report is a description of a system which is being developed to investigate long-term monitoring of the EEGs of critically ill patients. The computer-based methodology which has been used to implement this system is described, with illustrations of CSA-transformed EEGs.", "contents": "Cerebral monitoring by compressed spectral array. Application of a frequency analysis technique, the compressed spectral array (CSA), permits the display of cerebral activity recorded by the electroencephalogram (EEG) over long periods of time in a succinct, graphic manner. This report is a description of a system which is being developed to investigate long-term monitoring of the EEGs of critically ill patients. The computer-based methodology which has been used to implement this system is described, with illustrations of CSA-transformed EEGs."}
{"id": "PMID:272571", "title": "Barbecue burns.", "content": "An increasing incidence of methylated spirit burns in barbecue users is documented in a three year retrospective survey. A plea is made for better public education on the correct use of methylated spirit in this context.", "contents": "Barbecue burns. An increasing incidence of methylated spirit burns in barbecue users is documented in a three year retrospective survey. A plea is made for better public education on the correct use of methylated spirit in this context."}
{"id": "PMID:272598", "title": "Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Scintigraphic and radiographic findings.", "content": "Fourteen patients with chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible were investigated with 99mTc-labeled bone-seeking agents. Scintigraphic findings were compared with radiographic features. High uptake of diphosphonate and polyphosphate was demonstrated in diseased areas. Good agreement was found between radiography and scintigraphy concerning the extent and activity of each process. The use of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in other types of skeletal lesions and differential diagnostic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible. Scintigraphic and radiographic findings. Fourteen patients with chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible were investigated with 99mTc-labeled bone-seeking agents. Scintigraphic findings were compared with radiographic features. High uptake of diphosphonate and polyphosphate was demonstrated in diseased areas. Good agreement was found between radiography and scintigraphy concerning the extent and activity of each process. The use of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in other types of skeletal lesions and differential diagnostic aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272601", "title": "The effect of partial-pancreatectomy-induced diabetes on would healing subsequent to tooth extraction. Histologic study in rats.", "content": "A histologic study of the effects of diabetes on wound healing of dental sockets was undertaken in rats. The diabetic sate was achieved by performing partial pancreatectomies. The subjects were perfused with 25 percent glutaraldehyde (fixation) and the healing sockets were studied at 3-day intervals during a period of 22 days. The delayed healing observed in this study, when the diabetic condition was due to partial pancreatectomy, was not influenced by the technique used, but was the result of the metabolic modifications of the induced disease.", "contents": "The effect of partial-pancreatectomy-induced diabetes on would healing subsequent to tooth extraction. Histologic study in rats. A histologic study of the effects of diabetes on wound healing of dental sockets was undertaken in rats. The diabetic sate was achieved by performing partial pancreatectomies. The subjects were perfused with 25 percent glutaraldehyde (fixation) and the healing sockets were studied at 3-day intervals during a period of 22 days. The delayed healing observed in this study, when the diabetic condition was due to partial pancreatectomy, was not influenced by the technique used, but was the result of the metabolic modifications of the induced disease."}
{"id": "PMID:272602", "title": "Pulmonary nocardiosis associated with primary nocardial infection of the oral cavity.", "content": "A case of pulmonary nocardiosis associated with primary nocardial infection of the oral cavity in a compromised host is presented. Nocardia asteroides, an aerobic, gram-positive, branching, filamentous fungus, was demonstrated in the sputum and in pathologic specimens from gingival sulci stained by Gram's method and the acid-fast method Kinyoun. The organism was identified in cultures made on Sabouraud's glucose agar. Marked clinical improvement was noted when the patient received high dosage of sulfisoxazole diolamine (8 to 12 Gm. per day) for a prolonged period of time (9 to 12 months). Because of an apparent relative increase in the incidence of nocardiosis and a paucity of information on the subject in the dental literature, this article is timely.", "contents": "Pulmonary nocardiosis associated with primary nocardial infection of the oral cavity. A case of pulmonary nocardiosis associated with primary nocardial infection of the oral cavity in a compromised host is presented. Nocardia asteroides, an aerobic, gram-positive, branching, filamentous fungus, was demonstrated in the sputum and in pathologic specimens from gingival sulci stained by Gram's method and the acid-fast method Kinyoun. The organism was identified in cultures made on Sabouraud's glucose agar. Marked clinical improvement was noted when the patient received high dosage of sulfisoxazole diolamine (8 to 12 Gm. per day) for a prolonged period of time (9 to 12 months). Because of an apparent relative increase in the incidence of nocardiosis and a paucity of information on the subject in the dental literature, this article is timely."}
{"id": "PMID:272603", "title": "Intraoral isolated herpes zoster.", "content": "A case of herpes zoster limited to the right palate and the edentulous alveolar ridge in the absence of concurrent skin lesions or predisposing systemic disease is presented. Because of the relative rarity of isolated mucous membrane lesions of this viral disease, the tendency for intraoral vesicles to break down and ulcerate early, and, in this patient, the additional clinical findings of marked swelling and induration, malignancy rather than herpes zoster was suspected; cytologic smear furthered the suggestion of the former. A biopsy provided the definitive diagnosis.", "contents": "Intraoral isolated herpes zoster. A case of herpes zoster limited to the right palate and the edentulous alveolar ridge in the absence of concurrent skin lesions or predisposing systemic disease is presented. Because of the relative rarity of isolated mucous membrane lesions of this viral disease, the tendency for intraoral vesicles to break down and ulcerate early, and, in this patient, the additional clinical findings of marked swelling and induration, malignancy rather than herpes zoster was suspected; cytologic smear furthered the suggestion of the former. A biopsy provided the definitive diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:272604", "title": "Ultrastructure of the articular surface of the condyle in temporomandibular arthropathy.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the surface of normal human mandibular condyles is described and compared with specimens from condyles in cases of degenerative joint disease (arthropathy). Normal surfaces exhibited a nearly structurless layer about 2 microns thick, which seemed to correspond with the lamina splendens of other joints. The underlying structure of dense interlacing bundles of collagen is described. Surfaces of all pathologic condyles showed loss of lamina splendens, alteration of collagen size, and evidence of dissociation of both the collagen and its surrounding ground substance. Deeper levels showed aggregations of bizarre structures, which the authors term \"vermiform bodies,\" and which appear to be collections of abnormal amounts and types of elastic tissue. Its distribution suggests a stress elastosis, which may contribute to the loss of mechanical integrity of articular surfaces in arthropathy. The surface changes may be reflected at the clinical level as impairment of the normal low-friction qualities of joint components associated with limitation of movement and joint sounds.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the articular surface of the condyle in temporomandibular arthropathy. The ultrastructure of the surface of normal human mandibular condyles is described and compared with specimens from condyles in cases of degenerative joint disease (arthropathy). Normal surfaces exhibited a nearly structurless layer about 2 microns thick, which seemed to correspond with the lamina splendens of other joints. The underlying structure of dense interlacing bundles of collagen is described. Surfaces of all pathologic condyles showed loss of lamina splendens, alteration of collagen size, and evidence of dissociation of both the collagen and its surrounding ground substance. Deeper levels showed aggregations of bizarre structures, which the authors term \"vermiform bodies,\" and which appear to be collections of abnormal amounts and types of elastic tissue. Its distribution suggests a stress elastosis, which may contribute to the loss of mechanical integrity of articular surfaces in arthropathy. The surface changes may be reflected at the clinical level as impairment of the normal low-friction qualities of joint components associated with limitation of movement and joint sounds."}
{"id": "PMID:272605", "title": "Myxomas of the paraoral--oral soft tissues.", "content": "Fifteen cases of soft-tissue myxoma of the paraoral-oral structures have been presented. Eleven cases were garnered from an extensive review of the literature, and four previously unreported cases are described. The myxomas were slow-growing, insidious, infiltrative tumors which occurred in all age groups, with an average patient age of 38 years. Most frequent locations were the cheek, floor of the mouth, and palate. The lesions were present from 2 weeks to 6 years prior to treatment. In this series all the myxomas were treated by surgical excision, with no evidence of recurrences or metastases. The recommended therapy is surgical resection with adequate margins. Other myxomatous lesions which may mimic a myxoma are mentioned.", "contents": "Myxomas of the paraoral--oral soft tissues. Fifteen cases of soft-tissue myxoma of the paraoral-oral structures have been presented. Eleven cases were garnered from an extensive review of the literature, and four previously unreported cases are described. The myxomas were slow-growing, insidious, infiltrative tumors which occurred in all age groups, with an average patient age of 38 years. Most frequent locations were the cheek, floor of the mouth, and palate. The lesions were present from 2 weeks to 6 years prior to treatment. In this series all the myxomas were treated by surgical excision, with no evidence of recurrences or metastases. The recommended therapy is surgical resection with adequate margins. Other myxomatous lesions which may mimic a myxoma are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:272606", "title": "Oral squamous acanthoma. Two additional cases with comments on etiology.", "content": "Two new cases of squamous acanthoma are presented, and the their clinical characteristics are compared to the eight cases previously reported. These two additional examples of this lesion are clinically similar to those previously reported. However, one of the two cases exhibits resolution after the removal of sources of trauma, thus lending support to the previously proposed theory of traumatic etiology.", "contents": "Oral squamous acanthoma. Two additional cases with comments on etiology. Two new cases of squamous acanthoma are presented, and the their clinical characteristics are compared to the eight cases previously reported. These two additional examples of this lesion are clinically similar to those previously reported. However, one of the two cases exhibits resolution after the removal of sources of trauma, thus lending support to the previously proposed theory of traumatic etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:272608", "title": "Reparative lesion of the tongue.", "content": "An ulcerative lesion of unknown etiology occurred on the dorsum of the tongue in a 6-month-old infant. Following surgical excision, microscopic examination revealed a benign reparative process with degeneration and regeneration of striated muscle.", "contents": "Reparative lesion of the tongue. An ulcerative lesion of unknown etiology occurred on the dorsum of the tongue in a 6-month-old infant. Following surgical excision, microscopic examination revealed a benign reparative process with degeneration and regeneration of striated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:272609", "title": "A comparative sealability study of different retrofilling materials.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to compare the sealing properties of Cavit and zinc polycarboxylate cement with silver amalgam when used as retrofilling materials of root canals. The retrofilling materials were placed at the apices of dogs' teeth and were left there for a 6-month period, after which time the teeth were extracted and the marginal leakage was evaluated by C14-labeled urea. A second part of the study included an in vitro placement of the retrofillings. Previously extracted teeth were used and the same retrofilling materials were placed. They were left to set for 2 days in physiologic saline solution. Then the same evaluation for leakage was used. The purpose of the second part was to compare and evaluate the effect of aging on sealability. Under the conditions of this study, amalgam afforded a better seal in the 6-month group than polycarboxylate cement or Cavit. Both Cavit and polycarboxylate cement showed more leakage in the 6-month group. The deterioration of the seal afforded by Cavit in the 6-month group was statistically significant. The seal of amalgam was the only one which was improved by time.", "contents": "A comparative sealability study of different retrofilling materials. The purpose of the study was to compare the sealing properties of Cavit and zinc polycarboxylate cement with silver amalgam when used as retrofilling materials of root canals. The retrofilling materials were placed at the apices of dogs' teeth and were left there for a 6-month period, after which time the teeth were extracted and the marginal leakage was evaluated by C14-labeled urea. A second part of the study included an in vitro placement of the retrofillings. Previously extracted teeth were used and the same retrofilling materials were placed. They were left to set for 2 days in physiologic saline solution. Then the same evaluation for leakage was used. The purpose of the second part was to compare and evaluate the effect of aging on sealability. Under the conditions of this study, amalgam afforded a better seal in the 6-month group than polycarboxylate cement or Cavit. Both Cavit and polycarboxylate cement showed more leakage in the 6-month group. The deterioration of the seal afforded by Cavit in the 6-month group was statistically significant. The seal of amalgam was the only one which was improved by time."}
{"id": "PMID:272610", "title": "Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by formocresol uithin the root canal.", "content": "After pulpal extirpation of twenty teeth in each of five dogs, these animals were primarily immunized intramuscularly by combining formocresol with the dog's own pulp (three dogs), saline solution with pulp (one dog) and injecting sheep erythrocytes (one dog). A sixth dog was used as a control for the Arthus skin test. Secondary immunizations were accomplished via the root canal every 7 days over a 28-day period. Arthus skin-test reactions demonstrated less of a response to the formocresol alone than when the dogs' pulp was conbined with this material. In vitro analysis of hemagglutinating antibody titer showed a tremendous increase when pulp was incubated with formocresol as compared to the saline-treated pulp. Therefore, dogs' pulp tissue became antigenically altered by the formocresol recognized by the host, and a specific humoral response resulted.", "contents": "Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by formocresol uithin the root canal. After pulpal extirpation of twenty teeth in each of five dogs, these animals were primarily immunized intramuscularly by combining formocresol with the dog's own pulp (three dogs), saline solution with pulp (one dog) and injecting sheep erythrocytes (one dog). A sixth dog was used as a control for the Arthus skin test. Secondary immunizations were accomplished via the root canal every 7 days over a 28-day period. Arthus skin-test reactions demonstrated less of a response to the formocresol alone than when the dogs' pulp was conbined with this material. In vitro analysis of hemagglutinating antibody titer showed a tremendous increase when pulp was incubated with formocresol as compared to the saline-treated pulp. Therefore, dogs' pulp tissue became antigenically altered by the formocresol recognized by the host, and a specific humoral response resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:272611", "title": "\"Long-distance\" bactericidal effectiveness of formalin on permanent human teeth.", "content": "The long distance bactericidal effectiveness of 0.005 ml. 25 percent formalin in 80 percent ethanol applied on a cotton pellet to pulp chambers for one week in unreamed, unirrigated permanent human teeth with initial postive cultures was studied. The results showed 59 percent negative cultures on subsequent examination.", "contents": "\"Long-distance\" bactericidal effectiveness of formalin on permanent human teeth. The long distance bactericidal effectiveness of 0.005 ml. 25 percent formalin in 80 percent ethanol applied on a cotton pellet to pulp chambers for one week in unreamed, unirrigated permanent human teeth with initial postive cultures was studied. The results showed 59 percent negative cultures on subsequent examination."}
{"id": "PMID:272612", "title": "Periodic identical intraoral radiographs. A modified Eggen technique.", "content": "A method for obtaining periodic identical radiographs with a modified long-cone paralleling technique is described. The appliance consists of a modified Eggen film positioner and an aiming device fastened to a long cone. There was no fixed connection between the film positioner and the x-ray machine. Radiographs have been obtained from twenty-five patients participating in a long-term study of apicoectomy with retrograde root filling. The intervals between the radiographs ranged from 0 to 12 months. A long-term error and a short-term error of the method were found. The method proved to be accurate and fast compared to those described previously.", "contents": "Periodic identical intraoral radiographs. A modified Eggen technique. A method for obtaining periodic identical radiographs with a modified long-cone paralleling technique is described. The appliance consists of a modified Eggen film positioner and an aiming device fastened to a long cone. There was no fixed connection between the film positioner and the x-ray machine. Radiographs have been obtained from twenty-five patients participating in a long-term study of apicoectomy with retrograde root filling. The intervals between the radiographs ranged from 0 to 12 months. A long-term error and a short-term error of the method were found. The method proved to be accurate and fast compared to those described previously."}
{"id": "PMID:272613", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of an unusual combination Types I and Type II dentin dysplasia.", "content": "Dentin dyslasia is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary variant of dentinogenesis imperfecta. The primary defect is mesodermal and involves the dentin. Two types (Type I and Type II) of dentin dysplasia have been described previously. The current case presents radiographic findings which include characteristics common to both types. It is proposed that either a third type (Type III) be recognized or the variability of the developmental defect precludes definitive subclassification.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of an unusual combination Types I and Type II dentin dysplasia. Dentin dyslasia is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary variant of dentinogenesis imperfecta. The primary defect is mesodermal and involves the dentin. Two types (Type I and Type II) of dentin dysplasia have been described previously. The current case presents radiographic findings which include characteristics common to both types. It is proposed that either a third type (Type III) be recognized or the variability of the developmental defect precludes definitive subclassification."}
{"id": "PMID:272625", "title": "Possibility of nonkinked packing of DNA in chromatin.", "content": "The idea that DNA in chromatin can be packed smoothly, without breaking of base-stacking interactions, has been explored by both energetical estimations and stereochemical model building. A model of deformed DNA is built that fits reasonably to the known dimensions of a nucleosome. The model has slightly changed torsion angles in the sugarphosphate moieties relative to B DNA, varying gradually along the chains. The angle between planes of adjacent base pairs varies between 1 and 7 degrees. This model of deformed DNA does not have any unusually close nonbonded contacts and is evidently not the only possible model of smooth packing of DNA in chromatin. An energetical estimation of the critical radius of curvature of a smoothly bent DNA molecule is made using approximate potential functions for different van der Waals contracts in the B DNA structure. The critical radius of curvature of the deformed DNA-axis is close to the radius of a nucleosome (similar to 50 A). The smooth packing is a good alternative to models of kinked folding of DNA in nucleosomes.", "contents": "Possibility of nonkinked packing of DNA in chromatin. The idea that DNA in chromatin can be packed smoothly, without breaking of base-stacking interactions, has been explored by both energetical estimations and stereochemical model building. A model of deformed DNA is built that fits reasonably to the known dimensions of a nucleosome. The model has slightly changed torsion angles in the sugarphosphate moieties relative to B DNA, varying gradually along the chains. The angle between planes of adjacent base pairs varies between 1 and 7 degrees. This model of deformed DNA does not have any unusually close nonbonded contacts and is evidently not the only possible model of smooth packing of DNA in chromatin. An energetical estimation of the critical radius of curvature of a smoothly bent DNA molecule is made using approximate potential functions for different van der Waals contracts in the B DNA structure. The critical radius of curvature of the deformed DNA-axis is close to the radius of a nucleosome (similar to 50 A). The smooth packing is a good alternative to models of kinked folding of DNA in nucleosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:272626", "title": "Phosphorylation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factors.", "content": "Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factors was examined both in intact cells and in vitro with purified components. Intact rabbit reticulocytes were incubated in a medium containing[32P]phosphate, and eight initiation factors were isolated and partially purified. The purified factors were analyzed on dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and compared with highly purified nonradioactive factors. Significant amounts of radioactivity were found associated with initiation factors eIF-2, polypeptide 2 (molecular weight 53,000); eIF-3, polypeptides 2 and 4 (molecular weights 110,000 and 67,000); and eIF-4B. Purfied initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes were also treated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP and a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase isolated from rabbit erythrocytes. Only the factor polypeptides phosphorylated intracellularly were phosphorylated in vitro. The results suggest that the cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation of specific initiation factors in cells active in protein synthesis and that it may play a role in regulating translation.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factors. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factors was examined both in intact cells and in vitro with purified components. Intact rabbit reticulocytes were incubated in a medium containing[32P]phosphate, and eight initiation factors were isolated and partially purified. The purified factors were analyzed on dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and compared with highly purified nonradioactive factors. Significant amounts of radioactivity were found associated with initiation factors eIF-2, polypeptide 2 (molecular weight 53,000); eIF-3, polypeptides 2 and 4 (molecular weights 110,000 and 67,000); and eIF-4B. Purfied initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes were also treated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP and a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase isolated from rabbit erythrocytes. Only the factor polypeptides phosphorylated intracellularly were phosphorylated in vitro. The results suggest that the cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation of specific initiation factors in cells active in protein synthesis and that it may play a role in regulating translation."}
{"id": "PMID:272627", "title": "Membrane-bound neuraminidase from calf brain: regulation of oligosialoganglioside degradation by membrane fluidity and membrane components.", "content": "The degradation of lipophilic ganglioside GD1a and hydrophilic sialyllactitol by membrane-bound neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) from calf brain has been studied at substrate concentrations of 0.1 mM. Ganglioside GD1a taken up by cell membranes is hydrolyzed faster membrane-bound neuraminidase than are water-soluble substrates of the enzyme, sialyllactitol and des-GD1a. Availability and enzymic breakdown of the disialoganglioside are enhanced by general anesthetics such as N2O or halothane whereas the degradation of the hydrophilic substrate silayllactitol is not affected or even is decreased by these agents. General anesthetics lower the microviscosity of membranes as indicated by studies of fluorescence depolarization with the indicator 1,6-diphenylhexatriene. Increased fluidity can result in higher lateral diffusion of ganglioside GD1a, thus increasing its chances of presentation to, and interaction with, membrane-bound neuraminidase. Lipophilic derivatives of the disialoganglioside, gangliosides GM1 and GM2 and gangliotriaosylceramide GA2, are strong inhibitors of the ganglioside degradation whereas water-soluble derivatives des-GM1, des-GM2, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and sialyllactose are not. A model is presented that suggests that the activity of membrane-bound neuraminidase on gangliosides of brain membranes is regulated by the viscosity of these membranes and their monosialoganglioside content.", "contents": "Membrane-bound neuraminidase from calf brain: regulation of oligosialoganglioside degradation by membrane fluidity and membrane components. The degradation of lipophilic ganglioside GD1a and hydrophilic sialyllactitol by membrane-bound neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) from calf brain has been studied at substrate concentrations of 0.1 mM. Ganglioside GD1a taken up by cell membranes is hydrolyzed faster membrane-bound neuraminidase than are water-soluble substrates of the enzyme, sialyllactitol and des-GD1a. Availability and enzymic breakdown of the disialoganglioside are enhanced by general anesthetics such as N2O or halothane whereas the degradation of the hydrophilic substrate silayllactitol is not affected or even is decreased by these agents. General anesthetics lower the microviscosity of membranes as indicated by studies of fluorescence depolarization with the indicator 1,6-diphenylhexatriene. Increased fluidity can result in higher lateral diffusion of ganglioside GD1a, thus increasing its chances of presentation to, and interaction with, membrane-bound neuraminidase. Lipophilic derivatives of the disialoganglioside, gangliosides GM1 and GM2 and gangliotriaosylceramide GA2, are strong inhibitors of the ganglioside degradation whereas water-soluble derivatives des-GM1, des-GM2, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and sialyllactose are not. A model is presented that suggests that the activity of membrane-bound neuraminidase on gangliosides of brain membranes is regulated by the viscosity of these membranes and their monosialoganglioside content."}
{"id": "PMID:272628", "title": "Syncatalytic conformational changes in aspartate aminotransferase determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange.", "content": "Catalysis-linked conformational transitions of aspartate aminotransferase (cytosolic isoenzyme from pig heart; L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) have been probed by infrared spectrophotometric measurement of hydrogen-deuterium exchange. In the unliganded pyridoxal form of the enzyme at pH 6.0 and 20 degrees, 43% of the total 411 peptide hydrogens per subunit exchange within the first 10 min. An additional 9% exchange slowly in the following time period to 360 min. A quite similar exchange curve is obtained with the pyridoxamine form of the enzyme, indicating close correspondence in conformation of both unliganded forms of the enzyme. Formation of a nonproductive adsorption complex of the pyridoxal enzyme with 2-oxoglutarate or of the pyridoxamine enzyme with glutamate alters the exchange characteristics only slightly. In contrast, the formation of an equilibrium mixture of the covalent transamination intermediates, which occurs in the silultaneous presence of the amino acid and the keto acid substrate, results in a marked retardation of hydrogen exchange, reflecting a substantial tightening of the structure of the enzyme. The exchange reactions of at least 26 peptide hydrogens per subunit (6% of the total) are retarded by a factor of 6 on the average. The occurrence of such syncatalytic conformational changes reflects energetic coupling of the covalency changes at the active site with conformational changes of the macromolecular protein matrix that may contribute to optimizing the free energy profile of enzymic transamination.", "contents": "Syncatalytic conformational changes in aspartate aminotransferase determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Catalysis-linked conformational transitions of aspartate aminotransferase (cytosolic isoenzyme from pig heart; L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) have been probed by infrared spectrophotometric measurement of hydrogen-deuterium exchange. In the unliganded pyridoxal form of the enzyme at pH 6.0 and 20 degrees, 43% of the total 411 peptide hydrogens per subunit exchange within the first 10 min. An additional 9% exchange slowly in the following time period to 360 min. A quite similar exchange curve is obtained with the pyridoxamine form of the enzyme, indicating close correspondence in conformation of both unliganded forms of the enzyme. Formation of a nonproductive adsorption complex of the pyridoxal enzyme with 2-oxoglutarate or of the pyridoxamine enzyme with glutamate alters the exchange characteristics only slightly. In contrast, the formation of an equilibrium mixture of the covalent transamination intermediates, which occurs in the silultaneous presence of the amino acid and the keto acid substrate, results in a marked retardation of hydrogen exchange, reflecting a substantial tightening of the structure of the enzyme. The exchange reactions of at least 26 peptide hydrogens per subunit (6% of the total) are retarded by a factor of 6 on the average. The occurrence of such syncatalytic conformational changes reflects energetic coupling of the covalency changes at the active site with conformational changes of the macromolecular protein matrix that may contribute to optimizing the free energy profile of enzymic transamination."}
{"id": "PMID:272629", "title": "Phospholipid vesicle stimulation of proacrosin activation.", "content": "Aqueous dispersions of synthetic phospholipids, in the form of anionic, single bilayer vesicles, were observed to stimulate the appearance of acrosin esterase activity from its zymogen precursor, proacrosin. Enzymatic activity measurements, in parallel with polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicated that the enzymatic activity produced had resulted from the conversion of proacrosin to acrosin (EC 3.4.21.10), and not from the direct stimulation of a possible proacrosin esterase activity. It is suggested that such bilayer lipid vesicles can be used as a model membrane system to study the activation of proacrosin in vitro.", "contents": "Phospholipid vesicle stimulation of proacrosin activation. Aqueous dispersions of synthetic phospholipids, in the form of anionic, single bilayer vesicles, were observed to stimulate the appearance of acrosin esterase activity from its zymogen precursor, proacrosin. Enzymatic activity measurements, in parallel with polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicated that the enzymatic activity produced had resulted from the conversion of proacrosin to acrosin (EC 3.4.21.10), and not from the direct stimulation of a possible proacrosin esterase activity. It is suggested that such bilayer lipid vesicles can be used as a model membrane system to study the activation of proacrosin in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:272630", "title": "Structure of nascent replicative form DNA of coliphage M13.", "content": "Nascent replicative form type II (RFII) DNA of coliphage M13 synthesized in an Escherichia coli mutant deficient in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease associated uith DNA polymerase I contains ribonucleotides that are retained in the covalently closed RFI DNA sealed in vitro by the joint action of T5 phage DNA polymerase and T4 phage DNA ligase. These RFI molecules are labile to alkali and RNase H, unlike the RFI produced either in vivo or from RFII with E. coli DNA polymerase I and E. coli DNA ligase. The ribonucleotides are located at one site and predominantly in one strand of the nascent RF DNA. Furthermore, these molecules contain multiple small gaps, randomly located, and one large gap in the intracistronic region.", "contents": "Structure of nascent replicative form DNA of coliphage M13. Nascent replicative form type II (RFII) DNA of coliphage M13 synthesized in an Escherichia coli mutant deficient in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease associated uith DNA polymerase I contains ribonucleotides that are retained in the covalently closed RFI DNA sealed in vitro by the joint action of T5 phage DNA polymerase and T4 phage DNA ligase. These RFI molecules are labile to alkali and RNase H, unlike the RFI produced either in vivo or from RFII with E. coli DNA polymerase I and E. coli DNA ligase. The ribonucleotides are located at one site and predominantly in one strand of the nascent RF DNA. Furthermore, these molecules contain multiple small gaps, randomly located, and one large gap in the intracistronic region."}
{"id": "PMID:272631", "title": "Absence of evidence for an intermediate in the deacetylation of acetylchymotrypsin.", "content": "A recent paper [Chibber, B. A. K., Tomich, J. M., Mertz, E. T. & Viswanatha, T. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 510-514] presented evidence that was taken to support the existence of an intermediate in the deacetylation of acetylchymotrypsin. It was observed that deacylation, as measured by following the decrease in [(14)C]acetylchymotrypsin (decrease in acid-precipitable radioactivity), occurred at 1/10 the rate of reactivation, as measured by return of activity toward N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. Our experiments have shown that, at pH 6, the deacylation rate constant (measured by the loss of [(14)C]acetylchymotrypsin and by the formation of [(14)C]acetate) is identical (within experimental error) with the rate constant for reactivation (measured by determining the activity of aliquots of reactivating enzyme against N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester) and with K(cat) for the turnover of p-nitrophenyl acetate by alpha-chymotrypsin. Part of the 10-fold greater reactivation rate observed by Chibber et al. has been shown to be due to the presence of 10% (vol/vol) isopropanol in their reactivation mixture, and it is argued that the balance of the effect is a manifestation of the \"indole effect\" produced by the simultaneous presence of 10 mM N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester throughout the reactivation experiments. The results presented are entirely consistent with the three-step mechanism of catalysis by alpha-chymotrypsin and negate the existence of the proposed additional acetyl-enzyme intermediate.", "contents": "Absence of evidence for an intermediate in the deacetylation of acetylchymotrypsin. A recent paper [Chibber, B. A. K., Tomich, J. M., Mertz, E. T. & Viswanatha, T. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 510-514] presented evidence that was taken to support the existence of an intermediate in the deacetylation of acetylchymotrypsin. It was observed that deacylation, as measured by following the decrease in [(14)C]acetylchymotrypsin (decrease in acid-precipitable radioactivity), occurred at 1/10 the rate of reactivation, as measured by return of activity toward N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. Our experiments have shown that, at pH 6, the deacylation rate constant (measured by the loss of [(14)C]acetylchymotrypsin and by the formation of [(14)C]acetate) is identical (within experimental error) with the rate constant for reactivation (measured by determining the activity of aliquots of reactivating enzyme against N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester) and with K(cat) for the turnover of p-nitrophenyl acetate by alpha-chymotrypsin. Part of the 10-fold greater reactivation rate observed by Chibber et al. has been shown to be due to the presence of 10% (vol/vol) isopropanol in their reactivation mixture, and it is argued that the balance of the effect is a manifestation of the \"indole effect\" produced by the simultaneous presence of 10 mM N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester throughout the reactivation experiments. The results presented are entirely consistent with the three-step mechanism of catalysis by alpha-chymotrypsin and negate the existence of the proposed additional acetyl-enzyme intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:272632", "title": "In vitro inhibition of protein synthesis by purified cores from vaccinia virus.", "content": "The mechanism of the shutoff of cellular protein synthesis in vaccinia virus-infected cells has been investigated by using in vitro systems. Purified vaccinia cores cause inhibition of endogenous mRNA translation in nonpreincubated reticulocyte lysates and Ehrlich ascites tumor cell-free systems. Translation of viral mRNA from turnip yellow mosaic virus is also impaired in wheat germ cell-free extracts. The block induced by vaccinia cores in protein synthesis is not due to a decrease in the availability of mRNA but rather to an alteration of the cellular translational machinery. No nucleolytic activity able of digesting mRNA could be detected in purified vaccinia cores with three sensitive tests. There is a lack of inhibition in the poly(Phe)-poly(U) system, which bypasses the normal initiation process. An almost complete disaggregation of polyribosomes in the reticulocyte lysate appears when vaccinia cores are present. These results indicate that mRNA translation in a cell-free system is affected predominantly at the level of polypeptide chain initiation.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of protein synthesis by purified cores from vaccinia virus. The mechanism of the shutoff of cellular protein synthesis in vaccinia virus-infected cells has been investigated by using in vitro systems. Purified vaccinia cores cause inhibition of endogenous mRNA translation in nonpreincubated reticulocyte lysates and Ehrlich ascites tumor cell-free systems. Translation of viral mRNA from turnip yellow mosaic virus is also impaired in wheat germ cell-free extracts. The block induced by vaccinia cores in protein synthesis is not due to a decrease in the availability of mRNA but rather to an alteration of the cellular translational machinery. No nucleolytic activity able of digesting mRNA could be detected in purified vaccinia cores with three sensitive tests. There is a lack of inhibition in the poly(Phe)-poly(U) system, which bypasses the normal initiation process. An almost complete disaggregation of polyribosomes in the reticulocyte lysate appears when vaccinia cores are present. These results indicate that mRNA translation in a cell-free system is affected predominantly at the level of polypeptide chain initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:272633", "title": "Insulin-like growth factor: a model for tertiary structure accounting for immunoreactivity and receptor binding.", "content": "A model for the three-dimensional structure of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is proposed based on the close sequence homology of IGF with insulin, the tertiary structure of which is known. The IGF molecule is postulated to have an insulin-like main chain conformation for residues equivalent to B6--B27 and A1--A21 and a hydrophobic core nearly identical to that of insulin. A short connecting peptide of twelve residues and an extension at the COOH-terminus are easily accommodated on the molecular surface. The surface involved in dimer formation in insulin is largely conserved, but the zinc-binding histidine and many residues involving hexamerization are very different from those of insulin and it is unlikely that IGF forms zinc hexamers. The model provides a ready explanation for the inability of IGF to bind antibodies to insulin and for its ability to bind insulin receptors with low affinity.", "contents": "Insulin-like growth factor: a model for tertiary structure accounting for immunoreactivity and receptor binding. A model for the three-dimensional structure of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is proposed based on the close sequence homology of IGF with insulin, the tertiary structure of which is known. The IGF molecule is postulated to have an insulin-like main chain conformation for residues equivalent to B6--B27 and A1--A21 and a hydrophobic core nearly identical to that of insulin. A short connecting peptide of twelve residues and an extension at the COOH-terminus are easily accommodated on the molecular surface. The surface involved in dimer formation in insulin is largely conserved, but the zinc-binding histidine and many residues involving hexamerization are very different from those of insulin and it is unlikely that IGF forms zinc hexamers. The model provides a ready explanation for the inability of IGF to bind antibodies to insulin and for its ability to bind insulin receptors with low affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:272634", "title": "Transient electric dichroism of rod-like DNA molecules.", "content": "We report transient electric dichroism studies on monodisperse rod-like DNA molecules. By using restriction fragments and DNAs of known length, it is shown that the orientation time is accurately predicted by the theoretically calculated rotational diffusion coefficient. The field dependence of the steady-state dichroism values is not consistent with the induced electric dipole orientation mechanism, and the time dependence is not consistent with the presence of a permanent dipole moment. In order to explain the dependence of the dichroism on the electric field, the ionic strength of the medium, and the length of the macromolecule, we propose a new model in which anisotropic ion flow produces an asymmetric ion atmosphere around the polyelectrolyte, resulting in an orienting torque. From the limiting dichroism at high field, we estimate that the DNA bases are inclined at an angle of 73 degrees or less relative to the helix axis, in good agreement with the revised model of B-form DNA suggested by Levitt, in which the base pairs have a propeller-like twist. Our results establish transient electric dichroism measurements as a technique well suited for study of alterations in the length and base pair inclination of rod-like DNA molecules.", "contents": "Transient electric dichroism of rod-like DNA molecules. We report transient electric dichroism studies on monodisperse rod-like DNA molecules. By using restriction fragments and DNAs of known length, it is shown that the orientation time is accurately predicted by the theoretically calculated rotational diffusion coefficient. The field dependence of the steady-state dichroism values is not consistent with the induced electric dipole orientation mechanism, and the time dependence is not consistent with the presence of a permanent dipole moment. In order to explain the dependence of the dichroism on the electric field, the ionic strength of the medium, and the length of the macromolecule, we propose a new model in which anisotropic ion flow produces an asymmetric ion atmosphere around the polyelectrolyte, resulting in an orienting torque. From the limiting dichroism at high field, we estimate that the DNA bases are inclined at an angle of 73 degrees or less relative to the helix axis, in good agreement with the revised model of B-form DNA suggested by Levitt, in which the base pairs have a propeller-like twist. Our results establish transient electric dichroism measurements as a technique well suited for study of alterations in the length and base pair inclination of rod-like DNA molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:272635", "title": "Binding and release of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 and GTP during protein synthesis initiation.", "content": "The eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP. This complex binds to the 40S ribosomal subunit in the absence of mRNA and mRNA binding factors. Highly purified eIF-2 from rabbit reticulocytes was labeled with 125I by using the Bolton-Hunter reagent or with [gamma-32P]ATP by using the heme-regulated translational inhibitor protein kinase. The labeled eIF-2 was bound, together with equimolar amounts of Met-tRNAf and GTP, to the 40S subunit. In the presence of mRNA, mRNA binding factors, and 60S ribosomal subunits (complete initiation assay), eIF-2 was released from the 40S initiation complex in the subunit joining reaction. GTP also was released in this step and probably was hydrolyzed in the reaction that is dependent upon eIF-5 and the 60S subunit. The function of phosphorylated eIF-2 in initiation of protein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Binding and release of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 and GTP during protein synthesis initiation. The eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP. This complex binds to the 40S ribosomal subunit in the absence of mRNA and mRNA binding factors. Highly purified eIF-2 from rabbit reticulocytes was labeled with 125I by using the Bolton-Hunter reagent or with [gamma-32P]ATP by using the heme-regulated translational inhibitor protein kinase. The labeled eIF-2 was bound, together with equimolar amounts of Met-tRNAf and GTP, to the 40S subunit. In the presence of mRNA, mRNA binding factors, and 60S ribosomal subunits (complete initiation assay), eIF-2 was released from the 40S initiation complex in the subunit joining reaction. GTP also was released in this step and probably was hydrolyzed in the reaction that is dependent upon eIF-5 and the 60S subunit. The function of phosphorylated eIF-2 in initiation of protein synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272636", "title": "Specific binding of messenger RNA and methionyl-tRNAfMet by the same initiation factor for eukaryotic protein synthesis.", "content": "Affinity chromatography on columns containing globin mRNA, R17 phage mRNA, or double-stranded RNA linked to cellose is used to demonstrate unequivocally that the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF-2) that forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP also binds  tightly to these RNA species. Affinity chromatography of reticulocyte ribosomal wash yields over 100-fold purification of Met-tRNAf-binding factor. This factor is eluted as one of the most tightly bound proteins, and is active in protein synthesis even after passage over a column of double-stranded RNA-cellulose. eIF-2 binds mRNA and double-stranded RNA in distinctly different modes, protecting essentially all sequences in double stranded RNA, but very few in mRNA, against digestion with ribonuclease. Apparently, eIF-2 recognized the A conformation of double-stranded RNA, but not its sequence. By contrast, globin, Mengo virus, R17 and vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA are shown to possess a high-affinity binding site for eIF-2 that is absent in negative-strand RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus, an RNA that cannot serve as messenger. The results support the concept that eIF-2, the initiation factor that binds Met-tRNAf, recognizes an internal sequence in mRNA essential for protein synthesis.", "contents": "Specific binding of messenger RNA and methionyl-tRNAfMet by the same initiation factor for eukaryotic protein synthesis. Affinity chromatography on columns containing globin mRNA, R17 phage mRNA, or double-stranded RNA linked to cellose is used to demonstrate unequivocally that the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF-2) that forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP also binds  tightly to these RNA species. Affinity chromatography of reticulocyte ribosomal wash yields over 100-fold purification of Met-tRNAf-binding factor. This factor is eluted as one of the most tightly bound proteins, and is active in protein synthesis even after passage over a column of double-stranded RNA-cellulose. eIF-2 binds mRNA and double-stranded RNA in distinctly different modes, protecting essentially all sequences in double stranded RNA, but very few in mRNA, against digestion with ribonuclease. Apparently, eIF-2 recognized the A conformation of double-stranded RNA, but not its sequence. By contrast, globin, Mengo virus, R17 and vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA are shown to possess a high-affinity binding site for eIF-2 that is absent in negative-strand RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus, an RNA that cannot serve as messenger. The results support the concept that eIF-2, the initiation factor that binds Met-tRNAf, recognizes an internal sequence in mRNA essential for protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:272637", "title": "On the photosensitivity of liganded hemoproteins and their metal-substituted analogues.", "content": "We have examined the photosensitivity of low-spin liganded hemoglobin, myoglobin, and peroxidase, and their metal-substituted analogues, using three different metals (Fe, Mn, Co) in several oxidation states and employing a variety of diatomic or pseudo-diatomic ligands (L). We have discovered a number of photosensitive systems, and present an overall stereo-electronic classification scheme for these photodissociation reactions: Linear, formally d6, metal-ligand fragments [e.g., Fe(II) +/- CO; Mn(II) +/- NO] are relatively photoliable, but systems with a bent fragment, and higher electron occupancy [e.g., Fe(II) +/- O2; Co(II) +/- NO] are relatively photoinert. Photostability appears to correlate with the occurrence of long-wavelength features in the optical absorption spectra, and the classification scheme is explained by considerations of electronic structure. The discussions are further applied to d5 systems and to low-spin d6 metalloporphyrins with nitrogenous bases as axial ligands.", "contents": "On the photosensitivity of liganded hemoproteins and their metal-substituted analogues. We have examined the photosensitivity of low-spin liganded hemoglobin, myoglobin, and peroxidase, and their metal-substituted analogues, using three different metals (Fe, Mn, Co) in several oxidation states and employing a variety of diatomic or pseudo-diatomic ligands (L). We have discovered a number of photosensitive systems, and present an overall stereo-electronic classification scheme for these photodissociation reactions: Linear, formally d6, metal-ligand fragments [e.g., Fe(II) +/- CO; Mn(II) +/- NO] are relatively photoliable, but systems with a bent fragment, and higher electron occupancy [e.g., Fe(II) +/- O2; Co(II) +/- NO] are relatively photoinert. Photostability appears to correlate with the occurrence of long-wavelength features in the optical absorption spectra, and the classification scheme is explained by considerations of electronic structure. The discussions are further applied to d5 systems and to low-spin d6 metalloporphyrins with nitrogenous bases as axial ligands."}
{"id": "PMID:272638", "title": "Binding to saxitoxin to electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Saxitoxin inhibits the action potential Na+ ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells with a KI of 3.7 nM. Binding experiments detect a single class of saturable binding sites with KD = 3.9 nM and a binding capacity of 156 fmol/mg of cell protein (78 sites per micrometer2 of cell surface). Saturable binding is completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin but is unaffected by scorpion toxin or batrachotoxin. No saturable binding is observed in cultures of clone N103, a variant neuroblastoma clone lacking the action potential Na+ response. Thus, saxitoxin binds specifically to the action potential Na+ ionophore in neuroblastoma cells. Comparison of saxitoxin and scorpion toxin binding reveals that there are three saxitoxin receptor sites for each scorpion toxin receptors site. The implications of this stoichiometry are considered.", "contents": "Binding to saxitoxin to electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells. Saxitoxin inhibits the action potential Na+ ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells with a KI of 3.7 nM. Binding experiments detect a single class of saturable binding sites with KD = 3.9 nM and a binding capacity of 156 fmol/mg of cell protein (78 sites per micrometer2 of cell surface). Saturable binding is completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin but is unaffected by scorpion toxin or batrachotoxin. No saturable binding is observed in cultures of clone N103, a variant neuroblastoma clone lacking the action potential Na+ response. Thus, saxitoxin binds specifically to the action potential Na+ ionophore in neuroblastoma cells. Comparison of saxitoxin and scorpion toxin binding reveals that there are three saxitoxin receptor sites for each scorpion toxin receptors site. The implications of this stoichiometry are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:272639", "title": "Mode of action of the hemin-controlled inhibitor of protein synthesis.", "content": "Despite the finding that the hemin-controlled translational inhibitor in reticulocyte lysates is a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase that phosphorylates the small subunit of the initiation factor eIF-2, the mechanism of inhibition of translation remained unexplained. Whereas treatment of hemin-containing lysates with inhibitor in the presence of ATP inhibited translation, the same treatment of highly purified eIF-2 did not affect its ability to form a ternary complex with initiator Met-tRNA and GTP or a 40S initiation complex. We have isolated from ribosomal salt washes a protein (eIF-2 stimulating protein) that enhances the capacity of unphosphorylated eIF-2 to form ternary or 40S initiation complexes but has no effect on the phosphorylated factor. At low concentrations, eIF-2 is virtually inactive without this stimulating protein. Therefore, the translational inhibitor acts by converting eIF-2 to a form that is not stimulated by the stimulating protein.", "contents": "Mode of action of the hemin-controlled inhibitor of protein synthesis. Despite the finding that the hemin-controlled translational inhibitor in reticulocyte lysates is a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase that phosphorylates the small subunit of the initiation factor eIF-2, the mechanism of inhibition of translation remained unexplained. Whereas treatment of hemin-containing lysates with inhibitor in the presence of ATP inhibited translation, the same treatment of highly purified eIF-2 did not affect its ability to form a ternary complex with initiator Met-tRNA and GTP or a 40S initiation complex. We have isolated from ribosomal salt washes a protein (eIF-2 stimulating protein) that enhances the capacity of unphosphorylated eIF-2 to form ternary or 40S initiation complexes but has no effect on the phosphorylated factor. At low concentrations, eIF-2 is virtually inactive without this stimulating protein. Therefore, the translational inhibitor acts by converting eIF-2 to a form that is not stimulated by the stimulating protein."}
{"id": "PMID:272640", "title": "pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A: an inhibitor of protein synthesis synthesized with an enzyme fraction from interferon-treated cells.", "content": "A low molecular weight inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis effective at subnanomolar concentrations is formed on incubation of cytoplasmic extracts from interferon-treated cells with double-stranded RNA and ATP. It can be conveniently synthesized by incubating a poly(I).poly(C)-Sepharose-bound enzyme fraction from such cells with [3H]- or [alpha- or gamma-32P]ATP. The radioactive inhibitor has been characterized by its behavior on DEAE-Sephadex in the presence of urea and on the basis of the products obtained on enzymic, alkaline, and sequential degradation by periodate oxidation and beta elimination. Its structure appears to be pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A. We have found no evidence for any modification or abnormality other than the 2'-5' linkage. On occasion the inhibitor preparations have included what seems to be the corresponding dimer (pppA2'p5'A), tetramer [ppp(A2'p)3A], pentamer [ppp(A2'p)4A], and higher oligomers in decreasing amounts. The trimer, tetramer, and pentamer are similar in activity, but the dimer is less potent if active at all.", "contents": "pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A: an inhibitor of protein synthesis synthesized with an enzyme fraction from interferon-treated cells. A low molecular weight inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis effective at subnanomolar concentrations is formed on incubation of cytoplasmic extracts from interferon-treated cells with double-stranded RNA and ATP. It can be conveniently synthesized by incubating a poly(I).poly(C)-Sepharose-bound enzyme fraction from such cells with [3H]- or [alpha- or gamma-32P]ATP. The radioactive inhibitor has been characterized by its behavior on DEAE-Sephadex in the presence of urea and on the basis of the products obtained on enzymic, alkaline, and sequential degradation by periodate oxidation and beta elimination. Its structure appears to be pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A. We have found no evidence for any modification or abnormality other than the 2'-5' linkage. On occasion the inhibitor preparations have included what seems to be the corresponding dimer (pppA2'p5'A), tetramer [ppp(A2'p)3A], pentamer [ppp(A2'p)4A], and higher oligomers in decreasing amounts. The trimer, tetramer, and pentamer are similar in activity, but the dimer is less potent if active at all."}
{"id": "PMID:272641", "title": "Stochastic theory of ligand migration in biomolecules.", "content": "When ligand binding to proteins involves the presence of more than one ligand inside a given biomolecule, linear deterministic rate equations become useless. A stochastic approach, however, permits a treatment of the migration and binding of small molecules to proteins even at high ligand concentrations. An appropriate linear master equation and its analytic solution are given. As an example, the binding of carbon monoxide to myoglobin at partial pressures from 1 to 10(3) bars (0.1 to 100 MPa) is treated.", "contents": "Stochastic theory of ligand migration in biomolecules. When ligand binding to proteins involves the presence of more than one ligand inside a given biomolecule, linear deterministic rate equations become useless. A stochastic approach, however, permits a treatment of the migration and binding of small molecules to proteins even at high ligand concentrations. An appropriate linear master equation and its analytic solution are given. As an example, the binding of carbon monoxide to myoglobin at partial pressures from 1 to 10(3) bars (0.1 to 100 MPa) is treated."}
{"id": "PMID:272642", "title": "Diphtheria toxin has the properties of a lectin.", "content": "The inhibition of protein synthesis in Chinese hamster V79 cells by diphtheria toxin is antagonized by the lectins concanavalin A, succinylated concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin but not by Proteus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin or abrus agglutinin. The effects of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin are reversed by methyl alpha-mannoside and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. The inhibition of diphtheria toxin as a function of concanavalin A concentration fits a model of competitive inhibition with an apparent dissociation constant for concanavalin A of 3 X 10(-8) M. These results suggest that the diphtheria toxin receptor may be an oligosaccharide. To test this hypothesis, we screened several oligosaccharides for the ability to inhibit diphtheria toxin. The cell wall polysaccharide of Salmonella cholera suis and the ovalbumin glycopeptide were effective inhibitors. These studies suggest that diphtheria toxin may have the oligosaccharide binding properties of a lectin with specificity for N-acetylglucosamine and mannose.", "contents": "Diphtheria toxin has the properties of a lectin. The inhibition of protein synthesis in Chinese hamster V79 cells by diphtheria toxin is antagonized by the lectins concanavalin A, succinylated concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin but not by Proteus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin or abrus agglutinin. The effects of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin are reversed by methyl alpha-mannoside and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. The inhibition of diphtheria toxin as a function of concanavalin A concentration fits a model of competitive inhibition with an apparent dissociation constant for concanavalin A of 3 X 10(-8) M. These results suggest that the diphtheria toxin receptor may be an oligosaccharide. To test this hypothesis, we screened several oligosaccharides for the ability to inhibit diphtheria toxin. The cell wall polysaccharide of Salmonella cholera suis and the ovalbumin glycopeptide were effective inhibitors. These studies suggest that diphtheria toxin may have the oligosaccharide binding properties of a lectin with specificity for N-acetylglucosamine and mannose."}
{"id": "PMID:272643", "title": "Biosynthesis in vitro of fucose-containing glycosphingolipids in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells.", "content": "Two different glycolipid:fucosyltransferase activities involved in the biosynthesis in vitro of blood group-related glycosphingolipids have been detected in a membrane preparation isolated from a human neuroblastoma-derived clonal cell line, IMR-32. The membrane preparation contains an alpha (1,2)-fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.89) that catalyzed the transfer of vucose from GDP--[14C]fucose to neolactotetraosylceramide or neolactopentaosylceramide to form types H-I and B-I glycolipids, respectively. The second fucosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of fucose to lactotriaosylceramide [GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc-Cer] to form a tetraglycosylceramide intermediate of the novel Lea-type glycolipid. UDP-galactose:lactotriaosylceramide beta-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.86) had 4 times the activity of UDP-galactose:alpha-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.87) when tested under similar conditions. alpha-Fucosyltransferase activities and the incorporation of [14C]fucose into glycoproteins and glycolipids were also compared in cells differentiated in the presence of 4 micron BrdUrd and 6-mercaptoguanosine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis in vitro of fucose-containing glycosphingolipids in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Two different glycolipid:fucosyltransferase activities involved in the biosynthesis in vitro of blood group-related glycosphingolipids have been detected in a membrane preparation isolated from a human neuroblastoma-derived clonal cell line, IMR-32. The membrane preparation contains an alpha (1,2)-fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.89) that catalyzed the transfer of vucose from GDP--[14C]fucose to neolactotetraosylceramide or neolactopentaosylceramide to form types H-I and B-I glycolipids, respectively. The second fucosyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of fucose to lactotriaosylceramide [GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc-Cer] to form a tetraglycosylceramide intermediate of the novel Lea-type glycolipid. UDP-galactose:lactotriaosylceramide beta-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.86) had 4 times the activity of UDP-galactose:alpha-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.87) when tested under similar conditions. alpha-Fucosyltransferase activities and the incorporation of [14C]fucose into glycoproteins and glycolipids were also compared in cells differentiated in the presence of 4 micron BrdUrd and 6-mercaptoguanosine."}
{"id": "PMID:272644", "title": "Molecular mechanisms for proton transport in membranes.", "content": "Likely mechanisms for proton transport through biomembranes are explored. The fundamental structural element is assumed to be continuous chains of hydrogen bonds formed from the protein side groups, and a molecular example is presented. From studies in ice, such chains are predicted to have low impedance and can function as proton wires. In addition, conformational changes in the protein may be linked to the proton conduction. If this possibility is allowed, a simple proton pump can be described that can be reversed into a molecular motor driven by an electrochemical potential across the membrane.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms for proton transport in membranes. Likely mechanisms for proton transport through biomembranes are explored. The fundamental structural element is assumed to be continuous chains of hydrogen bonds formed from the protein side groups, and a molecular example is presented. From studies in ice, such chains are predicted to have low impedance and can function as proton wires. In addition, conformational changes in the protein may be linked to the proton conduction. If this possibility is allowed, a simple proton pump can be described that can be reversed into a molecular motor driven by an electrochemical potential across the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:272645", "title": "Bioluminescence of the firefly: key steps in the formation of the electronically excited state for model systems.", "content": "The chemcial mechanism for formatin of electronically excited-state molecules from the thermal reaction of dimethyldioxetanone was studied. Light production in the presence of certain easily oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons was found not to conform to the classical mechanistic schemes for chemiexcitation. Detailed investigation of the dioxetanone system revealed light formation by the recently discovered, chemically initiated electron-exchange process. This result is extrapolated to bioluminescent systems. In particular, the key high-energy molecule involved in firefly luminescence, which has been identified as a dioxetanone, is postulated to form excited states as a result of intramolecular electron transfer from the phenoxythiazole moiety to the dioxetanone. Subsequent rapid decarboxylation results in direct formation of an excited single state of the emitting amide.", "contents": "Bioluminescence of the firefly: key steps in the formation of the electronically excited state for model systems. The chemcial mechanism for formatin of electronically excited-state molecules from the thermal reaction of dimethyldioxetanone was studied. Light production in the presence of certain easily oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons was found not to conform to the classical mechanistic schemes for chemiexcitation. Detailed investigation of the dioxetanone system revealed light formation by the recently discovered, chemically initiated electron-exchange process. This result is extrapolated to bioluminescent systems. In particular, the key high-energy molecule involved in firefly luminescence, which has been identified as a dioxetanone, is postulated to form excited states as a result of intramolecular electron transfer from the phenoxythiazole moiety to the dioxetanone. Subsequent rapid decarboxylation results in direct formation of an excited single state of the emitting amide."}
{"id": "PMID:272646", "title": "Macromolecular shape and surface maps by solvent exclusion.", "content": "A quantitative function equivalent to the \"molecular\" surface proposed by F. M. Richards [(1977) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 6, 151--176] is defined by the closest approach of solvent spheres to a macromolecule. The function can be used to visualize surface topography, polarity, and charge either as a three-dimensional net or by mapping onto a plane; to calculate surface areas; and to demarcate complementary sites in contacts between subunits. Applications to shape-specific recognition in protein structure and aggregation are discussed.", "contents": "Macromolecular shape and surface maps by solvent exclusion. A quantitative function equivalent to the \"molecular\" surface proposed by F. M. Richards [(1977) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 6, 151--176] is defined by the closest approach of solvent spheres to a macromolecule. The function can be used to visualize surface topography, polarity, and charge either as a three-dimensional net or by mapping onto a plane; to calculate surface areas; and to demarcate complementary sites in contacts between subunits. Applications to shape-specific recognition in protein structure and aggregation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272647", "title": "Geometric packing constraints in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles.", "content": "This investigation presents a quantitative analysis of the asymmetric transmembrane lipid packing geometry in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The analysis uses hydrodynamic and nuclear magnetic resonance data obtained for homogeneous egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and demonstrates that the average area per lipid head group and effective length of the lipid are greater on the outer monolayer than on the inner monolayer of the egg phosphatidylcholine vesicle. Results also indicate that the bilayer of the egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles has an asymmetrical interface through its center.", "contents": "Geometric packing constraints in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. This investigation presents a quantitative analysis of the asymmetric transmembrane lipid packing geometry in egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The analysis uses hydrodynamic and nuclear magnetic resonance data obtained for homogeneous egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and demonstrates that the average area per lipid head group and effective length of the lipid are greater on the outer monolayer than on the inner monolayer of the egg phosphatidylcholine vesicle. Results also indicate that the bilayer of the egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles has an asymmetrical interface through its center."}
{"id": "PMID:272648", "title": "Electronic properties of some protein--methylglyoxal complexes.", "content": "Steady-state conductivity measurements and dielectric measurements in the frequency range 10(-5) to 100 Hz are reported for samples of bovine serum albumin, casein, and lysozyme complexed with methylglyoxal. Compared with the untreated proteins, the brown complexed proteins exhibit an increased conductivity and free electron spin density, together with a low-frequency dielectric dispersion. These results can be taken as evidence that the interaction with methylglyoxal results in the proteins possessing an increased electronic activity associated with the creation of mobile electron holes within the valence band states of the protein molecules.", "contents": "Electronic properties of some protein--methylglyoxal complexes. Steady-state conductivity measurements and dielectric measurements in the frequency range 10(-5) to 100 Hz are reported for samples of bovine serum albumin, casein, and lysozyme complexed with methylglyoxal. Compared with the untreated proteins, the brown complexed proteins exhibit an increased conductivity and free electron spin density, together with a low-frequency dielectric dispersion. These results can be taken as evidence that the interaction with methylglyoxal results in the proteins possessing an increased electronic activity associated with the creation of mobile electron holes within the valence band states of the protein molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:272649", "title": "Specificity of the effects of cytochalasin B on transport and motile processes.", "content": "The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) and dihydrocytochalasin B (H2CB) on a variety of transport and motile processes have been compared. CB inhibited transport of D-glucose and L-glucose but not transport of thymidine in human erythrocytes. In contrast, H2CB, which differs from CB by the absence of a single double bond, had little or no effect on any of these processes. Both cytochalasins, however, affected the morphology of cultured fibroblasts and inhibited motile processes such as membrane ruffling, axon growth cone activity, blood clot retraction, cytoplasmic streaming, photodinesis, and cytokinesis. Determination of the partition coefficient of the two cytochalasins in several organic solvent/phosphate-buffered saline systems showed that H2CB has a higher affinity for the hydrophobic phase than CB. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of CB on sugar transport and on cell motility and morphology are separable and independent events, mediated by the binding of the drug to specific cellular receptors.", "contents": "Specificity of the effects of cytochalasin B on transport and motile processes. The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) and dihydrocytochalasin B (H2CB) on a variety of transport and motile processes have been compared. CB inhibited transport of D-glucose and L-glucose but not transport of thymidine in human erythrocytes. In contrast, H2CB, which differs from CB by the absence of a single double bond, had little or no effect on any of these processes. Both cytochalasins, however, affected the morphology of cultured fibroblasts and inhibited motile processes such as membrane ruffling, axon growth cone activity, blood clot retraction, cytoplasmic streaming, photodinesis, and cytokinesis. Determination of the partition coefficient of the two cytochalasins in several organic solvent/phosphate-buffered saline systems showed that H2CB has a higher affinity for the hydrophobic phase than CB. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of CB on sugar transport and on cell motility and morphology are separable and independent events, mediated by the binding of the drug to specific cellular receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:272650", "title": "Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: control of growth by low molecular weight nutrients.", "content": "BSC-1 cells, epithelial cells of African green monkey kidney origin, show pronounced density-dependent regulation of growth in cell culture. Growth of the cells is rapid to a density of approximately 1.5 x 10(5) cells/per cm(2) in Dulbecco-modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% calf serum. Above this \"saturation density,\" growth is much slower. It has been found that the glucose concentration in the culture medium is important in determining the \"saturation density.\" If the glucose concentration is increased 4-fold, the \"saturation density\" increases approximately 50%. Reduction of the \"saturation density\" of BSC-1 cells is also possible by decreasing the concentrations of low molecular weight nutrients in the culture medium. In medium supplemented with 0.1% calf serum, decreasing the concentrations of all of the organic constituents of the medium, from the high levels present in Dulbecco-modified Eagle's medium to concentrations near physiological levels, decreases the \"saturation density\" by approximately half. The decreased \"saturation density\" is not the result of lowering the concentration of any single nutrient but rather results from reduction of the concentrations of several nutrients. When the growth of BSC-1 cells is limited by low concentrations of all of the nutrients, some stimulation of growth results from increasing, separately, the concentrations of individual groups of nutrients, but the best growth stimulation is obtained by increasing the concentrations of all of the nutrients. The \"wound healing\" phenomenon, one manifestation of density-dependent regulation of growth in cell culture, is abolished by lowering the concentration of glutamine in the medium. Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture thus appears to be a complex phenomenon that involves an interaction of nutrient concentrations with other regulatory factors.", "contents": "Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: control of growth by low molecular weight nutrients. BSC-1 cells, epithelial cells of African green monkey kidney origin, show pronounced density-dependent regulation of growth in cell culture. Growth of the cells is rapid to a density of approximately 1.5 x 10(5) cells/per cm(2) in Dulbecco-modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% calf serum. Above this \"saturation density,\" growth is much slower. It has been found that the glucose concentration in the culture medium is important in determining the \"saturation density.\" If the glucose concentration is increased 4-fold, the \"saturation density\" increases approximately 50%. Reduction of the \"saturation density\" of BSC-1 cells is also possible by decreasing the concentrations of low molecular weight nutrients in the culture medium. In medium supplemented with 0.1% calf serum, decreasing the concentrations of all of the organic constituents of the medium, from the high levels present in Dulbecco-modified Eagle's medium to concentrations near physiological levels, decreases the \"saturation density\" by approximately half. The decreased \"saturation density\" is not the result of lowering the concentration of any single nutrient but rather results from reduction of the concentrations of several nutrients. When the growth of BSC-1 cells is limited by low concentrations of all of the nutrients, some stimulation of growth results from increasing, separately, the concentrations of individual groups of nutrients, but the best growth stimulation is obtained by increasing the concentrations of all of the nutrients. The \"wound healing\" phenomenon, one manifestation of density-dependent regulation of growth in cell culture, is abolished by lowering the concentration of glutamine in the medium. Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture thus appears to be a complex phenomenon that involves an interaction of nutrient concentrations with other regulatory factors."}
{"id": "PMID:272651", "title": "Animal cells reversibly permeable to small molecules.", "content": "A cell preparation, useful for studying the regulation of metabolism, was developed by making monolayer baby hamster kidney cells permeable. Hypertonically treated cells were permeable to nucleotides, but retained their gross cellular morphology, intact organelles, 100% of their DNA, and 91% of their total protein. The permeable cell synthesized DNA, RNA, and protein rapidly when supplied with the appropriate substrates and cofactors. They either could remain permeable or were able to \"reseal\" when replaced in complete medium under appropriate conditions. Optimal conditions for DNA synthesis were established for permeable cells, giving rates equal to those of intact cells. Replication rather than repair was shown by the cell-cycle dependence of DNA synthesis and its discontinuous nature. Ribonucleotide reductase was active in permeable cells, permitting equal rates of DNA synthesis when ribonucleotide diphosphates or deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates were provided. Hydroxyurea did not inhibit DNA synthesis in permeable cells supplied with deoxyribonucleotide di- or triphosphates, but drastically inhibited DNA synthesis when ribonucleotide diphosphates were supplied. Hydroxyurea is therefore primarily an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Permeability was reversed, exposing permeable cells to [(3)H]thymidine triphosphate, which was incorporated, which labeled nuclei of cells that went on to mitosis. The reversible permeability procedure should prove especially useful in studying the functions of poorly penetrating compounds, such as drugs. Intact cells were unaffected by cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, while cells that had been made permeable and resealed were killed.", "contents": "Animal cells reversibly permeable to small molecules. A cell preparation, useful for studying the regulation of metabolism, was developed by making monolayer baby hamster kidney cells permeable. Hypertonically treated cells were permeable to nucleotides, but retained their gross cellular morphology, intact organelles, 100% of their DNA, and 91% of their total protein. The permeable cell synthesized DNA, RNA, and protein rapidly when supplied with the appropriate substrates and cofactors. They either could remain permeable or were able to \"reseal\" when replaced in complete medium under appropriate conditions. Optimal conditions for DNA synthesis were established for permeable cells, giving rates equal to those of intact cells. Replication rather than repair was shown by the cell-cycle dependence of DNA synthesis and its discontinuous nature. Ribonucleotide reductase was active in permeable cells, permitting equal rates of DNA synthesis when ribonucleotide diphosphates or deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates were provided. Hydroxyurea did not inhibit DNA synthesis in permeable cells supplied with deoxyribonucleotide di- or triphosphates, but drastically inhibited DNA synthesis when ribonucleotide diphosphates were supplied. Hydroxyurea is therefore primarily an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Permeability was reversed, exposing permeable cells to [(3)H]thymidine triphosphate, which was incorporated, which labeled nuclei of cells that went on to mitosis. The reversible permeability procedure should prove especially useful in studying the functions of poorly penetrating compounds, such as drugs. Intact cells were unaffected by cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, while cells that had been made permeable and resealed were killed."}
{"id": "PMID:272652", "title": "Diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate triggers initiation of in vitro DNA replication in baby hamster kidney cells.", "content": "Addition of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) to permeabilized G1-arrested baby hamster kidney cells resulted in the stimulation of DNA synthesis. No stimulation was observed in cells from exponentially growing cultures. The Ap4A-stimulated [3H]dTTP incorporation was inhibited by nalidixic acid, daunomycin, chloroquine diphosphate, EDTA, and N-ethylmaleimide. It was dose-dependent in regard to the amount of permeabilized cells and of Ap4A. Numerous replication eyes were formed in the DNA molecules of stimulated cells. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the synthesis of DNA was discontinuous, resulting in the appearance of approximately 4S Okazaki fragments and their ligation to high molecular weight DNA. These results strongly suggest that Ap4A stimulated the initiation of DNA synthesis in baby hamster kidney cells that had been arrested in G1 by serum deprival.", "contents": "Diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate triggers initiation of in vitro DNA replication in baby hamster kidney cells. Addition of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) to permeabilized G1-arrested baby hamster kidney cells resulted in the stimulation of DNA synthesis. No stimulation was observed in cells from exponentially growing cultures. The Ap4A-stimulated [3H]dTTP incorporation was inhibited by nalidixic acid, daunomycin, chloroquine diphosphate, EDTA, and N-ethylmaleimide. It was dose-dependent in regard to the amount of permeabilized cells and of Ap4A. Numerous replication eyes were formed in the DNA molecules of stimulated cells. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the synthesis of DNA was discontinuous, resulting in the appearance of approximately 4S Okazaki fragments and their ligation to high molecular weight DNA. These results strongly suggest that Ap4A stimulated the initiation of DNA synthesis in baby hamster kidney cells that had been arrested in G1 by serum deprival."}
{"id": "PMID:272653", "title": "Cell lineages of the embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Embryogenesis of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces a juvenile having about 550 cells at hatching. We have determined the lineages of 182 cells by tracing the divisions of individual cells in living embryos. An invariant pattern of cleavage divisions of the egg generates a set of stem cells. These stem cells are the founders of six stem cell lineages. Each lineage has its own clock--i.e., an autonomous rhythm of synchronous cell divisions. The rhythms are maintained in spite of extensive cellular rearrangement. The rate and the orientation of the cell divisions of the cell lineages are essentially invariant among individuals. Thus, the destiny of cells seems to depend primarily on their lineage history. The anterior position of the site of origin of the stem cells in the egg relates to the rate of the cell cycle clock, suggesting intracellular preprogramming of the uncleaved egg. We used a technique that allows normal embryogenesis, from the fertilized egg to hatching, outside the parent under a cover glass. Embryogenesis was followed microscopically with Nomarski interference optics and high-resolution video recording.", "contents": "Cell lineages of the embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Embryogenesis of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces a juvenile having about 550 cells at hatching. We have determined the lineages of 182 cells by tracing the divisions of individual cells in living embryos. An invariant pattern of cleavage divisions of the egg generates a set of stem cells. These stem cells are the founders of six stem cell lineages. Each lineage has its own clock--i.e., an autonomous rhythm of synchronous cell divisions. The rhythms are maintained in spite of extensive cellular rearrangement. The rate and the orientation of the cell divisions of the cell lineages are essentially invariant among individuals. Thus, the destiny of cells seems to depend primarily on their lineage history. The anterior position of the site of origin of the stem cells in the egg relates to the rate of the cell cycle clock, suggesting intracellular preprogramming of the uncleaved egg. We used a technique that allows normal embryogenesis, from the fertilized egg to hatching, outside the parent under a cover glass. Embryogenesis was followed microscopically with Nomarski interference optics and high-resolution video recording."}
{"id": "PMID:272654", "title": "Altruism: its characteristics and evolution.", "content": "Altruism is a group phenomenon in which some genes or individuals, which must be presumed to be selfish, benefit others at cost to themselves. The presumption of selfishness and the fact of altruism are reconciled by kin-group selection and by reciprocal altruism. Kin-group selection is clearly visible only in special cases; its role even among social insects may be overestimated; it is probably usually inhibited by competition. However, reciprocal altruism is ubiquitous. All altruism is: (i) potentially reciprocal; (ii) potentially profitable to altruists as well as to recipients; (iii) environmentally determined, usually by position of individuals in group or environmental situations; and (iv) a net-gain lottery. These generalizations are illustrated by four idealized cases; the difficulty of applying them to real cases is illustrated by alarm-calling in groups of birds. Although altruism is a group phenomenon, it evolves by individual selection, by processes equivalent to co-evolutions. Its evolution is: (i) opposed by competition; (ii) costly, complex, and slow, and tending to produce an imprecise flexible altruism rather than a precisely detailed one; and (iii) supplemented by group selection (differential extinction of groups). That altruism in human beings conforms to these generalizations is a good working hypothesis. However, analysis does not \"take the altruism out of (human) altruism.\" Humans do not calculate it, but behave altruistically because they have human altruistic emotions.", "contents": "Altruism: its characteristics and evolution. Altruism is a group phenomenon in which some genes or individuals, which must be presumed to be selfish, benefit others at cost to themselves. The presumption of selfishness and the fact of altruism are reconciled by kin-group selection and by reciprocal altruism. Kin-group selection is clearly visible only in special cases; its role even among social insects may be overestimated; it is probably usually inhibited by competition. However, reciprocal altruism is ubiquitous. All altruism is: (i) potentially reciprocal; (ii) potentially profitable to altruists as well as to recipients; (iii) environmentally determined, usually by position of individuals in group or environmental situations; and (iv) a net-gain lottery. These generalizations are illustrated by four idealized cases; the difficulty of applying them to real cases is illustrated by alarm-calling in groups of birds. Although altruism is a group phenomenon, it evolves by individual selection, by processes equivalent to co-evolutions. Its evolution is: (i) opposed by competition; (ii) costly, complex, and slow, and tending to produce an imprecise flexible altruism rather than a precisely detailed one; and (iii) supplemented by group selection (differential extinction of groups). That altruism in human beings conforms to these generalizations is a good working hypothesis. However, analysis does not \"take the altruism out of (human) altruism.\" Humans do not calculate it, but behave altruistically because they have human altruistic emotions."}
{"id": "PMID:272655", "title": "Silkmoth chorion proteins: sequence analysis of the products of a multigene family.", "content": "Five polypeptide components have been isolated from the eggshell (chorions) of a silkmoth. Two are homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate and isoelectric focusing gels, and three contain predominantly two proteins each. Amino acid analyses show that all five components are similar to each other. These proteins have been sequenced from the amino terminus. Homogeneous components yielded single sequences; heterogeneous components yielded two residues at some positions, consistent with their containing two major electrophoretic components. Striking similarities are apparent among all these sequences. These similarities can be increased dramatically by separating each of the three protein mixtures into two sequences and introducing a small number of gaps or insertions. This is due in part to bringing into register a portion that contains short repeating subunits found in all sequences. All proteins are also characterized by a region of high cysteine content near the amino terminus followed by a longer low-cysteine region. The data suggest that these proteins share a common evolutionary origin and are encoded by a multigene family.", "contents": "Silkmoth chorion proteins: sequence analysis of the products of a multigene family. Five polypeptide components have been isolated from the eggshell (chorions) of a silkmoth. Two are homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate and isoelectric focusing gels, and three contain predominantly two proteins each. Amino acid analyses show that all five components are similar to each other. These proteins have been sequenced from the amino terminus. Homogeneous components yielded single sequences; heterogeneous components yielded two residues at some positions, consistent with their containing two major electrophoretic components. Striking similarities are apparent among all these sequences. These similarities can be increased dramatically by separating each of the three protein mixtures into two sequences and introducing a small number of gaps or insertions. This is due in part to bringing into register a portion that contains short repeating subunits found in all sequences. All proteins are also characterized by a region of high cysteine content near the amino terminus followed by a longer low-cysteine region. The data suggest that these proteins share a common evolutionary origin and are encoded by a multigene family."}
{"id": "PMID:272656", "title": "Determination of capsid size by satellite bacteriophage P4.", "content": "Satellite bacteriophage P4 requires all morphogenic gene products provided by a helper phage, such as coliphage P2, to assemble its own capsid, which is one-third the volume of the larger helper capsid. We have isolated a satellite phage P4 sid (size determination) mutant that is unable to direct the assembly of the small wild-type-size P4 capsid. Instead, this mutant produces P4 plaque-forming units with large P2-size capsids which contain two or three copies of the P4 sid1 genome. P4 sid1 is evidently mutated in a protein that is specifically responsible for determining the precise size and symmetry of the structure into which the helper P2 gene products will assemble. In addition, we have found that the physical size of the genome does not appear to play an essential role in the proper assembly of the icosahedral capsid, since the majority of the P4 sid1 plaque-forming units do not contain a complete capsidful of DNA.", "contents": "Determination of capsid size by satellite bacteriophage P4. Satellite bacteriophage P4 requires all morphogenic gene products provided by a helper phage, such as coliphage P2, to assemble its own capsid, which is one-third the volume of the larger helper capsid. We have isolated a satellite phage P4 sid (size determination) mutant that is unable to direct the assembly of the small wild-type-size P4 capsid. Instead, this mutant produces P4 plaque-forming units with large P2-size capsids which contain two or three copies of the P4 sid1 genome. P4 sid1 is evidently mutated in a protein that is specifically responsible for determining the precise size and symmetry of the structure into which the helper P2 gene products will assemble. In addition, we have found that the physical size of the genome does not appear to play an essential role in the proper assembly of the icosahedral capsid, since the majority of the P4 sid1 plaque-forming units do not contain a complete capsidful of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:272657", "title": "Temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase II mutations in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines temperature-sensitive (TS) for growth and containing TS mutations in RNA polymerase II (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) have been isolated. Wild-type cells were treated with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and a population of cells possessing mutations in RNA polymerase II was initially selected by isolating alpha-amanitin-resistant clones at 34 degrees . Of 168 such alpha-amanitin-resistant isolates screened for temperature sensitivity, nine were TS for growth at 39.5 degrees . By examining the behavior of the alpha-amanitin resistance of these TS cell lines in somatic cell hybrids, the TS mutation in a number of them was shown to be in RNA polymerase II. Hybrid cells obtained by the fusion of the TS and alpha-amanitin-resistant cells with cells possessing alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerase II grew at both 34 degrees and 39.5 degrees ; the TS mutations were recessive. At 34 degrees all the hybrids were alpha-amanitin-resistant and possessed a mixture of alpha-amanitin-resistant and sensitive polymerase II. At 39.5 degrees the alpha-amanitin-resistant polymerase II activities in hybrids of four of the TS cell lines were lost; these four lines were alpha-amanitin-sensitive and possessed only alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerase II. Temperature-insensitive revertants of two of these mutants were isolated. Reversion of the TS phenotype for mutants TsAma(R)-1 and TsAma(R)-8 was accompanied by an alteration in the level of alpha-amanitin resistance of the RNA polymerase II activities in the revertant cells. Together these data provide convincing evidence that TS mutations in RNA polymerase II can be coselected with alpha-amanitin resistance.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase II mutations in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines temperature-sensitive (TS) for growth and containing TS mutations in RNA polymerase II (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) have been isolated. Wild-type cells were treated with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and a population of cells possessing mutations in RNA polymerase II was initially selected by isolating alpha-amanitin-resistant clones at 34 degrees . Of 168 such alpha-amanitin-resistant isolates screened for temperature sensitivity, nine were TS for growth at 39.5 degrees . By examining the behavior of the alpha-amanitin resistance of these TS cell lines in somatic cell hybrids, the TS mutation in a number of them was shown to be in RNA polymerase II. Hybrid cells obtained by the fusion of the TS and alpha-amanitin-resistant cells with cells possessing alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerase II grew at both 34 degrees and 39.5 degrees ; the TS mutations were recessive. At 34 degrees all the hybrids were alpha-amanitin-resistant and possessed a mixture of alpha-amanitin-resistant and sensitive polymerase II. At 39.5 degrees the alpha-amanitin-resistant polymerase II activities in hybrids of four of the TS cell lines were lost; these four lines were alpha-amanitin-sensitive and possessed only alpha-amanitin-sensitive polymerase II. Temperature-insensitive revertants of two of these mutants were isolated. Reversion of the TS phenotype for mutants TsAma(R)-1 and TsAma(R)-8 was accompanied by an alteration in the level of alpha-amanitin resistance of the RNA polymerase II activities in the revertant cells. Together these data provide convincing evidence that TS mutations in RNA polymerase II can be coselected with alpha-amanitin resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:272658", "title": "Modification of DNA by the benzo[a]pyrene metabolite diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "The structural modification of double-stranded circular DNA of simian virus 40 and plasmid ColE1 by in vitro binding of r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene was studied. Stepwise hydrolysis with endonuclease S1 and DNase followed by DNA base analysis by thin-layer chromatography provided evidence that binding to adenine caused the local denaturation of DNA, whereas the more than 10-fold greater binding to guanine did not create such local denaturation. Of the  two synthetic double-stranded polymers, poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), bound to the diol-epoxide, only the former showed a marked hydrolysis after endonuclease S1 treatment, whereas binding occurred 24-fold more on the latter.", "contents": "Modification of DNA by the benzo[a]pyrene metabolite diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The structural modification of double-stranded circular DNA of simian virus 40 and plasmid ColE1 by in vitro binding of r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene was studied. Stepwise hydrolysis with endonuclease S1 and DNase followed by DNA base analysis by thin-layer chromatography provided evidence that binding to adenine caused the local denaturation of DNA, whereas the more than 10-fold greater binding to guanine did not create such local denaturation. Of the  two synthetic double-stranded polymers, poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), bound to the diol-epoxide, only the former showed a marked hydrolysis after endonuclease S1 treatment, whereas binding occurred 24-fold more on the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:272659", "title": "A model of kin selection for an altruistic trait considered as a quantitative character.", "content": "Conditions for natural selection to favor increase of a quantitative character are derived for a model in which individuals associate in groups of size n. It is assumed that the logarithm of the fitness of an individual is the sum of two parts, one proportional to the individual's own phenotype, and the other to the mean phenotype in its group. The resulting conditions for the trait to increase under natural selection are analogous to the results found previously in single-locus kin selection models.", "contents": "A model of kin selection for an altruistic trait considered as a quantitative character. Conditions for natural selection to favor increase of a quantitative character are derived for a model in which individuals associate in groups of size n. It is assumed that the logarithm of the fitness of an individual is the sum of two parts, one proportional to the individual's own phenotype, and the other to the mean phenotype in its group. The resulting conditions for the trait to increase under natural selection are analogous to the results found previously in single-locus kin selection models."}
{"id": "PMID:272660", "title": "Evidence that tumor antigens enhance tumor growth in vivo by interacting with a radiosensitive (suppressor?) cell population.", "content": "The growth of a small number of cells from each of two chemically induced BALB/c sarcomas was enhanced when x-irradiated (15,000 rads) cells of the same sarcoma were mixed with the tumor inoculum. This enhancement did not occur if the recipients had been given a total body x-irradiation of 450 rads. Tumor neutralization (Winn) tests showed that tumor cells irradiated in vitro enhanced tumor growth only in the presence of radiosensitive cells present in the spleens of both nonimmune and tumor-bearing mice. On the basis of these findings we postulate that tumor antigen blocks effective tumor immunity by a mechanism that involves a suppressor cell population.", "contents": "Evidence that tumor antigens enhance tumor growth in vivo by interacting with a radiosensitive (suppressor?) cell population. The growth of a small number of cells from each of two chemically induced BALB/c sarcomas was enhanced when x-irradiated (15,000 rads) cells of the same sarcoma were mixed with the tumor inoculum. This enhancement did not occur if the recipients had been given a total body x-irradiation of 450 rads. Tumor neutralization (Winn) tests showed that tumor cells irradiated in vitro enhanced tumor growth only in the presence of radiosensitive cells present in the spleens of both nonimmune and tumor-bearing mice. On the basis of these findings we postulate that tumor antigen blocks effective tumor immunity by a mechanism that involves a suppressor cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:272661", "title": "Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones synergistically control growth hormone mRNA in cultured GH1 cells.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that thyroid hormone controls growth hormone synthesis in GH1 cells and that the induction of the growth hormone response by glucocorticoid appears to be highly dependent on thyroid hormone action. Thyroid hormone induces growth hormone synthesis approximately 5- to 20-fold and cortisol increases this response 2- to 6-fold further. Long-term kinetics of the growth hormone response show that, without added thyroid hormone, cortisol can induce a small-growth hormone response after 48 hr of incubation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in intact cells demonstrates that the cortisol enhancement of growth hormone synthesis in cells incubated with thyroid hormone is a relatively selective process. Quantitation of growth hormone mRNA levels by cell-free protein synthesis demonstrates that the regulation of growth hormone synthesis by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones is explained by a synergistic pretranslational control mechanism, presumably at the level of the growth hormone gene.", "contents": "Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones synergistically control growth hormone mRNA in cultured GH1 cells. We have previously demonstrated that thyroid hormone controls growth hormone synthesis in GH1 cells and that the induction of the growth hormone response by glucocorticoid appears to be highly dependent on thyroid hormone action. Thyroid hormone induces growth hormone synthesis approximately 5- to 20-fold and cortisol increases this response 2- to 6-fold further. Long-term kinetics of the growth hormone response show that, without added thyroid hormone, cortisol can induce a small-growth hormone response after 48 hr of incubation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in intact cells demonstrates that the cortisol enhancement of growth hormone synthesis in cells incubated with thyroid hormone is a relatively selective process. Quantitation of growth hormone mRNA levels by cell-free protein synthesis demonstrates that the regulation of growth hormone synthesis by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones is explained by a synergistic pretranslational control mechanism, presumably at the level of the growth hormone gene."}
{"id": "PMID:272662", "title": "Increased turnover of arterial collagen in hypertensive rats.", "content": "The turnover of total collagen in several tissues of 12-week-old normotensive and hypertensive rats was estimated by using tritium-labeled proline as a precursor. The effect of reutilization of the label was minimized by treatment with large doses of unlabeled proline subsequent to administering the radioactive imino acid. The collagen from skin, tail tendon, aorta, and mesenteric artery in normotensive animals had a half-life of about 60--70 days. In hypertensive animals the half-lives of skin and tail tendon collagen were unchanged but the half-lives of collagen in the aorta and mesenteric artery were reduced to 17 days.", "contents": "Increased turnover of arterial collagen in hypertensive rats. The turnover of total collagen in several tissues of 12-week-old normotensive and hypertensive rats was estimated by using tritium-labeled proline as a precursor. The effect of reutilization of the label was minimized by treatment with large doses of unlabeled proline subsequent to administering the radioactive imino acid. The collagen from skin, tail tendon, aorta, and mesenteric artery in normotensive animals had a half-life of about 60--70 days. In hypertensive animals the half-lives of skin and tail tendon collagen were unchanged but the half-lives of collagen in the aorta and mesenteric artery were reduced to 17 days."}
{"id": "PMID:272663", "title": "Anti-epidermal-cell-surface pemphigus antibody detaches viable epidermal cells from culture plates by activation of proteinase.", "content": "Immunoglobulin from pemphigus patients binds to the surface of mouse epidermal cells in culture. Cells incubated with the pemphigus antibody are easily detached from culture plates whereas cells incubated with serum from normal patients remain on the plate. Pemphigus antibody-mediated cell detachment is blocked by the addition of the proteinase inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin to the culture media. Detachable cells are viable, and activation of the complement cascade is not necessary for cell detachment. The anti-cell-surface antibody of pemphigus appears to disrupt adhesion between viable epidermal cells by activation of proteinase.", "contents": "Anti-epidermal-cell-surface pemphigus antibody detaches viable epidermal cells from culture plates by activation of proteinase. Immunoglobulin from pemphigus patients binds to the surface of mouse epidermal cells in culture. Cells incubated with the pemphigus antibody are easily detached from culture plates whereas cells incubated with serum from normal patients remain on the plate. Pemphigus antibody-mediated cell detachment is blocked by the addition of the proteinase inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin to the culture media. Detachable cells are viable, and activation of the complement cascade is not necessary for cell detachment. The anti-cell-surface antibody of pemphigus appears to disrupt adhesion between viable epidermal cells by activation of proteinase."}
{"id": "PMID:272664", "title": "Estrogenic activity in vivo and in vitro of some diethylstilbestrol metabolites and analogs.", "content": "The diethylstilbestrol (DES) metabolite (beta-dienestrol), which had been identified in mouse, rat, monkey, and human urine, and two proposed metabolic intermediates (diethylstilbestrol alpha,alpha'-epoxide and alpha,alpha'-dihydroxy DES) were synthesized and their estrogenic activities determined. In addition, three DES analogs, alpha-dienestrol, DES-dihydroxy diethyl phenanthrene (DES-phenanthrene), and 1-(alpha-ethyl, 4alpha-hydroxyphenyl)indanyl-5-ol (indanyl-DES), were studied. Estrogenic activities of the compounds in vivo were determined by the immature mouse uterine weight bioassay; in vitro, their estradiol receptor binding activity (competitive equilibrium binding, sucrose gradient analysis, and association rate inhibition assays) was determined. Results of the mouse uterine weight bioassay gave the following order of estrogenicity: DES > alpha-dienestrol >/= DES-epoxide > indanyl-DES > dihydroxy DES > beta-dienestrol > DES-phenanthrene. Results of competitive equilibrium binding analyses of these compounds with estradiol-17beta for the mouse uterine cytosol receptor followed the same order seen for the bioassay, except for indanyl-DES. DES, indanyl-DES, and alpha-dienestrol had the greatest affinities (K(a) values approximately 0.5-19.1 x 10(10) M(-1)), while DES-phenanthrene had the lowest (K(a) = 3.5 x 10(7) M(-1) +/- 1.2). Sucrose gradient analysis of the above competition preparations illustrated the displacement of [(3)H]estradiol from the receptor peak. This displacement was receptor specific and concentration dependent and correlated with the equilibrium binding concentrations. In addition, the most hormonally active substances demonstrated the greatest rate inhibition in the estradiol cytosol receptor association rate reaction (V(0)). The rank order of estrogenicity of the compounds determined in this study should be useful in evaluating alternative metabolic pathways of DES as well as distinguishing biologically active metabolites from relatively inactive ones.", "contents": "Estrogenic activity in vivo and in vitro of some diethylstilbestrol metabolites and analogs. The diethylstilbestrol (DES) metabolite (beta-dienestrol), which had been identified in mouse, rat, monkey, and human urine, and two proposed metabolic intermediates (diethylstilbestrol alpha,alpha'-epoxide and alpha,alpha'-dihydroxy DES) were synthesized and their estrogenic activities determined. In addition, three DES analogs, alpha-dienestrol, DES-dihydroxy diethyl phenanthrene (DES-phenanthrene), and 1-(alpha-ethyl, 4alpha-hydroxyphenyl)indanyl-5-ol (indanyl-DES), were studied. Estrogenic activities of the compounds in vivo were determined by the immature mouse uterine weight bioassay; in vitro, their estradiol receptor binding activity (competitive equilibrium binding, sucrose gradient analysis, and association rate inhibition assays) was determined. Results of the mouse uterine weight bioassay gave the following order of estrogenicity: DES > alpha-dienestrol >/= DES-epoxide > indanyl-DES > dihydroxy DES > beta-dienestrol > DES-phenanthrene. Results of competitive equilibrium binding analyses of these compounds with estradiol-17beta for the mouse uterine cytosol receptor followed the same order seen for the bioassay, except for indanyl-DES. DES, indanyl-DES, and alpha-dienestrol had the greatest affinities (K(a) values approximately 0.5-19.1 x 10(10) M(-1)), while DES-phenanthrene had the lowest (K(a) = 3.5 x 10(7) M(-1) +/- 1.2). Sucrose gradient analysis of the above competition preparations illustrated the displacement of [(3)H]estradiol from the receptor peak. This displacement was receptor specific and concentration dependent and correlated with the equilibrium binding concentrations. In addition, the most hormonally active substances demonstrated the greatest rate inhibition in the estradiol cytosol receptor association rate reaction (V(0)). The rank order of estrogenicity of the compounds determined in this study should be useful in evaluating alternative metabolic pathways of DES as well as distinguishing biologically active metabolites from relatively inactive ones."}
{"id": "PMID:272665", "title": "Deoxyadenosine triphosphate as a potentially toxic metabolite in adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "The inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase; EC 3.5.4.4) activity in humans is associated with an immunodeficiency. Some of the immunodeficient and enzyme-deficient patients respond immunologically to periodic infusions of irradiated erythrocytes containing adenosine deaminase. It has been previously reported that erythrocytes and lymphocytes from immunodeficient ane enzyme-deficient children contained increased concentrations of ATP, and in the one child studied after erythrocyte infusion therapy, the intracellular level of ATP diminished. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography that resolves ATP and 2'-dATP, we have observed greater than 50-fold elevations of dATP in the erythrocytes of immunodeficient, adenosine deaminase-deficient patients but not in the erythrocytes of an immunocompetent adenosine deaminase-deficient patient. The erythrocyte dATP in two unrelated adenosine deaminase-deficient, immunodeficient patients disappeared after infusion of normal erythrocytes. We propose that deoxyadenosine, a substrate of adenosine deaminase, is the potentially toxic substrate in adenosine deaminase deficiency, and that the mediator of the toxic effect is dATP, a recognized potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Deoxyadenosine triphosphate as a potentially toxic metabolite in adenosine deaminase deficiency. The inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase; EC 3.5.4.4) activity in humans is associated with an immunodeficiency. Some of the immunodeficient and enzyme-deficient patients respond immunologically to periodic infusions of irradiated erythrocytes containing adenosine deaminase. It has been previously reported that erythrocytes and lymphocytes from immunodeficient ane enzyme-deficient children contained increased concentrations of ATP, and in the one child studied after erythrocyte infusion therapy, the intracellular level of ATP diminished. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography that resolves ATP and 2'-dATP, we have observed greater than 50-fold elevations of dATP in the erythrocytes of immunodeficient, adenosine deaminase-deficient patients but not in the erythrocytes of an immunocompetent adenosine deaminase-deficient patient. The erythrocyte dATP in two unrelated adenosine deaminase-deficient, immunodeficient patients disappeared after infusion of normal erythrocytes. We propose that deoxyadenosine, a substrate of adenosine deaminase, is the potentially toxic substrate in adenosine deaminase deficiency, and that the mediator of the toxic effect is dATP, a recognized potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:272666", "title": "Structure of the orgin of DNA replication of bacteriophage fd.", "content": "An RNA-polymerase-protected DNA fragment of 125 nucleotides from the origin of single-strand to double-strand replication of bacteriophage fd (ori-DNA) was located on the physical map of the phage genome. A stretch of 187 base pairs of DNA including the ori-DNA was sequenced. This DNA segment contains regions with a highly asymmetric pyrimidine/purine distribution next to regions with 2-fold symmetry that form stable hairpin structures in the viral DNA strand.", "contents": "Structure of the orgin of DNA replication of bacteriophage fd. An RNA-polymerase-protected DNA fragment of 125 nucleotides from the origin of single-strand to double-strand replication of bacteriophage fd (ori-DNA) was located on the physical map of the phage genome. A stretch of 187 base pairs of DNA including the ori-DNA was sequenced. This DNA segment contains regions with a highly asymmetric pyrimidine/purine distribution next to regions with 2-fold symmetry that form stable hairpin structures in the viral DNA strand."}
{"id": "PMID:272667", "title": "Membrane particle aggregates in innervated and noninnervated cultures of Xenopus embryonic muscle cells.", "content": "Clusters of membrane particle aggregates were found in the cultures of Xenopus embryonic muscle cells. In innervated cultures, the aggregates were usually found in the vicinity of the nerve. In terms of particle density and morphology, they resembled the postsynaptic particle aggregates of adult skeletal muscle fibers, suggesting that they may be related to acetylcholine receptors. Similar particle aggregates were also found in noninnervated cultures. They may correspond to extrajunctional clusters of acetylcholine receptors or \"hot spots.\"", "contents": "Membrane particle aggregates in innervated and noninnervated cultures of Xenopus embryonic muscle cells. Clusters of membrane particle aggregates were found in the cultures of Xenopus embryonic muscle cells. In innervated cultures, the aggregates were usually found in the vicinity of the nerve. In terms of particle density and morphology, they resembled the postsynaptic particle aggregates of adult skeletal muscle fibers, suggesting that they may be related to acetylcholine receptors. Similar particle aggregates were also found in noninnervated cultures. They may correspond to extrajunctional clusters of acetylcholine receptors or \"hot spots.\""}
{"id": "PMID:272668", "title": "Distinct protein components from Torpedo marmorata membranes carry the acetylcholine receptor site and the binding site for local anesthetics and histrionicotoxin.", "content": "Highly purified subsynaptic membrane fragments prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ (specific activity, greater than 4 mumol of Naja nigricollis alpha-[3H]toxin per mg of protein) exhibit, on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two major protein bands of apparent molecular weight 40,000 and 43,000, respectively. Dissolution of these membranes by the nondenaturing detergents Triton X-100 and Berol 043 followed by standard fractionation yielded (i) the 9S acetylcholine-receptor protein which still binds the alpha-[3H]toxin and after further purification yielded, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the 40,000-dalton component, covalently labeled by the affinity reagent 4-(N-maleimido)phenyl[3H]trimethylammonium; only serine was found as the NH2-terminal amino acid of this protein; and (ii) a high molecular weight aggregate named 43,000 protein which was resolved in denaturing gels almost exclusively as the 43,000-dalton band, In the absence of detergents, the 43,000 protein binds compounds known to interact with the acetylcholine ionophore: a fluorescent local anesthetic quinacrine and histrionicotoxin (apparent dissociation constant, 7 +/- 1 X 10(-7) M). The regulation of quinacrine fluorescennce by carbamylcholine, observed in the intact membrane, no longer occurs with the isolated 43,000 component.", "contents": "Distinct protein components from Torpedo marmorata membranes carry the acetylcholine receptor site and the binding site for local anesthetics and histrionicotoxin. Highly purified subsynaptic membrane fragments prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ (specific activity, greater than 4 mumol of Naja nigricollis alpha-[3H]toxin per mg of protein) exhibit, on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two major protein bands of apparent molecular weight 40,000 and 43,000, respectively. Dissolution of these membranes by the nondenaturing detergents Triton X-100 and Berol 043 followed by standard fractionation yielded (i) the 9S acetylcholine-receptor protein which still binds the alpha-[3H]toxin and after further purification yielded, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the 40,000-dalton component, covalently labeled by the affinity reagent 4-(N-maleimido)phenyl[3H]trimethylammonium; only serine was found as the NH2-terminal amino acid of this protein; and (ii) a high molecular weight aggregate named 43,000 protein which was resolved in denaturing gels almost exclusively as the 43,000-dalton band, In the absence of detergents, the 43,000 protein binds compounds known to interact with the acetylcholine ionophore: a fluorescent local anesthetic quinacrine and histrionicotoxin (apparent dissociation constant, 7 +/- 1 X 10(-7) M). The regulation of quinacrine fluorescennce by carbamylcholine, observed in the intact membrane, no longer occurs with the isolated 43,000 component."}
{"id": "PMID:272669", "title": "Channel open time and metabolic stability of synaptic and extrasynaptic acetylcholine receptors on cultured chick myotubes.", "content": "The mean channel open time and metabolic stability of acetylcholine receptors were studied in developing chick muscle fibers in vitro. Analysis of acetylcholine noise recorded from small patches of surface membrane on uninnervated myotubes indicates that the mean ionic channel open time is independent of receptor density. On myotubes innervated in vitro by spinal cord neurons, the mean open time of synaptic receptors was identical to that of extrasynaptic receptors on the same fibers. Receptor stability was estimated by autoradiography of cultures labeled with 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. Synaptic and extrasynaptic toxin--receptor complexes disappear at the same, relatively rapid rate. Both the mean channel open time and the apparent rate of receptor degradation are comparable to values obtained at extrasynaptic sites on denervated adult muscles in other species.", "contents": "Channel open time and metabolic stability of synaptic and extrasynaptic acetylcholine receptors on cultured chick myotubes. The mean channel open time and metabolic stability of acetylcholine receptors were studied in developing chick muscle fibers in vitro. Analysis of acetylcholine noise recorded from small patches of surface membrane on uninnervated myotubes indicates that the mean ionic channel open time is independent of receptor density. On myotubes innervated in vitro by spinal cord neurons, the mean open time of synaptic receptors was identical to that of extrasynaptic receptors on the same fibers. Receptor stability was estimated by autoradiography of cultures labeled with 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. Synaptic and extrasynaptic toxin--receptor complexes disappear at the same, relatively rapid rate. Both the mean channel open time and the apparent rate of receptor degradation are comparable to values obtained at extrasynaptic sites on denervated adult muscles in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:272670", "title": "Demonstration of biological activity of brain gastrin-like peptidic material in the human: its relationship with the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin.", "content": "The previously described peptide material that reacts with antibodies to gastrin and is found in the central nervous system of various vertebrates is present in only the 100,000 X g pellet of postmortem human cerebral cortical grey matter. This immunoreactive material, extractable in boiling water, is biologically active on rat pancreatic preparations. On the basis of size, charge, immunological specificity, and patterns of biological activity, most of this material is closely related to the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in its complete, sulfated biologically active form.", "contents": "Demonstration of biological activity of brain gastrin-like peptidic material in the human: its relationship with the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin. The previously described peptide material that reacts with antibodies to gastrin and is found in the central nervous system of various vertebrates is present in only the 100,000 X g pellet of postmortem human cerebral cortical grey matter. This immunoreactive material, extractable in boiling water, is biologically active on rat pancreatic preparations. On the basis of size, charge, immunological specificity, and patterns of biological activity, most of this material is closely related to the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin in its complete, sulfated biologically active form."}
{"id": "PMID:272671", "title": "Sound transmission in the salamander ear.", "content": "The mode of stimulation of the ear by sounds is considered in Amphibia, in which it differs among the three Recent orders. Of special interest is the order Caudata, in which this stimulation takes a unique form: sounds applied to the oval window of one ear produce a path of vibratory motion that passes through the brain cavity to the oval window on the opposite side. In this course the vibratory movements traverse both right and left amphibian papillae, and both basilar papillae also in species that contain these endorgans. Thus, in the salamander the hearing is invariably binaural.", "contents": "Sound transmission in the salamander ear. The mode of stimulation of the ear by sounds is considered in Amphibia, in which it differs among the three Recent orders. Of special interest is the order Caudata, in which this stimulation takes a unique form: sounds applied to the oval window of one ear produce a path of vibratory motion that passes through the brain cavity to the oval window on the opposite side. In this course the vibratory movements traverse both right and left amphibian papillae, and both basilar papillae also in species that contain these endorgans. Thus, in the salamander the hearing is invariably binaural."}
{"id": "PMID:272672", "title": "Melatonin secretion decreases during the proestrous stage of the rat estrous cycle.", "content": "Urine was collected from rats during 12 consecutive daily dark periods and assayed for melatonin and norepinephrine; the phase of the vaginal estrous cycle associated with each urine sample was determined from daily vaginal smears. The proestrous phase of the estrous cycle was consistently associated with significant reductions in the excretions of both compounds. The level of melatonin in any urine sample tended to vary as a function of its norepinephrine content; however, the slope of the curve relating these two compounds in metestrous-diestrous samples differed from that for proestrous-estrous specimens. This difference suggests that factors other than the catecholamine (e.g., gonadal hormones) also affect melatonin secretion. Oophorectomy elevated the melatonin concentration of serum but not that of the pineal; this rise was suppressed by the administration of estrogen plus progesterone. The fate of circulating melatonin (as indicated by the proportion of an exogenous dose excreted into the urine) was not affected by the state of the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Melatonin secretion decreases during the proestrous stage of the rat estrous cycle. Urine was collected from rats during 12 consecutive daily dark periods and assayed for melatonin and norepinephrine; the phase of the vaginal estrous cycle associated with each urine sample was determined from daily vaginal smears. The proestrous phase of the estrous cycle was consistently associated with significant reductions in the excretions of both compounds. The level of melatonin in any urine sample tended to vary as a function of its norepinephrine content; however, the slope of the curve relating these two compounds in metestrous-diestrous samples differed from that for proestrous-estrous specimens. This difference suggests that factors other than the catecholamine (e.g., gonadal hormones) also affect melatonin secretion. Oophorectomy elevated the melatonin concentration of serum but not that of the pineal; this rise was suppressed by the administration of estrogen plus progesterone. The fate of circulating melatonin (as indicated by the proportion of an exogenous dose excreted into the urine) was not affected by the state of the estrous cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:272673", "title": "Affinity purification of cardiac adenylate cyclase: dependence on prior hydrophobic resolution.", "content": "The interaction of cardiac adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1] with a variety of nucleotide affinity resins was systematically investigated. None of these resins effectively bound the native, detergent-solubilized enzyme. However, after hydrophobic resolution on an uncharged resin consisting of long-chain alkyl groups linked to agarose via ether bonds, 40% of the adenylate cyclase activity biospecifically adsorbed to an ATP affinity resin. Gel filtration without detergent after hydrophobic chromatography demonstrated that the enzyme eluted in the identical position as the native enzyme chromatographed in the presence of detergent. This preparation almost completely biospecifically adsorbed to the same ATP-resin and was not eluted with 5 mM cyclic AMP, pyrophosphate, or GTP. If the GTP-washed immobilized enzyme was subsequently desorbed with ATP, then expected Gpp(NH)p (5'-guanylyliminodiphosphonate) sensitivity persisted. A preliminary purification scheme that resulted in an approximate 5000-fold increase in specific activity is presented. These observations indicate that a membrane-bound enzyme may appear to be intrinsically hydrophobic only by virtue of aggregation with other hydrophobic constituents and that prior separation of hydrophobic chromatography may permit such proteins to be fractionated subsequently by methods conventionally applied to hydrophilic proteins.", "contents": "Affinity purification of cardiac adenylate cyclase: dependence on prior hydrophobic resolution. The interaction of cardiac adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1] with a variety of nucleotide affinity resins was systematically investigated. None of these resins effectively bound the native, detergent-solubilized enzyme. However, after hydrophobic resolution on an uncharged resin consisting of long-chain alkyl groups linked to agarose via ether bonds, 40% of the adenylate cyclase activity biospecifically adsorbed to an ATP affinity resin. Gel filtration without detergent after hydrophobic chromatography demonstrated that the enzyme eluted in the identical position as the native enzyme chromatographed in the presence of detergent. This preparation almost completely biospecifically adsorbed to the same ATP-resin and was not eluted with 5 mM cyclic AMP, pyrophosphate, or GTP. If the GTP-washed immobilized enzyme was subsequently desorbed with ATP, then expected Gpp(NH)p (5'-guanylyliminodiphosphonate) sensitivity persisted. A preliminary purification scheme that resulted in an approximate 5000-fold increase in specific activity is presented. These observations indicate that a membrane-bound enzyme may appear to be intrinsically hydrophobic only by virtue of aggregation with other hydrophobic constituents and that prior separation of hydrophobic chromatography may permit such proteins to be fractionated subsequently by methods conventionally applied to hydrophilic proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:272674", "title": "Energy conformation study of Met-enkephalin and its D-Ala2 analogue and their resemblance to rigid opiates.", "content": "Conformational similarities of Met-enkephalin and its D-Ala2 analogue to rigid opiates were studied by both empirical and quantum mechanical methods. By both methods, conformers with maximum resemblance to rigid opiates have the highest energies. Conformers with the lowest energy had no resemblance to rigid opiates. However, several low and intermediate energy conformers were identified in which at least the NH2-terminal tyrosine residue overlaps with the phenethylamine moiety of rigid opiates and which could equally well accommodate either Gly2 or D-Ala2. The conformer among these with greatest additional resemblance to other binding sites of rigid opiates is proposed as the most likely candidate for an induced fit at the receptor site.", "contents": "Energy conformation study of Met-enkephalin and its D-Ala2 analogue and their resemblance to rigid opiates. Conformational similarities of Met-enkephalin and its D-Ala2 analogue to rigid opiates were studied by both empirical and quantum mechanical methods. By both methods, conformers with maximum resemblance to rigid opiates have the highest energies. Conformers with the lowest energy had no resemblance to rigid opiates. However, several low and intermediate energy conformers were identified in which at least the NH2-terminal tyrosine residue overlaps with the phenethylamine moiety of rigid opiates and which could equally well accommodate either Gly2 or D-Ala2. The conformer among these with greatest additional resemblance to other binding sites of rigid opiates is proposed as the most likely candidate for an induced fit at the receptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:272675", "title": "Abnormal cellular localization of thyroglobulin mRNA associated with hereditary congenital goiter and thyroglobulin deficiency.", "content": "The goiters in a breed of hypothyroid goats contain only minute amounts of thyroblobulin-related antigens (0.01% of normal value). We have analyzed these goiters for the presence of mRNA coding for thyroglobulin. Using DNA complementary to beef 33S thyroglobulin mRNA as a probe, we found that the mRNA sequence is present in the goat goiter but at a concentration 1/10-1/40 that of normal goat thyroid. Hybrids of cDNA with either goiter or normal thyroid RNA exhibited identical sharp melting curves which suggests that the same RNA sequence is responsible for hybridization in both tissues. Normal goat thyroid contains a population of large membrane-bound polysomes engaged in throglobulin synthesis. In contrast, such polysomes are absent in the goiter. In regard to subcellular distribution, the relative amount of the thyroglobulin mRNA sequences from the goiter in nuclear RNA was 42% of normal, in cytoplasmic RNA was 7% of normal, and in the membrane fraction was only 1-2% of normal. Our results suggest that the lack of thyroglobulin in these goiters is due to a defect in thyroglobulin mRNA which leads to aberrant processing and/or transport of it from its site of synthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Abnormal cellular localization of thyroglobulin mRNA associated with hereditary congenital goiter and thyroglobulin deficiency. The goiters in a breed of hypothyroid goats contain only minute amounts of thyroblobulin-related antigens (0.01% of normal value). We have analyzed these goiters for the presence of mRNA coding for thyroglobulin. Using DNA complementary to beef 33S thyroglobulin mRNA as a probe, we found that the mRNA sequence is present in the goat goiter but at a concentration 1/10-1/40 that of normal goat thyroid. Hybrids of cDNA with either goiter or normal thyroid RNA exhibited identical sharp melting curves which suggests that the same RNA sequence is responsible for hybridization in both tissues. Normal goat thyroid contains a population of large membrane-bound polysomes engaged in throglobulin synthesis. In contrast, such polysomes are absent in the goiter. In regard to subcellular distribution, the relative amount of the thyroglobulin mRNA sequences from the goiter in nuclear RNA was 42% of normal, in cytoplasmic RNA was 7% of normal, and in the membrane fraction was only 1-2% of normal. Our results suggest that the lack of thyroglobulin in these goiters is due to a defect in thyroglobulin mRNA which leads to aberrant processing and/or transport of it from its site of synthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:272676", "title": "Ovalbumin: a secreted protein without a transient hydrophobic leader sequence.", "content": "Ovalbumin mRNA was translated in a reticulocyte lysate. The primary translation product starts with methionine derived from Met-tRNAf. When the nascent polypeptide is about 20 residues long, this methionine is removed. The new NH2-terminal glycine is acetylated from acetyl-CoA when the polypeptide is 44 residues long. The sequence of 35 residues at the NH2 terminus of ovalbumin was determined by automated Edman degradation after a method was devised to prevent acetylation during protein synthesis in the reticulocyte lysate. This sequence is the same as that of secreted ovalbumin and does not resemble the transient \"signal peptides\" associated with most secretory proteins, including three other egg white proteins synthesized in the same cells as ovalbumin.", "contents": "Ovalbumin: a secreted protein without a transient hydrophobic leader sequence. Ovalbumin mRNA was translated in a reticulocyte lysate. The primary translation product starts with methionine derived from Met-tRNAf. When the nascent polypeptide is about 20 residues long, this methionine is removed. The new NH2-terminal glycine is acetylated from acetyl-CoA when the polypeptide is 44 residues long. The sequence of 35 residues at the NH2 terminus of ovalbumin was determined by automated Edman degradation after a method was devised to prevent acetylation during protein synthesis in the reticulocyte lysate. This sequence is the same as that of secreted ovalbumin and does not resemble the transient \"signal peptides\" associated with most secretory proteins, including three other egg white proteins synthesized in the same cells as ovalbumin."}
{"id": "PMID:272677", "title": "Aphagia, adipsia, and sensory-motor deficits produced by amygdala lesions: a function of extra-amygdaloid damage.", "content": "Small bilateral electrolytic lesions confined to the region of the central nuclei of the amygdala failed to affect food and water consumption in male rats. More medially-placed lesions which damaged portions of the internal capsule, entopeduncular nucleus and globus pallidus adjacent to the central nucleus produced transient aphagia and adipsia accompanied by sensory-motor impairments that interfered with the act of feeding, as evidenced by a large postoperative increase in the amount of food spilled. In some cases lesions restricted to the internal capsule and entopeduncular nucleus produced these sensory-motor deficits but no aphagia or adipsia. Small lesions damaging primarily ventral portions of the posteromedial pallidi resulted in aphagia and adipsia but no apparent sensory-motor impairment. The results indicate that at least two, possibly independent, deficits in food intake may be produced by lesions in the immediate area of the dorsomedial amygdala. It is suggested that the effects on ingestive behavior which several investigators have observed in rats with dorsomedial amygdaloid damage may in fact be due to incidental destruction of adjacent tissues.", "contents": "Aphagia, adipsia, and sensory-motor deficits produced by amygdala lesions: a function of extra-amygdaloid damage. Small bilateral electrolytic lesions confined to the region of the central nuclei of the amygdala failed to affect food and water consumption in male rats. More medially-placed lesions which damaged portions of the internal capsule, entopeduncular nucleus and globus pallidus adjacent to the central nucleus produced transient aphagia and adipsia accompanied by sensory-motor impairments that interfered with the act of feeding, as evidenced by a large postoperative increase in the amount of food spilled. In some cases lesions restricted to the internal capsule and entopeduncular nucleus produced these sensory-motor deficits but no aphagia or adipsia. Small lesions damaging primarily ventral portions of the posteromedial pallidi resulted in aphagia and adipsia but no apparent sensory-motor impairment. The results indicate that at least two, possibly independent, deficits in food intake may be produced by lesions in the immediate area of the dorsomedial amygdala. It is suggested that the effects on ingestive behavior which several investigators have observed in rats with dorsomedial amygdaloid damage may in fact be due to incidental destruction of adjacent tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:272678", "title": "Insulin-induced hyperphagia in alloxan-diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet.", "content": "Alloxan-diabetic rats fed a standard, low-fat diet lost body weight and were hyperphagic; those fed a high-fat diet lost comparable amounts of weight, but did not overeat compared to normal animals. When given injections of protamine-zinc insulin, all diabetic rats gained weight; however, while those fed the low-fat reduced food intake from elevated levels, diabetics fed the high-fat diet became hyperphagic. Diabetic rats maintained on a high-fat diet increased food intake during long-term insulin treatment sooner and to a greater extent than normal controls. These findings are interpreted in light of the effects of insulin on storage and supply of metabolic fuels.", "contents": "Insulin-induced hyperphagia in alloxan-diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet. Alloxan-diabetic rats fed a standard, low-fat diet lost body weight and were hyperphagic; those fed a high-fat diet lost comparable amounts of weight, but did not overeat compared to normal animals. When given injections of protamine-zinc insulin, all diabetic rats gained weight; however, while those fed the low-fat reduced food intake from elevated levels, diabetics fed the high-fat diet became hyperphagic. Diabetic rats maintained on a high-fat diet increased food intake during long-term insulin treatment sooner and to a greater extent than normal controls. These findings are interpreted in light of the effects of insulin on storage and supply of metabolic fuels."}
{"id": "PMID:272708", "title": "[Prevention of caries and osteonecrosis through daily local fluoridation in radiotherapy patients].", "content": "The healthy dentition of 432 patients treated by radiotherapy for ENT and salivary gland lesions was preserved and subjected to a programme of strict hygiene and daily local fluoride application using a gel containing 1% of sodium fluoride. Effectiveness in terms of the prevention of caries was satisfactory. Caries developed in only 7% of the patients. None of the patients in whom there was a clear indication and who followed treatment carefully to an extent greater than 70% suffered decay. Thorough initial assessment, and very careful selection of cases should make it possible in the future to avoid the majority of sources of failure observed. The prevalence of osteo-necrosis secondary to dental preservation was 1.2%, identical to the prevalence of trophic complications seen in patients who underwent total extraction before radiotherapy. The technique of fluoride application is simple, with no risk of toxicity, but must be continued indefinitely. Preservation of the dentition must be undertaken only with the close cooperation of the responsible medical and odontological teams, the latter being responsible for the initial assessment, care and surveillance. Preservation of a healthy dentition together with the possibility of early fitting of a prosthesis if necessary contribute to the rapid functional rehabilitation of patients irradiated for malignant disease in the ENT area.", "contents": "[Prevention of caries and osteonecrosis through daily local fluoridation in radiotherapy patients]. The healthy dentition of 432 patients treated by radiotherapy for ENT and salivary gland lesions was preserved and subjected to a programme of strict hygiene and daily local fluoride application using a gel containing 1% of sodium fluoride. Effectiveness in terms of the prevention of caries was satisfactory. Caries developed in only 7% of the patients. None of the patients in whom there was a clear indication and who followed treatment carefully to an extent greater than 70% suffered decay. Thorough initial assessment, and very careful selection of cases should make it possible in the future to avoid the majority of sources of failure observed. The prevalence of osteo-necrosis secondary to dental preservation was 1.2%, identical to the prevalence of trophic complications seen in patients who underwent total extraction before radiotherapy. The technique of fluoride application is simple, with no risk of toxicity, but must be continued indefinitely. Preservation of the dentition must be undertaken only with the close cooperation of the responsible medical and odontological teams, the latter being responsible for the initial assessment, care and surveillance. Preservation of a healthy dentition together with the possibility of early fitting of a prosthesis if necessary contribute to the rapid functional rehabilitation of patients irradiated for malignant disease in the ENT area."}
{"id": "PMID:272709", "title": "[Arterial embolization in malignant neoformations of the face and neck].", "content": "On the basis of 25 cases of embolisation for cervico-facial tumours, it was possible to demonstrate the value of this technique in the treatment of local haemorrhage and in the relief of pain in patients with a lesion beyond hope of any treatment.", "contents": "[Arterial embolization in malignant neoformations of the face and neck]. On the basis of 25 cases of embolisation for cervico-facial tumours, it was possible to demonstrate the value of this technique in the treatment of local haemorrhage and in the relief of pain in patients with a lesion beyond hope of any treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272710", "title": "[Bone involvement in labial cancer].", "content": "22 patients out of 256 treated for labial carcinoma showed evidence of mandibular involvement. In 6 cases, this involvement was by direct tumour extension, in 4 blood-borne metastases inferior dental and chin veins, and in 11 cases bone involvement occurred via a metastatic lymphadenopathy. The last case was mixed.", "contents": "[Bone involvement in labial cancer]. 22 patients out of 256 treated for labial carcinoma showed evidence of mandibular involvement. In 6 cases, this involvement was by direct tumour extension, in 4 blood-borne metastases inferior dental and chin veins, and in 11 cases bone involvement occurred via a metastatic lymphadenopathy. The last case was mixed."}
{"id": "PMID:272711", "title": "[Lithiasis of accessory salivary glands].", "content": "With respect of three new cases which may be joined to five others previously reported, the authors emphasize that lithiasis of the minor salivary glands is more ignored than uncommon. That misreading is the consequence of the ordinary X-ray transparency of these little calculus. Diagnosis is grounded on the finding of the enlarged orifice of the gland and its suppuration. Treatment may be limited to the only extraction of the calculus. Prognosis is excellent: multiple forms and relapses are rare.", "contents": "[Lithiasis of accessory salivary glands]. With respect of three new cases which may be joined to five others previously reported, the authors emphasize that lithiasis of the minor salivary glands is more ignored than uncommon. That misreading is the consequence of the ordinary X-ray transparency of these little calculus. Diagnosis is grounded on the finding of the enlarged orifice of the gland and its suppuration. Treatment may be limited to the only extraction of the calculus. Prognosis is excellent: multiple forms and relapses are rare."}
{"id": "PMID:272712", "title": "[Parotid lithiasis. Surgical tactics].", "content": "Calculi situated behind the buccinator muscle must be approached via a parotidectomy incision. In many cases, simple removal of the intra-canalar or intra-parenchymatous calculus is sufficient.", "contents": "[Parotid lithiasis. Surgical tactics]. Calculi situated behind the buccinator muscle must be approached via a parotidectomy incision. In many cases, simple removal of the intra-canalar or intra-parenchymatous calculus is sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:272713", "title": "[Orthodontic and surgical approach to mandibular prognathia. Prevention of recurrences].", "content": "The authors emphasize the necessity for a combined orthodontic and surgical approach to the problems posed by the treatment of mandibular prognathia. They feel that the major source of recurrences is related to the alveolar changes which accompany the new basal maxillo-mandibular relationship and the resultant modifications in muscular equilibrium. The prevention of recurrences must therefore take into account the prediction of adaptive remodelling of the alveolar processes.", "contents": "[Orthodontic and surgical approach to mandibular prognathia. Prevention of recurrences]. The authors emphasize the necessity for a combined orthodontic and surgical approach to the problems posed by the treatment of mandibular prognathia. They feel that the major source of recurrences is related to the alveolar changes which accompany the new basal maxillo-mandibular relationship and the resultant modifications in muscular equilibrium. The prevention of recurrences must therefore take into account the prediction of adaptive remodelling of the alveolar processes."}
{"id": "PMID:272714", "title": "[Assymmetry of the axes of the mandibular condyles in the horizontal plane. Preliminary note].", "content": "On X-rays taken in the Hirtz position, the aurthors measure:--the axes of the condyles,--the axes of the petrous temporal bone, --The condylo-pterygoid axes. Variations in these axes are studied. The axes of the petrous temporal bones would appear to be a fixed indicator for the structures of the base of the skull.", "contents": "[Assymmetry of the axes of the mandibular condyles in the horizontal plane. Preliminary note]. On X-rays taken in the Hirtz position, the aurthors measure:--the axes of the condyles,--the axes of the petrous temporal bone, --The condylo-pterygoid axes. Variations in these axes are studied. The axes of the petrous temporal bones would appear to be a fixed indicator for the structures of the base of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:272715", "title": "[Costal vascularization and pediculated costal grafts in mandibular reconstruction with intercostofacial microanastomosis].", "content": "As an applied study of the human costal vascularisation, the authors describe the technique of costal graft in the reconstruction of the mandible with intercosto-facial micro-anastomosis. The accent is placed upon the value of these grafts. They describe the methods for determination of the survival of the vascularised bone (X-ray, technetium pyrophosphate and labelled red cell bone scan, hyperselective arteriography and bone biopsy).", "contents": "[Costal vascularization and pediculated costal grafts in mandibular reconstruction with intercostofacial microanastomosis]. As an applied study of the human costal vascularisation, the authors describe the technique of costal graft in the reconstruction of the mandible with intercosto-facial micro-anastomosis. The accent is placed upon the value of these grafts. They describe the methods for determination of the survival of the vascularised bone (X-ray, technetium pyrophosphate and labelled red cell bone scan, hyperselective arteriography and bone biopsy)."}
{"id": "PMID:272717", "title": "Salivary fluoride and calcium concentrations, and their relationship to the secretion of saliva and caries experience.", "content": "Samples were collected from the stimulated saliva of 113 students enrolled in institutions of higher education. The students were divided into three \"carries-diagnostic groups\" on the basis of indications given by the Dentocult saliva test, which shows the frequency of lactobacilli and other aciduric microorganisms in saliva. The frequency of such microorganisms in 1 ml saliva in Group A was less than or equal to 103, in Group B greater than 10(3), less than 10(4) and in Group C greater than or equal to 10(4). The rate of secretion of saliva in Group A was significantly higher than in Group C (P less than 0.05). On the average, a rise was noted in the fluoride and calcium concentrations with increasing \"caries activity\". In the material as a whole, there was a negative and highly significant correlation between the secretion rate of saliva and the concentrations of fluoride and calcium. In the examination by groups, significant correlations were observed between fluoride concentration and rate of saliva secretion in Group A, and with respect to fluoride and calcium only in Group C. The results suggest that the extra salivary fluoride is likely to be derived from the enamel.", "contents": "Salivary fluoride and calcium concentrations, and their relationship to the secretion of saliva and caries experience. Samples were collected from the stimulated saliva of 113 students enrolled in institutions of higher education. The students were divided into three \"carries-diagnostic groups\" on the basis of indications given by the Dentocult saliva test, which shows the frequency of lactobacilli and other aciduric microorganisms in saliva. The frequency of such microorganisms in 1 ml saliva in Group A was less than or equal to 103, in Group B greater than 10(3), less than 10(4) and in Group C greater than or equal to 10(4). The rate of secretion of saliva in Group A was significantly higher than in Group C (P less than 0.05). On the average, a rise was noted in the fluoride and calcium concentrations with increasing \"caries activity\". In the material as a whole, there was a negative and highly significant correlation between the secretion rate of saliva and the concentrations of fluoride and calcium. In the examination by groups, significant correlations were observed between fluoride concentration and rate of saliva secretion in Group A, and with respect to fluoride and calcium only in Group C. The results suggest that the extra salivary fluoride is likely to be derived from the enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:272718", "title": "Histologic and microradiographic observations on teeth during calcium deprivation in rats.", "content": "Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate (Group a). Furthermore, pregnant and lactating animals were subjected to the same diet (Group b). The mandibular teeth were examined by histologic, microradiographic and fluorescence microscopic techniques. The incisor enamel was found to be nearly unaffected by the experimental regimen; the dentin formed and mineralized during the experimental period was abnormal only in Group b. Characteristic features were reduced thickness, increased width of predentin and numerous globular defects. Both ameloblasts and odontoblasts were seemingly normal. No obvious differences could be observed between the molars from the controls and the test groups (a,b). \"Cementolysis\" seemed to be present to the same extent in all groups. In some of the animals of Group b some carious or erosional defects were observed in the molars. These may at least partially account for a small reduction in molar ash content observed in this group.", "contents": "Histologic and microradiographic observations on teeth during calcium deprivation in rats. Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate (Group a). Furthermore, pregnant and lactating animals were subjected to the same diet (Group b). The mandibular teeth were examined by histologic, microradiographic and fluorescence microscopic techniques. The incisor enamel was found to be nearly unaffected by the experimental regimen; the dentin formed and mineralized during the experimental period was abnormal only in Group b. Characteristic features were reduced thickness, increased width of predentin and numerous globular defects. Both ameloblasts and odontoblasts were seemingly normal. No obvious differences could be observed between the molars from the controls and the test groups (a,b). \"Cementolysis\" seemed to be present to the same extent in all groups. In some of the animals of Group b some carious or erosional defects were observed in the molars. These may at least partially account for a small reduction in molar ash content observed in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:272719", "title": "Hardness testing of some fissure-sealing materials.", "content": "The mechanical properties of fissure-sealing materials are of significant importance for their durability, i.e. their wear resistance. One of the methods of evaluating a material's resistance to attrition is to apply a hardness test. In the present investigation, the surface hardness of some fissure-sealing materials was tested. Sealants made from diluted composite materials and with inclusion of inorganic filler particles appeared to have a considerable higher surface hardness than the other sealing materials tested.", "contents": "Hardness testing of some fissure-sealing materials. The mechanical properties of fissure-sealing materials are of significant importance for their durability, i.e. their wear resistance. One of the methods of evaluating a material's resistance to attrition is to apply a hardness test. In the present investigation, the surface hardness of some fissure-sealing materials was tested. Sealants made from diluted composite materials and with inclusion of inorganic filler particles appeared to have a considerable higher surface hardness than the other sealing materials tested."}
{"id": "PMID:272720", "title": "Microstructure of inner surfaces on composite restorations related to filling procedure.", "content": "The inner surfaces of 40 Concise restorations placed in vivo on permanent molars have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Only grinding traces could be seen on fillings from cavities which had not been etched, while the morphologic structure of the enamel and dentin was reflected on fillings from acid-etched cavities. Application of low-viscous non-composite resin in the cavities before filling with the composite resin did not influence the enamel pattern on the fillings, while the amount of processes of resin corresponding to the dentinal tubules in etched cavities was significantly increased. In the discussion the difference in surface structure of the fillings is correlated to marginal leakage along similar restorations.", "contents": "Microstructure of inner surfaces on composite restorations related to filling procedure. The inner surfaces of 40 Concise restorations placed in vivo on permanent molars have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Only grinding traces could be seen on fillings from cavities which had not been etched, while the morphologic structure of the enamel and dentin was reflected on fillings from acid-etched cavities. Application of low-viscous non-composite resin in the cavities before filling with the composite resin did not influence the enamel pattern on the fillings, while the amount of processes of resin corresponding to the dentinal tubules in etched cavities was significantly increased. In the discussion the difference in surface structure of the fillings is correlated to marginal leakage along similar restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:272721", "title": "Epithelial-like cells in culture derived from human gingiva: response to nickel.", "content": "To obtain gingival cell cultures, human gingival tissue was minced and/or subjected to trypsin treatment with or without prior separation into epithelial and connective tissue portions. The tissues were then incubated in Eagle/Earle's MEM with 10% fetal calf serum in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Fibroblast-like cell cultures were regularly obtained, and one culture showed epithelial-like cell islets that could be transferred and kept in continuous culture. These epithelial-like cells exhibited bone resorption stimulating activity as seen in gingival tissue and retained their growth pattern after prolonged storage. They were able to grow at serum concentrations down to 2.5% and with equal doubling time (about 17h) in rich or minimum essential media. Exposure to nickel gave toxic effects on the growth at concentrations down to 2.5 microgram/ml of nickel. In spite of the affinity of nickel to certain serum components, the serum concentration did not appear to be of specific importance to protect or aggravate the toxicity. It is felt that these cells may be of value for research on cytotoxicity of dental materials.", "contents": "Epithelial-like cells in culture derived from human gingiva: response to nickel. To obtain gingival cell cultures, human gingival tissue was minced and/or subjected to trypsin treatment with or without prior separation into epithelial and connective tissue portions. The tissues were then incubated in Eagle/Earle's MEM with 10% fetal calf serum in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Fibroblast-like cell cultures were regularly obtained, and one culture showed epithelial-like cell islets that could be transferred and kept in continuous culture. These epithelial-like cells exhibited bone resorption stimulating activity as seen in gingival tissue and retained their growth pattern after prolonged storage. They were able to grow at serum concentrations down to 2.5% and with equal doubling time (about 17h) in rich or minimum essential media. Exposure to nickel gave toxic effects on the growth at concentrations down to 2.5 microgram/ml of nickel. In spite of the affinity of nickel to certain serum components, the serum concentration did not appear to be of specific importance to protect or aggravate the toxicity. It is felt that these cells may be of value for research on cytotoxicity of dental materials."}
{"id": "PMID:272722", "title": "Agreement between clinical and histologic findings in chronic coronal pulpitis in primary teeth.", "content": "Pulpotomy, a common endodontic procedure in primary teeth, is usually performed because of carious exposure of the pulp, which means that at least a part of the pulp is chronically inflamed. A favorable outcome of pulpotomy combined with the use of calcium hydroxide presupposes that the root pulp is healthy. No wound dressing is known to induce healing of chronically inflamed pulp tissue. 37 primary teeth with no clinical or radiographic symptoms of total chronic pulpitis were extracted and the pulp was studied histologically by light microscopy. The histologic diagnosis of a healthy root pulp was based on absence of any infiltration of mononuclear lymphocytes. Agreement between the clinical and histologic diagnosis was found in 30 out of 37 teeth.", "contents": "Agreement between clinical and histologic findings in chronic coronal pulpitis in primary teeth. Pulpotomy, a common endodontic procedure in primary teeth, is usually performed because of carious exposure of the pulp, which means that at least a part of the pulp is chronically inflamed. A favorable outcome of pulpotomy combined with the use of calcium hydroxide presupposes that the root pulp is healthy. No wound dressing is known to induce healing of chronically inflamed pulp tissue. 37 primary teeth with no clinical or radiographic symptoms of total chronic pulpitis were extracted and the pulp was studied histologically by light microscopy. The histologic diagnosis of a healthy root pulp was based on absence of any infiltration of mononuclear lymphocytes. Agreement between the clinical and histologic diagnosis was found in 30 out of 37 teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:272723", "title": "Long-term prognosis of traumatized permanent anterior teeth showing calcifying processes in the pulp cavity.", "content": "122 traumatized teeth with radiographic evidence of abnormal hard tissue formation in the pulp cavity were examined 10-23 years (mean 16 years) after the time of injury. Judged radiographically, partial obliteration (pulp chamber not discernible, root canal markedly narrowed but clearly visible) had occurred in 44 teeth (36%). Normal periradicular conditions were found in all teeth with partial obliteration. Seventy-eight teeth (64%) were recorded as totally obliterated. Pathologic periradicular changes indicating pulp necrosis as a sequel to the total obliteration was observed in 16 teeth (21%). The late development of pulp necrosis was significantly related to teeth classified as severely injured, and to teeth with complete root formation at the time of injury. Furthermore, a comparatively rapid progress of the calcifying process appeared to be correlated with periradicular radiolucency.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis of traumatized permanent anterior teeth showing calcifying processes in the pulp cavity. 122 traumatized teeth with radiographic evidence of abnormal hard tissue formation in the pulp cavity were examined 10-23 years (mean 16 years) after the time of injury. Judged radiographically, partial obliteration (pulp chamber not discernible, root canal markedly narrowed but clearly visible) had occurred in 44 teeth (36%). Normal periradicular conditions were found in all teeth with partial obliteration. Seventy-eight teeth (64%) were recorded as totally obliterated. Pathologic periradicular changes indicating pulp necrosis as a sequel to the total obliteration was observed in 16 teeth (21%). The late development of pulp necrosis was significantly related to teeth classified as severely injured, and to teeth with complete root formation at the time of injury. Furthermore, a comparatively rapid progress of the calcifying process appeared to be correlated with periradicular radiolucency."}
{"id": "PMID:272724", "title": "Furfurals in chlorhexidine-discolored pellicle.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible presence of furfurals in chlorhexidine-discolored pellicle. Pellicle material was scraped off teeth and hydrolyzed in sulfuric acid and the hydrolysate then extracted with ether and examined by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of furaldehyde in discolored pellicle was demonstrated by these methods. There were also indications of hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde in the thin layer chromatograms.", "contents": "Furfurals in chlorhexidine-discolored pellicle. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible presence of furfurals in chlorhexidine-discolored pellicle. Pellicle material was scraped off teeth and hydrolyzed in sulfuric acid and the hydrolysate then extracted with ether and examined by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of furaldehyde in discolored pellicle was demonstrated by these methods. There were also indications of hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde in the thin layer chromatograms."}
{"id": "PMID:272726", "title": "Variations in structure within the trabecular bone of the mandible.", "content": "A study of the intramandibular variations in bone mass, coarseness of the bone trabeculae and bone activity between incisor, premolar, and molar regions has been carried out, as well as estimation of possible differences in these variations between groups of mandibles with different dentition. The material consisted of 24 autopsy specimens of half mandibles from normal subjects. Microradiograms of ground sections from incisor, premolar, and molar regions were used. Quantitation of bone mass was done by an electronic point-counting system. The analysis indicates that (1) the variations in bone mass within same region are marked, (2) trabecular bone is denser and more delicately woven in the incisor region than in either premolar or molar regions, where mass of bone is the same, although there is probably more delicately woven trabecular bone in molar region, (3) bone activity lies on the same level all over in trabecular bone within the mandibular body and (4) the variations of these factors seem to be independent of state of dentition in the single mandible.", "contents": "Variations in structure within the trabecular bone of the mandible. A study of the intramandibular variations in bone mass, coarseness of the bone trabeculae and bone activity between incisor, premolar, and molar regions has been carried out, as well as estimation of possible differences in these variations between groups of mandibles with different dentition. The material consisted of 24 autopsy specimens of half mandibles from normal subjects. Microradiograms of ground sections from incisor, premolar, and molar regions were used. Quantitation of bone mass was done by an electronic point-counting system. The analysis indicates that (1) the variations in bone mass within same region are marked, (2) trabecular bone is denser and more delicately woven in the incisor region than in either premolar or molar regions, where mass of bone is the same, although there is probably more delicately woven trabecular bone in molar region, (3) bone activity lies on the same level all over in trabecular bone within the mandibular body and (4) the variations of these factors seem to be independent of state of dentition in the single mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:272727", "title": "In vitro corrosion of dental amalgams with different Cu content.", "content": "Both Cu amalgam and Sn-containing Ag amalgam alloys with Cu contents ranging from 2 to 30% were used in the investigation. The amalgams were placed in artificial saliva and the content of the dissolved Cu was determined after 1 month. The amalgam remained in the saliva for another 5 months. After the amalgams were removed from the solution, metallographic and microprobe examinations were made. The Cu amalgam released about 10 times more Cu to the artificial saliva than any of the other amalgams. The dispersion type amalgams showed a relatively large dissolution of Cu, while a smaller release was found from amalgam made of powder with one composition. The phases that appeared to be corroded first were gamma2 and Cu-Sn phases. In dispersion type amalgams the gamma phase appeared to be attacked. Most of the corrosion products remained inside the amalgam and were identified to be tin oxide chlorides.", "contents": "In vitro corrosion of dental amalgams with different Cu content. Both Cu amalgam and Sn-containing Ag amalgam alloys with Cu contents ranging from 2 to 30% were used in the investigation. The amalgams were placed in artificial saliva and the content of the dissolved Cu was determined after 1 month. The amalgam remained in the saliva for another 5 months. After the amalgams were removed from the solution, metallographic and microprobe examinations were made. The Cu amalgam released about 10 times more Cu to the artificial saliva than any of the other amalgams. The dispersion type amalgams showed a relatively large dissolution of Cu, while a smaller release was found from amalgam made of powder with one composition. The phases that appeared to be corroded first were gamma2 and Cu-Sn phases. In dispersion type amalgams the gamma phase appeared to be attacked. Most of the corrosion products remained inside the amalgam and were identified to be tin oxide chlorides."}
{"id": "PMID:272729", "title": "Erythrophagocytosis by acute lymphoblastic leukaemic cells.", "content": "Phagocytosis of erthyrocytes and platelets by bone marrow blast cells has been noted in 4 patients in the late relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The underlying mechanism is unclear but prolonged course of the disease seems to be a major factor in the emergence of cells with phagocytic properties.", "contents": "Erythrophagocytosis by acute lymphoblastic leukaemic cells. Phagocytosis of erthyrocytes and platelets by bone marrow blast cells has been noted in 4 patients in the late relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The underlying mechanism is unclear but prolonged course of the disease seems to be a major factor in the emergence of cells with phagocytic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:272740", "title": "[Once or 3 times daily toothbrushing: theoretical basis and practical reality].", "content": "Should teeth be cleaned once or three times a day? Although scientific data imply that teeth may be efficiently kept clean by brushing them once but throughly, and although it is true that brushing one's teeth several times a day incompletely is a nonsense, such recommendations should be given only to the fully motivated and cooperative patient. Expecting results by telling this to children, teenagers and to 20--30 year old adults would provoke an increase of caries incidence particularly in the proximal area of the teeth. To renounce to the removal of food debris several times a day is indicated only in middle aged people, where the danger of new carious lesions is diminishing. With optimal home care one cleaning a day may suffice, but a patient who is sensitized to a clean feeling in his mouth will want to remove food debris all by himself.", "contents": "[Once or 3 times daily toothbrushing: theoretical basis and practical reality]. Should teeth be cleaned once or three times a day? Although scientific data imply that teeth may be efficiently kept clean by brushing them once but throughly, and although it is true that brushing one's teeth several times a day incompletely is a nonsense, such recommendations should be given only to the fully motivated and cooperative patient. Expecting results by telling this to children, teenagers and to 20--30 year old adults would provoke an increase of caries incidence particularly in the proximal area of the teeth. To renounce to the removal of food debris several times a day is indicated only in middle aged people, where the danger of new carious lesions is diminishing. With optimal home care one cleaning a day may suffice, but a patient who is sensitized to a clean feeling in his mouth will want to remove food debris all by himself."}
{"id": "PMID:272741", "title": "[Gamma scan findings in various bone processes in the jaw region].", "content": "Bone scintigraphy is a new means to early diagnosis of primary and secondary bone tumors, before significant radiological changes occur. The method is used with the osteotrope radioisotope 99mTc. Scintigraphy is most important in the determination of extent and localization of malignancies, relative to the indication for surgery, the tactics of surgery and for the diagnosis of recidives. In osteomyelitis, it facilitates early discovery and judgement of a florid or chronic process.", "contents": "[Gamma scan findings in various bone processes in the jaw region]. Bone scintigraphy is a new means to early diagnosis of primary and secondary bone tumors, before significant radiological changes occur. The method is used with the osteotrope radioisotope 99mTc. Scintigraphy is most important in the determination of extent and localization of malignancies, relative to the indication for surgery, the tactics of surgery and for the diagnosis of recidives. In osteomyelitis, it facilitates early discovery and judgement of a florid or chronic process."}
{"id": "PMID:272746", "title": "The enamel substrate-characteristics of the enamel surface.", "content": "The outer enamel surface is of considerable interest in dentistry as it is the substrate for the acquired pellicle; the pellicle itself is the plaque carrier. In this paper the interface between outer enamel and pellicle is discussed with special emphasis on the outer enamel from a structural and chemical point of view. The outer enamel layer (less than 1 micron from the anatomical surface) is most likely a non-sto\u012dchiometric apatite. The chemical composition is obviously strongly different from the composition of bulk enamel. A model for the structure and atomic composition of surface enamel is presented. The available experimental evidence indicates that at an atomic scale, enamel crystallites have mainly phosphate groups (HPO42-groups) on the solid surface; the liquid adhering Stern layer contains most likely large amounts of calcium ions.", "contents": "The enamel substrate-characteristics of the enamel surface. The outer enamel surface is of considerable interest in dentistry as it is the substrate for the acquired pellicle; the pellicle itself is the plaque carrier. In this paper the interface between outer enamel and pellicle is discussed with special emphasis on the outer enamel from a structural and chemical point of view. The outer enamel layer (less than 1 micron from the anatomical surface) is most likely a non-sto\u012dchiometric apatite. The chemical composition is obviously strongly different from the composition of bulk enamel. A model for the structure and atomic composition of surface enamel is presented. The available experimental evidence indicates that at an atomic scale, enamel crystallites have mainly phosphate groups (HPO42-groups) on the solid surface; the liquid adhering Stern layer contains most likely large amounts of calcium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:272742", "title": "Genetic manipulation in higher organisms. I. Goldfish ova as materials of operation, mRNA mediated alteration of the liver specific isozymes.", "content": "Both crucian and carp egg-mRNAs were found to mediate the transformation of goldfish tail from the double (veil-shaped) to the single (fork-shaped). Livers of these single tailed goldfish were tested for genetic change using lactate dehydrogenase isozymes (LDH) as marker. Electrophoresis of liver extracts on starch gel showed that the liver specific LDH-C4 isozymes of both the egg-mRNA and liver-mRNA injected goldfish resembled the control goldfish except an additional intermediate band. The migration distance of this new band matched the third band of the hybrids (carp X goldfish). These findings lead to the conclusion that carp egg-mRNA contains a fraction partly responsible for liver development. Rat liver was found possessing the cathodally migrating C4 isozymes. Injection of rat liver-mRNA into goldfish eggs resulted in the intensification of the liver specific C4 isozymes. It appears therefore that the input informational molecules (liver-mRNA) and the output molecular products (liver C4 isozymes) are causally related. This causal relationship would pave the way for genetic manipulation in higher organisms.", "contents": "Genetic manipulation in higher organisms. I. Goldfish ova as materials of operation, mRNA mediated alteration of the liver specific isozymes. Both crucian and carp egg-mRNAs were found to mediate the transformation of goldfish tail from the double (veil-shaped) to the single (fork-shaped). Livers of these single tailed goldfish were tested for genetic change using lactate dehydrogenase isozymes (LDH) as marker. Electrophoresis of liver extracts on starch gel showed that the liver specific LDH-C4 isozymes of both the egg-mRNA and liver-mRNA injected goldfish resembled the control goldfish except an additional intermediate band. The migration distance of this new band matched the third band of the hybrids (carp X goldfish). These findings lead to the conclusion that carp egg-mRNA contains a fraction partly responsible for liver development. Rat liver was found possessing the cathodally migrating C4 isozymes. Injection of rat liver-mRNA into goldfish eggs resulted in the intensification of the liver specific C4 isozymes. It appears therefore that the input informational molecules (liver-mRNA) and the output molecular products (liver C4 isozymes) are causally related. This causal relationship would pave the way for genetic manipulation in higher organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:272786", "title": "[An interesting case].", "content": "It is reported of a case of complex odontoma preventing the eruption of a molar. After surgical removal of the odontoma, the tooth erupted.", "contents": "[An interesting case]. It is reported of a case of complex odontoma preventing the eruption of a molar. After surgical removal of the odontoma, the tooth erupted."}
{"id": "PMID:272787", "title": "[Indications and execution of early treatment].", "content": "42% of the school children show malocclusion. Eugnathic dentitions are observed in only 26%, and there is a downward trend. For this reason, orthodontic prophylaxis is practised systematically in Poland. All the children in nurseries, nursery schools and the first three forms of the elementary schools are involved. They are subdivided into 4 groups. Children with eugnathic dentitions are in the first group; children with severe anomalies, in the fourth group. The first group needs only supervision. The second group benefits from prophylactic measures performed by a paedodontist. In the third group, a paedodontist institutes a causal therapy using simple means. Complex orthodontic treatment by an orthodontist is needed only in the fourth group.", "contents": "[Indications and execution of early treatment]. 42% of the school children show malocclusion. Eugnathic dentitions are observed in only 26%, and there is a downward trend. For this reason, orthodontic prophylaxis is practised systematically in Poland. All the children in nurseries, nursery schools and the first three forms of the elementary schools are involved. They are subdivided into 4 groups. Children with eugnathic dentitions are in the first group; children with severe anomalies, in the fourth group. The first group needs only supervision. The second group benefits from prophylactic measures performed by a paedodontist. In the third group, a paedodontist institutes a causal therapy using simple means. Complex orthodontic treatment by an orthodontist is needed only in the fourth group."}
{"id": "PMID:272788", "title": "[Results with multi-band appliances in the treatment of class II].", "content": "Corrections of Angle's Class II malocclusions constitute nearly 1/4 of the treatments performed by the orthodontist. The author studied the results achieved with treatment methods applicable to these malocclusions and compared them with those obtained by means of multiband appliances. On the basis of 2,110 cases, he establishes the indications for the use of multiband appliances in the framework of social dental treatment.", "contents": "[Results with multi-band appliances in the treatment of class II]. Corrections of Angle's Class II malocclusions constitute nearly 1/4 of the treatments performed by the orthodontist. The author studied the results achieved with treatment methods applicable to these malocclusions and compared them with those obtained by means of multiband appliances. On the basis of 2,110 cases, he establishes the indications for the use of multiband appliances in the framework of social dental treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272789", "title": "[The system and realization of orthodontic treatment in Sweden].", "content": "The need for treatment is subdivided into 4 degrees of severity. Nearly 12% of the 7-16-year-old children and adolescents are in urgent need of treatment. The mean duration of treatment (per patient and year) is 4.2 hours. From this it is calculated that 1 orthodontist will be required for 24,000 residents or for 3,500 children and adolescents aged between 7 and 16 years. In Sweden each province (24) has at least 1 orthodontic clinic that is responsible for treatment and advice. The free treatment of patients being in urgent need for treatment is realized by an orthodontist in cases with a high degree of severity, and otherwise by a general dental practitioner who works indepently or takes the advice of an orthodontist.", "contents": "[The system and realization of orthodontic treatment in Sweden]. The need for treatment is subdivided into 4 degrees of severity. Nearly 12% of the 7-16-year-old children and adolescents are in urgent need of treatment. The mean duration of treatment (per patient and year) is 4.2 hours. From this it is calculated that 1 orthodontist will be required for 24,000 residents or for 3,500 children and adolescents aged between 7 and 16 years. In Sweden each province (24) has at least 1 orthodontic clinic that is responsible for treatment and advice. The free treatment of patients being in urgent need for treatment is realized by an orthodontist in cases with a high degree of severity, and otherwise by a general dental practitioner who works indepently or takes the advice of an orthodontist."}
{"id": "PMID:272790", "title": "[Representative study of morbidity in the Berlin population].", "content": "Representation of the frequency of crowding in a sample of 657 Berlin residents aged between 18 and 30 years. Sex and age distribution of the examined individuals with regard to the severity and location of crowding. Relationship of the crowding with the symptoms of Class III malocclusion, perversion in the position of the canine and cross-bite.", "contents": "[Representative study of morbidity in the Berlin population]. Representation of the frequency of crowding in a sample of 657 Berlin residents aged between 18 and 30 years. Sex and age distribution of the examined individuals with regard to the severity and location of crowding. Relationship of the crowding with the symptoms of Class III malocclusion, perversion in the position of the canine and cross-bite."}
{"id": "PMID:272791", "title": "[Indication and realization of orthodontic extraction therapy].", "content": "In establishing the indication for extraction therapy, careful consideration should be given to the unharmonious relationship of the jaw and teeth, the apical bone, the anlage of the wisdom teeth and hypodontia. Beginning with the narrow, contracted dental arch, where extractions are indicated most frequently, the different groups of anomalies are discussed. The most important rules and the optimal time are dealt with at the end of the present review article.", "contents": "[Indication and realization of orthodontic extraction therapy]. In establishing the indication for extraction therapy, careful consideration should be given to the unharmonious relationship of the jaw and teeth, the apical bone, the anlage of the wisdom teeth and hypodontia. Beginning with the narrow, contracted dental arch, where extractions are indicated most frequently, the different groups of anomalies are discussed. The most important rules and the optimal time are dealt with at the end of the present review article."}
{"id": "PMID:272792", "title": "[The suitability of the general evaluation of pupils in their report books for the prediction of their cooperation as orthodontic patients].", "content": "The author reports studies in which the ratings in the markbooks prior to orthodontic treatment are compared with the quality of subsequent co-operation. The 145 patients were subdivided into three groups differing in co-operation and rating by the teacher, respectively. It was found that there existed a statistically significant correlation between the prognosis deduced from the general rating and the actual co-operation.", "contents": "[The suitability of the general evaluation of pupils in their report books for the prediction of their cooperation as orthodontic patients]. The author reports studies in which the ratings in the markbooks prior to orthodontic treatment are compared with the quality of subsequent co-operation. The 145 patients were subdivided into three groups differing in co-operation and rating by the teacher, respectively. It was found that there existed a statistically significant correlation between the prognosis deduced from the general rating and the actual co-operation."}
{"id": "PMID:272793", "title": "[Fluoride metabolism in the rat. 2. Distribution in a number of soft tissues].", "content": "From their studies on fluorine metabolism, the authors present some results concerning the distribution of fluorine in a series of soft tissues in relation to the fluorine concentration in the blood and to the uptake by the hard tissues after intravenous injection of fluorine-18. Unlike the hard tissues, the soft ones showed no storage of fluorine.", "contents": "[Fluoride metabolism in the rat. 2. Distribution in a number of soft tissues]. From their studies on fluorine metabolism, the authors present some results concerning the distribution of fluorine in a series of soft tissues in relation to the fluorine concentration in the blood and to the uptake by the hard tissues after intravenous injection of fluorine-18. Unlike the hard tissues, the soft ones showed no storage of fluorine."}
{"id": "PMID:272794", "title": "[Rheography in the periodontium. Preliminary report].", "content": "The authors describe rheography as a method for assessing the blood circulation in the periodontium. With regard to material expenditure, electrode design and application to the alveolar ridge and the data obtained, the experimental arrangement presented by the authors proved to be a rapidly applicable and informative method of investigation, the results from which will be reported later on.", "contents": "[Rheography in the periodontium. Preliminary report]. The authors describe rheography as a method for assessing the blood circulation in the periodontium. With regard to material expenditure, electrode design and application to the alveolar ridge and the data obtained, the experimental arrangement presented by the authors proved to be a rapidly applicable and informative method of investigation, the results from which will be reported later on."}
{"id": "PMID:272795", "title": "[Changes in the dental hard tissues and supporting structures in tetanic syndrome. I. Review of the literature].", "content": "The authors give a survey of the literature on the tetanic syndrome and its effects on the dental hard tissues and the tooth supporting structures. In cases of normocalcaemic tetany, no pathological alterations have been observed in the dental hard tissues, the pulp and the periodontium. On the contrary, enamel hypoplasia, broad pulp chambers, shortened tooth rootsdelayed dentition, hypodontia, inflammatory changes and bleedings from the periodontal ligament, bone densification and chronic gingivitis have been found in patients with hypocalcaemic tetany.", "contents": "[Changes in the dental hard tissues and supporting structures in tetanic syndrome. I. Review of the literature]. The authors give a survey of the literature on the tetanic syndrome and its effects on the dental hard tissues and the tooth supporting structures. In cases of normocalcaemic tetany, no pathological alterations have been observed in the dental hard tissues, the pulp and the periodontium. On the contrary, enamel hypoplasia, broad pulp chambers, shortened tooth rootsdelayed dentition, hypodontia, inflammatory changes and bleedings from the periodontal ligament, bone densification and chronic gingivitis have been found in patients with hypocalcaemic tetany."}
{"id": "PMID:272796", "title": "[Changes in the dental hard tissues and the supporting structures in tetanic syndrome. 2. Personal studies].", "content": "The authors present the changes of the orofacial system observed in 30 patients (of both sexes) with tetanic syndrome in the framework of a pilot study. The DMF-S values varied for different age groups from 40.6 to 79.5. The hypoplasia index was 1.3-2.1; and the periodontal disease index according to K\u00f6tzschke, 18.6-48.2%. Epithelial desquamation of varying markedness and intensity was seen in half of the patients. The interpretations of the radiographs revealed generalized denticle formation in 13.3% of the 30 patients; and isolated denticles in 73.3%. The authors observed a loosening of the spongiosa structure in the majority of patients, and localized radiolucencies of the jaw bone in two thirds of them. The average intra-alveolar root-length index was 46.4%.", "contents": "[Changes in the dental hard tissues and the supporting structures in tetanic syndrome. 2. Personal studies]. The authors present the changes of the orofacial system observed in 30 patients (of both sexes) with tetanic syndrome in the framework of a pilot study. The DMF-S values varied for different age groups from 40.6 to 79.5. The hypoplasia index was 1.3-2.1; and the periodontal disease index according to K\u00f6tzschke, 18.6-48.2%. Epithelial desquamation of varying markedness and intensity was seen in half of the patients. The interpretations of the radiographs revealed generalized denticle formation in 13.3% of the 30 patients; and isolated denticles in 73.3%. The authors observed a loosening of the spongiosa structure in the majority of patients, and localized radiolucencies of the jaw bone in two thirds of them. The average intra-alveolar root-length index was 46.4%."}
{"id": "PMID:272797", "title": "[Fibrous dysplasia].", "content": "Fibrous dysplasia of bone may occur also in the facial skeleton. Main locations are the lateral midface and the mandible. The foci, which are sharply circumscribed in most cases, produce tumour-simulating deformities of single of several facial bones and, in part, disorders of the articulation are bulbar displacements. In contrast to Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia is a disorder of the younger age groups. Apart from bony changes, Albright's syndrome (which occurs in women only) comprises also irregular, circumscribed caf\u00e9-au-lait patches and signs of somatic and sexual precocity.", "contents": "[Fibrous dysplasia]. Fibrous dysplasia of bone may occur also in the facial skeleton. Main locations are the lateral midface and the mandible. The foci, which are sharply circumscribed in most cases, produce tumour-simulating deformities of single of several facial bones and, in part, disorders of the articulation are bulbar displacements. In contrast to Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia is a disorder of the younger age groups. Apart from bony changes, Albright's syndrome (which occurs in women only) comprises also irregular, circumscribed caf\u00e9-au-lait patches and signs of somatic and sexual precocity."}
{"id": "PMID:272798", "title": "[A dentinoma with rare localization].", "content": "On the basis of a report of a dentinoma measuring 2 X 2 cm that had rounded the carious tooth and extended far into the antrum, the authors present some fundamental ideas of the pathogeny, clinical picture, therapy and morphology.", "contents": "[A dentinoma with rare localization]. On the basis of a report of a dentinoma measuring 2 X 2 cm that had rounded the carious tooth and extended far into the antrum, the authors present some fundamental ideas of the pathogeny, clinical picture, therapy and morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:272799", "title": "Rapid cytoreduction in acute leukemia. Management of cerebral leukostasis by cell pheresis.", "content": "A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia and symptoms of cerebral leukostasis failed to respond to initial chemotherapy. Reduction in blast count from 220,000/microliter to 40,000/microliter was accomplished over a five hour period by leukapheresis using an intermittent flow cell separator, and symptomatic improvement was dramatic. The technique is simple and rapidly effective and may prove a useful adjunct in the treatment of patients with acute leukemia and high blast counts.", "contents": "Rapid cytoreduction in acute leukemia. Management of cerebral leukostasis by cell pheresis. A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia and symptoms of cerebral leukostasis failed to respond to initial chemotherapy. Reduction in blast count from 220,000/microliter to 40,000/microliter was accomplished over a five hour period by leukapheresis using an intermittent flow cell separator, and symptomatic improvement was dramatic. The technique is simple and rapidly effective and may prove a useful adjunct in the treatment of patients with acute leukemia and high blast counts."}
{"id": "PMID:272800", "title": "Management of chronic myelocytic leukemia in pregnancy by cell pheresis.", "content": "Cell pheresis was employed in the initial management of a pregnant patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Reduction in circulating leukocyte and platelet counts was evident after two weeks of therapy. This technique is an effective mode of management of the pregnant patient with CML and may play an important therapeutic role in the treatment of other myeloproliferative diseases characterized by dangerously high levels of circulating platelets or myeloblasts.", "contents": "Management of chronic myelocytic leukemia in pregnancy by cell pheresis. Cell pheresis was employed in the initial management of a pregnant patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Reduction in circulating leukocyte and platelet counts was evident after two weeks of therapy. This technique is an effective mode of management of the pregnant patient with CML and may play an important therapeutic role in the treatment of other myeloproliferative diseases characterized by dangerously high levels of circulating platelets or myeloblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:272813", "title": "Radiotherapy and surgery in 50 cases of osteosarcoma treated without adjuvant chemotherapy.", "content": "A consecutive series of osteosarcoma patients from one hospital is described. In 1962 radiotherapy with delayed surgery according to Cade was replacing surgery alone as the adopted treatment programme. Statistically the results were the same before and after this time with 5 out of 29 and 6 out of 21 patients, respectively, surviving 5 years. With radiation alone none out of eight survived. Surgery alone produced 3 out of 14 and radiation with delayed surgery 6 survivors out of 15. As surgery with or without radiotherapy is equally ineffective in controlling osteosarcoma a prospective randomized trial of the relative merits of chemotherapy and interferon as adjuvant therapy seems highly desirable.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and surgery in 50 cases of osteosarcoma treated without adjuvant chemotherapy. A consecutive series of osteosarcoma patients from one hospital is described. In 1962 radiotherapy with delayed surgery according to Cade was replacing surgery alone as the adopted treatment programme. Statistically the results were the same before and after this time with 5 out of 29 and 6 out of 21 patients, respectively, surviving 5 years. With radiation alone none out of eight survived. Surgery alone produced 3 out of 14 and radiation with delayed surgery 6 survivors out of 15. As surgery with or without radiotherapy is equally ineffective in controlling osteosarcoma a prospective randomized trial of the relative merits of chemotherapy and interferon as adjuvant therapy seems highly desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:272817", "title": "Cessation of therapy in childhood leukemia. A survey of 160 cases from the Nordic Countries.", "content": "A survey is presented of 160 children from the Nordic countries who had their antileukemic therapy discontinued prior to November 1976. Twenty-seven of the 160 cases (17%) had suffered a relapse before May, 1977. Sixty-nine cases had their therapy stopped in the first ten months of 1976. All cases have been reported as acute lymphocytic leukemia. Different types of therapy schedules have been used. Thirty-five cases in sustained remission for more than 3 years without cessation of therapy are also included in the report, seventeen of whom had relapsed while still on therapy. Central nervous system or testicular relapse occurred in 21 of the total 44 cases who relapsed after three or more years of continuous remission, and whether they were on therapy or not.", "contents": "Cessation of therapy in childhood leukemia. A survey of 160 cases from the Nordic Countries. A survey is presented of 160 children from the Nordic countries who had their antileukemic therapy discontinued prior to November 1976. Twenty-seven of the 160 cases (17%) had suffered a relapse before May, 1977. Sixty-nine cases had their therapy stopped in the first ten months of 1976. All cases have been reported as acute lymphocytic leukemia. Different types of therapy schedules have been used. Thirty-five cases in sustained remission for more than 3 years without cessation of therapy are also included in the report, seventeen of whom had relapsed while still on therapy. Central nervous system or testicular relapse occurred in 21 of the total 44 cases who relapsed after three or more years of continuous remission, and whether they were on therapy or not."}
{"id": "PMID:272812", "title": "[Double skin cancer coexisting with chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "In a 71-year-old man chronic myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed 4--5 years after cure of pulmonary tuberculosis and removed auricular cancer and 2 years after nasal cancer cured by means of local radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Double skin cancer coexisting with chronic myeloid leukemia]. In a 71-year-old man chronic myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed 4--5 years after cure of pulmonary tuberculosis and removed auricular cancer and 2 years after nasal cancer cured by means of local radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:272822", "title": "Increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) in chronic myelocytic leukemia--sign of drug-induced cholestasis?", "content": "In four patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, a solitary rise in serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) was noted 2--12 months prior to death. All patients had received busulphan (Myleran) therapy for longer than 12 months (total dosage 1.0--2.4 g). It is suggested that the increase in S-alp was due to a cholestatic liver damage, possible secondary to the busulphan treatment.", "contents": "Increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) in chronic myelocytic leukemia--sign of drug-induced cholestasis? In four patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, a solitary rise in serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) was noted 2--12 months prior to death. All patients had received busulphan (Myleran) therapy for longer than 12 months (total dosage 1.0--2.4 g). It is suggested that the increase in S-alp was due to a cholestatic liver damage, possible secondary to the busulphan treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:272824", "title": "Ternary copper (II) complexes containing salicylate and nitrogenous chelates such as histamine.", "content": "In the introduction the chemistry of some bivalent copper complexes of aspirin and salicylate is briefly reviewed and the biological importance of mixed-ligand complexes of bivalent copper is illustrated. The nature of hydroxy-bridged copper (II) complexes and their possible role in the physiological activity of histamine is also discussed. Several neutral, insoluble copper (II) complexes of the type (Chelate-Cu-salicylate) 0-lambda H2O where chelate = 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen), chi = 1; 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy), chi = 2; histamine (Ha), chi = 1; and where salicylate (sal) = dianion of salicylic acid have been prepared for the first time. They have been characterised by physico-chemical methods and the role of binuclearhydroxy-bridged copper (II) complex ions in their formation is demonstrated. Such complexes may be relevant to the pharmacological action of histamine and of the salicylates, the copper complexes of which are potential anti-inflammatory drugs. Results of some in vivo experiments that have been carried out with mice are also presented.", "contents": "Ternary copper (II) complexes containing salicylate and nitrogenous chelates such as histamine. In the introduction the chemistry of some bivalent copper complexes of aspirin and salicylate is briefly reviewed and the biological importance of mixed-ligand complexes of bivalent copper is illustrated. The nature of hydroxy-bridged copper (II) complexes and their possible role in the physiological activity of histamine is also discussed. Several neutral, insoluble copper (II) complexes of the type (Chelate-Cu-salicylate) 0-lambda H2O where chelate = 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen), chi = 1; 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy), chi = 2; histamine (Ha), chi = 1; and where salicylate (sal) = dianion of salicylic acid have been prepared for the first time. They have been characterised by physico-chemical methods and the role of binuclearhydroxy-bridged copper (II) complex ions in their formation is demonstrated. Such complexes may be relevant to the pharmacological action of histamine and of the salicylates, the copper complexes of which are potential anti-inflammatory drugs. Results of some in vivo experiments that have been carried out with mice are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:272830", "title": "Lysosomal enzymes of phagocytic cells as humoral mediators of inflammation: modulation of their release by cyclic nucleotides.", "content": "The origin of lysosomes in phagocytic cells is described. Studies on their characterization by both morphological and biochemical methods are summarized. Lysosomal enzymes of both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages can be released by exocytosis in response to a variety of inflammatory stimuli. This response is modulated by cyclic nucleotides. In the polymorphonuclear leukocyte cAMP inhibits enzyme release while cGMP enhances release; the effects of the cyclic nucleotides are less clear in the macrophage. The possible involvement of microtubules and microfilaments in the release process is discussed.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzymes of phagocytic cells as humoral mediators of inflammation: modulation of their release by cyclic nucleotides. The origin of lysosomes in phagocytic cells is described. Studies on their characterization by both morphological and biochemical methods are summarized. Lysosomal enzymes of both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages can be released by exocytosis in response to a variety of inflammatory stimuli. This response is modulated by cyclic nucleotides. In the polymorphonuclear leukocyte cAMP inhibits enzyme release while cGMP enhances release; the effects of the cyclic nucleotides are less clear in the macrophage. The possible involvement of microtubules and microfilaments in the release process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272833", "title": "Clinical evaluation of novel anti-rheumatic drugs.", "content": "New methodology is required to evaluate new drugs. Trials designs and measurements developed for conventional anti-inflammatory therapy will fail to demonstrate the properties of a group of novel anti-rheumatic agents including gold, penicillamine and levamisole. These compounds act slowly, producing their maximum effect after 6 months of treatment. Trials must therefore be of at least this duration and it is useful to document the time course of the action. Measurements of rheumatoid arthritis must include not only conventional indices of disease activity (pain, morning stiffness, articular index, swelling) but also extra-articular features such as nodules, E.S.R., and rheumatoid factor titre. Reduction in technetium index is a feature of the action of drugs of this type. Changes in immunoglobulins and in some other immunological measurements may also be useful. Future trials must look increasingly at modes of action of drugs and the factors which determine the presence or absence of a response in an individual patient.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of novel anti-rheumatic drugs. New methodology is required to evaluate new drugs. Trials designs and measurements developed for conventional anti-inflammatory therapy will fail to demonstrate the properties of a group of novel anti-rheumatic agents including gold, penicillamine and levamisole. These compounds act slowly, producing their maximum effect after 6 months of treatment. Trials must therefore be of at least this duration and it is useful to document the time course of the action. Measurements of rheumatoid arthritis must include not only conventional indices of disease activity (pain, morning stiffness, articular index, swelling) but also extra-articular features such as nodules, E.S.R., and rheumatoid factor titre. Reduction in technetium index is a feature of the action of drugs of this type. Changes in immunoglobulins and in some other immunological measurements may also be useful. Future trials must look increasingly at modes of action of drugs and the factors which determine the presence or absence of a response in an individual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:272835", "title": "Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation.", "content": "Inflammation, defined as local reaction to injury, is basically a homeostatic process-loop system with morphological and biochemical components. If this homeostatic loop is uncomplicated a normal situation is reached soon after injury. Morphologically different patterns of inflammation can appear, depending on the character and intensity of the injury. Furthermore, the contributions made by hyperaemia, exudation of fluid, infiltrates carrying inflammatory cells, and cell proliferation not only vary with the type of injury but also depend on the time after injury. Some of the histopathological changes can be seen as essential for the restoration of the normal situation, whereas others damage the tissue more than seems desirable. The morphological aspects of different types of inflammation are discussed in relation to the homeostatic nature of the inflammatory process.", "contents": "Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation. Inflammation, defined as local reaction to injury, is basically a homeostatic process-loop system with morphological and biochemical components. If this homeostatic loop is uncomplicated a normal situation is reached soon after injury. Morphologically different patterns of inflammation can appear, depending on the character and intensity of the injury. Furthermore, the contributions made by hyperaemia, exudation of fluid, infiltrates carrying inflammatory cells, and cell proliferation not only vary with the type of injury but also depend on the time after injury. Some of the histopathological changes can be seen as essential for the restoration of the normal situation, whereas others damage the tissue more than seems desirable. The morphological aspects of different types of inflammation are discussed in relation to the homeostatic nature of the inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:272836", "title": "Cell kinetics during inflammation.", "content": "This communication deals with the production and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear phagocytes in the normal steady state and during an acute inflammatory reaction and with the humoral regulation of the increased production of leucocytes during an inflammatory reaction. The effect of hydrocortisone and azathioprine on both kinds of phagocytic cells is also discussed.", "contents": "Cell kinetics during inflammation. This communication deals with the production and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear phagocytes in the normal steady state and during an acute inflammatory reaction and with the humoral regulation of the increased production of leucocytes during an inflammatory reaction. The effect of hydrocortisone and azathioprine on both kinds of phagocytic cells is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272840", "title": "Inflammatory responses of the rabbit eye to prostaglandins.", "content": "A modified Draize scoring procedure has been used to quantify the vascular effects of prostaglandins on the rabbit eye. Topical application of 100 microgram of PGE1 caused conjunctival redness (erythema due to vasodilatation), swelling (oedema due to increased capillary permeability), discharge, lids closure (decrease in palpebral aperture) and occasionally miosis, though no corneal or iridial damage was detected up to three hours. PGE1 and GE2 produced practically identical dose-related increases in scores for most of the inflammation parameters, though oedema responses were consistently lower after PGE2. The neutral, triethanolamine salt of PGE1 was as inflammatory as PG1 itself. PGF2alpha was  10-50 times less inflammatory than PGE1. It produced relatively greater erythema responses than oedema responses, when compared to PGE1. The novel prostaglandins, 19-OH PGE1 and 19-OH PGE2, recently identified as major prostaglandin constituents of human semen, were respectively 71 and 78 times inflammatory than PGE1. The 19-OH PGEs produced much greater erythema responses, relative to oedema, lids closure or discharge responses.", "contents": "Inflammatory responses of the rabbit eye to prostaglandins. A modified Draize scoring procedure has been used to quantify the vascular effects of prostaglandins on the rabbit eye. Topical application of 100 microgram of PGE1 caused conjunctival redness (erythema due to vasodilatation), swelling (oedema due to increased capillary permeability), discharge, lids closure (decrease in palpebral aperture) and occasionally miosis, though no corneal or iridial damage was detected up to three hours. PGE1 and GE2 produced practically identical dose-related increases in scores for most of the inflammation parameters, though oedema responses were consistently lower after PGE2. The neutral, triethanolamine salt of PGE1 was as inflammatory as PG1 itself. PGF2alpha was  10-50 times less inflammatory than PGE1. It produced relatively greater erythema responses than oedema responses, when compared to PGE1. The novel prostaglandins, 19-OH PGE1 and 19-OH PGE2, recently identified as major prostaglandin constituents of human semen, were respectively 71 and 78 times inflammatory than PGE1. The 19-OH PGEs produced much greater erythema responses, relative to oedema, lids closure or discharge responses."}
{"id": "PMID:272842", "title": "Platelets and mediators in the carrageenin rat paw oedema.", "content": "A number of similarities exist between several aspects of the imflammation process and the changes occurring in platelets during aggregation. This has initiated the search for a specific role of platelets in inflammation. The aim of our experiments was to investigate firstly whether during an acute inflammatory process platelets accumulate in the inflamed area and secondly whether the inflammation has an effect on the properties of the platelets. Rat platelets were labeled with 51Cr and injected into the tail vein of rats with a carrageenin-induced edema in one of the hind paws. The amount of radioactivity was measured in the inflamed paw and compared to the control one in the 24 hr following the injection. An accumulation of platelets was found at 3-4 hr after the injection of the carrageenin which disappeared later. Maximal swelling occurred after 5 hr. The aggregability of the platelets was determined at different times of the inflammatory process. After 2 hr, a decrease was observed which was higher after 4 and 6 hr. This effect might be due to the release of mediators during the inflammation.", "contents": "Platelets and mediators in the carrageenin rat paw oedema. A number of similarities exist between several aspects of the imflammation process and the changes occurring in platelets during aggregation. This has initiated the search for a specific role of platelets in inflammation. The aim of our experiments was to investigate firstly whether during an acute inflammatory process platelets accumulate in the inflamed area and secondly whether the inflammation has an effect on the properties of the platelets. Rat platelets were labeled with 51Cr and injected into the tail vein of rats with a carrageenin-induced edema in one of the hind paws. The amount of radioactivity was measured in the inflamed paw and compared to the control one in the 24 hr following the injection. An accumulation of platelets was found at 3-4 hr after the injection of the carrageenin which disappeared later. Maximal swelling occurred after 5 hr. The aggregability of the platelets was determined at different times of the inflammatory process. After 2 hr, a decrease was observed which was higher after 4 and 6 hr. This effect might be due to the release of mediators during the inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:272843", "title": "Comparison of the mediator release from platelets and the development of acute inflammation in rats which lack prostaglandin precursors.", "content": "Rat platelet rich plasma (PRP) generates prostaglandin endoperoxide-like activity, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and stable prostaglandins (PGs) after collagen addition. Of the stable PGs, PGE is the main product and its formation is related to the dose of collagen. Indomethacin and eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA), both cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, inhibit TXA2 and PGE formation simultaneously. PRP of essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats, however, generates far less PG-endoperoxide like activity, TXA2 and PGE, though the release of serotonin (5-HT) is unaltered. In normal rats a marked inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase by TYA also has no effect on 5-HT release. For these 2 reasons the role of PG endoperoxides and TXA2 seems to be unimportant for the 5-HT release reaction. The diminished biosynthesis of PGs and TXA2 in EFAD PRP is not due to an impaired cyclo-oxygenase activity since addition of AA causes an equal formation of PGE in both types of PRP. The use of platelets as in-vitro model for testing anti-inflammatory activity of drugs is discussed. The results, obtained with platelets support the hypothesis that the main reason for the decreased acute inflammatory reaction in EFAD rats is a diminished supply of endogenous PG precursors.", "contents": "Comparison of the mediator release from platelets and the development of acute inflammation in rats which lack prostaglandin precursors. Rat platelet rich plasma (PRP) generates prostaglandin endoperoxide-like activity, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and stable prostaglandins (PGs) after collagen addition. Of the stable PGs, PGE is the main product and its formation is related to the dose of collagen. Indomethacin and eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA), both cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, inhibit TXA2 and PGE formation simultaneously. PRP of essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats, however, generates far less PG-endoperoxide like activity, TXA2 and PGE, though the release of serotonin (5-HT) is unaltered. In normal rats a marked inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase by TYA also has no effect on 5-HT release. For these 2 reasons the role of PG endoperoxides and TXA2 seems to be unimportant for the 5-HT release reaction. The diminished biosynthesis of PGs and TXA2 in EFAD PRP is not due to an impaired cyclo-oxygenase activity since addition of AA causes an equal formation of PGE in both types of PRP. The use of platelets as in-vitro model for testing anti-inflammatory activity of drugs is discussed. The results, obtained with platelets support the hypothesis that the main reason for the decreased acute inflammatory reaction in EFAD rats is a diminished supply of endogenous PG precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:272844", "title": "Effect of glucocorticosteroids on the release of prostaglandin-like substances in anaphylaxis.", "content": "During anaphylactic reactions there are released thromboxane A2 and/or prostaglandin-like substances from perfused guinea pig lungs and from incubated fragments of guinea pig mesentery. Prostaglandin-like substances appear also in mixed venous blood of anaesthetized cats following an intravenous injection of rabbit blood. These release reactions are reduced or abolished both by indomethacin and by hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticosteroids on the release of prostaglandin-like substances in anaphylaxis. During anaphylactic reactions there are released thromboxane A2 and/or prostaglandin-like substances from perfused guinea pig lungs and from incubated fragments of guinea pig mesentery. Prostaglandin-like substances appear also in mixed venous blood of anaesthetized cats following an intravenous injection of rabbit blood. These release reactions are reduced or abolished both by indomethacin and by hydrocortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:272845", "title": "Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the carrageenin-induced hind paw inflammation of rats deprived of endogenous precursors of prostaglandins.", "content": "The carrageenin-induced paw oedema was used to study anti-inflammatory drugs in normal rats and in those deprived of endogenous precursors of prostaglandins. The latter condition was achieved by permanently keeping the rats on essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) food. Indomethacin inhibited the carrageenin-oedema in normal rats, but failed to further suppress the poorly developed delayed phase of the carrageenin-induced inflammation in EFAD rats. In contrast, aspirin exhibited equal inhibition of the carrageenin oedema in both normal and EFAD rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone was also indentical in both normal and EFAD rats. Since in EFAD rats the inflammatory role of an increased output of prostaglandins is of negligible importance, the results with aspirin and dexamethasone shed some doubt on such views, that suppression of the release of prostaglandins alone explains the acute anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs. The inflammatory response of EFAD rats is a model situation appearing to be useful in studying anti-inflammatory mechanisms which, under normal conditions, might be masked by interference with the release of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the carrageenin-induced hind paw inflammation of rats deprived of endogenous precursors of prostaglandins. The carrageenin-induced paw oedema was used to study anti-inflammatory drugs in normal rats and in those deprived of endogenous precursors of prostaglandins. The latter condition was achieved by permanently keeping the rats on essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) food. Indomethacin inhibited the carrageenin-oedema in normal rats, but failed to further suppress the poorly developed delayed phase of the carrageenin-induced inflammation in EFAD rats. In contrast, aspirin exhibited equal inhibition of the carrageenin oedema in both normal and EFAD rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone was also indentical in both normal and EFAD rats. Since in EFAD rats the inflammatory role of an increased output of prostaglandins is of negligible importance, the results with aspirin and dexamethasone shed some doubt on such views, that suppression of the release of prostaglandins alone explains the acute anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs. The inflammatory response of EFAD rats is a model situation appearing to be useful in studying anti-inflammatory mechanisms which, under normal conditions, might be masked by interference with the release of prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:272846", "title": "Metyrapone: a possible tool in investigating the role of endogenous corticosteroids in inflammation.", "content": "Despite much early work on corticosteroid levels in the blood and urine of patients with rheumatic diseases, little strong evidence is available concerning the role of endogenous corticosteroids in inflammation. Nevertheless, the modulating role of adrenal corticosteroids in inflammation seems to be taken for granted even though the small amount of evidence in laboratory animals is, in some cases, contradictory. In the light of the immunological aetiology of some chronic inflammatory diseases and the immunosuppressive properties of corticosteroids, investigations into the role of endogenous corticosteroids in these conditions seem particularly worthwhile. Adrenalectomy has been used widely in studies on the physiological roles of adrenal corticosteroids but the operation requires care to avoid mortality. The adrenal corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, could be used quite profitably in such investigations. However, it has been shown to exert differential effects on prostaglandin (PG) production in uterine tissue and may produce non-selective antagonism of the actions of PGs. Because PGs are probably involved in inflammation, care should be exercised in the doses of metyrapone used in any studies on inflammatory models to avoid interactions with the PG system.", "contents": "Metyrapone: a possible tool in investigating the role of endogenous corticosteroids in inflammation. Despite much early work on corticosteroid levels in the blood and urine of patients with rheumatic diseases, little strong evidence is available concerning the role of endogenous corticosteroids in inflammation. Nevertheless, the modulating role of adrenal corticosteroids in inflammation seems to be taken for granted even though the small amount of evidence in laboratory animals is, in some cases, contradictory. In the light of the immunological aetiology of some chronic inflammatory diseases and the immunosuppressive properties of corticosteroids, investigations into the role of endogenous corticosteroids in these conditions seem particularly worthwhile. Adrenalectomy has been used widely in studies on the physiological roles of adrenal corticosteroids but the operation requires care to avoid mortality. The adrenal corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, could be used quite profitably in such investigations. However, it has been shown to exert differential effects on prostaglandin (PG) production in uterine tissue and may produce non-selective antagonism of the actions of PGs. Because PGs are probably involved in inflammation, care should be exercised in the doses of metyrapone used in any studies on inflammatory models to avoid interactions with the PG system."}
{"id": "PMID:272847", "title": "Prostaglandins and complement changes in some conditions related to inflammation.", "content": "Exposure to ionizing radiation produces several systemic and local reactions which could be mediated by prostaglandins. Prostaglandin levels were therefore studied in blood and tissues of mice which had been exposed to x-rays. Significant increases were found in spleens after 200 to 700 R, and in lungs after 600 to 700 R. These changes were most pronounced 4-7 days after irradiation. Ionizing radiation promptly and potently reduced the activity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the spleen, whereas prostaglandin synthesis was less affected. Evidence was obtained for the activation and consumption of haemolytic complement in serum in the course of heart-lung operations involving extracorporeal circulation. Activation involved primarily the classical pathway, and only slightly the alternate pathway.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and complement changes in some conditions related to inflammation. Exposure to ionizing radiation produces several systemic and local reactions which could be mediated by prostaglandins. Prostaglandin levels were therefore studied in blood and tissues of mice which had been exposed to x-rays. Significant increases were found in spleens after 200 to 700 R, and in lungs after 600 to 700 R. These changes were most pronounced 4-7 days after irradiation. Ionizing radiation promptly and potently reduced the activity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the spleen, whereas prostaglandin synthesis was less affected. Evidence was obtained for the activation and consumption of haemolytic complement in serum in the course of heart-lung operations involving extracorporeal circulation. Activation involved primarily the classical pathway, and only slightly the alternate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:272848", "title": "Nocturnal intragastric infusion of glucose in management of defective gluconeogenesis with hypoglycemia.", "content": "Three children with defective gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia were treated with frequent daytime feeding and continuous intragastric infusion of glucose at night. By this technique, the blood glucose level was maintained at or slightly above the physiological range. Secondary lacticacidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricacidemia, and coagulation defects all improved. Weight and height velocity increased dramatically. Strength and sense of well-being improved. Nocturnal intragastric infusion of glucose is now the management of choice for children with defective gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Nocturnal intragastric infusion of glucose in management of defective gluconeogenesis with hypoglycemia. Three children with defective gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia were treated with frequent daytime feeding and continuous intragastric infusion of glucose at night. By this technique, the blood glucose level was maintained at or slightly above the physiological range. Secondary lacticacidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricacidemia, and coagulation defects all improved. Weight and height velocity increased dramatically. Strength and sense of well-being improved. Nocturnal intragastric infusion of glucose is now the management of choice for children with defective gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:272849", "title": "Disseminated intravascular DNA thromboemboli. A complication of chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Seven and one-half hours after receiving antileukemic therapy, an 11 year-old boy developed massive intravascular lysis of leukemic cells with subsequent pooling of DNA to form disseminated intravascular thromboemboli. The DNA thromboemboli produced neurologic symptoms and an alveolar capillary block with resultant dyspnea and death.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular DNA thromboemboli. A complication of chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Seven and one-half hours after receiving antileukemic therapy, an 11 year-old boy developed massive intravascular lysis of leukemic cells with subsequent pooling of DNA to form disseminated intravascular thromboemboli. The DNA thromboemboli produced neurologic symptoms and an alveolar capillary block with resultant dyspnea and death."}
{"id": "PMID:272851", "title": "A cephalometric evaluation of American Negro women.", "content": "A cephalometric study of forty American Negro women with an average age of 24.6 years and a Class I molar and/or canine relationship was performed. When measurements were compared to a control population of twenty Caucasian women, using several standard analyses, significant differences were demonstrated between the sample populations. 1. The maxilla and mandible were more protrusive in the Negro sample. 2. The upper and lower incisors were more proclined and the interincisal angle was more acute in the Negro sample. 3. Middle facial height was shorter and lower facial height was longer in the Negro sample. 4. The projection of the soft-tissue nasal tip was less in the Negro sample. 5. The projection of the upper and lower lips as related to the facial plane was greater in the Negro sample. 6. Lip thickness was approximately the same in the two groups.", "contents": "A cephalometric evaluation of American Negro women. A cephalometric study of forty American Negro women with an average age of 24.6 years and a Class I molar and/or canine relationship was performed. When measurements were compared to a control population of twenty Caucasian women, using several standard analyses, significant differences were demonstrated between the sample populations. 1. The maxilla and mandible were more protrusive in the Negro sample. 2. The upper and lower incisors were more proclined and the interincisal angle was more acute in the Negro sample. 3. Middle facial height was shorter and lower facial height was longer in the Negro sample. 4. The projection of the soft-tissue nasal tip was less in the Negro sample. 5. The projection of the upper and lower lips as related to the facial plane was greater in the Negro sample. 6. Lip thickness was approximately the same in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:272852", "title": "Improving petrous bone reproduction in lateral cephalometric films.", "content": "The purpose of this method is to improve the reproduction of the petrous bone area in cephalometric lateral head roentgenograms. Metal screens are used to project a high-voltage x-ray beam only to this area. Two techniques using a lead screen or a copper filter screen are described. Reproduction of the points porion and basion and of the temporomandibular joint is considerably improved.", "contents": "Improving petrous bone reproduction in lateral cephalometric films. The purpose of this method is to improve the reproduction of the petrous bone area in cephalometric lateral head roentgenograms. Metal screens are used to project a high-voltage x-ray beam only to this area. Two techniques using a lead screen or a copper filter screen are described. Reproduction of the points porion and basion and of the temporomandibular joint is considerably improved."}
{"id": "PMID:272853", "title": "Prediction of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary permanent canines and premolars.", "content": "Multiple regression equations for prediction of the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary canines and premolars were developed for the right and left sides of the arches of males and females. The equations were developed from longitudinal data taken from ninety-two Caucasian children (forty-six boys and forty-six girls) who participated in the Iowa Growth Study. The multiple regression equations, when compared with three currently used methods of prediction, were the best predictors. The newly developed equations and other prediction methods currently in use were tested on longitudinal data taken from a sample of forty-three Caucasian orthodontic patients (sixteen males and twenty-seven females). Again, the multiple regression equations had the best performance.", "contents": "Prediction of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary permanent canines and premolars. Multiple regression equations for prediction of the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary canines and premolars were developed for the right and left sides of the arches of males and females. The equations were developed from longitudinal data taken from ninety-two Caucasian children (forty-six boys and forty-six girls) who participated in the Iowa Growth Study. The multiple regression equations, when compared with three currently used methods of prediction, were the best predictors. The newly developed equations and other prediction methods currently in use were tested on longitudinal data taken from a sample of forty-three Caucasian orthodontic patients (sixteen males and twenty-seven females). Again, the multiple regression equations had the best performance."}
{"id": "PMID:272861", "title": "Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia on two occasions had fever and exquisitely tender, warm, erythematous, indurated to frankly bullous plaques on the face and upper extremities. Histologically, the lesions showed rather dense dermal infiltrates of mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes; special stains for bacteria and fungi were negative, as were all cultures for infectious agents. The lesions did not respond to antibiotics but cleared rapidly with systemic steroid treatment. Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis of acute myelogenous leukemia is believed to be a nonspecific reaction to the underlying malignant disease process. By prompt recognition of this entity, prolonged expensive courses of antibiotics may be avoided.", "contents": "Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis in acute myelogenous leukemia. A 50-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia on two occasions had fever and exquisitely tender, warm, erythematous, indurated to frankly bullous plaques on the face and upper extremities. Histologically, the lesions showed rather dense dermal infiltrates of mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes; special stains for bacteria and fungi were negative, as were all cultures for infectious agents. The lesions did not respond to antibiotics but cleared rapidly with systemic steroid treatment. Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis of acute myelogenous leukemia is believed to be a nonspecific reaction to the underlying malignant disease process. By prompt recognition of this entity, prolonged expensive courses of antibiotics may be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:272862", "title": "Monocytic leukemia. Clinically appearing as 'malignant reticulosis of the skin'.", "content": "Enzyme cytochemical (hydrolytic enzymes for cell differentiation), immunocytologic (B and T lymphocyte differentiation), and electron microscopic studies of skin infiltrates facilitate the proper diagnosis of myelomonocytic and lymphoreticular proliferations. With use of these methods, the original clinical diagnosis of malignant reticulosis of the skin was corrected to monocytic leukemia in a 65-year-old woman. Because primary involvement of the skin preceded monocytosis of the blood, it was concluded that the cutaneous infiltrates in our patient resulted from proliferation of tumor cells in the skin rather than from homing of the cells to, or settling of the cells in, the skin.", "contents": "Monocytic leukemia. Clinically appearing as 'malignant reticulosis of the skin'. Enzyme cytochemical (hydrolytic enzymes for cell differentiation), immunocytologic (B and T lymphocyte differentiation), and electron microscopic studies of skin infiltrates facilitate the proper diagnosis of myelomonocytic and lymphoreticular proliferations. With use of these methods, the original clinical diagnosis of malignant reticulosis of the skin was corrected to monocytic leukemia in a 65-year-old woman. Because primary involvement of the skin preceded monocytosis of the blood, it was concluded that the cutaneous infiltrates in our patient resulted from proliferation of tumor cells in the skin rather than from homing of the cells to, or settling of the cells in, the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:272863", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its occurrence with hypereosinophilic syndrome' and bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had an unusual prodrome, including clinical features of \"hypereosinophilic syndrome,\" pulmonary infiltrates, and bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax, which preceded the onset of leukemia by four months. The mechanism for the production of eosinophilia may have been related to the production of eosinopoietic factors by the leukemic cells.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Its occurrence with hypereosinophilic syndrome' and bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had an unusual prodrome, including clinical features of \"hypereosinophilic syndrome,\" pulmonary infiltrates, and bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax, which preceded the onset of leukemia by four months. The mechanism for the production of eosinophilia may have been related to the production of eosinopoietic factors by the leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:272864", "title": "Early clinical recognition of disseminated candidiasis by muscle and skin biopsy.", "content": "Disseminated candidiasis was clinically diagnosed by muscle and skin biopsies in two patients with hematologic malignancies. One patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia presented with skin lesions as the sole manifestation of disseminated candidiasis. The other patient had leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and developed fever, severe myalgias, and maculopapular rash while receiving corticosteroid therapy; this patient is the first to have antemortem documentation of candida myositis as the initial manifestation of disseminated candidiasis. These two case reports serve to emphasize the importance of careful observation and early biopsy of skin and muscle to establish the diagnosis and permit early institution of therapy.", "contents": "Early clinical recognition of disseminated candidiasis by muscle and skin biopsy. Disseminated candidiasis was clinically diagnosed by muscle and skin biopsies in two patients with hematologic malignancies. One patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia presented with skin lesions as the sole manifestation of disseminated candidiasis. The other patient had leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and developed fever, severe myalgias, and maculopapular rash while receiving corticosteroid therapy; this patient is the first to have antemortem documentation of candida myositis as the initial manifestation of disseminated candidiasis. These two case reports serve to emphasize the importance of careful observation and early biopsy of skin and muscle to establish the diagnosis and permit early institution of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:272865", "title": "Sarcoidosis following adjuvant high-dose methotrexate therapy for osteosarcoma.", "content": "A patient who had undergone amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy with methotrexate doxorubicin hydrochloride for osteosarcoma of the femur later developed granulomatous hilar and paratracheal lymphadenopathy and multiple pulmonary nodules. Biopsy of the nodules showed noncaseating granulomas typical of sarcoidosis. Hilar adenopathy and granulomatous pneumonitis have been reported following methotrexate therapy, but a roentgenographic pattern of isolated, discrete pulmonary nodules has not been described. Treatment with immunosuppressive chemotherapy may have inhibited the development of sarcoidosis, which became manifest only after cessation of the chemotherapy.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis following adjuvant high-dose methotrexate therapy for osteosarcoma. A patient who had undergone amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy with methotrexate doxorubicin hydrochloride for osteosarcoma of the femur later developed granulomatous hilar and paratracheal lymphadenopathy and multiple pulmonary nodules. Biopsy of the nodules showed noncaseating granulomas typical of sarcoidosis. Hilar adenopathy and granulomatous pneumonitis have been reported following methotrexate therapy, but a roentgenographic pattern of isolated, discrete pulmonary nodules has not been described. Treatment with immunosuppressive chemotherapy may have inhibited the development of sarcoidosis, which became manifest only after cessation of the chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:272880", "title": "Multiproblem families and their psychiatric significance.", "content": "The characteristics of multiproblem families are described, and the investigations in a research project are reported. A note is made of their epidemiological significance. Reasons are suggested as to why they have received little psychiatric attention. In particular their child upbringing practices, including child rearing and learning disorders, are described. The psychiatry of inadequacy is considered and the validity of the various diagnoses used. Finally it is suggested that the place of psychiatry in their care should be reconsidered and that a better knowledge of social handicap should be acquired.", "contents": "Multiproblem families and their psychiatric significance. The characteristics of multiproblem families are described, and the investigations in a research project are reported. A note is made of their epidemiological significance. Reasons are suggested as to why they have received little psychiatric attention. In particular their child upbringing practices, including child rearing and learning disorders, are described. The psychiatry of inadequacy is considered and the validity of the various diagnoses used. Finally it is suggested that the place of psychiatry in their care should be reconsidered and that a better knowledge of social handicap should be acquired."}
{"id": "PMID:272881", "title": "The development of a scale for the assessment of sexual behaviour in Australian women.", "content": "The aim of this study was to develop a simple method of assessing female sexual response, suitable for use in clinical investigations. Following a review of interview, physiological and psychological methods, a Scale of Sexual Response was developed. Sexually dysfunctional women and women who stated they had no sexual problems completed the Scale. The results demonstrated that 11 of the 15 subscales had concurrent validity. The 4 subscales relating to auto eroticism did not distinguish between groups. Significant changes were demonstrated in 4 subscales following successful therapy of the sexual dysfunction. The scale was shown to be reliable.", "contents": "The development of a scale for the assessment of sexual behaviour in Australian women. The aim of this study was to develop a simple method of assessing female sexual response, suitable for use in clinical investigations. Following a review of interview, physiological and psychological methods, a Scale of Sexual Response was developed. Sexually dysfunctional women and women who stated they had no sexual problems completed the Scale. The results demonstrated that 11 of the 15 subscales had concurrent validity. The 4 subscales relating to auto eroticism did not distinguish between groups. Significant changes were demonstrated in 4 subscales following successful therapy of the sexual dysfunction. The scale was shown to be reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:272882", "title": "Alcohol and medical practice - the role of the psychiatrist in instituting change.", "content": "The low rate of recognition of the causative role of alcohol in much illness, and the failure to respond to the clinical challenge of such an association by many doctors, is discussed. Documentation is provided by a study of computerised hospital records. It is suggested that psychiatrists could demonstrate that a professional stance towards alcohol is possible without compromising personal freedom, and that liaison psychiatry services could accept responsibility to improve management of these problems within general hospitals.", "contents": "Alcohol and medical practice - the role of the psychiatrist in instituting change. The low rate of recognition of the causative role of alcohol in much illness, and the failure to respond to the clinical challenge of such an association by many doctors, is discussed. Documentation is provided by a study of computerised hospital records. It is suggested that psychiatrists could demonstrate that a professional stance towards alcohol is possible without compromising personal freedom, and that liaison psychiatry services could accept responsibility to improve management of these problems within general hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:272883", "title": "Social implications of the \"dyscontrol syndrome\" (neuropsychiatric correlates).", "content": "The recent literature contains numerous publications which have tried to stimulate a new and biologically oriented approach to the problem of violence. Experimental brain research indicates that biologically important predatory and aggression responses have multiple representations in the nervous system. However, knowledge gained so far concerning emotional brain function in violent persons with brain disease, or from experimental research, can only infrequently be applied to combat the violence-triggering mechanisms in the brains of the non-diseased. In the hope of determining the neurological basis of aggression, the present author studied the brains of forty-two patients whose clinical history indicated definite aggressive behaviour. Results are reported and discussed. It is also the aim of this paper to discuss the social implications of the surgical treatment of patients with a \"dyscontrol syndrome\" whose investigations do not reveal definite evidence of \"hard\" signs and symptoms of brain pathology.", "contents": "Social implications of the \"dyscontrol syndrome\" (neuropsychiatric correlates). The recent literature contains numerous publications which have tried to stimulate a new and biologically oriented approach to the problem of violence. Experimental brain research indicates that biologically important predatory and aggression responses have multiple representations in the nervous system. However, knowledge gained so far concerning emotional brain function in violent persons with brain disease, or from experimental research, can only infrequently be applied to combat the violence-triggering mechanisms in the brains of the non-diseased. In the hope of determining the neurological basis of aggression, the present author studied the brains of forty-two patients whose clinical history indicated definite aggressive behaviour. Results are reported and discussed. It is also the aim of this paper to discuss the social implications of the surgical treatment of patients with a \"dyscontrol syndrome\" whose investigations do not reveal definite evidence of \"hard\" signs and symptoms of brain pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:272885", "title": "Shotgun weddings: trends in the sociopathology of marriage.", "content": "The study was concerned with secular trends in forced marriages in N.S.W. The definition of forced marriage was first nuptial birth occurring within six months of the wedding. The typical demographic profile of such marriages portends a \"risk\" of marital breakdown and child abuse. Formal analysis of the time series showed upward trends in the proportions of brides \"at risk\" in the 16-17 age groups, and in the proportions of children \"at risk\" born to brides in the 16 to 22 age range. The findings were discussed critically, and some prophylactic and remedial social measures suggested.", "contents": "Shotgun weddings: trends in the sociopathology of marriage. The study was concerned with secular trends in forced marriages in N.S.W. The definition of forced marriage was first nuptial birth occurring within six months of the wedding. The typical demographic profile of such marriages portends a \"risk\" of marital breakdown and child abuse. Formal analysis of the time series showed upward trends in the proportions of brides \"at risk\" in the 16-17 age groups, and in the proportions of children \"at risk\" born to brides in the 16 to 22 age range. The findings were discussed critically, and some prophylactic and remedial social measures suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:272887", "title": "Emotional sequelae of parents and sibs following the drowning or near-drowning of a child.", "content": "This study reports the findings from an investigation to evaluate the intra-family dynamics that occurred with 111 cases of childhood drowning and near-drowning in the City of Brisbane in 1971-1975. Personal interviews were obtained with 77 of the families. 24 per cent of parent-dyads separated following the drowning of their child, whereas none of the 54 families of surviving children separated. Accident generated stresses within the studied families tended to persist for years after the incident. Parents volunteered the information that they drank more, experienced sleep disorders and nightmares, and reported significant anxiety states. 19 per cent of parents of drowned children received specialist psychiatric treatment following the drowning. Two cases of surviving children received specialist psychiatric therapy (these were both parents who had inflicted non-accidental injury on their child, and had attempted to drown their child in the bath). In one sense, a child's death is more honourable from society's point of view if the child dies from a chronic medical illness such as leukaemia. In the case of a child's death in the family bath tub or the backyard swimming pool, the extra society sanctions of culpability and accusation further intensified the likelihood of the normal grief process being transformed into a pathological variant.", "contents": "Emotional sequelae of parents and sibs following the drowning or near-drowning of a child. This study reports the findings from an investigation to evaluate the intra-family dynamics that occurred with 111 cases of childhood drowning and near-drowning in the City of Brisbane in 1971-1975. Personal interviews were obtained with 77 of the families. 24 per cent of parent-dyads separated following the drowning of their child, whereas none of the 54 families of surviving children separated. Accident generated stresses within the studied families tended to persist for years after the incident. Parents volunteered the information that they drank more, experienced sleep disorders and nightmares, and reported significant anxiety states. 19 per cent of parents of drowned children received specialist psychiatric treatment following the drowning. Two cases of surviving children received specialist psychiatric therapy (these were both parents who had inflicted non-accidental injury on their child, and had attempted to drown their child in the bath). In one sense, a child's death is more honourable from society's point of view if the child dies from a chronic medical illness such as leukaemia. In the case of a child's death in the family bath tub or the backyard swimming pool, the extra society sanctions of culpability and accusation further intensified the likelihood of the normal grief process being transformed into a pathological variant."}
{"id": "PMID:272913", "title": "Active immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukaemia and the induction of second and subsequent remissions.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-one adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia were treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (Barts III). Sixty-three patients achieved remission and were admitted to one of 3 trials of active immunotherapy: immunotherapy alone, immunotherapy and maintenance chemotherapy or neither of these. All patients had weekly clinical and blood examination and monthly marrow examination. Reinduction chemotherapy was given as soon as relapse was diagnosed in the marrow. The most striking observation was that immunotherapy was associated with easy and repeated reinduction of remission and marked prolongation of survival after first relapse when compared with immunotherapy plus chemotherapy. The possible reasons for this and the value of immunotherapy are discussed in relation to the third trial still in progress which includes 2 maintenance arms, immunotherapy alone and surveillance only.", "contents": "Active immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukaemia and the induction of second and subsequent remissions. One hundred and ninety-one adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia were treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (Barts III). Sixty-three patients achieved remission and were admitted to one of 3 trials of active immunotherapy: immunotherapy alone, immunotherapy and maintenance chemotherapy or neither of these. All patients had weekly clinical and blood examination and monthly marrow examination. Reinduction chemotherapy was given as soon as relapse was diagnosed in the marrow. The most striking observation was that immunotherapy was associated with easy and repeated reinduction of remission and marked prolongation of survival after first relapse when compared with immunotherapy plus chemotherapy. The possible reasons for this and the value of immunotherapy are discussed in relation to the third trial still in progress which includes 2 maintenance arms, immunotherapy alone and surveillance only."}
{"id": "PMID:272915", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of oral epithelial cells. Part I. Normal and malignant tissue.", "content": "The surface features of cells removed by scraping from normal human oral mucous membrane and from squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that in normal oral mucosa the cell surface morphology is dependent on the state of keratinisation of the tissue. Malignant cells were observed to display modified surface characteristics which have been tabulated. It is suggested that these characteristics may be of value in the diagnosis of malignancy.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of oral epithelial cells. Part I. Normal and malignant tissue. The surface features of cells removed by scraping from normal human oral mucous membrane and from squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that in normal oral mucosa the cell surface morphology is dependent on the state of keratinisation of the tissue. Malignant cells were observed to display modified surface characteristics which have been tabulated. It is suggested that these characteristics may be of value in the diagnosis of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:272916", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of oral epithelial cells. Part II. Potentially malignant lesions (a computer-assisted study).", "content": "The technique described in Part I, has been extended to the examination of cells removed by scraping from 22 lesions of oral lichen planus and leukoplakia. It was concluded that the surface morphology of the cells from these lesions was intermediate between that of normal tissue and of malignant tissue. The observations have been quantified and subjected to computer analysis together with the data derived from the observations of normal and malignant tissue. This confirms the visual observation that a relationship exists between the modified surface characteristics of the cells from these lesions and their subjectively assessed histological appearances. A correlation has been found between the SEM appearance and an epithelial atypia index (EAI) derived according to the criteria of Smith and Pindborg (1969). In the case of lichen planus inflammatory changes appear to be associated with increased modification of surface characteristics. These changes are also reflected in an increased EAI. It is suggested that the present technique may be of value in the diagnosis and assessment of potentially malignant lesions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of oral epithelial cells. Part II. Potentially malignant lesions (a computer-assisted study). The technique described in Part I, has been extended to the examination of cells removed by scraping from 22 lesions of oral lichen planus and leukoplakia. It was concluded that the surface morphology of the cells from these lesions was intermediate between that of normal tissue and of malignant tissue. The observations have been quantified and subjected to computer analysis together with the data derived from the observations of normal and malignant tissue. This confirms the visual observation that a relationship exists between the modified surface characteristics of the cells from these lesions and their subjectively assessed histological appearances. A correlation has been found between the SEM appearance and an epithelial atypia index (EAI) derived according to the criteria of Smith and Pindborg (1969). In the case of lichen planus inflammatory changes appear to be associated with increased modification of surface characteristics. These changes are also reflected in an increased EAI. It is suggested that the present technique may be of value in the diagnosis and assessment of potentially malignant lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:272917", "title": "The effect of cryosurgery on the strength of bone.", "content": "The effect of cryosurgery on the mechanical properties of bone has been studied by freezing rats' mandibles. The mandibles of laboratory rats were subjected to cryosurgery and tested at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 26 weeks. In comparison to the control contralateral sides, a reduction in strength was recorded at four and eight weeks, the difference being highly significant at eight weeks. This indicates the susceptibility of bone treated by cryosurgery to pathological fracture and suggests that preventive measures may need to be undertaken to minimise this possibility.", "contents": "The effect of cryosurgery on the strength of bone. The effect of cryosurgery on the mechanical properties of bone has been studied by freezing rats' mandibles. The mandibles of laboratory rats were subjected to cryosurgery and tested at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 26 weeks. In comparison to the control contralateral sides, a reduction in strength was recorded at four and eight weeks, the difference being highly significant at eight weeks. This indicates the susceptibility of bone treated by cryosurgery to pathological fracture and suggests that preventive measures may need to be undertaken to minimise this possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:272918", "title": "Jaw tumours in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "Sixty-three cases of jaw tumours in Nigerian Igbos are reviewed. Burkitt's tumour, fibro-osseous lesions, ameloblastoma and carcinoma were seen in progressively older patients. The Igbos, like fellow Nigerians, suffer from ameloblastoma at relatively earlier ages than other Africans. Although the Igbos are as prone to keloid formation as other Negro peoples, it is noteworthy that this fibrous tendency was not evident in their jaw tumours. None of the tumours exhibited melanin pigment. The incidence of Burkitt's tumour appears to be lower in the easterly Igbos than in the ethnic groups living in the westerly part of Nigeria.", "contents": "Jaw tumours in Nigerian Igbos. Sixty-three cases of jaw tumours in Nigerian Igbos are reviewed. Burkitt's tumour, fibro-osseous lesions, ameloblastoma and carcinoma were seen in progressively older patients. The Igbos, like fellow Nigerians, suffer from ameloblastoma at relatively earlier ages than other Africans. Although the Igbos are as prone to keloid formation as other Negro peoples, it is noteworthy that this fibrous tendency was not evident in their jaw tumours. None of the tumours exhibited melanin pigment. The incidence of Burkitt's tumour appears to be lower in the easterly Igbos than in the ethnic groups living in the westerly part of Nigeria."}
{"id": "PMID:272919", "title": "Condylar metastasis from mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A case is reported of metastatic growth in the mandibular condyle from a primary adenocarcinoma of the breast, presenting as painless total trismus of sudden onset. The investigations, treatment and its implications are discussed.", "contents": "Condylar metastasis from mammary adenocarcinoma. A case is reported of metastatic growth in the mandibular condyle from a primary adenocarcinoma of the breast, presenting as painless total trismus of sudden onset. The investigations, treatment and its implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272920", "title": "Bone scanning as an aid to diagnosis and treatment planning in oral surgery.", "content": "A short history and introduction to radioisotopes used in bone scanning is presented. Five cases of malignancy with bone involvement of the head and neck region are described to demonstrate this technique.", "contents": "Bone scanning as an aid to diagnosis and treatment planning in oral surgery. A short history and introduction to radioisotopes used in bone scanning is presented. Five cases of malignancy with bone involvement of the head and neck region are described to demonstrate this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:272921", "title": "A preliminary study of the dynamics of resolution of experimental haematomas: radioisotope studies in animals.", "content": "A preliminary investigation was carried out in order to establish a method for the study of experimental haematomas. For this purpose haematomas were produced in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of rabbits' own blood after labelling the various blood components with appropriate radioisotopes. In addition, radioisotope labelled human serum albumin and fibrinogen were studied. The results show that there is considerable variation in the rate and pattern of dissipation of the various components of the experimentally produced haematoma. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "A preliminary study of the dynamics of resolution of experimental haematomas: radioisotope studies in animals. A preliminary investigation was carried out in order to establish a method for the study of experimental haematomas. For this purpose haematomas were produced in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of rabbits' own blood after labelling the various blood components with appropriate radioisotopes. In addition, radioisotope labelled human serum albumin and fibrinogen were studied. The results show that there is considerable variation in the rate and pattern of dissipation of the various components of the experimentally produced haematoma. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272923", "title": "Modification of the muco-periosteal flap design in anterior maxillary osteotomies.", "content": "A modification of the mucoperiosteal flap planning for anterior maxillary osteotomy operations is suggested. This approach involves a total reflection of the labial mucoperiosteal flap, with the advantages of direct vision of the operative field thus providing easy and precise execution of the operative bony cuts, avoiding damage to the adjacent teeth and reduction of operating time. Sufficient blood supply to the mobilised segment is maintained through the palatal blood vessels. Corrective periodontal surgery may also be carried out at the same time.", "contents": "Modification of the muco-periosteal flap design in anterior maxillary osteotomies. A modification of the mucoperiosteal flap planning for anterior maxillary osteotomy operations is suggested. This approach involves a total reflection of the labial mucoperiosteal flap, with the advantages of direct vision of the operative field thus providing easy and precise execution of the operative bony cuts, avoiding damage to the adjacent teeth and reduction of operating time. Sufficient blood supply to the mobilised segment is maintained through the palatal blood vessels. Corrective periodontal surgery may also be carried out at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:272924", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the zygomatic arch.", "content": "A case is described of an aneurysmal bone cyst which, because of its normal anatomical location, caused considerable difficulties in diagnosis and clinical management. The literature concerning aneurysmal bone cysts of the jaw is reviewed and the pathogenesis of this rare but interesting lesion is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the zygomatic arch. A case is described of an aneurysmal bone cyst which, because of its normal anatomical location, caused considerable difficulties in diagnosis and clinical management. The literature concerning aneurysmal bone cysts of the jaw is reviewed and the pathogenesis of this rare but interesting lesion is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272925", "title": "Fractures of the zygomatic complex in the south-east region of Scotland.", "content": "With the ever increasing of facial trauma, a study has been carried out on some aspects of zygomatic complex fractures in a part of Scotland. The results were different in some aspects from those reported in the literature, but they endorse the findings of a similar study which was carried out in the Eastern regions of Scotland (Hitchen & Shuker, 1973).", "contents": "Fractures of the zygomatic complex in the south-east region of Scotland. With the ever increasing of facial trauma, a study has been carried out on some aspects of zygomatic complex fractures in a part of Scotland. The results were different in some aspects from those reported in the literature, but they endorse the findings of a similar study which was carried out in the Eastern regions of Scotland (Hitchen & Shuker, 1973)."}
{"id": "PMID:272926", "title": "Traumatic bilateral abducent nerve palsies.", "content": "A patient sustained a severe cranio-facial injury which included a transverse fracture of the middle cranial fossa through the sella turcica producing otorrhoea, rhinorrhoea, a bilateral abducents palsy and a large aero-coele. All gradually remitted spontaneously. The management of this patient and the patterns of cranial base fractures and their associated clinical features, particularly of the middle cranial fossa, are discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic bilateral abducent nerve palsies. A patient sustained a severe cranio-facial injury which included a transverse fracture of the middle cranial fossa through the sella turcica producing otorrhoea, rhinorrhoea, a bilateral abducents palsy and a large aero-coele. All gradually remitted spontaneously. The management of this patient and the patterns of cranial base fractures and their associated clinical features, particularly of the middle cranial fossa, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:272928", "title": "Treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia with melphalan.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with newly diagnosed chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) were treated with melphalan between 1968 and 1976. Within 3 mo of beginning therapy subjective and objective disease parameters improved. Disease control was easily maintained with this agent until hematologic exacerbation occurred. The median duration of disease control was 25.3 mo, and the median duration of survival was 28.6 mo. Serious side effects were not produced. Thus melphalan appears to be another agent that may be used to control the manifestations of CGL prior to hematologic exacerbation.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia with melphalan. Thirty-three patients with newly diagnosed chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) were treated with melphalan between 1968 and 1976. Within 3 mo of beginning therapy subjective and objective disease parameters improved. Disease control was easily maintained with this agent until hematologic exacerbation occurred. The median duration of disease control was 25.3 mo, and the median duration of survival was 28.6 mo. Serious side effects were not produced. Thus melphalan appears to be another agent that may be used to control the manifestations of CGL prior to hematologic exacerbation."}
{"id": "PMID:272929", "title": "Surface membrane characteristics and cytochemistry of the abnormal cells in adult acute leukemia.", "content": "Membrane marker and cytochemical analyses were carried out on the abnormal cells from 70 adult acute leukemia patients. Such information may (1) supplement standard morphology and serve as a basis for a new classification scheme for acute leukemia, and (2) characterize the surface membranes of granulocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte \"progenitors.\" Classification of acute lymphoid leukemias solely on the basis of morphology was unsatisfactory. The presence or absence of T- or B-cell markers was helful in classifying lymphoid leukemias. Monocyte progenitors were characteristically nonspecific esterase positive and Fc-receptor and membrane-IgG positive, but poorly phagocytic. Promyelocytes and myelocytes were frequently Fc-receptor positive and consequently positive for surface immunoglobulin. Myeloblasts were characteristically Fc-receptor negative. We conclude that surface membrane markers are essential in diagnosing lymphoid leukemias and helpful in nonlymphoid acute leukemias, and that cytochemistry is essential in delineating lymphoid from nonlymphoid leukemias and in subclassifying the latter.", "contents": "Surface membrane characteristics and cytochemistry of the abnormal cells in adult acute leukemia. Membrane marker and cytochemical analyses were carried out on the abnormal cells from 70 adult acute leukemia patients. Such information may (1) supplement standard morphology and serve as a basis for a new classification scheme for acute leukemia, and (2) characterize the surface membranes of granulocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte \"progenitors.\" Classification of acute lymphoid leukemias solely on the basis of morphology was unsatisfactory. The presence or absence of T- or B-cell markers was helful in classifying lymphoid leukemias. Monocyte progenitors were characteristically nonspecific esterase positive and Fc-receptor and membrane-IgG positive, but poorly phagocytic. Promyelocytes and myelocytes were frequently Fc-receptor positive and consequently positive for surface immunoglobulin. Myeloblasts were characteristically Fc-receptor negative. We conclude that surface membrane markers are essential in diagnosing lymphoid leukemias and helpful in nonlymphoid acute leukemias, and that cytochemistry is essential in delineating lymphoid from nonlymphoid leukemias and in subclassifying the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:272943", "title": "Immunological detection of residual leukaemic disease in the bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with tumour cells or extracts may undergo blastogenesis. This is the basis of a technique studied in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in childhood in an attempt to predict relapse. Samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow from 82 children with varying degrees of ALL were analysed. Cultures were prepared by incubating a lymphocyte suspension with an autologous bone-marrow suspension. Final ratios of lymphocytes to bone-marrow cells (L: BM) were 1: 1 and 2: 1. Control wells received bone-marrow or lymphocyte suspension only. Cultures were incubated for 72, 96, and 120 hours. All were pulse-labelled with (3)H-TdR and radioactivity was measured by scintillation counting. Results were expressed as the stimulation index, calculated by dividing the mean counts per minute (cpm) of wells containing both lymphocytes and bone-marrow cells by the sum of the mean cpm for control wells. If the stimulation index exceeded 1 at 72, 96, or 120 hours at either L: BM ratio a positive response was recorded.Seventy-six children were in clinical remission at the time of testing (group A) and six were in clinical relapse (group B). In group A 24 patients showed stimulation and relapsed later at a mean time of 3.8 months (21 with marrow disease, two with testicular infiltration, and one with lung infiltration). Sixteen patients showed stimulation and had up to 4% blasts in their bone marrow but remained in remission. Nineteen other patients showed a positive response and several factors may have contributed to this: two underwent a \"rebound\" lymphocytosis after stopping treatment, nine had current or intercurrent infections, two had persistent unexplained bone-marrow lymphocytosis, but six had no causative symptoms and thus their responses were \"true false-positives.\" Seventeen patients from group A showed no response and remained in remission for a mean of 22.9 months after testing. None of the six children in group B responded, and at testing had 17-85% blasts in their bone marrow.During the study no patient relapsed who had not shown a positive response. The technique merits further study as a guide to the presence of leukaemic cells.", "contents": "Immunological detection of residual leukaemic disease in the bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with tumour cells or extracts may undergo blastogenesis. This is the basis of a technique studied in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in childhood in an attempt to predict relapse. Samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow from 82 children with varying degrees of ALL were analysed. Cultures were prepared by incubating a lymphocyte suspension with an autologous bone-marrow suspension. Final ratios of lymphocytes to bone-marrow cells (L: BM) were 1: 1 and 2: 1. Control wells received bone-marrow or lymphocyte suspension only. Cultures were incubated for 72, 96, and 120 hours. All were pulse-labelled with (3)H-TdR and radioactivity was measured by scintillation counting. Results were expressed as the stimulation index, calculated by dividing the mean counts per minute (cpm) of wells containing both lymphocytes and bone-marrow cells by the sum of the mean cpm for control wells. If the stimulation index exceeded 1 at 72, 96, or 120 hours at either L: BM ratio a positive response was recorded.Seventy-six children were in clinical remission at the time of testing (group A) and six were in clinical relapse (group B). In group A 24 patients showed stimulation and relapsed later at a mean time of 3.8 months (21 with marrow disease, two with testicular infiltration, and one with lung infiltration). Sixteen patients showed stimulation and had up to 4% blasts in their bone marrow but remained in remission. Nineteen other patients showed a positive response and several factors may have contributed to this: two underwent a \"rebound\" lymphocytosis after stopping treatment, nine had current or intercurrent infections, two had persistent unexplained bone-marrow lymphocytosis, but six had no causative symptoms and thus their responses were \"true false-positives.\" Seventeen patients from group A showed no response and remained in remission for a mean of 22.9 months after testing. None of the six children in group B responded, and at testing had 17-85% blasts in their bone marrow.During the study no patient relapsed who had not shown a positive response. The technique merits further study as a guide to the presence of leukaemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:272945", "title": "Vincristine, prednisone and L-asparaginase in the induction of remission in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following relapse.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-seven children with recurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with various combinations of vincristine, prednisone, cyclophosphamide and L-asparaginase in an approach to the induction of remission. The combination of L-asparaginase 1,000 mu/kg iv q.d. x 10, vincristine 2.0 mg/m2iv q.w. x 4 and prednisone 40 mg/m2 p.o.q.d. x 28 days was found to be highly effective. The incidence of remission was 73%. No significant improvement was achieved when cyclophosphamide was added to this regimen. Various combinations of cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, BCNU or CCNU failed to maintain remission duration for more than two or three months. Neither BCNU nor CCNU prevented the development of CNS leukemia.", "contents": "Vincristine, prednisone and L-asparaginase in the induction of remission in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following relapse. Two hundred and twenty-seven children with recurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with various combinations of vincristine, prednisone, cyclophosphamide and L-asparaginase in an approach to the induction of remission. The combination of L-asparaginase 1,000 mu/kg iv q.d. x 10, vincristine 2.0 mg/m2iv q.w. x 4 and prednisone 40 mg/m2 p.o.q.d. x 28 days was found to be highly effective. The incidence of remission was 73%. No significant improvement was achieved when cyclophosphamide was added to this regimen. Various combinations of cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, BCNU or CCNU failed to maintain remission duration for more than two or three months. Neither BCNU nor CCNU prevented the development of CNS leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:272946", "title": "Acute leukemia after chemotherapy (melphalan).", "content": "During the years 1966-1973 474 patients with ovarian carcinoma were treated with melphalan. Of these, 48 patients received at least 300 mg melphalan and survived at least 3 years; four cases of acute leukemia were found among these 48 patients. All cases belonged to a group of 12 cases receiving 800 mg melphalan or more.", "contents": "Acute leukemia after chemotherapy (melphalan). During the years 1966-1973 474 patients with ovarian carcinoma were treated with melphalan. Of these, 48 patients received at least 300 mg melphalan and survived at least 3 years; four cases of acute leukemia were found among these 48 patients. All cases belonged to a group of 12 cases receiving 800 mg melphalan or more."}
{"id": "PMID:272947", "title": "Maintenance therapy of adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia: an argument against the need for central nervous system prophlyaxis.", "content": "The need for prophylactic therapy of the central nervous system in adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia has been suggested but no proven. Over a 4-year period from January 1973, to December 1976, we have maintained 40 patients achieving complete remission on a regimen consisting of monthly courses of Cytosine Arabinoside and 6-thioguanine. Twenty patients remain in remission with a predicted median remission duration for the entire group of 14.5 months. Thirty nine of the patients did not have central nervous system leukemia at diagnosis, and only one of these patients (2.6%) has had remission tenance regimen there is little need for central nervous system prophylaxis in adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "Maintenance therapy of adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia: an argument against the need for central nervous system prophlyaxis. The need for prophylactic therapy of the central nervous system in adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia has been suggested but no proven. Over a 4-year period from January 1973, to December 1976, we have maintained 40 patients achieving complete remission on a regimen consisting of monthly courses of Cytosine Arabinoside and 6-thioguanine. Twenty patients remain in remission with a predicted median remission duration for the entire group of 14.5 months. Thirty nine of the patients did not have central nervous system leukemia at diagnosis, and only one of these patients (2.6%) has had remission tenance regimen there is little need for central nervous system prophylaxis in adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:272962", "title": "Fundamental studies on electric stimulator used for acupuncture analgesia.", "content": "In order to perform safe and effective electric stimulation in acupuncture analgesia or therapy, basic knowledge concerning the electric stimulator is required. If direct current is used, a negative square wave with a pulse duration of 0.5 approximately 1.5 msec should be applied to the needle electrode to perform effective stimulation. Negative current is more effective at lower amperage than positive current and the possible corrosion hazard by the positive current can be avoided.", "contents": "Fundamental studies on electric stimulator used for acupuncture analgesia. In order to perform safe and effective electric stimulation in acupuncture analgesia or therapy, basic knowledge concerning the electric stimulator is required. If direct current is used, a negative square wave with a pulse duration of 0.5 approximately 1.5 msec should be applied to the needle electrode to perform effective stimulation. Negative current is more effective at lower amperage than positive current and the possible corrosion hazard by the positive current can be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:272963", "title": "Studies on flies in Korea. III. Taxonomic studies on muscid flies (Diptera, Muscidae).", "content": "Forty species belonging to 14 genera of the family Muscidae were found so far in Korea. They are described in this paper and 5th sternites, forceps and male genitalia are illustrated. Eleven species recorded by Kobayashi (1918-1940) and 16 species by Hori (1952) were revised and redescribed in this paper. The key to the species of the muscid flies in Korea are also presented.", "contents": "Studies on flies in Korea. III. Taxonomic studies on muscid flies (Diptera, Muscidae). Forty species belonging to 14 genera of the family Muscidae were found so far in Korea. They are described in this paper and 5th sternites, forceps and male genitalia are illustrated. Eleven species recorded by Kobayashi (1918-1940) and 16 species by Hori (1952) were revised and redescribed in this paper. The key to the species of the muscid flies in Korea are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:272964", "title": "Histological and microradiographical studies of human mandibular condyle.", "content": "Twenty-one clinically normal human mandibular condyles were examined by histologic and microradiographic methods obtaining some measurements. The histologic structures of condyle were quite different between the child group and other aged groups. The difference in the surface articular zone composed of the fibrous tissue was not so great in all age groups, while there was quite a difference in the structure in the remaining zones. It was clearly demonstrated by microradiogram that the osteons of the subarticular bone plate were more prominent in aging. Abnormal structures of the condyle were revealed in some individuals of the adult and old age groups, which were assumed probably to be the reactive remodelling against the functional changes of the temporomandibular joint.", "contents": "Histological and microradiographical studies of human mandibular condyle. Twenty-one clinically normal human mandibular condyles were examined by histologic and microradiographic methods obtaining some measurements. The histologic structures of condyle were quite different between the child group and other aged groups. The difference in the surface articular zone composed of the fibrous tissue was not so great in all age groups, while there was quite a difference in the structure in the remaining zones. It was clearly demonstrated by microradiogram that the osteons of the subarticular bone plate were more prominent in aging. Abnormal structures of the condyle were revealed in some individuals of the adult and old age groups, which were assumed probably to be the reactive remodelling against the functional changes of the temporomandibular joint."}
{"id": "PMID:272980", "title": "Pulmonary toxicity recurring after a six week course of busulfan therapy and after subsequent therapy with uracil mustard.", "content": "A growing number of drugs, including a number of alkylating agents, have been implicated as the cause of pulmonary diseases. A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia presented with typical cytology, biopsy, and roentgenologic findings of lung toxicity after only six weeks of therapy with busulfan. There was subsequent clearing. A similar roentgenologic change also occurred after administration of uracil mustard. This has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Pulmonary toxicity recurring after a six week course of busulfan therapy and after subsequent therapy with uracil mustard. A growing number of drugs, including a number of alkylating agents, have been implicated as the cause of pulmonary diseases. A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia presented with typical cytology, biopsy, and roentgenologic findings of lung toxicity after only six weeks of therapy with busulfan. There was subsequent clearing. A similar roentgenologic change also occurred after administration of uracil mustard. This has not been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:272981", "title": "Inherited metabolic disease: prospects for the future in both basic and clinical research.", "content": "The birth of a child with an inherited disorder is often the beginning of a life-long problem for the whole family. About 8.5% of paediatric deaths and 4.7% of paediatric hospital admissions are due to autosomal and sex-linked recessive diseases. These figures are likely to be erroneously low because of incomplete ascertainment. The inherited metabolic diseases therefore merit study on economic as well as humanitarian grounds. Investigations of the disorders of purine metabolism have been conducted for more than a century and a half in the borderland between biochemistry and medicine, illuminating both disciplines and reflecting their separate developments. These studies are a general model for work in other branches of human intermediary metabolism. It is hoped that the basic study of the inborn errors or metabolism will expand our knowledge of the defective gene and of its product, the enzyme protein. Clinical studies should aim to improve the prenatal, postnatal and carrier-state diagnosis of these disorders, and to improve their treatment by methods which can be made practicable and generally available at the clinical level. There may be some hope for enzyme replacement in certain circumstances. The prospect for genetic modification at the clinical level is almost infinitely far away, where many would say that is should remain.", "contents": "Inherited metabolic disease: prospects for the future in both basic and clinical research. The birth of a child with an inherited disorder is often the beginning of a life-long problem for the whole family. About 8.5% of paediatric deaths and 4.7% of paediatric hospital admissions are due to autosomal and sex-linked recessive diseases. These figures are likely to be erroneously low because of incomplete ascertainment. The inherited metabolic diseases therefore merit study on economic as well as humanitarian grounds. Investigations of the disorders of purine metabolism have been conducted for more than a century and a half in the borderland between biochemistry and medicine, illuminating both disciplines and reflecting their separate developments. These studies are a general model for work in other branches of human intermediary metabolism. It is hoped that the basic study of the inborn errors or metabolism will expand our knowledge of the defective gene and of its product, the enzyme protein. Clinical studies should aim to improve the prenatal, postnatal and carrier-state diagnosis of these disorders, and to improve their treatment by methods which can be made practicable and generally available at the clinical level. There may be some hope for enzyme replacement in certain circumstances. The prospect for genetic modification at the clinical level is almost infinitely far away, where many would say that is should remain."}
{"id": "PMID:272982", "title": "The identification of LSD-like hallucinogens using the chronic spinal dog.", "content": "The effects of several indoleamines and phenethylamines were studied in the chronic spinal dog and compared with two standard drugs, LSD and amphetamine. In the nontolerant chronic spinal dog, their effects on a variety of physiologic and behavioral functions were measured in untreated dogs, as well as dogs treated with certain antagonists. The effects of the antagonists phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine on the various physiologic effects were studied for all drugs. For some idoleamines and phenethylamines, the effects of chlorpromazine and pimozide were also studied. Indoleamines and phenethylamines in the LSD-tolerant chronic spinal dog and their anorexigenic effects in the intact dog were also studied. The results of these studies indicate that psilocin, mescaline, dimethyltryptamine and tryptamine are LSD-like drugs. DOM, DOB, DMA, and TMA are predominantly LSD-like drugs but do have some amphetamine-like action. PMA and PEA are predominantly amphetamine-like drugs with some LSD-like activity. MMDA and MDA have a more complicated pharmacology showing proerties that resemble LSD and amphetamine, but they have other actions which are not shared by either LSD or amphetamine, which suggests they have yet other modes of action.", "contents": "The identification of LSD-like hallucinogens using the chronic spinal dog. The effects of several indoleamines and phenethylamines were studied in the chronic spinal dog and compared with two standard drugs, LSD and amphetamine. In the nontolerant chronic spinal dog, their effects on a variety of physiologic and behavioral functions were measured in untreated dogs, as well as dogs treated with certain antagonists. The effects of the antagonists phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine on the various physiologic effects were studied for all drugs. For some idoleamines and phenethylamines, the effects of chlorpromazine and pimozide were also studied. Indoleamines and phenethylamines in the LSD-tolerant chronic spinal dog and their anorexigenic effects in the intact dog were also studied. The results of these studies indicate that psilocin, mescaline, dimethyltryptamine and tryptamine are LSD-like drugs. DOM, DOB, DMA, and TMA are predominantly LSD-like drugs but do have some amphetamine-like action. PMA and PEA are predominantly amphetamine-like drugs with some LSD-like activity. MMDA and MDA have a more complicated pharmacology showing proerties that resemble LSD and amphetamine, but they have other actions which are not shared by either LSD or amphetamine, which suggests they have yet other modes of action."}
{"id": "PMID:272983", "title": "[Cardiotoxicity in long term treatment with cytostatics (author's transl)].", "content": "During cytostatic combination treatment with five different anti-tumor agents two female patients suffered from cardiac failure which proved fatal. This was mainly due to doxorubicine (adriamycin) and daunorubicine. In an 8-year-old patient the cumulative dose was reached after 14 months of treatment (total dose of adriamycin 420 mg/m2, of daunorubicine 280 mg/m2) and in a 7-year-old patient after 16 months (total dose of adriamycin 480 mg/m2, of daunorubicine 280 mg/m2). Cardiac failure which occurred 12 months after the onset of treatment in a 12-year-old girl (total dose of adriamycin 310 mg/m2 and of daunorubicine 280 mg/m2) could be brought under control. The cumulative dose of adriamycin should be limited to 500 mg/m2 in children without risk factors.", "contents": "[Cardiotoxicity in long term treatment with cytostatics (author's transl)]. During cytostatic combination treatment with five different anti-tumor agents two female patients suffered from cardiac failure which proved fatal. This was mainly due to doxorubicine (adriamycin) and daunorubicine. In an 8-year-old patient the cumulative dose was reached after 14 months of treatment (total dose of adriamycin 420 mg/m2, of daunorubicine 280 mg/m2) and in a 7-year-old patient after 16 months (total dose of adriamycin 480 mg/m2, of daunorubicine 280 mg/m2). Cardiac failure which occurred 12 months after the onset of treatment in a 12-year-old girl (total dose of adriamycin 310 mg/m2 and of daunorubicine 280 mg/m2) could be brought under control. The cumulative dose of adriamycin should be limited to 500 mg/m2 in children without risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:272984", "title": "Glucose-containing oligosaccharides in the urine of patients with glycogen storage disease type II and type III.", "content": "Patients with glycogen storage disease type II and type III were recently found to excrete increased amounts of a glucose-containing tetrasaccharide DGlcp(alpha1 leads to 6)DGlcp(alpha1 leads to 4)DGlcp(alpha1 leads to 4)DGlc [Lennartson, G., Lundblad, A., Sj\u00f6blad, S., Svensson, S. and Ockerman, P.A. (1976) Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 3, 51--54]. In addition to this tetrasaccharide, urine from these patients also contains larger oligosaccharides containing only glucose. From urine of patients with glycogen storage disease type II and type III, three and four oligosaccharides respectively have been isolated. Structural studies including sugar analyses, methylation analyses, partial acid hydrolysis and optical rotation revealed that three compounds were present in the urine of both patients. Their proposed structures or partial structures are as follows: DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlc, DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlc, and DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlc. A fourth compound has been partially characterized as a branched heptasaccharide with four (1 leads to 4) linkages and two (1 lead to 6) linkages. Glycogen is possibly the origin of these compounds. However, the number of (1 leads to 6) linkages is higher than expected and may indicate a shorter distance between branches in glycogen than has been generally assumed.", "contents": "Glucose-containing oligosaccharides in the urine of patients with glycogen storage disease type II and type III. Patients with glycogen storage disease type II and type III were recently found to excrete increased amounts of a glucose-containing tetrasaccharide DGlcp(alpha1 leads to 6)DGlcp(alpha1 leads to 4)DGlcp(alpha1 leads to 4)DGlc [Lennartson, G., Lundblad, A., Sj\u00f6blad, S., Svensson, S. and Ockerman, P.A. (1976) Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 3, 51--54]. In addition to this tetrasaccharide, urine from these patients also contains larger oligosaccharides containing only glucose. From urine of patients with glycogen storage disease type II and type III, three and four oligosaccharides respectively have been isolated. Structural studies including sugar analyses, methylation analyses, partial acid hydrolysis and optical rotation revealed that three compounds were present in the urine of both patients. Their proposed structures or partial structures are as follows: DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlc, DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlc, and DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--6)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlcp(alpha1--4)DGlc. A fourth compound has been partially characterized as a branched heptasaccharide with four (1 leads to 4) linkages and two (1 lead to 6) linkages. Glycogen is possibly the origin of these compounds. However, the number of (1 leads to 6) linkages is higher than expected and may indicate a shorter distance between branches in glycogen than has been generally assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:272985", "title": "Detection and differential diagnosis of bone lesions by scintigraphy.", "content": "Bone scintigraphy using 99mTc-labeled phosphate compounds and the scintillation camera supplements X-ray diagnosis in an excellent manner, for localizing and determing the size and metabolic activity of inflammations, degenerations, and malignancies of the skeletal system. It is of prime importance in the early detection and staging of the disease, as well as in registering the course and response to therapy of osseous metastases.", "contents": "Detection and differential diagnosis of bone lesions by scintigraphy. Bone scintigraphy using 99mTc-labeled phosphate compounds and the scintillation camera supplements X-ray diagnosis in an excellent manner, for localizing and determing the size and metabolic activity of inflammations, degenerations, and malignancies of the skeletal system. It is of prime importance in the early detection and staging of the disease, as well as in registering the course and response to therapy of osseous metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:273000", "title": "Treatment of acute leukaemia: implications of recent findings in cell biology.", "content": "Some aspects of the cell biology of normal and leukaemic haematopoietic cells are reviewed. Important points are: (a) normal and possibly also leukaemic stem cells differ from more mature cells in the kinetics as well as in cell surface antigens and other properties; (b) leukaemic cells are subject to a population size control as are normal haematopoietic cells; (c) part of the normal control seems to be chalone feedback regulation of proliferation and maturation rate of precursor cells; (d) evidence is accumulating that C-type oncornaviruses may cause leukaemia in man. Various experimental and established forms of therapy for leukaemia are discussed: No alterative exists to chemotherapy in acute lymphoid leukaemia. Granulocyte chalone may possibly become a valuable adjunct to other types of therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Immunotherapy may prove as efficient as maintenance chemotherapy in this disease. So far it has not been possible to synchronize leukaemic and normal cells so as to occupy different positions in the cell cycle. Nor has a forced maturation of human leukaemic cells been effected. Neither bone marrow transplantation nor prophylaxis by vaccination are considered worthwhile procedures for the time being. Anti-viral therapy has been promising in animal experiments, but animal leukaemias are often poor models for the disease in man. Assessment of treatment, using stem cell assays, is advocated.", "contents": "Treatment of acute leukaemia: implications of recent findings in cell biology. Some aspects of the cell biology of normal and leukaemic haematopoietic cells are reviewed. Important points are: (a) normal and possibly also leukaemic stem cells differ from more mature cells in the kinetics as well as in cell surface antigens and other properties; (b) leukaemic cells are subject to a population size control as are normal haematopoietic cells; (c) part of the normal control seems to be chalone feedback regulation of proliferation and maturation rate of precursor cells; (d) evidence is accumulating that C-type oncornaviruses may cause leukaemia in man. Various experimental and established forms of therapy for leukaemia are discussed: No alterative exists to chemotherapy in acute lymphoid leukaemia. Granulocyte chalone may possibly become a valuable adjunct to other types of therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Immunotherapy may prove as efficient as maintenance chemotherapy in this disease. So far it has not been possible to synchronize leukaemic and normal cells so as to occupy different positions in the cell cycle. Nor has a forced maturation of human leukaemic cells been effected. Neither bone marrow transplantation nor prophylaxis by vaccination are considered worthwhile procedures for the time being. Anti-viral therapy has been promising in animal experiments, but animal leukaemias are often poor models for the disease in man. Assessment of treatment, using stem cell assays, is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:273006", "title": "Multiple leukemic clones in acute leukemia of childhood.", "content": "Two abnormal karyotypes representing clonal populations have been demonstrated in three patients in the early stage of acute leukemia. The karyotypes were apparently unrelated in one patient, while in the other two, a relationship was conjectured. Both clones were present before therapy in two patients. Although a clone resistant to therapy was associated with relapse in one case, in two cases a clone has persisted in the lymphocyte culture during drug treatment with the patients in remission.", "contents": "Multiple leukemic clones in acute leukemia of childhood. Two abnormal karyotypes representing clonal populations have been demonstrated in three patients in the early stage of acute leukemia. The karyotypes were apparently unrelated in one patient, while in the other two, a relationship was conjectured. Both clones were present before therapy in two patients. Although a clone resistant to therapy was associated with relapse in one case, in two cases a clone has persisted in the lymphocyte culture during drug treatment with the patients in remission."}
{"id": "PMID:273017", "title": "Expression of oncofetal antigens by murine and human normal cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Normal mouse tissues in tissue culture express fetal antigens that are not expressed on these same tissues in vivo. The fetal antigens expressed on normal mouse cells in vitro are also expressed on at least two murine sarcomas, and account for the cross-reactive antibodies between these tumors. The fetal antigens are distinct from unique tumor-specific antigens found on these neoplasms. Normal human cells in tissue culture also express antigens found in human fetuses during the first trimester of pregnancy. Many human sera contain natural antibodies directed against the fetal antigens appearing in vitro. The expression of oncofetal antigens by normal cells in tissue culture must be taken into account in the interpretation of results of studies in tumor immunology in which tissue-cultured cells are utilized.", "contents": "Expression of oncofetal antigens by murine and human normal cells in tissue culture. Normal mouse tissues in tissue culture express fetal antigens that are not expressed on these same tissues in vivo. The fetal antigens expressed on normal mouse cells in vitro are also expressed on at least two murine sarcomas, and account for the cross-reactive antibodies between these tumors. The fetal antigens are distinct from unique tumor-specific antigens found on these neoplasms. Normal human cells in tissue culture also express antigens found in human fetuses during the first trimester of pregnancy. Many human sera contain natural antibodies directed against the fetal antigens appearing in vitro. The expression of oncofetal antigens by normal cells in tissue culture must be taken into account in the interpretation of results of studies in tumor immunology in which tissue-cultured cells are utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:273020", "title": "The Kleine-Levine syndrome--a variant?", "content": "A case of Kleine-Levin syndrome in an older man is described, with a review of the literature. An important point is emphasized in our case in which the patient reacted unfavorably to Ritalin, becoming sexually aroused, although his hypersomnia improved. A possibly different mechanism in hypersomnia and hypersexuality is speculated.", "contents": "The Kleine-Levine syndrome--a variant? A case of Kleine-Levin syndrome in an older man is described, with a review of the literature. An important point is emphasized in our case in which the patient reacted unfavorably to Ritalin, becoming sexually aroused, although his hypersomnia improved. A possibly different mechanism in hypersomnia and hypersexuality is speculated."}
{"id": "PMID:273021", "title": "Use of sequential analysis in clinical trials of caries prophylactic agents.", "content": "Using a sequential t test, the objectives of two 3-year experimental clinical trials were achieved more efficiently by using fewer subjects over a shorter time. The assumption of identical distributions of each batch of data analyzed was not apparent and further work to establish the robustness of sequential t tests is indicated. Identification of subjects with more consistent caries increments during the period of a trial would also help to satisfy this assumption.", "contents": "Use of sequential analysis in clinical trials of caries prophylactic agents. Using a sequential t test, the objectives of two 3-year experimental clinical trials were achieved more efficiently by using fewer subjects over a shorter time. The assumption of identical distributions of each batch of data analyzed was not apparent and further work to establish the robustness of sequential t tests is indicated. Identification of subjects with more consistent caries increments during the period of a trial would also help to satisfy this assumption."}
{"id": "PMID:273023", "title": "The implementation of field trials.", "content": "Even though a preventive agent has been shown to be powerful in reducing the incidence of, for example, dental caries when tested in a longitudinal clinical trial, it might not be as powerful when tested under more realistic environmental conditions. Field trials or field demonstration programs will provide the final evidence for determining if the agent or procedure is of such practical importance as to be included as a component in a dental care delivery system. The methodology developed for health services research provides the possibility of testing the effectiveness of a single or combined components in a dental care delivery system seen in relation to the environment and conditions under which it operates. The World Health Organization is at present involved in the implementation of a long range of field demonstration programs in various parts of the world especially in developing countries in order to establish the potential of known preventive procedures in population groups with different levels and different progression patterns of oral diseases.", "contents": "The implementation of field trials. Even though a preventive agent has been shown to be powerful in reducing the incidence of, for example, dental caries when tested in a longitudinal clinical trial, it might not be as powerful when tested under more realistic environmental conditions. Field trials or field demonstration programs will provide the final evidence for determining if the agent or procedure is of such practical importance as to be included as a component in a dental care delivery system. The methodology developed for health services research provides the possibility of testing the effectiveness of a single or combined components in a dental care delivery system seen in relation to the environment and conditions under which it operates. The World Health Organization is at present involved in the implementation of a long range of field demonstration programs in various parts of the world especially in developing countries in order to establish the potential of known preventive procedures in population groups with different levels and different progression patterns of oral diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:273026", "title": "Oral health status of 65- to 74-year-old Danes: a preliminary report of the replication of W.H.O.'s international collaborative study in Denmark.", "content": "The survey has demonstrated that oral health is poor in the present old-age generation in Denmark. A striking relationship between social class and tooth mortality has been demonstrated. In the present dental care system in Denmark, treatment rather than prevention has had priority. A change is however necessary. Greater emphasis on preventive measures and a change in the attitude of the public to dental health is needed, if the dental health of the population is to be improved. However, the majority of the present old population cannot benefit from new, improved programs to preserve the teeth. We are therefore still left with the obligation not to neglect the need and demand for dental treatment--of whatever nature it may be--in the old generation. The survey has clearly demonstrated that, so far, these demands have not been met.", "contents": "Oral health status of 65- to 74-year-old Danes: a preliminary report of the replication of W.H.O.'s international collaborative study in Denmark. The survey has demonstrated that oral health is poor in the present old-age generation in Denmark. A striking relationship between social class and tooth mortality has been demonstrated. In the present dental care system in Denmark, treatment rather than prevention has had priority. A change is however necessary. Greater emphasis on preventive measures and a change in the attitude of the public to dental health is needed, if the dental health of the population is to be improved. However, the majority of the present old population cannot benefit from new, improved programs to preserve the teeth. We are therefore still left with the obligation not to neglect the need and demand for dental treatment--of whatever nature it may be--in the old generation. The survey has clearly demonstrated that, so far, these demands have not been met."}
{"id": "PMID:273029", "title": "A potential model for the interaction of enamel fluoride and plaque in the development of dental caries.", "content": "A model relating caries to surface enamel fluoride and plaque has been derived by exploratory data analyses. Since the model was obtained a posteriori, it is best viewed in qualitative terms as a hypothesis for future testing. The model prompts a re-evaluation of expectations relative to the effects of surface enamel apatitic fluoride, and a consideration that the effectiveness of a given measure of fluoride may vary as a function of inherent challenge. Thus, further studies are needed, aimed at quantifying the parameters of resistance and challenge, and characterizing the relationship between them.", "contents": "A potential model for the interaction of enamel fluoride and plaque in the development of dental caries. A model relating caries to surface enamel fluoride and plaque has been derived by exploratory data analyses. Since the model was obtained a posteriori, it is best viewed in qualitative terms as a hypothesis for future testing. The model prompts a re-evaluation of expectations relative to the effects of surface enamel apatitic fluoride, and a consideration that the effectiveness of a given measure of fluoride may vary as a function of inherent challenge. Thus, further studies are needed, aimed at quantifying the parameters of resistance and challenge, and characterizing the relationship between them."}
{"id": "PMID:273035", "title": "A longitudinal epidemiological study on dental plaque and the development of dental caries--interim results after two years.", "content": "1. During the two-year period, caries developed at 20% of the target premolar sites. The attack rate for these surfaces was similar in the plaque panel and the other subjects in the study. 2. The microbial composition of plaque samples from caries-free sites and from carious sites before and after radiographic detection of lesions was broadly similar. 3. Numerical domination of particular sites by S mutans before detection of caries can occur, but has only been observed so far in 2 of 15 sites. 4. Pooled date from sites which have developed lesions indicate a rise in the isolation frequency and mean numbers of S. mutans after detection of caries. This trend was particularly obvious in the one subject who developed bilateral lesions by the second examination and in three of four sites where caries was detected at the fourth examination. Similar observations have been made with lactobacilli. 5. In two of 15 instances no isolations of S mutans were made from sites which developed caries. 6. To date, no single species appears to be uniquely associated with the onset of dental caries.", "contents": "A longitudinal epidemiological study on dental plaque and the development of dental caries--interim results after two years. 1. During the two-year period, caries developed at 20% of the target premolar sites. The attack rate for these surfaces was similar in the plaque panel and the other subjects in the study. 2. The microbial composition of plaque samples from caries-free sites and from carious sites before and after radiographic detection of lesions was broadly similar. 3. Numerical domination of particular sites by S mutans before detection of caries can occur, but has only been observed so far in 2 of 15 sites. 4. Pooled date from sites which have developed lesions indicate a rise in the isolation frequency and mean numbers of S. mutans after detection of caries. This trend was particularly obvious in the one subject who developed bilateral lesions by the second examination and in three of four sites where caries was detected at the fourth examination. Similar observations have been made with lactobacilli. 5. In two of 15 instances no isolations of S mutans were made from sites which developed caries. 6. To date, no single species appears to be uniquely associated with the onset of dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:273038", "title": "Dentists' self-evaluations: relationship to clinical performance.", "content": "Today's dental practice standards are set by the individual dentist. Quality is assured, in large part, by the accuracy of self-evaluations by dental practitioners. As a result, dental educators have attempted to improve the accuracy of self-reported evaluations by dental students by teaching such skills in the laboratory and clinic. This investigation examines multiple self-evaluations of the quality of restorative practice of 1,196 general practitioners, and investigates the relationship between these ratings and actual quality of treatment by 102 dentists for 2,753 patients.", "contents": "Dentists' self-evaluations: relationship to clinical performance. Today's dental practice standards are set by the individual dentist. Quality is assured, in large part, by the accuracy of self-evaluations by dental practitioners. As a result, dental educators have attempted to improve the accuracy of self-reported evaluations by dental students by teaching such skills in the laboratory and clinic. This investigation examines multiple self-evaluations of the quality of restorative practice of 1,196 general practitioners, and investigates the relationship between these ratings and actual quality of treatment by 102 dentists for 2,753 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:273039", "title": "Survey of curriculum and instruction: continuing education courses in pain control.", "content": "Pain and anxiety control is taught at the continuing education level in a large number of diverse courses. This paper reports the results of a survey of those courses offered in 1976. The majority of courses centered on the use of inhalation or intravenous sedation. Relatively few courses were offered on the other aspects of pain and anxiety control. Very little attempt is being made at formally evaluating the competence of participants in these courses. Few courses appear to adequately cover the prevention and management of complications. Based on these findings, changes are suggested in the teaching of pain and anxiety control at the continuing education level.", "contents": "Survey of curriculum and instruction: continuing education courses in pain control. Pain and anxiety control is taught at the continuing education level in a large number of diverse courses. This paper reports the results of a survey of those courses offered in 1976. The majority of courses centered on the use of inhalation or intravenous sedation. Relatively few courses were offered on the other aspects of pain and anxiety control. Very little attempt is being made at formally evaluating the competence of participants in these courses. Few courses appear to adequately cover the prevention and management of complications. Based on these findings, changes are suggested in the teaching of pain and anxiety control at the continuing education level."}
{"id": "PMID:273044", "title": "A dental library current awareness service.", "content": "A simple, manual current awareness service at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry, designed to provide the user with photocopied tables of contents from selected journals, is described. Other available current awareness and selective dissemination of information services are discussed, and a general comparison and cost analysis is made between the USC program and SDILINE. The service was evaluated by means of a questionnaire distributed to the 30 faculty participants. Results indicate that the service is of value in the teaching and research programs of the school, and has a high degree of user acceptance. Cost of the service is minimal considering the benefits to the faculty.", "contents": "A dental library current awareness service. A simple, manual current awareness service at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry, designed to provide the user with photocopied tables of contents from selected journals, is described. Other available current awareness and selective dissemination of information services are discussed, and a general comparison and cost analysis is made between the USC program and SDILINE. The service was evaluated by means of a questionnaire distributed to the 30 faculty participants. Results indicate that the service is of value in the teaching and research programs of the school, and has a high degree of user acceptance. Cost of the service is minimal considering the benefits to the faculty."}
{"id": "PMID:273062", "title": "The sequential appearance of Ia-like antigens and two different complement receptors during the maturation of human neutrophils.", "content": "Ia antigens and two different types of complement (C) receptors appeared on membrane surfaces in a distinct sequence during the maturation of human neutrophils. Taking advantage of the finding that neutrophil celll density increased with maturation, density gradient centrifugation was used to separate neutrophils into fractions that were greatly enriched in cells representing individual stages of differentiation. Myeloblasts, the earliest cells recognized in the myeloid series of both normal and myelogenous leukemic individuals, expressed Ia determinants, whereas Ia determinants were absent or diminished on the majority of promyelocytes and completely undetectable on more mature granulocytes. Double marker studies demonstrated that Ia determinants were lost from the membrane of developing myeloid cells before the appearance of any type of C receptor. In the next phase of maturation defined by surface markers, neutrophils acquired a CR2-type C receptor (C3d receptor) that was similar in specificity to CR2 of B lymphocytes. This stage of maturation approximately corresponded to the myelocyte-metamyelocyte stage defined by standard morphologic criteria, and preceded the third stage of surface marker maturation when developing neutrophils began to express CR1-type C receptors (immune adherence, C4b-C3b receptors) in addition to CR2. In the final stage of surface marker-defined maturation, CR2 was lost from high density polymorphonuclear neutrophils and CR1 was maximally expressed. Normal blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils contained only 17% of CR2-bearing cells and these were shown to be of lower density than the majority of neutrophils that expressed only CR1. There  was some variation in the correlation of surface marker expression and maturation stage defined by morphologic criteria, but in all cases the sequence of marker appearance was the same: Ia leads to CR2 leads to CR1CR2 leads to CR1.", "contents": "The sequential appearance of Ia-like antigens and two different complement receptors during the maturation of human neutrophils. Ia antigens and two different types of complement (C) receptors appeared on membrane surfaces in a distinct sequence during the maturation of human neutrophils. Taking advantage of the finding that neutrophil celll density increased with maturation, density gradient centrifugation was used to separate neutrophils into fractions that were greatly enriched in cells representing individual stages of differentiation. Myeloblasts, the earliest cells recognized in the myeloid series of both normal and myelogenous leukemic individuals, expressed Ia determinants, whereas Ia determinants were absent or diminished on the majority of promyelocytes and completely undetectable on more mature granulocytes. Double marker studies demonstrated that Ia determinants were lost from the membrane of developing myeloid cells before the appearance of any type of C receptor. In the next phase of maturation defined by surface markers, neutrophils acquired a CR2-type C receptor (C3d receptor) that was similar in specificity to CR2 of B lymphocytes. This stage of maturation approximately corresponded to the myelocyte-metamyelocyte stage defined by standard morphologic criteria, and preceded the third stage of surface marker maturation when developing neutrophils began to express CR1-type C receptors (immune adherence, C4b-C3b receptors) in addition to CR2. In the final stage of surface marker-defined maturation, CR2 was lost from high density polymorphonuclear neutrophils and CR1 was maximally expressed. Normal blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils contained only 17% of CR2-bearing cells and these were shown to be of lower density than the majority of neutrophils that expressed only CR1. There  was some variation in the correlation of surface marker expression and maturation stage defined by morphologic criteria, but in all cases the sequence of marker appearance was the same: Ia leads to CR2 leads to CR1CR2 leads to CR1."}
{"id": "PMID:273072", "title": "Movement of the proximal and distal segments after mandibular ramus osteotomies.", "content": "Data was collected from 27 patients who were treated with various ramal surgical procedures. Movements of the proximal segment during and after surgery were frequently noted. If the proximal segment was moved from its preoperative position and fixed to the distal segment, occlusal relapse was visible shortly after release of maxillomandibular fixation. Proximal segments displaced during surgery and not fixed to the distal segment frequently returned to their preoperative positions during fixation or assumed positions of biologic equilibrium. In such cases, occlusal relapse was minimal or nonexistent.", "contents": "Movement of the proximal and distal segments after mandibular ramus osteotomies. Data was collected from 27 patients who were treated with various ramal surgical procedures. Movements of the proximal segment during and after surgery were frequently noted. If the proximal segment was moved from its preoperative position and fixed to the distal segment, occlusal relapse was visible shortly after release of maxillomandibular fixation. Proximal segments displaced during surgery and not fixed to the distal segment frequently returned to their preoperative positions during fixation or assumed positions of biologic equilibrium. In such cases, occlusal relapse was minimal or nonexistent."}
{"id": "PMID:273073", "title": "Cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery.", "content": "A cephalometric analysis especially designed for the patient who requires maxillofacial surgery was developed to use landmarks and measurements that can be altered by common surgical procedures. Because measurements are primarily linear, they may be readily applied to prediction overlays and study cast mountings and may serve as a basis for the evaluation of posttreatment stability.", "contents": "Cephalometrics for orthognathic surgery. A cephalometric analysis especially designed for the patient who requires maxillofacial surgery was developed to use landmarks and measurements that can be altered by common surgical procedures. Because measurements are primarily linear, they may be readily applied to prediction overlays and study cast mountings and may serve as a basis for the evaluation of posttreatment stability."}
{"id": "PMID:273074", "title": "An evaluation of enflurane as an amnesic agent for outpatient oral surgery.", "content": "An alternative to general anesthesia for outpatient oral surgery that creates a state of cooperative amnesia without eliminating the patient's protective reflexes has been developed. Enflurane, 1.5%, administered via a nasal mask produced a high incidence of amnesia with all patients remaining cooperative, with protective reflexes intact.", "contents": "An evaluation of enflurane as an amnesic agent for outpatient oral surgery. An alternative to general anesthesia for outpatient oral surgery that creates a state of cooperative amnesia without eliminating the patient's protective reflexes has been developed. Enflurane, 1.5%, administered via a nasal mask produced a high incidence of amnesia with all patients remaining cooperative, with protective reflexes intact."}
{"id": "PMID:273076", "title": "Healing of large mandibular defect after treatment of osteomyelitis resulting from vestibuloplasty.", "content": "A case of mandibular osteomyelitis, which developed after vestibuloplasty, has been described. Sequestrotomy resulted in a large defect that healed spontaneously within 12 months without a bone graft or immobilization of the fragments.", "contents": "Healing of large mandibular defect after treatment of osteomyelitis resulting from vestibuloplasty. A case of mandibular osteomyelitis, which developed after vestibuloplasty, has been described. Sequestrotomy resulted in a large defect that healed spontaneously within 12 months without a bone graft or immobilization of the fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:273077", "title": "Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma during treatment of a mandibular fracture: report of case.", "content": "A case of pheochromocytoma, which was discovered during the patient's admission for treatment of mandibular fracture, is presented. Pheochromocytoma represents a potentially life-threatening disease, but alsl is a curable cause of hypertension. Therefore, in spite of its low incidence, it is important that the oral surgeon consider it in his evaluation of the hypertensive patient, especially when associated symptoms of sweating, palpitations, and headache are present.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma during treatment of a mandibular fracture: report of case. A case of pheochromocytoma, which was discovered during the patient's admission for treatment of mandibular fracture, is presented. Pheochromocytoma represents a potentially life-threatening disease, but alsl is a curable cause of hypertension. Therefore, in spite of its low incidence, it is important that the oral surgeon consider it in his evaluation of the hypertensive patient, especially when associated symptoms of sweating, palpitations, and headache are present."}
{"id": "PMID:273078", "title": "Benign cementoblastoma--cementum analogue of benign osteoblastoma?", "content": "We believe that the current case is a good example of a \"borderline lesion\" that shows the histologic features of benign osteoblastoma but with some clinical features suggestive of a cementoblastoma, such as attachment to the roots. We suggest, however, that the involvement of the roots should not rule out the diagnosis of benign osteoblastoma. The fact that a benign osteoblastoma may envelop the roots in a way characteristic of a benign cementoblastoma, however, is suggestive of a close relationship between the two tumors.", "contents": "Benign cementoblastoma--cementum analogue of benign osteoblastoma? We believe that the current case is a good example of a \"borderline lesion\" that shows the histologic features of benign osteoblastoma but with some clinical features suggestive of a cementoblastoma, such as attachment to the roots. We suggest, however, that the involvement of the roots should not rule out the diagnosis of benign osteoblastoma. The fact that a benign osteoblastoma may envelop the roots in a way characteristic of a benign cementoblastoma, however, is suggestive of a close relationship between the two tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:273079", "title": "Osteoblastoma of the jaws: current concepts and differential diagnosis.", "content": "A review of previously documented cases of osteoblastoma has been presented and an additional case has been reported. Although the clinical and histologic distinctions for fibrous-osseous lesions cover a wide spectrum, several means of differentiating osteoblastoma from similar lesions have been discussed. A larger series of cases will allow us to further delineate clinical, histologic, and biologic variables of osteoblastoma.", "contents": "Osteoblastoma of the jaws: current concepts and differential diagnosis. A review of previously documented cases of osteoblastoma has been presented and an additional case has been reported. Although the clinical and histologic distinctions for fibrous-osseous lesions cover a wide spectrum, several means of differentiating osteoblastoma from similar lesions have been discussed. A larger series of cases will allow us to further delineate clinical, histologic, and biologic variables of osteoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:273080", "title": "Fatal mediastinitis secondary to odontogenic infection.", "content": "A case of necrotizing mediastinitis that caused death in a 38-year-old man has been reported. The cause of his infection was proved, both radiographically and clinically, to be dental infection associated with the lower molars and their supporting structures. A diffuse cellulitis involving the submandibular, masticator, and parapharyngeal spaces ensued. Sudden onset of severe pleuritic chest pains and a 100% pneumothorax of the left lung developed, which ultimately led to his death.", "contents": "Fatal mediastinitis secondary to odontogenic infection. A case of necrotizing mediastinitis that caused death in a 38-year-old man has been reported. The cause of his infection was proved, both radiographically and clinically, to be dental infection associated with the lower molars and their supporting structures. A diffuse cellulitis involving the submandibular, masticator, and parapharyngeal spaces ensued. Sudden onset of severe pleuritic chest pains and a 100% pneumothorax of the left lung developed, which ultimately led to his death."}
{"id": "PMID:273081", "title": "Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible.", "content": "A case of local recurrence of mandibular plasmacytoma has been presented. Review of the literature disclosed only one previous report of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Local recurrence of solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible. A case of local recurrence of mandibular plasmacytoma has been presented. Review of the literature disclosed only one previous report of this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:273090", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of porosities in removable partial denture castings.", "content": "Most of the removable partial denture castings examined showed radiographic evidence of internal porosity. In general the porosity ocurred in characteristic regions associated with abrupt changes in cross-sectional thickness. These were located either within the partial denture framework or at the casting-sprue junctions. The porosity is due to metal shrinkage caused by a premature solidification at some point, which in turn interferes with a controlled unidirectional soldification of the casting.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of porosities in removable partial denture castings. Most of the removable partial denture castings examined showed radiographic evidence of internal porosity. In general the porosity ocurred in characteristic regions associated with abrupt changes in cross-sectional thickness. These were located either within the partial denture framework or at the casting-sprue junctions. The porosity is due to metal shrinkage caused by a premature solidification at some point, which in turn interferes with a controlled unidirectional soldification of the casting."}
{"id": "PMID:273092", "title": "In vitro assessment of marginal leakage of six enamel sealants.", "content": "The findings of this study support previous data on marginal leakage using enamel sealants in vitro. All sealants tested except Epoxylite 9075 were described for this study. However, all in vitro studies have limitations, and the ultimate evaluation of sealant behaviour must be based on in vivo experimentation.", "contents": "In vitro assessment of marginal leakage of six enamel sealants. The findings of this study support previous data on marginal leakage using enamel sealants in vitro. All sealants tested except Epoxylite 9075 were described for this study. However, all in vitro studies have limitations, and the ultimate evaluation of sealant behaviour must be based on in vivo experimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:273093", "title": "Physical and mechanical behavior of polyurethane elastomer formulations used for facial prostheses.", "content": "The initial results of this study of the physical and mechanical behavior of polyurethanes used for facial prostheses are presented. The parameters studied were surface hardness, modulus of elasticity (M), strength (S), percentage of elongation, and S/M ratio. Results showed that the physical and mechanical behavior of the polyurethanes can be altered by variations in the basic composition of the material accomplished through changes in the ratio of Part A to Part B and by the addition of catalysts. Properties of compositions with low quantities of Part B (isocyanate) and no catalyst reached or approximated those parameters proposed as ideal goals to simulate living tissue. When preparing polyurethane material, proper mixing is essential to avoid entrapment of air and phase separation of the catalyst. These conditions, which may render the prostheses less durable, are masked by the addition of colorants in the prearation of a sample for clinical application.", "contents": "Physical and mechanical behavior of polyurethane elastomer formulations used for facial prostheses. The initial results of this study of the physical and mechanical behavior of polyurethanes used for facial prostheses are presented. The parameters studied were surface hardness, modulus of elasticity (M), strength (S), percentage of elongation, and S/M ratio. Results showed that the physical and mechanical behavior of the polyurethanes can be altered by variations in the basic composition of the material accomplished through changes in the ratio of Part A to Part B and by the addition of catalysts. Properties of compositions with low quantities of Part B (isocyanate) and no catalyst reached or approximated those parameters proposed as ideal goals to simulate living tissue. When preparing polyurethane material, proper mixing is essential to avoid entrapment of air and phase separation of the catalyst. These conditions, which may render the prostheses less durable, are masked by the addition of colorants in the prearation of a sample for clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:273095", "title": "The prevalence and magnitude of mandibular displacement in a survey population.", "content": "The prevalence and magnitude of mandibular displacement from RCP to IP in a principally adult sample was evaluated. The findings and their possible clinical significance were discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence and magnitude of mandibular displacement in a survey population. The prevalence and magnitude of mandibular displacement from RCP to IP in a principally adult sample was evaluated. The findings and their possible clinical significance were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273096", "title": "The measurement of distortion: mathematical considerations.", "content": "The proposed method for accurately determining the coordinates of given points in a three-dimensional space, along with the mathematical rigid body displacements to move these points into some predefined reference position, builds a complete model of the positional relationships of these points. On this basis additional information can easily be extracted, e.g., the distance between any two given points or the angle in degrees between any two given points or the angle in degrees between any three given points. An important advantage of the procedure is that the normally tedious calculations involved with distortions have been computerized, thus eliminating the tedium of repeated calculations. The possibility of calculation error is also reduced. Perhaps the greatest advantage to the investigator arises from the fact that once the procedural routine has been established and the computer programs written, the entire procedure can be done by technical personnel and does not necessarily require a large time committment from the principal researcher. Also, because of the normally small amount of time needed to read the coordinates and compute the inherent distortions, a set of computed distortions which appear unreasonable may be checked by repeating the entire set of coordinate readings and distortion calculations in a relatively short time.", "contents": "The measurement of distortion: mathematical considerations. The proposed method for accurately determining the coordinates of given points in a three-dimensional space, along with the mathematical rigid body displacements to move these points into some predefined reference position, builds a complete model of the positional relationships of these points. On this basis additional information can easily be extracted, e.g., the distance between any two given points or the angle in degrees between any two given points or the angle in degrees between any three given points. An important advantage of the procedure is that the normally tedious calculations involved with distortions have been computerized, thus eliminating the tedium of repeated calculations. The possibility of calculation error is also reduced. Perhaps the greatest advantage to the investigator arises from the fact that once the procedural routine has been established and the computer programs written, the entire procedure can be done by technical personnel and does not necessarily require a large time committment from the principal researcher. Also, because of the normally small amount of time needed to read the coordinates and compute the inherent distortions, a set of computed distortions which appear unreasonable may be checked by repeating the entire set of coordinate readings and distortion calculations in a relatively short time."}
{"id": "PMID:273098", "title": "Leukaemia in children of Jehovah's Witnesses: issues and priorities in a conflict of care.", "content": "Throughout this paper PJ Kearney attempts to balance the risks and benefits of different approaches in paediatric oncology. Decisions have to be considered both in the short and the long term. Where religious beliefs, such as those held by Jehovah's Witnesses in relation to blood transfusions, conflict with normal medical practice the decision is often removed from the doctor, parents or patient to the courts. This sort of solution can be counter-productive, especially as good health care and subsequent recovery rely, to a large extent, on good relationships between and among the parties concerned. Destruction of these relationships, for whatever reason, often has a detrimental effect on the patient, in whose best interest everyone believes they are acting.", "contents": "Leukaemia in children of Jehovah's Witnesses: issues and priorities in a conflict of care. Throughout this paper PJ Kearney attempts to balance the risks and benefits of different approaches in paediatric oncology. Decisions have to be considered both in the short and the long term. Where religious beliefs, such as those held by Jehovah's Witnesses in relation to blood transfusions, conflict with normal medical practice the decision is often removed from the doctor, parents or patient to the courts. This sort of solution can be counter-productive, especially as good health care and subsequent recovery rely, to a large extent, on good relationships between and among the parties concerned. Destruction of these relationships, for whatever reason, often has a detrimental effect on the patient, in whose best interest everyone believes they are acting."}
{"id": "PMID:273099", "title": "Waardenburg-like features with cataracts, small head size, joint abnormalities, hypogonadism, and osteosarcoma.", "content": "A 32-year-old black man was observed with osteosarcoma and multiple anomalies including deafness, hypopigmentation, cataracts, small head size, hypogonadism, and restricted joint mobility. The birth defects may comprise a new syndrome or combination of syndromes, of which the malignancy may be a part.", "contents": "Waardenburg-like features with cataracts, small head size, joint abnormalities, hypogonadism, and osteosarcoma. A 32-year-old black man was observed with osteosarcoma and multiple anomalies including deafness, hypopigmentation, cataracts, small head size, hypogonadism, and restricted joint mobility. The birth defects may comprise a new syndrome or combination of syndromes, of which the malignancy may be a part."}
{"id": "PMID:273115", "title": "[Results of Memphis-study VII (\"Pinkel-Therapy\") in 659 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cooperative therapeutic study of the German working group on childhood leukemia with participation of 42 hospitals].", "content": "659 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from 42 German hospitals were diagnosed from January 1, 1971 until December 31, 1974, treated according to Memphis study VII or VIII2, and observed until December 31, 1976. At diagnosis 16,1% of the patients had a leukocyte count over 50 000/mm3, 8,5% a mediastinal enlargement, 2,0% a CNS-leukemia and 1,8% a Down-syndrome. After a treatment time of 2 1/2 years and an observation time of maximal 6, minimal 2 years 329 children (= 50,0%) were living, 257 (= 39,1%) in continuous complete remission, most of these 1-3 years after cessation of therapy. A primary relapse in the bone marrow occured in 36,3%, in the CNS in 10,0% of the patients. A cranial irradiation dose of 1800 rad in 120 patients yielded a CNS-relapse rate of 7,5%. 49 of the 659 children (= 7,4%) died in continuous complete remission, the main causes being interstitial pneumonia and varicella. No difference in initial features and treatment results was found between 7 centres with many patients and 35 hospitals with fewer patients.", "contents": "[Results of Memphis-study VII (\"Pinkel-Therapy\") in 659 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cooperative therapeutic study of the German working group on childhood leukemia with participation of 42 hospitals]. 659 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from 42 German hospitals were diagnosed from January 1, 1971 until December 31, 1974, treated according to Memphis study VII or VIII2, and observed until December 31, 1976. At diagnosis 16,1% of the patients had a leukocyte count over 50 000/mm3, 8,5% a mediastinal enlargement, 2,0% a CNS-leukemia and 1,8% a Down-syndrome. After a treatment time of 2 1/2 years and an observation time of maximal 6, minimal 2 years 329 children (= 50,0%) were living, 257 (= 39,1%) in continuous complete remission, most of these 1-3 years after cessation of therapy. A primary relapse in the bone marrow occured in 36,3%, in the CNS in 10,0% of the patients. A cranial irradiation dose of 1800 rad in 120 patients yielded a CNS-relapse rate of 7,5%. 49 of the 659 children (= 7,4%) died in continuous complete remission, the main causes being interstitial pneumonia and varicella. No difference in initial features and treatment results was found between 7 centres with many patients and 35 hospitals with fewer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:273117", "title": "[Treatment of ALL in children. Results and side effects with a modification of protocol memphis VII (author's transl)].", "content": "42 patients with ALL were treated according to the following protocol: induction with vincristine + prednisone (+/- L-asparaginase), CNS-prophylaxis with cranial irradiation (2400 rads) and intrathecal methotrexate, maintenance for 3 years with 6-MP 50 mg/m2/d p.o. + MTX 75-150 mg/m2/2 wk i.v. X 4, alternating in a cyclic fashion with 6-MP 50 mg/m2/d p.o. + cyclophophshamide 600 mg/m2/2 wk i.v. X 4. The observation time is 24-67 (median 49) months. The actuarial complete remission curve shows 40% continuous complete remissions at 36 months and 30% at 60 months.--The frequency and temporal distribution of typical infectious complications are presented. The incidence of varicella was comparable to that in a southgerman normal control group (5,7% per year). During treatment there were two zoster manifestations per one varicella case, the incidence of zoster being 1 case per 106 patient-months, viz 11,4% per year.", "contents": "[Treatment of ALL in children. Results and side effects with a modification of protocol memphis VII (author's transl)]. 42 patients with ALL were treated according to the following protocol: induction with vincristine + prednisone (+/- L-asparaginase), CNS-prophylaxis with cranial irradiation (2400 rads) and intrathecal methotrexate, maintenance for 3 years with 6-MP 50 mg/m2/d p.o. + MTX 75-150 mg/m2/2 wk i.v. X 4, alternating in a cyclic fashion with 6-MP 50 mg/m2/d p.o. + cyclophophshamide 600 mg/m2/2 wk i.v. X 4. The observation time is 24-67 (median 49) months. The actuarial complete remission curve shows 40% continuous complete remissions at 36 months and 30% at 60 months.--The frequency and temporal distribution of typical infectious complications are presented. The incidence of varicella was comparable to that in a southgerman normal control group (5,7% per year). During treatment there were two zoster manifestations per one varicella case, the incidence of zoster being 1 case per 106 patient-months, viz 11,4% per year."}
{"id": "PMID:273118", "title": "[Interstitial pneumonia in children with malignancies during cytotoxic therapie. Clinical picture, analysis of promoting factors, and detailed discussion of etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "This communication documents a study of 35 patients with systemic malignant diseases between 1964 and 1973. All these patients developed interstitial pneumonia (int.pn.), and in two cases recurrence of int.pn. was observed after several months. Of these 35 patients 29 were diagnosed of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In particular the occurrence of int.pn. was very frequently noticed under the more aggressive therapeutic regimes mentioned in the Memphis protocol VII. The statistical analysis revealed that the most critical period of occurrence is between 8 and 11 weeks after the induction therapy or 6-9 weeks after the reinduction or relapse therapy. These observations indicate the dependency of this disease during the intensive phase of therapy. The prognosis of int.pn. was improved significantly after the pentamidine treatment. The etiology of the int.pn. is discussed in detail. The post mortem examination of 6 patients revealed that 5 of them had pneumocystes carinii.", "contents": "[Interstitial pneumonia in children with malignancies during cytotoxic therapie. Clinical picture, analysis of promoting factors, and detailed discussion of etiology (author's transl)]. This communication documents a study of 35 patients with systemic malignant diseases between 1964 and 1973. All these patients developed interstitial pneumonia (int.pn.), and in two cases recurrence of int.pn. was observed after several months. Of these 35 patients 29 were diagnosed of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In particular the occurrence of int.pn. was very frequently noticed under the more aggressive therapeutic regimes mentioned in the Memphis protocol VII. The statistical analysis revealed that the most critical period of occurrence is between 8 and 11 weeks after the induction therapy or 6-9 weeks after the reinduction or relapse therapy. These observations indicate the dependency of this disease during the intensive phase of therapy. The prognosis of int.pn. was improved significantly after the pentamidine treatment. The etiology of the int.pn. is discussed in detail. The post mortem examination of 6 patients revealed that 5 of them had pneumocystes carinii."}
{"id": "PMID:273119", "title": "Lymphosarcoma with lymphoblastic leukemia in a New Zealand white rabbit.", "content": "An 8 to 10-week-old female New Zealand white rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, which exhibited clinical signs of anorexia, depression, and torticollis was found to have lymphosarcoma with lymphoblastic leukemia. The multiple visceral involvement with neoplastic lymphoid cells observed in this animal was similar to previously reprted cases of lymphosarcoma in the rabbit. An unusual finding was the occurrence of lymphoblastic leukemia since lymphosarcoma in the rabbit has previously been reported as aleukemic.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma with lymphoblastic leukemia in a New Zealand white rabbit. An 8 to 10-week-old female New Zealand white rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, which exhibited clinical signs of anorexia, depression, and torticollis was found to have lymphosarcoma with lymphoblastic leukemia. The multiple visceral involvement with neoplastic lymphoid cells observed in this animal was similar to previously reprted cases of lymphosarcoma in the rabbit. An unusual finding was the occurrence of lymphoblastic leukemia since lymphosarcoma in the rabbit has previously been reported as aleukemic."}
{"id": "PMID:273131", "title": "Pulmonary resection in children with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma: improved survival with surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation.", "content": "Twelve consecutive unselected patients (aged 6 to 18 years) with osteogenic sarcoma underwent 19 thoracotomies for resection of pulmonary metastases. Wedge excisions of 41 metastatic nodules, one bilobectomy, and one pneumonectomy were performed. Six patients each required one thoracotomy, five patients underwent two thoracotomies, and one patient required three. Serious surgical complications were limited to one patient who required reoperation for closure of a bronchopleural fistula following bilobectomy. Initial pulmonary metastasis occurred 9 months (mean) after amputation (range 1 to 21 months). Complete excision of all identifiable metastatic tumor was possible in 17 of 19 thoracotomies. All patients received intensive cyclical chemotherapy after initial definitive amputation, after thoracotomy, or both. Tumor doubling time (TDT) during chemotherapy (mean 74 days) was significantly prolonged (p = 0.017) compared to TDT during intervals of no therapy (mean 22 days). Five patients received pulmonary radiotherapy prior to thoracotomy and five after thoracotomy. Four patients died during the observation period, having survived 10 to 30 months after amputation. Two patients are alive with known extrapulmonary metastases. Six patients are free of disease. The survival rate is 91.7 percent 1 year after amputation, 82.5 percent at 2 years, and 57.8 percent at 3 years. These results suggest improved survival when aggressive surgical resections of pulmonary metastases are combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thoracic surgical procedures in this group of patients are safe and associated with a low incidence of complications despite the potentially increased risks owing to antecedent chemotherapy and pulmonary irradiation.", "contents": "Pulmonary resection in children with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma: improved survival with surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation. Twelve consecutive unselected patients (aged 6 to 18 years) with osteogenic sarcoma underwent 19 thoracotomies for resection of pulmonary metastases. Wedge excisions of 41 metastatic nodules, one bilobectomy, and one pneumonectomy were performed. Six patients each required one thoracotomy, five patients underwent two thoracotomies, and one patient required three. Serious surgical complications were limited to one patient who required reoperation for closure of a bronchopleural fistula following bilobectomy. Initial pulmonary metastasis occurred 9 months (mean) after amputation (range 1 to 21 months). Complete excision of all identifiable metastatic tumor was possible in 17 of 19 thoracotomies. All patients received intensive cyclical chemotherapy after initial definitive amputation, after thoracotomy, or both. Tumor doubling time (TDT) during chemotherapy (mean 74 days) was significantly prolonged (p = 0.017) compared to TDT during intervals of no therapy (mean 22 days). Five patients received pulmonary radiotherapy prior to thoracotomy and five after thoracotomy. Four patients died during the observation period, having survived 10 to 30 months after amputation. Two patients are alive with known extrapulmonary metastases. Six patients are free of disease. The survival rate is 91.7 percent 1 year after amputation, 82.5 percent at 2 years, and 57.8 percent at 3 years. These results suggest improved survival when aggressive surgical resections of pulmonary metastases are combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thoracic surgical procedures in this group of patients are safe and associated with a low incidence of complications despite the potentially increased risks owing to antecedent chemotherapy and pulmonary irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:273132", "title": "Extreme leukemic leukocytosis (blast crisis) in childhood.", "content": "Children with leukemia who have extremely high leukocyte counts (more than 100,000/mm3) when seen initially are at high risk of early sudden death, usually from massive intracerebral hemorrhage. Nine such patients were seen during a 39-month period. Eight had pronounced adenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly without severe anemia or thrombocytopenia. The first six patients died suddenly. Cerebral perivascular infiltration and increased blood viscosity are the probable pathophysiologic mechanisms. A treatment program was developed, the goal being the early elimination of blast cells. Three consecutive patients patients presenting with leukocyte counts greater than 100,000/mm3 were treated with emergency cranial irradiation, and all three survived to receive systemic chemotherapy.", "contents": "Extreme leukemic leukocytosis (blast crisis) in childhood. Children with leukemia who have extremely high leukocyte counts (more than 100,000/mm3) when seen initially are at high risk of early sudden death, usually from massive intracerebral hemorrhage. Nine such patients were seen during a 39-month period. Eight had pronounced adenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly without severe anemia or thrombocytopenia. The first six patients died suddenly. Cerebral perivascular infiltration and increased blood viscosity are the probable pathophysiologic mechanisms. A treatment program was developed, the goal being the early elimination of blast cells. Three consecutive patients patients presenting with leukocyte counts greater than 100,000/mm3 were treated with emergency cranial irradiation, and all three survived to receive systemic chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:273133", "title": "Testicular relapse in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Five patients in bone marrow remission from childhood leukemia who subsequently had relapse in the testicle are reviewed. Clinically, recurrence of disease is often limited to this site. In spite of satisfactory local control with radiotherapy, further systemic progression generally occurs within 1 year. Previous studies suggest that patients who are in clinical remission harbor tumor in multiple occult \"sanctuaries.\" Testicular leukemia reflects this uncontrolled extramedullary disease, and studies in optimal management of the generalized process are needed.", "contents": "Testicular relapse in childhood leukemia. Five patients in bone marrow remission from childhood leukemia who subsequently had relapse in the testicle are reviewed. Clinically, recurrence of disease is often limited to this site. In spite of satisfactory local control with radiotherapy, further systemic progression generally occurs within 1 year. Previous studies suggest that patients who are in clinical remission harbor tumor in multiple occult \"sanctuaries.\" Testicular leukemia reflects this uncontrolled extramedullary disease, and studies in optimal management of the generalized process are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:273134", "title": "Hypothalamic syndrome in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Five children had six episodes of central nervous system leukemia which were characterized by features suggestive of hypothalamic infiltration. All five patients had been in prolonged bone marrow remission and had no other evidence of active leukemia when the hypothalamic syndrome was diagnosed. Five of the six episodes responded promptly to intrathecally administered methotrexate and cranial irradiation, but bone marrow relapse, which was resistant to further therapy, developed within 4 months in three patients and after 18 months in the fourth. Only one patient remains in bone marrow remission without recurrence of hypothalamic symptoms 10 months later.", "contents": "Hypothalamic syndrome in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Five children had six episodes of central nervous system leukemia which were characterized by features suggestive of hypothalamic infiltration. All five patients had been in prolonged bone marrow remission and had no other evidence of active leukemia when the hypothalamic syndrome was diagnosed. Five of the six episodes responded promptly to intrathecally administered methotrexate and cranial irradiation, but bone marrow relapse, which was resistant to further therapy, developed within 4 months in three patients and after 18 months in the fourth. Only one patient remains in bone marrow remission without recurrence of hypothalamic symptoms 10 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:273142", "title": "Terminal transferase as a predictor of initial responsiveness to vincristine and prednisone in blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia: a co-operative study.", "content": "We undertook a prospective trial to evaluate terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity as a predictor of responsiveness to vincristine and prednisone in 22 Philadelphia-chromosome-positive patients with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia. Thirteen patients were transferase positive, and nine negative. None of the nine negative patients responded, whereas eight of the 13 positive (P = 0.004) responded with complete clearing of peripheral blood blast cells and a return of normal marrow cellularity with less than 5 per cent blast cells. Among transferase-positive patients under 50 years of age the response rate was 78 per cent. Blast-cell morphology (i.e., lymphoblastic versus myeloblastic) had no significant correlation with either responsiveness or terminal transferase activity. The results of this study suggest that responsiveness to vincristine and prednisone in blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia is confined to patients whose leukemic cells are transferase positive.", "contents": "Terminal transferase as a predictor of initial responsiveness to vincristine and prednisone in blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia: a co-operative study. We undertook a prospective trial to evaluate terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity as a predictor of responsiveness to vincristine and prednisone in 22 Philadelphia-chromosome-positive patients with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia. Thirteen patients were transferase positive, and nine negative. None of the nine negative patients responded, whereas eight of the 13 positive (P = 0.004) responded with complete clearing of peripheral blood blast cells and a return of normal marrow cellularity with less than 5 per cent blast cells. Among transferase-positive patients under 50 years of age the response rate was 78 per cent. Blast-cell morphology (i.e., lymphoblastic versus myeloblastic) had no significant correlation with either responsiveness or terminal transferase activity. The results of this study suggest that responsiveness to vincristine and prednisone in blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia is confined to patients whose leukemic cells are transferase positive."}
{"id": "PMID:273143", "title": "Abnormal CT scans of the brain in asymptomatic children with acute lymphocytic leukemia after prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system with radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy.", "content": "Thirty-two asymptomatic patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, who had received prophylactic cranial radiation (2400 rads) and either intrathecal methotrexate or cytosine arabinoside were studied by computed tomography of the brain 19 to 67 months after initiation of prophylaxis. Seventeen of 32 (53 per cent) had one or more abnormal findings. Dilatation of the ventricles (eight patients) and widening of the subarachnoid spaces (nine patients) were equally distributed among patients in both intrathecal-chemotherapy groups. Areas of decreased attenuation coefficient (hypodense, abnormally radiolucent regions) (four patients) and intracerebral calcification (one patient)--lesions previously described in methotrexate leukoencephalopathy--were found only in those who had received intrathecal methotrexate. Mild central-nervous-system dysfunction was detected in seven patients but did not correlate with the presence of tomographic abnormalities. Nevertheless, these tomographic findings may represent preclinical lesions. The unexpectedly high prevalence of such abnormalities contrasts with the essentially normal tomographic findings in a control group with acute lymphocytic leukemia who received no central-nervous-system prophylaxis. These results suggest that alternative approaches to such prophylaxis be considered.", "contents": "Abnormal CT scans of the brain in asymptomatic children with acute lymphocytic leukemia after prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system with radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy. Thirty-two asymptomatic patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, who had received prophylactic cranial radiation (2400 rads) and either intrathecal methotrexate or cytosine arabinoside were studied by computed tomography of the brain 19 to 67 months after initiation of prophylaxis. Seventeen of 32 (53 per cent) had one or more abnormal findings. Dilatation of the ventricles (eight patients) and widening of the subarachnoid spaces (nine patients) were equally distributed among patients in both intrathecal-chemotherapy groups. Areas of decreased attenuation coefficient (hypodense, abnormally radiolucent regions) (four patients) and intracerebral calcification (one patient)--lesions previously described in methotrexate leukoencephalopathy--were found only in those who had received intrathecal methotrexate. Mild central-nervous-system dysfunction was detected in seven patients but did not correlate with the presence of tomographic abnormalities. Nevertheless, these tomographic findings may represent preclinical lesions. The unexpectedly high prevalence of such abnormalities contrasts with the essentially normal tomographic findings in a control group with acute lymphocytic leukemia who received no central-nervous-system prophylaxis. These results suggest that alternative approaches to such prophylaxis be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:273152", "title": "L-asparaginase in treatment of acute leukemia in children.", "content": "L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli--Crasnitin was used in 14 children with acute leukemia unresponsive to conventional treatment: 11 acute lymphoblastic leukemias, 1 acute myeloblastic leukemia, 2 other forms of leukemia. The remission induction was obtained in 70% of applications. Median of remission duration was 90 days. Serious side effects were observed. The validity of L-asparaginase in therapy of advanced childhood ALL is stressed.", "contents": "L-asparaginase in treatment of acute leukemia in children. L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli--Crasnitin was used in 14 children with acute leukemia unresponsive to conventional treatment: 11 acute lymphoblastic leukemias, 1 acute myeloblastic leukemia, 2 other forms of leukemia. The remission induction was obtained in 70% of applications. Median of remission duration was 90 days. Serious side effects were observed. The validity of L-asparaginase in therapy of advanced childhood ALL is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:273148", "title": "Effects of PGE2 and colchicine on the intestinal fluid volume.", "content": "a) Colchicine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and carbachol increase the intestinal fluid volume in the rat. b) The effect of carbachol and prostaglandin E2 is augmented whereas that of colchicine is diminished in the pithed rat. c) The effect of colchicine is diminished in anaesthesia whereas that of PGE2 remains unchanged. d) The effect of PGE2 and of colchicine are both inhibited by atropine. e) The effects of PGE2 and of colchicine are both enhanced by phentolamine. f) Pretreatment with indomethacin decreased the effect of colchicine whereas that of PGE2 remained unchanged. g) The PGE2-induced increase in intestinal fluid volume may partly be mediated by a peripheral mechanism involving acetylcholine receptors. h) The increase in intestinal fluid volume by colchicine can mainly be explained by a central action of the drug which is mediated by cholinergic neurones.", "contents": "Effects of PGE2 and colchicine on the intestinal fluid volume. a) Colchicine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and carbachol increase the intestinal fluid volume in the rat. b) The effect of carbachol and prostaglandin E2 is augmented whereas that of colchicine is diminished in the pithed rat. c) The effect of colchicine is diminished in anaesthesia whereas that of PGE2 remains unchanged. d) The effect of PGE2 and of colchicine are both inhibited by atropine. e) The effects of PGE2 and of colchicine are both enhanced by phentolamine. f) Pretreatment with indomethacin decreased the effect of colchicine whereas that of PGE2 remained unchanged. g) The PGE2-induced increase in intestinal fluid volume may partly be mediated by a peripheral mechanism involving acetylcholine receptors. h) The increase in intestinal fluid volume by colchicine can mainly be explained by a central action of the drug which is mediated by cholinergic neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:273162", "title": "Dunedin sports injuries, 1974-1976.", "content": "An analysis of 3894 sports injuries presented to the Dunedin accident and emergency centre between 1 April 1974 and 30 March 1976 is reported. An outline of the general age, sex, sport, site and type of injury trends follows, and comparisons with published New Zealand and overseas studies are made. The paper concludes with comments on problem areas and suggests some safety measures.", "contents": "Dunedin sports injuries, 1974-1976. An analysis of 3894 sports injuries presented to the Dunedin accident and emergency centre between 1 April 1974 and 30 March 1976 is reported. An outline of the general age, sex, sport, site and type of injury trends follows, and comparisons with published New Zealand and overseas studies are made. The paper concludes with comments on problem areas and suggests some safety measures."}
{"id": "PMID:273163", "title": "Drug reaction simulating malignant lymphoma: a case due to pyrimethamine.", "content": "A 9 1/2-year-old boy who had been treated with pyrimethamine and sulphadimidine presented with generalised lymphadenopathy, fever, and an unusual sun-tanning. He was found to have mild anaemia, severe leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. The bone marrow was megaloblastic. Lymph node biopsy was initially interpreted as showing malignant lymphoma. No treatment for neoplasia was given and he was well 4 1/2 years later. We consider that the seemingly malignant changes were due to pyrimethamine.", "contents": "Drug reaction simulating malignant lymphoma: a case due to pyrimethamine. A 9 1/2-year-old boy who had been treated with pyrimethamine and sulphadimidine presented with generalised lymphadenopathy, fever, and an unusual sun-tanning. He was found to have mild anaemia, severe leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. The bone marrow was megaloblastic. Lymph node biopsy was initially interpreted as showing malignant lymphoma. No treatment for neoplasia was given and he was well 4 1/2 years later. We consider that the seemingly malignant changes were due to pyrimethamine."}
{"id": "PMID:273184", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the retina in type II glycogenosis (Pompe's disease).", "content": "The retina of a 9-month-old boy afflicted with biochemically proven type II glycogenosis contained abundant lysosomal glycogen. This was present in almost every cell type and occasionally associated with lipofuscin in choroidal macrophages. Lysosomal glycogen was absent from melanocytes and pigment epithelial cells. No degeneration of any cell layer was noted. The ubiquitous accretion of lysosomal glycogen resembles the widespread distribution of lipopigments in canine neural ceroid lipofuscinosis, another lysosomal disorder.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the retina in type II glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). The retina of a 9-month-old boy afflicted with biochemically proven type II glycogenosis contained abundant lysosomal glycogen. This was present in almost every cell type and occasionally associated with lipofuscin in choroidal macrophages. Lysosomal glycogen was absent from melanocytes and pigment epithelial cells. No degeneration of any cell layer was noted. The ubiquitous accretion of lysosomal glycogen resembles the widespread distribution of lipopigments in canine neural ceroid lipofuscinosis, another lysosomal disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:273185", "title": "Mandibular deficiency syndrome. I. Clinical delineation and therapeutic significance.", "content": "The mandibular deficiency syndrome is a constellation of abnormalities, including a spectrum of skeletal, neuromuscular, occlusal, and esthetic conditions. The extremes of this syndrome exhibit different skeletal and esthetic morphology and growth patterns. Different orthodontic and surgical approaches must be considered for optimal functional and esthetic correction in the three different facial types. Differentiation between cases with low, medium, and high mandibular plane angles and knowledge of the growth tendencies will permit different surgical and orthodontic considerations for each of the three basic morphologic types. Predictable functional and esthetic results can then be expected.", "contents": "Mandibular deficiency syndrome. I. Clinical delineation and therapeutic significance. The mandibular deficiency syndrome is a constellation of abnormalities, including a spectrum of skeletal, neuromuscular, occlusal, and esthetic conditions. The extremes of this syndrome exhibit different skeletal and esthetic morphology and growth patterns. Different orthodontic and surgical approaches must be considered for optimal functional and esthetic correction in the three different facial types. Differentiation between cases with low, medium, and high mandibular plane angles and knowledge of the growth tendencies will permit different surgical and orthodontic considerations for each of the three basic morphologic types. Predictable functional and esthetic results can then be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:273186", "title": "Mandibular deficiency syndrome. II. Surgical considerations for mandibular advancement.", "content": "Eight factors which contribute to the successful surgical correction of the deficient mandible have been briefly discussed. Consideration of the recommendations made will permit surgeons to avoid pitfalls, regardless of the specific surgical technique used to advance the mandible, and will result in improved treatment results. The type of mandibular deficiency syndrome and its severity will dictate which factors need to be considered in a given case. A modified sagittal osteotomy is described as our preferred surgical technique to achieve these objectives and minimize untoward sequelae.", "contents": "Mandibular deficiency syndrome. II. Surgical considerations for mandibular advancement. Eight factors which contribute to the successful surgical correction of the deficient mandible have been briefly discussed. Consideration of the recommendations made will permit surgeons to avoid pitfalls, regardless of the specific surgical technique used to advance the mandible, and will result in improved treatment results. The type of mandibular deficiency syndrome and its severity will dictate which factors need to be considered in a given case. A modified sagittal osteotomy is described as our preferred surgical technique to achieve these objectives and minimize untoward sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:273187", "title": "Mandibular deficiency syndrome. III. Surgical advancement of the deficient mandible in growing children: treatment results in twelve patients.", "content": "The surgical-orthodontic correction of mandibular deficiency in growing children (8 to 16 years of age) can be employed to achieve excellent results. Mandibular advancement by a modified sagittal osteotomy proves to be an acceptable procedure with good skeletal stability. Dentofacial growth following surgery will be harmonious and not adversely affected. Direction of growth varies, with the mandibular plane angle becoming more vertical with an increasing mandibular plane angle.", "contents": "Mandibular deficiency syndrome. III. Surgical advancement of the deficient mandible in growing children: treatment results in twelve patients. The surgical-orthodontic correction of mandibular deficiency in growing children (8 to 16 years of age) can be employed to achieve excellent results. Mandibular advancement by a modified sagittal osteotomy proves to be an acceptable procedure with good skeletal stability. Dentofacial growth following surgery will be harmonious and not adversely affected. Direction of growth varies, with the mandibular plane angle becoming more vertical with an increasing mandibular plane angle."}
{"id": "PMID:273188", "title": "D-penicillamine-induced mucocutaneous lesions with features of pemphigus.", "content": "Penicillamine (beta1 beta2 dimethylcysteine) is the drug of choice in the therapeutic management of Wilson's disease and cystinuria and has been used in the treatment of some heavy-metal intoxications. Recent studies have shown that it is efficacious in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects include sensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, bone-marrow suppression, hypogeusia, skin lesions, and the formation of autoantibodies. Two cases are described with the features of pemphigus which were attributed to penicillamine therapy.", "contents": "D-penicillamine-induced mucocutaneous lesions with features of pemphigus. Penicillamine (beta1 beta2 dimethylcysteine) is the drug of choice in the therapeutic management of Wilson's disease and cystinuria and has been used in the treatment of some heavy-metal intoxications. Recent studies have shown that it is efficacious in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects include sensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, bone-marrow suppression, hypogeusia, skin lesions, and the formation of autoantibodies. Two cases are described with the features of pemphigus which were attributed to penicillamine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:273189", "title": "Central granular-cell tumor of the jaws (the so-call granular-cell ameloblastic fibroma).", "content": "Four cases of central granular-cell tumor of the jaws were evaluated to determine the clinical parameters of the lesion, and one of these cases was examined with the electron microscope to investigate the nature of the granular cells. The average age of the patients at the time of treatment was 55 years; all four patients were women. Three of the lesions originated in the mandible, and one in the maxilla. Follow-up studies revealed no recurrences. Electron microscopic examination of one case revealed that the granular cells contained many lysosome-like particles and that these cells are identical to those found in the granular-cell myoblastoma.", "contents": "Central granular-cell tumor of the jaws (the so-call granular-cell ameloblastic fibroma). Four cases of central granular-cell tumor of the jaws were evaluated to determine the clinical parameters of the lesion, and one of these cases was examined with the electron microscope to investigate the nature of the granular cells. The average age of the patients at the time of treatment was 55 years; all four patients were women. Three of the lesions originated in the mandible, and one in the maxilla. Follow-up studies revealed no recurrences. Electron microscopic examination of one case revealed that the granular cells contained many lysosome-like particles and that these cells are identical to those found in the granular-cell myoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:273191", "title": "Epithelium--connective tissue interface of oral mucous membranes.", "content": "The interface between the epithelium and connective tissue of mucous membranes and skin represents a tissue site that is affected by a host of diseases which alter its normal morphologic features. Many differences exist in the normal morphologic pattern of this interface between various anatomic sites. It is essential, therefore, to have a thorough understanding of these differences before a meaningful study and assessment of pathologic changes affecting the interface can be made. This study was undertaken to establish a set of morphologic standards which can be used as a basis for interpreting pathologic changes which occur at the epithelium--connective tissue interface of oral mucous membranes.", "contents": "Epithelium--connective tissue interface of oral mucous membranes. The interface between the epithelium and connective tissue of mucous membranes and skin represents a tissue site that is affected by a host of diseases which alter its normal morphologic features. Many differences exist in the normal morphologic pattern of this interface between various anatomic sites. It is essential, therefore, to have a thorough understanding of these differences before a meaningful study and assessment of pathologic changes affecting the interface can be made. This study was undertaken to establish a set of morphologic standards which can be used as a basis for interpreting pathologic changes which occur at the epithelium--connective tissue interface of oral mucous membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:273194", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to dog pulp tissue altered by eugenol within the root canal.", "content": "After pulpal extirpation of twenty teeth in each of four dogs, these animals were primarily immunized intramuscularly with the dog's own pulp (three dogs) and saline solution with pulp (one dog). A fifth dog was used as a control for skin tests. Secondary immunizations were accomplished via the root canal every 7 days over a 28-day period. Cell-mediated skin-test reactions demonstrated less of a response to the eugenol alone than when the dog's pulp was incubated with this material. In vitro analysis of cell-mediated immune response (lymphocyte proliferation) showed a marked response to the pulp altered by eugenol as compared to the saline-treated pulp (p less than 0.004). Therefore, dog's pulp tissue became antigenically altered by eugenol material, recognized by the host, and a specific cell-mediated lymphocyte proliferation resulted.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to dog pulp tissue altered by eugenol within the root canal. After pulpal extirpation of twenty teeth in each of four dogs, these animals were primarily immunized intramuscularly with the dog's own pulp (three dogs) and saline solution with pulp (one dog). A fifth dog was used as a control for skin tests. Secondary immunizations were accomplished via the root canal every 7 days over a 28-day period. Cell-mediated skin-test reactions demonstrated less of a response to the eugenol alone than when the dog's pulp was incubated with this material. In vitro analysis of cell-mediated immune response (lymphocyte proliferation) showed a marked response to the pulp altered by eugenol as compared to the saline-treated pulp (p less than 0.004). Therefore, dog's pulp tissue became antigenically altered by eugenol material, recognized by the host, and a specific cell-mediated lymphocyte proliferation resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:273195", "title": "The miniaturized x-ray machines in dentistry: structural integrity and safety of the extended-anode tubes.", "content": "Two different designs of the extended-anode x-ray tube were evaluated for structural stability and safety. Force-deflection curves were determined in bending and compression modes. Although the tubes experienced similar deflection characteristics, one demonstrated several design advantages. Both machines were judged adequately safe during reversed-geometry film exposures, based on the ability of the rod anode x-ray tube to rotate in its suspension arm.", "contents": "The miniaturized x-ray machines in dentistry: structural integrity and safety of the extended-anode tubes. Two different designs of the extended-anode x-ray tube were evaluated for structural stability and safety. Force-deflection curves were determined in bending and compression modes. Although the tubes experienced similar deflection characteristics, one demonstrated several design advantages. Both machines were judged adequately safe during reversed-geometry film exposures, based on the ability of the rod anode x-ray tube to rotate in its suspension arm."}
{"id": "PMID:273209", "title": "Aplasia and leukaemia following chloroquine therapy.", "content": "Three patients with aplastic anaemia following chloroquine therapy are described. In two, chloroquine had been administered in large doses over a long period. One of them subsequently developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia. The third received only a small dose and pancytopenia with aplasia followed three weeks after ingestion of the drug. The mechanism(s) of chloroquine-induced marrow injury is not known. A parallel to chloramphenicol-induced blood dyscrasias is drawn, but remains unproved.", "contents": "Aplasia and leukaemia following chloroquine therapy. Three patients with aplastic anaemia following chloroquine therapy are described. In two, chloroquine had been administered in large doses over a long period. One of them subsequently developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia. The third received only a small dose and pancytopenia with aplasia followed three weeks after ingestion of the drug. The mechanism(s) of chloroquine-induced marrow injury is not known. A parallel to chloramphenicol-induced blood dyscrasias is drawn, but remains unproved."}
{"id": "PMID:273210", "title": "[Megamed 0.5.2.2D--a ventilation analyser (author's transl)].", "content": "Megamed 05.2.2.D is a ventilation analyser. Pressure and flow is measured pneumotachographically; tidal volume, compliance, resistance, work and power are calculated. This values are given on a digital display, besides being printed continuously or in given intervals. Analog recording of graphics is possible as well as storing the values in a data processing system.", "contents": "[Megamed 0.5.2.2D--a ventilation analyser (author's transl)]. Megamed 05.2.2.D is a ventilation analyser. Pressure and flow is measured pneumotachographically; tidal volume, compliance, resistance, work and power are calculated. This values are given on a digital display, besides being printed continuously or in given intervals. Analog recording of graphics is possible as well as storing the values in a data processing system."}
{"id": "PMID:273212", "title": "Electrophysiological analysis reinnervation of transplants in the anterior chamber of the eye by the autonomic ground plexus of the iris.", "content": "Fetal rat hippocampus, cerebellum, and heart were homologously transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult female recipients. After the grafts were allowed to mature in oculo, ingrowing adrenergic and cholinergic fibers from the iris were activated by changing the illumination of the retina. Electrophysiological recordings from all three types of transplants showed changes similar to those reported for effects of adrenergic and and cholinergic inputs in situ. Pharmacological studies with the transplants indicated that these electrophysiological changes were caused by activation of local muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic synapses. These data suggest that the intraocular graft is able to induce functional adrenergic and cholinergic inputs from the ground plexus of the iris and support the hypothesis that target organ influences play an important role in synaptogenesis.", "contents": "Electrophysiological analysis reinnervation of transplants in the anterior chamber of the eye by the autonomic ground plexus of the iris. Fetal rat hippocampus, cerebellum, and heart were homologously transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult female recipients. After the grafts were allowed to mature in oculo, ingrowing adrenergic and cholinergic fibers from the iris were activated by changing the illumination of the retina. Electrophysiological recordings from all three types of transplants showed changes similar to those reported for effects of adrenergic and and cholinergic inputs in situ. Pharmacological studies with the transplants indicated that these electrophysiological changes were caused by activation of local muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic synapses. These data suggest that the intraocular graft is able to induce functional adrenergic and cholinergic inputs from the ground plexus of the iris and support the hypothesis that target organ influences play an important role in synaptogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:273213", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the rat central nervous system by using [3H]muscimol.", "content": "Muscimol, a structural analogue and potent agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was used in its tritiated form for the autoradiographic localization of GABA receptors in the rat central nervous system. [(3)H]Muscimol ([(3)H]M) was incubated with brain slices or was injected intracortically or into intraocular brain transplants. As indicated by [(3)H]M binding and autoradiographic silver grains, GABA receptors display a laminar distribution over the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus (in order of decreasing quantity); and a nonlaminar distribution in the caudate nucleus and substantia nigra. [(3)H]M binding was not affected by brief prior treatment of brain slices with (-)nipecotic acid or guvacine, two potent inhibitors of GABA uptake, indicating receptor binding specificity. Systemic administration of unlabeled muscimol interferred with binding of [(3)H]M binding subsequently administered in vitro, indicating that muscimol or a metabolite of it traverses the blood/brain barrier and binds to receptor sites, possibly in a manner competitive with [(3)H]M. [(3)H]M binding was greatest in the cerebellum. Quantitative analyses of the distribution of autoradiographic silver grains in the cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus showed a general distribution of GABA receptors in the neuropil: molecular layer > granular layer > cerebellar nuclei > white matter. The highest binding of [(3)H]M occurred on the Purkinje cell somatic surface, in the basket axon formation surrounding the cell body and its axon initial segment, and somewhat less on basket and stellate cell somata. Neuroglial cells of the cortex have no [(3)H]M binding capacity; some glial cells in the cerebellar nuclei do. The role of glial cells in GABA uptake, metabolism, and GABA-receptor-mediated mechanisms remains to be clarified. The distribution of GABA receptors as indicated by [(3)H]M binding differs from the distribution of [(3)H]GABA uptake and GABA synthesizing and degradative sites.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the rat central nervous system by using [3H]muscimol. Muscimol, a structural analogue and potent agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was used in its tritiated form for the autoradiographic localization of GABA receptors in the rat central nervous system. [(3)H]Muscimol ([(3)H]M) was incubated with brain slices or was injected intracortically or into intraocular brain transplants. As indicated by [(3)H]M binding and autoradiographic silver grains, GABA receptors display a laminar distribution over the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus (in order of decreasing quantity); and a nonlaminar distribution in the caudate nucleus and substantia nigra. [(3)H]M binding was not affected by brief prior treatment of brain slices with (-)nipecotic acid or guvacine, two potent inhibitors of GABA uptake, indicating receptor binding specificity. Systemic administration of unlabeled muscimol interferred with binding of [(3)H]M binding subsequently administered in vitro, indicating that muscimol or a metabolite of it traverses the blood/brain barrier and binds to receptor sites, possibly in a manner competitive with [(3)H]M. [(3)H]M binding was greatest in the cerebellum. Quantitative analyses of the distribution of autoradiographic silver grains in the cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus showed a general distribution of GABA receptors in the neuropil: molecular layer > granular layer > cerebellar nuclei > white matter. The highest binding of [(3)H]M occurred on the Purkinje cell somatic surface, in the basket axon formation surrounding the cell body and its axon initial segment, and somewhat less on basket and stellate cell somata. Neuroglial cells of the cortex have no [(3)H]M binding capacity; some glial cells in the cerebellar nuclei do. The role of glial cells in GABA uptake, metabolism, and GABA-receptor-mediated mechanisms remains to be clarified. The distribution of GABA receptors as indicated by [(3)H]M binding differs from the distribution of [(3)H]GABA uptake and GABA synthesizing and degradative sites."}
{"id": "PMID:273214", "title": "Photoperiodic regulation of the hamster testis: dependence on circadian rhythms.", "content": "The testes of hamsters exposed to short days (10 hr of light per day) regress within 13 weeks. Administration of 7.5% deuterium oxide to hamsters lengthens the period of free running circadian activity rhythms by 2.2% and prevents testicular regression during short-day exposure. This consistent with predictions derived from an external coincidence model for photoperiodic time measurement: Deuterium oxide changes phase relationships between the light-dark cycle and the circadian system, the hamster's daily photosensitive phase is stimulated with light during short days, and the testes remain large. Conservation of the period of circadian rhythms within narrow limits has adaptive significance for hamster photoperiodism and for the occurrence and phasing of the annual reproductive cycle.", "contents": "Photoperiodic regulation of the hamster testis: dependence on circadian rhythms. The testes of hamsters exposed to short days (10 hr of light per day) regress within 13 weeks. Administration of 7.5% deuterium oxide to hamsters lengthens the period of free running circadian activity rhythms by 2.2% and prevents testicular regression during short-day exposure. This consistent with predictions derived from an external coincidence model for photoperiodic time measurement: Deuterium oxide changes phase relationships between the light-dark cycle and the circadian system, the hamster's daily photosensitive phase is stimulated with light during short days, and the testes remain large. Conservation of the period of circadian rhythms within narrow limits has adaptive significance for hamster photoperiodism and for the occurrence and phasing of the annual reproductive cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:273215", "title": "Inhibition of putrescine synthesis blocks development of the polychete Ophryotrocha labronica at gastrulation.", "content": "Development eggs of the polychete Ophryotrocha labronica were analyzed for polyamines during the first 6 days after fertilization. The spermine content dominated initially, but gradually decreased. It was surpassed by putrescine, which rapidly increased to a maximum on the 3rd day, i.e., at the inception of grastrulation. The spermidine content was low during the entire period. Treatment of eggs with the putrescine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methylornithine from the onset of development led to developmental arrest at gastrulation and to an abnormally low content of putrescine in the treated embryos. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of spermine and spermidine synthesis, had no visible effect of development. Our observations strongly suggest that putrescine synthesis is indispensable in early embryonic development of Ophryotrocha.", "contents": "Inhibition of putrescine synthesis blocks development of the polychete Ophryotrocha labronica at gastrulation. Development eggs of the polychete Ophryotrocha labronica were analyzed for polyamines during the first 6 days after fertilization. The spermine content dominated initially, but gradually decreased. It was surpassed by putrescine, which rapidly increased to a maximum on the 3rd day, i.e., at the inception of grastrulation. The spermidine content was low during the entire period. Treatment of eggs with the putrescine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methylornithine from the onset of development led to developmental arrest at gastrulation and to an abnormally low content of putrescine in the treated embryos. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of spermine and spermidine synthesis, had no visible effect of development. Our observations strongly suggest that putrescine synthesis is indispensable in early embryonic development of Ophryotrocha."}
{"id": "PMID:273216", "title": "The molecular mechanism of excitation in visual transduction and bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "An electronic theory of excitation is proposed and described in terms of a three-dimensional excited/ground-state energy surface which elucidates the photochemical and excited-state dynamics of rhodopsins. In this theory the primary action of light is to produce significant electron redistribution in the retinal, thereby generating new interactions that vibrationally excite and perturb the ground-state protein conformation. Thus, light energy causes charge redistribution in the retinal and induces transient charge-density assisted bond rearrangements (such as proton translocation) in the protein structure which is stabilized by subsequent retinal structural alteration. In this theory the isoprenoid chain of the retinal is considered a structurally pliable molecular entity that can generate charge redistributions and can be subsequently achieve intermediate conformations or various isomeric states to minimize the energy of the new protein structure generated by light. Thus, the 11-cis to all trans isomerization of the retinylidene chromophore is not considered a primary mechanism of excitation. An alternate biological role for this molecular process (which is eventually completed in all photoreceptors but not in bacterial rhodopsins) is to provide the irreversibility needed for effective quantum detection on the time scale of a neural response. Finally, it will be demonstrated that this mechanism, which readily accounts for the photophysical and photochemical data, can also be restated in terms of the Monod, Wyman, and Changeux terminology suggesting that aggregates of these pigments may function allosterically.", "contents": "The molecular mechanism of excitation in visual transduction and bacteriorhodopsin. An electronic theory of excitation is proposed and described in terms of a three-dimensional excited/ground-state energy surface which elucidates the photochemical and excited-state dynamics of rhodopsins. In this theory the primary action of light is to produce significant electron redistribution in the retinal, thereby generating new interactions that vibrationally excite and perturb the ground-state protein conformation. Thus, light energy causes charge redistribution in the retinal and induces transient charge-density assisted bond rearrangements (such as proton translocation) in the protein structure which is stabilized by subsequent retinal structural alteration. In this theory the isoprenoid chain of the retinal is considered a structurally pliable molecular entity that can generate charge redistributions and can be subsequently achieve intermediate conformations or various isomeric states to minimize the energy of the new protein structure generated by light. Thus, the 11-cis to all trans isomerization of the retinylidene chromophore is not considered a primary mechanism of excitation. An alternate biological role for this molecular process (which is eventually completed in all photoreceptors but not in bacterial rhodopsins) is to provide the irreversibility needed for effective quantum detection on the time scale of a neural response. Finally, it will be demonstrated that this mechanism, which readily accounts for the photophysical and photochemical data, can also be restated in terms of the Monod, Wyman, and Changeux terminology suggesting that aggregates of these pigments may function allosterically."}
{"id": "PMID:273217", "title": "On the formation of protein tertiary structure on a computer.", "content": "In this paper we carry out computer simulation studies of some of the factors responsible for protein tertiary structure. We show that it is possible to obtain (fold) a compact globular conformation from a sequence of amino acids consisting of only glycines and alanines. Our results indicate that glycines play a central role in stabilizing globular structures by facilitating the formation of turns and by destabilizing helical structures. Using this simple two-amino-acid representation, which serves as a control experiment, we are able to obtain a conformation that resembles the native structure of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, as closely as any obtained previously in folding studies. However, careful examination reveals that the true chain topology has not been reproduced here or in previous studies. We suggest that the discrepancies between calculated and observed structures are more significant than the similarities. The implications of these results for the validity of models for protein folding, the use of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in folding studies, and the possible role of glycine in the evolution of protein structure are discussed.", "contents": "On the formation of protein tertiary structure on a computer. In this paper we carry out computer simulation studies of some of the factors responsible for protein tertiary structure. We show that it is possible to obtain (fold) a compact globular conformation from a sequence of amino acids consisting of only glycines and alanines. Our results indicate that glycines play a central role in stabilizing globular structures by facilitating the formation of turns and by destabilizing helical structures. Using this simple two-amino-acid representation, which serves as a control experiment, we are able to obtain a conformation that resembles the native structure of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, as closely as any obtained previously in folding studies. However, careful examination reveals that the true chain topology has not been reproduced here or in previous studies. We suggest that the discrepancies between calculated and observed structures are more significant than the similarities. The implications of these results for the validity of models for protein folding, the use of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in folding studies, and the possible role of glycine in the evolution of protein structure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273218", "title": "Respective roles of short- and long-range interactions in protein folding.", "content": "A lattice model of protein is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation method. The native conformation of the lattice protein molecule is stabilized by specific long-range and short-ranged interactions. By comparing results of simulation for different relative weights of the long- and short-range interactions, it is concluded that the specific long-range interactions are essential for highly cooperative stabilization of the native conformation and that the short-range interactions accelerate the folding and unfolding transitions.", "contents": "Respective roles of short- and long-range interactions in protein folding. A lattice model of protein is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation method. The native conformation of the lattice protein molecule is stabilized by specific long-range and short-ranged interactions. By comparing results of simulation for different relative weights of the long- and short-range interactions, it is concluded that the specific long-range interactions are essential for highly cooperative stabilization of the native conformation and that the short-range interactions accelerate the folding and unfolding transitions."}
{"id": "PMID:273219", "title": "Model compounds for the T state of hemoglobin.", "content": "O2 binding to a series of ferrous and cobaltous \"picket fence\" porphyrins is reported. N-Methylimidazole and covalently attached imidazoles gives O2 binding to ferrous porphyrins with deltaH degrees =-16.2 kcal/mol (-67.7 kJ/mol) and deltaS degrees =-40 eu (standard state, 1 atmosphere O2). Similar studies with cobaltous porphyrins yield deltaH degrees =- 12.8 kcal/mol (-53.5 kJ/mol) and deltaS degrees =- 39 eu. These values match well those of myoglobin and isolated subunits of hemoglobin and their cobalt reconstituted analogues. 1,2-Dimethylimidazole has been successfully used to mimic the presumed restraint of T state hemoglobin. In direct analogy to the decreased cooperativity shown by cobalt-substituted hemoglobin, model cobalt porphyrins show a smaller decrease in O2 affinity than the analogous iron porphyrins when the axial base is hindered. Thermodynamic data are presented. The molecular mechanism of cooperativity in hemoglobin is discussed.", "contents": "Model compounds for the T state of hemoglobin. O2 binding to a series of ferrous and cobaltous \"picket fence\" porphyrins is reported. N-Methylimidazole and covalently attached imidazoles gives O2 binding to ferrous porphyrins with deltaH degrees =-16.2 kcal/mol (-67.7 kJ/mol) and deltaS degrees =-40 eu (standard state, 1 atmosphere O2). Similar studies with cobaltous porphyrins yield deltaH degrees =- 12.8 kcal/mol (-53.5 kJ/mol) and deltaS degrees =- 39 eu. These values match well those of myoglobin and isolated subunits of hemoglobin and their cobalt reconstituted analogues. 1,2-Dimethylimidazole has been successfully used to mimic the presumed restraint of T state hemoglobin. In direct analogy to the decreased cooperativity shown by cobalt-substituted hemoglobin, model cobalt porphyrins show a smaller decrease in O2 affinity than the analogous iron porphyrins when the axial base is hindered. Thermodynamic data are presented. The molecular mechanism of cooperativity in hemoglobin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273220", "title": "Picosecond photodissociation and subsequent recombination processes in carbon monoxide hemoglobin.", "content": "Excitation of HbCO by a single 6-psec 530-nm pulse results in photodissociation with a first-order constant of 0.89 X 10(11) sec-1. The kinetics of photodissociation, monitored by following absorbance changes in the Soret band at 440 nm, are interpreted as corresponding to predissociation followed by a corssing into a dissociative state. Subsequent recombination of CO with the porphyrin system and protein structural transformations were monitored by use of a continuous He-Cd laser beam spatially coincident with the photolysis and Soret interrogation beams at the sample. We find that the latter events take place in three distinct time regions, depending on exciation pulse energy and repetition rate. Exictation of HbCO with a single pulse (0.8--5 mJ) results in a relaxation to the ground state with an associative first-order constant of 5 X 10(3) sec-1. With a 100-pulse train (approximately 7.5 mJ), a new decay grows with a rate constant of 63 sec-1. For a pulse-train energy of 12 mJ or higher, a delay occurs at the onset of the second (slower) recombination.", "contents": "Picosecond photodissociation and subsequent recombination processes in carbon monoxide hemoglobin. Excitation of HbCO by a single 6-psec 530-nm pulse results in photodissociation with a first-order constant of 0.89 X 10(11) sec-1. The kinetics of photodissociation, monitored by following absorbance changes in the Soret band at 440 nm, are interpreted as corresponding to predissociation followed by a corssing into a dissociative state. Subsequent recombination of CO with the porphyrin system and protein structural transformations were monitored by use of a continuous He-Cd laser beam spatially coincident with the photolysis and Soret interrogation beams at the sample. We find that the latter events take place in three distinct time regions, depending on exciation pulse energy and repetition rate. Exictation of HbCO with a single pulse (0.8--5 mJ) results in a relaxation to the ground state with an associative first-order constant of 5 X 10(3) sec-1. With a 100-pulse train (approximately 7.5 mJ), a new decay grows with a rate constant of 63 sec-1. For a pulse-train energy of 12 mJ or higher, a delay occurs at the onset of the second (slower) recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:273221", "title": "Search for relationships among the hemolytic, phospholipolytic, and neurotoxic activities of snake venoms.", "content": "Several snake venom neurotoxins are larger and more complex than the well-studied group of postsynaptic toxins exemplified by alpha-bungarotoxin. Several of these, exemplified by beta-bungarotoxin, show phospholipase A2 activity (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) when tested in the presence of detergents. The high hemolytic activity of crotoxin, the neurotoxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus, in the presence of lecithin has been attributed to this activity. The phospholipase A2 activity of several snake venom proteins has now been compared under the physiological conditions of the hemolysis tests. It appears that only the basic component of crotoxin, B, is enzymatically active, and that its activity is not inhibited by component A under these conditions, or in the presence of deoxycholate. Phosphatidylserine is found to be digested more readily than egg white phosphatidylcholine; and also causes hemolysis in conjunction with much lower levels of crotoxin. In neither case is calcium required or stimulating. Phospholipase from Crotalus adamanteus, which is not neurotoxic, digests phosphatidylcholine more rapidly than does crotoxin, but phosphatidylserine more slowly; yet it is slightly less active than crotoxin in the hemolysis test with phosphatidylcholine, and much less with phosphatidylserine. The digestion of several phospholipids by either enzyme fails to release the expected protons in the absence of detergents at 37 degrees .beta-Bungarotoxin, highly neurotoxic, has negligible phospholipase A2 activity in the absence of detergents, and is almost nonhemolytic in conjunction with all phospholipids tested.Binding studies with (125)I-labeled compounds show that rabbit erythrocytes and ghosts have much greater affinity for crotoxin than for beta-bungarotoxin and do not bind Crotalus adamanteus phospholipase. The crotoxin complex is split in the course of binding, with only component B, the hemolytic component, becoming bound. It appears that the role of component A may be to diminish the nonspecific binding tendency of component B. Our data appear to be consistent with the concepts that affinity to membranes, particularly to specific sites on synaptic membranes, is the critical requirement for beta type neurotoxicity, and that this property, at least in some instances, has evolved from phospholipase A2 enzymes, but does not necessarily require retention and expression of enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Search for relationships among the hemolytic, phospholipolytic, and neurotoxic activities of snake venoms. Several snake venom neurotoxins are larger and more complex than the well-studied group of postsynaptic toxins exemplified by alpha-bungarotoxin. Several of these, exemplified by beta-bungarotoxin, show phospholipase A2 activity (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) when tested in the presence of detergents. The high hemolytic activity of crotoxin, the neurotoxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus, in the presence of lecithin has been attributed to this activity. The phospholipase A2 activity of several snake venom proteins has now been compared under the physiological conditions of the hemolysis tests. It appears that only the basic component of crotoxin, B, is enzymatically active, and that its activity is not inhibited by component A under these conditions, or in the presence of deoxycholate. Phosphatidylserine is found to be digested more readily than egg white phosphatidylcholine; and also causes hemolysis in conjunction with much lower levels of crotoxin. In neither case is calcium required or stimulating. Phospholipase from Crotalus adamanteus, which is not neurotoxic, digests phosphatidylcholine more rapidly than does crotoxin, but phosphatidylserine more slowly; yet it is slightly less active than crotoxin in the hemolysis test with phosphatidylcholine, and much less with phosphatidylserine. The digestion of several phospholipids by either enzyme fails to release the expected protons in the absence of detergents at 37 degrees .beta-Bungarotoxin, highly neurotoxic, has negligible phospholipase A2 activity in the absence of detergents, and is almost nonhemolytic in conjunction with all phospholipids tested.Binding studies with (125)I-labeled compounds show that rabbit erythrocytes and ghosts have much greater affinity for crotoxin than for beta-bungarotoxin and do not bind Crotalus adamanteus phospholipase. The crotoxin complex is split in the course of binding, with only component B, the hemolytic component, becoming bound. It appears that the role of component A may be to diminish the nonspecific binding tendency of component B. Our data appear to be consistent with the concepts that affinity to membranes, particularly to specific sites on synaptic membranes, is the critical requirement for beta type neurotoxicity, and that this property, at least in some instances, has evolved from phospholipase A2 enzymes, but does not necessarily require retention and expression of enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:273222", "title": "Analysis of the phiX DNA replication cycle by electron microscopy.", "content": "We have monitored the development of intracellular phiX DNA forms during the course of a virus life cycle that duplicates as closely as possible the normal infection of individual cells by single virions. The viral DNA was isolated in a one-step purification procedure, and quantitative electron microscopy was performed on the samples, resulting in the following conclusions: (i) Early in the life cycle, when the cells accumulate duplex rings, two types of DNA replication intermediates are observed: a rolling circle with a single-stranded tail; and a novel form, a single-stranded circle that is partially duplex. Thus, duplex ring synthesis appears to occur in two asymmetric steps, with positive strand DNA first being processed from the tail of the rolling circle and circularized, before it acts as a template for negative strand synthesis. (ii) Late in the life cycle, as single-stranded circles are synthesized and virus particles are assembled, only one replicating intermediate is observed--the rolling circle with a single-stranded tail. At this stage, the number of rolling circles reaches a level of about 35 per cell. (iii) The net rate of polymerization in the rolling circle intermediates is about 200 nucleotides per sec.", "contents": "Analysis of the phiX DNA replication cycle by electron microscopy. We have monitored the development of intracellular phiX DNA forms during the course of a virus life cycle that duplicates as closely as possible the normal infection of individual cells by single virions. The viral DNA was isolated in a one-step purification procedure, and quantitative electron microscopy was performed on the samples, resulting in the following conclusions: (i) Early in the life cycle, when the cells accumulate duplex rings, two types of DNA replication intermediates are observed: a rolling circle with a single-stranded tail; and a novel form, a single-stranded circle that is partially duplex. Thus, duplex ring synthesis appears to occur in two asymmetric steps, with positive strand DNA first being processed from the tail of the rolling circle and circularized, before it acts as a template for negative strand synthesis. (ii) Late in the life cycle, as single-stranded circles are synthesized and virus particles are assembled, only one replicating intermediate is observed--the rolling circle with a single-stranded tail. At this stage, the number of rolling circles reaches a level of about 35 per cell. (iii) The net rate of polymerization in the rolling circle intermediates is about 200 nucleotides per sec."}
{"id": "PMID:273223", "title": "On the physical basis for ambiguity in genetic coding interactions.", "content": "We report the relative stabilities, in the form of complex lifetimes, of complexes between the tRNAs complementary, or nearly so, in their anticodons. The results show striking parallels with the genetic coding rules, including the wobble interaction and the role of modified nucleotides S2U and V (a 5-oxyacetic acid derivative of U). One important difference between the genetic code and the pairing rules in the tRNA-tRNA interaction is the stability in the latter of the short wobble pairs, which the wobble hypothesis excludes. We stress the potential of U for translational errors, and suggest a simple stereochemical basis for ribosome-mediated discrimination against short wobble pairs. Surprisingly, the stability of anticodon-anticodon complexes does not vary systematically on base sequence. Because of the close similarity to the genetic coding rules, it is tempting to speculate that the interaction between two RNA loops may have been part of the physical basis for the evolutionary origin of the genetic code, and that this mechanism may still be utilized by folding the mRNA on the ribosome into a loop similar to the anticodon loop.", "contents": "On the physical basis for ambiguity in genetic coding interactions. We report the relative stabilities, in the form of complex lifetimes, of complexes between the tRNAs complementary, or nearly so, in their anticodons. The results show striking parallels with the genetic coding rules, including the wobble interaction and the role of modified nucleotides S2U and V (a 5-oxyacetic acid derivative of U). One important difference between the genetic code and the pairing rules in the tRNA-tRNA interaction is the stability in the latter of the short wobble pairs, which the wobble hypothesis excludes. We stress the potential of U for translational errors, and suggest a simple stereochemical basis for ribosome-mediated discrimination against short wobble pairs. Surprisingly, the stability of anticodon-anticodon complexes does not vary systematically on base sequence. Because of the close similarity to the genetic coding rules, it is tempting to speculate that the interaction between two RNA loops may have been part of the physical basis for the evolutionary origin of the genetic code, and that this mechanism may still be utilized by folding the mRNA on the ribosome into a loop similar to the anticodon loop."}
{"id": "PMID:273224", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of an insertion element, IS1.", "content": "PSM2, PSM1, and PSM15 are small plasmids derived from R100 by spontaneous deletions at either end of the insertion sequence IS1. These plasmids were used to identify regions neighboring IS1 as well as the IS1 DNA itself, by cleavage with EcoR1, HindIII, Hae III, Hpa II, Hha I, Hinf, and AIu I. The nucleotide sequencing results demonstrate that IS1 contains 768 bases. About 30 bases at the ends of IS1 were found to be repeated in an inverted order. The deletions occurring at the ends of IS1 were found to be due to illegitimate recombination. The hypothesis that RNA polymerase could play an important role in such recombination phenomena is discussed based on the nucleotide sequences surrounding the recombinational hot spots.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of an insertion element, IS1. PSM2, PSM1, and PSM15 are small plasmids derived from R100 by spontaneous deletions at either end of the insertion sequence IS1. These plasmids were used to identify regions neighboring IS1 as well as the IS1 DNA itself, by cleavage with EcoR1, HindIII, Hae III, Hpa II, Hha I, Hinf, and AIu I. The nucleotide sequencing results demonstrate that IS1 contains 768 bases. About 30 bases at the ends of IS1 were found to be repeated in an inverted order. The deletions occurring at the ends of IS1 were found to be due to illegitimate recombination. The hypothesis that RNA polymerase could play an important role in such recombination phenomena is discussed based on the nucleotide sequences surrounding the recombinational hot spots."}
{"id": "PMID:273225", "title": "Two regions of the adenovirus 2 genome specify families of late polysomal RNAs containing common sequences.", "content": "Late cytoplasmic RNAs specified by two regions of the adenovirus 2 genome (39.3--51.8 and 70.7--83.4 map units) were analyzed by size fractionation of poly(A)-[3H]RNA and subsequent hybridization to DNA fragments. Both regions encode RNAs whose sequence content exceeds the coding capacity of the region. These multiple transcripts are likely to function as mRNAs, because they are present on polyribosomes. The DNA segment 39.3--51.8 specifies 27S, 22S, and 18S RNAs. The genome sites specifying these three size classes were determined by hybridizations with seven different DNA fragments from this region of the genome. The 3' termini of all three size classes are specified by sequences near a common site, position 50.1. The 27S RNA includes sequences beginning near 39.3, the 22S RNA contains sequences from 41.0, and the 18S RNA includes sequences from approximately 45.3 on the unit genome. A second family of four RNAs is transcribed from 70.7--83.4. These 28S, 22S, 18S, and 16S RNAs have a relationship similar to the RNAs transcribed from 39.3--51.8. Sequences near the 5' ends of these four size classes are specified by different genome sites. However, the 3' termini of all four size classes were localized near map position 80.4. The synthesis of families of RNA may allow the translation of multiple polypeptides from a genome segment that has only one terminator site for mRNA synthesis.", "contents": "Two regions of the adenovirus 2 genome specify families of late polysomal RNAs containing common sequences. Late cytoplasmic RNAs specified by two regions of the adenovirus 2 genome (39.3--51.8 and 70.7--83.4 map units) were analyzed by size fractionation of poly(A)-[3H]RNA and subsequent hybridization to DNA fragments. Both regions encode RNAs whose sequence content exceeds the coding capacity of the region. These multiple transcripts are likely to function as mRNAs, because they are present on polyribosomes. The DNA segment 39.3--51.8 specifies 27S, 22S, and 18S RNAs. The genome sites specifying these three size classes were determined by hybridizations with seven different DNA fragments from this region of the genome. The 3' termini of all three size classes are specified by sequences near a common site, position 50.1. The 27S RNA includes sequences beginning near 39.3, the 22S RNA contains sequences from 41.0, and the 18S RNA includes sequences from approximately 45.3 on the unit genome. A second family of four RNAs is transcribed from 70.7--83.4. These 28S, 22S, 18S, and 16S RNAs have a relationship similar to the RNAs transcribed from 39.3--51.8. Sequences near the 5' ends of these four size classes are specified by different genome sites. However, the 3' termini of all four size classes were localized near map position 80.4. The synthesis of families of RNA may allow the translation of multiple polypeptides from a genome segment that has only one terminator site for mRNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:273226", "title": "Identification of precursor molecules to individual tRNA species from Bombyx mori.", "content": "Short-labeled 4.5S RNA molecules isolated from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori can be separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into many discrete species, some of which are radiochemically pure by the criteria of RNA fingerprinting. One region of the gel contains two precursor RNAs, one to each of the known alanine transfer RNAs. Each precursor tRNAAla molecule contains all of the internal oligonucleotides present in the corresponding tRNAAla species plus new 5'-and 3'-terminal sequences. Precursor molecules to tRNA1Gly (which differ from each other in size) are contained in two other gel regions, and a fourth region contains a precursor to tRNA2Gly. Both of the transcription initiator purine tetraphosphate nucleosides are present in unfractionated tRNA precursor mixtures, with pppA- predominating over pppG-. Minor nucleotides are also present in B. mori tRNA precursors. No polycistronic tRNA gene transcripts were observed.", "contents": "Identification of precursor molecules to individual tRNA species from Bombyx mori. Short-labeled 4.5S RNA molecules isolated from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori can be separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into many discrete species, some of which are radiochemically pure by the criteria of RNA fingerprinting. One region of the gel contains two precursor RNAs, one to each of the known alanine transfer RNAs. Each precursor tRNAAla molecule contains all of the internal oligonucleotides present in the corresponding tRNAAla species plus new 5'-and 3'-terminal sequences. Precursor molecules to tRNA1Gly (which differ from each other in size) are contained in two other gel regions, and a fourth region contains a precursor to tRNA2Gly. Both of the transcription initiator purine tetraphosphate nucleosides are present in unfractionated tRNA precursor mixtures, with pppA- predominating over pppG-. Minor nucleotides are also present in B. mori tRNA precursors. No polycistronic tRNA gene transcripts were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:273227", "title": "How many base-pairs per turn does DNA have in solution and in chromatin? Some theoretical calculations.", "content": "Calculations on a 20-base pair segment of DNA double helix using empirical energy functions show that DNA can be bent smoothly and uniformly into a superhelix with a small enough radius (45 A) to fit the dimensions of chromatin. The variation of energy with the twist of the base pairs about the helix axis shows the straight DNA free in solution is most stable with about 10 1/2 base pairs per turn rather than 10 as observed in the solid state, whereas superhelical DNA in chromatin is most stable with about 10 base pairs per turn. This result, which has a simple physical interpretation, explains the pattern of nuclease cuts and the linkage number changes observed for DNA arranged in chromatin.", "contents": "How many base-pairs per turn does DNA have in solution and in chromatin? Some theoretical calculations. Calculations on a 20-base pair segment of DNA double helix using empirical energy functions show that DNA can be bent smoothly and uniformly into a superhelix with a small enough radius (45 A) to fit the dimensions of chromatin. The variation of energy with the twist of the base pairs about the helix axis shows the straight DNA free in solution is most stable with about 10 1/2 base pairs per turn rather than 10 as observed in the solid state, whereas superhelical DNA in chromatin is most stable with about 10 base pairs per turn. This result, which has a simple physical interpretation, explains the pattern of nuclease cuts and the linkage number changes observed for DNA arranged in chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:273228", "title": "Translational control: recognition of the methylated 5' end and an internal sequence in eukaryotic mRNA by the initiation factor that binds methionyl-tRNAfMet.", "content": "Structural analogs of the methylated 5' end (cap) of eukaryotic mRNA, such as 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate, specifically inhibit both GTP-dependent binding of Met-tRNAfMet and binding of globin mRNA to eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). Addition of purified eIF-2 effectively relieves the cap analog-induced inhibition of globin mRNA translation. The analog competitively inhibits the function of eIF-2 and of mRNA in protein synthesis. Binding to eIF-2 of capped mRNA as well as noncapped mRNA, such as Mengo virus RNA, can be inhibited completely by free cap molecules, but much more cap is needed to inhibit binding of Mengo virus RNA. mRNA, whether or not it is capped, competitively inhibits the binding of Met-tRNAfMet to eIF-2. These results provide compelling evidence that eIF-2 recognizes mRNA. It is shown that binding of mRNA to eIF-2 is primarily at an internal sequence, and secondarily through the cap. A model for the function of eIF-2 is presented that can account for all these properties. This model can provide a molecular basis for the differential translation of mRNA species, whether or not they are capped.", "contents": "Translational control: recognition of the methylated 5' end and an internal sequence in eukaryotic mRNA by the initiation factor that binds methionyl-tRNAfMet. Structural analogs of the methylated 5' end (cap) of eukaryotic mRNA, such as 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate, specifically inhibit both GTP-dependent binding of Met-tRNAfMet and binding of globin mRNA to eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). Addition of purified eIF-2 effectively relieves the cap analog-induced inhibition of globin mRNA translation. The analog competitively inhibits the function of eIF-2 and of mRNA in protein synthesis. Binding to eIF-2 of capped mRNA as well as noncapped mRNA, such as Mengo virus RNA, can be inhibited completely by free cap molecules, but much more cap is needed to inhibit binding of Mengo virus RNA. mRNA, whether or not it is capped, competitively inhibits the binding of Met-tRNAfMet to eIF-2. These results provide compelling evidence that eIF-2 recognizes mRNA. It is shown that binding of mRNA to eIF-2 is primarily at an internal sequence, and secondarily through the cap. A model for the function of eIF-2 is presented that can account for all these properties. This model can provide a molecular basis for the differential translation of mRNA species, whether or not they are capped."}
{"id": "PMID:273229", "title": "Accumulation of a slowly dissociable peptide hormone binding component by isolated target cells.", "content": "The overall rate of dissociation and the fraction of bound radioiodinated human growth hormone that dissociated from hepatocytes varied with time of association. A smaller fraction of bound hormone was dissociable from isolated target cells with increased receptor occupancy and increased incubation time prior to the onset of dissociation. The inability of bound label to reequilibrate completely with the medium was demonstrated further by preincubating cells with labeled hormone prior to the initiation of saturation experiments. In such experiments, time-dependent changes in the binding properties of bound label were observed in Scatchard plots, as a result of the inability of prebound label to reequilibrate rapidly with the medium over the time course of such experiments. These data suggest that bound hormone may be distributed between at least two kinetic components. This phenomenon could be interpreted in terms of heterogeneity of sites, a slow conformational change in the receptor, or a model incorporating spatial compartmentalization of sites.", "contents": "Accumulation of a slowly dissociable peptide hormone binding component by isolated target cells. The overall rate of dissociation and the fraction of bound radioiodinated human growth hormone that dissociated from hepatocytes varied with time of association. A smaller fraction of bound hormone was dissociable from isolated target cells with increased receptor occupancy and increased incubation time prior to the onset of dissociation. The inability of bound label to reequilibrate completely with the medium was demonstrated further by preincubating cells with labeled hormone prior to the initiation of saturation experiments. In such experiments, time-dependent changes in the binding properties of bound label were observed in Scatchard plots, as a result of the inability of prebound label to reequilibrate rapidly with the medium over the time course of such experiments. These data suggest that bound hormone may be distributed between at least two kinetic components. This phenomenon could be interpreted in terms of heterogeneity of sites, a slow conformational change in the receptor, or a model incorporating spatial compartmentalization of sites."}
{"id": "PMID:273230", "title": "Displacement-loop replication initiation sequence in animal mitochondrial DNA exists as a family of discrete lengths.", "content": "The single-stranded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement-loop initiation sequence (7S mtDNA) is hydrogen-bonded at the origin of replication in animal cell mtDNA. Analysis of 7S mtDNA from several cell sources indicates that this initiation sequence exists as a family of fragments of relatively discrete lengths. mtDNA from both mouse L cells and mouse liver has four major sizes of 7S mtDNA fragments, ranging from 500 to 580 nucleotides in length. The 5'-end region of each of these species is the same; thus, the size heterogeneity is due primarily to differences in length at the 3'-end of these molecules. By contrast, 7S mtDNA from both human KB cells and human liver exists in three major forms, ranging from 555 to 615 nucleotides in length, due to differences at both terminal regions. The mtDNA initiation sequence from Xenopus laevis oocytes also exists in at least two forms, 1350 and 1510 nucleotides in length. Thus, the maintenance of multiple forms of mtDNA initiation sequence appears to be a general phenomenon of animal cells, although the precise mechanism of synthesis or processing of these forms is variable. The sequence of 42 nucleotides at the 5'-end of 7S mtDNA from mouse L cells has been determined and found to be rich in dGuo and dThd residues, with no apparent palindromes or potential secondary structures. We thus present sequence information on the replication origin of mtDNA, as defined by the naturally occurring 7S mtDNA.", "contents": "Displacement-loop replication initiation sequence in animal mitochondrial DNA exists as a family of discrete lengths. The single-stranded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement-loop initiation sequence (7S mtDNA) is hydrogen-bonded at the origin of replication in animal cell mtDNA. Analysis of 7S mtDNA from several cell sources indicates that this initiation sequence exists as a family of fragments of relatively discrete lengths. mtDNA from both mouse L cells and mouse liver has four major sizes of 7S mtDNA fragments, ranging from 500 to 580 nucleotides in length. The 5'-end region of each of these species is the same; thus, the size heterogeneity is due primarily to differences in length at the 3'-end of these molecules. By contrast, 7S mtDNA from both human KB cells and human liver exists in three major forms, ranging from 555 to 615 nucleotides in length, due to differences at both terminal regions. The mtDNA initiation sequence from Xenopus laevis oocytes also exists in at least two forms, 1350 and 1510 nucleotides in length. Thus, the maintenance of multiple forms of mtDNA initiation sequence appears to be a general phenomenon of animal cells, although the precise mechanism of synthesis or processing of these forms is variable. The sequence of 42 nucleotides at the 5'-end of 7S mtDNA from mouse L cells has been determined and found to be rich in dGuo and dThd residues, with no apparent palindromes or potential secondary structures. We thus present sequence information on the replication origin of mtDNA, as defined by the naturally occurring 7S mtDNA."}
{"id": "PMID:273231", "title": "Preferential transcription of the ovalbumin gene in isolated hen oviduct nuclei by RNA polymerase B.", "content": "The synthesis of ovalbumin mRNA sequences was studied in isolated nuclei from hen oviduct. Two different methods of analysis were used to distinguish in vitro synthesized from preexisting mRNA sequences: (i) Mercurated ribonucleotides were used for in vitro RNA synthesis, and the newly synthesized RNA was purified by chromatography on sulfhydryl-agarose and hybridized to radioactive ovalbumin cDNA. (ii) [3H]UTP was used to label the in vitro synthesized RNA. Hybridization to unlabeled mercurated cDNA, RNase A digestion, and subsequent purification of the hybrids on SH-agarose allowed the quantitation of newly synthesized ovalbumin mRNA sequences. Approximately 0.1% of the newly synthesized RNA was identified as ovalbumin RNA by both methods. The synthesis of ovalbumin RNA progressed during the incubation of nuclei and was sensitive to actinomycin D and low concentrations of alpha-amanitin. The preferential in vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene (1000-fold over random transcription of the chicken genome) by RNA polymerase B (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) suggests that the specificity of in vitro RNA synthesis is retained in isolated nuclei.", "contents": "Preferential transcription of the ovalbumin gene in isolated hen oviduct nuclei by RNA polymerase B. The synthesis of ovalbumin mRNA sequences was studied in isolated nuclei from hen oviduct. Two different methods of analysis were used to distinguish in vitro synthesized from preexisting mRNA sequences: (i) Mercurated ribonucleotides were used for in vitro RNA synthesis, and the newly synthesized RNA was purified by chromatography on sulfhydryl-agarose and hybridized to radioactive ovalbumin cDNA. (ii) [3H]UTP was used to label the in vitro synthesized RNA. Hybridization to unlabeled mercurated cDNA, RNase A digestion, and subsequent purification of the hybrids on SH-agarose allowed the quantitation of newly synthesized ovalbumin mRNA sequences. Approximately 0.1% of the newly synthesized RNA was identified as ovalbumin RNA by both methods. The synthesis of ovalbumin RNA progressed during the incubation of nuclei and was sensitive to actinomycin D and low concentrations of alpha-amanitin. The preferential in vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene (1000-fold over random transcription of the chicken genome) by RNA polymerase B (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) suggests that the specificity of in vitro RNA synthesis is retained in isolated nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:273232", "title": "Amino acid sequence of honeybee prepromelittin synthesized in vitro.", "content": "Translation of melittin messenger RNA from queen bee venom glands in a cell-free system from wheat germ yielded prepromelittin. Sequence analysis of the labeled in vitro product was performed by automatic Edman degradation of the intact polypeptide as well as by analysis of some of its proteolytic fragments. Prepromelittin was shown to be composed of 70 amino acids, two of which have not been identified. The sequence of melittin is located in the COOH-terminal third of the polypeptide chain (residues 44--69). Prepromelittin starts with a very hydrophobic pre-region, probably 21 residues long, followed by a pro-part of unusual sequence, containing only alanine, proline, and acidic residues. At least three post-translational reactions are required to convert prepromelittin to mellitin.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of honeybee prepromelittin synthesized in vitro. Translation of melittin messenger RNA from queen bee venom glands in a cell-free system from wheat germ yielded prepromelittin. Sequence analysis of the labeled in vitro product was performed by automatic Edman degradation of the intact polypeptide as well as by analysis of some of its proteolytic fragments. Prepromelittin was shown to be composed of 70 amino acids, two of which have not been identified. The sequence of melittin is located in the COOH-terminal third of the polypeptide chain (residues 44--69). Prepromelittin starts with a very hydrophobic pre-region, probably 21 residues long, followed by a pro-part of unusual sequence, containing only alanine, proline, and acidic residues. At least three post-translational reactions are required to convert prepromelittin to mellitin."}
{"id": "PMID:273233", "title": "Chromatin structure in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The structure of Dictyostelium discoideum chromatin has been studied by the following techniques: electron microscopy, staphylococcal nuclease digestion, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and melting. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is a particle 98.6 A in diameter. Approximately 50% of the chromatin is protected from nuclease digestion, but this decreases when protease activity is not inhibited. The nucleosome contains 187 base pairs of DNA, including a 137-base-pair core and a 50-base-pair linker. The monomer nucleosome has an s20,w value of 11.5 S on isokinetic sucrose gradients. When the chromatin is melted, four transitions are observed, at 54.5 degrees, 66.7 degress, 74.9 degrees, and 79.7 degrees. The structure of Dictyostelium chromatin is very similar to that seen in higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Chromatin structure in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The structure of Dictyostelium discoideum chromatin has been studied by the following techniques: electron microscopy, staphylococcal nuclease digestion, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and melting. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is a particle 98.6 A in diameter. Approximately 50% of the chromatin is protected from nuclease digestion, but this decreases when protease activity is not inhibited. The nucleosome contains 187 base pairs of DNA, including a 137-base-pair core and a 50-base-pair linker. The monomer nucleosome has an s20,w value of 11.5 S on isokinetic sucrose gradients. When the chromatin is melted, four transitions are observed, at 54.5 degrees, 66.7 degress, 74.9 degrees, and 79.7 degrees. The structure of Dictyostelium chromatin is very similar to that seen in higher eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:273234", "title": "Discrete length classes of DNA depend on mode of dehydration.", "content": "The length of double-stranded coliphage lambda DNA, as determined by electron microscopy using the benzyldimethylalkyl ammonium chloride technique, depends on the mode of dehydration. The freeze-dried DNA form is the longest (16.5 micron), whereas dehydration in methanol (15.9 micron) or in ethanol (three forms: 15.2 micron, 13.9 micron, and 12.4 micron) results in progressively shorter molecules. These measured lengths of the freeze-dried, methanol-dehydrated, and shortest ethanol-dehydrated forms correspond to the axial rise per nucleotide pair in the B, C, and A forms of DNA, respectively. The remaining forms of ethanol-dehydrated DNA seem to represent novel intermediary conformations of DNA. In agreement with the predicted increment, DNA exposed to ethidium bromide and freeze-dried is elongated by 39% (22.9 micron). All size classes show the same relative distribution pattern of bound Escherichia coli RNA polymerase molecules (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC2.7.7.6), used as intramolecular markers, indicating that the dehydration-caused transitions are uniform.", "contents": "Discrete length classes of DNA depend on mode of dehydration. The length of double-stranded coliphage lambda DNA, as determined by electron microscopy using the benzyldimethylalkyl ammonium chloride technique, depends on the mode of dehydration. The freeze-dried DNA form is the longest (16.5 micron), whereas dehydration in methanol (15.9 micron) or in ethanol (three forms: 15.2 micron, 13.9 micron, and 12.4 micron) results in progressively shorter molecules. These measured lengths of the freeze-dried, methanol-dehydrated, and shortest ethanol-dehydrated forms correspond to the axial rise per nucleotide pair in the B, C, and A forms of DNA, respectively. The remaining forms of ethanol-dehydrated DNA seem to represent novel intermediary conformations of DNA. In agreement with the predicted increment, DNA exposed to ethidium bromide and freeze-dried is elongated by 39% (22.9 micron). All size classes show the same relative distribution pattern of bound Escherichia coli RNA polymerase molecules (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC2.7.7.6), used as intramolecular markers, indicating that the dehydration-caused transitions are uniform."}
{"id": "PMID:273235", "title": "Intervening sequence of DNA identified in the structural portion of a mouse beta-globin gene.", "content": "The unusual electron microscopic appearance of a hybrid formed between 9S mouse beta-globin mRNA and its corresponding cloned gene segment is caused by at least one, and possibly two, intervening sequences of DNA that interrupt the mouse beta-globin gene. Such an interpretation is consistent with a paradoxical restriction site pattern previously noted in this gene and with the nucleotide sequence of that portion of the gene that spans both structural and intervening sequences. The large intervening sequence, approximately 550 base pairs in length, occurs in the structural globin sequence and immediately follows the beta-globin codon corresponding to amino acid 104. A smaller, putative intervening sequence is located close to the 5' end of the beta-globin-coding sequence but may reside beyond its initiation codon. The beta-globin gene thus appears to be encoded in two, and possibly three, discontinuous segments.", "contents": "Intervening sequence of DNA identified in the structural portion of a mouse beta-globin gene. The unusual electron microscopic appearance of a hybrid formed between 9S mouse beta-globin mRNA and its corresponding cloned gene segment is caused by at least one, and possibly two, intervening sequences of DNA that interrupt the mouse beta-globin gene. Such an interpretation is consistent with a paradoxical restriction site pattern previously noted in this gene and with the nucleotide sequence of that portion of the gene that spans both structural and intervening sequences. The large intervening sequence, approximately 550 base pairs in length, occurs in the structural globin sequence and immediately follows the beta-globin codon corresponding to amino acid 104. A smaller, putative intervening sequence is located close to the 5' end of the beta-globin-coding sequence but may reside beyond its initiation codon. The beta-globin gene thus appears to be encoded in two, and possibly three, discontinuous segments."}
{"id": "PMID:273236", "title": "Translation of rat liver fatty acid synthetase mRNA in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ.", "content": "Total liver polysomes were isolated from rats that had fasted for 48 hr and that then had been re-fed a high-carbohydrate, fat-free diet for 20-24 hr. Indirect immunoprecipitation of the polysomes with purified antibody to rat liver fatty acid synthetase and deproteination on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing sucrose gradients gave an RNA fraction which, when translated in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ, yielded a major polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 225,000 when the translation products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polypeptide was specifically precipitated with antibody against rat liver fatty acid synthetase and competed with unlabeled fatty acid synthetase for binding to the antibody. It was somewhat smaller than native fatty acid synthetase subunits (molecular weight 240,000). The peptide accounted for approximately 65% of the radioactive, antibody-precipitable product, the remainder being peptides in the molecular weight range 100,000-150,000. Synthesis of the polypeptide was optimized with respect to K(+), Mg(2+), and spermine concentrations. The quantity of fatty acid synthetase mRNA obtained by the above procedure and measured by translation was a function of the nutritional state of the animal. The relative activity in fasting rats compared to rats that were re-fed for 12 hr was 1:12. The data suggest that rat liver fatty acid synthetase is synthesized as intact subunits from a large mRNA molecule or molecules.", "contents": "Translation of rat liver fatty acid synthetase mRNA in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. Total liver polysomes were isolated from rats that had fasted for 48 hr and that then had been re-fed a high-carbohydrate, fat-free diet for 20-24 hr. Indirect immunoprecipitation of the polysomes with purified antibody to rat liver fatty acid synthetase and deproteination on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing sucrose gradients gave an RNA fraction which, when translated in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ, yielded a major polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 225,000 when the translation products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The polypeptide was specifically precipitated with antibody against rat liver fatty acid synthetase and competed with unlabeled fatty acid synthetase for binding to the antibody. It was somewhat smaller than native fatty acid synthetase subunits (molecular weight 240,000). The peptide accounted for approximately 65% of the radioactive, antibody-precipitable product, the remainder being peptides in the molecular weight range 100,000-150,000. Synthesis of the polypeptide was optimized with respect to K(+), Mg(2+), and spermine concentrations. The quantity of fatty acid synthetase mRNA obtained by the above procedure and measured by translation was a function of the nutritional state of the animal. The relative activity in fasting rats compared to rats that were re-fed for 12 hr was 1:12. The data suggest that rat liver fatty acid synthetase is synthesized as intact subunits from a large mRNA molecule or molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:273237", "title": "Human mitochondrial DNA: analysis of 7S DNA from the origin of replication.", "content": "Heat-treated samples of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exhibited a set of three low molecular weight DNA bands in addition to the major mtDNA band when electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels. These DNA components were seen only after heat treatment or after relaxation of the mtDNA with a restriction endonuclease. The three components were single stranded and had sizes of 550, 585, and 629 nucleotides, close to the size (600 nucleotides) estimated from contour length measurements for the 7S DNA from the D loop of human mtDNA. Hybridization of the components with restriction endonuclease fragments of known position in the mtDNA confirmed this identification. Digestion of each 7S DNA component with the restriction endonuclease Hae III produced three fragments, two of which were identical in size among the components and the third of which varied. This third fragment, shown to be from the 5' end of each component, differed in length by approximately 35 nucleotides among the components. These results suggest that human 7S mtDNA synthesis is terminated at a distinct position and that it is either initiated at one of three possible sites in the same mtDNA or that the mtDNA population consists of three subpopulations, each differing from the others by the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence immediately adjacent to the origin of replication.", "contents": "Human mitochondrial DNA: analysis of 7S DNA from the origin of replication. Heat-treated samples of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exhibited a set of three low molecular weight DNA bands in addition to the major mtDNA band when electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels. These DNA components were seen only after heat treatment or after relaxation of the mtDNA with a restriction endonuclease. The three components were single stranded and had sizes of 550, 585, and 629 nucleotides, close to the size (600 nucleotides) estimated from contour length measurements for the 7S DNA from the D loop of human mtDNA. Hybridization of the components with restriction endonuclease fragments of known position in the mtDNA confirmed this identification. Digestion of each 7S DNA component with the restriction endonuclease Hae III produced three fragments, two of which were identical in size among the components and the third of which varied. This third fragment, shown to be from the 5' end of each component, differed in length by approximately 35 nucleotides among the components. These results suggest that human 7S mtDNA synthesis is terminated at a distinct position and that it is either initiated at one of three possible sites in the same mtDNA or that the mtDNA population consists of three subpopulations, each differing from the others by the presence or absence of a nucleotide sequence immediately adjacent to the origin of replication."}
{"id": "PMID:273238", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by the heme-regulated protein kinase: inhibition of interaction of Met-tRNAfMet binding factor with another initiation factor in formation of Met-tRNAfMet.40S ribosomal subunit complexes.", "content": "Protein synthesis in reticulocytes and their lysates is regulated by heme. In heme deficiency a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) that blocks initiation of polypeptide chains is activated. HRI is a protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of the Met-tRNA(f) (Met) binding factor (IF), which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNA(f) (Met) and GTP, a finding that suggests that the inhibition by HRI involves the phosphorylation of IF. We have investigated the effect of HRI in the partial reactions of protein chain initiation in which the IF-promoted binding of Met-tRNA(f) (Met) to 40S ribosomal subunits is enhanced by another initiation factor [ternary complex dissociation factor (TDF)] and AUG. The results show that HRI at very low concentrations markedly inhibits the binding of Met-tRNA(f) (Met) to 40S subunits. The inhibitory effect of HRI requires ATP. Under these conditions HRI phosphorylates only the 38,000-dalton subunit of IF. The TDF preparations not only promote the binding of the ternary complex to 40S subunits but also promote the dissociation of the ternary complex in the presence of 5 mM Mg(2+) at 0 degrees . The preincubation of purified IF alone with low concentrations of HRI and ATP does not significantly affect its capacity to form the ternary complex; however, the TDF-promoted dissociation of the ternary complex is inhibited. The nonhydrolyzable analog adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate does not substitute for ATP. These findings suggest that phosphorylation causes a conformational modification in IF, which results in inhibition of the interaction between the ternary complex and TDF that is required for the binding of the ternary complex to 40S subunits.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by the heme-regulated protein kinase: inhibition of interaction of Met-tRNAfMet binding factor with another initiation factor in formation of Met-tRNAfMet.40S ribosomal subunit complexes. Protein synthesis in reticulocytes and their lysates is regulated by heme. In heme deficiency a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) that blocks initiation of polypeptide chains is activated. HRI is a protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of the Met-tRNA(f) (Met) binding factor (IF), which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNA(f) (Met) and GTP, a finding that suggests that the inhibition by HRI involves the phosphorylation of IF. We have investigated the effect of HRI in the partial reactions of protein chain initiation in which the IF-promoted binding of Met-tRNA(f) (Met) to 40S ribosomal subunits is enhanced by another initiation factor [ternary complex dissociation factor (TDF)] and AUG. The results show that HRI at very low concentrations markedly inhibits the binding of Met-tRNA(f) (Met) to 40S subunits. The inhibitory effect of HRI requires ATP. Under these conditions HRI phosphorylates only the 38,000-dalton subunit of IF. The TDF preparations not only promote the binding of the ternary complex to 40S subunits but also promote the dissociation of the ternary complex in the presence of 5 mM Mg(2+) at 0 degrees . The preincubation of purified IF alone with low concentrations of HRI and ATP does not significantly affect its capacity to form the ternary complex; however, the TDF-promoted dissociation of the ternary complex is inhibited. The nonhydrolyzable analog adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate does not substitute for ATP. These findings suggest that phosphorylation causes a conformational modification in IF, which results in inhibition of the interaction between the ternary complex and TDF that is required for the binding of the ternary complex to 40S subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:273239", "title": "Immunization of rats with polypeptide chains from torpedo acetylcholine receptor causes an autoimmune response to receptors in rat muscle.", "content": "Four polypeptide chains were purified from acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californica electric organ. Their apparent molecular weights were 64,000, 57,000, 49,500, and 38,000. Rats immunized with any of the four chains produced antibodies that crossreacted with rat muscle receptors in vivo. Specificities of anti-chain sera were evaluated in vitro by reaction with native receptor solubilized from electric organs and muscles of several species and by inhibition of this reaction with the purified polypeptide chains. The chains are immunologically distinct from one another. Antigenic determinants comparable to each chain of torpedo receptor are found in receptor from both rat and human muscle. At least part of each of these determinants is exposed on the extracellular surface of the muscle membrane. The most immunogenic determinants on native receptor are lost on denaturation to polypeptide chains. Its component peptides are much less immunogenic than native receptor, and induce antibodies of different specificity. Anti-receptor antibodies of many specificities can cause experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Immunization of rats with polypeptide chains from torpedo acetylcholine receptor causes an autoimmune response to receptors in rat muscle. Four polypeptide chains were purified from acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californica electric organ. Their apparent molecular weights were 64,000, 57,000, 49,500, and 38,000. Rats immunized with any of the four chains produced antibodies that crossreacted with rat muscle receptors in vivo. Specificities of anti-chain sera were evaluated in vitro by reaction with native receptor solubilized from electric organs and muscles of several species and by inhibition of this reaction with the purified polypeptide chains. The chains are immunologically distinct from one another. Antigenic determinants comparable to each chain of torpedo receptor are found in receptor from both rat and human muscle. At least part of each of these determinants is exposed on the extracellular surface of the muscle membrane. The most immunogenic determinants on native receptor are lost on denaturation to polypeptide chains. Its component peptides are much less immunogenic than native receptor, and induce antibodies of different specificity. Anti-receptor antibodies of many specificities can cause experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:273240", "title": "Construction and characterization of an Escherichia coli plasmid bearing a functional gene G of bacteriophage phiX174.", "content": "In order to study the mutagenic effects of site-specific, covalent modifications of biologically active DNA, we need host cells that are permissive for any type of mutation that might be produced in vivo from the modified DNA. Specifically, we require a general, in vivo complementation system for the bacteriophage phiX174 gene G, an essential gene that we have chosen for our initial studies of chemical mutagenesis. Toward this end, we have constructed a plasmid (pphiXG) that carries a functional copy of phiX174 gene G. Three different bacterial strains that are nonpermissive for am9, a gene G amber mutant, have been transformed with pphiXG. The transformants are now permissive for this gene G mutant, but not for the gene A or E mutants that have been tested. This paper describes the construction and the biochemical characterization of this plasmid, pphiXG, and describes some of the biological properties exhibited by the pphiXG-bearing strains.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of an Escherichia coli plasmid bearing a functional gene G of bacteriophage phiX174. In order to study the mutagenic effects of site-specific, covalent modifications of biologically active DNA, we need host cells that are permissive for any type of mutation that might be produced in vivo from the modified DNA. Specifically, we require a general, in vivo complementation system for the bacteriophage phiX174 gene G, an essential gene that we have chosen for our initial studies of chemical mutagenesis. Toward this end, we have constructed a plasmid (pphiXG) that carries a functional copy of phiX174 gene G. Three different bacterial strains that are nonpermissive for am9, a gene G amber mutant, have been transformed with pphiXG. The transformants are now permissive for this gene G mutant, but not for the gene A or E mutants that have been tested. This paper describes the construction and the biochemical characterization of this plasmid, pphiXG, and describes some of the biological properties exhibited by the pphiXG-bearing strains."}
{"id": "PMID:273241", "title": "Ligand-promoted transfer of proteins between phases: spontaneous and electrically helped.", "content": "A model system for the partitioning of peripheral membrane proteins into membranes by ligand binding has been examined experimentally. Both bovine serum albumin and lysozyme partition between water and 1-butanol by the addition of sodium p-toluene sulfonate at pH 2.4. The partitioning is characterized by high orders of reaction: 25 and 10, respectively. Theory indicates that these high orders of reaction need not result from cooperative ligand binding in either phase, but depend primarily upon the number N of protein sites at which the transfer-promoting ligant binds, and on the difference in free energy of formation delta F0s of the protein--ligand complexes in the two phases. From the reaction orders and the experimental values of N, 80 for albumin and 11 for lysozyme, delta F0s was calculated to be --0.5 kcal/mol (--2.1 kJ/mol) and --0.8 kcal/mol (--2.5 kJ/mol) per ligand bound, respectively. Experiments measuring the dependence on ligand concentration of the rate of protein electrophoresis across the water/butanol interface are described. These rates increase by more than two orders of magnitude as the ligand concentration approaches the critical value for partition and are inversely dependent on the number of ligant sites for the two proteins studied.", "contents": "Ligand-promoted transfer of proteins between phases: spontaneous and electrically helped. A model system for the partitioning of peripheral membrane proteins into membranes by ligand binding has been examined experimentally. Both bovine serum albumin and lysozyme partition between water and 1-butanol by the addition of sodium p-toluene sulfonate at pH 2.4. The partitioning is characterized by high orders of reaction: 25 and 10, respectively. Theory indicates that these high orders of reaction need not result from cooperative ligand binding in either phase, but depend primarily upon the number N of protein sites at which the transfer-promoting ligant binds, and on the difference in free energy of formation delta F0s of the protein--ligand complexes in the two phases. From the reaction orders and the experimental values of N, 80 for albumin and 11 for lysozyme, delta F0s was calculated to be --0.5 kcal/mol (--2.1 kJ/mol) and --0.8 kcal/mol (--2.5 kJ/mol) per ligand bound, respectively. Experiments measuring the dependence on ligand concentration of the rate of protein electrophoresis across the water/butanol interface are described. These rates increase by more than two orders of magnitude as the ligand concentration approaches the critical value for partition and are inversely dependent on the number of ligant sites for the two proteins studied."}
{"id": "PMID:273242", "title": "Effect of hemin on site-specific phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2.", "content": "Initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) is phosphorylated in vitro by two different cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases. As previously shown, a protein kinase activity that comigrates with the major casein kinase activity from rabbit reticulocytes phosphorylates eIF-2beta. In addition, a second protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates eIF-2alpha has been identified. Both protein kinase activities demonstrate cyclic nucleotide-independent activity and are not inhibited by the inhibitor protein diagnostic for cyclic AMP-regulated protein kinase activities. Phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha is almost completely inhibited by 20--35 muM hemin, whereas phosphorylation of eIF-2beta is only partially inhibited. Hemin acts by decreasing the rate of incorporation of phosphate into eIF-2alpha. The protein kinase activity that modifies eIF-2alpha has been shown to have inhibitory activity in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system, whereas the protein kinase for eIF-2beta has no effect. The identity of the former enzyme with the hemin-controlled repressor and role of hemin in the control of initiation are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of hemin on site-specific phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) is phosphorylated in vitro by two different cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases. As previously shown, a protein kinase activity that comigrates with the major casein kinase activity from rabbit reticulocytes phosphorylates eIF-2beta. In addition, a second protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates eIF-2alpha has been identified. Both protein kinase activities demonstrate cyclic nucleotide-independent activity and are not inhibited by the inhibitor protein diagnostic for cyclic AMP-regulated protein kinase activities. Phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha is almost completely inhibited by 20--35 muM hemin, whereas phosphorylation of eIF-2beta is only partially inhibited. Hemin acts by decreasing the rate of incorporation of phosphate into eIF-2alpha. The protein kinase activity that modifies eIF-2alpha has been shown to have inhibitory activity in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system, whereas the protein kinase for eIF-2beta has no effect. The identity of the former enzyme with the hemin-controlled repressor and role of hemin in the control of initiation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273243", "title": "Repair of depurinated DNA in vitro by enzymes purified from human lymphoblasts.", "content": "Alkali-labile lesions introduced into T7 DNA by treatment with methyl methanesulfonate were removed and the DNA was repaired by incubation with DNA polymerase alpha and nuclease from a human lymphoblastoid line followed by the addition of DNA ligase. The nuclease preparation contains both apurinic endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities. Dinucleotides appear to be the first product of exonuclease action. Repair of methyl methanesulfonate-induced damage can occur by the insertion of only a few nucleotides per lesion as in vivo.", "contents": "Repair of depurinated DNA in vitro by enzymes purified from human lymphoblasts. Alkali-labile lesions introduced into T7 DNA by treatment with methyl methanesulfonate were removed and the DNA was repaired by incubation with DNA polymerase alpha and nuclease from a human lymphoblastoid line followed by the addition of DNA ligase. The nuclease preparation contains both apurinic endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities. Dinucleotides appear to be the first product of exonuclease action. Repair of methyl methanesulfonate-induced damage can occur by the insertion of only a few nucleotides per lesion as in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:273244", "title": "Regulation of transcription of the late genes of bacteriophage T7.", "content": "The transcription program of bacteriophage T7 in vivo was analyzed by hybridizing T7 mRNAs, labeled at intervals after infection, to Hpa I restriction fragments of T7 DNA. Transcripcion of the late genes is temporally regulated: class II genes are transcribed between 4 and 16 min after infection; most class III genes are transcribed from 8 min after infection until lysis. Genes 8--10 are transcribed as both class II and class III genes. The rate of T7 RNA synthesis decreases sharply at 10 min after infection. The rapid decrease in the rate of T7 RNA synthesis and the shutoff of class II RNA synthesis were not observed in cells infected with phage defective in gene 3.5 (lysozyme). Although the decrease in the rate of T7 RNA synthesis is independent of DNA replication, the failure to shut off class II RNA synthesis normally in 3.5-- -infected cells may reflect the role of T7 lysozyme in DNA replication. In vitro, the regions of T7 DNA transcribed by the phage RNA polymerase were found to be dependent upon ionic conditions.", "contents": "Regulation of transcription of the late genes of bacteriophage T7. The transcription program of bacteriophage T7 in vivo was analyzed by hybridizing T7 mRNAs, labeled at intervals after infection, to Hpa I restriction fragments of T7 DNA. Transcripcion of the late genes is temporally regulated: class II genes are transcribed between 4 and 16 min after infection; most class III genes are transcribed from 8 min after infection until lysis. Genes 8--10 are transcribed as both class II and class III genes. The rate of T7 RNA synthesis decreases sharply at 10 min after infection. The rapid decrease in the rate of T7 RNA synthesis and the shutoff of class II RNA synthesis were not observed in cells infected with phage defective in gene 3.5 (lysozyme). Although the decrease in the rate of T7 RNA synthesis is independent of DNA replication, the failure to shut off class II RNA synthesis normally in 3.5-- -infected cells may reflect the role of T7 lysozyme in DNA replication. In vitro, the regions of T7 DNA transcribed by the phage RNA polymerase were found to be dependent upon ionic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:273245", "title": "Thymic hormone-like restoration by human prealbumin of azathioprine sensitivity of spleen cells from thymectomized mice.", "content": "Gel filtration of fresh human serum revealed that over 95% of the thymic-hormone-like activity was present in the fraction representing the total albumin and prealbumin. Further studies demonstrated that the activity resided in the prealbumin fraction; albumin was inactive. Prealbumin was isolated from Cohn fraction IV-1 of pooled human plasma by extraction  with aqueous buffer, fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and preparative disc gel electrophoresis. The final product was homogeneous by analytical gel electrophoresis was 40,000 times more active than the starting material in an azathioprine-sensitive rosette assay. Physical and chemical characterization studies showed that the isolated product was identical to authentic human plasma prealbumin. Isolation of the prealbumin fraction from sera of adult thymectomized mice revealed that the rosette activity was substantially lower than that isolated from sera of normal mice, suggesting a thymic dependence of the prealbumin activity. In vitro and in vivo bioassays of the fraction obtained prior to the final step of the purification procedure support the conclusion that prealbumin exhibits thymic hormone-like activity.", "contents": "Thymic hormone-like restoration by human prealbumin of azathioprine sensitivity of spleen cells from thymectomized mice. Gel filtration of fresh human serum revealed that over 95% of the thymic-hormone-like activity was present in the fraction representing the total albumin and prealbumin. Further studies demonstrated that the activity resided in the prealbumin fraction; albumin was inactive. Prealbumin was isolated from Cohn fraction IV-1 of pooled human plasma by extraction  with aqueous buffer, fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and preparative disc gel electrophoresis. The final product was homogeneous by analytical gel electrophoresis was 40,000 times more active than the starting material in an azathioprine-sensitive rosette assay. Physical and chemical characterization studies showed that the isolated product was identical to authentic human plasma prealbumin. Isolation of the prealbumin fraction from sera of adult thymectomized mice revealed that the rosette activity was substantially lower than that isolated from sera of normal mice, suggesting a thymic dependence of the prealbumin activity. In vitro and in vivo bioassays of the fraction obtained prior to the final step of the purification procedure support the conclusion that prealbumin exhibits thymic hormone-like activity."}
{"id": "PMID:273246", "title": "Drug-nucleic acid interactions: conformational flexibility at the intercalation site.", "content": "The conformational features of the intercalation site in polynucleotides were examined. We found that, for all the crystal structures of drug-dinucleoside complexes studied thus far, two torsion angles differ from those found in A RNA (phi and chi) and that alternate sugar puckering is not a prerequisite for intercalation. This intercalation geometry, which is the basis of helix axis displacement in a polymer, would necessitate conformational changes in the adjacent nucleotides. The base-turn angle is less sensitive to the conformation of the backbone than it is to small alterations in the base-pairing geometry. We postulate that this angle is dependent on the nature of the intercalating drug.", "contents": "Drug-nucleic acid interactions: conformational flexibility at the intercalation site. The conformational features of the intercalation site in polynucleotides were examined. We found that, for all the crystal structures of drug-dinucleoside complexes studied thus far, two torsion angles differ from those found in A RNA (phi and chi) and that alternate sugar puckering is not a prerequisite for intercalation. This intercalation geometry, which is the basis of helix axis displacement in a polymer, would necessitate conformational changes in the adjacent nucleotides. The base-turn angle is less sensitive to the conformation of the backbone than it is to small alterations in the base-pairing geometry. We postulate that this angle is dependent on the nature of the intercalating drug."}
{"id": "PMID:273247", "title": "Production a corpus luteum angiogenic factor responsible for proliferation of capillaries and neovascularization of the corpus luteum.", "content": "Factors controlling the changes in the vascular pattern of the ovary that occur during the reproductive cycle have been investigated. By using the rabbit cornea, the abilities of ovarian corpus luteum and of follicles to induce neovascularization have been compared. While the corpus luteum is capable of inducing neovascularization, the follicles do not have this ability. It is therefore likely that the corpus luteum actively participates in its own neovascularization by secreting a factor that we have called \"corpus leutem angiogenic factor\" (CLAF).", "contents": "Production a corpus luteum angiogenic factor responsible for proliferation of capillaries and neovascularization of the corpus luteum. Factors controlling the changes in the vascular pattern of the ovary that occur during the reproductive cycle have been investigated. By using the rabbit cornea, the abilities of ovarian corpus luteum and of follicles to induce neovascularization have been compared. While the corpus luteum is capable of inducing neovascularization, the follicles do not have this ability. It is therefore likely that the corpus luteum actively participates in its own neovascularization by secreting a factor that we have called \"corpus leutem angiogenic factor\" (CLAF)."}
{"id": "PMID:273248", "title": "Correlation between phosphorylated H1 histones and satellite DNAs in Drosophila virilis.", "content": "Drosophila virilis DNA contains satellites I, II, and III. D. novamexicana DNA contains satellite I. D. virilis H1 histone contains subfractions a, b, c, d, and e; D. novamexicana H1 contains subfractions a, b, and c. Therefore, satellites II and III might be correlated with H1d and H1e. To test the validity of this correlation, the H1 histones of polytene nuclei, which contain less than 1% satellite DNA, were analyzed. Polytene nuclei of D. virilis contain substantially decreased levels of H1c and H1e and marginally decreased levels of H1d. Polytene nuclei of D. novamexicana contain decreased levels of H1c.H1c is correlated with satellite I (common to D. virilis and D. novamexicana); H1e is correlated with satellites II and III; H1d is not correlated with any satellite DNA, because its level is virtually unchanged in polytene cells lacking detectable amounts of satellite DNA. Alkaline phosphatase digestion of the H1 histones reveals that H1c is the phosphorylated form of H1b and H1e is the phosphorylated form of H1d. Therefore, the under-replication of satellite DNAs is correlated with the decreased phosphorylation of H1 histones. In vitro, D. virilis H1 histones preferentially bind D. virilis DNAs in the progression III greater than II greater than I greater than main band, whereas D. virilis core histones do not preferentially bind any D. virilis DNA. As an extension of these results, we suggest that phosphorylated H1 histones bind D. virilis satellite DNAs in vivo and are involved in the compaction of heterochromatin.", "contents": "Correlation between phosphorylated H1 histones and satellite DNAs in Drosophila virilis. Drosophila virilis DNA contains satellites I, II, and III. D. novamexicana DNA contains satellite I. D. virilis H1 histone contains subfractions a, b, c, d, and e; D. novamexicana H1 contains subfractions a, b, and c. Therefore, satellites II and III might be correlated with H1d and H1e. To test the validity of this correlation, the H1 histones of polytene nuclei, which contain less than 1% satellite DNA, were analyzed. Polytene nuclei of D. virilis contain substantially decreased levels of H1c and H1e and marginally decreased levels of H1d. Polytene nuclei of D. novamexicana contain decreased levels of H1c.H1c is correlated with satellite I (common to D. virilis and D. novamexicana); H1e is correlated with satellites II and III; H1d is not correlated with any satellite DNA, because its level is virtually unchanged in polytene cells lacking detectable amounts of satellite DNA. Alkaline phosphatase digestion of the H1 histones reveals that H1c is the phosphorylated form of H1b and H1e is the phosphorylated form of H1d. Therefore, the under-replication of satellite DNAs is correlated with the decreased phosphorylation of H1 histones. In vitro, D. virilis H1 histones preferentially bind D. virilis DNAs in the progression III greater than II greater than I greater than main band, whereas D. virilis core histones do not preferentially bind any D. virilis DNA. As an extension of these results, we suggest that phosphorylated H1 histones bind D. virilis satellite DNAs in vivo and are involved in the compaction of heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:273249", "title": "Egg surface glycoprotein receptor for sea urchin sperm bindin.", "content": "Bindin is an insoluble protein coating the sperm acrosome process and mediating the adhesion of sperm to sea urchin eggs. Milligrams of bindin have been isolated. Here we report the identification, isolation, and partial characterization of a high molecular weight, trypsin-sensitive glycoprotein fraction from the sea urchin egg surface having species-specific affinity for bindin. This glycoprotein may be the egg surface receptor for bindin. The bindin receptor was released from 125-I-labeled eggs by parthenogenetic activation of eggs with ionophore A23187 in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor. The receptor has an isoelectric point of 4.02 and a molecular weight in sea water greater than or equal to 5 X 10(6), suggesting that it is an aggregate. It contains 34% neutral sugars, which are galactose and mannose.", "contents": "Egg surface glycoprotein receptor for sea urchin sperm bindin. Bindin is an insoluble protein coating the sperm acrosome process and mediating the adhesion of sperm to sea urchin eggs. Milligrams of bindin have been isolated. Here we report the identification, isolation, and partial characterization of a high molecular weight, trypsin-sensitive glycoprotein fraction from the sea urchin egg surface having species-specific affinity for bindin. This glycoprotein may be the egg surface receptor for bindin. The bindin receptor was released from 125-I-labeled eggs by parthenogenetic activation of eggs with ionophore A23187 in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor. The receptor has an isoelectric point of 4.02 and a molecular weight in sea water greater than or equal to 5 X 10(6), suggesting that it is an aggregate. It contains 34% neutral sugars, which are galactose and mannose."}
{"id": "PMID:273250", "title": "Regulation of the self-renewal probability in Hydra stem cell clones.", "content": "Hydra interstitial stem cells continuously give rise to daughter stem cells as well as precursors for nerve and nematocyte differentiation. Growth of the stem cell population is controlled by the self-renewal probability (Ps): Ps is the fraction of stem cell daughters that remain stem cells in each generation. We have determined Ps for Hydra interstitial stem cells by using a novel technique based on the cell conposition of clones. Stem cell clones were grown in aggregates of nitrogen mustard-inactivated Hydra tissue. They contain several hundred cells after 14 days of growth, including stem cells, differentiating nematocytes, and differentiating nerve cells. Clone size, size variability, and the ratio of differentiating cells to stem cells are sensitive measures of Ps. We have prepared standard curves relating these parameters to Ps, using computer simulations of clone growth. Comparisoon of the experimentally observed parameter of clones to these curves indicates that Ps decreases from 0.8 in 5- to 6-day clones to 0.6 in 10- to 12-day clones. The decrease in Ps coincides with the increase in clone size and suggest that Ps may be regulated by the density of stem cells in clones. Such a mechanism could be responsible for the observed homeostasis of stem cell populations in vivo.", "contents": "Regulation of the self-renewal probability in Hydra stem cell clones. Hydra interstitial stem cells continuously give rise to daughter stem cells as well as precursors for nerve and nematocyte differentiation. Growth of the stem cell population is controlled by the self-renewal probability (Ps): Ps is the fraction of stem cell daughters that remain stem cells in each generation. We have determined Ps for Hydra interstitial stem cells by using a novel technique based on the cell conposition of clones. Stem cell clones were grown in aggregates of nitrogen mustard-inactivated Hydra tissue. They contain several hundred cells after 14 days of growth, including stem cells, differentiating nematocytes, and differentiating nerve cells. Clone size, size variability, and the ratio of differentiating cells to stem cells are sensitive measures of Ps. We have prepared standard curves relating these parameters to Ps, using computer simulations of clone growth. Comparisoon of the experimentally observed parameter of clones to these curves indicates that Ps decreases from 0.8 in 5- to 6-day clones to 0.6 in 10- to 12-day clones. The decrease in Ps coincides with the increase in clone size and suggest that Ps may be regulated by the density of stem cells in clones. Such a mechanism could be responsible for the observed homeostasis of stem cell populations in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:273251", "title": "Growth and maintenance of HeLa cells in serum-free medium supplemented with hormones.", "content": "HeLa cells grow in a nutritionally complete synthetic medium (Ham's F12) supplemented with insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone (aldosterone), fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. This hormone-supplemented medium supports clonal growth, long-term cultivation, and a growth rate equal to that of serum-supplemented medium. The omission of any one of the five components results in less than maximal cell growth.", "contents": "Growth and maintenance of HeLa cells in serum-free medium supplemented with hormones. HeLa cells grow in a nutritionally complete synthetic medium (Ham's F12) supplemented with insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone (aldosterone), fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. This hormone-supplemented medium supports clonal growth, long-term cultivation, and a growth rate equal to that of serum-supplemented medium. The omission of any one of the five components results in less than maximal cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:273252", "title": "EcoRI cleavage site variants of mitochondrial DNA molecules from rats.", "content": "The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules of some rats obtained from the SASCO colony contain six EcoRI-sensitive sites while the mtDNA molecules of other rats obtained from the same source contain only four EcoRI sites. By mapping the positions of the EcoRI sites on the molecules relative to the D-loop it was determined that mtDNA molecules from all rats have four EcoRI sites in common, but all the mtDNA molecules of some rats have two extra EcoRI sites. EcoRI sensitivity of mtDNA molecules was shown to be maternally inherited. Construction of heteroduplex molecules failed to reveal evidence of gross nucleotide sequence changes associated with differences in EcoRI sensitivity.", "contents": "EcoRI cleavage site variants of mitochondrial DNA molecules from rats. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules of some rats obtained from the SASCO colony contain six EcoRI-sensitive sites while the mtDNA molecules of other rats obtained from the same source contain only four EcoRI sites. By mapping the positions of the EcoRI sites on the molecules relative to the D-loop it was determined that mtDNA molecules from all rats have four EcoRI sites in common, but all the mtDNA molecules of some rats have two extra EcoRI sites. EcoRI sensitivity of mtDNA molecules was shown to be maternally inherited. Construction of heteroduplex molecules failed to reveal evidence of gross nucleotide sequence changes associated with differences in EcoRI sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:273253", "title": "Theoretical study of genetic variability, assuming stepwise production of neutral and very slightly deleterious mutations.", "content": "Mathematical treatments are presented that enable us to compute the amount of genetic variability maintained in a finite population, assuming that mutations occur in stepwise fashion and that both selectively neutral and slightly deleterious alleles are involved. Two numerical examples show that, if very slightly deleterious mutations are prevalent, the amount of genetic variability increases much more slowly as the population number increases than is the case when all the mutations are strictly neutral.", "contents": "Theoretical study of genetic variability, assuming stepwise production of neutral and very slightly deleterious mutations. Mathematical treatments are presented that enable us to compute the amount of genetic variability maintained in a finite population, assuming that mutations occur in stepwise fashion and that both selectively neutral and slightly deleterious alleles are involved. Two numerical examples show that, if very slightly deleterious mutations are prevalent, the amount of genetic variability increases much more slowly as the population number increases than is the case when all the mutations are strictly neutral."}
{"id": "PMID:273254", "title": "Incomplete dosage compensation in an evolving Drosophila sex chromosome.", "content": "Cellular autoradiography was used to measure relative rates of chromosomal RNA synthesis and to examine the regulatory phenomenon of X-linked dosage compensation in Drosophila miranda, a species containing two distinct, nonhomologous X chromosomes (X1 and X2). The X1 chromosome was found to be dosage-compensated, since the rate of RNA synthesis along the single X1 chromosome in males equaled that of both X1 chromosomes in females. Unlike other sex chromosomes that have been studied, the more recently evolved X2 heterochromosome exhibited regional differences in transcriptional activity when males and females were compared. The distal 10% of the X2 was not dosage-compensated, whereas the majority of an interior segment, representing 30% of the X2 chromosome's length, was found to be dosage-compensated. Our data are consistent with the idea that the evolution of X2 dosage compensation has paralleled the differentiation of the X2 sex chromosome. In addition, gene rearrangement seems to have accompanied the acquisition of a dosage-compensory mechanism in the X2.", "contents": "Incomplete dosage compensation in an evolving Drosophila sex chromosome. Cellular autoradiography was used to measure relative rates of chromosomal RNA synthesis and to examine the regulatory phenomenon of X-linked dosage compensation in Drosophila miranda, a species containing two distinct, nonhomologous X chromosomes (X1 and X2). The X1 chromosome was found to be dosage-compensated, since the rate of RNA synthesis along the single X1 chromosome in males equaled that of both X1 chromosomes in females. Unlike other sex chromosomes that have been studied, the more recently evolved X2 heterochromosome exhibited regional differences in transcriptional activity when males and females were compared. The distal 10% of the X2 was not dosage-compensated, whereas the majority of an interior segment, representing 30% of the X2 chromosome's length, was found to be dosage-compensated. Our data are consistent with the idea that the evolution of X2 dosage compensation has paralleled the differentiation of the X2 sex chromosome. In addition, gene rearrangement seems to have accompanied the acquisition of a dosage-compensory mechanism in the X2."}
{"id": "PMID:273255", "title": "Expression of human adenosine deaminase after fusion of adenosine deaminase-deficient cells with mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Two human choriocarcinoma cell lines were shown to be deficient in adenosine deaminase (ADA; adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) such that they did not produce bands on starch gels after electrophoresis and histochemical staining. Radiometric assay indicated that their ADA specific activity was approximately 2% that of HeLa (human) cell controls. Subclone analysis of one of the lines indicated that this deficiency was representative of individual cells of the line. After fusion of these cells with mouse fibroblasts having high ADA activity, most independently isolated hybrid clones expressed one of two, or both, additional (to the mouse) bands of ADA activity after electrophoresis. The expression of these extra bands in hybrids was dependent upon actual fusion. The phenomenon was observed in 30 of 45 independently derived hybrid clones from four different fusion experiments involving two different parental lines from each species. The pattern of appearance of the extra bands in independent hybrid clones and the tendency of a hybrid clone to lose one of the extra bands through subsequent passages suggests that the bands were the products of human genetic material. The extra bands electrophoretically comigrated with human ADA 1 and 2 from human ADA-1-2 heterozygotes and the faster-migrating of the two extra bands comigrated with human ADA 1 from HeLa cells. Therefore, we suggest that the bands appearing in hybrids are the products of the 1 and 2 alleles of the human ADA locus. The human cells used for fusion were deficient in ADA activity but contained the genetic information for ADA 1 and 2. Fusion with mouse cells having ADA activity resulted in the activation of both human gene products coded for on separate homologous chromosomes. We conclude that the human ADA locus is under manipulatable genetic regulation.", "contents": "Expression of human adenosine deaminase after fusion of adenosine deaminase-deficient cells with mouse fibroblasts. Two human choriocarcinoma cell lines were shown to be deficient in adenosine deaminase (ADA; adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) such that they did not produce bands on starch gels after electrophoresis and histochemical staining. Radiometric assay indicated that their ADA specific activity was approximately 2% that of HeLa (human) cell controls. Subclone analysis of one of the lines indicated that this deficiency was representative of individual cells of the line. After fusion of these cells with mouse fibroblasts having high ADA activity, most independently isolated hybrid clones expressed one of two, or both, additional (to the mouse) bands of ADA activity after electrophoresis. The expression of these extra bands in hybrids was dependent upon actual fusion. The phenomenon was observed in 30 of 45 independently derived hybrid clones from four different fusion experiments involving two different parental lines from each species. The pattern of appearance of the extra bands in independent hybrid clones and the tendency of a hybrid clone to lose one of the extra bands through subsequent passages suggests that the bands were the products of human genetic material. The extra bands electrophoretically comigrated with human ADA 1 and 2 from human ADA-1-2 heterozygotes and the faster-migrating of the two extra bands comigrated with human ADA 1 from HeLa cells. Therefore, we suggest that the bands appearing in hybrids are the products of the 1 and 2 alleles of the human ADA locus. The human cells used for fusion were deficient in ADA activity but contained the genetic information for ADA 1 and 2. Fusion with mouse cells having ADA activity resulted in the activation of both human gene products coded for on separate homologous chromosomes. We conclude that the human ADA locus is under manipulatable genetic regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:273256", "title": "Assignment of genes to regions of mouse chromosomes.", "content": "A genetic mapping procedure, called the duplication-deficiency method, is described. This method permits the genetic location of a translocation to be determined within a linkage group without the use of recombination. By utilizing the duplication-deficiency method to define the genetic breakpoints for a series of translocations involving a given chromosome and integrating this information with their cytological breakpoints, obtained by Giemsa banding, a genetic map of the chromosomes is constructed whereby groups of loci are assigned to banded regions. Duplication-deficiency mapping and Giemsa banding analysis of the T(X;7)1Ct and T(7;19)145H translocations together with information from the c25H deletion have permitted mouse chromosome 7 to be divided into six and chromosome 19 into two definable genetic regions.", "contents": "Assignment of genes to regions of mouse chromosomes. A genetic mapping procedure, called the duplication-deficiency method, is described. This method permits the genetic location of a translocation to be determined within a linkage group without the use of recombination. By utilizing the duplication-deficiency method to define the genetic breakpoints for a series of translocations involving a given chromosome and integrating this information with their cytological breakpoints, obtained by Giemsa banding, a genetic map of the chromosomes is constructed whereby groups of loci are assigned to banded regions. Duplication-deficiency mapping and Giemsa banding analysis of the T(X;7)1Ct and T(7;19)145H translocations together with information from the c25H deletion have permitted mouse chromosome 7 to be divided into six and chromosome 19 into two definable genetic regions."}
{"id": "PMID:273257", "title": "Control of antibody heterogeneity in strain 2 guinea pigs.", "content": "When Wright's strain 2 guinea pigs are immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl conjugates in complete Freund's adjuvant, the antibody response varies with the choice of carrier. Immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-guinea pig albumin elicits a response that requires approximately 21 days to detect. The antibody produced is, according to isoelectric focusing, relatively homogeneous IgG2 having a neutral isoelectric point. On small amounts of IgG are produced. Stimulation of animals with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole Limpet hemocyanin produces a response by 14 days is similar to the peak response inititated by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-guinea pig albumin. With time, however, basic IgG2 populations are added to the response. By days 28-35, when the anti-hapten response has reached a plateau, the major subpopulation of antibody is neutral IgG2, but there exists several times as much basic IgG2 as IgG1. These data suggest that antigen-responsive cells may be ordered into groups having different thresholds of activation. Regardless of the strength of the antigenic stimulus, there is a set sequence of activation. The same cells always play the primary role, contributing most of the antibody regardless of whether secondary clones of cells are activated.", "contents": "Control of antibody heterogeneity in strain 2 guinea pigs. When Wright's strain 2 guinea pigs are immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl conjugates in complete Freund's adjuvant, the antibody response varies with the choice of carrier. Immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-guinea pig albumin elicits a response that requires approximately 21 days to detect. The antibody produced is, according to isoelectric focusing, relatively homogeneous IgG2 having a neutral isoelectric point. On small amounts of IgG are produced. Stimulation of animals with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-keyhole Limpet hemocyanin produces a response by 14 days is similar to the peak response inititated by 2,4-dinitrophenyl-guinea pig albumin. With time, however, basic IgG2 populations are added to the response. By days 28-35, when the anti-hapten response has reached a plateau, the major subpopulation of antibody is neutral IgG2, but there exists several times as much basic IgG2 as IgG1. These data suggest that antigen-responsive cells may be ordered into groups having different thresholds of activation. Regardless of the strength of the antigenic stimulus, there is a set sequence of activation. The same cells always play the primary role, contributing most of the antibody regardless of whether secondary clones of cells are activated."}
{"id": "PMID:273258", "title": "Murine complement component 3: genetic variation and linkage to H-2.", "content": "Two electrophoretic variants of murine complement component 3 (C3) were detected by using high-voltage electrophoresis of fresh mouse serum in agarose gels. Most of the inbred strains tested were homozygous for the S allele (for the slow-migrating variant); only four out of 46 strains had the alternative F allele (fast variant). Pen-bred Swiss-Webster animals belonged to one of three phenotypes--S, F, or SF--and the genes responsible for this variation segregated in a strictly Mendelian manner. In three such crosses, with 5* offspring, C3 segregated with H-2 in 46 instances, corresponding to a recombination frequency of approximately equal to 0.12.", "contents": "Murine complement component 3: genetic variation and linkage to H-2. Two electrophoretic variants of murine complement component 3 (C3) were detected by using high-voltage electrophoresis of fresh mouse serum in agarose gels. Most of the inbred strains tested were homozygous for the S allele (for the slow-migrating variant); only four out of 46 strains had the alternative F allele (fast variant). Pen-bred Swiss-Webster animals belonged to one of three phenotypes--S, F, or SF--and the genes responsible for this variation segregated in a strictly Mendelian manner. In three such crosses, with 5* offspring, C3 segregated with H-2 in 46 instances, corresponding to a recombination frequency of approximately equal to 0.12."}
{"id": "PMID:273259", "title": "Erythroid colony formation from human fetal liver.", "content": "The liver of the human fetus, induced to abort by prostaglandin or by hypertonic saline, contains cells that form colonies in methylcellulose in vitro. The colonies are erythroid as identified by cellular staining of hemoglobin by benzidine. Colony formation is generally similar, with regard to number, size and time of development, to that observed in cultures of nonadherent cells from human adult marrow. The number of colonies observed increases with the concentration of erythropoietin used and with the concentration of cells plated and decreases with the time interval between intra-amniotic instillation of the inducing agent and culture. Colong number is not greatly influenced by fetal age in the period 16-20 weeks or by whether the inducing agent is prostaglandin or hypertonic saline. Prostaglandin- and hypertonic saline-induced abortuses thus provide an abundant source of human fetal erythroid tissue for morphologic and biochemical studies of erythroid development.", "contents": "Erythroid colony formation from human fetal liver. The liver of the human fetus, induced to abort by prostaglandin or by hypertonic saline, contains cells that form colonies in methylcellulose in vitro. The colonies are erythroid as identified by cellular staining of hemoglobin by benzidine. Colony formation is generally similar, with regard to number, size and time of development, to that observed in cultures of nonadherent cells from human adult marrow. The number of colonies observed increases with the concentration of erythropoietin used and with the concentration of cells plated and decreases with the time interval between intra-amniotic instillation of the inducing agent and culture. Colong number is not greatly influenced by fetal age in the period 16-20 weeks or by whether the inducing agent is prostaglandin or hypertonic saline. Prostaglandin- and hypertonic saline-induced abortuses thus provide an abundant source of human fetal erythroid tissue for morphologic and biochemical studies of erythroid development."}
{"id": "PMID:273271", "title": "The radiographic spectrum of periosteal osteosarcoma.", "content": "Fifteen cases of a recently described variety of osteosarcoma, periosteal osteosarcoma, were studied to define their radiographic characteristics. All the lesions were limited to the cortex that was always thickened but without invasion of the medulla cavity. The tumors presented as non-homogeneous masses of spiculated osteoid matrix progressively denser from the periphery to their cortical base. The average age was 28 and the most common location was the proximal third of the femur; all the lesions were diaphyseal in location. The spectrum of radiographic features and differential diagnosis are described in detail.", "contents": "The radiographic spectrum of periosteal osteosarcoma. Fifteen cases of a recently described variety of osteosarcoma, periosteal osteosarcoma, were studied to define their radiographic characteristics. All the lesions were limited to the cortex that was always thickened but without invasion of the medulla cavity. The tumors presented as non-homogeneous masses of spiculated osteoid matrix progressively denser from the periphery to their cortical base. The average age was 28 and the most common location was the proximal third of the femur; all the lesions were diaphyseal in location. The spectrum of radiographic features and differential diagnosis are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:273301", "title": "Intrafamilial levels of Streptococcus mutans and some aspects of the bacterial transmission.", "content": "The number of S. mutans (S.m.) in saliva of parents and their children was studied. Thirty-six children, 4 1/2-5 years old, and their parents participated. A quantitative correlation was found between the number of S.m. in the mothers and their children. The degree of infection also seemed to reflect the caries experience of the child. When adults with different levels of S.m. in saliva contaminated metal spoons with saliva, a correlation between the salivary count of S.m. and the number of microorganisms transferred to the spoon was found. The survival of S.m. on saliva-contaminated test-plates was tested. After 7 h the number of viable S.m. had decreased considerably but a few cells could be found after 24-48 h. To study the presence of S.m. on objects in the city often touched by hands, MSB-containing agar dishes were pressed against several objects such as doorhandles. Only four out of 24 objects were found to be contaminated by S.m.", "contents": "Intrafamilial levels of Streptococcus mutans and some aspects of the bacterial transmission. The number of S. mutans (S.m.) in saliva of parents and their children was studied. Thirty-six children, 4 1/2-5 years old, and their parents participated. A quantitative correlation was found between the number of S.m. in the mothers and their children. The degree of infection also seemed to reflect the caries experience of the child. When adults with different levels of S.m. in saliva contaminated metal spoons with saliva, a correlation between the salivary count of S.m. and the number of microorganisms transferred to the spoon was found. The survival of S.m. on saliva-contaminated test-plates was tested. After 7 h the number of viable S.m. had decreased considerably but a few cells could be found after 24-48 h. To study the presence of S.m. on objects in the city often touched by hands, MSB-containing agar dishes were pressed against several objects such as doorhandles. Only four out of 24 objects were found to be contaminated by S.m."}
{"id": "PMID:273302", "title": "Rate of migration of oral leukocytes in patients with periodontitis.", "content": "The rate of migration of leukocytes (OMR) was estimated by counts of sequential mouthrinses in 81 human subjects in order to evaluate its usefulness as a laboratory test of oral inflammation. Periodontitis was taken as a model, and neither patients nor controls had any other oral inflammation. Patients with advanced periodontitis, but with periodontal destruction of about the same level, were divided into two groups, acute phase and chronic phase. The mean number of leukocytes entering the oral cavity in 30 s was estimated in these two groups. In the same patients the difference between the cell count in the first rinse and the OMR level was estimated, to test whether it could be taken to indicate the grade of acuteness of the inflammation (GAI). OMR and GAI were assessed in the patients with periodontitis after the initial treatment and at follow-up 1 year after completion of the full treatment, which almost always included surgical procedures. The results indicate that the OMR reflects the existence of oral inflammation and can be used as a laboratory test with the same reservations as white blood cell counts for systemic inflammation. The difference in GAI between patients in the acute and chronic phases of the disease was highly significant, indicating that this test gives information about the severity of the inflammation.", "contents": "Rate of migration of oral leukocytes in patients with periodontitis. The rate of migration of leukocytes (OMR) was estimated by counts of sequential mouthrinses in 81 human subjects in order to evaluate its usefulness as a laboratory test of oral inflammation. Periodontitis was taken as a model, and neither patients nor controls had any other oral inflammation. Patients with advanced periodontitis, but with periodontal destruction of about the same level, were divided into two groups, acute phase and chronic phase. The mean number of leukocytes entering the oral cavity in 30 s was estimated in these two groups. In the same patients the difference between the cell count in the first rinse and the OMR level was estimated, to test whether it could be taken to indicate the grade of acuteness of the inflammation (GAI). OMR and GAI were assessed in the patients with periodontitis after the initial treatment and at follow-up 1 year after completion of the full treatment, which almost always included surgical procedures. The results indicate that the OMR reflects the existence of oral inflammation and can be used as a laboratory test with the same reservations as white blood cell counts for systemic inflammation. The difference in GAI between patients in the acute and chronic phases of the disease was highly significant, indicating that this test gives information about the severity of the inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:273303", "title": "Clinical, histologic and micro-radiographic study of natal, neonatal and pre-erupted teeth.", "content": "A clinical, histologic and microradiographic investigation of 62 natal, neonatal and otherwise pre-erupted teeth from 51 children is presented. Such a comprehensive material has not previously been reviewed. Of the 62 teeth, 59 were mandibular incisors. A hereditary factor could be demonstrated in 12 cases. Fifty-three teeth showed more or less pronounced enamel hypoplasia. The enamel had a normal prism structure and mineralization with the exception of 22 cases where the prism structure was absent in the cervical part of the enamel. The cervical and apical dentin was atubular and in developing teeth the dentin in these regions changed to an irregularly formed hard tissue of osteodentin character, in which enclosed cells could be observed. Developing teeth often had no cementum, and in those cases where acellular cementum could be observed it was thinner than normal. In four patients atypically located carious lesions occurred.", "contents": "Clinical, histologic and micro-radiographic study of natal, neonatal and pre-erupted teeth. A clinical, histologic and microradiographic investigation of 62 natal, neonatal and otherwise pre-erupted teeth from 51 children is presented. Such a comprehensive material has not previously been reviewed. Of the 62 teeth, 59 were mandibular incisors. A hereditary factor could be demonstrated in 12 cases. Fifty-three teeth showed more or less pronounced enamel hypoplasia. The enamel had a normal prism structure and mineralization with the exception of 22 cases where the prism structure was absent in the cervical part of the enamel. The cervical and apical dentin was atubular and in developing teeth the dentin in these regions changed to an irregularly formed hard tissue of osteodentin character, in which enclosed cells could be observed. Developing teeth often had no cementum, and in those cases where acellular cementum could be observed it was thinner than normal. In four patients atypically located carious lesions occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:273304", "title": "Erythroblast kinetics in pernicious anaemia, erythroleukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia.", "content": "DNA synthesis time (Ts) and 3H-thymidine labelling index (TLI) of erythroblasts have been determined in 25 patients with various types of haematologic disorders using in vitro double labelling method. No remarkable differences in both Ts and TLI were noted between haematologically normal subjects and patients with increased effective erythropoiesis (haemolytic anaemias), suggesting that the cell cycle time is not principally altered under the augmented erythropoiesis. In pernicious anaemia, Ts of basophilic erythroblasts was significantly shortened and TLI was elevated above normal. Normalization of erythropoiesis by vitamin B12 was associated with a transient increase of TLI in polychromatic erythroblasts, which was interpreted to reflect prevention of intramedullary premature death of basophilic megaloblasts. Erythroleukaemia showed a markedly prolonged Ts and lowered TLI indicating the presence of cells with prolonged cell cycle time. These findings contrasted to that of pernicious anaemia despite certain morphological as well as functional similarities. In idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia, prolongation of Ts was observed to a similar extent as erythroleukaemia, while TLI remained almost normal. In 2 cases with suspected erythroleukaemia presenting an intermediate clinical picture between erythroleukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia, Ts of basophilic erythroblasts was found to be prolonged along with modestly lowered TLI.", "contents": "Erythroblast kinetics in pernicious anaemia, erythroleukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia. DNA synthesis time (Ts) and 3H-thymidine labelling index (TLI) of erythroblasts have been determined in 25 patients with various types of haematologic disorders using in vitro double labelling method. No remarkable differences in both Ts and TLI were noted between haematologically normal subjects and patients with increased effective erythropoiesis (haemolytic anaemias), suggesting that the cell cycle time is not principally altered under the augmented erythropoiesis. In pernicious anaemia, Ts of basophilic erythroblasts was significantly shortened and TLI was elevated above normal. Normalization of erythropoiesis by vitamin B12 was associated with a transient increase of TLI in polychromatic erythroblasts, which was interpreted to reflect prevention of intramedullary premature death of basophilic megaloblasts. Erythroleukaemia showed a markedly prolonged Ts and lowered TLI indicating the presence of cells with prolonged cell cycle time. These findings contrasted to that of pernicious anaemia despite certain morphological as well as functional similarities. In idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia, prolongation of Ts was observed to a similar extent as erythroleukaemia, while TLI remained almost normal. In 2 cases with suspected erythroleukaemia presenting an intermediate clinical picture between erythroleukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia, Ts of basophilic erythroblasts was found to be prolonged along with modestly lowered TLI."}
{"id": "PMID:273305", "title": "Isozymes of amino acid naphthylamidase in chronic meyloid leukaemia and erythroleukaemia.", "content": "Isozymes of amino acid naphthylamidase were investigated in 11 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and 1 patient with erythroleukaemia. Two isozymes were found in all cases (isozymes A and C) which also occur in normal granulocytes. An isozyme with intermediate mobility appeared in all the patients in two main forms (isozymes BF and BS), which both differed from the isozyme B found in normal granulocytes. This may therefore support the diagnosis. In 3 patients a shift occurred between isozymes BF and BS, the possible significance of which is discussed.", "contents": "Isozymes of amino acid naphthylamidase in chronic meyloid leukaemia and erythroleukaemia. Isozymes of amino acid naphthylamidase were investigated in 11 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and 1 patient with erythroleukaemia. Two isozymes were found in all cases (isozymes A and C) which also occur in normal granulocytes. An isozyme with intermediate mobility appeared in all the patients in two main forms (isozymes BF and BS), which both differed from the isozyme B found in normal granulocytes. This may therefore support the diagnosis. In 3 patients a shift occurred between isozymes BF and BS, the possible significance of which is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273306", "title": "Mitotic activity in myeloid leukaemias. A study of 277 cases.", "content": "The proportions of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and promonocytes within the granulopoietic precursor pool of the bone marrow and mitotic indices (MI) of the precursor cells were determined in 277 patients with various forms of myeloid leukaemias. The MI of the leukaemic patients were significantly lower than those of 20 normals. Thus the median MI in 186 cases of acute myeloid leukaemias was 0.68%, compared with 1.0% in 85 cases of chronic leukaemias and 1.2% in the normals. Separate MI of the different leukaemic precursor cells were counted in 21 cases of acute myeloid leukaemias and these indices were lower than those of the corresponding normal cells. There were significant differences between the different groups and subtypes of leukaemias and it is suggested that mitotic countings might be of diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "contents": "Mitotic activity in myeloid leukaemias. A study of 277 cases. The proportions of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and promonocytes within the granulopoietic precursor pool of the bone marrow and mitotic indices (MI) of the precursor cells were determined in 277 patients with various forms of myeloid leukaemias. The MI of the leukaemic patients were significantly lower than those of 20 normals. Thus the median MI in 186 cases of acute myeloid leukaemias was 0.68%, compared with 1.0% in 85 cases of chronic leukaemias and 1.2% in the normals. Separate MI of the different leukaemic precursor cells were counted in 21 cases of acute myeloid leukaemias and these indices were lower than those of the corresponding normal cells. There were significant differences between the different groups and subtypes of leukaemias and it is suggested that mitotic countings might be of diagnostic and prognostic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:273307", "title": "[Surgical treatment of chronic pain].", "content": "In view of negative experience and the disappointing long-term results, most of the classic surgical methods for treating chronic pain are no longer indicated. Only in cancer pain is dissection of the spino-thalamic tract at the cervical or upper thoracic level frequently helpful. In selected cases the same may be said of rhizotomy. Controlled thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion provides the best results in typical trigeminal pain. Other methods of surgical treatment (e.g. commissural myelotomy, thalamotomy) mentioned in this article are things of the past which are no longer used.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of chronic pain]. In view of negative experience and the disappointing long-term results, most of the classic surgical methods for treating chronic pain are no longer indicated. Only in cancer pain is dissection of the spino-thalamic tract at the cervical or upper thoracic level frequently helpful. In selected cases the same may be said of rhizotomy. Controlled thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion provides the best results in typical trigeminal pain. Other methods of surgical treatment (e.g. commissural myelotomy, thalamotomy) mentioned in this article are things of the past which are no longer used."}
{"id": "PMID:273308", "title": "The infective complications of aggressive induction of clinical remission in adult acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "The infectious complications after induction of remission in 31 previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia are described. Clinically, most of the febrile episodes were associated with infection, and in 11 of the patients who died infection was the direct cause. In 6 out of these 11 the causal organism was diagnosed ante mortem. In 6 of the 15 patients who regenerated to clinical remission and who had fever the causal organism was isolated. The policy of management of fever in this group of patients is outlined.", "contents": "The infective complications of aggressive induction of clinical remission in adult acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. The infectious complications after induction of remission in 31 previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia are described. Clinically, most of the febrile episodes were associated with infection, and in 11 of the patients who died infection was the direct cause. In 6 out of these 11 the causal organism was diagnosed ante mortem. In 6 of the 15 patients who regenerated to clinical remission and who had fever the causal organism was isolated. The policy of management of fever in this group of patients is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:273318", "title": "Histone synthesis and differentiation in murine virus-infected erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The murine virus-infected erythroleukemia cells (MELC) has been used as a useful tool to examine the regulatory mechanism of the cytodifferentiation by the genetic approach. Addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the MELC culture induces erythroid differentiation. A study was made to assess whether stimulation of histone synthesis is associated with DMSO-induced differentiation of MELC during 4 days of culture in vitro. The synthesis of histone increased 2-fold in the 48 hr-incubated cells while the synthesis of non-histone protein was not stimulated. The histone synthesis was maximal at 48 hr and declined by 72 hr. 3H-leucine-labeled cells treated with DMSO was mixed with an equal weight of 14C-labeled control cells. Histones were isolated and fractionated on polyacrylamide gel. A 3.6-fold increase in 3H/14C ratio occurred in histone fraction 3 and 3.4-fold in histone fraction 2b. The data indicate that the stimulation of histone synthesis is an early event following DMSO treatment of MELC cells.", "contents": "Histone synthesis and differentiation in murine virus-infected erythroleukemia cells. The murine virus-infected erythroleukemia cells (MELC) has been used as a useful tool to examine the regulatory mechanism of the cytodifferentiation by the genetic approach. Addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the MELC culture induces erythroid differentiation. A study was made to assess whether stimulation of histone synthesis is associated with DMSO-induced differentiation of MELC during 4 days of culture in vitro. The synthesis of histone increased 2-fold in the 48 hr-incubated cells while the synthesis of non-histone protein was not stimulated. The histone synthesis was maximal at 48 hr and declined by 72 hr. 3H-leucine-labeled cells treated with DMSO was mixed with an equal weight of 14C-labeled control cells. Histones were isolated and fractionated on polyacrylamide gel. A 3.6-fold increase in 3H/14C ratio occurred in histone fraction 3 and 3.4-fold in histone fraction 2b. The data indicate that the stimulation of histone synthesis is an early event following DMSO treatment of MELC cells."}
{"id": "PMID:273319", "title": "[Treatment of prosthesis stomatitis with antimycotic foils].", "content": "The therapy of denture sore mouth which is induced by Candida albicans must take its bearings about the general and local disposition factors. The crucial points of stomatological treatment are pointed to. The problems related to local antimycotic therapy in the oral cavity are discussed. A new antimycotic dosage form, the nystatin-gelatin foil, for local application in denture wearers in presented. Its dosage and its use are described.", "contents": "[Treatment of prosthesis stomatitis with antimycotic foils]. The therapy of denture sore mouth which is induced by Candida albicans must take its bearings about the general and local disposition factors. The crucial points of stomatological treatment are pointed to. The problems related to local antimycotic therapy in the oral cavity are discussed. A new antimycotic dosage form, the nystatin-gelatin foil, for local application in denture wearers in presented. Its dosage and its use are described."}
{"id": "PMID:273320", "title": "[Technological and clinical studies on various plastic filling materials].", "content": "The authors determined the hardness, water absorption and thermal expansion of different composites. The clinical trial of two of these materials is followed by conclusions as to their use in practice. With regard to the anterior region, the composites are in a sense an enrichment of assortment of filling materials. But due to their still insufficient physico-chemical properties, they are no alternative of cast or amalgam fillings.", "contents": "[Technological and clinical studies on various plastic filling materials]. The authors determined the hardness, water absorption and thermal expansion of different composites. The clinical trial of two of these materials is followed by conclusions as to their use in practice. With regard to the anterior region, the composites are in a sense an enrichment of assortment of filling materials. But due to their still insufficient physico-chemical properties, they are no alternative of cast or amalgam fillings."}
{"id": "PMID:273321", "title": "[The periodontally prophylactic effect of the dentifrice \"Silka\". 1. The effect of the dentifrice \"Silka\" on the periodontium compared to other dentifrices from the DDR production].", "content": "As compared to a toothpaste without periodontal-prophylactic adjuncts, the commercially available silka toothpaste exerted a statistically significant beneficial effect on the chronically inflamed gingivae. Thus, a periodontal-prophylactic efficiency may be attributed to the Silka toothpaste.", "contents": "[The periodontally prophylactic effect of the dentifrice \"Silka\". 1. The effect of the dentifrice \"Silka\" on the periodontium compared to other dentifrices from the DDR production]. As compared to a toothpaste without periodontal-prophylactic adjuncts, the commercially available silka toothpaste exerted a statistically significant beneficial effect on the chronically inflamed gingivae. Thus, a periodontal-prophylactic efficiency may be attributed to the Silka toothpaste."}
{"id": "PMID:273322", "title": "[Tooth mobility in several age groups with reference to various periodontal diagnostic aspects].", "content": "The present study deals with a study of the tooth mobility, the pocket depth and the bone destruction in 616 periodontally healthy subjects. It was found that the mobility of the upper lateral incisor is inferior to that of the central one. Furthermore, relations of age to tooth mobility and bone destruction were established, whereas no relationship between age and pocket depth was evident.", "contents": "[Tooth mobility in several age groups with reference to various periodontal diagnostic aspects]. The present study deals with a study of the tooth mobility, the pocket depth and the bone destruction in 616 periodontally healthy subjects. It was found that the mobility of the upper lateral incisor is inferior to that of the central one. Furthermore, relations of age to tooth mobility and bone destruction were established, whereas no relationship between age and pocket depth was evident."}
{"id": "PMID:273323", "title": "[The sensitivity of clinical indices for periodontal studies].", "content": "Some of the clinical indices that are most frequently used in periodontal examinations were tested for sensibility. When chosen with regard to the objective of the respective examinations, they are a great help in evaluating gingival changes. Their shortcomings become manifest especially when compared with objective data (pO2, pH, resistance, volume pulse, responsiveness tests). The requirements that should be met under these conditions are formulated.", "contents": "[The sensitivity of clinical indices for periodontal studies]. Some of the clinical indices that are most frequently used in periodontal examinations were tested for sensibility. When chosen with regard to the objective of the respective examinations, they are a great help in evaluating gingival changes. Their shortcomings become manifest especially when compared with objective data (pO2, pH, resistance, volume pulse, responsiveness tests). The requirements that should be met under these conditions are formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:273324", "title": "[The effect of local anesthetics and injuries on the angiographic picture of the cat mandibular blood vessels].", "content": "The authors examined the effects of local anesthetics and traumata (traumatic dental extractions) on the angiographic picture of the mandibular vessels of the cat in the 10th, 70th and 120th minutes. The application of local anaesthetics results in a reduced filling of the inferior alveolar artery in the 10th and 70th minutes. The picture returns to normal in the 120th minute. The traumatic extraction produces more marked changes up to complete spasm of the vascular system of the common carotid artery. In the 120 th minute, the blood supply is restored; and the normal number of vessels appears on the aniograph, but their lumina are still reduced. The vasoconstriction caused by local anesthetics and traumata plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the primary dry socket.", "contents": "[The effect of local anesthetics and injuries on the angiographic picture of the cat mandibular blood vessels]. The authors examined the effects of local anesthetics and traumata (traumatic dental extractions) on the angiographic picture of the mandibular vessels of the cat in the 10th, 70th and 120th minutes. The application of local anaesthetics results in a reduced filling of the inferior alveolar artery in the 10th and 70th minutes. The picture returns to normal in the 120th minute. The traumatic extraction produces more marked changes up to complete spasm of the vascular system of the common carotid artery. In the 120 th minute, the blood supply is restored; and the normal number of vessels appears on the aniograph, but their lumina are still reduced. The vasoconstriction caused by local anesthetics and traumata plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the primary dry socket."}
{"id": "PMID:273325", "title": "[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 1. Development, current state and prospects].", "content": "The author gives a survey of the development, present state and developmental possibilities of the capsule system (mechanical processing of dental materials predosed in capsules). Experimental studies and accounts of clinical experience of the last ten years show that the capsule system is a scientifically founded procedure characterized by a considerable effect of rationalization, the quality of work being improved. The advantages of the procedure are demonstrated by personal studies and the literature. The advantages lie in the fields of ergonomics, materials science and economics. They are in evidence especially in processing filling materials.", "contents": "[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 1. Development, current state and prospects]. The author gives a survey of the development, present state and developmental possibilities of the capsule system (mechanical processing of dental materials predosed in capsules). Experimental studies and accounts of clinical experience of the last ten years show that the capsule system is a scientifically founded procedure characterized by a considerable effect of rationalization, the quality of work being improved. The advantages of the procedure are demonstrated by personal studies and the literature. The advantages lie in the fields of ergonomics, materials science and economics. They are in evidence especially in processing filling materials."}
{"id": "PMID:273327", "title": "[The manufacture of nystatin-gelatin foils for the treatment of denture stomatitis].", "content": "The authors describe the formula and the manufacture of nystatin-gelatin foils that are a new dosage form for local application in case of denture sore mouth induced by Candida albicans. It is pointed to the requirements that a pharmaceutically used gelatin should meet. Furthermore, the authors discuss biopharmaceutical aspects of the nystatin-gelatin foil.", "contents": "[The manufacture of nystatin-gelatin foils for the treatment of denture stomatitis]. The authors describe the formula and the manufacture of nystatin-gelatin foils that are a new dosage form for local application in case of denture sore mouth induced by Candida albicans. It is pointed to the requirements that a pharmaceutically used gelatin should meet. Furthermore, the authors discuss biopharmaceutical aspects of the nystatin-gelatin foil."}
{"id": "PMID:273328", "title": "Ultrasound in pre-vitrectomy assessment.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination helps the surgeon to select patients for vitrectomy and enables him to plan the operative procedure. A film demonstrated the advantages of rapid B-scanning over other ultrasonic techniques of previtrectomy assessment.", "contents": "Ultrasound in pre-vitrectomy assessment. Ultrasonic examination helps the surgeon to select patients for vitrectomy and enables him to plan the operative procedure. A film demonstrated the advantages of rapid B-scanning over other ultrasonic techniques of previtrectomy assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:273329", "title": "A rationale for the use of liquid silicone.", "content": "The fundamental problem of massive retinal retraction in the contractual stage is due to the establishment of contracting membranes, both on the surface of the retina and away from the surface. These membranes distort and immobilize the retina in a way that cannot be effectively treated by buckling alone. The injection of liquid silicone enables the membrane to be stretched to a point at which it either ruptures spontaneously, or can be ruptured at a point of weakness by a needle tip. The retina, being still elastic, is able to stretch further than the membrane. At this point the membrane is actively elevated by the injecting needle and separated from the retina aa widely as possible. Liquid silicone enables significant membranes to be easily visualized, when separated, to be divided.", "contents": "A rationale for the use of liquid silicone. The fundamental problem of massive retinal retraction in the contractual stage is due to the establishment of contracting membranes, both on the surface of the retina and away from the surface. These membranes distort and immobilize the retina in a way that cannot be effectively treated by buckling alone. The injection of liquid silicone enables the membrane to be stretched to a point at which it either ruptures spontaneously, or can be ruptured at a point of weakness by a needle tip. The retina, being still elastic, is able to stretch further than the membrane. At this point the membrane is actively elevated by the injecting needle and separated from the retina aa widely as possible. Liquid silicone enables significant membranes to be easily visualized, when separated, to be divided."}
{"id": "PMID:273330", "title": "Results of silicone oil injection in massive preretinal retraction.", "content": "A series of 69 eyes in which silicone oil injection was used to treat retinal detachment with massive preretinal retraction was reviewed with respect to retinal re-attachment and visual function. The selection of patients for treatment with silicone oil injection was influenced by the poor prognosis with conventional methods, the high incidence of postoperative complications after silicone oil injection, and the prognosis of the fellow eye. Although silicone oil injection is not an ideal method of re-attaching the retina, it remains the only successful method in many cases of massive preretinal traction. In cases in which the fellow eye is defective or is at risk of becoming so, we believe that the injection of silicone oil is fully justified.", "contents": "Results of silicone oil injection in massive preretinal retraction. A series of 69 eyes in which silicone oil injection was used to treat retinal detachment with massive preretinal retraction was reviewed with respect to retinal re-attachment and visual function. The selection of patients for treatment with silicone oil injection was influenced by the poor prognosis with conventional methods, the high incidence of postoperative complications after silicone oil injection, and the prognosis of the fellow eye. Although silicone oil injection is not an ideal method of re-attaching the retina, it remains the only successful method in many cases of massive preretinal traction. In cases in which the fellow eye is defective or is at risk of becoming so, we believe that the injection of silicone oil is fully justified."}
{"id": "PMID:273331", "title": "Rationale and techniques of closed vitrectomy.", "content": "The three indications for vitrectomy are opacity causing severe visual deficit, vitreo-retinal traction causing or threatening retinal detachment, and displacement of the vitreous from its normal position. The types of pathology which cause opacity and/or traction and which are amenable to treatment by closed vitrectomy are lens changes or lens/iris remnants, opaque vitreous gel, ochre membranes, transgel traction bands, posterior hyaloid membranes, and epiretinal membranes. Closed vitrectomy has superseded the open sky method because the integrity of the cornea is preserved, the crystalline lens can be preserved, the intraocular pressure can be regulated, and the visualization and access to the posterior segment are good. More than 200 closed vitrectomies have been carried out at this hospital since 1974, using the Machemer VISC VII, the Douvas Rotoextractor, and the Peyman Vitrophage. The techniques which have been evolved as a result of experience with these instruments are demonstrated in a film.", "contents": "Rationale and techniques of closed vitrectomy. The three indications for vitrectomy are opacity causing severe visual deficit, vitreo-retinal traction causing or threatening retinal detachment, and displacement of the vitreous from its normal position. The types of pathology which cause opacity and/or traction and which are amenable to treatment by closed vitrectomy are lens changes or lens/iris remnants, opaque vitreous gel, ochre membranes, transgel traction bands, posterior hyaloid membranes, and epiretinal membranes. Closed vitrectomy has superseded the open sky method because the integrity of the cornea is preserved, the crystalline lens can be preserved, the intraocular pressure can be regulated, and the visualization and access to the posterior segment are good. More than 200 closed vitrectomies have been carried out at this hospital since 1974, using the Machemer VISC VII, the Douvas Rotoextractor, and the Peyman Vitrophage. The techniques which have been evolved as a result of experience with these instruments are demonstrated in a film."}
{"id": "PMID:273332", "title": "Mechanical problems associated with the cutting of vitreous.", "content": "The properties of the vitreous are considered from the standpoint of the physicist and engineer and the difficulties of its cutting and manipulation considered. The principles underlying existing instruments for use in the vitreous cavity are examined and a series of new instruments is described and illustrated.", "contents": "Mechanical problems associated with the cutting of vitreous. The properties of the vitreous are considered from the standpoint of the physicist and engineer and the difficulties of its cutting and manipulation considered. The principles underlying existing instruments for use in the vitreous cavity are examined and a series of new instruments is described and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:273333", "title": "Results of closed vitrectomy.", "content": "The results of 101 closed vitrectomy operations are reported. The cases were classified on morphological grounds, and analysis showed that eyes with anterior segment or pure gel pathology responded favourably to surgery, while those with associated retinal disease had a poorer prognosis.", "contents": "Results of closed vitrectomy. The results of 101 closed vitrectomy operations are reported. The cases were classified on morphological grounds, and analysis showed that eyes with anterior segment or pure gel pathology responded favourably to surgery, while those with associated retinal disease had a poorer prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:273336", "title": "Experience with 194 posterior chamber lenses in 20 months.", "content": "The author describes his experience with 194 posterior chamber lenses, mainly of the Pearce tripod variety. The surgical technique and complications peculiar to this type of prosthesis are considered. It was found that 75 per cent of eyes saw 6/9 or better and that the visual results compared favourably with figures given by other workers using different types of implants. The tripod posterior chamber lens is free of some of the problems associated with other intraocular lenses, especially pupil block glaucoma, hyphaemata, and the contact with plastics of the corneal endothelium. It is felt that the posterior chamber deserves further consideration as the correct place for an intraocular lens, because it provides a more \"normal\" eye than any other prosthesis.", "contents": "Experience with 194 posterior chamber lenses in 20 months. The author describes his experience with 194 posterior chamber lenses, mainly of the Pearce tripod variety. The surgical technique and complications peculiar to this type of prosthesis are considered. It was found that 75 per cent of eyes saw 6/9 or better and that the visual results compared favourably with figures given by other workers using different types of implants. The tripod posterior chamber lens is free of some of the problems associated with other intraocular lenses, especially pupil block glaucoma, hyphaemata, and the contact with plastics of the corneal endothelium. It is felt that the posterior chamber deserves further consideration as the correct place for an intraocular lens, because it provides a more \"normal\" eye than any other prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:273337", "title": "Effect of intraocular lenses on the corneal endothelium.", "content": "Methacrylate surfaces adhere to corneal endothelial cell membranes and appear to tear off the cell membranes as they separate. This adhesion appears to cause much of the massive cell damage seen at the time of intraocular lens insertion even in the hands of several groups of very experienced implant surgeons. The damage appears correlated with the incidence of endothelial touch, and may be avoidable both by avoiding contact, even for a brief period, between the endothelium and the intraocular lens during insertion, and by increasing the safety of such lenses through a hydrophilic protective coating which would give a surface similar to human lens epithelium or soft contact lens material which does not damage the endothelium. It is possible that similar damage also plays a role in causing abdominal adhesions through contact with rubber gloves, as well as venous thromboses and urethral strictures.", "contents": "Effect of intraocular lenses on the corneal endothelium. Methacrylate surfaces adhere to corneal endothelial cell membranes and appear to tear off the cell membranes as they separate. This adhesion appears to cause much of the massive cell damage seen at the time of intraocular lens insertion even in the hands of several groups of very experienced implant surgeons. The damage appears correlated with the incidence of endothelial touch, and may be avoidable both by avoiding contact, even for a brief period, between the endothelium and the intraocular lens during insertion, and by increasing the safety of such lenses through a hydrophilic protective coating which would give a surface similar to human lens epithelium or soft contact lens material which does not damage the endothelium. It is possible that similar damage also plays a role in causing abdominal adhesions through contact with rubber gloves, as well as venous thromboses and urethral strictures."}
{"id": "PMID:273338", "title": "Prevention of postoperative ocular hypertension by prostaglandin inhibitors.", "content": "The Pneumatonometer of Langham was used to monitor intraocular pressure in the operating theatre and in the early postoperative period after cataract surgery. Both indomethacin and aspirin were shown to prodcue a significant reduction in the acute ocular hypertension which can be expected to follow 6 hours after routine cataract surgery. It is suggested that the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by these drugs is probably responsible for this effect.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative ocular hypertension by prostaglandin inhibitors. The Pneumatonometer of Langham was used to monitor intraocular pressure in the operating theatre and in the early postoperative period after cataract surgery. Both indomethacin and aspirin were shown to prodcue a significant reduction in the acute ocular hypertension which can be expected to follow 6 hours after routine cataract surgery. It is suggested that the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by these drugs is probably responsible for this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:273339", "title": "Treatment of rhegmatogenous detachment without apparent holes.", "content": "In a series of cases of retinal detachment without visible holes, failure was not associated with local procedures but, as in all cases of retinal detachment, with membrane formation and retinal fibrosis. In total detachments with no localizing signs we favoured the encirclement procedure. In this group of thirty cases of retinal detachment in which no hole could be found we achieved the surprisingly high success rate of 87 per cent, but in as many as seventeen of the thirty cases a local buckle was applied to the most likely site of the tear. We therefore feel that the principle of performing the least traumatic procedure, i.e. a local procedure, can still be followed in a considerable number of these challenging cases.", "contents": "Treatment of rhegmatogenous detachment without apparent holes. In a series of cases of retinal detachment without visible holes, failure was not associated with local procedures but, as in all cases of retinal detachment, with membrane formation and retinal fibrosis. In total detachments with no localizing signs we favoured the encirclement procedure. In this group of thirty cases of retinal detachment in which no hole could be found we achieved the surprisingly high success rate of 87 per cent, but in as many as seventeen of the thirty cases a local buckle was applied to the most likely site of the tear. We therefore feel that the principle of performing the least traumatic procedure, i.e. a local procedure, can still be followed in a considerable number of these challenging cases."}
{"id": "PMID:273345", "title": "Corticosteroids in the management of herpetic eye disease.", "content": "The discriminate use of topically applied corticosteroids to modify or abolish the inflammatory response in herpetic stromal keratitis, has, as its objectives, the prevention of visual loss from corneal scarring and disorganization and a lessening of the morbidity associated with this disese. Steroids may be expected to have a profound anti-inflammatory effect in antibody-complement mediated inflammation and are effective in delayed hypersensitivity as in homograft rejection. The equally profound effect of pharmacological vasoconstriction may enable steroids to impede both afferent and efferent pathways in an immunological reflex arc, and they may be expected to reduce inflammation of nonimmunogenic origin. The adverse effects of the misapplication of these potent drugs in herpetic keratitis, in terms of an increase in the rate of complications and in the severity and morbidity of the disease, should be emphasized again.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in the management of herpetic eye disease. The discriminate use of topically applied corticosteroids to modify or abolish the inflammatory response in herpetic stromal keratitis, has, as its objectives, the prevention of visual loss from corneal scarring and disorganization and a lessening of the morbidity associated with this disese. Steroids may be expected to have a profound anti-inflammatory effect in antibody-complement mediated inflammation and are effective in delayed hypersensitivity as in homograft rejection. The equally profound effect of pharmacological vasoconstriction may enable steroids to impede both afferent and efferent pathways in an immunological reflex arc, and they may be expected to reduce inflammation of nonimmunogenic origin. The adverse effects of the misapplication of these potent drugs in herpetic keratitis, in terms of an increase in the rate of complications and in the severity and morbidity of the disease, should be emphasized again."}
{"id": "PMID:273346", "title": "Prospects of prevention of recurrent herpetic eye disease.", "content": "Various theories of recurrence of herpetic disease are outlined to indicate the potential role that interferon, interferon-inducers, or a hypothetical perfect synthetic antiviral may have in preventing recurrences, and the possibilities of minimizing trigger effects are considered. Attention is drawn to certain aspects of the management of herpetic eye disease that have a direct bearing on the incidence of subsequent recurrence. There is a need to initiate a movement to mobibize ophthalmologists everywhere to educate general practitioners in order to restrain them from harmfully using steroids in undiagnosed red eyes.", "contents": "Prospects of prevention of recurrent herpetic eye disease. Various theories of recurrence of herpetic disease are outlined to indicate the potential role that interferon, interferon-inducers, or a hypothetical perfect synthetic antiviral may have in preventing recurrences, and the possibilities of minimizing trigger effects are considered. Attention is drawn to certain aspects of the management of herpetic eye disease that have a direct bearing on the incidence of subsequent recurrence. There is a need to initiate a movement to mobibize ophthalmologists everywhere to educate general practitioners in order to restrain them from harmfully using steroids in undiagnosed red eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:273347", "title": "[Morphological and histoenzymatic characteristics of the bone marrow in the blastic crisis of chronic myeloleukosis].", "content": "Morphological and histoenzymatic characteristics of bone marrow in blastic crisis of chronic myeloleukemia are presented. Its involvement is proved to be irregular even within the limits of small topographic zones. The later is of importance in establishing the diagnosis of the disease by trepine biopsies in hematological practice. The histoenzymatic analysis of the cells in blastic crisis, indicates low degree of their differentiation reaching presumably the level of committed elements of hemopoiesis.", "contents": "[Morphological and histoenzymatic characteristics of the bone marrow in the blastic crisis of chronic myeloleukosis]. Morphological and histoenzymatic characteristics of bone marrow in blastic crisis of chronic myeloleukemia are presented. Its involvement is proved to be irregular even within the limits of small topographic zones. The later is of importance in establishing the diagnosis of the disease by trepine biopsies in hematological practice. The histoenzymatic analysis of the cells in blastic crisis, indicates low degree of their differentiation reaching presumably the level of committed elements of hemopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:273351", "title": "[A study of cerebral autonomic attacks with special reference to sympathetic hyperactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with cerebral autonomic attacks, in particular the ergotropic forms. The clinical symptoms associated with these forms of attacks are described. A multichannel recorder was used for the synchronous recording of various neurophysiological parameters such as ECG, pulse form and psychogalvanic reflex. It is shown that the polycrotic pulse form is characteristic hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system with the hypertonic, as well as the hypotonic forms of manifestation. Cases with epileptic fits and those with non-epileptic forms of attacks, as well as \"mixed forms\" are discussed. The diagnostic significance of these investigations is pointed out and the therapeutic consequences hinted at.", "contents": "[A study of cerebral autonomic attacks with special reference to sympathetic hyperactivity (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with cerebral autonomic attacks, in particular the ergotropic forms. The clinical symptoms associated with these forms of attacks are described. A multichannel recorder was used for the synchronous recording of various neurophysiological parameters such as ECG, pulse form and psychogalvanic reflex. It is shown that the polycrotic pulse form is characteristic hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system with the hypertonic, as well as the hypotonic forms of manifestation. Cases with epileptic fits and those with non-epileptic forms of attacks, as well as \"mixed forms\" are discussed. The diagnostic significance of these investigations is pointed out and the therapeutic consequences hinted at."}
{"id": "PMID:273363", "title": "Penetration of ions from silicate cement restorations into Copalite--covered cavity walls.", "content": "This study aimed to asses the effect of silicate cement on Copalite -covered cavity walls in extracted human teeth. Class V cavities were prepared in 24 premolars and filled with silicate cement (Bio-Trey). Four cavities were unlined, the rest of the cavities were lined with 1 or 2 layers of Copalite before insertion of the restorations. After 6 months, 70-100 microns thick longitudinal sections of the teeth were studied by polarized light microscopy, microradiography and electron probe microanalysis. When imbibed in water or quinoline, a subsurface zone of altered birefringence was noticed in nearly all cavity walls. Nearly half of the cavity walls in the experimental groups showed a surface zone of increased radiopacity. In a few instances a subsurface radiolucent zone was present. By electron probe microanalysis F (0,4-3% by weight), Zn (1-4%) and Al (0,2-6%) were measured in the outer 10-60 microns of the cavity walls. The study shows that even with a double layer of Copalite, known to prevent microleakage, a desirable uptake of F and Al from silicate restorations into cavity walls can take place. Copalite does not prevent a phosphoric acid effect on the cavity walls.", "contents": "Penetration of ions from silicate cement restorations into Copalite--covered cavity walls. This study aimed to asses the effect of silicate cement on Copalite -covered cavity walls in extracted human teeth. Class V cavities were prepared in 24 premolars and filled with silicate cement (Bio-Trey). Four cavities were unlined, the rest of the cavities were lined with 1 or 2 layers of Copalite before insertion of the restorations. After 6 months, 70-100 microns thick longitudinal sections of the teeth were studied by polarized light microscopy, microradiography and electron probe microanalysis. When imbibed in water or quinoline, a subsurface zone of altered birefringence was noticed in nearly all cavity walls. Nearly half of the cavity walls in the experimental groups showed a surface zone of increased radiopacity. In a few instances a subsurface radiolucent zone was present. By electron probe microanalysis F (0,4-3% by weight), Zn (1-4%) and Al (0,2-6%) were measured in the outer 10-60 microns of the cavity walls. The study shows that even with a double layer of Copalite, known to prevent microleakage, a desirable uptake of F and Al from silicate restorations into cavity walls can take place. Copalite does not prevent a phosphoric acid effect on the cavity walls."}
{"id": "PMID:273364", "title": "Chewing efficiency and state of dentition. A methodologic study.", "content": "Chewing efficiency, defined as the ability to grind a certain portion of a test food during a given time, was tested in 139 Skolt Lapps, ages 14-65. 94 persons had natural teeth and the remaining 45 wore dentures (partial and/or complete). The test food was almonds. Number of chewing strokes, swallowings and chewing time was denoted. The chewing efficiency was classified after a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 meant very good and 5 very poor ability to reduce the particle size of the test food. Clear associations were found between chewing efficiency and dental state. Number of occluding pairs of teeth was closely correlated with chewing efficiency and individuals with less than 20 teeth had a higher index score than those with more than 20 teeth. The values noted for number of chewing strokes, swallowings and chewing time were smaller for those with a good chewing efficiency, but the variation was not linear and not always significant. Denture wearers had statistically significantly higher chewing efficiency score than those with natural teeth, without dentures, and needed more chewing time before swallowing.", "contents": "Chewing efficiency and state of dentition. A methodologic study. Chewing efficiency, defined as the ability to grind a certain portion of a test food during a given time, was tested in 139 Skolt Lapps, ages 14-65. 94 persons had natural teeth and the remaining 45 wore dentures (partial and/or complete). The test food was almonds. Number of chewing strokes, swallowings and chewing time was denoted. The chewing efficiency was classified after a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 meant very good and 5 very poor ability to reduce the particle size of the test food. Clear associations were found between chewing efficiency and dental state. Number of occluding pairs of teeth was closely correlated with chewing efficiency and individuals with less than 20 teeth had a higher index score than those with more than 20 teeth. The values noted for number of chewing strokes, swallowings and chewing time were smaller for those with a good chewing efficiency, but the variation was not linear and not always significant. Denture wearers had statistically significantly higher chewing efficiency score than those with natural teeth, without dentures, and needed more chewing time before swallowing."}
{"id": "PMID:273365", "title": "Stress/strain behavior of some dental luting cements.", "content": "The compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and the plastic strain at fracture have been studied for several dental luting cements. Stress/strain diagrams of cylindrical specimens using two different crosshead speeds (2 mm/min and 0.1 mm/min) at 23 degrees and 37 degrees C showed that large differences existed between various luting cements. A zinc phosphate cement exihibited high strength, high modulus of elasticity and a small plastic strain at fracture. A resin cement also had high strength, but elastic and plastic strains were high. A polycarboxylate and an EBA-cement both showed low values of strength and modulus of elasticity combined with a high degree of plastic deformation at fracture. Testing with low strain rate at 37 degrees C accentuated the differences between these two materials and the zinc phosphate cement.", "contents": "Stress/strain behavior of some dental luting cements. The compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and the plastic strain at fracture have been studied for several dental luting cements. Stress/strain diagrams of cylindrical specimens using two different crosshead speeds (2 mm/min and 0.1 mm/min) at 23 degrees and 37 degrees C showed that large differences existed between various luting cements. A zinc phosphate cement exihibited high strength, high modulus of elasticity and a small plastic strain at fracture. A resin cement also had high strength, but elastic and plastic strains were high. A polycarboxylate and an EBA-cement both showed low values of strength and modulus of elasticity combined with a high degree of plastic deformation at fracture. Testing with low strain rate at 37 degrees C accentuated the differences between these two materials and the zinc phosphate cement."}
{"id": "PMID:273379", "title": "Histochemical, ultrastructural and functional evidence for a neurogenic control of cerebrospinal fluid production from the choroid plexus.", "content": "Histochemical studies have shown that the rabbit choroid plexus receives a well-developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve supply. The adrenergic innervation, which orginates almost entirely from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, begins to develop around birth and is fully established 3 weeks later. Electron microscopy has shown that the nerve terminals innervate both the plexus arterioles and its secretory epithelium. The sympathetic fibres have been shown to influence the plexus epithelium, as reflected by their effect on its carbonic anhydrase activity. They appear to have an inhibitory effect on the bulk CSF production, as revealed by electrical nerve stimulation and denervation experiments. The control seems to be excerted primarily on the plexus epithelium, though some of the effect may also be associated with alteration in choroid plexus blood flow.", "contents": "Histochemical, ultrastructural and functional evidence for a neurogenic control of cerebrospinal fluid production from the choroid plexus. Histochemical studies have shown that the rabbit choroid plexus receives a well-developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve supply. The adrenergic innervation, which orginates almost entirely from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, begins to develop around birth and is fully established 3 weeks later. Electron microscopy has shown that the nerve terminals innervate both the plexus arterioles and its secretory epithelium. The sympathetic fibres have been shown to influence the plexus epithelium, as reflected by their effect on its carbonic anhydrase activity. They appear to have an inhibitory effect on the bulk CSF production, as revealed by electrical nerve stimulation and denervation experiments. The control seems to be excerted primarily on the plexus epithelium, though some of the effect may also be associated with alteration in choroid plexus blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:273382", "title": "Electrophoretic properties of esterases in chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Granulocytes were obtained from samples of peripheral blood of five patients who had untreated chronic granulocytic leukemia, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of three normal persons. Specific and nonspecific esterases were extracted from leukocyte preparations with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and with lysolecithin, and subjected to polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis. In samples from both patients and normal persons, electrophoretic patterns of nonspecific esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate were similar, and the esterase bands were weakly inhibited by fluoride. Lysolecithin extracts of specific esterase showed similar electrophoretic patterns for patients and normal subjects. However in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts of specific esterase, 11 bands were seen in preparations from all of the patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia. In preparations of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, only eight bands were visualized. The results are consistent with an interpretation that these fast-moving components of specific esterase in chronic granulocytic leukemia granulocytes are present in normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but in quantities too small to be visualized with the technics used. Alternatively, the apparent \"additional\" bands of specific esterase may reflect abnormal metabolism of malignant granulocytes in chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Electrophoretic properties of esterases in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Granulocytes were obtained from samples of peripheral blood of five patients who had untreated chronic granulocytic leukemia, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of three normal persons. Specific and nonspecific esterases were extracted from leukocyte preparations with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and with lysolecithin, and subjected to polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis. In samples from both patients and normal persons, electrophoretic patterns of nonspecific esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate were similar, and the esterase bands were weakly inhibited by fluoride. Lysolecithin extracts of specific esterase showed similar electrophoretic patterns for patients and normal subjects. However in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts of specific esterase, 11 bands were seen in preparations from all of the patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia. In preparations of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, only eight bands were visualized. The results are consistent with an interpretation that these fast-moving components of specific esterase in chronic granulocytic leukemia granulocytes are present in normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but in quantities too small to be visualized with the technics used. Alternatively, the apparent \"additional\" bands of specific esterase may reflect abnormal metabolism of malignant granulocytes in chronic granulocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:273383", "title": "[A new ventilator: the Monaghan 228 (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of fluidic elements in ventilator technology has resulted in the development of mechanical ventilators for the use in the therapy of acute respiratory failure. We have tested a new apparatus of this type, the Monaghan 228, in the technical laboratory and in clinical use. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: the technical performance of the Monaghan 228 is comparable to that of sophisticated electrically powered and controlled ventilators. The delivered tidal volume remains quite constant with variations of the opposing resistance and with the application of positive end-expiratory pressure. The differences between set and delivered oxygen concentrations do not exceed 4.5% at different tidal volumes. The ventilator has been used in a surgical intensive care unit during the last two years. More than 100 patients have been treated for a total of over 500 days. Clinical experience leads us to conclude that the Monaghan 228 is a versatile, reliable ventilator which can be used for a wide spectrum of diseases requiring mechanical ventilation.", "contents": "[A new ventilator: the Monaghan 228 (author's transl)]. Application of fluidic elements in ventilator technology has resulted in the development of mechanical ventilators for the use in the therapy of acute respiratory failure. We have tested a new apparatus of this type, the Monaghan 228, in the technical laboratory and in clinical use. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: the technical performance of the Monaghan 228 is comparable to that of sophisticated electrically powered and controlled ventilators. The delivered tidal volume remains quite constant with variations of the opposing resistance and with the application of positive end-expiratory pressure. The differences between set and delivered oxygen concentrations do not exceed 4.5% at different tidal volumes. The ventilator has been used in a surgical intensive care unit during the last two years. More than 100 patients have been treated for a total of over 500 days. Clinical experience leads us to conclude that the Monaghan 228 is a versatile, reliable ventilator which can be used for a wide spectrum of diseases requiring mechanical ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:273384", "title": "Prevalence and survival of microbial contaminants in heated nebulizers.", "content": "Over a 2-year period, 600 cultures of fluid in heated nebulizers in use by patients in the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital were performed. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was never isolated. Three types of heated nebulizers were in use, and their contamination rate was significantly different (45 percent, 21 percent, and 8 percent, respectively; p less than 0.001). In the course of the study, the overall contamination rate decreased from 47 percent to 10 percent. This was mainly due to elmination of the type of heated nebulizer that was most prone to contamination. Five types of currently available large-reservoir nebulizers were inculated with various organisms and growth patterns studied. The various nebulizing equiment differed in its ability to inhibit or eliminate microbial growth; 1 of the heated nebulizers appeared to enhance growth of some of the inoculated bacteria.", "contents": "Prevalence and survival of microbial contaminants in heated nebulizers. Over a 2-year period, 600 cultures of fluid in heated nebulizers in use by patients in the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital were performed. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was never isolated. Three types of heated nebulizers were in use, and their contamination rate was significantly different (45 percent, 21 percent, and 8 percent, respectively; p less than 0.001). In the course of the study, the overall contamination rate decreased from 47 percent to 10 percent. This was mainly due to elmination of the type of heated nebulizer that was most prone to contamination. Five types of currently available large-reservoir nebulizers were inculated with various organisms and growth patterns studied. The various nebulizing equiment differed in its ability to inhibit or eliminate microbial growth; 1 of the heated nebulizers appeared to enhance growth of some of the inoculated bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:273387", "title": "Vocal cord closure. A cause of upper airway obstruction during controlled ventilation.", "content": "Studies of vocal cord function were undertaken in a quadriplegic patient requiring ventilatory assistance, and in 2 normal subjects during controlled ventilation in a tank-type respirator. When the patient and the normal subjects relaxed and made no conscious effort to assist the respirator, the vocal cords were observed to close during inspiration and a large pressure gradient (12 to 19 cm H2O) developed across the cords. When the subjects made a slight inspiratory effort (\"assist\" mode), the cords opened widely during inspiration. There were large increases in flow and tidal volume in the \"assist\" mode compared with passive ventilation. Measurements of transdiaphragmatic pressure and esophageal pressure showed that these variables did not increase with the slight assist. Thus, increase in ventilation during the \"assist\" mode appeared to be due to alleviation of inspiratory obstruction at the level of the vocal cords. The same phenomenon was observed in the patient during phrenic nerve pacing. A pacemaker was designed to be triggered by the electromyographic impulse from an accessory muscle of respiration. In this manner, vocal cord opening could be coordinated with the mechanical assist given by the phrenic nerve pacer.", "contents": "Vocal cord closure. A cause of upper airway obstruction during controlled ventilation. Studies of vocal cord function were undertaken in a quadriplegic patient requiring ventilatory assistance, and in 2 normal subjects during controlled ventilation in a tank-type respirator. When the patient and the normal subjects relaxed and made no conscious effort to assist the respirator, the vocal cords were observed to close during inspiration and a large pressure gradient (12 to 19 cm H2O) developed across the cords. When the subjects made a slight inspiratory effort (\"assist\" mode), the cords opened widely during inspiration. There were large increases in flow and tidal volume in the \"assist\" mode compared with passive ventilation. Measurements of transdiaphragmatic pressure and esophageal pressure showed that these variables did not increase with the slight assist. Thus, increase in ventilation during the \"assist\" mode appeared to be due to alleviation of inspiratory obstruction at the level of the vocal cords. The same phenomenon was observed in the patient during phrenic nerve pacing. A pacemaker was designed to be triggered by the electromyographic impulse from an accessory muscle of respiration. In this manner, vocal cord opening could be coordinated with the mechanical assist given by the phrenic nerve pacer."}
{"id": "PMID:273389", "title": "Acquired hemoglobin H in refractor sideroblastic anemia. A preleukemic marker.", "content": "Two patients with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia (IRSA) were found to have acquired hemoglobin H. Both developed leukemic syndromes. Six other patients with IRSA had normal hemoglobin electrpohoretic patterns, and none has developed acute leukemia in up to five years. We suggest that hemoglobin electrphoresis be performed routinely in IRSA. The finding of hemoglobin H in this population may be a relatively frequent occurrence and may serve to distinguish the preleukemic patients from those not destined to develop leukemia.", "contents": "Acquired hemoglobin H in refractor sideroblastic anemia. A preleukemic marker. Two patients with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia (IRSA) were found to have acquired hemoglobin H. Both developed leukemic syndromes. Six other patients with IRSA had normal hemoglobin electrpohoretic patterns, and none has developed acute leukemia in up to five years. We suggest that hemoglobin electrphoresis be performed routinely in IRSA. The finding of hemoglobin H in this population may be a relatively frequent occurrence and may serve to distinguish the preleukemic patients from those not destined to develop leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:273390", "title": "Therapeutic angiography. Its value to the surgical patient.", "content": "Standard angiographic techniques formerly used exclusively as diagnostic modalities have been modified to serve as definitive or adjunctive therapeutic measured. The techniques include transcatheter embolization; infusion of vasoactive drugs, chemotherapeutic agents and radioactive particles; tamponade of bleeding arteries and balloon catheters; extraction of vascular foreign bodies and retained biliary tract stones and transluminal arterial dilation. These techniques have been proved effective and safe when used judiciously.", "contents": "Therapeutic angiography. Its value to the surgical patient. Standard angiographic techniques formerly used exclusively as diagnostic modalities have been modified to serve as definitive or adjunctive therapeutic measured. The techniques include transcatheter embolization; infusion of vasoactive drugs, chemotherapeutic agents and radioactive particles; tamponade of bleeding arteries and balloon catheters; extraction of vascular foreign bodies and retained biliary tract stones and transluminal arterial dilation. These techniques have been proved effective and safe when used judiciously."}
{"id": "PMID:273398", "title": "The combined approach to cancer therapy in cancer centres.", "content": "In the complex field of cancer therapy the cancer centre approach may be seen more clearly by division of its structure into vertical and horizontal components. Vertically, there are numerous special consultative clinics in types of cancer usually associated with a body region (lung, breast, melanoma, etc.). Horizontally, there are teams of specialists (surgeons, radiotherapists, solid tumour chemotherapists), in some clinics supplemented by haematologists, immunologists, and endocrinologists, providing a wide therapeutic spectrum. Working together in a particular consultative team, the specialists are clinical oncologists, but without the summed wisdom and expertise of the group, the members are more accurately designated individually as specialists in the field from which they spring, for example, thoracic surgeon, haematologist, radiotherapist, and so on. The team approach lends itself to full exploitation of all the centralized sophisticated cancer machinery, be it in the form of equipment like cell-trifuges and linear accelerators, a range and depth of cancer monitoring aids, or a medical record system aligned to a computer, with consequent immediate and long-term therapeutic gain to patients. For the State there is greater efficiency and hence economy. In teaching, the aggregation of all matters relating to cancer therapy presents enhanced opportunities for training of technicians and scientists and nurses as well as doctors, for postgraduate instruction, and for continuing education. For progress in understanding cancer, it is clear that clinical research in conjunction with the combined approach in cancer centres can be conducted with sufficient numbers of patients to give statistical credence to clinical trials.", "contents": "The combined approach to cancer therapy in cancer centres. In the complex field of cancer therapy the cancer centre approach may be seen more clearly by division of its structure into vertical and horizontal components. Vertically, there are numerous special consultative clinics in types of cancer usually associated with a body region (lung, breast, melanoma, etc.). Horizontally, there are teams of specialists (surgeons, radiotherapists, solid tumour chemotherapists), in some clinics supplemented by haematologists, immunologists, and endocrinologists, providing a wide therapeutic spectrum. Working together in a particular consultative team, the specialists are clinical oncologists, but without the summed wisdom and expertise of the group, the members are more accurately designated individually as specialists in the field from which they spring, for example, thoracic surgeon, haematologist, radiotherapist, and so on. The team approach lends itself to full exploitation of all the centralized sophisticated cancer machinery, be it in the form of equipment like cell-trifuges and linear accelerators, a range and depth of cancer monitoring aids, or a medical record system aligned to a computer, with consequent immediate and long-term therapeutic gain to patients. For the State there is greater efficiency and hence economy. In teaching, the aggregation of all matters relating to cancer therapy presents enhanced opportunities for training of technicians and scientists and nurses as well as doctors, for postgraduate instruction, and for continuing education. For progress in understanding cancer, it is clear that clinical research in conjunction with the combined approach in cancer centres can be conducted with sufficient numbers of patients to give statistical credence to clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:273399", "title": "Hyperthermia and cancer.", "content": "The effects of heat and its possible significance in cance therapy have been documented for more than a century. Hyperthermia has been widely investigated as an alternative or adjuvant to conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The clinical reports are interesting, notwithstanding some harmful side effects and other complications which, however, may be attributable to an advanced stage of the disease at the time of treatment. In view of the extreme difficulty in matching suitable controls for cancer patients undertaking such therapy, it is essential to extend knowledge of the effects of hyperthermia on normal and neoplastic tissue by experimental studies. Further, the different methods of utilizing heat therapy have need for substantial technological improvements. To stimulate interest in this area, we have gathered together in this review some of the more pertinent reports on the application of hyperthermia to neoplastic and normal tissues as observed clinically and in the laboratory.", "contents": "Hyperthermia and cancer. The effects of heat and its possible significance in cance therapy have been documented for more than a century. Hyperthermia has been widely investigated as an alternative or adjuvant to conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The clinical reports are interesting, notwithstanding some harmful side effects and other complications which, however, may be attributable to an advanced stage of the disease at the time of treatment. In view of the extreme difficulty in matching suitable controls for cancer patients undertaking such therapy, it is essential to extend knowledge of the effects of hyperthermia on normal and neoplastic tissue by experimental studies. Further, the different methods of utilizing heat therapy have need for substantial technological improvements. To stimulate interest in this area, we have gathered together in this review some of the more pertinent reports on the application of hyperthermia to neoplastic and normal tissues as observed clinically and in the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:273401", "title": "The consultant surgeon and mammography.", "content": "It is important that the mounting wave of criticism of mammography in breast screening programmes should not obscure the fact that it remains the most accurate method of diagnosing breast cancer short of biopsy. Furthermore, breast cancer may be diagnosed by mammography at an early stage before it has spread to regional lymph nodes, at a time when the prognosis is better. At this time it may be beneficial to outline the role of mammography as an aid to the consultant surgeon in the management of patients referred with breast problems.", "contents": "The consultant surgeon and mammography. It is important that the mounting wave of criticism of mammography in breast screening programmes should not obscure the fact that it remains the most accurate method of diagnosing breast cancer short of biopsy. Furthermore, breast cancer may be diagnosed by mammography at an early stage before it has spread to regional lymph nodes, at a time when the prognosis is better. At this time it may be beneficial to outline the role of mammography as an aid to the consultant surgeon in the management of patients referred with breast problems."}
{"id": "PMID:273402", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of head and neck cancer surgery.", "content": "Thirty-six patients who underwent major surgical excision and reconstruction for head and neck cancer were subjected to a psychosocial assessment in hospital and, later, in their home environments. The information gained from the survey is discussed, with particular reference to those factors which can be used by the head and neck surgical team to improve the quality of the patients' existence.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of head and neck cancer surgery. Thirty-six patients who underwent major surgical excision and reconstruction for head and neck cancer were subjected to a psychosocial assessment in hospital and, later, in their home environments. The information gained from the survey is discussed, with particular reference to those factors which can be used by the head and neck surgical team to improve the quality of the patients' existence."}
{"id": "PMID:273403", "title": "Gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm in children.", "content": "This paper reviews the clinical features, management, and prognosis of patients with gliomas of the optic nerves and chiasm who have received treatment at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, between 1954 and 1977. The relationship of this tumour to other neoplasms in the region is discussed, and emphasis is placed on the natural history of the disease. The controversy concerning the exact nature of this lesion is summarized, and an attempt is made, in the light of this evidence and from the reviewed series, to formulate an appropriate overall plan of management of these patients.", "contents": "Gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm in children. This paper reviews the clinical features, management, and prognosis of patients with gliomas of the optic nerves and chiasm who have received treatment at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, between 1954 and 1977. The relationship of this tumour to other neoplasms in the region is discussed, and emphasis is placed on the natural history of the disease. The controversy concerning the exact nature of this lesion is summarized, and an attempt is made, in the light of this evidence and from the reviewed series, to formulate an appropriate overall plan of management of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:273404", "title": "The cavernous sinus: an anatomical survey.", "content": "An anatomical survey of the cavernous sinus in 16 adult cadavera has been made, based on serial sections cut at 15 micron in the coronal and sagittal planes. Certain aspects of the survey are of particular interest: (1) the oculomotor, trochlear, and ophthalmic nerves do not run in the lateral dural wall of the cavernous sinus; (2) venous sinuses of the cavernous sinus flow freely in a medial direction both anterior and posterior to the dorsum sellae; (3) trabeculae in the form of collections of fine areolar tissue extend between the vascular and neural elements. The amount present is variable; (4) the horizontal section of the internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus runs a variable course in relation to the hypophysis and the lateral dural wall; (5) the oculomotor nerve lies within a meningeal envelope as far anteriorly as the tip of the anterior clinoid process; (6) the ophthalmic nerve communicates with the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves in the anterior part of the cavernous sinus; (7) the abducent nerve may lie within a meningeal envelope in the posterior part of the cavernous sinus; (8) the greater part of the sympathetic nerve plexus around the vertical part of the internal carotid artery passes into the abducent and ophthalmic nerves. Sympathetic fibres pass into the sheaths surrounding the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. Sympathetic ganglia are suspended from the ophthalmic nerve.", "contents": "The cavernous sinus: an anatomical survey. An anatomical survey of the cavernous sinus in 16 adult cadavera has been made, based on serial sections cut at 15 micron in the coronal and sagittal planes. Certain aspects of the survey are of particular interest: (1) the oculomotor, trochlear, and ophthalmic nerves do not run in the lateral dural wall of the cavernous sinus; (2) venous sinuses of the cavernous sinus flow freely in a medial direction both anterior and posterior to the dorsum sellae; (3) trabeculae in the form of collections of fine areolar tissue extend between the vascular and neural elements. The amount present is variable; (4) the horizontal section of the internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus runs a variable course in relation to the hypophysis and the lateral dural wall; (5) the oculomotor nerve lies within a meningeal envelope as far anteriorly as the tip of the anterior clinoid process; (6) the ophthalmic nerve communicates with the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves in the anterior part of the cavernous sinus; (7) the abducent nerve may lie within a meningeal envelope in the posterior part of the cavernous sinus; (8) the greater part of the sympathetic nerve plexus around the vertical part of the internal carotid artery passes into the abducent and ophthalmic nerves. Sympathetic fibres pass into the sheaths surrounding the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. Sympathetic ganglia are suspended from the ophthalmic nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:273405", "title": "The creation of artificial subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas in patients with malignant haematological disease.", "content": "Creation of an artificial subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula was attempted in five patients with malignant haematological disorders (two with Hodgkin's disease, two with acute lymphatic leukaemia, and one with acute myeloid leukaemia). The average time from the start of treatment to attempted creation of the fistulae was four years. Neither direct arteriovenous anastomosis nor an interposition mandril graft was successful in any patient. Failure was attributed to impaired venous run-off secondary to previous episodes of thrombophlebitis induced by the intravenous administration of cytotoxic drugs. The use of an arteriovenous fistula early in the course of the disease might minimize these later problems.", "contents": "The creation of artificial subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas in patients with malignant haematological disease. Creation of an artificial subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula was attempted in five patients with malignant haematological disorders (two with Hodgkin's disease, two with acute lymphatic leukaemia, and one with acute myeloid leukaemia). The average time from the start of treatment to attempted creation of the fistulae was four years. Neither direct arteriovenous anastomosis nor an interposition mandril graft was successful in any patient. Failure was attributed to impaired venous run-off secondary to previous episodes of thrombophlebitis induced by the intravenous administration of cytotoxic drugs. The use of an arteriovenous fistula early in the course of the disease might minimize these later problems."}
{"id": "PMID:273406", "title": "Guidelines for planning clinical trials.", "content": "This paper outlines the necessary steps involved in setting up and administering a clinical trial. The importance of adequate preparation, with careful definition of priorities and objectives, is emphasized. Guidelines for writing a clinical protocol are discussed in detail, as well as aids to deal with the running of the study, statistical planning, and presentation of results. The principle of different types of study, methods of patient assessment, and an overall plan of study, have already been introduced in the preceding paper.", "contents": "Guidelines for planning clinical trials. This paper outlines the necessary steps involved in setting up and administering a clinical trial. The importance of adequate preparation, with careful definition of priorities and objectives, is emphasized. Guidelines for writing a clinical protocol are discussed in detail, as well as aids to deal with the running of the study, statistical planning, and presentation of results. The principle of different types of study, methods of patient assessment, and an overall plan of study, have already been introduced in the preceding paper."}
{"id": "PMID:273407", "title": "Sequential antitumour immunoreactivity and carcinoembryonic antigen levels as a guide to prognosis in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with colorectal carcinoma were tested for blood-lymphocyte anti-tumour cytotoxicity and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels at three-monthly intervals for eighteen months or more after resection, and examined clinically every three to six months. Twelve of the patients were followed for two years and one for four years. The six patients whose tumours recurred showed positive blood lymphocyte antitumour cytotoxicity and elevated plasma CEA levels at some time from six months after operation, usually well before the recurrence was clinically detectable.", "contents": "Sequential antitumour immunoreactivity and carcinoembryonic antigen levels as a guide to prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Twenty-five patients with colorectal carcinoma were tested for blood-lymphocyte anti-tumour cytotoxicity and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels at three-monthly intervals for eighteen months or more after resection, and examined clinically every three to six months. Twelve of the patients were followed for two years and one for four years. The six patients whose tumours recurred showed positive blood lymphocyte antitumour cytotoxicity and elevated plasma CEA levels at some time from six months after operation, usually well before the recurrence was clinically detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:273408", "title": "The modulation of tumour-versus-host response in lung, colon, and breast cancer patients: implications for adjuvant immunochemotherapy.", "content": "Major advances in the understanding of clinical tumour biology occurred with the appreciation that tumour-associated substances circulated in the blood of cancer patients. In this study their origin and immunogenic function have been investigated. Whole tumour cells (WTC) and cancer cell membrane fractions (CMF) of 24 patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer were investigated for their antigenic effect upon the patients' own lymphocytes and upon healthy allogeneic ones. The antigenicity of whole lung and breast cancer cells to stimulate lymphocyte DNA synthesis, and the ineffectiveness of colon cells were confirmed. CMF had little stimulating effect upon autologous lymphocytes; however, they were able to augment lymphocyte response to PPD and PHA in high dilution and to suppress it in high concentration. The serum of cancer patients exerted similar biphasic activity upon PPD and PHA stimulated lymphocytes (\"lymphosuppressive-stimulatory factors\", or LSSF). Sephadex studies confirmed that LSSF activity in cancer serum correlated with circulating CMF. These substances modulate lymphocyte nucleic acid synthesis in vitro; it is likely that they similarly modulate the patient tumour-host cell relationship.", "contents": "The modulation of tumour-versus-host response in lung, colon, and breast cancer patients: implications for adjuvant immunochemotherapy. Major advances in the understanding of clinical tumour biology occurred with the appreciation that tumour-associated substances circulated in the blood of cancer patients. In this study their origin and immunogenic function have been investigated. Whole tumour cells (WTC) and cancer cell membrane fractions (CMF) of 24 patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer were investigated for their antigenic effect upon the patients' own lymphocytes and upon healthy allogeneic ones. The antigenicity of whole lung and breast cancer cells to stimulate lymphocyte DNA synthesis, and the ineffectiveness of colon cells were confirmed. CMF had little stimulating effect upon autologous lymphocytes; however, they were able to augment lymphocyte response to PPD and PHA in high dilution and to suppress it in high concentration. The serum of cancer patients exerted similar biphasic activity upon PPD and PHA stimulated lymphocytes (\"lymphosuppressive-stimulatory factors\", or LSSF). Sephadex studies confirmed that LSSF activity in cancer serum correlated with circulating CMF. These substances modulate lymphocyte nucleic acid synthesis in vitro; it is likely that they similarly modulate the patient tumour-host cell relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:273409", "title": "Bypass surgery for obesity.", "content": "Failure of conservative methods of control of gross obesity has led to the adoption of surgical measures. In our experience intestinal bypass, though resulting in significant weight loss, is associated with a number of unpleasant complications. For this reason our programme now involves the use of 90% gastric bypass. The results in our first 39 patients undergoing this operation are presented, with a six-month to three-year follow up. Weight loss has been satisfactory. Although it is a more major procedure than intestinal bypass, the lack of major metabolic sequelae makes gastric bypass the more acceptable form of management.", "contents": "Bypass surgery for obesity. Failure of conservative methods of control of gross obesity has led to the adoption of surgical measures. In our experience intestinal bypass, though resulting in significant weight loss, is associated with a number of unpleasant complications. For this reason our programme now involves the use of 90% gastric bypass. The results in our first 39 patients undergoing this operation are presented, with a six-month to three-year follow up. Weight loss has been satisfactory. Although it is a more major procedure than intestinal bypass, the lack of major metabolic sequelae makes gastric bypass the more acceptable form of management."}
{"id": "PMID:273410", "title": "Acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation: results of operative treatment with the Bosworth screw.", "content": "The results are reported in 21 patients who had acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated by open reduction and Bosworth screw fixation, with an average follow-up period of ten years. Nineteen patients had a good or excellent functional result. Good cosmetic results were obtained. Full recovery of shoulder movement occurred in all patients but one, although coracoclavicular calcification was a frequent finding. Complications following this technique were few.", "contents": "Acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation: results of operative treatment with the Bosworth screw. The results are reported in 21 patients who had acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated by open reduction and Bosworth screw fixation, with an average follow-up period of ten years. Nineteen patients had a good or excellent functional result. Good cosmetic results were obtained. Full recovery of shoulder movement occurred in all patients but one, although coracoclavicular calcification was a frequent finding. Complications following this technique were few."}
{"id": "PMID:273411", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as spinal cord compression: report of a case.", "content": "A report of a case of primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as spinal cord compression due to a brown tumour of the vertebra is presented. Coexisting chrondrocalcinosis illustrates one of the several radiological features seen in hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as spinal cord compression: report of a case. A report of a case of primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as spinal cord compression due to a brown tumour of the vertebra is presented. Coexisting chrondrocalcinosis illustrates one of the several radiological features seen in hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:273412", "title": "Spinal epidural abscess in pregnancy.", "content": "A case of spontaneous epidural abscess occuring in a pregnant woman is reported. Some delay in diagnosis occurred. Decompression resulted in prompt recovery and improvement of a mild neurological deficit.", "contents": "Spinal epidural abscess in pregnancy. A case of spontaneous epidural abscess occuring in a pregnant woman is reported. Some delay in diagnosis occurred. Decompression resulted in prompt recovery and improvement of a mild neurological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:273413", "title": "A method of closed intramedullary nailing of the fractured tibia.", "content": "This paper describes a method of closed intramedullary nailing of the tibia, which has now been used in 30 cases, and is simple, quick, and efficient. It requires one additional fitting to the standard orthopaedic table, and the instruments used for an ordinary closed intramedullary nailing of the fractured femur.", "contents": "A method of closed intramedullary nailing of the fractured tibia. This paper describes a method of closed intramedullary nailing of the tibia, which has now been used in 30 cases, and is simple, quick, and efficient. It requires one additional fitting to the standard orthopaedic table, and the instruments used for an ordinary closed intramedullary nailing of the fractured femur."}
{"id": "PMID:273414", "title": "A simplified kidney preservation system: the use of hyperosmolar perfusates for continuous perfusion preservation of canine kidneys.", "content": "Since the quality of renal preservation following simple ice storage is improved by the use of hyperosmolar washout solutions, hyperosmolar perfusates were evaluated for continuous perfusion preservation. Canine kidneys were preserved for 48 hours by continuous perfusion at 5 degrees C, using hyperosmolar cryoprecipitated plasma and 5% albumin perfusates of osmolalities 397 to 430 mOsm/kg H2O. Hyperosmolar plasma gave significantly better preservation than isosmolar plasma, but the results were only marginally superior to those already obtainable with isosmolar albumin solution. No further improvement in preservation by albumin perfusion was obtained with the hyperosmolar formulations. Because isosmolar albumin solution is easier to prepare than hyperosmolar cryoprecipitated plasma and gives comparable results, it remains our perfusate of choice for continuous perfusion preservation.", "contents": "A simplified kidney preservation system: the use of hyperosmolar perfusates for continuous perfusion preservation of canine kidneys. Since the quality of renal preservation following simple ice storage is improved by the use of hyperosmolar washout solutions, hyperosmolar perfusates were evaluated for continuous perfusion preservation. Canine kidneys were preserved for 48 hours by continuous perfusion at 5 degrees C, using hyperosmolar cryoprecipitated plasma and 5% albumin perfusates of osmolalities 397 to 430 mOsm/kg H2O. Hyperosmolar plasma gave significantly better preservation than isosmolar plasma, but the results were only marginally superior to those already obtainable with isosmolar albumin solution. No further improvement in preservation by albumin perfusion was obtained with the hyperosmolar formulations. Because isosmolar albumin solution is easier to prepare than hyperosmolar cryoprecipitated plasma and gives comparable results, it remains our perfusate of choice for continuous perfusion preservation."}
{"id": "PMID:273415", "title": "The dilemma of stage III breast cancer: a study of preoperative radiotherapy.", "content": "The results of treatment of 68 patients with Stage III breast cancer treated by preoperative radiotherapy and subsequent mastectomy have been compared with those in 68 patients treated by more conventional methods, matched individually for age, stage, and year of treatment. Preoperative radiotherapy delayed the time of the first local recurrence, but did not improve overall survival. It is concluded that preoperative radiotherapy may be justified in patients with Stage III breast cancer in an attempt to control local disease, but is unlikely to improve control of systemic recurrence.", "contents": "The dilemma of stage III breast cancer: a study of preoperative radiotherapy. The results of treatment of 68 patients with Stage III breast cancer treated by preoperative radiotherapy and subsequent mastectomy have been compared with those in 68 patients treated by more conventional methods, matched individually for age, stage, and year of treatment. Preoperative radiotherapy delayed the time of the first local recurrence, but did not improve overall survival. It is concluded that preoperative radiotherapy may be justified in patients with Stage III breast cancer in an attempt to control local disease, but is unlikely to improve control of systemic recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:273421", "title": "Evalution of mechanical ventilators in a hyperbaric environment.", "content": "Four mechanical ventilators, the pneumatic Emerson, IMV bird, Urgency bird, and the Modified Mark 2 bird were tested in a hyperbaric chamber at depths up to 165 ft of sea water (FSW). All failed except the Emerson, which is the only machine recommended for chamber use at this time.", "contents": "Evalution of mechanical ventilators in a hyperbaric environment. Four mechanical ventilators, the pneumatic Emerson, IMV bird, Urgency bird, and the Modified Mark 2 bird were tested in a hyperbaric chamber at depths up to 165 ft of sea water (FSW). All failed except the Emerson, which is the only machine recommended for chamber use at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:273428", "title": "A simple system for administering intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) with the Oxford ventilator.", "content": "A circuit has been devised enabling intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) to be delivered from an Oxford ventilator. Two methods for delivering oxygen to the system are described. The circuit is constructed from inexpensive components and only one oxygen flowmeter is required. No modifications to the ventilator are necessary.", "contents": "A simple system for administering intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) with the Oxford ventilator. A circuit has been devised enabling intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) to be delivered from an Oxford ventilator. Two methods for delivering oxygen to the system are described. The circuit is constructed from inexpensive components and only one oxygen flowmeter is required. No modifications to the ventilator are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:273451", "title": "Congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) terminating in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A 31-yr-old female with congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) whose long course terminated in acute myelogenous leukemia is described. In contrast to Fanconi anemia, malignant transformation rarely occurs in congenital hypoplastic anemia. This patient's diagnosis of congenital hypoplastic anemia is supported by her clinical course, absence of renal abnormalities, a negative family history for hematologic disorders, normal chromosome studies, failure of her skin fibroblasts to transform in culture with SV-40 virus, macrocytic erythrocyte indices, erythrocyte enzyme studies, and bone marrow findings. Only two other cases of malignancy have been reported in patients with congenital hypoplastic anemia. The development of malignancy in these patients suggests that malignant transformation may be a concern in the long-term progression of congenital hypoplastic anemia.", "contents": "Congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) terminating in acute myelogenous leukemia. A 31-yr-old female with congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) whose long course terminated in acute myelogenous leukemia is described. In contrast to Fanconi anemia, malignant transformation rarely occurs in congenital hypoplastic anemia. This patient's diagnosis of congenital hypoplastic anemia is supported by her clinical course, absence of renal abnormalities, a negative family history for hematologic disorders, normal chromosome studies, failure of her skin fibroblasts to transform in culture with SV-40 virus, macrocytic erythrocyte indices, erythrocyte enzyme studies, and bone marrow findings. Only two other cases of malignancy have been reported in patients with congenital hypoplastic anemia. The development of malignancy in these patients suggests that malignant transformation may be a concern in the long-term progression of congenital hypoplastic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:273452", "title": "[Delivery of a normal child after chemotherapy of acute promyelocytic leukaemia during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Upon chemotherapy with daunorubidomycin and cytosinarabinoside, a patient suffering from acute promyelocytic leukaemia during the 28. week of pregnancy achieved complete haematological remission. In spite of complicating disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and aggressive chemotherapy a normal child was delivered by cesarian section during the 34. week of pregnancy. Specific problems in the treatment of acute leukaemia during pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "[Delivery of a normal child after chemotherapy of acute promyelocytic leukaemia during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Upon chemotherapy with daunorubidomycin and cytosinarabinoside, a patient suffering from acute promyelocytic leukaemia during the 28. week of pregnancy achieved complete haematological remission. In spite of complicating disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and aggressive chemotherapy a normal child was delivered by cesarian section during the 34. week of pregnancy. Specific problems in the treatment of acute leukaemia during pregnancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273461", "title": "Leukostasis associated with blood transfusion in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Three patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia and blast cell counts greater than 100 X 10(9)/1 (100 000/mm3) died unexpectedly soon after blood transfusion. In two cases postmortem examination disclosed cerebral leukostasis. Analysis of the records from the MRC's fourth and fifth acute myeloid leukaemia trials showed that in the first week after diagnosis mortality was five times greater in patients with blast counts above 100 X 10(9)/1 than in patients with lower counts. Age and platelet count did not explain this excess. The mean haemoglobin concentration in the patients with high blast counts who died within the first week was 10.5 +/- 2.8 g/dl, which was significantly higher than that in the surviving group (7.6 +/- 2.4 g/dl). Only half the patients received chemotherapy within two days of diagnosis. Leukostasis is an important cause of early death in patients with high blast counts, and the increase in viscosity produced by transfusing to a haemoglobin concentration above 10 g/dl may lead to sudden deterioration. Transfusion to such concentrations should be avoided until the blast count has been reduced by early chemotherapy.", "contents": "Leukostasis associated with blood transfusion in acute myeloid leukaemia. Three patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia and blast cell counts greater than 100 X 10(9)/1 (100 000/mm3) died unexpectedly soon after blood transfusion. In two cases postmortem examination disclosed cerebral leukostasis. Analysis of the records from the MRC's fourth and fifth acute myeloid leukaemia trials showed that in the first week after diagnosis mortality was five times greater in patients with blast counts above 100 X 10(9)/1 than in patients with lower counts. Age and platelet count did not explain this excess. The mean haemoglobin concentration in the patients with high blast counts who died within the first week was 10.5 +/- 2.8 g/dl, which was significantly higher than that in the surviving group (7.6 +/- 2.4 g/dl). Only half the patients received chemotherapy within two days of diagnosis. Leukostasis is an important cause of early death in patients with high blast counts, and the increase in viscosity produced by transfusing to a haemoglobin concentration above 10 g/dl may lead to sudden deterioration. Transfusion to such concentrations should be avoided until the blast count has been reduced by early chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:273462", "title": "Effects of hypothalamic lesions on the food intake of the goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "Goldfish were trained to perform an operant in response in order to obtain food, thereby allowing the food intake to be accurately determined. The normal daily food intake was established for each fish before it was given a sham operation or bilateral hypothalamic lesions. It was then observed over a period of up to 60 days. Lesions of the lateral areas of the hypothalamus were found to cause cessations of operant feeding of up to 60 days duration, and cessations of feeding on manually presented food of up to 35 days. Lesions of the anterior-medial areas were followed by cessationsof operant feeding of up to 26 days. The post-lesioning food intake of fish lesioned in the posterior-medial area was similar to that of the control fish. No increases in operant feeding were observed after lesioning. The results are considered to be consistent with a genuine aphagia induced by lesions of the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effects of hypothalamic lesions on the food intake of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish were trained to perform an operant in response in order to obtain food, thereby allowing the food intake to be accurately determined. The normal daily food intake was established for each fish before it was given a sham operation or bilateral hypothalamic lesions. It was then observed over a period of up to 60 days. Lesions of the lateral areas of the hypothalamus were found to cause cessations of operant feeding of up to 60 days duration, and cessations of feeding on manually presented food of up to 35 days. Lesions of the anterior-medial areas were followed by cessationsof operant feeding of up to 26 days. The post-lesioning food intake of fish lesioned in the posterior-medial area was similar to that of the control fish. No increases in operant feeding were observed after lesioning. The results are considered to be consistent with a genuine aphagia induced by lesions of the lateral hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:273466", "title": "Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia with Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome and an additional translocation.", "content": "A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the disease pursued an atypical course is described. The presence of a previously unreported translocation t(1;20), in addition to a Ph' chromosome t(9;22), is demonstrated, and its possible significance and relationship to the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia with Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome and an additional translocation. A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the disease pursued an atypical course is described. The presence of a previously unreported translocation t(1;20), in addition to a Ph' chromosome t(9;22), is demonstrated, and its possible significance and relationship to the disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273467", "title": "Echocardiography in adriamycin cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Twenty-six patients receiving adriamycin for osteogenic sarcoma had serial echocardiographic assessments of their left ventricular function. A statistically significant deterioration of function was noted throughout the course. Ventricular function tended to normalize in the period following cessation of adriamycin. The velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf) and ejection fraction (EF) were the best parameters. Sudden declines in these values resulted in us withholding therapy until the parameters again improved. Fatal congestive heart failure was seen in only one patient. Echocardiography thus provides the clinician with a valuable tool enabling one to improve the therapeutic usefulness of adriamycin by removing much of the uncertainty over the development of cardiotoxicity.", "contents": "Echocardiography in adriamycin cardiotoxicity. Twenty-six patients receiving adriamycin for osteogenic sarcoma had serial echocardiographic assessments of their left ventricular function. A statistically significant deterioration of function was noted throughout the course. Ventricular function tended to normalize in the period following cessation of adriamycin. The velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf) and ejection fraction (EF) were the best parameters. Sudden declines in these values resulted in us withholding therapy until the parameters again improved. Fatal congestive heart failure was seen in only one patient. Echocardiography thus provides the clinician with a valuable tool enabling one to improve the therapeutic usefulness of adriamycin by removing much of the uncertainty over the development of cardiotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:273468", "title": "Simultaneous presentation of acute myelomonocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma.", "content": "A patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma occurring simultaneously prior to initiation of chemotherapy is described. Possible mechanisms for this occurrence are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous presentation of acute myelomonocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. A patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma occurring simultaneously prior to initiation of chemotherapy is described. Possible mechanisms for this occurrence are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273469", "title": "Transepiphyseal extension of osteosarcoma: incidence, mechanism, and implications.", "content": "Forty-five cases of osteosarcoma were studied for transepiphyseal spread of the lesion because of the current interest in local resection and chemotherapy as treatment of this disease. In 17 cases, the epiphyseal plate had closed and all 17 had transepiphyseal extension of the tumor. In 28 cases, the epiphyseal plate was open; 21 showed growth or microscopic evidence of transepiphyseal extension of the lesion. The most common method of extension was directly through the epiphyseal plate along vascular channels, or less commonly, about the epiphyseal plate beneath the perichondrium and into the epiphysis along the epiphyeal vascular channels. The majority of these extensions were not detectable by either conventional radiography or radioisotope scanning. Local resection with preservation of the epiphysis will, in all likelihood, leave residual disease despite the oft-quoted statement that an open epiphyseal plate is a biologic barrier to the extension of bone tumors.", "contents": "Transepiphyseal extension of osteosarcoma: incidence, mechanism, and implications. Forty-five cases of osteosarcoma were studied for transepiphyseal spread of the lesion because of the current interest in local resection and chemotherapy as treatment of this disease. In 17 cases, the epiphyseal plate had closed and all 17 had transepiphyseal extension of the tumor. In 28 cases, the epiphyseal plate was open; 21 showed growth or microscopic evidence of transepiphyseal extension of the lesion. The most common method of extension was directly through the epiphyseal plate along vascular channels, or less commonly, about the epiphyseal plate beneath the perichondrium and into the epiphysis along the epiphyeal vascular channels. The majority of these extensions were not detectable by either conventional radiography or radioisotope scanning. Local resection with preservation of the epiphysis will, in all likelihood, leave residual disease despite the oft-quoted statement that an open epiphyseal plate is a biologic barrier to the extension of bone tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:273470", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with poor prognostic features.", "content": "Three children with ALL having poor prognostic features developed clinical and laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Two developed a bleeding diathesis associated temporally with a rapid drop in blast cell counts during induction therapy with L-asparaginase, prednisone, and vincristine. One of these children died of massive cerebral hemorrhage. The third patient developed episodes of superficial thrombophlebitis associated with relapses and rising blast cell counts which responded to chemotherapy and treatment with heparin. The unusual association of ALL with DIC and the fact that all 3 patients had multiple poor prognostic signs have led us to monitor carefully the coagulation system and withhold L-asparaginase in patients with massive disease until the white cell count and organomegaly have responded to prednisone and vincristine. The more common association of DIC with non-lymphocytic leukemia and recent reports of the presence of the Ph' chromosome in children with leukemia morphologically resembling ALL suggest that chromosomal evaluation be done in selected leukemic patients.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with poor prognostic features. Three children with ALL having poor prognostic features developed clinical and laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Two developed a bleeding diathesis associated temporally with a rapid drop in blast cell counts during induction therapy with L-asparaginase, prednisone, and vincristine. One of these children died of massive cerebral hemorrhage. The third patient developed episodes of superficial thrombophlebitis associated with relapses and rising blast cell counts which responded to chemotherapy and treatment with heparin. The unusual association of ALL with DIC and the fact that all 3 patients had multiple poor prognostic signs have led us to monitor carefully the coagulation system and withhold L-asparaginase in patients with massive disease until the white cell count and organomegaly have responded to prednisone and vincristine. The more common association of DIC with non-lymphocytic leukemia and recent reports of the presence of the Ph' chromosome in children with leukemia morphologically resembling ALL suggest that chromosomal evaluation be done in selected leukemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:273474", "title": "Clinical prognostic factors in osteosarcoma.", "content": "Clinical characteristics thought to be of prognostic importance for patients with osteosarcoma are reviewed. The importance of considering prognostic factors in the evaluation of new therapies when no concurrent control group is available is emphasized.", "contents": "Clinical prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. Clinical characteristics thought to be of prognostic importance for patients with osteosarcoma are reviewed. The importance of considering prognostic factors in the evaluation of new therapies when no concurrent control group is available is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:273475", "title": "Surgical treatment of osteogenic sarcoma at the Mayo clinic.", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma continues to present a tremendous therapeutic challenge. Until recently, treatment has continued at a relatively unsophisticated level. Although amputation, usually at a cross-bone level with a safe margin above the lesion, continues to be the treatment of choice, increased interest is being demonstrated in radical en bloc limb-saving resections. Modern joint implants are proving effective in restoring the osseous integrity and joint function after the resection.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of osteogenic sarcoma at the Mayo clinic. Osteogenic sarcoma continues to present a tremendous therapeutic challenge. Until recently, treatment has continued at a relatively unsophisticated level. Although amputation, usually at a cross-bone level with a safe margin above the lesion, continues to be the treatment of choice, increased interest is being demonstrated in radical en bloc limb-saving resections. Modern joint implants are proving effective in restoring the osseous integrity and joint function after the resection."}
{"id": "PMID:273497", "title": "A simple method to increase the FDO2 of resuscitator bags.", "content": "Four resuscitator bags were studied to see if the delivered fractional oxygen percentage (FDO2) could be affected by manually controlling the inherent reexpansion rate of the bag so as to allow a greater entrainment of oxygen rather than air into the bag. Flow rates of oxygen into the bag were varied: 5, 10, 15, and 20 liter/min. For each flow rate, bag refill (reexpansion) times were varied: 1, 2, 4 sec. The results show that such a maneuver will effectively increase the FDO2 of the bags at all flow rates tested--in certain instances to values greater than 0.8. This maneuver would be important to resuscitation situations where it is desirable to achieve better patient oxygenation.", "contents": "A simple method to increase the FDO2 of resuscitator bags. Four resuscitator bags were studied to see if the delivered fractional oxygen percentage (FDO2) could be affected by manually controlling the inherent reexpansion rate of the bag so as to allow a greater entrainment of oxygen rather than air into the bag. Flow rates of oxygen into the bag were varied: 5, 10, 15, and 20 liter/min. For each flow rate, bag refill (reexpansion) times were varied: 1, 2, 4 sec. The results show that such a maneuver will effectively increase the FDO2 of the bags at all flow rates tested--in certain instances to values greater than 0.8. This maneuver would be important to resuscitation situations where it is desirable to achieve better patient oxygenation."}
{"id": "PMID:273498", "title": "A portable, low cost ventilation system for transportation of patients with severe acute respiratory failure.", "content": "As part of the development of a life support stretcher for transportation of critically ill patients, a portable ventilation system was developed. This system was used successfully during transportation of 6 of 11 patients who required ventilatory assistance and who were being considered for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support. Immediately after transportation, PaCO2 values were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in patients ventilated with this system, when compared to PaCO2 values of the remaining 5 patients in whom ventilation was assisted with a 2-liter anesthesia bag (PaCO2 = 58.7 +/- 3.6). This system offers significant advantages over other presently manufactured systems, including low cost, portability, and efficiency in terms of oxygen utilization. (Manual ventilation is supplied so that no auxiliary electrical power supply is necessary.) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can be varied by 2.5 cm H2O increments using a commercially available, weighted ball valve. In addition, it has been useful for transporting patients with acute respiratory failure within the hospital for therapeutic maneuvers or diagnostic studies.", "contents": "A portable, low cost ventilation system for transportation of patients with severe acute respiratory failure. As part of the development of a life support stretcher for transportation of critically ill patients, a portable ventilation system was developed. This system was used successfully during transportation of 6 of 11 patients who required ventilatory assistance and who were being considered for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support. Immediately after transportation, PaCO2 values were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in patients ventilated with this system, when compared to PaCO2 values of the remaining 5 patients in whom ventilation was assisted with a 2-liter anesthesia bag (PaCO2 = 58.7 +/- 3.6). This system offers significant advantages over other presently manufactured systems, including low cost, portability, and efficiency in terms of oxygen utilization. (Manual ventilation is supplied so that no auxiliary electrical power supply is necessary.) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can be varied by 2.5 cm H2O increments using a commercially available, weighted ball valve. In addition, it has been useful for transporting patients with acute respiratory failure within the hospital for therapeutic maneuvers or diagnostic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:273499", "title": "A method of maintaining sterility of heated humidifiers in mechanical ventilator breathing circuits.", "content": "Using the standard MA-1 breathing circuit, the Cascade Heated Humidifier and tubing become rapidly contaminated with patient organisms. The rapidity with which this occurs seems to depend on the quantity and quality of patient secretions and dumping infected water from lazy loops into the Humidifier. Following modifications to the ventilator circuit which included: (1) closed system humidifier filling, (2) the addition of a small copper trap and drainage system to the inspired side of the breathing circuit, and (3) alteration of the heater, no contamination of the humidifier contents occurred for periods as long as 28 days. This trap was manufactured in our hospital using standard plumbing fixtures; a commercial model is available. This system is applicable to any volume ventilator using a heated reservoir humidifier.", "contents": "A method of maintaining sterility of heated humidifiers in mechanical ventilator breathing circuits. Using the standard MA-1 breathing circuit, the Cascade Heated Humidifier and tubing become rapidly contaminated with patient organisms. The rapidity with which this occurs seems to depend on the quantity and quality of patient secretions and dumping infected water from lazy loops into the Humidifier. Following modifications to the ventilator circuit which included: (1) closed system humidifier filling, (2) the addition of a small copper trap and drainage system to the inspired side of the breathing circuit, and (3) alteration of the heater, no contamination of the humidifier contents occurred for periods as long as 28 days. This trap was manufactured in our hospital using standard plumbing fixtures; a commercial model is available. This system is applicable to any volume ventilator using a heated reservoir humidifier."}
{"id": "PMID:273569", "title": "[Diploid radiation-induced gynogenesis in carp. II. Segragation according to morphological traits in gynogenetic progenies].", "content": "The character of segregation in diploid gynogenetic progenies of Cyprinus carpio with respect to the following three external characters was studied: the type of scale cover, the colour and the design. The genetic formulae of these characters are as follows: the type of scale cover: scaled--(Snn); scattered--(ssnn); linear--(S--Nn); nude--(ssNn); the existence of design (D--); the absence of design--(dd); the type of colour: light--(LI); dark--(II). The dominant genes N and L exert a recessive lethal effect. For the loci N--n, D--d and L--l a conspicuous prevalence of dominant form was established. Linear and nude carps constituted 98%, light carps--85% and carps with a design--also 85% of the total number of gynogenetic descendants. The proportions of heterozygotes Nn, Ll and Dd were 97.3, 73.9 and 70.0% respectively. The frequencies of descendants dominant and recessive for the locus S--s proved to be closely similar: 52.4% (S--) and 47.6% (ss)the proportion of heterozygotes Ss being 4.8%. The data on the frequency of gynogenetic heterozygotes suggest the existence of a high positive interference in the carp. The value of the latter for the four loci studied, the genetic distance between each of these loci and \"its\" centromere was determined. The data obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Diploid radiation-induced gynogenesis in carp. II. Segragation according to morphological traits in gynogenetic progenies]. The character of segregation in diploid gynogenetic progenies of Cyprinus carpio with respect to the following three external characters was studied: the type of scale cover, the colour and the design. The genetic formulae of these characters are as follows: the type of scale cover: scaled--(Snn); scattered--(ssnn); linear--(S--Nn); nude--(ssNn); the existence of design (D--); the absence of design--(dd); the type of colour: light--(LI); dark--(II). The dominant genes N and L exert a recessive lethal effect. For the loci N--n, D--d and L--l a conspicuous prevalence of dominant form was established. Linear and nude carps constituted 98%, light carps--85% and carps with a design--also 85% of the total number of gynogenetic descendants. The proportions of heterozygotes Nn, Ll and Dd were 97.3, 73.9 and 70.0% respectively. The frequencies of descendants dominant and recessive for the locus S--s proved to be closely similar: 52.4% (S--) and 47.6% (ss)the proportion of heterozygotes Ss being 4.8%. The data on the frequency of gynogenetic heterozygotes suggest the existence of a high positive interference in the carp. The value of the latter for the four loci studied, the genetic distance between each of these loci and \"its\" centromere was determined. The data obtained are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273570", "title": "Chromosome abnormalities and clinical and morphologic manifestations of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Forty cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were studied and subgroups of cases with similar chromosomal abnormalities in terminal stage were defined. Certain correlations were observed between the type of chromosomal changes, and clinical and morphologic manifestations of the disease: (1) It seems that, in cases without any karyotype changes other than translocation (9;22), the terminal stage is longer and milder than in cases with additional chromosomal abnormalities; (2) cases with marker i(17q) are clinically and morphologically rather uniform and are characterized by distinct signs of myeloid differentiation of blast cells, absent in other cases; (3) in cases with various atypical chromosomal abnormalities, the course of the terminal stage is the most rapid and grave. The blast cells differ from myeloblasts and resemble lymphoid elements.", "contents": "Chromosome abnormalities and clinical and morphologic manifestations of chronic myeloid leukemia. Forty cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were studied and subgroups of cases with similar chromosomal abnormalities in terminal stage were defined. Certain correlations were observed between the type of chromosomal changes, and clinical and morphologic manifestations of the disease: (1) It seems that, in cases without any karyotype changes other than translocation (9;22), the terminal stage is longer and milder than in cases with additional chromosomal abnormalities; (2) cases with marker i(17q) are clinically and morphologically rather uniform and are characterized by distinct signs of myeloid differentiation of blast cells, absent in other cases; (3) in cases with various atypical chromosomal abnormalities, the course of the terminal stage is the most rapid and grave. The blast cells differ from myeloblasts and resemble lymphoid elements."}
{"id": "PMID:273571", "title": "Waste of dental pain.", "content": "The effects of dental disease on the population are difficult to describe to the lay public in terms which that public will appreciate. An attempt has been made to quantify the impairment of the quality of life which results from uncontrolled dental disease. Studies indicated that each person could have three to four days of dental pain a year which could be equivalent to 200 million days of toothache per year in the United Kingdom. Only 15 per cent of those who had toothache did seek dental advice for it. This represented a waste and an impairment in the quality of life. It is proposed that estimates of days of dental pain could prove an index of the quality of life of a population.", "contents": "Waste of dental pain. The effects of dental disease on the population are difficult to describe to the lay public in terms which that public will appreciate. An attempt has been made to quantify the impairment of the quality of life which results from uncontrolled dental disease. Studies indicated that each person could have three to four days of dental pain a year which could be equivalent to 200 million days of toothache per year in the United Kingdom. Only 15 per cent of those who had toothache did seek dental advice for it. This represented a waste and an impairment in the quality of life. It is proposed that estimates of days of dental pain could prove an index of the quality of life of a population."}
{"id": "PMID:273572", "title": "Cell adhesion.", "content": "Before cells can adhere to a surface, the atoms forming the adhesive bonds must come to within 0.5 nanometers of each other. Distances of this order may not correspond to the averaged electron micrographic data. The events leading to close approach of parts of cells are discussed in terms of electrical parameters, with an emphasis on the surface heterogeneities of cellular adherends. The distinct phenomenon of cell detachment is not simply the reverse of cell adhesion, and must be measured by different techniques. The effects of various pathophysiologic factors on cell attachment and detachment is discussed, with illustrative examples of direct and indirect factors. These include regeneration, degeneration, metabolic inhibitors, endotoxin and antisera. It is concluded the stability of the union between cells and teeth represents a delicate balance between factors promoting contact and initial adhesions, factors strengthening the adhesive interphase and factors promoting separation.", "contents": "Cell adhesion. Before cells can adhere to a surface, the atoms forming the adhesive bonds must come to within 0.5 nanometers of each other. Distances of this order may not correspond to the averaged electron micrographic data. The events leading to close approach of parts of cells are discussed in terms of electrical parameters, with an emphasis on the surface heterogeneities of cellular adherends. The distinct phenomenon of cell detachment is not simply the reverse of cell adhesion, and must be measured by different techniques. The effects of various pathophysiologic factors on cell attachment and detachment is discussed, with illustrative examples of direct and indirect factors. These include regeneration, degeneration, metabolic inhibitors, endotoxin and antisera. It is concluded the stability of the union between cells and teeth represents a delicate balance between factors promoting contact and initial adhesions, factors strengthening the adhesive interphase and factors promoting separation."}
{"id": "PMID:273587", "title": "Adjunctive orthodontics in oral rehabilitation.", "content": "This paper encompasses a few of the more common indications for adjunctive orthodontics. It is by no means a complete list, but relates to those problems often seen in restorative practice and readily handled by the trained restorative clinician. A multitude of techniques exist for the accomplishment of any of the objectives discussed above. The choice of method to be utilized lies with the aptitude of the clinician concerned. It should be noted that, irrespective of the method used, some form of stabilization will be essential on completion of the tooth movement.", "contents": "Adjunctive orthodontics in oral rehabilitation. This paper encompasses a few of the more common indications for adjunctive orthodontics. It is by no means a complete list, but relates to those problems often seen in restorative practice and readily handled by the trained restorative clinician. A multitude of techniques exist for the accomplishment of any of the objectives discussed above. The choice of method to be utilized lies with the aptitude of the clinician concerned. It should be noted that, irrespective of the method used, some form of stabilization will be essential on completion of the tooth movement."}
{"id": "PMID:273588", "title": "A comparative study of panorex and periapical radiographs for evaluating caries and periodontal disease.", "content": "Since large lesions were detected easily in both methods, it is felt that for longitudinal studies of periodontal disease in large populations the panorex with two posterior bite-wing films has the following advantages: 1. Allows recording of the entire dentition, alveolar bone continuity and surrounding structures, beyond comparison with the periapical technique. 2. Has fixed head position and alignment factors which facilitate standardization. 3. Simplicity of operation requiring minimal time and effort. 4. Low radiation exposure.", "contents": "A comparative study of panorex and periapical radiographs for evaluating caries and periodontal disease. Since large lesions were detected easily in both methods, it is felt that for longitudinal studies of periodontal disease in large populations the panorex with two posterior bite-wing films has the following advantages: 1. Allows recording of the entire dentition, alveolar bone continuity and surrounding structures, beyond comparison with the periapical technique. 2. Has fixed head position and alignment factors which facilitate standardization. 3. Simplicity of operation requiring minimal time and effort. 4. Low radiation exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:273591", "title": "Effect of sodium fluoride rinsing on dental plaque accumulation.", "content": "1. Daily rinsing with water does not prevent plaque accumulation and leads to increased levels of gingival inflammation. 2. Toothbrushing or mouth rinsing with sodium fluoride alone decreases plaque accumulation and improves gingival health. 3. The combined method (toothbrushing and rinsing with sodium fluoride) is the most effective. Confirmation of the above results and conclusions requires additional experiments carried out over a longer period of time.", "contents": "Effect of sodium fluoride rinsing on dental plaque accumulation. 1. Daily rinsing with water does not prevent plaque accumulation and leads to increased levels of gingival inflammation. 2. Toothbrushing or mouth rinsing with sodium fluoride alone decreases plaque accumulation and improves gingival health. 3. The combined method (toothbrushing and rinsing with sodium fluoride) is the most effective. Confirmation of the above results and conclusions requires additional experiments carried out over a longer period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:273593", "title": "Sex-linked genes in age-structured populations.", "content": "We study the progress towards equilibrium of the frequencies of sex-linked genes in elementary discrete time models of age-structured, overlapping generation populations. It is found that, if a finite upper age limit is assumed, the difference in the frequencies of an allele in males and females will oscillate as in the familiar non-overlapping generation models, although the oscillations may be irregular. Monotonic convergence of that difference, as found by Nagylaki (1975) in continuous-time overlapping generation models without age-structure, occurs in the models considered here only when there is no upper age limit and when there is \"sufficient\" overlap of generations.", "contents": "Sex-linked genes in age-structured populations. We study the progress towards equilibrium of the frequencies of sex-linked genes in elementary discrete time models of age-structured, overlapping generation populations. It is found that, if a finite upper age limit is assumed, the difference in the frequencies of an allele in males and females will oscillate as in the familiar non-overlapping generation models, although the oscillations may be irregular. Monotonic convergence of that difference, as found by Nagylaki (1975) in continuous-time overlapping generation models without age-structure, occurs in the models considered here only when there is no upper age limit and when there is \"sufficient\" overlap of generations."}
{"id": "PMID:273594", "title": "A simple ventilator suitable for respiratory gas studies.", "content": "A simple ventilator is described where a spring-loaded bellows is filled from a compressed gas supply. The outflow from the bellows to the subjects is controlled by solenoid valves. The device is a minute volume divider and the durations of inspiration and expiration are set by timers that operate the solenoid valves. The valves are positioned near the subject to minimize dead space and gas compression effects. Precise valve timing ensures separation of inspirate and expirate. The ventilator is suitable for respiratory gas studies on animals and may be modified for human use if required.", "contents": "A simple ventilator suitable for respiratory gas studies. A simple ventilator is described where a spring-loaded bellows is filled from a compressed gas supply. The outflow from the bellows to the subjects is controlled by solenoid valves. The device is a minute volume divider and the durations of inspiration and expiration are set by timers that operate the solenoid valves. The valves are positioned near the subject to minimize dead space and gas compression effects. Precise valve timing ensures separation of inspirate and expirate. The ventilator is suitable for respiratory gas studies on animals and may be modified for human use if required."}
{"id": "PMID:273620", "title": "Bone marrow fibrosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood.", "content": "A prospective study of bone marrow fibrosis was made in a group of 40 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia to see whether it affected the prognosis or course of the disease. Secondary myelofibrosis (SMF) was present at diagnosis in 57% of the cases. It was not statistically significantly related to the prognosis or course of the disease. Thus, although trephine biopsy occasionally provided useful information in different diagnosis and when aspiration was difficult, it provided little information of use for management.", "contents": "Bone marrow fibrosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood. A prospective study of bone marrow fibrosis was made in a group of 40 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia to see whether it affected the prognosis or course of the disease. Secondary myelofibrosis (SMF) was present at diagnosis in 57% of the cases. It was not statistically significantly related to the prognosis or course of the disease. Thus, although trephine biopsy occasionally provided useful information in different diagnosis and when aspiration was difficult, it provided little information of use for management."}
{"id": "PMID:273621", "title": "Antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity to dog pulp tissue altered by N2 paste via the root canal.", "content": "1. N2 paste when incubated with dog pulp tissue renders it antigenically active. 2. Specific systemic circulating antibody to dog pulp tissue altered by N2 paste was obtained. 3. When dog pulp tissue was altered by N2 paste a specific lymphocyte stimulation resulted. 4. The root canal is an effective mode of immunization.", "contents": "Antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity to dog pulp tissue altered by N2 paste via the root canal. 1. N2 paste when incubated with dog pulp tissue renders it antigenically active. 2. Specific systemic circulating antibody to dog pulp tissue altered by N2 paste was obtained. 3. When dog pulp tissue was altered by N2 paste a specific lymphocyte stimulation resulted. 4. The root canal is an effective mode of immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:273622", "title": "Diffusion phenomena during artificial carious lesion formation.", "content": "Artificial carious lesions were produced in human enamel using lactic acid [HL] buffers plus diphosphonate [MHDP]. Surface layer thickness was related to [MHDP], middle zone (body) and inner zone depths to [HL] and pH. Indications are that diffusion in enamel is predominantly by unionised species such as HL and CaHPO4, and dissolution by H+ and L-.", "contents": "Diffusion phenomena during artificial carious lesion formation. Artificial carious lesions were produced in human enamel using lactic acid [HL] buffers plus diphosphonate [MHDP]. Surface layer thickness was related to [MHDP], middle zone (body) and inner zone depths to [HL] and pH. Indications are that diffusion in enamel is predominantly by unionised species such as HL and CaHPO4, and dissolution by H+ and L-."}
{"id": "PMID:273632", "title": "Erythroplasia: the earliest sign of asymptomatic oral cancer.", "content": "This prospective study was conducted to determine the significance of erythroplasia (red) versus leukoplakia (white) in the diagnosis of asymptomatic oral carcinoma and to accurately record the appearance of the erythroplastic lesion. Persistent asymptomatic lesions in any portion of the oral cavity, except the lip, that were considered clinically suspicious with our previous criteria (erythroplasia), or those changes that did not correspond to the visual criteria but were found in high risk sites, were studied and biopsies were performed. Degrees of redness versus whiteness and clinical diagnoses were documented. Of 148 lesions in 113 patients, 66 were malignant (52 invasive and 14 in situ). There was a false negative diagnostic rate of 4.5% (3 of 66) and a false positive rate of 7% (4 of 57). Of the malignant lesions, 86.3% were primarily red compared with 31.9% of the benign lesions. OF the cancers, 10.7% were predominantly white as opposed to 66.7% of benign lesions. This analysis confirms our previous suppositions that persistent erythroplasia rather than leukoplakia, in high-risk sites of the oral cavity, is the earliest and predominant sign of oral carcinoma.", "contents": "Erythroplasia: the earliest sign of asymptomatic oral cancer. This prospective study was conducted to determine the significance of erythroplasia (red) versus leukoplakia (white) in the diagnosis of asymptomatic oral carcinoma and to accurately record the appearance of the erythroplastic lesion. Persistent asymptomatic lesions in any portion of the oral cavity, except the lip, that were considered clinically suspicious with our previous criteria (erythroplasia), or those changes that did not correspond to the visual criteria but were found in high risk sites, were studied and biopsies were performed. Degrees of redness versus whiteness and clinical diagnoses were documented. Of 148 lesions in 113 patients, 66 were malignant (52 invasive and 14 in situ). There was a false negative diagnostic rate of 4.5% (3 of 66) and a false positive rate of 7% (4 of 57). Of the malignant lesions, 86.3% were primarily red compared with 31.9% of the benign lesions. OF the cancers, 10.7% were predominantly white as opposed to 66.7% of benign lesions. This analysis confirms our previous suppositions that persistent erythroplasia rather than leukoplakia, in high-risk sites of the oral cavity, is the earliest and predominant sign of oral carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:273633", "title": "An inquiry into the sterilization of dental handpieces relative to transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "The transmission of the hepatitis B virus has been implicated in the dental office. The dental profession should be keenly aware of aseptic clinical techniques and effective sterilization procedures. Some dental handpieces can be damaged by conventional sterilization procedures. Alternative procedures are discussed. A review of currently available handpieces and their appropriate sterilization procedures is presented.", "contents": "An inquiry into the sterilization of dental handpieces relative to transmission of hepatitis B virus. The transmission of the hepatitis B virus has been implicated in the dental office. The dental profession should be keenly aware of aseptic clinical techniques and effective sterilization procedures. Some dental handpieces can be damaged by conventional sterilization procedures. Alternative procedures are discussed. A review of currently available handpieces and their appropriate sterilization procedures is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:273634", "title": "Oral exfoliative cytology.", "content": "Oral exfoliative cytology can be a powerful tool for early detection of malignant and premalignant lesions as well as for some viral and fungal infections, if the limitations of the method are thoroughly understood and appreciated by the dental clinician. The rationale for oral cytology is developed and documented, and interpretations of the results are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of this technique are given and indications and contraindications for this diagnostic adjunct are discussed. A simple method involving the use of inexpensive equipment in the office is suggested.", "contents": "Oral exfoliative cytology. Oral exfoliative cytology can be a powerful tool for early detection of malignant and premalignant lesions as well as for some viral and fungal infections, if the limitations of the method are thoroughly understood and appreciated by the dental clinician. The rationale for oral cytology is developed and documented, and interpretations of the results are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of this technique are given and indications and contraindications for this diagnostic adjunct are discussed. A simple method involving the use of inexpensive equipment in the office is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:273635", "title": "Aspects of illness behavior in patients with facial pain.", "content": "Results of recent studies have suggested that factors other than clinical signs and symptoms have a significant role in determining whether people seek treatment for perceived facial pain and mandibular dysfunction. The concept of \"illness behavior\" can be used to investigate this problem. Knowledge of a patient's illness behavior patterns helps enable the dentist to understand who seeks care for symptoms of facial pain and mandibular dysfunction; why the care is sought; the meaning of the symptoms to the patient; and the patient's response to treatment.", "contents": "Aspects of illness behavior in patients with facial pain. Results of recent studies have suggested that factors other than clinical signs and symptoms have a significant role in determining whether people seek treatment for perceived facial pain and mandibular dysfunction. The concept of \"illness behavior\" can be used to investigate this problem. Knowledge of a patient's illness behavior patterns helps enable the dentist to understand who seeks care for symptoms of facial pain and mandibular dysfunction; why the care is sought; the meaning of the symptoms to the patient; and the patient's response to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:273636", "title": "Human pulpal response to citric acid cavity cleanser.", "content": "Treatment of cavities with citric acid cavity cleanser, also used as an etchant, before restoration with zinc oxide-eugenol cement, was toxic to the human dental pulp in comparison to sham-treated controls. The cleanser caused a significantly (P less than .01) greater intensity and incidence (P less than .01) of inflammation. The added insult from cleanser pretreatment caused destruction of the odontoblast processes withnin the cut dentinal tubules, and an increase in diameter of the tubules. These effects on dentin and odontoblasts probably contributed to the observed increase in adverse pulp responses.", "contents": "Human pulpal response to citric acid cavity cleanser. Treatment of cavities with citric acid cavity cleanser, also used as an etchant, before restoration with zinc oxide-eugenol cement, was toxic to the human dental pulp in comparison to sham-treated controls. The cleanser caused a significantly (P less than .01) greater intensity and incidence (P less than .01) of inflammation. The added insult from cleanser pretreatment caused destruction of the odontoblast processes withnin the cut dentinal tubules, and an increase in diameter of the tubules. These effects on dentin and odontoblasts probably contributed to the observed increase in adverse pulp responses."}
{"id": "PMID:273637", "title": "The effect of sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) as a chewing gum additive on caries increments in children.", "content": "A three-year study on school-age children using trimetaphosphate as a chewing gum additive produced significant reductions in proximal surface dental caries increments as compared to an non-chewing gum group. The reductions were 23.3% for the TMP sucrose gum group and 47.6% for the TMP nonsugar group as compared to the no-gum group.", "contents": "The effect of sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) as a chewing gum additive on caries increments in children. A three-year study on school-age children using trimetaphosphate as a chewing gum additive produced significant reductions in proximal surface dental caries increments as compared to an non-chewing gum group. The reductions were 23.3% for the TMP sucrose gum group and 47.6% for the TMP nonsugar group as compared to the no-gum group."}
{"id": "PMID:273638", "title": "An evaluation of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback was used in a controlled situation to teach patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome to relax and masseter muscle. Those receiving biofeedback were able to reduce their mean masseter EMG levels significantly. Concurrently, there was a reduction of symptoms. Seventy-five percent of the successfully treated patients required no further therapy during one year of observation.", "contents": "An evaluation of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback was used in a controlled situation to teach patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome to relax and masseter muscle. Those receiving biofeedback were able to reduce their mean masseter EMG levels significantly. Concurrently, there was a reduction of symptoms. Seventy-five percent of the successfully treated patients required no further therapy during one year of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:273639", "title": "Aneurysmal atherosclerosis of the inferior labial artery with segmental arteriectomy.", "content": "A case of aneurysmal atherosclerosis of the inferior labial artery has been presented in which a segmental arteriectomy was performed to eliminate the possibility of involuntary trauma to the area, which could produce considerable hemorrhage. Psychologicall, the patient felt better by knowing that the mass was completely removed. Atherosclerosis should be considered when masses are found in the lips in elderly patients. It is thought that this lesion is common but has not been reported in the past.", "contents": "Aneurysmal atherosclerosis of the inferior labial artery with segmental arteriectomy. A case of aneurysmal atherosclerosis of the inferior labial artery has been presented in which a segmental arteriectomy was performed to eliminate the possibility of involuntary trauma to the area, which could produce considerable hemorrhage. Psychologicall, the patient felt better by knowing that the mass was completely removed. Atherosclerosis should be considered when masses are found in the lips in elderly patients. It is thought that this lesion is common but has not been reported in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:273665", "title": "Metallic contamination of bone during drilling procedures.", "content": "The influence of drills and burs of different shapes and materials on the amount of metallic transfer was studied. In these experiments, holes were drilled in bone with radioactive tools and the amount of metal transferred to the bone was measured by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. The proportion of the drill material transferred to the bone varied widely, depending on the type of the drill, its previous usage, and on the specific element considered. Most of the drills transfer a few microgram of iron to the bone, together with smaller quantities of cobalt, tungsten, and chromium. The total quantity of material transferred to the bone from new drills exceeded that of old drills. Almost invariably, the second drilling transferred less material than did the first, even with used drills.", "contents": "Metallic contamination of bone during drilling procedures. The influence of drills and burs of different shapes and materials on the amount of metallic transfer was studied. In these experiments, holes were drilled in bone with radioactive tools and the amount of metal transferred to the bone was measured by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. The proportion of the drill material transferred to the bone varied widely, depending on the type of the drill, its previous usage, and on the specific element considered. Most of the drills transfer a few microgram of iron to the bone, together with smaller quantities of cobalt, tungsten, and chromium. The total quantity of material transferred to the bone from new drills exceeded that of old drills. Almost invariably, the second drilling transferred less material than did the first, even with used drills."}
{"id": "PMID:273666", "title": "Sliding osteotomy in the mandibular body for correction of prognathism.", "content": "To overcome some of the disadvantages of the mandibular body ostectomy, a sliding osteotomy accomplished by parallel sectionings of the mandible in the regions of the first premolars was used for the treatment of mandibular prognathism in two cases. The osteotomy was performed by an intraoral approach without any damage to the contents of the mental foramen. The anterior segment could be moved back to any desirable position without losing optimum bony contact. An adequate blood supply to the anterior segment was maintained by a large area of periosteal attachment on the lingual side. The method is effective for correction of mandibular prognathism in which a good occlusion cannot be expected by a ramus osteotomy.", "contents": "Sliding osteotomy in the mandibular body for correction of prognathism. To overcome some of the disadvantages of the mandibular body ostectomy, a sliding osteotomy accomplished by parallel sectionings of the mandible in the regions of the first premolars was used for the treatment of mandibular prognathism in two cases. The osteotomy was performed by an intraoral approach without any damage to the contents of the mental foramen. The anterior segment could be moved back to any desirable position without losing optimum bony contact. An adequate blood supply to the anterior segment was maintained by a large area of periosteal attachment on the lingual side. The method is effective for correction of mandibular prognathism in which a good occlusion cannot be expected by a ramus osteotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:273667", "title": "The perimeatal exposure of the condyle.", "content": "The perimeatal approach to the condyle provides access to the area of the glenoid fossa by the combination of preauricular and postauricular incisions. Damage to the frontal branch of the facial nerve does not occur because the anterior tissues are not retracted excessively. The cartilaginous meatus is not transected during the operation, which avoids the problem of stenosis of infection of the cartilage.", "contents": "The perimeatal exposure of the condyle. The perimeatal approach to the condyle provides access to the area of the glenoid fossa by the combination of preauricular and postauricular incisions. Damage to the frontal branch of the facial nerve does not occur because the anterior tissues are not retracted excessively. The cartilaginous meatus is not transected during the operation, which avoids the problem of stenosis of infection of the cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:273669", "title": "Huge osteoma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A review of the literature on osteoma of the jaws as well as its relationship to Gardner syndrome was presented. A case report of a compact or ivory osteoma that had been slowly enlarging for a minimum of eight years was described. The one-year postoperative examination has shown no discernible resumption of growth.", "contents": "Huge osteoma of the mandible: report of case. A review of the literature on osteoma of the jaws as well as its relationship to Gardner syndrome was presented. A case report of a compact or ivory osteoma that had been slowly enlarging for a minimum of eight years was described. The one-year postoperative examination has shown no discernible resumption of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:273671", "title": "Tuberculous ulcer of the tongue: report of case.", "content": "In the case presented, the patient sought treatment for a painful ulcer on the right lateral border of the tongue. In the absence of any other significant finding, the clinical features of the lesion suggested malignancy. Histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen was an important aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Pulmonary lesions were subsequently detected and the patient was treated accordingly. The ulcer on the tongue was believed to be secondary to the pulmonary tuberculosis.", "contents": "Tuberculous ulcer of the tongue: report of case. In the case presented, the patient sought treatment for a painful ulcer on the right lateral border of the tongue. In the absence of any other significant finding, the clinical features of the lesion suggested malignancy. Histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen was an important aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Pulmonary lesions were subsequently detected and the patient was treated accordingly. The ulcer on the tongue was believed to be secondary to the pulmonary tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:273672", "title": "Systemic tuberculosis initially seen as an oral ulceration: report of case.", "content": "A 67-year-old white man was seen for the treatment of a painful oral ulceration. His medical history was highly suggestive of systemic disease. Radiographs of the chest and cultures of sputum were positive for tuberculosis. The incidence, appearance, and characteristics of oral tubercular lesions have been presented. The diagnosis of tuberculosis should be considered along with carcinoma, syphilis, fungal disease, and trauma whenever granulomatous ulcerations appear in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Systemic tuberculosis initially seen as an oral ulceration: report of case. A 67-year-old white man was seen for the treatment of a painful oral ulceration. His medical history was highly suggestive of systemic disease. Radiographs of the chest and cultures of sputum were positive for tuberculosis. The incidence, appearance, and characteristics of oral tubercular lesions have been presented. The diagnosis of tuberculosis should be considered along with carcinoma, syphilis, fungal disease, and trauma whenever granulomatous ulcerations appear in the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:273673", "title": "Subcutaneous parotid effusion after mandibular osteotomy.", "content": "A case of subcutaneous parotid secretion after extraoral vertical mandibular osteotomy for prognathism has been described. The possible causes have been discussed and a rationale for conservative management has been suggested.", "contents": "Subcutaneous parotid effusion after mandibular osteotomy. A case of subcutaneous parotid secretion after extraoral vertical mandibular osteotomy for prognathism has been described. The possible causes have been discussed and a rationale for conservative management has been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:273674", "title": "A simple clamp for stabilization of the mandible during surgery.", "content": "There has beeen an unfilled need for a clamping device to stabilize the mandible during certain types of surgery. The instrument described accomplishes this in a very simple and positive fashion.", "contents": "A simple clamp for stabilization of the mandible during surgery. There has beeen an unfilled need for a clamping device to stabilize the mandible during certain types of surgery. The instrument described accomplishes this in a very simple and positive fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:273676", "title": "Mandibular metastasis of an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma arising on the plantar surface of the foot: report of case.", "content": "This paper presented a discussion of the initial appearance and atypical clinical course, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of a case of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma that originated on the plantar surface of the left foot and that metastasized to the mandible. The clinical behavior of this neoplasm, as reported, is distinctively less aggressive and therefore thought to have a better prognosis than chondrosarcoma of bone. Contrary to the biologic behavior reported in the literature, however, our patient had a less than six-year remission from the neoplasm.", "contents": "Mandibular metastasis of an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma arising on the plantar surface of the foot: report of case. This paper presented a discussion of the initial appearance and atypical clinical course, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of a case of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma that originated on the plantar surface of the left foot and that metastasized to the mandible. The clinical behavior of this neoplasm, as reported, is distinctively less aggressive and therefore thought to have a better prognosis than chondrosarcoma of bone. Contrary to the biologic behavior reported in the literature, however, our patient had a less than six-year remission from the neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:273688", "title": "Computer-graphic representation of mandibular movements in three dimensions. Part I. The horizontal plane.", "content": "A computer-graphics simulation was developed to display the effects of mandibular movement patterns of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth in the occlusal plane. The many parameters affecting mandibular movement patterns may be varied selectively. The effects of these parameters on the pathways of movement described by the supporting cusps during occlusion can be graphically observed in the horizontal plane.", "contents": "Computer-graphic representation of mandibular movements in three dimensions. Part I. The horizontal plane. A computer-graphics simulation was developed to display the effects of mandibular movement patterns of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth in the occlusal plane. The many parameters affecting mandibular movement patterns may be varied selectively. The effects of these parameters on the pathways of movement described by the supporting cusps during occlusion can be graphically observed in the horizontal plane."}
{"id": "PMID:273689", "title": "Anterior guidance--the key to successful occlusal treatment.", "content": "1. The occlusion of the anterior teeth is the key to developing and perpetuating an \"ideal\" occlusion. 2. The anterior teeth protect the posterior teeth by disoccluding them in eccentric positions, and the posterior teeth protect the anterior teeth by receiving most of the forces of closure in centric position. 3. The anterior guidance is a result of both anterior tooth position and condylar border movements; both factors must be considered in the creation of an anterior guidance.", "contents": "Anterior guidance--the key to successful occlusal treatment. 1. The occlusion of the anterior teeth is the key to developing and perpetuating an \"ideal\" occlusion. 2. The anterior teeth protect the posterior teeth by disoccluding them in eccentric positions, and the posterior teeth protect the anterior teeth by receiving most of the forces of closure in centric position. 3. The anterior guidance is a result of both anterior tooth position and condylar border movements; both factors must be considered in the creation of an anterior guidance."}
{"id": "PMID:273691", "title": "Microleakage and marginal adaptation of composite resin restorations.", "content": "It has been shown that the use of a sealant offers no advantage with respect to the retentive strength of a composite resin restoration. However, for the improvement of marginal seal and adaptation, the present findings indicate that enamel etching and the application of a sealant, in conjunction with use of a cavity geometry which reduces shrinkage strain, are absolute necessities.", "contents": "Microleakage and marginal adaptation of composite resin restorations. It has been shown that the use of a sealant offers no advantage with respect to the retentive strength of a composite resin restoration. However, for the improvement of marginal seal and adaptation, the present findings indicate that enamel etching and the application of a sealant, in conjunction with use of a cavity geometry which reduces shrinkage strain, are absolute necessities."}
{"id": "PMID:273692", "title": "Microleakage and enamel finish.", "content": "Cavity preparations that are finished with hand instruments allow significantly less marginal leakage than those which are completed only with rotary instruments. This does not mean that hand-instruments walls are perfectly smooth; it only means that these walls allow less marginal leakage. Cavity preparations restored with composite resin showed more marginal leakage than those restored with amalgam. Also, the degree of marginal leakage was greater in cavity preparations restored with composite resin than in those restored with amalgam. Cavity preparations are more prone to marginal leakage at sharply defined cavosurface acute angles than at the smooth or straight surfaces of the cavity. This pattern of marginal leakage was true for both amalgam restorations and composite restorations, but the degree of marginal leakage was greater when composite resin was used as a restorative material. Since less marginal leakage was found in the finished cavity preparations, it is obvious that all cavity preparations must be finished with hand instruments. This may not completely eliminate the problem of marginal leakage, but it will reduce the potential secondary caries both in degree and frequency. Also, since sharply defined acute angles did exhibit more marginal leakage, this part of the cavity preparation needs special attention. With amalgam and composite restorations at least, these angles should not be sharply defined but should be slightly round, so that better condensation of restorative materials can be obtained. This may reduce the degree of marginal leakage.", "contents": "Microleakage and enamel finish. Cavity preparations that are finished with hand instruments allow significantly less marginal leakage than those which are completed only with rotary instruments. This does not mean that hand-instruments walls are perfectly smooth; it only means that these walls allow less marginal leakage. Cavity preparations restored with composite resin showed more marginal leakage than those restored with amalgam. Also, the degree of marginal leakage was greater in cavity preparations restored with composite resin than in those restored with amalgam. Cavity preparations are more prone to marginal leakage at sharply defined cavosurface acute angles than at the smooth or straight surfaces of the cavity. This pattern of marginal leakage was true for both amalgam restorations and composite restorations, but the degree of marginal leakage was greater when composite resin was used as a restorative material. Since less marginal leakage was found in the finished cavity preparations, it is obvious that all cavity preparations must be finished with hand instruments. This may not completely eliminate the problem of marginal leakage, but it will reduce the potential secondary caries both in degree and frequency. Also, since sharply defined acute angles did exhibit more marginal leakage, this part of the cavity preparation needs special attention. With amalgam and composite restorations at least, these angles should not be sharply defined but should be slightly round, so that better condensation of restorative materials can be obtained. This may reduce the degree of marginal leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:273693", "title": "Punch shear strength of polycarboxylate cements.", "content": "Two general conclusions are drawn which apply to all the four commercial polycarboxylate cements: First, the effect of storage condition upon shear strength was much more pronounced after 24 hours than after 1 hour of storage time; second, the effect of storage condition was most extreme when the specimens were tested free of their matrices. Additionally some specific comparisons between the four products tested can be made based on differences of shear strength within the same experimental condition. The effect of confinement decreased in the following order: Boston greater than Bondal greater than PCA greater than Durelon. Sensitivity to storage conditions decreased in this order: Durelon greater than Bondal greater than PCA greater than Boston. Finally sensitivity to storage times decreased in the order Bondal greater than Durelon greater than Boston greater than PCA.", "contents": "Punch shear strength of polycarboxylate cements. Two general conclusions are drawn which apply to all the four commercial polycarboxylate cements: First, the effect of storage condition upon shear strength was much more pronounced after 24 hours than after 1 hour of storage time; second, the effect of storage condition was most extreme when the specimens were tested free of their matrices. Additionally some specific comparisons between the four products tested can be made based on differences of shear strength within the same experimental condition. The effect of confinement decreased in the following order: Boston greater than Bondal greater than PCA greater than Durelon. Sensitivity to storage conditions decreased in this order: Durelon greater than Bondal greater than PCA greater than Boston. Finally sensitivity to storage times decreased in the order Bondal greater than Durelon greater than Boston greater than PCA."}
{"id": "PMID:273694", "title": "Obturator prosthesis design for acquired maxillary defects.", "content": "Fabrication of obturator prostheses does not require a special ability to fabricate a prosthesis extension into a defect or an arbitrary extension of a prosthesis into a defect. Fabrication of an obturator prosthesis depends on the application of basic prosthodontic principles that are used in the treatment of patients without maxillary defects. Some principles must be modified because of the defect and the character and position of the remaining structures. The defect, in conjunction with the remaining structures, must be used to provide support, retention, and stability of an obturator prosthesis. If basic prosthodontic principles are applied the size and extension of the obturator will be determined, and the extensive variation so commonly seen in obturators will be minimized. Acceptable prosthodontic care for the patient with the acquired maxillary defect should include cautious prosthesis design combined with routine maintenance care to provide comfort, function, cosmetics, and minimal change to the compromised remaining structures.", "contents": "Obturator prosthesis design for acquired maxillary defects. Fabrication of obturator prostheses does not require a special ability to fabricate a prosthesis extension into a defect or an arbitrary extension of a prosthesis into a defect. Fabrication of an obturator prosthesis depends on the application of basic prosthodontic principles that are used in the treatment of patients without maxillary defects. Some principles must be modified because of the defect and the character and position of the remaining structures. The defect, in conjunction with the remaining structures, must be used to provide support, retention, and stability of an obturator prosthesis. If basic prosthodontic principles are applied the size and extension of the obturator will be determined, and the extensive variation so commonly seen in obturators will be minimized. Acceptable prosthodontic care for the patient with the acquired maxillary defect should include cautious prosthesis design combined with routine maintenance care to provide comfort, function, cosmetics, and minimal change to the compromised remaining structures."}
{"id": "PMID:273695", "title": "Maximum mandibular opening in patients with and without a history of TMJ dysfunction.", "content": "It was shown that there was no direct connection between maximum jaw opening and a history of TMJ symptoms (Fig. 7). An accurate diagnosis requires the evaluation of a wide range of signs and symptoms through both a history and a clinical examination.", "contents": "Maximum mandibular opening in patients with and without a history of TMJ dysfunction. It was shown that there was no direct connection between maximum jaw opening and a history of TMJ symptoms (Fig. 7). An accurate diagnosis requires the evaluation of a wide range of signs and symptoms through both a history and a clinical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:273697", "title": "One face-bow adapts to three articulators.", "content": "A procedure has been described whereby simple adaptors will allow the convenient Whip-Mix Quick Mount face-bow to be transferred to the commonly used Hanau H-2 and Dentatus ARH semiadjustable articulators.", "contents": "One face-bow adapts to three articulators. A procedure has been described whereby simple adaptors will allow the convenient Whip-Mix Quick Mount face-bow to be transferred to the commonly used Hanau H-2 and Dentatus ARH semiadjustable articulators."}
{"id": "PMID:273706", "title": "The specificity of the microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity in human bladder cancer.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from T1 or T2 bladder cancer patients and patients with other diseases was tested in 44-hour microcytotoxicity assay against 3 different target cell lines: 1) HU 456, derived from human bladder carcinoma and established in our laboratory, 2) HU 609, a line derived from normal human bladder tissue and established in our laboratory and 3) SAOS-2, a human osteosarcoma cell line from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute. Lymphocyte concentrations ranging from 7.8 time 10(4) to 2.5 times 10(6) lymphocytes per ml. were tested against each cell line. Lymphocytes from both groups of patients demonstrated a cytotoxicity against all 3 target cell lines, proportional to the lymphocyte concentration used. There was no difference in reactivity to HU 609 or to SAOS-2 between bladder cancer and control patients but the lymphocytes of bladder cancer patients showed a statistically greater cytotoxicity for HU 456, demonstrating a tumor type-specific cellular immune reaction superimposed on a background of non-specific cytotoxicity.", "contents": "The specificity of the microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity in human bladder cancer. Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from T1 or T2 bladder cancer patients and patients with other diseases was tested in 44-hour microcytotoxicity assay against 3 different target cell lines: 1) HU 456, derived from human bladder carcinoma and established in our laboratory, 2) HU 609, a line derived from normal human bladder tissue and established in our laboratory and 3) SAOS-2, a human osteosarcoma cell line from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute. Lymphocyte concentrations ranging from 7.8 time 10(4) to 2.5 times 10(6) lymphocytes per ml. were tested against each cell line. Lymphocytes from both groups of patients demonstrated a cytotoxicity against all 3 target cell lines, proportional to the lymphocyte concentration used. There was no difference in reactivity to HU 609 or to SAOS-2 between bladder cancer and control patients but the lymphocytes of bladder cancer patients showed a statistically greater cytotoxicity for HU 456, demonstrating a tumor type-specific cellular immune reaction superimposed on a background of non-specific cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:273711", "title": "Maxillary sinus infection with Allescheria boydii (Petriellidium boydii).", "content": "Allescheria boydii (Petriellidium boydii) has previously been described as a cause of Madura foot and pulmonary and other visceral infections. This report describes infection of the maxillary sinus and facial soft tissue with A. boydii in a compromised host. The infection did not respond to antibiotics, including amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Miconazole was not used in our patient, although in vitro data obtained after death indicated sensitivity of the fungus to miconazole.", "contents": "Maxillary sinus infection with Allescheria boydii (Petriellidium boydii). Allescheria boydii (Petriellidium boydii) has previously been described as a cause of Madura foot and pulmonary and other visceral infections. This report describes infection of the maxillary sinus and facial soft tissue with A. boydii in a compromised host. The infection did not respond to antibiotics, including amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Miconazole was not used in our patient, although in vitro data obtained after death indicated sensitivity of the fungus to miconazole."}
{"id": "PMID:273713", "title": "Lung resection for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma, excluding the paraosteal osteosarcoma, has a grave prognosis, half of the patients dying within 1 year following ablative surgery of the primary lesion. Once pulmonary metastasis is detected, most patients do not survive more than 3 years. Various attempts by investigators to prolong patient survival, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and combined modalities, have met with some success. This report is a summary of 13 patients who underwent lung resections and received adjuvant chemo- and/or immunotherapy for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma in our intstitute in the past 7 years.", "contents": "Lung resection for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Osteogenic sarcoma, excluding the paraosteal osteosarcoma, has a grave prognosis, half of the patients dying within 1 year following ablative surgery of the primary lesion. Once pulmonary metastasis is detected, most patients do not survive more than 3 years. Various attempts by investigators to prolong patient survival, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and combined modalities, have met with some success. This report is a summary of 13 patients who underwent lung resections and received adjuvant chemo- and/or immunotherapy for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma in our intstitute in the past 7 years."}
{"id": "PMID:273781", "title": "Oliguria and its sequelae.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients were seen with oliguria in 1975. Forty had acute renal failure (ARF) and 19 rapidly reversible oliguria (RR). The causes of the oliguria were medical (64%), surgical (27%) and obstetrical (9%). The following were valuable in the assessment of patients with oliguria: urine sodium concentration (UNa) and osmolality, coagulation studies and high dose intravenous urography. Patients presenting with a high UNa or a coagulation abnormality were more likely to have ARF. Central venous pressure monitoring was helpful in the initial management but the administration of diuretics was not. Twenty patients with ARF were treated conservatively and the remainder by dialysis. Infection was both the commonest complication of ARF and the most frequent cause of death. Seventy percent of those with ARF died. Death was more common in the elderly or patients with a medical aetiology. The mortality of ARF remains high in spite of advances in the management of its metabolic and infective complications because of the acceptance of more high risk patients. An improved awareness of the preventable causes of oliguria is apparent.", "contents": "Oliguria and its sequelae. Fifty-nine patients were seen with oliguria in 1975. Forty had acute renal failure (ARF) and 19 rapidly reversible oliguria (RR). The causes of the oliguria were medical (64%), surgical (27%) and obstetrical (9%). The following were valuable in the assessment of patients with oliguria: urine sodium concentration (UNa) and osmolality, coagulation studies and high dose intravenous urography. Patients presenting with a high UNa or a coagulation abnormality were more likely to have ARF. Central venous pressure monitoring was helpful in the initial management but the administration of diuretics was not. Twenty patients with ARF were treated conservatively and the remainder by dialysis. Infection was both the commonest complication of ARF and the most frequent cause of death. Seventy percent of those with ARF died. Death was more common in the elderly or patients with a medical aetiology. The mortality of ARF remains high in spite of advances in the management of its metabolic and infective complications because of the acceptance of more high risk patients. An improved awareness of the preventable causes of oliguria is apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:273782", "title": "Maori abortion practices in pre and early European New Zealand.", "content": "The practice of abortion and infanticide in pre and early European New Zealand is confirmed. The reasons for these practices and the methods used are discussed in relation to early Maori attitudes and mythology.", "contents": "Maori abortion practices in pre and early European New Zealand. The practice of abortion and infanticide in pre and early European New Zealand is confirmed. The reasons for these practices and the methods used are discussed in relation to early Maori attitudes and mythology."}
{"id": "PMID:273786", "title": "Pain and pain relief in labour.", "content": "In a survey of 50 women delivered consecutively in a modern maternity hospital, 45 suffered severe and/or very severe pain. This followed an average of just over five hours of mild or moderate pain, and lasted for an average of 3 1/4 hours, in spite of pain relief. Intramuscular pethidine, which tended to be given late in labour, was notably ineffective in relieving pain. Epidural analgesia was highly effective, but was used in only 10 patients, and after an average of 5 1/2 hours of severe or very severe pain. A majority of primiparas found the pain more severe or much more severe than they had been led to expect, and only 34% of the sample were \"quite happy\" about their next labour, with regard to pain. It is suggested that there is room for improvement.", "contents": "Pain and pain relief in labour. In a survey of 50 women delivered consecutively in a modern maternity hospital, 45 suffered severe and/or very severe pain. This followed an average of just over five hours of mild or moderate pain, and lasted for an average of 3 1/4 hours, in spite of pain relief. Intramuscular pethidine, which tended to be given late in labour, was notably ineffective in relieving pain. Epidural analgesia was highly effective, but was used in only 10 patients, and after an average of 5 1/2 hours of severe or very severe pain. A majority of primiparas found the pain more severe or much more severe than they had been led to expect, and only 34% of the sample were \"quite happy\" about their next labour, with regard to pain. It is suggested that there is room for improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:273787", "title": "The Christchurch Hospital diabetes education programme.", "content": "The Christchurch Hospital diabetes teaching programme is now well established and towards the end of 1977 the results of an evaluation programme should be available. Our aim is to give diabetics and their families the best possible education and to stress the importance of patient self-sufficiency. Patient feedback methods are used to encourage continuing education. The assessment of the value of the educational programme warrants considerable attention and suitable methods of evaluation are being attempted.", "contents": "The Christchurch Hospital diabetes education programme. The Christchurch Hospital diabetes teaching programme is now well established and towards the end of 1977 the results of an evaluation programme should be available. Our aim is to give diabetics and their families the best possible education and to stress the importance of patient self-sufficiency. Patient feedback methods are used to encourage continuing education. The assessment of the value of the educational programme warrants considerable attention and suitable methods of evaluation are being attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:273790", "title": "The nutritional status of New Zealanders with respect to manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium--a review.", "content": "The information currently available for assessing the manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium status of New Zealanders was reviewed. By comparison with current standards the status of manganese and zinc in New Zealanders appears to be adequate and the body burden of cadmium is low. The Cu status of some New Zealanders could be inadequate.", "contents": "The nutritional status of New Zealanders with respect to manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium--a review. The information currently available for assessing the manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium status of New Zealanders was reviewed. By comparison with current standards the status of manganese and zinc in New Zealanders appears to be adequate and the body burden of cadmium is low. The Cu status of some New Zealanders could be inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:273791", "title": "Subacute ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "A series of 90 patients with 98 ectopic pregnancies is discussed, emphasising problems of diagnosis. Predisposing factors and evidence of previous pelvic pathology were not uncommon. Laparotomy was considerably delayed in 31 patients, 15 of whom required two admissions before definitive treatment. There was one death in the series. An accurate history is most important. In doubtful cases, direct inspection of the pelvic organs is the only sure way of excluding ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopy allows this, yet will save a laparotomy in a number of cases.", "contents": "Subacute ectopic pregnancy. A series of 90 patients with 98 ectopic pregnancies is discussed, emphasising problems of diagnosis. Predisposing factors and evidence of previous pelvic pathology were not uncommon. Laparotomy was considerably delayed in 31 patients, 15 of whom required two admissions before definitive treatment. There was one death in the series. An accurate history is most important. In doubtful cases, direct inspection of the pelvic organs is the only sure way of excluding ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopy allows this, yet will save a laparotomy in a number of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:273792", "title": "The virus of hepatitis B a new dimension in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted disease.", "content": "Ten patients presenting with venereal or dermatological disorders have been found to have evidence of infection with the virus of hepatitis B; only five had distinguishable liver dysfunction, yet all had either detectable antigen or antibody. Antigen subtype ayw has been identified in four of these people. Once rare in the local population, hepatitis B virus infection appears to be increasing in incidence with cases attributable to inoculation and to direct contact, as well as presenting as a covert partner to gonorrhoea, urethritis and candidiasis. Testing for hepatitis B antigen and antibody is recommended for patients attending the venereal diseases clinic, for patients presenting for removal of tattoos, for those with suspected drug taking and for Polynesians, in whom the carrier rate may be expected to be high (Austin and others, 1974). In our current clinical practice the sterilisation of instruments, the handling of patients, and the transmission of specimens to the laboratory have been reviewed in the light of the US Public Health Service supplement 1976, Perspectives on the Control of Viral Hepatitis, Type B.", "contents": "The virus of hepatitis B a new dimension in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted disease. Ten patients presenting with venereal or dermatological disorders have been found to have evidence of infection with the virus of hepatitis B; only five had distinguishable liver dysfunction, yet all had either detectable antigen or antibody. Antigen subtype ayw has been identified in four of these people. Once rare in the local population, hepatitis B virus infection appears to be increasing in incidence with cases attributable to inoculation and to direct contact, as well as presenting as a covert partner to gonorrhoea, urethritis and candidiasis. Testing for hepatitis B antigen and antibody is recommended for patients attending the venereal diseases clinic, for patients presenting for removal of tattoos, for those with suspected drug taking and for Polynesians, in whom the carrier rate may be expected to be high (Austin and others, 1974). In our current clinical practice the sterilisation of instruments, the handling of patients, and the transmission of specimens to the laboratory have been reviewed in the light of the US Public Health Service supplement 1976, Perspectives on the Control of Viral Hepatitis, Type B."}
{"id": "PMID:273796", "title": "Pre-hospital trauma management.", "content": "Pre-hospital trauma care and management in the United Kingdom, West Germany, Denmark, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand, are briefly compared. An analysis is presented of 738 serious motor vehicle accidents attended in Canterbury from November 1972 until February 1977, showing that the accidents with life threatening conditions commonly occurred more than 20km from the base hospital.", "contents": "Pre-hospital trauma management. Pre-hospital trauma care and management in the United Kingdom, West Germany, Denmark, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand, are briefly compared. An analysis is presented of 738 serious motor vehicle accidents attended in Canterbury from November 1972 until February 1977, showing that the accidents with life threatening conditions commonly occurred more than 20km from the base hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:273801", "title": "A trial of live virus intra-nasal influenza vaccine.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-seven medical students were randomly divided into three groups: one group was vaccinated with ALICE live virus intra-nasal vaccine; one with sub-unit vaccine given subcutaneously and the third group with a placebo intra-nasal vaccine. One hundred and four patients from two group practices were also given ALICE vaccine by one of four different practitioners. Sero conversion occurred to an equivalent extent in all those given ALICE vaccine and there was only a minor increase in the sero-conversion rate following a second dose of vaccine. Protection by the ALICE intra-nasal vaccine against the A/ Port Chalmers strain of influenza appeared to be superior to that of sub-unit vaccine and HI antibody titres persisted longer in the ALICE group than in those subjects given the sub-unit vaccine.", "contents": "A trial of live virus intra-nasal influenza vaccine. One hundred and fifty-seven medical students were randomly divided into three groups: one group was vaccinated with ALICE live virus intra-nasal vaccine; one with sub-unit vaccine given subcutaneously and the third group with a placebo intra-nasal vaccine. One hundred and four patients from two group practices were also given ALICE vaccine by one of four different practitioners. Sero conversion occurred to an equivalent extent in all those given ALICE vaccine and there was only a minor increase in the sero-conversion rate following a second dose of vaccine. Protection by the ALICE intra-nasal vaccine against the A/ Port Chalmers strain of influenza appeared to be superior to that of sub-unit vaccine and HI antibody titres persisted longer in the ALICE group than in those subjects given the sub-unit vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:273802", "title": "Clinical use of plasma renin assays.", "content": "The use of plasma renin assays in clinical practice is reviewed and experience with an assay for plasma renin activity (PRA) is reported. In normal subjects, 10am ambulant PRA was significantly related to plasma angiotensin II levels but not related to daily urine sodium exretion in these subjects consuming normal diets. PRA was suppressed in patients with mineralocorticoid hypertension and in a small proportion of patients with essential hypertension. Very high values were observed in patients with untreated primary adrenal insufficiency, treatment of which resulted in a prompt fall of PRA to normal. PRA was usually normal in adrenalectomised patients and those with chronic adrenal insufficiency receiving satisfactory steroid replacement therapy. It is concluded that provided standardised conditions are used for the collection and assay, PRA is helpful in the assessment of hypokalaemic hypertension as well as in the early detection and management of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency or related conditions of salt wasting.", "contents": "Clinical use of plasma renin assays. The use of plasma renin assays in clinical practice is reviewed and experience with an assay for plasma renin activity (PRA) is reported. In normal subjects, 10am ambulant PRA was significantly related to plasma angiotensin II levels but not related to daily urine sodium exretion in these subjects consuming normal diets. PRA was suppressed in patients with mineralocorticoid hypertension and in a small proportion of patients with essential hypertension. Very high values were observed in patients with untreated primary adrenal insufficiency, treatment of which resulted in a prompt fall of PRA to normal. PRA was usually normal in adrenalectomised patients and those with chronic adrenal insufficiency receiving satisfactory steroid replacement therapy. It is concluded that provided standardised conditions are used for the collection and assay, PRA is helpful in the assessment of hypokalaemic hypertension as well as in the early detection and management of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency or related conditions of salt wasting."}
{"id": "PMID:273803", "title": "Weights and heights of Fijians from coastal and inland villages.", "content": "Heights, weights and nutrition indices are presented for an inland dwelling population of Fijians surveyed in 1961. The results are contrasted with those for coastal dwelling Fijians and the conclusions drawn that coastal dwellers were taller and heavier and suffered more obesity and less malnutrition, than inland dwellers. The differences were not great.", "contents": "Weights and heights of Fijians from coastal and inland villages. Heights, weights and nutrition indices are presented for an inland dwelling population of Fijians surveyed in 1961. The results are contrasted with those for coastal dwelling Fijians and the conclusions drawn that coastal dwellers were taller and heavier and suffered more obesity and less malnutrition, than inland dwellers. The differences were not great."}
{"id": "PMID:273804", "title": "Sisomicin in the treatment of severe or complicated urinary tract infections.", "content": "Sisomicin is a new aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamicin and tobramycin. Fourteen of 24 patients with a severe or complicated urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a 4-14 day course of sisomicin. In three patients the organism was not eliminated, in one there was a relapse with the same organism while in the remaining six patients a new pathogen (a gram-positive organism in five of these six) appeared within three to six days of completing the course of treatment. The initial infecting organism was therefore eradicated in 20 of the 24 patients treated. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe gram-negative sepsis.", "contents": "Sisomicin in the treatment of severe or complicated urinary tract infections. Sisomicin is a new aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamicin and tobramycin. Fourteen of 24 patients with a severe or complicated urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a 4-14 day course of sisomicin. In three patients the organism was not eliminated, in one there was a relapse with the same organism while in the remaining six patients a new pathogen (a gram-positive organism in five of these six) appeared within three to six days of completing the course of treatment. The initial infecting organism was therefore eradicated in 20 of the 24 patients treated. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe gram-negative sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:273842", "title": "A technique for investigating the intensity and duration of human psychomotor impairment after intravenous diazepam.", "content": "The objective of this study was to evaluate the impairment of both psychomotor function and memory after intravenous administration of 17 to 28 mg. of diazepam to normal volunteers. A battery of tests, including word memory, Seguin form board, digit symbol, digit span, block design, and reaction time, was administered at set intervals to both drug and nondrug subjects. The diazepam group demonstrated both psychomotor and anterograde memory deficits which persisted throughout the 150-minute evaluation; but relative to the control group, the diazepam group had enhanced retrograde memory. These preliminary results indicate that even after subjects appear to be recovered from the effect;s of diazepam, residual psychomotor and memory impairment remain.", "contents": "A technique for investigating the intensity and duration of human psychomotor impairment after intravenous diazepam. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impairment of both psychomotor function and memory after intravenous administration of 17 to 28 mg. of diazepam to normal volunteers. A battery of tests, including word memory, Seguin form board, digit symbol, digit span, block design, and reaction time, was administered at set intervals to both drug and nondrug subjects. The diazepam group demonstrated both psychomotor and anterograde memory deficits which persisted throughout the 150-minute evaluation; but relative to the control group, the diazepam group had enhanced retrograde memory. These preliminary results indicate that even after subjects appear to be recovered from the effect;s of diazepam, residual psychomotor and memory impairment remain."}
{"id": "PMID:273843", "title": "Central giant-cell lesion in the mandibular condyle. Report of a case.", "content": "Giant-cell lesions of the temporomandibular joint are rare. In the present case a central giant-cell lesion of the temporomandibular joint is described, and the distinction between central giant-cell reparative granulomas and giant-cell tumors is discussed. Successful reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint by means of an 8 cm. costochondral graft in an elderly patient with a central giant-cell lesion of the mandibular condyle is also reported.", "contents": "Central giant-cell lesion in the mandibular condyle. Report of a case. Giant-cell lesions of the temporomandibular joint are rare. In the present case a central giant-cell lesion of the temporomandibular joint is described, and the distinction between central giant-cell reparative granulomas and giant-cell tumors is discussed. Successful reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint by means of an 8 cm. costochondral graft in an elderly patient with a central giant-cell lesion of the mandibular condyle is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:273845", "title": "The management of the oral complications of leukemia.", "content": "Current management of the oral complications of leukemia has been reviewed by means of a questionnaire circulated to leukemia units in Great Britain. Oral manifestations of the disease appear to be common and symptoms severe despite advances in the general management of this group of diseases. It is confirmed that infection involving a wide variety of commensal organisms is an important problem, and it is suggested that improvements can be made in management, especially with the use of broad-spectrum antiseptic agents (for example, 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate which reduces the total number of organisms in the mouth by about 98 per cent.).", "contents": "The management of the oral complications of leukemia. Current management of the oral complications of leukemia has been reviewed by means of a questionnaire circulated to leukemia units in Great Britain. Oral manifestations of the disease appear to be common and symptoms severe despite advances in the general management of this group of diseases. It is confirmed that infection involving a wide variety of commensal organisms is an important problem, and it is suggested that improvements can be made in management, especially with the use of broad-spectrum antiseptic agents (for example, 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate which reduces the total number of organisms in the mouth by about 98 per cent.)."}
{"id": "PMID:273846", "title": "Experimental endocarditis induced by dental manipulation and oral streptococci.", "content": "Circumstantial evidence has strongly implicated dental manipulation as an etiologic factor in the development of infective endocarditis. The introduction of human oral streptococci via the oral cavity in rabbits with vegetative cardiac lesions yields a 94 per cent incidence of infective endocarditis, if the number of inoculated organisms is above a threshold level of 10(7).", "contents": "Experimental endocarditis induced by dental manipulation and oral streptococci. Circumstantial evidence has strongly implicated dental manipulation as an etiologic factor in the development of infective endocarditis. The introduction of human oral streptococci via the oral cavity in rabbits with vegetative cardiac lesions yields a 94 per cent incidence of infective endocarditis, if the number of inoculated organisms is above a threshold level of 10(7)."}
{"id": "PMID:273847", "title": "The correlation between organoleptic mouth-odor ratings and levels of volatile sulfur compounds.", "content": "An organoleptic rating (OR) technique and gas-liquid chromatography were employed to study the relationship between oral-malodor ratings and the corresponding concentrations of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in a total of 102 subjects in two separate studies. Both studies demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between the intensity of perceived oral malodor and the concentration of VSC (H2S + CH3SH) emitted by individual subjects.", "contents": "The correlation between organoleptic mouth-odor ratings and levels of volatile sulfur compounds. An organoleptic rating (OR) technique and gas-liquid chromatography were employed to study the relationship between oral-malodor ratings and the corresponding concentrations of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in a total of 102 subjects in two separate studies. Both studies demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between the intensity of perceived oral malodor and the concentration of VSC (H2S + CH3SH) emitted by individual subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:273848", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.", "content": "This study was based on the analysis of 100 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. The male/female ratio was 4.25:1. The peak incidence in women was in the 50 to 59 year age group; in men there was equal frequency in each age group above 50. The five-year survival rate decreased from 86 per cent to 0 as the stage of disease progressed from I to IV. The five-year survival for all stages of disease was 52.7 per cent. Thirty-three per cent developed new primary malignancies; 22 per cent were of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. Distant metastases were present in 21 per cent. Fifty per cent were heavy smokers, 33 per cent were heavy drinkers, 28 per cent were both heavy smokers and heavy drinkers, and 21 per cent were nonsmokers and nondrinkers.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. This study was based on the analysis of 100 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. The male/female ratio was 4.25:1. The peak incidence in women was in the 50 to 59 year age group; in men there was equal frequency in each age group above 50. The five-year survival rate decreased from 86 per cent to 0 as the stage of disease progressed from I to IV. The five-year survival for all stages of disease was 52.7 per cent. Thirty-three per cent developed new primary malignancies; 22 per cent were of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. Distant metastases were present in 21 per cent. Fifty per cent were heavy smokers, 33 per cent were heavy drinkers, 28 per cent were both heavy smokers and heavy drinkers, and 21 per cent were nonsmokers and nondrinkers."}
{"id": "PMID:273849", "title": "Clear-cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses.", "content": "The natural history and histologic characteristics of a rare malignant neoplasm of tendons and aponeuroses are described, and a case is presented which originated in the right foot of a 19-year-old Caucasian woman who succumbed to the disease after 4 years. This case represents the first known example of metastasis to the oral cavity of this particular neoplasm.", "contents": "Clear-cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses. The natural history and histologic characteristics of a rare malignant neoplasm of tendons and aponeuroses are described, and a case is presented which originated in the right foot of a 19-year-old Caucasian woman who succumbed to the disease after 4 years. This case represents the first known example of metastasis to the oral cavity of this particular neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:273850", "title": "Intraoral juvenile xanthogranuloma.", "content": "A case of juvenile xanthogranuloma of the gingiva is presented. This uncommon, benign disorder has rarely been histologically documented in the oral cavity, and rarely have oral lesions been described as presenting symptoms prior to this report. The pertinent literature is reviewed and possible etiologic factors are discussed.", "contents": "Intraoral juvenile xanthogranuloma. A case of juvenile xanthogranuloma of the gingiva is presented. This uncommon, benign disorder has rarely been histologically documented in the oral cavity, and rarely have oral lesions been described as presenting symptoms prior to this report. The pertinent literature is reviewed and possible etiologic factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:273851", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (sicca complex).", "content": "A case of sicca complex Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in a 41-year-old woman is presented. Symptoms related to xerophthalmia and xerostomia were severe but, ironically, served to confuse the clinical impressions of medical personnel managing this patient, resulting in a diagnostic dilemma. Biopsy of a labial minor salivary gland followed by histopathologic examination of the tissue provided invaluable information which, together with the clinical picture, aided in the establishment of the delayed diagnosis.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (sicca complex). A case of sicca complex Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in a 41-year-old woman is presented. Symptoms related to xerophthalmia and xerostomia were severe but, ironically, served to confuse the clinical impressions of medical personnel managing this patient, resulting in a diagnostic dilemma. Biopsy of a labial minor salivary gland followed by histopathologic examination of the tissue provided invaluable information which, together with the clinical picture, aided in the establishment of the delayed diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:273852", "title": "Oral assessment of the \"risk\" patient.", "content": "Certain patients may be considered as being at \"risk\" with respect to the possibility of development of significant diseases of either a local or a systemic nature as a direct result of the presence of oral infection. The problems relating to the development of bacteremia subsequent to surgery in the patient with cardiovascular disease are well appreciated. Thought should be given to the possibilities of such developments in relation to the presence of periapical pathosis. It is demonstrated that a definitive evaluation of the status of the nonvital tooth cannot be made by the presently accepted methods of clinical and radiographic examination.", "contents": "Oral assessment of the \"risk\" patient. Certain patients may be considered as being at \"risk\" with respect to the possibility of development of significant diseases of either a local or a systemic nature as a direct result of the presence of oral infection. The problems relating to the development of bacteremia subsequent to surgery in the patient with cardiovascular disease are well appreciated. Thought should be given to the possibilities of such developments in relation to the presence of periapical pathosis. It is demonstrated that a definitive evaluation of the status of the nonvital tooth cannot be made by the presently accepted methods of clinical and radiographic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:273853", "title": "Endodontic therapy averting major surgery and avoiding keloid formation.", "content": "Keloids and mandibular unfavorable fractures are reviewed. A case report of a patient with keloid diathesis, who had a mandibular unfavorable fracture, is presented. A grossly carious, abscessed first molar was in the line of fracture. This tooth was the only erupted tooth present in the proximal fragment. Endodontic therapy and restoration of normal contour enabled the surgeons to treat the fractured mandible by means of simple closed reduction. The endodontic treatment pre-empted a major surgical procedure under general anesthesia and also averted a skin incision which would have subsequently formed a disfiguring keloid.", "contents": "Endodontic therapy averting major surgery and avoiding keloid formation. Keloids and mandibular unfavorable fractures are reviewed. A case report of a patient with keloid diathesis, who had a mandibular unfavorable fracture, is presented. A grossly carious, abscessed first molar was in the line of fracture. This tooth was the only erupted tooth present in the proximal fragment. Endodontic therapy and restoration of normal contour enabled the surgeons to treat the fractured mandible by means of simple closed reduction. The endodontic treatment pre-empted a major surgical procedure under general anesthesia and also averted a skin incision which would have subsequently formed a disfiguring keloid."}
{"id": "PMID:273854", "title": "Compensation of differences in density of radiographs by densitometry.", "content": "Radiographs were made of a dried human mandible with variations in kilovolt peak, exposure time, soft-tissue thickness substitutes, and developing time. The densitometric measurements of the image of dental and bony structures were transformed into millimeters of aluminum equivalents by means of densitometric measurements on the penetrometer. Variations in kilovolt peak, exposure time, soft-tissue thickness substitutes, and developing time do not affect the densitometric measurements after transformation, except when radiographs are very dark.", "contents": "Compensation of differences in density of radiographs by densitometry. Radiographs were made of a dried human mandible with variations in kilovolt peak, exposure time, soft-tissue thickness substitutes, and developing time. The densitometric measurements of the image of dental and bony structures were transformed into millimeters of aluminum equivalents by means of densitometric measurements on the penetrometer. Variations in kilovolt peak, exposure time, soft-tissue thickness substitutes, and developing time do not affect the densitometric measurements after transformation, except when radiographs are very dark."}
{"id": "PMID:273855", "title": "Lesions resembling caries in unerupted teeth.", "content": "Two cases are presented documenting the recognition and treatment of defects in the coronal portion of unerupted mandibular second permanent molars. The teeth were surgically exposed and the lesions treated as deep pit and fissure caries. Small, vital pulp exposures were encountered in both cases. Calcium hydroxide was placed and restoration with amalgam followed. Normal root formation and eruption occurred for 24 and 6 months, respectively. A firm diagnosis of caries, external resorption, or internal resorption could not be made because of the lack of histologic study.", "contents": "Lesions resembling caries in unerupted teeth. Two cases are presented documenting the recognition and treatment of defects in the coronal portion of unerupted mandibular second permanent molars. The teeth were surgically exposed and the lesions treated as deep pit and fissure caries. Small, vital pulp exposures were encountered in both cases. Calcium hydroxide was placed and restoration with amalgam followed. Normal root formation and eruption occurred for 24 and 6 months, respectively. A firm diagnosis of caries, external resorption, or internal resorption could not be made because of the lack of histologic study."}
{"id": "PMID:273856", "title": "Bony defects in dried Bantu mandibles.", "content": "Forty-three dried South African Bantu mandibles were examined visually and radiographically for the frequencies of occurrence of apical defects, bifurcation involvements, dehiscences, and fenestrations. Statistical evaluation of the data revealed no significant discrepancy between the visual and radiographic findings.", "contents": "Bony defects in dried Bantu mandibles. Forty-three dried South African Bantu mandibles were examined visually and radiographically for the frequencies of occurrence of apical defects, bifurcation involvements, dehiscences, and fenestrations. Statistical evaluation of the data revealed no significant discrepancy between the visual and radiographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:273863", "title": "Uric acid metabolism in therapy of glycogen storage disease type I.", "content": "Factors which may explain lower serum uric in a new therapy of patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type I have been studied. [1-14C]Glycine incorporation into urine uric acid was 0.68% of the injected dose during a 6-day period of frequent high carbohydrate feedings, 0.40% with the same diet and nocturnal nasogastric feeding by Vivonex, and 0.18% in a control patient with GSD type III. Fractional renal uric acid excretion in the patient with GSD type I increased from 11.3% to 26.3% after beginning nocturnal nasogastric feeding of Vivonex. Red cell phosphoribosylpyrophosphate leve,ls were not changed by the therapy. Addition of Vivonex nocturnal feedings to frequent high carbohydrate feedings (1) decreased the accelerated de novo purine synthesis to a level still higher than control and (2) increased fractional renal uric acid excretion.", "contents": "Uric acid metabolism in therapy of glycogen storage disease type I. Factors which may explain lower serum uric in a new therapy of patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type I have been studied. [1-14C]Glycine incorporation into urine uric acid was 0.68% of the injected dose during a 6-day period of frequent high carbohydrate feedings, 0.40% with the same diet and nocturnal nasogastric feeding by Vivonex, and 0.18% in a control patient with GSD type III. Fractional renal uric acid excretion in the patient with GSD type I increased from 11.3% to 26.3% after beginning nocturnal nasogastric feeding of Vivonex. Red cell phosphoribosylpyrophosphate leve,ls were not changed by the therapy. Addition of Vivonex nocturnal feedings to frequent high carbohydrate feedings (1) decreased the accelerated de novo purine synthesis to a level still higher than control and (2) increased fractional renal uric acid excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:273868", "title": "[Interviews with Norwegian dentists about continuing education].", "content": "A representative, nationwide sample comprising 50 dentists in Norway was surveyed through personal interviews concerning their opinions on and need for postgraduate education. The reports clearly indicated that the professional challenges are changing rapidly as a result of improved treatment habits and dental health among most patients and that continuing dental education should adjust to the new situation. Most interviewers were satisfied with the courses presently offered, but they nevertheless wanted more of them, particularly in oral medicine and surgery, prosthetics, prevention and community dentistry. Scientific papers abounding with statistics and histology were suggested to be reduced in the Norwegian Dental Journal, and should be replaced by practical review papers. Social motives for attending professional meetings were common, the dentists said they learned much of practical value and picked up news in conversations with colleagues. Improved contacts with the dental schools was desired. Concerning undergraduate education, a prevailing view was that too much time was devoted to basic sciences as opposed to clinical- and community dentistry. The attitude towards compulsary continuing education was ambiguous, conceivably a reflection of the two different professional ideals: high standards and autonomy.", "contents": "[Interviews with Norwegian dentists about continuing education]. A representative, nationwide sample comprising 50 dentists in Norway was surveyed through personal interviews concerning their opinions on and need for postgraduate education. The reports clearly indicated that the professional challenges are changing rapidly as a result of improved treatment habits and dental health among most patients and that continuing dental education should adjust to the new situation. Most interviewers were satisfied with the courses presently offered, but they nevertheless wanted more of them, particularly in oral medicine and surgery, prosthetics, prevention and community dentistry. Scientific papers abounding with statistics and histology were suggested to be reduced in the Norwegian Dental Journal, and should be replaced by practical review papers. Social motives for attending professional meetings were common, the dentists said they learned much of practical value and picked up news in conversations with colleagues. Improved contacts with the dental schools was desired. Concerning undergraduate education, a prevailing view was that too much time was devoted to basic sciences as opposed to clinical- and community dentistry. The attitude towards compulsary continuing education was ambiguous, conceivably a reflection of the two different professional ideals: high standards and autonomy."}
{"id": "PMID:273885", "title": "[Prolonged survival in 16 cases of acute myeloid leukemia [author's transl)].", "content": "16 our of 370 acute myeloid leukemias treated between 1964 and 1973 have been in long survival for more than three years. In the first period 1964-1971 the overall remission rate was 20% and 6 patients has a long survival. In the last two years of study, 10 out of 96 patients have more than three years of survival, the remission rate was over 50%. All the cases were slightly proliferative the first group did not recieve intensive chemotherapy and appear as spontaneous long remission, but in thelast patients intensive chemotherapy seems responsible for the good results.", "contents": "[Prolonged survival in 16 cases of acute myeloid leukemia [author's transl)]. 16 our of 370 acute myeloid leukemias treated between 1964 and 1973 have been in long survival for more than three years. In the first period 1964-1971 the overall remission rate was 20% and 6 patients has a long survival. In the last two years of study, 10 out of 96 patients have more than three years of survival, the remission rate was over 50%. All the cases were slightly proliferative the first group did not recieve intensive chemotherapy and appear as spontaneous long remission, but in thelast patients intensive chemotherapy seems responsible for the good results."}
{"id": "PMID:273886", "title": "[Respiratory function tests during artificial ventilation. Application in the choice of apparatus settings (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty seven patients on artificial ventilation were studied in terms of gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and haemodynamics. The characteristics of acute respiratory failure (dead space effect, shunt effect, disturbances in respiratory mechanics) may be identified and their severity determined. The effects of adjusting artificial ventilation settings (tidal volume, frequency, inspiration/expiration ratio, inspiratory flow, end expiratory pressure, inspired oxygen fraction) may be studied and better adapted to the individual functional requirements of each patient. An organigram of settings based upon the experience gained in this series is suggested.", "contents": "[Respiratory function tests during artificial ventilation. Application in the choice of apparatus settings (author's transl)]. Twenty seven patients on artificial ventilation were studied in terms of gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and haemodynamics. The characteristics of acute respiratory failure (dead space effect, shunt effect, disturbances in respiratory mechanics) may be identified and their severity determined. The effects of adjusting artificial ventilation settings (tidal volume, frequency, inspiration/expiration ratio, inspiratory flow, end expiratory pressure, inspired oxygen fraction) may be studied and better adapted to the individual functional requirements of each patient. An organigram of settings based upon the experience gained in this series is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:273888", "title": "[Leukaemias and lymphomas treatment by vindesine. Result of a phase II trial in terms of remission induction (author's transl)].", "content": "Vindesine is a derivative of vinblastine and of vincristine. A high proportion of remissions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukaemia (6 complete and 1 incomplete remissions in 15 patients), in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia, and a few responses have been registered in lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. Permanent 48 h i.v. infusion may include a remission where i.v. pusch of the same dose has failed. The most remarkable characteristic of vindesine is the absence of cross-resistance with vincristine as documented in acute lymphoid leukaemia.", "contents": "[Leukaemias and lymphomas treatment by vindesine. Result of a phase II trial in terms of remission induction (author's transl)]. Vindesine is a derivative of vinblastine and of vincristine. A high proportion of remissions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukaemia (6 complete and 1 incomplete remissions in 15 patients), in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia, and a few responses have been registered in lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. Permanent 48 h i.v. infusion may include a remission where i.v. pusch of the same dose has failed. The most remarkable characteristic of vindesine is the absence of cross-resistance with vincristine as documented in acute lymphoid leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:273894", "title": "Ion flow through a membrane: concentration and current responses to a step potential change.", "content": "Solutions of the simplified time-dependent Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion equations for various membrane models under the influence of a step voltage change are presented. Comparison of the results for a membrane with continuous sites to those for membranes with two, three or five intermediate sites shows little difference either qualitatively or quantitatively in the concentration of the diffusible ion inside the membrane, although some quantitative differences are evident in the calculated currents.", "contents": "Ion flow through a membrane: concentration and current responses to a step potential change. Solutions of the simplified time-dependent Nernst-Planck electrodiffusion equations for various membrane models under the influence of a step voltage change are presented. Comparison of the results for a membrane with continuous sites to those for membranes with two, three or five intermediate sites shows little difference either qualitatively or quantitatively in the concentration of the diffusible ion inside the membrane, although some quantitative differences are evident in the calculated currents."}
{"id": "PMID:273895", "title": "Theoretical study of protein--lipid interactions in bilayer membranes.", "content": "An analysis is given for the perturbation of the order and composition of lipid bilayers near an intrinsic membrane protein. Two cases are examined: the protein influences the lipid order (i.e., \"fluidity\"), and the protein associates with one component of a lipid mixture preferentially. The order perturbation is studied as a function of temperature and lateral pressure by using Landau--de Gennes theory and a variational procedure. It is concluded that, for a given lateral pressure, the greatest amount of boundary lipid is present at the lipid phase-transition temperature. A critical point for the phase transition occurs, near which the amount of boundary lipid increases dramatically. The composition perturbation is modeled in a binary lipid mixture by using a simple regular solution theory. The perturbation is found not to extent much beyond the directly bound layer of lipids unless the solution is near a critical mixing point.", "contents": "Theoretical study of protein--lipid interactions in bilayer membranes. An analysis is given for the perturbation of the order and composition of lipid bilayers near an intrinsic membrane protein. Two cases are examined: the protein influences the lipid order (i.e., \"fluidity\"), and the protein associates with one component of a lipid mixture preferentially. The order perturbation is studied as a function of temperature and lateral pressure by using Landau--de Gennes theory and a variational procedure. It is concluded that, for a given lateral pressure, the greatest amount of boundary lipid is present at the lipid phase-transition temperature. A critical point for the phase transition occurs, near which the amount of boundary lipid increases dramatically. The composition perturbation is modeled in a binary lipid mixture by using a simple regular solution theory. The perturbation is found not to extent much beyond the directly bound layer of lipids unless the solution is near a critical mixing point."}
{"id": "PMID:273896", "title": "Unique structures formed by pyrimidine-purine DNAs which may be four-stranded.", "content": "Pyrimidine-purine DNAs with repeating sequences can be made to undergo a reversible transition to possibly a tetra-stranded complex. Physicochemical characterization of the new structures and model building are consistent with, in the case of d(TC)n-d(GA)n, a tetra-stranded complex forming by the addition of d(GA)n to the remaining space in the major groove of the triple-stranded complex d(TC)n-d(GA)n-d(CT)n. A possible role for tetra-stranded complexes in chromosome condensation is suggested by the natural occurrence of repeating sequence pyrimidine-purine DNAs and the properties of condensed chromosomes.", "contents": "Unique structures formed by pyrimidine-purine DNAs which may be four-stranded. Pyrimidine-purine DNAs with repeating sequences can be made to undergo a reversible transition to possibly a tetra-stranded complex. Physicochemical characterization of the new structures and model building are consistent with, in the case of d(TC)n-d(GA)n, a tetra-stranded complex forming by the addition of d(GA)n to the remaining space in the major groove of the triple-stranded complex d(TC)n-d(GA)n-d(CT)n. A possible role for tetra-stranded complexes in chromosome condensation is suggested by the natural occurrence of repeating sequence pyrimidine-purine DNAs and the properties of condensed chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:273897", "title": "Mapping of adenovirus late promoters with nascent mercurated RNA.", "content": "Nascent RNA molecules were labeled in vivo and elongated in vitro by incubation of the isolated nuclei in the presence of mercurated nucleotides. The RNA molecules initiated and labeled in vivo and elongated in vitro were then selectively purified on a thiopropyl 6-B Sepharose affinity column. The procedure was shown to be free of artifacts since the addition of mercurated nucleotides and the retention on the affinity column is mediated by the endogenous RNA polymerase II (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6), is sensitive to actinomycin D, and is dependent on the presence of all four ribonucleotide triphosphates. This general procedure was applied to the mapping of viral promoters late after adenovirus 2 infection of HeLa cells. RNA purified as described above was hybridized to restriction enzyme fragments attached to nitrocellulose filters. The 5' ends of the nascent RNA chains are located in coordinates 9.5-17 for a rightward transcript, 0-25 for a leftward transcript, and possibly 60-70 for a second rightward transcript. These locations clearly differ from locations of the early promoters and therefore suggest that the transition from early to late functions is controlled at the transcriptional level.", "contents": "Mapping of adenovirus late promoters with nascent mercurated RNA. Nascent RNA molecules were labeled in vivo and elongated in vitro by incubation of the isolated nuclei in the presence of mercurated nucleotides. The RNA molecules initiated and labeled in vivo and elongated in vitro were then selectively purified on a thiopropyl 6-B Sepharose affinity column. The procedure was shown to be free of artifacts since the addition of mercurated nucleotides and the retention on the affinity column is mediated by the endogenous RNA polymerase II (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6), is sensitive to actinomycin D, and is dependent on the presence of all four ribonucleotide triphosphates. This general procedure was applied to the mapping of viral promoters late after adenovirus 2 infection of HeLa cells. RNA purified as described above was hybridized to restriction enzyme fragments attached to nitrocellulose filters. The 5' ends of the nascent RNA chains are located in coordinates 9.5-17 for a rightward transcript, 0-25 for a leftward transcript, and possibly 60-70 for a second rightward transcript. These locations clearly differ from locations of the early promoters and therefore suggest that the transition from early to late functions is controlled at the transcriptional level."}
{"id": "PMID:273898", "title": "Characterization of the histone core complex.", "content": "A stable histone core complex containing equimolar ratios of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 has been isolated from chicken erythrocyte chromatin in high salt. This complex has been characterized by sedimentation and chemical cross-linking studies. In velocity ultracentrifugation, only one single sharp sedimentation boundary has been observed with sedimentation coefficient S020,w = 3.8 +/- 0.1. The molecular weight of the histone core complex has been investigated by low-speed sedimentation equilibrium studies over a wide range of protein concentration. Analysis of the apparent weight-average molecular weight as a function of concentration indicates that the histone core complex in 2 M NaCl, pH 9.0, is in equilibrium between a tetramer (H2A)(H2B)(H3)(H4) and an octamer [(H2A)(H2B)(H3)(H4)]2 species with a tetramer molecular weight of 55,000. The equilibrium constant K is approximately 1.2 X 10(-5) liter per mol at 10 degrees. Evidence of such a tetramer-octamer equilibrium in solution is also supported by the results of our chemical crosslinking experiments on the histone core complex.", "contents": "Characterization of the histone core complex. A stable histone core complex containing equimolar ratios of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 has been isolated from chicken erythrocyte chromatin in high salt. This complex has been characterized by sedimentation and chemical cross-linking studies. In velocity ultracentrifugation, only one single sharp sedimentation boundary has been observed with sedimentation coefficient S020,w = 3.8 +/- 0.1. The molecular weight of the histone core complex has been investigated by low-speed sedimentation equilibrium studies over a wide range of protein concentration. Analysis of the apparent weight-average molecular weight as a function of concentration indicates that the histone core complex in 2 M NaCl, pH 9.0, is in equilibrium between a tetramer (H2A)(H2B)(H3)(H4) and an octamer [(H2A)(H2B)(H3)(H4)]2 species with a tetramer molecular weight of 55,000. The equilibrium constant K is approximately 1.2 X 10(-5) liter per mol at 10 degrees. Evidence of such a tetramer-octamer equilibrium in solution is also supported by the results of our chemical crosslinking experiments on the histone core complex."}
{"id": "PMID:273899", "title": "Strand-specific break near the origin of bacteriophage P2 DNA replication.", "content": "Membrane-associated P2 DNA isolated early after infection under conditions that block replication (amB in phage and rep in Escherichia coli C) was analyzed by electron microscopy. Most DNA was in the form of relaxed circles (40%) and circles with short single-stranded tails (60%). When this DNA was hybridized with separate strands of linear P2 Hy dis DNA (which provides suitable reference points along the heteroduplex molecules), an interruption was located near the previously mapped origin of P2 DNA replication in one specific strand. The same strand was sometimes extended in the direction consistent with the unidirectional mode of P2 DNA replication. Similar conclusions were reached when the intracellular DNA was analyzed after partial denaturation. These results are consistent with the rolling circle mode of DNA replication.", "contents": "Strand-specific break near the origin of bacteriophage P2 DNA replication. Membrane-associated P2 DNA isolated early after infection under conditions that block replication (amB in phage and rep in Escherichia coli C) was analyzed by electron microscopy. Most DNA was in the form of relaxed circles (40%) and circles with short single-stranded tails (60%). When this DNA was hybridized with separate strands of linear P2 Hy dis DNA (which provides suitable reference points along the heteroduplex molecules), an interruption was located near the previously mapped origin of P2 DNA replication in one specific strand. The same strand was sometimes extended in the direction consistent with the unidirectional mode of P2 DNA replication. Similar conclusions were reached when the intracellular DNA was analyzed after partial denaturation. These results are consistent with the rolling circle mode of DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:273900", "title": "Noncovalent interaction of the NH2-terminal fragment of human somatotropin with the COOH-terminal fragment of human choriomammotropin to generate growth-promoting activity.", "content": "Complementation of the plasmin fragments of reduced-carbamoylmethylated (Cam) human somatotropin (hGH) with those of reduced-carbamoylmethylated human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) have been investigated. It was found that the recombinant obtained by noncovalent interaction of [Cys(Cam)53]hGH-(1-134) with [Cys(Cam)-165,182,189]hCS-(141-191) exhibits 50% growth-promoting activity and nearly full immunoreactivity. Complementation of [Cys(Cam)53]hCS-(1-133) with the COOH-terminal fragment of hGH generated lower growth-promoting and immunological activities.", "contents": "Noncovalent interaction of the NH2-terminal fragment of human somatotropin with the COOH-terminal fragment of human choriomammotropin to generate growth-promoting activity. Complementation of the plasmin fragments of reduced-carbamoylmethylated (Cam) human somatotropin (hGH) with those of reduced-carbamoylmethylated human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) have been investigated. It was found that the recombinant obtained by noncovalent interaction of [Cys(Cam)53]hGH-(1-134) with [Cys(Cam)-165,182,189]hCS-(141-191) exhibits 50% growth-promoting activity and nearly full immunoreactivity. Complementation of [Cys(Cam)53]hCS-(1-133) with the COOH-terminal fragment of hGH generated lower growth-promoting and immunological activities."}
{"id": "PMID:273901", "title": "Acetylcholine-receptor-mediated ion flux in electroplax membrane microsacs (vesicles): change in mechanism produced by asymmetrical distribution of sodium and potassium ions.", "content": "The kinetics of acetylcholine-receptor-mediated efflux of inorganic ions from electroplax microsacs of Electrophorus electricus in the presence of varying alkali metal ion concentrations on both sides of the membrane have been investigated. The efflux, a monophasic process when the ion distribution is symmetrical (the same concentrations and types of ions on both sides of the membrane), becomes a biphasic process, consisting of a very rapid initial release of ions followed by a slower first-order process, under conditions that resemble the physiological state of the neural membrane (potassium ions inside the microsacs and sodium ions on the outside). The initial phase of the efflux discriminates between calcium and sodium ions and is inhibited by potassium ions in the external solution. The rate constant associated with this phase is at least 40 times larger than the rate constant associated with the slower efflux. Both phases depend on the concentration of acetylcholine or carbamoylcholine, and are inhibited by receptor inhibitors (d-tubocurarine and alpha-bungarotoxin).A simple model is proposed which relates the kinetics of the flux to ligand-induced conformational changes in the receptor. We also indicate the relationship between the biphasic kinetics of the flux observed in microsacs to \"desensitization,\" the phenomenon in which, on addition of acetylcholine, the transmembrane voltage of muscle and nerve cells first increases and then decreases to its resting value within a few seconds.", "contents": "Acetylcholine-receptor-mediated ion flux in electroplax membrane microsacs (vesicles): change in mechanism produced by asymmetrical distribution of sodium and potassium ions. The kinetics of acetylcholine-receptor-mediated efflux of inorganic ions from electroplax microsacs of Electrophorus electricus in the presence of varying alkali metal ion concentrations on both sides of the membrane have been investigated. The efflux, a monophasic process when the ion distribution is symmetrical (the same concentrations and types of ions on both sides of the membrane), becomes a biphasic process, consisting of a very rapid initial release of ions followed by a slower first-order process, under conditions that resemble the physiological state of the neural membrane (potassium ions inside the microsacs and sodium ions on the outside). The initial phase of the efflux discriminates between calcium and sodium ions and is inhibited by potassium ions in the external solution. The rate constant associated with this phase is at least 40 times larger than the rate constant associated with the slower efflux. Both phases depend on the concentration of acetylcholine or carbamoylcholine, and are inhibited by receptor inhibitors (d-tubocurarine and alpha-bungarotoxin).A simple model is proposed which relates the kinetics of the flux to ligand-induced conformational changes in the receptor. We also indicate the relationship between the biphasic kinetics of the flux observed in microsacs to \"desensitization,\" the phenomenon in which, on addition of acetylcholine, the transmembrane voltage of muscle and nerve cells first increases and then decreases to its resting value within a few seconds."}
{"id": "PMID:273902", "title": "Preparation and template activities of polynucleotides containing O2- and O4-alkyluridine.", "content": "O2-Ethyl-UDP and O4-methyl-UDP have been prepared and copolymerized in various proportions with UDP or CDP, using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The copolymers were used as templates for DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in the presence of Mn2+. Both of the O-alkylated uridines caused a similar misincorporations. When copolymerized with U they led to incorporation of CMP and GMP into the poly(A). No AMP or UMP incorporation seemed to be caused by the introduction of O-alkyluridines into either poly(U) or poly(C). The mispairing of O2- and O4-alkyluridine to behave like C or G represents mutagenic events. O2 alkylation of U or T is, in contrast to O4 alkylation, a relatively frequent result of treatment of double-stranded nucleic acids with N-nitroso alkylating agents. In single-stranded nucleic acids both O2 and O4 alkylations of U and T occur to similar extents. Thus, the observed mutagenic effects of O2 and O4 alkylation of U may be involved in the high carcinogenicity of these alkylating agents.", "contents": "Preparation and template activities of polynucleotides containing O2- and O4-alkyluridine. O2-Ethyl-UDP and O4-methyl-UDP have been prepared and copolymerized in various proportions with UDP or CDP, using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The copolymers were used as templates for DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in the presence of Mn2+. Both of the O-alkylated uridines caused a similar misincorporations. When copolymerized with U they led to incorporation of CMP and GMP into the poly(A). No AMP or UMP incorporation seemed to be caused by the introduction of O-alkyluridines into either poly(U) or poly(C). The mispairing of O2- and O4-alkyluridine to behave like C or G represents mutagenic events. O2 alkylation of U or T is, in contrast to O4 alkylation, a relatively frequent result of treatment of double-stranded nucleic acids with N-nitroso alkylating agents. In single-stranded nucleic acids both O2 and O4 alkylations of U and T occur to similar extents. Thus, the observed mutagenic effects of O2 and O4 alkylation of U may be involved in the high carcinogenicity of these alkylating agents."}
{"id": "PMID:273903", "title": "Kinetics of biphasic reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro.", "content": "The kinetics of the in vitro reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus from its RNA and protein were studied by measuring the increase in turbidity, the development of ribonuclease-resistant infectivity, the emcapsidation of the terminal ends of the RNA, and the growth of rod length. The results showed that the reconstitution reaction consists of two processes in which the direction, timing, and rate of assembly are different. Rapid elongation of particles toward the 5' end of the RNA proceeds in the first 5-7 min to give intermediate particles of 260 nm in length in which only the 5' terminus of the RNA is encapsidated. The subsequent process requires 30-50 min, is accompanied by a slow increase in turbidity, and gives rise to rods of the full length, 300 nm. The 3' terminus becomes RNase resistant by this process with concomitant development of ribonuclease-resistant infectivity, showing that the 3'-distal portion of the RNA is encapsidated in the direction of 5' to 3'. The rate of rod elongation by the second process is less than 1/10 of that by the first process.", "contents": "Kinetics of biphasic reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro. The kinetics of the in vitro reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus from its RNA and protein were studied by measuring the increase in turbidity, the development of ribonuclease-resistant infectivity, the emcapsidation of the terminal ends of the RNA, and the growth of rod length. The results showed that the reconstitution reaction consists of two processes in which the direction, timing, and rate of assembly are different. Rapid elongation of particles toward the 5' end of the RNA proceeds in the first 5-7 min to give intermediate particles of 260 nm in length in which only the 5' terminus of the RNA is encapsidated. The subsequent process requires 30-50 min, is accompanied by a slow increase in turbidity, and gives rise to rods of the full length, 300 nm. The 3' terminus becomes RNase resistant by this process with concomitant development of ribonuclease-resistant infectivity, showing that the 3'-distal portion of the RNA is encapsidated in the direction of 5' to 3'. The rate of rod elongation by the second process is less than 1/10 of that by the first process."}
{"id": "PMID:273904", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the beta chain of human fibrinogen: homology with the gamma chain.", "content": "The beta chain of human fibrinogen is composed of 452 +/- 5 amino acid residues, 14 of which are methionines. Consistent with these findings we have isolated and characterized 15 fragments after cyanogen bromide digestion of carboxymethylated beta chains. The arrangement of several of these peptides was deduced on the basis of overlapping peptides isolated from the fragments D and E produced by the plasmic digestion of fibrinogen and/or from a tryptic digest of citraconylated beta chains. Most of the other cyanogen bromide fragments can be aligned by homology with the alpha and/or gamma chains from human fibrinogen, although the positioning of a few of the smallest peptides is still ambiguous. The homology of the beta chain with the gamma chain is especially strong in certain regions of the domain that includes fragment D.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the beta chain of human fibrinogen: homology with the gamma chain. The beta chain of human fibrinogen is composed of 452 +/- 5 amino acid residues, 14 of which are methionines. Consistent with these findings we have isolated and characterized 15 fragments after cyanogen bromide digestion of carboxymethylated beta chains. The arrangement of several of these peptides was deduced on the basis of overlapping peptides isolated from the fragments D and E produced by the plasmic digestion of fibrinogen and/or from a tryptic digest of citraconylated beta chains. Most of the other cyanogen bromide fragments can be aligned by homology with the alpha and/or gamma chains from human fibrinogen, although the positioning of a few of the smallest peptides is still ambiguous. The homology of the beta chain with the gamma chain is especially strong in certain regions of the domain that includes fragment D."}
{"id": "PMID:273905", "title": "Identification of the principal aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct formed in vivo in rat liver.", "content": "The products of in vivo covalent binding of activated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to DNA have been investigated in rats. The principal covalent product formed in liver DNA of rats treated with AFB1 has been identified as 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1. This compound was isolated from the liver DNA of rats dosed with AFB1 (2.0 mg/kg) in sufficient quantity for characterization by physicochemical techniques, including field-desorption mass spectrometry. This information together with results of chemical methylation of the compound proved that the major adduct formed between DNA and AFB1 in vivo is identical to that produced in vitro when AFB1 is incubated with DNA in the presence of a rat liver microsomal activating system. Quantitative studies of formation of this compound revealed a dose-dependent relationship between the level of its occurence in liver DNA and AFB1 doses over the range 0.125-1.0 mg/kg.", "contents": "Identification of the principal aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct formed in vivo in rat liver. The products of in vivo covalent binding of activated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to DNA have been investigated in rats. The principal covalent product formed in liver DNA of rats treated with AFB1 has been identified as 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1. This compound was isolated from the liver DNA of rats dosed with AFB1 (2.0 mg/kg) in sufficient quantity for characterization by physicochemical techniques, including field-desorption mass spectrometry. This information together with results of chemical methylation of the compound proved that the major adduct formed between DNA and AFB1 in vivo is identical to that produced in vitro when AFB1 is incubated with DNA in the presence of a rat liver microsomal activating system. Quantitative studies of formation of this compound revealed a dose-dependent relationship between the level of its occurence in liver DNA and AFB1 doses over the range 0.125-1.0 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:273906", "title": "Synthesis of phage M13 coat protein and its assembly into membranes in vitro.", "content": "The coat protein (gene 8 product) of coliphage M1O is an integral protein of the host cell membrane at all stages of virus infection. This protein, when made in a cell-free reaction, has been shown by others to have an additional NH2-terminal peptide region and is referred to as \"procoat.\" It is initially not membrane-bound but, upon exposure to Escherichia coli membrane vesicles or to liposomes prepared from E. coli lipids, it assembles into the bilayer in an integral fashion. Much of this protein is shown to be exposed on the inner surface of the liposome. We suggest that refolding of procoat as it encounters the bilayer is sufficient to transport large segments of the peptide chain through the apolar hydrocarbon core.", "contents": "Synthesis of phage M13 coat protein and its assembly into membranes in vitro. The coat protein (gene 8 product) of coliphage M1O is an integral protein of the host cell membrane at all stages of virus infection. This protein, when made in a cell-free reaction, has been shown by others to have an additional NH2-terminal peptide region and is referred to as \"procoat.\" It is initially not membrane-bound but, upon exposure to Escherichia coli membrane vesicles or to liposomes prepared from E. coli lipids, it assembles into the bilayer in an integral fashion. Much of this protein is shown to be exposed on the inner surface of the liposome. We suggest that refolding of procoat as it encounters the bilayer is sufficient to transport large segments of the peptide chain through the apolar hydrocarbon core."}
{"id": "PMID:273907", "title": "\"Two out of three\": an alternative method for codon reading.", "content": "An alternative method for codon reading, whereby only the first two codon nucleotides are recognized by the anticodon, is discussed and the experimental evidence for this \"two of three\" reading method is reviewed. Misreading of codons by the \"two out of three\" method could pose a significant threat to the fidelity of protein synthesis unless the genetic code is organized in such a way as to prevent this method from being used when it might compromise translational fidelity. Inspection of the genetic code shows that it is arranged in such a way that the \"two out of three\" reading method can be used without translational errors.", "contents": "\"Two out of three\": an alternative method for codon reading. An alternative method for codon reading, whereby only the first two codon nucleotides are recognized by the anticodon, is discussed and the experimental evidence for this \"two of three\" reading method is reviewed. Misreading of codons by the \"two out of three\" method could pose a significant threat to the fidelity of protein synthesis unless the genetic code is organized in such a way as to prevent this method from being used when it might compromise translational fidelity. Inspection of the genetic code shows that it is arranged in such a way that the \"two out of three\" reading method can be used without translational errors."}
{"id": "PMID:273908", "title": "mRNA-dependent synthesis of a glycosylated subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in cell-free extracts derived from ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Protein synthesized in ascites cell-free extracts in response to first trimester placental mRNA was immunoprecipitated with antisera directed against the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. The immunoprecipitable proteins were resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gels. In membrane-depleted extracts placental mRNA directed the synthesis of the \"preprotein\" form of the alpha subunit. However, when membranes were added to the cell-free extracts a protein migrating more slowly than pre-alpha subunit was observed. This protein was specifically adsorbed to a concanavalin A column, and its migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels was enhanced after treatment with alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) or endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase C(II) or H. Similar results were obtained when mRNA was translated in lysates derived from first trimester placenta instead of in ascites cell extracts. Kinetic studies of the glycosylation reaction revealed that sugar attachment can occur just prior to release of the protein. These data show that the apoprotein of the alpha subunit can be glycosylated in vitro. The data also suggest that the glycosylated protein contains a sugar core consisting of di-N-acetylchitobiose and at least four mannose residues, some of which are alpha-linked. In addition, it appears that this carbohydrate unit is present in homologous placental membranes as well as in the ascites tumor membranes.", "contents": "mRNA-dependent synthesis of a glycosylated subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in cell-free extracts derived from ascites tumor cells. Protein synthesized in ascites cell-free extracts in response to first trimester placental mRNA was immunoprecipitated with antisera directed against the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. The immunoprecipitable proteins were resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gels. In membrane-depleted extracts placental mRNA directed the synthesis of the \"preprotein\" form of the alpha subunit. However, when membranes were added to the cell-free extracts a protein migrating more slowly than pre-alpha subunit was observed. This protein was specifically adsorbed to a concanavalin A column, and its migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels was enhanced after treatment with alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) or endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase C(II) or H. Similar results were obtained when mRNA was translated in lysates derived from first trimester placenta instead of in ascites cell extracts. Kinetic studies of the glycosylation reaction revealed that sugar attachment can occur just prior to release of the protein. These data show that the apoprotein of the alpha subunit can be glycosylated in vitro. The data also suggest that the glycosylated protein contains a sugar core consisting of di-N-acetylchitobiose and at least four mannose residues, some of which are alpha-linked. In addition, it appears that this carbohydrate unit is present in homologous placental membranes as well as in the ascites tumor membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:273909", "title": "Mechanism of action of the cro protein of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The mechanism of action of cro protein was probed by measuring its ability to protect DNA against methylation by dimethyl sulfate and its effect on transcription in vitro. The cro protein binds to the same three sites in the right operator (OR) of bacteriophage lambda DNA as does the lambda repressor. Dimethyl sulfate protection experiments reveal major groove contacts for both proteins, and cro protein protects from methylation a subset of those purines protected by lambda repressor. These experiments also show that the relative affinity of these two proteins for the three operator sites is different: whereas lambda repressor binds with an affinity OR1 greater than OR2 greater than OR3, the order for cro protein is OR3 greater than (OR1, OR2). As predicted by these results, cro protein, like the lambda repressor, blocks in vitro transcription of cI and cro from the two divergent promoters that overlap OR. Also as predicted, transcription of cI is turned off at lower cro protein concentrations than is transcription of cro, whereas the opposite order of repression is obtained with lambda repressor. These results describe the molecular mechanism of cro protein action and show that two regulatory proteins can bind to the same three adjacent sites in DNA with markedly different consequences.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of the cro protein of bacteriophage lambda. The mechanism of action of cro protein was probed by measuring its ability to protect DNA against methylation by dimethyl sulfate and its effect on transcription in vitro. The cro protein binds to the same three sites in the right operator (OR) of bacteriophage lambda DNA as does the lambda repressor. Dimethyl sulfate protection experiments reveal major groove contacts for both proteins, and cro protein protects from methylation a subset of those purines protected by lambda repressor. These experiments also show that the relative affinity of these two proteins for the three operator sites is different: whereas lambda repressor binds with an affinity OR1 greater than OR2 greater than OR3, the order for cro protein is OR3 greater than (OR1, OR2). As predicted by these results, cro protein, like the lambda repressor, blocks in vitro transcription of cI and cro from the two divergent promoters that overlap OR. Also as predicted, transcription of cI is turned off at lower cro protein concentrations than is transcription of cro, whereas the opposite order of repression is obtained with lambda repressor. These results describe the molecular mechanism of cro protein action and show that two regulatory proteins can bind to the same three adjacent sites in DNA with markedly different consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:273910", "title": "Primary induction of vitellogenin mRNA in the rooster by 17beta-estradiol.", "content": "We have studied the kinetics of vitellogenin mRNA accumulation in rooster liver after a primary injection of 17beta-estradiol. The levels of vitellogenin mRNA have been determined both by hybridization of total cellular RNA to vitellogenin cDNA and by translation of vitellogenin mRNA in a wheat germ cell-free system. The results obtained by both methods of analysis are in good agreement and indicate that vitellogenin mRNA is present in the liver of normal roosters at a level of 0-5 molecules per liver cell and increases in amount during the 3 days following injection of estrogen, reaching a level of almost 6000 molecules per cell at the peak of the response. The level of vitellogenin mRNA declined exponentially during the next 14 days with a half-life of 29 hr, reaching a level of less than 10 molecules per cell at 17 days after injection of the hormone. The levels of vitellogenin mRNA after stimulation with estrogen have been correlated with the in vivo rate of synthesis of the vitellogenin polypeptide. The results indicate that the rate of vitellogenin synthesis is closely correlated with the level of vitellogenin mRNA. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that vitellogenin mRNA does not exist in the liver in an untranslated form after withdrawal from estrogen.", "contents": "Primary induction of vitellogenin mRNA in the rooster by 17beta-estradiol. We have studied the kinetics of vitellogenin mRNA accumulation in rooster liver after a primary injection of 17beta-estradiol. The levels of vitellogenin mRNA have been determined both by hybridization of total cellular RNA to vitellogenin cDNA and by translation of vitellogenin mRNA in a wheat germ cell-free system. The results obtained by both methods of analysis are in good agreement and indicate that vitellogenin mRNA is present in the liver of normal roosters at a level of 0-5 molecules per liver cell and increases in amount during the 3 days following injection of estrogen, reaching a level of almost 6000 molecules per cell at the peak of the response. The level of vitellogenin mRNA declined exponentially during the next 14 days with a half-life of 29 hr, reaching a level of less than 10 molecules per cell at 17 days after injection of the hormone. The levels of vitellogenin mRNA after stimulation with estrogen have been correlated with the in vivo rate of synthesis of the vitellogenin polypeptide. The results indicate that the rate of vitellogenin synthesis is closely correlated with the level of vitellogenin mRNA. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that vitellogenin mRNA does not exist in the liver in an untranslated form after withdrawal from estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:273911", "title": "Fluorescent light-induced chromosome damage and its prevention in mouse cells in culture.", "content": "Twenty-hour-exposure to fluorescent light produces chromatid breaks in a line of adult mouse lung cells grown in Dulbecco-Vogt medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The light-induced damage appears to be enhanced by increasing the concentration of oxygen in the gas phase of the culture. The effective wavelength(s) of light is in the visible range between 400 and 450 nm andis probably the mercury emission peak at 405 or 436 nm. Addition of catalase or glutathione with ascorbic acid to the culture medium reduced the number of chromatid breaks to a level not significantly different from that in the shielded cultures. It thus appears that the production of H2O2 in the culture medium or in the cell is responsible for the chromatid breaks. Most of the chromosomal abnormalities observed in long-term culture of mouse cells may result from exposure of cells or medium to fluorescent room lights in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. These genetic abnormalities can be minimized by shielding cells and medium from light, lowering the PO2 of the medium, and including reducing agents such as glutathione and ascorbic acid in the medium formulation.", "contents": "Fluorescent light-induced chromosome damage and its prevention in mouse cells in culture. Twenty-hour-exposure to fluorescent light produces chromatid breaks in a line of adult mouse lung cells grown in Dulbecco-Vogt medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The light-induced damage appears to be enhanced by increasing the concentration of oxygen in the gas phase of the culture. The effective wavelength(s) of light is in the visible range between 400 and 450 nm andis probably the mercury emission peak at 405 or 436 nm. Addition of catalase or glutathione with ascorbic acid to the culture medium reduced the number of chromatid breaks to a level not significantly different from that in the shielded cultures. It thus appears that the production of H2O2 in the culture medium or in the cell is responsible for the chromatid breaks. Most of the chromosomal abnormalities observed in long-term culture of mouse cells may result from exposure of cells or medium to fluorescent room lights in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. These genetic abnormalities can be minimized by shielding cells and medium from light, lowering the PO2 of the medium, and including reducing agents such as glutathione and ascorbic acid in the medium formulation."}
{"id": "PMID:273912", "title": "Production of autoinhibitory factors by mouse lymphoma cells in vitro and its relationship to thiol dependence.", "content": "Five different kinds of mouse lymphoma cells conditioned culture medium so that it became inhibitory to thiol-dependent cells but not to thiol-independent cells. Conditioning was rapid and appeared to be complete in 1-3 hr. The inhibitory effects could be reversed by concentrations of 2-mercaptoethanol higher than those usually required for growth promotion. Inhibitory factors were concentrated by ultrafiltration and chromatography on Sephadex G-10 which showed their apparent molecular weights to be 300-600. The factors were stable at 100 degrees and to proteases but were inactivated (after reduction) by iodoacetamide, indicating that they may be thiols or disulfides.", "contents": "Production of autoinhibitory factors by mouse lymphoma cells in vitro and its relationship to thiol dependence. Five different kinds of mouse lymphoma cells conditioned culture medium so that it became inhibitory to thiol-dependent cells but not to thiol-independent cells. Conditioning was rapid and appeared to be complete in 1-3 hr. The inhibitory effects could be reversed by concentrations of 2-mercaptoethanol higher than those usually required for growth promotion. Inhibitory factors were concentrated by ultrafiltration and chromatography on Sephadex G-10 which showed their apparent molecular weights to be 300-600. The factors were stable at 100 degrees and to proteases but were inactivated (after reduction) by iodoacetamide, indicating that they may be thiols or disulfides."}
{"id": "PMID:273913", "title": "Physical, morphological, and biochemical alterations in the membrane of AKR mouse cells after interferon treatment.", "content": "Interferon treatment of AKR,C- cells was followed by the establishment of an antiviral state and apparently concomitant morphological, physical, and biochemical alterations of the cell plasma membrane. The density of the plasma membrane was significant altered, and the concentration of some plasma membrane glycoproteins and the number of intramembranous particles observed in freeze-fracture electron micrographs were increased. A parallel increase in the concentration of intramembranous particles and the resistance to viral infection during interferon treatment as well as their parallel decrease upon removal of interferon suggests a relationship between the particle density and the establishment of the antiviral state.", "contents": "Physical, morphological, and biochemical alterations in the membrane of AKR mouse cells after interferon treatment. Interferon treatment of AKR,C- cells was followed by the establishment of an antiviral state and apparently concomitant morphological, physical, and biochemical alterations of the cell plasma membrane. The density of the plasma membrane was significant altered, and the concentration of some plasma membrane glycoproteins and the number of intramembranous particles observed in freeze-fracture electron micrographs were increased. A parallel increase in the concentration of intramembranous particles and the resistance to viral infection during interferon treatment as well as their parallel decrease upon removal of interferon suggests a relationship between the particle density and the establishment of the antiviral state."}
{"id": "PMID:273914", "title": "Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: growth inhibitors formed by the cells.", "content": "Inhibitors formed by a monkey epithelial cell line, BSC-1, play an important role in limiting growth at high cell densities. At least three inhibitors are formed: lactic acid, ammonia, and an unidentified inhibitor that may be an unstable protein. The unidentified inhibitor is destroyed by shaking the conditioned medium, by bubbling gas through the medium, or by heating or storing the medium in the absence of cells. The concentrations of lactic acid and ammonia that accumulate in conditioned medium inhibit growth when added to fresh medium. These results, together with earlier studies, indicate that density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells results from the combined effects of (a) inhibitors formed by the cells, (b) decreased availability of receptor sites for serum growth factors as the cells become crowded, and (c) limiting concentrations of low molecular weight nutrients in the medium. In contrast, density-dependent regulation of growth in 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts results almost entirely from inactivation of serum factors.", "contents": "Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: growth inhibitors formed by the cells. Inhibitors formed by a monkey epithelial cell line, BSC-1, play an important role in limiting growth at high cell densities. At least three inhibitors are formed: lactic acid, ammonia, and an unidentified inhibitor that may be an unstable protein. The unidentified inhibitor is destroyed by shaking the conditioned medium, by bubbling gas through the medium, or by heating or storing the medium in the absence of cells. The concentrations of lactic acid and ammonia that accumulate in conditioned medium inhibit growth when added to fresh medium. These results, together with earlier studies, indicate that density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells results from the combined effects of (a) inhibitors formed by the cells, (b) decreased availability of receptor sites for serum growth factors as the cells become crowded, and (c) limiting concentrations of low molecular weight nutrients in the medium. In contrast, density-dependent regulation of growth in 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts results almost entirely from inactivation of serum factors."}
{"id": "PMID:273915", "title": "Calcium-dependent regulator protein: localization in mitotic apparatus of eukaryotic cells.", "content": "Calcium-dependent regulator protein is a low molecular weight (17,000), thermostable, calcium binding protein which is structurally homologous to skeletal muscle troponin C. This protein is present in all nonmuscle cells and has been shown to decorate stress fibers in interphase cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Using this procedure we have investigated the distribution of the protein during mitosis of eukaryotic cells. As the cells enter prophase, the distinct cytoplasmic localization disappears commensurate with the dissolution of the cytoskeleton. The regulator protein seems to be randomly distributed throughout the prophase cell, including the region around the condensed chromosomes. However, at prometaphase, it is localized in association with the half-spindles of the mitotic apparatus. Through metaphase and most of anaphase, the protein remains localized between the chromosomes and the poles of the spindle. During late anaphase the protein is also found in the interzone region but rapidly condenses into two small regions, one on each side of the midbody that separates the daughter cells. The regulator protein is not localized in the cleavage furrow during telophase, whereas actin is demonstrable in this region. Indeed, placement of the protein during mitosis is distinct from both that of actin and that of tubulin. The localization of calcium-dependent regulator protein during mitosis suggests that it may mediate the calcium effects on the mitotic apparatus and thus play a role in chromosome movement.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent regulator protein: localization in mitotic apparatus of eukaryotic cells. Calcium-dependent regulator protein is a low molecular weight (17,000), thermostable, calcium binding protein which is structurally homologous to skeletal muscle troponin C. This protein is present in all nonmuscle cells and has been shown to decorate stress fibers in interphase cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Using this procedure we have investigated the distribution of the protein during mitosis of eukaryotic cells. As the cells enter prophase, the distinct cytoplasmic localization disappears commensurate with the dissolution of the cytoskeleton. The regulator protein seems to be randomly distributed throughout the prophase cell, including the region around the condensed chromosomes. However, at prometaphase, it is localized in association with the half-spindles of the mitotic apparatus. Through metaphase and most of anaphase, the protein remains localized between the chromosomes and the poles of the spindle. During late anaphase the protein is also found in the interzone region but rapidly condenses into two small regions, one on each side of the midbody that separates the daughter cells. The regulator protein is not localized in the cleavage furrow during telophase, whereas actin is demonstrable in this region. Indeed, placement of the protein during mitosis is distinct from both that of actin and that of tubulin. The localization of calcium-dependent regulator protein during mitosis suggests that it may mediate the calcium effects on the mitotic apparatus and thus play a role in chromosome movement."}
{"id": "PMID:273916", "title": "Conjugation of poly-L-lysine to albumin and horseradish peroxidase: a novel method of enhancing the cellular uptake of proteins.", "content": "The carbodiimide-catalyzed conjugation of a 6700 molecular weight fragment of poly-L-lysine to radiolabeled human serum albumin or to horseradish peroxidase enhances the membrane transport of each protein into cultured mouse fibroblasts approximately 11- and 200-fold, respectively. At least 50% of the peroxidase activity remained after conjugation. Trypsinization and carbamylation of the two conjugates demonstrates that the enhancement of their cellular uptake is related to their poly-L-lysine content. Simple addition to the medium of comparable amounts of free poly-L-lysine has no effect on the transport of either native protein. Addition of poly-L-ornithine (molecular weight 200,000) at 3-30 microgram/ml, a condition known to cause enhancement of 125I-labeled human serum albumin uptake by mouse sarcoma cells, has no visible effect on the cellular uptake of native horseradish peroxidase. The intracellular localization of the enzyme-poly-L-lysine conjugate can be demonstrated cytochemically by either light or transmission electron microscopy. A concentration of conjugate that increases the uptake more than 200-fold does not cause any detectable morphological change suggestive of cell toxicity. Furthermore, because poly-L-lysine is an excellent substrate for intracellular proteolytic enzymes, it can be expected to be broken down and reutilized in the cell.", "contents": "Conjugation of poly-L-lysine to albumin and horseradish peroxidase: a novel method of enhancing the cellular uptake of proteins. The carbodiimide-catalyzed conjugation of a 6700 molecular weight fragment of poly-L-lysine to radiolabeled human serum albumin or to horseradish peroxidase enhances the membrane transport of each protein into cultured mouse fibroblasts approximately 11- and 200-fold, respectively. At least 50% of the peroxidase activity remained after conjugation. Trypsinization and carbamylation of the two conjugates demonstrates that the enhancement of their cellular uptake is related to their poly-L-lysine content. Simple addition to the medium of comparable amounts of free poly-L-lysine has no effect on the transport of either native protein. Addition of poly-L-ornithine (molecular weight 200,000) at 3-30 microgram/ml, a condition known to cause enhancement of 125I-labeled human serum albumin uptake by mouse sarcoma cells, has no visible effect on the cellular uptake of native horseradish peroxidase. The intracellular localization of the enzyme-poly-L-lysine conjugate can be demonstrated cytochemically by either light or transmission electron microscopy. A concentration of conjugate that increases the uptake more than 200-fold does not cause any detectable morphological change suggestive of cell toxicity. Furthermore, because poly-L-lysine is an excellent substrate for intracellular proteolytic enzymes, it can be expected to be broken down and reutilized in the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:273917", "title": "A cell-free assay measuring repair DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts.", "content": "Osmotic disruption of confluent cultured human fibroblasts that have been irradiated or exposed to chemical carcinogens allows the specific measurement of repair DNA synthesis using dTTP as a precursor. Fibroblasts similarly prepared from various xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines show the deficiencies of UV-induced DNA synthesis predicted from in vivo studies, while giving normal responses to methyl methanesulfonate. A pyrimidine-dimer-specific enzyme, T4 endonuclease V, stimulated the rate of UV-induced repair synthesis with normal and xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines. This system should prove useful for identifying agents that induce DNA repair, and cells that respond abnormally to such induction. It should also be applicable to an in vitro complementation assay with repair-defective cells and proteins obtained from repair-proficient cells. Finally, by using actively growing fibroblasts and thymidine in the system, DNA replication can be measured and studied in vitro.", "contents": "A cell-free assay measuring repair DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. Osmotic disruption of confluent cultured human fibroblasts that have been irradiated or exposed to chemical carcinogens allows the specific measurement of repair DNA synthesis using dTTP as a precursor. Fibroblasts similarly prepared from various xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines show the deficiencies of UV-induced DNA synthesis predicted from in vivo studies, while giving normal responses to methyl methanesulfonate. A pyrimidine-dimer-specific enzyme, T4 endonuclease V, stimulated the rate of UV-induced repair synthesis with normal and xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines. This system should prove useful for identifying agents that induce DNA repair, and cells that respond abnormally to such induction. It should also be applicable to an in vitro complementation assay with repair-defective cells and proteins obtained from repair-proficient cells. Finally, by using actively growing fibroblasts and thymidine in the system, DNA replication can be measured and studied in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:273918", "title": "Founder effect and number of private polymorphisms observed in Amerindian tribes.", "content": "In studies extending over the past dozen years, we have observed eight examples of \"private\" genetic polymorphisms in 12 Amerindian tribes surveyed for electrophoretic variants of an average of 25 proteins. Each of these is presumed to trace to a single mutation. In a preceding communication [Thompson, E.A. & Neel, J.V. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1442-1445] the statistical theory was developed for estimating the likelihood of such a founder effect in a tribal population of this type. In this paper that theory is applied to the distribution defined by these eight variants. It is demonstrated that on the assumption that the phenotypes in question are selectively neutral, such findings are most compatible with a mutation rate of 7 X 10(-6)/locus per generation. This figure applies only to variants that can be detected by the electrophoretic technique.", "contents": "Founder effect and number of private polymorphisms observed in Amerindian tribes. In studies extending over the past dozen years, we have observed eight examples of \"private\" genetic polymorphisms in 12 Amerindian tribes surveyed for electrophoretic variants of an average of 25 proteins. Each of these is presumed to trace to a single mutation. In a preceding communication [Thompson, E.A. & Neel, J.V. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1442-1445] the statistical theory was developed for estimating the likelihood of such a founder effect in a tribal population of this type. In this paper that theory is applied to the distribution defined by these eight variants. It is demonstrated that on the assumption that the phenotypes in question are selectively neutral, such findings are most compatible with a mutation rate of 7 X 10(-6)/locus per generation. This figure applies only to variants that can be detected by the electrophoretic technique."}
{"id": "PMID:273919", "title": "Electrophoretic shift mutants in Chinese hamster ovary cells: evidence for genetic diploidy.", "content": "Electrophoretic shift mutants induced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells indicate that these cells not extensively functionally hemizygotic. Therefore, effective haploidy is unsatisfactory as a general theory to explain the frequency of recessive mutants in this cell line. CHO cells were screened for electrophoretic shift variants of enzymes coded by approximately 40 genetic loci. Clones isolated after exposure to ultraviolet radiation were examined by starch gel and Cellogel electrophoresis. Shift variants were recovered for enzymes representing 11 different loci. Variant clones were subcloned to demonstrate the heritability of the variations Mutants at nine loci produced multiple-banded patterns consistent with the patterns expected of genes at loci represented twice (diploid). Chromosome localization of these diploid loci in other mammalian species where they have been mapped, suggests that they represent a random sample of CHO genes. Chromosome analysis of mutant subclones indicated that the variation did not take place in tetraploid cells. The data indicate that the quasi-diploid CHO cells appear only as functionally hemizygous as would be expected of a slightly hypodiploid cell line derived from an organism in which the haploid number is 11.", "contents": "Electrophoretic shift mutants in Chinese hamster ovary cells: evidence for genetic diploidy. Electrophoretic shift mutants induced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells indicate that these cells not extensively functionally hemizygotic. Therefore, effective haploidy is unsatisfactory as a general theory to explain the frequency of recessive mutants in this cell line. CHO cells were screened for electrophoretic shift variants of enzymes coded by approximately 40 genetic loci. Clones isolated after exposure to ultraviolet radiation were examined by starch gel and Cellogel electrophoresis. Shift variants were recovered for enzymes representing 11 different loci. Variant clones were subcloned to demonstrate the heritability of the variations Mutants at nine loci produced multiple-banded patterns consistent with the patterns expected of genes at loci represented twice (diploid). Chromosome localization of these diploid loci in other mammalian species where they have been mapped, suggests that they represent a random sample of CHO genes. Chromosome analysis of mutant subclones indicated that the variation did not take place in tetraploid cells. The data indicate that the quasi-diploid CHO cells appear only as functionally hemizygous as would be expected of a slightly hypodiploid cell line derived from an organism in which the haploid number is 11."}
{"id": "PMID:273920", "title": "Change of gene frequencies by natural selection under population number regulation.", "content": "By incorporating a population number regulating mechanism into the formulation of genic selection involving a pair of alleles (A1 and A2) with respective frequencies x and I-x, it is shown that the change of x in one generation is given by deltax = sx(1-x)/W, in which W is the mean absolute selective value (in Wright's sense). It is also shown that, in the process in which advantageous allele (say A1) increases from a low frequency to a high frequency, quasi-equilibrium is rapidly attained where deltaW approximately 0. In this state we have W approximately 1 + (s2/c)x(1-x) in the case of logarithmic population number regulation, and W approximately 1 + s2x(1-x)/(cN) in the case of logistic regulation. In these expressions, s is the selective advantage of A1 over A2, and c is a coefficient relating to the total population number regulation. It is pointed out that the approximation formula deltax = sx(1-x) is valid under wider circumstances than usually suggested by the conventional treatment of genic selection.", "contents": "Change of gene frequencies by natural selection under population number regulation. By incorporating a population number regulating mechanism into the formulation of genic selection involving a pair of alleles (A1 and A2) with respective frequencies x and I-x, it is shown that the change of x in one generation is given by deltax = sx(1-x)/W, in which W is the mean absolute selective value (in Wright's sense). It is also shown that, in the process in which advantageous allele (say A1) increases from a low frequency to a high frequency, quasi-equilibrium is rapidly attained where deltaW approximately 0. In this state we have W approximately 1 + (s2/c)x(1-x) in the case of logarithmic population number regulation, and W approximately 1 + s2x(1-x)/(cN) in the case of logistic regulation. In these expressions, s is the selective advantage of A1 over A2, and c is a coefficient relating to the total population number regulation. It is pointed out that the approximation formula deltax = sx(1-x) is valid under wider circumstances than usually suggested by the conventional treatment of genic selection."}
{"id": "PMID:273921", "title": "Antigens of human trophoblasts: a working hypothesis for their role in normal and abnormal pregnancies.", "content": "This report describes the preparation and characterization of antisera to human trophoblast membranes. Rabbit antisera were raised to trophoblast microvilli prepared by differential ultracentrifugation. Antibodies to serum proteins were removed by solid-phase immunoabsorption with normal human serum, and indirect immunofluorescence experiments with cryostat sections of human placentas showed that the absorbed anti-trophoblast sera reacted with trophoblasts as well as with stromal cells and endothelium of chorionic villi. The antisera also produced membrane fluorescence when studied on viable lymphocytes and certain human cell lines. These anti-trophoblast sera were also lymphocytotoxic, and this reaction was abolished by prior absorption of the antisera with leukocytes. The leukocyte-absorbed anti-trophoblast sera retained their ability to react with trophoblasts and certain human cell lines, but no longer reacted with lymphocytes or placental stromal cells and endothelium. Two categories of trophoblast membrane antigens are thus defined: one present on trophoblasts and certain human cells lines (tentatively designated TA(1)), and the other on trophoblasts and lymphocytes, villous fibroblasts, and endothelium (tentatively designated TA(2)). A working hypothesis is proposed stating that normal pregnancy involves the generation of anti-TA(2) subsequent to blastocyst implantation and entrance of trophoblasts into the maternal circulation. This involves a mechanism similar to allogeneic cell stimulation and results in antibodies that block either the recognition or cytotoxicity of TA(1). Failure to mount this response allows TA(1) recognition and trophoblast immunopathology. Experimental and clinical studies in support of this working hypothesis, particularly involving abortion and toxemia, are cited from published reports.", "contents": "Antigens of human trophoblasts: a working hypothesis for their role in normal and abnormal pregnancies. This report describes the preparation and characterization of antisera to human trophoblast membranes. Rabbit antisera were raised to trophoblast microvilli prepared by differential ultracentrifugation. Antibodies to serum proteins were removed by solid-phase immunoabsorption with normal human serum, and indirect immunofluorescence experiments with cryostat sections of human placentas showed that the absorbed anti-trophoblast sera reacted with trophoblasts as well as with stromal cells and endothelium of chorionic villi. The antisera also produced membrane fluorescence when studied on viable lymphocytes and certain human cell lines. These anti-trophoblast sera were also lymphocytotoxic, and this reaction was abolished by prior absorption of the antisera with leukocytes. The leukocyte-absorbed anti-trophoblast sera retained their ability to react with trophoblasts and certain human cell lines, but no longer reacted with lymphocytes or placental stromal cells and endothelium. Two categories of trophoblast membrane antigens are thus defined: one present on trophoblasts and certain human cells lines (tentatively designated TA(1)), and the other on trophoblasts and lymphocytes, villous fibroblasts, and endothelium (tentatively designated TA(2)). A working hypothesis is proposed stating that normal pregnancy involves the generation of anti-TA(2) subsequent to blastocyst implantation and entrance of trophoblasts into the maternal circulation. This involves a mechanism similar to allogeneic cell stimulation and results in antibodies that block either the recognition or cytotoxicity of TA(1). Failure to mount this response allows TA(1) recognition and trophoblast immunopathology. Experimental and clinical studies in support of this working hypothesis, particularly involving abortion and toxemia, are cited from published reports."}
{"id": "PMID:273922", "title": "Duality of hepatitis B e antigen in serum of persons infected with hepatitis B virus: evidence for the nonidentity of e antigen with immunoglobulins.", "content": "Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is detected in the serum of some persons infected with hepatitis B virus. Owing to a close correlation of HBeAg and hepatitis B virus in the serum, it has been used as a practical indicator of infectivity. Two entities of HBeAg activity physicochemically different from each other were demonstrated in the serum of persons infected with hepatitis B virus. One was associated with a molecule that precipitated in 1.33 M ammonium sulfate solution, was larger than IgG, and had an electrophoretic mobility in the beta- to gamma-globulin regions and an isoelectric point of approximately pH 5.7. In contrast, the other HBeAg activity was associated with a molecule that was soluble in 1.33 M ammonium sulfate solution, was smaller than IgG, and had an electrophoretic mobility in the alpha-globulin region and an isoelectric point at pH 4.8. In spite of their marked physicochemical differences, a line of antigenic identity was clearly observed for them when they were tested against antibody to HBeAg by a them when they were tested against antibody to HBeAg by a double immunodiffusion method. The HBeAg activity associated with the large molecule was completely removed by an affinity column of anti-IgG, whereas the activity of the small molecule was not. These results indicate that, in the serum, HBeAg exists as a molecule smaller than IgG and also in association with IgG.", "contents": "Duality of hepatitis B e antigen in serum of persons infected with hepatitis B virus: evidence for the nonidentity of e antigen with immunoglobulins. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is detected in the serum of some persons infected with hepatitis B virus. Owing to a close correlation of HBeAg and hepatitis B virus in the serum, it has been used as a practical indicator of infectivity. Two entities of HBeAg activity physicochemically different from each other were demonstrated in the serum of persons infected with hepatitis B virus. One was associated with a molecule that precipitated in 1.33 M ammonium sulfate solution, was larger than IgG, and had an electrophoretic mobility in the beta- to gamma-globulin regions and an isoelectric point of approximately pH 5.7. In contrast, the other HBeAg activity was associated with a molecule that was soluble in 1.33 M ammonium sulfate solution, was smaller than IgG, and had an electrophoretic mobility in the alpha-globulin region and an isoelectric point at pH 4.8. In spite of their marked physicochemical differences, a line of antigenic identity was clearly observed for them when they were tested against antibody to HBeAg by a them when they were tested against antibody to HBeAg by a double immunodiffusion method. The HBeAg activity associated with the large molecule was completely removed by an affinity column of anti-IgG, whereas the activity of the small molecule was not. These results indicate that, in the serum, HBeAg exists as a molecule smaller than IgG and also in association with IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:273923", "title": "Regulation by membrane sialic acid of beta1H-dependent decay-dissociation of amplification C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway.", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes in their native state did not activate the alternative complement pathway, as measured by lysis in dilutions of normal human serum containing [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)] tetraacetic acid but acquired this capacity after membrane sialic acid residues had been removed (by sialidase) or modified (by NaIO(4)). Activation of the alternative pathway by sheep erythrocytes required removal or modification of at least 40% of the membrane sialic acid to reach threshold, and it increased proportionately when larger amounts of sialic acid had been affected. Studies with isolated proteins of the alternative pathway demonstrated that the altered erythrocyte membranes resembled natural activators in protecting bound C3b from inactivation by C3b inactivator and beta1H and protecting bound amplification C3 convertase (C3b,Bb) from decay-dissociation by beta1H. A 1% decrease in intact sialic acid was associated with a 1% decrease in beta1H activity in decay-dissociation of membrane bound C3b,Bb. Because removal of the C8 and C9 carbon atoms from the polyhydroxylated side chain of sialic acid by oxidation with NaIO(4) was functionally equivalent to removal of the entire sialic acid moiety, secondary effects of the latter reaction, such as diminution of the negative charge of the membrane or exposure of penultimate galactose residues, were not considered to be responsible for the altered activity of beta1H. These studies suggest that facilitation, by membrane sialic acid residues, of the interaction between bound C3b and beta1H is essential to prevent the particle from effectively activating the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Regulation by membrane sialic acid of beta1H-dependent decay-dissociation of amplification C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway. Sheep erythrocytes in their native state did not activate the alternative complement pathway, as measured by lysis in dilutions of normal human serum containing [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)] tetraacetic acid but acquired this capacity after membrane sialic acid residues had been removed (by sialidase) or modified (by NaIO(4)). Activation of the alternative pathway by sheep erythrocytes required removal or modification of at least 40% of the membrane sialic acid to reach threshold, and it increased proportionately when larger amounts of sialic acid had been affected. Studies with isolated proteins of the alternative pathway demonstrated that the altered erythrocyte membranes resembled natural activators in protecting bound C3b from inactivation by C3b inactivator and beta1H and protecting bound amplification C3 convertase (C3b,Bb) from decay-dissociation by beta1H. A 1% decrease in intact sialic acid was associated with a 1% decrease in beta1H activity in decay-dissociation of membrane bound C3b,Bb. Because removal of the C8 and C9 carbon atoms from the polyhydroxylated side chain of sialic acid by oxidation with NaIO(4) was functionally equivalent to removal of the entire sialic acid moiety, secondary effects of the latter reaction, such as diminution of the negative charge of the membrane or exposure of penultimate galactose residues, were not considered to be responsible for the altered activity of beta1H. These studies suggest that facilitation, by membrane sialic acid residues, of the interaction between bound C3b and beta1H is essential to prevent the particle from effectively activating the alternative pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:273924", "title": "Biochemical mechanisms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.49) was developed that allowed the specific activity of this enzyme protein to be measured in lysates from whole erythrocyte populations, in lysates from erythrocytes of different ages, and in purified samples. The enzyme was highly purified from erythrocytes of single donors by a simple procedure of affinity chromatography with insolubilized adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. These techniques were used in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms leading to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in two genetic variants of the enzyme, i.e., the Mediterranean and the Seattle-like variants. The results indicate that the lowered activity of erythrocytes containing the Mediterranean variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is related to an enhanced rate of degradation of a catalytically defective protein synthesized at a nearly normal rate. Synthesis of a normally functioning protein and an increased breakdown of it are involved in the Seattle-like variant of the enzyme.", "contents": "Biochemical mechanisms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.49) was developed that allowed the specific activity of this enzyme protein to be measured in lysates from whole erythrocyte populations, in lysates from erythrocytes of different ages, and in purified samples. The enzyme was highly purified from erythrocytes of single donors by a simple procedure of affinity chromatography with insolubilized adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. These techniques were used in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms leading to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in two genetic variants of the enzyme, i.e., the Mediterranean and the Seattle-like variants. The results indicate that the lowered activity of erythrocytes containing the Mediterranean variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is related to an enhanced rate of degradation of a catalytically defective protein synthesized at a nearly normal rate. Synthesis of a normally functioning protein and an increased breakdown of it are involved in the Seattle-like variant of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:273925", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum neurological abnormalities correlate with colony-forming ability after ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disease in which DNA repair processes are defective. All xeroderma pigmentosum patients develop premature aging of sun-exposed skin, and some develop neurological abnormalities due to premature death of nerve cells. Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation of 24 xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblast strains was studied in vitro by measuring each strain's ability to divide and form colonies after irradiation. The most sensitive strains were derived from patients who had an early onset of neurological abnormalities; less sensitive strains were from patients with a later onset; and the most resistant strains were from patients without neurological abnormalities. The UV sensitivities of strains from each member of a sibling pair with xeroderma pigmentosum were identical, indicating that UV sensitivity of xeroderma pigmentosum strains is determined by the patient's inherited DNA repair defect. The results suggest that effective DNA repair is required to maintain the functional integrity of the human nervous system by preventing premature death of neurons.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum neurological abnormalities correlate with colony-forming ability after ultraviolet radiation. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disease in which DNA repair processes are defective. All xeroderma pigmentosum patients develop premature aging of sun-exposed skin, and some develop neurological abnormalities due to premature death of nerve cells. Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation of 24 xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblast strains was studied in vitro by measuring each strain's ability to divide and form colonies after irradiation. The most sensitive strains were derived from patients who had an early onset of neurological abnormalities; less sensitive strains were from patients with a later onset; and the most resistant strains were from patients without neurological abnormalities. The UV sensitivities of strains from each member of a sibling pair with xeroderma pigmentosum were identical, indicating that UV sensitivity of xeroderma pigmentosum strains is determined by the patient's inherited DNA repair defect. The results suggest that effective DNA repair is required to maintain the functional integrity of the human nervous system by preventing premature death of neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:273926", "title": "Role of surface in surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (blood coagulation factor XII).", "content": "The mechanism by which negatively charged substances such as celite, kaolin, or ellagic acid contribute to the surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (Factor XII) was studied. Kinetic studies of the proteolytic activation of (125)I-labeled human Hageman factor by human plasma kallikrein, plasma, activated Factor XI, and trypsin were performed in the presence and absence of high molecular weight kininogen and surface materials such as celite, kaolin, or ellagic acid. The results showed that surface-bound Hageman factor was 500 times more susceptible than soluble Hageman factor to proteolytic activation by kallikrein in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen. Surface binding of Hageman factor enhanced its cleavage by plasmin, activated Factor XI, and trypsin by 100-fold, 30-fold, and 5-fold, respectively. On a molar basis, trypsin was twice as potent as kallikrein in the cleavage of the surface-bound Hageman factor, while plasmin and activated Factor XI were an order of magnitude less potent than kallikrein. Kallikrein even at concentrations as low as 0.5 nM (i.e., 1/1000th of the concentration of prekallikrein in plasma) was very potent in the limited proteolysis of the surface-bound Hageman factor. These results suggest that substances classically known as \"activating surfaces\" promote the activation of Hageman factor indirectly by altering its structure such that it is much more susceptible to proteolytic activation by other plasma or cellular proteases.", "contents": "Role of surface in surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (blood coagulation factor XII). The mechanism by which negatively charged substances such as celite, kaolin, or ellagic acid contribute to the surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (Factor XII) was studied. Kinetic studies of the proteolytic activation of (125)I-labeled human Hageman factor by human plasma kallikrein, plasma, activated Factor XI, and trypsin were performed in the presence and absence of high molecular weight kininogen and surface materials such as celite, kaolin, or ellagic acid. The results showed that surface-bound Hageman factor was 500 times more susceptible than soluble Hageman factor to proteolytic activation by kallikrein in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen. Surface binding of Hageman factor enhanced its cleavage by plasmin, activated Factor XI, and trypsin by 100-fold, 30-fold, and 5-fold, respectively. On a molar basis, trypsin was twice as potent as kallikrein in the cleavage of the surface-bound Hageman factor, while plasmin and activated Factor XI were an order of magnitude less potent than kallikrein. Kallikrein even at concentrations as low as 0.5 nM (i.e., 1/1000th of the concentration of prekallikrein in plasma) was very potent in the limited proteolysis of the surface-bound Hageman factor. These results suggest that substances classically known as \"activating surfaces\" promote the activation of Hageman factor indirectly by altering its structure such that it is much more susceptible to proteolytic activation by other plasma or cellular proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:273927", "title": "Adrenergic differentiation of cells of the cholinergic ciliary and Remak ganglia in avian embryo after in vivo transplantation.", "content": "We have previously shown that the neural crest is regionalized early into \"adrenergic\" and \"cholinergic\" areas from which arise, respectively, the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglioblasts of the autonomic nervous system. This regionalization does not correspond, however, to an irreversible determination of the neural crest cells since, under certain experimental conditions, cholinergic cells can arise from the adrenergic region of the crest and vice versa. The phenotypic expression of the presumptive ganglion cells appears to be responsive to the environmental conditions they encounter during and/or after their migration. In the present study we show that the developmental behavior of parasympathetic ganglion cells which have stopped migrating and at least some of which have started to differentiate into cholinergic neurons can be profoundly modified if they are transplanted into a younger embryo at the trunk neural crest level. The crest level. The grafted ganglion cells start migrating and stop in the same sites as the host neural crest cells. Their further differentiation depends on their localization. When situated in the adrenergic ganglia and in the suprarenal gland they synthesize catehcolamines, whereas they differentiate into nonfluorescent, silver-staining ganglion cells if they migrate in the gut wall. Thus, the differentiation of autonomic neurons is dependent on tissue interactions even after the neural crest cells have grouped to form ganglionic structures in which biochemical differentiation is already in progress.", "contents": "Adrenergic differentiation of cells of the cholinergic ciliary and Remak ganglia in avian embryo after in vivo transplantation. We have previously shown that the neural crest is regionalized early into \"adrenergic\" and \"cholinergic\" areas from which arise, respectively, the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglioblasts of the autonomic nervous system. This regionalization does not correspond, however, to an irreversible determination of the neural crest cells since, under certain experimental conditions, cholinergic cells can arise from the adrenergic region of the crest and vice versa. The phenotypic expression of the presumptive ganglion cells appears to be responsive to the environmental conditions they encounter during and/or after their migration. In the present study we show that the developmental behavior of parasympathetic ganglion cells which have stopped migrating and at least some of which have started to differentiate into cholinergic neurons can be profoundly modified if they are transplanted into a younger embryo at the trunk neural crest level. The crest level. The grafted ganglion cells start migrating and stop in the same sites as the host neural crest cells. Their further differentiation depends on their localization. When situated in the adrenergic ganglia and in the suprarenal gland they synthesize catehcolamines, whereas they differentiate into nonfluorescent, silver-staining ganglion cells if they migrate in the gut wall. Thus, the differentiation of autonomic neurons is dependent on tissue interactions even after the neural crest cells have grouped to form ganglionic structures in which biochemical differentiation is already in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:273928", "title": "Nerve extract induces increase and redistribution of acetylcholine receptors on cloned muscle cells.", "content": "The effect of rat spinal cord explants and cell-free nerve extract on acetylcholine receptor site density and distribution was studied using (125)I- and rhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin on L(6), a cloned rat muscle cell line. Control L(6) myotubes have a low and uniform distribution of acetylcholine receptors (20 +/- 3 sites per mum(2) in the present study). The addition of spinal cord explants caused an increase in average receptor site density of about 6 times on myotubes within 2 mm of the explant, while a smaller increase of 3 times was observed at distances greater than 5 mm. The formation of high-density patches of receptors was also stimulated. These observations suggested that a diffusible substance originating from the explant was responsible for these changes. Cell-free homogenates of the central nervous system were prepared and found to produce the same effects. The effect of the homogenate was not strongly dependent on the age of the fetus from which the tissue was isolated, and fetal liver had little or no effect. The active component(s) appears to be a protein(s) with a molecular weight of about 100,000. Because the nerve homogenates make the L(6) cells resemble primary muscle cultures, we suggest that a common factor is responsible for regulating the acetylcholine receptor in the two types of muscle culture. The normally acetylcholine receptor-poor L(6) cells may provide a more sensitive assay for these factors than do primary muscle cultures.", "contents": "Nerve extract induces increase and redistribution of acetylcholine receptors on cloned muscle cells. The effect of rat spinal cord explants and cell-free nerve extract on acetylcholine receptor site density and distribution was studied using (125)I- and rhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin on L(6), a cloned rat muscle cell line. Control L(6) myotubes have a low and uniform distribution of acetylcholine receptors (20 +/- 3 sites per mum(2) in the present study). The addition of spinal cord explants caused an increase in average receptor site density of about 6 times on myotubes within 2 mm of the explant, while a smaller increase of 3 times was observed at distances greater than 5 mm. The formation of high-density patches of receptors was also stimulated. These observations suggested that a diffusible substance originating from the explant was responsible for these changes. Cell-free homogenates of the central nervous system were prepared and found to produce the same effects. The effect of the homogenate was not strongly dependent on the age of the fetus from which the tissue was isolated, and fetal liver had little or no effect. The active component(s) appears to be a protein(s) with a molecular weight of about 100,000. Because the nerve homogenates make the L(6) cells resemble primary muscle cultures, we suggest that a common factor is responsible for regulating the acetylcholine receptor in the two types of muscle culture. The normally acetylcholine receptor-poor L(6) cells may provide a more sensitive assay for these factors than do primary muscle cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:273929", "title": "Evolutionary adaptation of membranes to temperature.", "content": "The \"fluidity\" of brain synaptosomal membrane preparations of arctic and hot-springs fish species, two temperature water fish species acclimated to different seasonal temperatures, and two mammals was estimated using the fluorescence polarization technique. At all measurement temperatures, the fluidity decreased in the order: arctic sculpin, 5 degrees-acclimated goldfish, 25 degrees-acclimated goldfish, desert pupfish, and rat. This correlated with increasing adaptation or body (i.e., cellular) temperatures of 0 degrees, 5 degrees, 25 degrees, 34 degrees, and 37 degrees and suggested a partial compensation of membrane fluidity for environmental temperature that occurs over the evolutionary time period as well as during laboratory (seasonal) acclimation. Evolutionary adaptation of relatively stenothermal species to constant thermal environments resulted in a more complete compensation than laboratory (seasonal) acclimation. Each compensation is accompanied by differences in the saturation of membrane phosphoglycerides. At increased cellular temperatures the proportion of saturated fatty acids increased and the unsaturation index decreased; the correlation between these indices and the measured expression of membrane dynamic structure was highly significant. It is concluded that the homeoviscous compensation of synaptic membrane function is an important component of temperature adaptation.", "contents": "Evolutionary adaptation of membranes to temperature. The \"fluidity\" of brain synaptosomal membrane preparations of arctic and hot-springs fish species, two temperature water fish species acclimated to different seasonal temperatures, and two mammals was estimated using the fluorescence polarization technique. At all measurement temperatures, the fluidity decreased in the order: arctic sculpin, 5 degrees-acclimated goldfish, 25 degrees-acclimated goldfish, desert pupfish, and rat. This correlated with increasing adaptation or body (i.e., cellular) temperatures of 0 degrees, 5 degrees, 25 degrees, 34 degrees, and 37 degrees and suggested a partial compensation of membrane fluidity for environmental temperature that occurs over the evolutionary time period as well as during laboratory (seasonal) acclimation. Evolutionary adaptation of relatively stenothermal species to constant thermal environments resulted in a more complete compensation than laboratory (seasonal) acclimation. Each compensation is accompanied by differences in the saturation of membrane phosphoglycerides. At increased cellular temperatures the proportion of saturated fatty acids increased and the unsaturation index decreased; the correlation between these indices and the measured expression of membrane dynamic structure was highly significant. It is concluded that the homeoviscous compensation of synaptic membrane function is an important component of temperature adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:273930", "title": "The law of perceptual stability: abastract foundations.", "content": "Confronted with an object of perception, an individual will spontaneously try to identify unambiguously and consistently all its parts; except in rare instances of \"illusory phenomena,\" he will immediately succeed. This elementary fact is formalized in a law of visual perception. It is used to define sets of stable states for a sensory mode of a biological system. As characterized, stable states are to perception as quantum states are to atomic structure: they represent natural states of physical systems. They are shown to be observable and to have an exact mathematical representation.A class of bounded open subsets of a two-dimensional Euclidean space, whose boundaries are piecewise compact analytic arcs, is used to construct a nontrivial mathematical model for stable states. The finitely many components of this mathematical model of a stable state (image) are mapped onto an object of perception (icon) by perceptual judgments. These judgments, which include the judgment of stability, have an exact interpretation in this model. They unify and make precise such traditional notions of psychology as \"Gestalt,\" \"figureground,\" and \"(visual) boundary.\"Postulates for a general theory of perception are given. They are used to establish a formal relationship between biological and subjective studies of sensory phenomena and so provide a framework in which subjective studies can be used to analyze (their associated) biological processes. In applying these methods to cases, all icons are divided into two classes (the static and dynamic cases). The static case is treated.", "contents": "The law of perceptual stability: abastract foundations. Confronted with an object of perception, an individual will spontaneously try to identify unambiguously and consistently all its parts; except in rare instances of \"illusory phenomena,\" he will immediately succeed. This elementary fact is formalized in a law of visual perception. It is used to define sets of stable states for a sensory mode of a biological system. As characterized, stable states are to perception as quantum states are to atomic structure: they represent natural states of physical systems. They are shown to be observable and to have an exact mathematical representation.A class of bounded open subsets of a two-dimensional Euclidean space, whose boundaries are piecewise compact analytic arcs, is used to construct a nontrivial mathematical model for stable states. The finitely many components of this mathematical model of a stable state (image) are mapped onto an object of perception (icon) by perceptual judgments. These judgments, which include the judgment of stability, have an exact interpretation in this model. They unify and make precise such traditional notions of psychology as \"Gestalt,\" \"figureground,\" and \"(visual) boundary.\"Postulates for a general theory of perception are given. They are used to establish a formal relationship between biological and subjective studies of sensory phenomena and so provide a framework in which subjective studies can be used to analyze (their associated) biological processes. In applying these methods to cases, all icons are divided into two classes (the static and dynamic cases). The static case is treated."}
{"id": "PMID:273931", "title": "The effect of chronic parathyroid extract on tooth eruption and dental tissues in osteopetrotic mice.", "content": "The grey lethal mouse is an osteopetrotic mutant in which there is diffuse sclerosis of the entire skeleton and the teeth remain trapped in the jaws. The condition was treated with daily subcutaneous injections of PTE beginning at birth. PTE induced molar tooth eruption in some mutants and improved root formation (without eruption) in others. However, the zone of predentine in the crown of the tooth remained abnormally wide and dentinogenesis remained irregular.  Resorption of alveolar bone was adequate to permit complete tooth eruption in some animals and increased root formation in others.", "contents": "The effect of chronic parathyroid extract on tooth eruption and dental tissues in osteopetrotic mice. The grey lethal mouse is an osteopetrotic mutant in which there is diffuse sclerosis of the entire skeleton and the teeth remain trapped in the jaws. The condition was treated with daily subcutaneous injections of PTE beginning at birth. PTE induced molar tooth eruption in some mutants and improved root formation (without eruption) in others. However, the zone of predentine in the crown of the tooth remained abnormally wide and dentinogenesis remained irregular.  Resorption of alveolar bone was adequate to permit complete tooth eruption in some animals and increased root formation in others."}
{"id": "PMID:273932", "title": "Partial and full mouth recording of gingivitis scores.", "content": "Sixty-six dental students, randomly assigned to one of three examiners, were scored initially for gingivitis using the Columbia gingival index (GI). After four weekly prophylaxes, gingival scores for all teeth were recorded at day 0. Following prophylaxes, all subjects were randomly assigned one of three mouthwash formulations. Gingival scores were taken on the full mouth after three weeks and again after six weeks. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (r) were obtained for the gingivitis index from six selected teeth (partial score) with the full mouth score, usually based on 24 to 28 teeth. GI scores obtained from partial recording on the six selected teeth correlated very well with scores obtained from full mouth examinations. A special study was set up to obtain independent GI readings for the six target teeth and for the full mouth. GI scores obtained by independent examinations of the six selected teeth also correlated well with the full mouth scores, although not as well as when the partial scores were derived from the full mouth scores. Partial scores should only be compared with partial scores obtained from evaluating the same teeth and not with full mouth scores, in clinical trials or epidemiologic surveys.", "contents": "Partial and full mouth recording of gingivitis scores. Sixty-six dental students, randomly assigned to one of three examiners, were scored initially for gingivitis using the Columbia gingival index (GI). After four weekly prophylaxes, gingival scores for all teeth were recorded at day 0. Following prophylaxes, all subjects were randomly assigned one of three mouthwash formulations. Gingival scores were taken on the full mouth after three weeks and again after six weeks. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (r) were obtained for the gingivitis index from six selected teeth (partial score) with the full mouth score, usually based on 24 to 28 teeth. GI scores obtained from partial recording on the six selected teeth correlated very well with scores obtained from full mouth examinations. A special study was set up to obtain independent GI readings for the six target teeth and for the full mouth. GI scores obtained by independent examinations of the six selected teeth also correlated well with the full mouth scores, although not as well as when the partial scores were derived from the full mouth scores. Partial scores should only be compared with partial scores obtained from evaluating the same teeth and not with full mouth scores, in clinical trials or epidemiologic surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:273933", "title": "Plasma levels of lignocaine after peri-oral injections of two different concentrations.", "content": "Volunteer subjects received 50 mg of lignocaine solution as a maxillary infiltration injection, one one occasion as 1% solution and on another as 5% solution. The plasma levels of lignocaine were measured over a two-hour period and similar concentrations were achieved from both solutions, although the larger volumes of the more dilute solution gave slightly higher results, probably reaching toxic levels in one case. The injection of the higher concentration did not produce particularly high plasma levels of lignocaine.", "contents": "Plasma levels of lignocaine after peri-oral injections of two different concentrations. Volunteer subjects received 50 mg of lignocaine solution as a maxillary infiltration injection, one one occasion as 1% solution and on another as 5% solution. The plasma levels of lignocaine were measured over a two-hour period and similar concentrations were achieved from both solutions, although the larger volumes of the more dilute solution gave slightly higher results, probably reaching toxic levels in one case. The injection of the higher concentration did not produce particularly high plasma levels of lignocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:273956", "title": "[Pain in the maxillofacial area: diagnosis and treatment].", "content": "Based on characteristic case-reports the mostly occurring patterns of maxillo-facial pain are discussed. A description is given of pain in case of pulpitis, dento-alveolar abcess, dry socket, deep local periodonitis, temporomandibular joint arthrosis, dehiscence of the mandibular canal, maxillary sinusitis, malignant neoplasm. Trigeminal neuralgia, atypical facial neuralgia and psychogenic pains are discussed. The article concludes with a survey of the most important symptoms of these pain-syndromes in order to facilitate a correct diagnosis.", "contents": "[Pain in the maxillofacial area: diagnosis and treatment]. Based on characteristic case-reports the mostly occurring patterns of maxillo-facial pain are discussed. A description is given of pain in case of pulpitis, dento-alveolar abcess, dry socket, deep local periodonitis, temporomandibular joint arthrosis, dehiscence of the mandibular canal, maxillary sinusitis, malignant neoplasm. Trigeminal neuralgia, atypical facial neuralgia and psychogenic pains are discussed. The article concludes with a survey of the most important symptoms of these pain-syndromes in order to facilitate a correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:273979", "title": "[Megaloblastic vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia with erythroleukemic blood picture].", "content": "Report on a case of severe megaloblastic anemia in a vegetarian, associated with marked erythroleukemic blood findings probably caused by infections (bronchopneumonia, asthmatic bronchitis, urinary tract infection) and severe heart failure. Successful treatment of the above mentioned complications resulted in almost complete disappearance of pathologic cells from the blood even before vitamin B12 treatment was started. With this therapy complete recovery was achieved and the signs suspect for erythroleukemia in blood and bone marrow disappeared definitively. The case also fulfilled all the criteria of pernicious anemia (Schilling's test and determination of intrinsic factor were not done).", "contents": "[Megaloblastic vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia with erythroleukemic blood picture]. Report on a case of severe megaloblastic anemia in a vegetarian, associated with marked erythroleukemic blood findings probably caused by infections (bronchopneumonia, asthmatic bronchitis, urinary tract infection) and severe heart failure. Successful treatment of the above mentioned complications resulted in almost complete disappearance of pathologic cells from the blood even before vitamin B12 treatment was started. With this therapy complete recovery was achieved and the signs suspect for erythroleukemia in blood and bone marrow disappeared definitively. The case also fulfilled all the criteria of pernicious anemia (Schilling's test and determination of intrinsic factor were not done)."}
{"id": "PMID:273980", "title": "[Temporomandibular joint, statistical study (comparative sagittal tomography) of the relationship between the surfaces of the glenoid cavity and the condyle and condylar displacement during maximal opening].", "content": "266 sagittal tomographs corresponding to the left and right temporo-mandibular joints of 133 patients were divided into 7 groups according to the absence or presence of functional disturbances or of organic lesions. The statistical analysis of the values obtained from a \"triangular study\" of the surface of the glenoid fossa and of the mandibular condyle showed the following: - the average surface area of the glenoid fossa does not significantly differ from one to the other of the 7 groups examined - the average surface of the mandibular condyle did not significantly vary between groups - in no group studied, except the F/P group (function disturbances/small displacement), was there any relationship between the surface of the glenoid fossa and that of the condyle. It can, however, be stated that the relationship between the surface of the glenoid fossa and the mandibular condyle would seem to play a role in the degree of displacement of the condyle during full opening of the mouth.", "contents": "[Temporomandibular joint, statistical study (comparative sagittal tomography) of the relationship between the surfaces of the glenoid cavity and the condyle and condylar displacement during maximal opening]. 266 sagittal tomographs corresponding to the left and right temporo-mandibular joints of 133 patients were divided into 7 groups according to the absence or presence of functional disturbances or of organic lesions. The statistical analysis of the values obtained from a \"triangular study\" of the surface of the glenoid fossa and of the mandibular condyle showed the following: - the average surface area of the glenoid fossa does not significantly differ from one to the other of the 7 groups examined - the average surface of the mandibular condyle did not significantly vary between groups - in no group studied, except the F/P group (function disturbances/small displacement), was there any relationship between the surface of the glenoid fossa and that of the condyle. It can, however, be stated that the relationship between the surface of the glenoid fossa and the mandibular condyle would seem to play a role in the degree of displacement of the condyle during full opening of the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:273982", "title": "[Principles of the TNM system].", "content": "The principle of the TNM system consists of the exclusive description of the anatomical spreading of cancerous diseases. We distinguish between clinical and postsurgical classification. Clinical classification is applied in principle before the decision for therapy. This pretherapeutical status is the foundation for the interdisciplinary treatment planning, prognosis and recording of results. The postsurgical classification is mainly used in visceral localizations. According to the most important stages of the disease, further classifications may be used, like the surgical-evaluative and the autopsy classification. Such different classifications are necessary because the preciseness of the prognosis depends upon the accuracy of the description of tumor extension. It is therefore important to supplement the tumor formula by a factor C (C for Certainty). This factor indicates by what diagnostic means the TNM categories of the mentioned formula were determined. The C-factor categories are defined and described in their principal use. Finally there are some fundamental observations to the problem of the revision of the TNM classification.", "contents": "[Principles of the TNM system]. The principle of the TNM system consists of the exclusive description of the anatomical spreading of cancerous diseases. We distinguish between clinical and postsurgical classification. Clinical classification is applied in principle before the decision for therapy. This pretherapeutical status is the foundation for the interdisciplinary treatment planning, prognosis and recording of results. The postsurgical classification is mainly used in visceral localizations. According to the most important stages of the disease, further classifications may be used, like the surgical-evaluative and the autopsy classification. Such different classifications are necessary because the preciseness of the prognosis depends upon the accuracy of the description of tumor extension. It is therefore important to supplement the tumor formula by a factor C (C for Certainty). This factor indicates by what diagnostic means the TNM categories of the mentioned formula were determined. The C-factor categories are defined and described in their principal use. Finally there are some fundamental observations to the problem of the revision of the TNM classification."}
{"id": "PMID:273984", "title": "[Comparative study on 4.cephalometric measurements for the demonstration of the sagittal intermaxillary relation with special reference to Swiss health insurance criteria].", "content": "For 4 cephalometric criteria (the angles ANB and AB-OCC and the distances AFH-BFH and \"Wits\"), which all are measured to show the relation between the maxilla and the mandible (i.e. the A- and B-points), average values, standard errors, standard deviations and errors of the method were determined in a sample of 298 schoolchildren of Zurich, who were selected on the basis of their date of birth only. It could be demonstrated that the angle ANB is dependent on both the angle SNA and NA to Frankfort horizontal, and that this dependence is linear. The angle AB to occlusal plane however seems to be independent of the relation between the A-point and the Nasion. Both ANB and AB-OCC could be determined with the same accuracy.", "contents": "[Comparative study on 4.cephalometric measurements for the demonstration of the sagittal intermaxillary relation with special reference to Swiss health insurance criteria]. For 4 cephalometric criteria (the angles ANB and AB-OCC and the distances AFH-BFH and \"Wits\"), which all are measured to show the relation between the maxilla and the mandible (i.e. the A- and B-points), average values, standard errors, standard deviations and errors of the method were determined in a sample of 298 schoolchildren of Zurich, who were selected on the basis of their date of birth only. It could be demonstrated that the angle ANB is dependent on both the angle SNA and NA to Frankfort horizontal, and that this dependence is linear. The angle AB to occlusal plane however seems to be independent of the relation between the A-point and the Nasion. Both ANB and AB-OCC could be determined with the same accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:273990", "title": "McArdle's disease--what limit to the age of onset?", "content": "A patient with McArdle's disease is reported in whome proximal muscle weakness began in the 7th decade. Other unusual features included the absence of muscle cramps at any stage, asymmetrical wasting of the shoulder girdle muscles and calf hypertrophy. Muscle biopsy revealed a vacuolar myopathy, absent phosphorylase staining and qualitatively low glycogen content.", "contents": "McArdle's disease--what limit to the age of onset? A patient with McArdle's disease is reported in whome proximal muscle weakness began in the 7th decade. Other unusual features included the absence of muscle cramps at any stage, asymmetrical wasting of the shoulder girdle muscles and calf hypertrophy. Muscle biopsy revealed a vacuolar myopathy, absent phosphorylase staining and qualitatively low glycogen content."}
{"id": "PMID:273991", "title": "Pathology of choroidal melanomas. Unusual aspects confusing the clinical diagnosis.", "content": "A number of morphological changes may occur in a choroidal melanoma or in the structures above it which may make the clinical diagnosis of the tumour difficult, even if modern diagnostic methods are used.", "contents": "Pathology of choroidal melanomas. Unusual aspects confusing the clinical diagnosis. A number of morphological changes may occur in a choroidal melanoma or in the structures above it which may make the clinical diagnosis of the tumour difficult, even if modern diagnostic methods are used."}
{"id": "PMID:273993", "title": "Conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Natural history.", "content": "Conjunctival melanocytes are like those of the skin and benign and malignant lesions composed of conjuctival melanocytes act much like those of skin. Conjunctival naevi are common and usually benign. Conjunctival melanomas are rare and arise de novo, from pre-existing junctional naevi or from intraepithelial melanomas either superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) or Hutchinson's freckle (HF). It is important to utilize the newer data about skin melanomas in any consideration of the diagnosis and prognosis of melanotic conjunctival lesions. Until more information is gathered we cannot provide an accurate assessment of the natural history of malignant conjunctival melanomas.", "contents": "Conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Natural history. Conjunctival melanocytes are like those of the skin and benign and malignant lesions composed of conjuctival melanocytes act much like those of skin. Conjunctival naevi are common and usually benign. Conjunctival melanomas are rare and arise de novo, from pre-existing junctional naevi or from intraepithelial melanomas either superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) or Hutchinson's freckle (HF). It is important to utilize the newer data about skin melanomas in any consideration of the diagnosis and prognosis of melanotic conjunctival lesions. Until more information is gathered we cannot provide an accurate assessment of the natural history of malignant conjunctival melanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:273995", "title": "Immunological mechanisms in choroidal melanoma.", "content": "There are now several experimental immunological assays which may occasionally be useful as additional diagnostic tests for choroidal melanoma. These tests may also be helpful as a guide to prognosis. In patients who have a poor prognosis, immunotherapy may prolong survival after enucleation.", "contents": "Immunological mechanisms in choroidal melanoma. There are now several experimental immunological assays which may occasionally be useful as additional diagnostic tests for choroidal melanoma. These tests may also be helpful as a guide to prognosis. In patients who have a poor prognosis, immunotherapy may prolong survival after enucleation."}
{"id": "PMID:273996", "title": "Lymphocytic infiltration in choroidal melanoma and its prognostic significance.", "content": "Lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration surrounding a malignant tumour probably represents an immunological response of the host directed against the neoplasm. Lymphocytic infiltration has a favourable effect on the prognosis in a number of human tunours, including cutaneous melanoma. The present study includes 326 consecutive cases of cholroidal melanoma which were examined for cellular infiltration. These data were then correlated with other histological parameters and with prognosis. An intense cellular infiltration was found in fifteen tumours (4.6 per cent) and a moderate infiltration in forty (12.3 per cent). Tumours with cellular infiltration were significantly larger and more vascularized than the remaining tumours, which may relate to the accessibility of the immune system to the tumour. There was a higher percentage of poorly differentiated tumours among those with cellular infiltration. However, it does not appear that cellular infiltration favourably influences the prognosis of choroidal melanoma, as 5-year survival rates did not correlate with the degree of cellular infiltration demonstrated by the primary tumour. Although choroidal melanomas are capable of inciting an immune response, this response is apparently ineffective in preventing metastastic spread.", "contents": "Lymphocytic infiltration in choroidal melanoma and its prognostic significance. Lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration surrounding a malignant tumour probably represents an immunological response of the host directed against the neoplasm. Lymphocytic infiltration has a favourable effect on the prognosis in a number of human tunours, including cutaneous melanoma. The present study includes 326 consecutive cases of cholroidal melanoma which were examined for cellular infiltration. These data were then correlated with other histological parameters and with prognosis. An intense cellular infiltration was found in fifteen tumours (4.6 per cent) and a moderate infiltration in forty (12.3 per cent). Tumours with cellular infiltration were significantly larger and more vascularized than the remaining tumours, which may relate to the accessibility of the immune system to the tumour. There was a higher percentage of poorly differentiated tumours among those with cellular infiltration. However, it does not appear that cellular infiltration favourably influences the prognosis of choroidal melanoma, as 5-year survival rates did not correlate with the degree of cellular infiltration demonstrated by the primary tumour. Although choroidal melanomas are capable of inciting an immune response, this response is apparently ineffective in preventing metastastic spread."}
{"id": "PMID:273999", "title": "Modern methods in the diagnosis of uveal melanomas.", "content": "Many of the difficulties in diagnosing choroidal melanomas which confronted clinicians in the past have now been eliminated. This is due to greater clinical awareness of melanomas and pseudomelanomas, as well as the use of indirect ophthalmoscopy and other ancillary tests. With further investigation, other diagnostic techniques may be developed for clinical use.", "contents": "Modern methods in the diagnosis of uveal melanomas. Many of the difficulties in diagnosing choroidal melanomas which confronted clinicians in the past have now been eliminated. This is due to greater clinical awareness of melanomas and pseudomelanomas, as well as the use of indirect ophthalmoscopy and other ancillary tests. With further investigation, other diagnostic techniques may be developed for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:274005", "title": "Radiation therapy of choroidal melanoma.", "content": "During the past 8 years, 32 patients with melanoma of the choroid have been treated with cobalt-60 ophthalmic applicators. Excluding three patients lost to follow-up, 24 patients who have now been observed for at least 3 years after treatment form the subject of this study. Each application but two delivered 8,500 to 10,000 rads to the tumour apex. A second application was performed in large tumours showing a poor response to the initial plaque treatment. The factors affecting results include age of the patient, tumour size, total dose delivered, and dose rate. Three out of seventeen patients with tumour diameters greater than 12 mm died of their disease with pulmonary and/or liver metastasis. Three eyes required enucleation and no residual tumour was found in two specimens. Three patients, average age 76 years, died from causes other than melanoma. An 83 per cent relative survival, excluding the three patients lost to follow-up, compares favourably with enucleation. The low incidence of metastasis after radiotherapy suggests augmentation and/or continuation of the host's immune response. Low energy radiation using Iodine-125, with its unusual protective characteristics is ideal for treatment of choroidal melanoma.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of choroidal melanoma. During the past 8 years, 32 patients with melanoma of the choroid have been treated with cobalt-60 ophthalmic applicators. Excluding three patients lost to follow-up, 24 patients who have now been observed for at least 3 years after treatment form the subject of this study. Each application but two delivered 8,500 to 10,000 rads to the tumour apex. A second application was performed in large tumours showing a poor response to the initial plaque treatment. The factors affecting results include age of the patient, tumour size, total dose delivered, and dose rate. Three out of seventeen patients with tumour diameters greater than 12 mm died of their disease with pulmonary and/or liver metastasis. Three eyes required enucleation and no residual tumour was found in two specimens. Three patients, average age 76 years, died from causes other than melanoma. An 83 per cent relative survival, excluding the three patients lost to follow-up, compares favourably with enucleation. The low incidence of metastasis after radiotherapy suggests augmentation and/or continuation of the host's immune response. Low energy radiation using Iodine-125, with its unusual protective characteristics is ideal for treatment of choroidal melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:274037", "title": "Regulation of growth hormone secretion during normal conditions and in patients with acromegaly.", "content": "A present considered concept of growth hormone secretion is that the hormone is tonically inhibited by the hypothalamic tetradecapeptide somatostatin. The episodic fashion of GH secretion with 6-8 GH peaks per 24 hours and its modulation by light and sleep are probably governed by factors other than somatostain, one possibly being melatonin. Evidence for a GH-releasing factor also exists, causing a basal release pattern of GH in moderate hourly peaks. The regulotary peptides in their turn, and possibly the GH producing cell itself, are influenced by dopaminergic or noradrenergic neurons. GH secretion is also modulated in a not yet elucidated relation to serotonin activity. Furthermore, GH induced somatomedin may constitute a negative feed-back on the pituitary and/or hypothalamic level. In acromegaly and gigantism, conditions characterized by chronic hypersecretion of GH, the GH producing cells are less differentiated as indicated by their response with GH release to unphysiological stimuli as well as their cessation of GH release to stimuli that normally act as releasors of GH.", "contents": "Regulation of growth hormone secretion during normal conditions and in patients with acromegaly. A present considered concept of growth hormone secretion is that the hormone is tonically inhibited by the hypothalamic tetradecapeptide somatostatin. The episodic fashion of GH secretion with 6-8 GH peaks per 24 hours and its modulation by light and sleep are probably governed by factors other than somatostain, one possibly being melatonin. Evidence for a GH-releasing factor also exists, causing a basal release pattern of GH in moderate hourly peaks. The regulotary peptides in their turn, and possibly the GH producing cell itself, are influenced by dopaminergic or noradrenergic neurons. GH secretion is also modulated in a not yet elucidated relation to serotonin activity. Furthermore, GH induced somatomedin may constitute a negative feed-back on the pituitary and/or hypothalamic level. In acromegaly and gigantism, conditions characterized by chronic hypersecretion of GH, the GH producing cells are less differentiated as indicated by their response with GH release to unphysiological stimuli as well as their cessation of GH release to stimuli that normally act as releasors of GH."}
{"id": "PMID:274038", "title": "Experiences with bromocriptine treatment in acromegaly--a preliminary report.", "content": "Seven acromegalic patients were treated with 20 mg bromocriptine daily for 3--8 weeks. Four responded with reduction but not normalization of plasma growth hormone (GH) whereas three showed no response. In all patients with subjective symptoms of joint stiffness, sweating and headache improvement occurred, but this was independent of GH response. Hyperacidity and/or obstipation occurred in five patients. These side effects were slight and transitory in four but severe in one. Prolactin levels were normal in all patients before treatment and became unmeasurable during bromocriptine.", "contents": "Experiences with bromocriptine treatment in acromegaly--a preliminary report. Seven acromegalic patients were treated with 20 mg bromocriptine daily for 3--8 weeks. Four responded with reduction but not normalization of plasma growth hormone (GH) whereas three showed no response. In all patients with subjective symptoms of joint stiffness, sweating and headache improvement occurred, but this was independent of GH response. Hyperacidity and/or obstipation occurred in five patients. These side effects were slight and transitory in four but severe in one. Prolactin levels were normal in all patients before treatment and became unmeasurable during bromocriptine."}
{"id": "PMID:274039", "title": "Effect of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine on blood pressure, catecholamines and renin activity in acromegalics at rest, following exercise and during insulin induced hypoglycemia.", "content": "Seven acromegalic patients were given bromocriptine, starting with 1.25 mg/day, then gradually increased to 20 mg daily, which dosage was continued for 3--9 weeks. Treatment with bromocriptine resulted in a significant fall of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in supine and upright position accompanied by a marked reduction in plasma and urinary noradrenaline but without effect on adrenaline. Plasma renin activity fell during institution of bromocriptine and remained significantly lower during prolonged treatment. Urinary aldosterone showed no significant changes during medication. The plasma noradrenaline response to physical exercise was reduced by bromocriptine treatment, whereas the adrenaline response was unaltered. The plasma catecholamine response to hypoglycemia was not statistically different during bromocriptine as compared to before medication.", "contents": "Effect of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine on blood pressure, catecholamines and renin activity in acromegalics at rest, following exercise and during insulin induced hypoglycemia. Seven acromegalic patients were given bromocriptine, starting with 1.25 mg/day, then gradually increased to 20 mg daily, which dosage was continued for 3--9 weeks. Treatment with bromocriptine resulted in a significant fall of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in supine and upright position accompanied by a marked reduction in plasma and urinary noradrenaline but without effect on adrenaline. Plasma renin activity fell during institution of bromocriptine and remained significantly lower during prolonged treatment. Urinary aldosterone showed no significant changes during medication. The plasma noradrenaline response to physical exercise was reduced by bromocriptine treatment, whereas the adrenaline response was unaltered. The plasma catecholamine response to hypoglycemia was not statistically different during bromocriptine as compared to before medication."}
{"id": "PMID:274041", "title": "Comparison of the use of inorganic and organic bases in the Zimmermann reaction for 17-oxosteroids.", "content": "A comparison has been made between inorganic and organic bases proposed for use in the Zimmermann reaction for 17-oxosteroids. The use of inorganic base in pyridine solution is preferred for large scale liquid chromatography because of its high sensitivity and its better wetting characteristics. Several of the organic bases tested have desirable characteristics when used for total group assays and may be preferred by some for such assays.", "contents": "Comparison of the use of inorganic and organic bases in the Zimmermann reaction for 17-oxosteroids. A comparison has been made between inorganic and organic bases proposed for use in the Zimmermann reaction for 17-oxosteroids. The use of inorganic base in pyridine solution is preferred for large scale liquid chromatography because of its high sensitivity and its better wetting characteristics. Several of the organic bases tested have desirable characteristics when used for total group assays and may be preferred by some for such assays."}
{"id": "PMID:274042", "title": "The specificity of multi-column liquid chromatography of neutral urinary steroids as evaluated by comparison with parallel gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "The use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is advocated as the best currently available methodology for the validation of a routine assay for steroid analysis. This is documented by comparative studies by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry of peak material obtained in routine assays by multi-column liquid chromatographic techniques.", "contents": "The specificity of multi-column liquid chromatography of neutral urinary steroids as evaluated by comparison with parallel gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is advocated as the best currently available methodology for the validation of a routine assay for steroid analysis. This is documented by comparative studies by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry of peak material obtained in routine assays by multi-column liquid chromatographic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:274043", "title": "Quality control measures in the assay of common urinary steroids as applied to a multi-column chromatographic procedure.", "content": "Quality control measures in the assay of common urinary steroids include stringent controls not only with details of the procedure but also, through a steady monitoring of the output, with the use of \"blind\" duplicates, the application of estimates of duplicate variability, comparison of the sum of individual steroids chromatographically estimated with independent total group assays and the use of internal standards in the procedure.", "contents": "Quality control measures in the assay of common urinary steroids as applied to a multi-column chromatographic procedure. Quality control measures in the assay of common urinary steroids include stringent controls not only with details of the procedure but also, through a steady monitoring of the output, with the use of \"blind\" duplicates, the application of estimates of duplicate variability, comparison of the sum of individual steroids chromatographically estimated with independent total group assays and the use of internal standards in the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:274044", "title": "Excretion of common neutral steroids in healthy subjects as estimated by multi-column chromatography.", "content": "Excretion data for common neutral urinary steroids from a total of 330 healthy subjects from different parts of the world and of different sex and age are given. The estimations, which have been performed by multi-column liquid chromatography, include 24 h excretion values for both common 17-oxosteroids and the common metabolites of cortisol, including the cortolones and the cortols. Comparisons are made with values from the world literature and with isotope experiments.", "contents": "Excretion of common neutral steroids in healthy subjects as estimated by multi-column chromatography. Excretion data for common neutral urinary steroids from a total of 330 healthy subjects from different parts of the world and of different sex and age are given. The estimations, which have been performed by multi-column liquid chromatography, include 24 h excretion values for both common 17-oxosteroids and the common metabolites of cortisol, including the cortolones and the cortols. Comparisons are made with values from the world literature and with isotope experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:274045", "title": "Comparison between total group assays for urinary 17-oxosteroids and 17-oxogenic steroids and estimates of individual urinary steroids.", "content": "A comparison between a group assay for total 17-oxosteroids in urine and the summed values for individual 17-oxosteroids shows a high correlation between these sets of values. Similarly, a group assay for 17-oxogenic steroids was found to correlate highly with the sum of individual corticosteroids.", "contents": "Comparison between total group assays for urinary 17-oxosteroids and 17-oxogenic steroids and estimates of individual urinary steroids. A comparison between a group assay for total 17-oxosteroids in urine and the summed values for individual 17-oxosteroids shows a high correlation between these sets of values. Similarly, a group assay for 17-oxogenic steroids was found to correlate highly with the sum of individual corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:274046", "title": "Multi-column chromatography and the use of isotopes in the study of steroid metabolism.", "content": "Multi-column liquid chromatography is demonstrated to be a technique well suited for isotope experiments involving administration of labelled cortisol. It has potential for secretion rate determinations, for dynamic studies of cortisol metabolism and for work with stable isotopes.", "contents": "Multi-column chromatography and the use of isotopes in the study of steroid metabolism. Multi-column liquid chromatography is demonstrated to be a technique well suited for isotope experiments involving administration of labelled cortisol. It has potential for secretion rate determinations, for dynamic studies of cortisol metabolism and for work with stable isotopes."}
{"id": "PMID:274048", "title": "Multi-column chromatography of urinary steriods and adrenocortical dysfunction.", "content": "The potential of the multi-column assay for urinary neutral steroids in work with samples from patients with adrenocortical pathology is demonstrated through analyses performed on urine samples from Cushing and congenital adrenal hyperplasia cases, after modification of the routine methodology to include the quantitation of additional steroids of particular importance for pathological samples.", "contents": "Multi-column chromatography of urinary steriods and adrenocortical dysfunction. The potential of the multi-column assay for urinary neutral steroids in work with samples from patients with adrenocortical pathology is demonstrated through analyses performed on urine samples from Cushing and congenital adrenal hyperplasia cases, after modification of the routine methodology to include the quantitation of additional steroids of particular importance for pathological samples."}
{"id": "PMID:274050", "title": "Multi-column chromatography of urinary 17-ox osteroids as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhdrazones.", "content": "The use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones in the multi-column chromatography of 17-oxosteroids from urinary extracts has been possible on mixed columns of alumina and silica gel. Preliminary results indicate agreement with values obtained using the Zimmermann reaction. The hydrazones have the advantage of color stability, when compared with the Zimmermann reaction, and the analysis is simpler and cheaper to perform.", "contents": "Multi-column chromatography of urinary 17-ox osteroids as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhdrazones. The use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones in the multi-column chromatography of 17-oxosteroids from urinary extracts has been possible on mixed columns of alumina and silica gel. Preliminary results indicate agreement with values obtained using the Zimmermann reaction. The hydrazones have the advantage of color stability, when compared with the Zimmermann reaction, and the analysis is simpler and cheaper to perform."}
{"id": "PMID:274051", "title": "The multicuvette general analytical system for combined multi-column chromatography and high capacity single substance and group analyses and its application to steroid analyses.", "content": "A description is given of the development of a general analytical system for both single and group analyses and for analyses of profiles of compounds after multi-column liquid/liquid and liquid/solid chromatography. Common for both branches of the system is a computerized quantitation system built around a multi-compartmented cuvette. The system is compared with other high capacity systems for biochemical analyses. Special attention is given to the application of the system to the analysis of urinary steroids, both individual and as groups, with a comparison with similar methology using other techniques.", "contents": "The multicuvette general analytical system for combined multi-column chromatography and high capacity single substance and group analyses and its application to steroid analyses. A description is given of the development of a general analytical system for both single and group analyses and for analyses of profiles of compounds after multi-column liquid/liquid and liquid/solid chromatography. Common for both branches of the system is a computerized quantitation system built around a multi-compartmented cuvette. The system is compared with other high capacity systems for biochemical analyses. Special attention is given to the application of the system to the analysis of urinary steroids, both individual and as groups, with a comparison with similar methology using other techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:274052", "title": "General methodology for the estimation of common neutral urinary steroids by multi-columin liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the estimation of common neutral urinary steroids by multi-column liquid chromatography. Hydrolysis is performed in two steps: enzymatically, using beta-glucuronidase, followed by solvolysis. Initial short column chromatography separates the neutral steroids into three fractions according to polarity: 17-oxosteroids, corticosteriods less polar than cortolones, and cortolones and cortols. The cortolone, cortol fraction is oxidized and the different steroid groups are chromatographed on capillary aluminum oxide and silica gel columns. A computerized, spectrophotometric system is used for the quantitation procedure.", "contents": "General methodology for the estimation of common neutral urinary steroids by multi-columin liquid chromatography. A method is described for the estimation of common neutral urinary steroids by multi-column liquid chromatography. Hydrolysis is performed in two steps: enzymatically, using beta-glucuronidase, followed by solvolysis. Initial short column chromatography separates the neutral steroids into three fractions according to polarity: 17-oxosteroids, corticosteriods less polar than cortolones, and cortolones and cortols. The cortolone, cortol fraction is oxidized and the different steroid groups are chromatographed on capillary aluminum oxide and silica gel columns. A computerized, spectrophotometric system is used for the quantitation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:274053", "title": "The hydrolysis of conjugated neutral steroids in urine.", "content": "Complete hydrolysis of known conjugates of neutral steroids in urine requires a combination of solvolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. Procedures are established for optimal yield in the enzymatic part of the hydrolysis using different preparations of beta-glucuronidase. The effect of temperature and the use of conjugate extraction in the hydrolytic procedure is explored. It is stressed that relatively high concentrations of enzyme are necessary to insure full hydrolysis of a few conjugates that are particularly difficult to split by enzymatic hydrolysis.", "contents": "The hydrolysis of conjugated neutral steroids in urine. Complete hydrolysis of known conjugates of neutral steroids in urine requires a combination of solvolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. Procedures are established for optimal yield in the enzymatic part of the hydrolysis using different preparations of beta-glucuronidase. The effect of temperature and the use of conjugate extraction in the hydrolytic procedure is explored. It is stressed that relatively high concentrations of enzyme are necessary to insure full hydrolysis of a few conjugates that are particularly difficult to split by enzymatic hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:274054", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation. A method to expand clinical applications.", "content": "The described modification of the Cameco URS-701 ventilator increases the frequency possibilities from zero to 40, without interfering with the ventilator pattern of each cycle and satisfies the required conditions for a classical IMV-system. Moreover it can provide longer periods of controlled ventilation alternating with periods of spontaneous respiration. This adaptation, mainly consisting of the introduction of a timer in the electrical circuit of the machine, provides us with a safe IMV system on our Engstrom 150 type ventilator and leads to a broader concept of IMV.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation. A method to expand clinical applications. The described modification of the Cameco URS-701 ventilator increases the frequency possibilities from zero to 40, without interfering with the ventilator pattern of each cycle and satisfies the required conditions for a classical IMV-system. Moreover it can provide longer periods of controlled ventilation alternating with periods of spontaneous respiration. This adaptation, mainly consisting of the introduction of a timer in the electrical circuit of the machine, provides us with a safe IMV system on our Engstrom 150 type ventilator and leads to a broader concept of IMV."}
{"id": "PMID:274055", "title": "Report of an incident during the use of the Servo-ventilator 900 in paediatric anesthesia.", "content": "The authors report the occurrence of an incident during the use of the Servo-ventilator 900 for paediatric anesthesia; it consisted in self-oscillation of the gas column contained in the patient respiratory circuit. After having analysed the incident and outlined the various ways of avoiding it, attention is drawn to the importance of the total circuit volume of the respirator. The respiratory circuit chosen for ventilating children, has a compliance of 1.3 ml/cm H2O.", "contents": "Report of an incident during the use of the Servo-ventilator 900 in paediatric anesthesia. The authors report the occurrence of an incident during the use of the Servo-ventilator 900 for paediatric anesthesia; it consisted in self-oscillation of the gas column contained in the patient respiratory circuit. After having analysed the incident and outlined the various ways of avoiding it, attention is drawn to the importance of the total circuit volume of the respirator. The respiratory circuit chosen for ventilating children, has a compliance of 1.3 ml/cm H2O."}
{"id": "PMID:274056", "title": "Circumvallate placenta and intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "A study has been made of a prospectively selected material of circumvallate placentae; the latter being defined as an elevated edge of more than 50% of the circumference. The material consists of 447 placentae from liveborn singleton infants, where 287 were from exemplary pregnancies, and 160 from births with a gestational age (GA) of less than 266 days and/or a birth weight of less than 2750 g. The material was prospectively randomized. It was divided into clinical groups according to the GA and under-weight. Nineteen circumvallate placentae were found. Among these were more multigravidae and more with pre-gestational menstrual irregularity than expected. The number of antepartum haemorrhages was as expected. There were more premature infants, premature under-weight infants and under-weight infants than expected. Nine of the 20 premature under-weight infants in the material had circumvallate placenta. In relation to a previously published basic material, it was found that the birth weight, and placental content of RNA and DNA were significantly reduced. It is concluded that placentae with more than 50% circumvallation are associated with prematurity and under-weight, as well as a placenta with fewer cells than normal. The genesis of the anomaly is discussed.", "contents": "Circumvallate placenta and intrauterine growth retardation. A study has been made of a prospectively selected material of circumvallate placentae; the latter being defined as an elevated edge of more than 50% of the circumference. The material consists of 447 placentae from liveborn singleton infants, where 287 were from exemplary pregnancies, and 160 from births with a gestational age (GA) of less than 266 days and/or a birth weight of less than 2750 g. The material was prospectively randomized. It was divided into clinical groups according to the GA and under-weight. Nineteen circumvallate placentae were found. Among these were more multigravidae and more with pre-gestational menstrual irregularity than expected. The number of antepartum haemorrhages was as expected. There were more premature infants, premature under-weight infants and under-weight infants than expected. Nine of the 20 premature under-weight infants in the material had circumvallate placenta. In relation to a previously published basic material, it was found that the birth weight, and placental content of RNA and DNA were significantly reduced. It is concluded that placentae with more than 50% circumvallation are associated with prematurity and under-weight, as well as a placenta with fewer cells than normal. The genesis of the anomaly is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274057", "title": "The relationship between some disorders of the umbilical cord and intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Some disorders of the umbilical cord--Single umbilical artery, oedema of the cord, battledore insertion and velamentous insertion--have been examined in a prospectively randomized material. The material consists of 447 placentae from liveborn, singleton infants, where 287 were from exemplary pregnancies, and 160 from births with a gestational age of less than 266 days and/or a birth weight of less than 2750 g. The placentae were examined macroscopically and microscopically, and the total amount of protein, RNA, and DNA were determined in a randomized sample. Single umbilical artery was found to coincide with circumvallate placenta, suggesting a common fault in the placentation. Oedema of the umbilical cord was found to have no significance for the infant, but their placentae were significantly heavier, without signs of generalized oedema. The birth weight and placental weight were slightly and equally reduced in battledore insertion of the cord. The RNA/DNA ratio was increased, indicating tissue stress. This anomaly contrasted to the placentae, in which the cords were inserted velamentously. These had significantly reduced birth weights, and the weights of the placentae were slightly reduced. The incidences of complications during labour and congenital anomalies were increased.", "contents": "The relationship between some disorders of the umbilical cord and intrauterine growth retardation. Some disorders of the umbilical cord--Single umbilical artery, oedema of the cord, battledore insertion and velamentous insertion--have been examined in a prospectively randomized material. The material consists of 447 placentae from liveborn, singleton infants, where 287 were from exemplary pregnancies, and 160 from births with a gestational age of less than 266 days and/or a birth weight of less than 2750 g. The placentae were examined macroscopically and microscopically, and the total amount of protein, RNA, and DNA were determined in a randomized sample. Single umbilical artery was found to coincide with circumvallate placenta, suggesting a common fault in the placentation. Oedema of the umbilical cord was found to have no significance for the infant, but their placentae were significantly heavier, without signs of generalized oedema. The birth weight and placental weight were slightly and equally reduced in battledore insertion of the cord. The RNA/DNA ratio was increased, indicating tissue stress. This anomaly contrasted to the placentae, in which the cords were inserted velamentously. These had significantly reduced birth weights, and the weights of the placentae were slightly reduced. The incidences of complications during labour and congenital anomalies were increased."}
{"id": "PMID:274058", "title": "Infarctions and intervillous thrombosis in placenta, and their association with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "The number of infarctions and intervillous thromboses have been determined in a randomized, optimal obstetric material, consisting of 301 placentae. All the placentae were examined without knowledge of the pregnancies, deliveries or infants. They were examined macroscopically and histologically. The total content of protein, RNA and DNA were determined in a randomized sample of the 301 placentae. Fifty-two placentae had small infarctions, and the corresponding birth weights, placental weights and placental DNA were of the same magnitude as in the remainder of the material. There was the same frequency of infarctions among the placentae with intervillous thrombosis. There were 11 with intervillous thrombosis, and they had a significant reduction in infant birth weight and in placental content of DNA. A significant part of these (6) had asphyxia at birth. In neither of the groups was there proliferation of Langhans cells as a sign of longer lasting anoxia. The extent of villous fibrosis in the groups was the same as in the remainder of the material. It is concluded, that no evidence was found to support a theory that infarctions and intervillous thromboses have the same pathogenesis.", "contents": "Infarctions and intervillous thrombosis in placenta, and their association with intrauterine growth retardation. The number of infarctions and intervillous thromboses have been determined in a randomized, optimal obstetric material, consisting of 301 placentae. All the placentae were examined without knowledge of the pregnancies, deliveries or infants. They were examined macroscopically and histologically. The total content of protein, RNA and DNA were determined in a randomized sample of the 301 placentae. Fifty-two placentae had small infarctions, and the corresponding birth weights, placental weights and placental DNA were of the same magnitude as in the remainder of the material. There was the same frequency of infarctions among the placentae with intervillous thrombosis. There were 11 with intervillous thrombosis, and they had a significant reduction in infant birth weight and in placental content of DNA. A significant part of these (6) had asphyxia at birth. In neither of the groups was there proliferation of Langhans cells as a sign of longer lasting anoxia. The extent of villous fibrosis in the groups was the same as in the remainder of the material. It is concluded, that no evidence was found to support a theory that infarctions and intervillous thromboses have the same pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:274060", "title": "The significance of different forms of placentitis.", "content": "A blind histological examination of placentae, with regard to placentitis, was carried out of 2 prospective, selected materials. The first consisted of 283 placentae, which were selected with regard to optimal obstetric outcome. The second consisted of 160 placentae, randomized from all premature and low birth weight infants in the local area. Placentitis was sub-divided into: funisitis, chorionitis, villitis and hypercellular villi. Funisitis was found in premature infants only. Villitis resulted in the birth of significantly smaller infants and placentae, and must therefore, in contrast to funisitis and chorionitis, be considered chronic. Hypercellular villi are found to have no importance. Funisitis, chorionitis and villitis could possibly be explained by an infection in 10 of a total of 15 cases of placentitis.", "contents": "The significance of different forms of placentitis. A blind histological examination of placentae, with regard to placentitis, was carried out of 2 prospective, selected materials. The first consisted of 283 placentae, which were selected with regard to optimal obstetric outcome. The second consisted of 160 placentae, randomized from all premature and low birth weight infants in the local area. Placentitis was sub-divided into: funisitis, chorionitis, villitis and hypercellular villi. Funisitis was found in premature infants only. Villitis resulted in the birth of significantly smaller infants and placentae, and must therefore, in contrast to funisitis and chorionitis, be considered chronic. Hypercellular villi are found to have no importance. Funisitis, chorionitis and villitis could possibly be explained by an infection in 10 of a total of 15 cases of placentitis."}
{"id": "PMID:274061", "title": "Stress/strain behavior of dental amalgams.", "content": "The stress/strain behavior at different strain rates and the creep rate of dental amalgams were evaluated and compared to the microstructure. The results indicate that substantial differences exist both in strength and strain at fracture. The strain at fracture for high strain rates was associated with the nature of the particle-matrix interface, in that amalgams with an interpenetrating interface exhibited some ductility, while amalgams with an abrupt interface exhibited practically no plastic deformation at fracture. The correlation between creep and slow compressive strength was verified and it was suggested that grain boundary sliding was the deformation mechanism in both cases.", "contents": "Stress/strain behavior of dental amalgams. The stress/strain behavior at different strain rates and the creep rate of dental amalgams were evaluated and compared to the microstructure. The results indicate that substantial differences exist both in strength and strain at fracture. The strain at fracture for high strain rates was associated with the nature of the particle-matrix interface, in that amalgams with an interpenetrating interface exhibited some ductility, while amalgams with an abrupt interface exhibited practically no plastic deformation at fracture. The correlation between creep and slow compressive strength was verified and it was suggested that grain boundary sliding was the deformation mechanism in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:274062", "title": "A method for evaluation of initial tissue response to biomaterials.", "content": "In the present paper an implantation technique is described whereby the effect of the surgical operation is eliminated and initial tissue reactions to materials may be studied. A teflon body was implanted intramuscularly in rabbits. After six weeks the overlaying tissue was excised and the implant removed. An intact, nonepithelialized tissue surface was exposed, which due to the shape of the implant showed three indentations. Materials were placed in the indentations for 15 minutes and the tissue reaction was registered by enzyme histochemical methods. Silicate cement, zinc phosphate cement and a 4% phenol solution caused an inhibition in the dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the tissue subjacent to the indentations. The severity of the tissue reaction, indicated by the width of the inhibition zone, varied among the test materials. Silicate cement caused the widest inhibition zone and the phenol solution the narrowest one. These results correlate well with previous tissue compatibility studies and indicate that the method is applicable for in vivo screening of initial tissue response to biomaterials.", "contents": "A method for evaluation of initial tissue response to biomaterials. In the present paper an implantation technique is described whereby the effect of the surgical operation is eliminated and initial tissue reactions to materials may be studied. A teflon body was implanted intramuscularly in rabbits. After six weeks the overlaying tissue was excised and the implant removed. An intact, nonepithelialized tissue surface was exposed, which due to the shape of the implant showed three indentations. Materials were placed in the indentations for 15 minutes and the tissue reaction was registered by enzyme histochemical methods. Silicate cement, zinc phosphate cement and a 4% phenol solution caused an inhibition in the dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the tissue subjacent to the indentations. The severity of the tissue reaction, indicated by the width of the inhibition zone, varied among the test materials. Silicate cement caused the widest inhibition zone and the phenol solution the narrowest one. These results correlate well with previous tissue compatibility studies and indicate that the method is applicable for in vivo screening of initial tissue response to biomaterials."}
{"id": "PMID:274063", "title": "Remaining methacrylate groups in composite restorative materials.", "content": "The quantity of the remaining unreacted methacrylate groups in polymerized composite materials has been determined. Six proprietary composites were investigated by infrared multiple internal reflection spectroscopy. Infrared reflectance measurements were made before polymerization and repeated after the composites were subjected to polymerization at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The quantities of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups were determined and the data expressed as percentages of the total amount of methacrylate groups in the unpolymerized materials. The specimens were specially prepared to ensure that the surface properties simulated the bulk properties of the polymerized composites. The quantities of remaining methacrylate groups in the six composites determined by this surface measuring technique ranged from 25 to 48%. The results demonstrate that commercially available composite materials exhibit different degrees of conversion 24 hours after the start of polymerization. These differences can be correlated to the different monomer compositions of the composite restorative resins.", "contents": "Remaining methacrylate groups in composite restorative materials. The quantity of the remaining unreacted methacrylate groups in polymerized composite materials has been determined. Six proprietary composites were investigated by infrared multiple internal reflection spectroscopy. Infrared reflectance measurements were made before polymerization and repeated after the composites were subjected to polymerization at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The quantities of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups were determined and the data expressed as percentages of the total amount of methacrylate groups in the unpolymerized materials. The specimens were specially prepared to ensure that the surface properties simulated the bulk properties of the polymerized composites. The quantities of remaining methacrylate groups in the six composites determined by this surface measuring technique ranged from 25 to 48%. The results demonstrate that commercially available composite materials exhibit different degrees of conversion 24 hours after the start of polymerization. These differences can be correlated to the different monomer compositions of the composite restorative resins."}
{"id": "PMID:274064", "title": "Oral hygiene, periodontal health and need for periodontal treatment among institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway.", "content": "Oral hygiene, periodontal health and periodontal treatment needs were studied in the dentulous patients (n = 328) of a sample selected to be representative of all institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway aged 5--45. The average oral hygiene and periodontal health was poor except for patients in a few institutions where the nurses were trained to clean teeth regularly. Increased age, epilepsy, Down's syndrome and a high degree of mental deficiency were all elements that apparently contributed to impairment of periodontal health and to increased treatment requirements. The preventive programs used in some institutions seemed to be effective. Still better results, however, could probably be obtained by the use of dental hygienists.", "contents": "Oral hygiene, periodontal health and need for periodontal treatment among institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway. Oral hygiene, periodontal health and periodontal treatment needs were studied in the dentulous patients (n = 328) of a sample selected to be representative of all institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway aged 5--45. The average oral hygiene and periodontal health was poor except for patients in a few institutions where the nurses were trained to clean teeth regularly. Increased age, epilepsy, Down's syndrome and a high degree of mental deficiency were all elements that apparently contributed to impairment of periodontal health and to increased treatment requirements. The preventive programs used in some institutions seemed to be effective. Still better results, however, could probably be obtained by the use of dental hygienists."}
{"id": "PMID:274065", "title": "Heavy trace elements in ancient Norwegian teeth.", "content": "The present work was undertaken in order to determine the content of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in 26 teeth retrieved from burial-grounds in various parts of Norway, dated from A.D. 200 up to 1850. The analyses were made by differential pulse stripping voltammetry on hydrochloric acid digests of the teeth. High levels of lead were found in teeth dated from ca A.D. 1500 from Gims\u00f8y Kloster and T\u00f8nsberg. Teeth originating from A.D. 200 showed a high content of Cd, Cu and Zn.", "contents": "Heavy trace elements in ancient Norwegian teeth. The present work was undertaken in order to determine the content of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in 26 teeth retrieved from burial-grounds in various parts of Norway, dated from A.D. 200 up to 1850. The analyses were made by differential pulse stripping voltammetry on hydrochloric acid digests of the teeth. High levels of lead were found in teeth dated from ca A.D. 1500 from Gims\u00f8y Kloster and T\u00f8nsberg. Teeth originating from A.D. 200 showed a high content of Cd, Cu and Zn."}
{"id": "PMID:274068", "title": "Smouldering acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Among 195 patients with variants of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a minimum of 11 met our criteria of smouldering AML: patients with less than 30% of blast cells plus promyelocytes in the bone marrow at the time of diagnosis who were observed without specific antileukemic therapy for a period of at least 6 months without entering a fulminant stage of the disease. These patients were older than other patients with AML, they had initially relatively few infections, bled rarely, and did not enter the fullblown clinical picture typical of acute leukemia until the last months of life. For these 11 patients the median survival time was 29 months from the time of diagnosis. Patients with smouldering leukemia shall be observed carefully and not be given specific antileukemic therapy, at least not before they flare into a blast crisis. Transfusions, antibiotics and a small dose of prednisone should be given when necessary.", "contents": "Smouldering acute myelogenous leukemia. Among 195 patients with variants of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a minimum of 11 met our criteria of smouldering AML: patients with less than 30% of blast cells plus promyelocytes in the bone marrow at the time of diagnosis who were observed without specific antileukemic therapy for a period of at least 6 months without entering a fulminant stage of the disease. These patients were older than other patients with AML, they had initially relatively few infections, bled rarely, and did not enter the fullblown clinical picture typical of acute leukemia until the last months of life. For these 11 patients the median survival time was 29 months from the time of diagnosis. Patients with smouldering leukemia shall be observed carefully and not be given specific antileukemic therapy, at least not before they flare into a blast crisis. Transfusions, antibiotics and a small dose of prednisone should be given when necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:274070", "title": "Development of a histiocytic medullary reticulosis-like syndrome during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 54 year old woman presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Following an initial response to chemotherapy with vincristine and prednisone, progressive pancytopenia developed coincident with intense bone marrow infiltration by abnormal histiocytes. At autopsy two months later, no evidence of leukemia was found, but the bone marrow was replaced by abnormal histiocytes showing active erythrophagocytosis, consistent with histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Detailed morphologic, ultrastructural and histochemical studies performed throughout the course of the patient's illness served to confirm the transition from leukemia to histiocytosis. Four similar cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia terminating in histiocytic medullary reticulosis have been reported. This association may represent a distinct clinicopathologic syndrome.", "contents": "Development of a histiocytic medullary reticulosis-like syndrome during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia. A 54 year old woman presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Following an initial response to chemotherapy with vincristine and prednisone, progressive pancytopenia developed coincident with intense bone marrow infiltration by abnormal histiocytes. At autopsy two months later, no evidence of leukemia was found, but the bone marrow was replaced by abnormal histiocytes showing active erythrophagocytosis, consistent with histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Detailed morphologic, ultrastructural and histochemical studies performed throughout the course of the patient's illness served to confirm the transition from leukemia to histiocytosis. Four similar cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia terminating in histiocytic medullary reticulosis have been reported. This association may represent a distinct clinicopathologic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:274071", "title": "Surgical-orthodontic correction of vertical maxillary excess.", "content": "Superior repositioning of the maxilla via maxillary ostectomy has proved to be useful method of treating patients with vertical maxillary excess. It is indicated primarily in patients with lip incompetence, excessive exposure of maxillary anterior teeth, long lower facial height, contour-deficient chin, and either Class I or Class II malocclusion. We have used this procedure as routine treatment for vertical maxillary excess over the past 5 years. Timing of the surgery is not so important in non-open-bite patients, and the procedure can be done with equal success before any orthodontic intervention, during orthodontic treatment, and following all orthodontic procedures. Timing is primarily dependent upon the orthodontist's desires. Since the surgery can produce a much simpler orthodontic problem, thus reducing treatment time and allowing a better over-all result, we recommend that it be done as early in treatment as possible. Clinically, the over-all improvement in facial appearance and the predictability and stability of the results have made this a most versatile and effective procedure when carried out with good planning, proper execution and attention to detail.", "contents": "Surgical-orthodontic correction of vertical maxillary excess. Superior repositioning of the maxilla via maxillary ostectomy has proved to be useful method of treating patients with vertical maxillary excess. It is indicated primarily in patients with lip incompetence, excessive exposure of maxillary anterior teeth, long lower facial height, contour-deficient chin, and either Class I or Class II malocclusion. We have used this procedure as routine treatment for vertical maxillary excess over the past 5 years. Timing of the surgery is not so important in non-open-bite patients, and the procedure can be done with equal success before any orthodontic intervention, during orthodontic treatment, and following all orthodontic procedures. Timing is primarily dependent upon the orthodontist's desires. Since the surgery can produce a much simpler orthodontic problem, thus reducing treatment time and allowing a better over-all result, we recommend that it be done as early in treatment as possible. Clinically, the over-all improvement in facial appearance and the predictability and stability of the results have made this a most versatile and effective procedure when carried out with good planning, proper execution and attention to detail."}
{"id": "PMID:274072", "title": "An epidemiologic survey of malocclusions among American Negroes and American Hispanics.", "content": "The malocclusions of thirty-six Negro and fifty-six Puerto Rican orthodontic patients from a specific area were surveyed. The population was divided according to sex, age, and skeletal classification. The total Negro malocclusion sample was compared to available Negro norms for both Downs and Steiner analyses. The total Hispanic malocclusion group was compared to available Negro and Caucasian norms for the same analyses. Ranges, means, and standard deviations were developed for each measurement recorded. The comparative frequency of individual skeletal classifications was found to be remarkably similar in both groups, and the percentage of open-bites was greater in both groups than in the general population. The need to expand available material to include a Puerto Rican group is noted.", "contents": "An epidemiologic survey of malocclusions among American Negroes and American Hispanics. The malocclusions of thirty-six Negro and fifty-six Puerto Rican orthodontic patients from a specific area were surveyed. The population was divided according to sex, age, and skeletal classification. The total Negro malocclusion sample was compared to available Negro norms for both Downs and Steiner analyses. The total Hispanic malocclusion group was compared to available Negro and Caucasian norms for the same analyses. Ranges, means, and standard deviations were developed for each measurement recorded. The comparative frequency of individual skeletal classifications was found to be remarkably similar in both groups, and the percentage of open-bites was greater in both groups than in the general population. The need to expand available material to include a Puerto Rican group is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:274073", "title": "Improving orthodontic results in cases with maxillary incisors missing.", "content": "This article has aimed at providing information on how to improve clinical orthodontic results in cases in which maxillary central and lateral incisors are missing. Different sections deal with (1) treatment approach and mechanics, (2) details in finishing, (3) modifications of clinical tooth crowns by special procedures (grinding, composite \"corners,\" gingivectomy), (4) functional considerations and root resorption, and (5) retention.", "contents": "Improving orthodontic results in cases with maxillary incisors missing. This article has aimed at providing information on how to improve clinical orthodontic results in cases in which maxillary central and lateral incisors are missing. Different sections deal with (1) treatment approach and mechanics, (2) details in finishing, (3) modifications of clinical tooth crowns by special procedures (grinding, composite \"corners,\" gingivectomy), (4) functional considerations and root resorption, and (5) retention."}
{"id": "PMID:274075", "title": "The role of the occlusal \"simulator\" in orthodontic treatment prior to surgical osteotomy.", "content": "The application of occlusal geometry in skeletal Class III cases, as related to the surgical relocation of one or both dental arches, is described. It has been established when and why it is helpful to relate the dental arches to each other before surgery, and an orthodontic method utilizing a simulator for jaw relocation is illustrated. The effectiveness of the method is clearly demonstrated through a clinically treated case.", "contents": "The role of the occlusal \"simulator\" in orthodontic treatment prior to surgical osteotomy. The application of occlusal geometry in skeletal Class III cases, as related to the surgical relocation of one or both dental arches, is described. It has been established when and why it is helpful to relate the dental arches to each other before surgery, and an orthodontic method utilizing a simulator for jaw relocation is illustrated. The effectiveness of the method is clearly demonstrated through a clinically treated case."}
{"id": "PMID:274082", "title": "Osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in transplants of Dunn and Ridgway osteosarcoma cell cultures.", "content": "Dunn osteosarcomas synthesize 2 times more alkaline phosphatase than do Ridgeway osteosarcomas, 3 times more than do HeLa cells, and 4 to 5 times more than do rat or mouse fibroblast cell cultures. Implants of killed freeze-dried Dunn cell cultures into the thigh muscles are resorbed and replaced by normal cartilage, bone, and bone marrow tissue, while implants of freeze-dried Ridgeway cells are resorbed and replaced by fibrous tissue only. Outgrowths of normal muscle septum connective tissue cells onto the stroma of Ridgeway tumors differentiate into fibrous tissue. Cultures of either tumor on a substratum of bone matrix stroma prepared from normal bone proliferate, assume a spherical shape, and perpetuate the transformed osteoblast-like cell without forming attachments or adapting to the contour of the substratum. Outgrwoths of muscle mesenchymal cells on the Dunn tumor stroma differentiate into cartilage. Dunn osteosarcoma cell cultures proliferate on the inside and produce deposits of normal bone (not tumorous bone) on the outside of diffusion chambers. Killed freeze-dried cell cultures produce transfilter deposits of normal bone and bone marrow, but the quantity is significantly lower. On a substratum of cellulose acetate, outgrowths of muscle connective tissue will differentiate into cartilage when cell-free Dunn stroma is present under the organ culture grid. Tumorigenesis and normal cartilage and bone morphodifferentiation are antithetic, but tumor cells transfer a bone morphogen similar to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) of normal bone matrix. BMP recruits  mesenchymal cells to proliferate and differentiate into cartilage and bone.", "contents": "Osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in transplants of Dunn and Ridgway osteosarcoma cell cultures. Dunn osteosarcomas synthesize 2 times more alkaline phosphatase than do Ridgeway osteosarcomas, 3 times more than do HeLa cells, and 4 to 5 times more than do rat or mouse fibroblast cell cultures. Implants of killed freeze-dried Dunn cell cultures into the thigh muscles are resorbed and replaced by normal cartilage, bone, and bone marrow tissue, while implants of freeze-dried Ridgeway cells are resorbed and replaced by fibrous tissue only. Outgrowths of normal muscle septum connective tissue cells onto the stroma of Ridgeway tumors differentiate into fibrous tissue. Cultures of either tumor on a substratum of bone matrix stroma prepared from normal bone proliferate, assume a spherical shape, and perpetuate the transformed osteoblast-like cell without forming attachments or adapting to the contour of the substratum. Outgrwoths of muscle mesenchymal cells on the Dunn tumor stroma differentiate into cartilage. Dunn osteosarcoma cell cultures proliferate on the inside and produce deposits of normal bone (not tumorous bone) on the outside of diffusion chambers. Killed freeze-dried cell cultures produce transfilter deposits of normal bone and bone marrow, but the quantity is significantly lower. On a substratum of cellulose acetate, outgrowths of muscle connective tissue will differentiate into cartilage when cell-free Dunn stroma is present under the organ culture grid. Tumorigenesis and normal cartilage and bone morphodifferentiation are antithetic, but tumor cells transfer a bone morphogen similar to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) of normal bone matrix. BMP recruits  mesenchymal cells to proliferate and differentiate into cartilage and bone."}
{"id": "PMID:274083", "title": "[A simple universally applicable I.M.V. system (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple I.M.V.-system is described based on the AMBU-E-valve applied to pressure-cycled ventilators (e.g. Bird Mark VII).", "contents": "[A simple universally applicable I.M.V. system (author's transl)]. A simple I.M.V.-system is described based on the AMBU-E-valve applied to pressure-cycled ventilators (e.g. Bird Mark VII)."}
{"id": "PMID:274103", "title": "The effect of storage on the activity of adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions: an evaluation using bioassay and fluorometric techniques.", "content": "The adrenaline content of local anaesthetic solutions has been assessed using a bioassay system and a fluorometric assay method. It was found that exposure of the solutions to daylight for a period of six months greatly reduced their adrenaline content, whereas storage of the same solutions under refrigeration or in the dark reduced the decrease in catecholamine content. Solutions containing adrenaline which were shown in the clinical situation to give inadequate anaesthesia were also tested. The analysis revealed a decline of catecholamine content in each solution.", "contents": "The effect of storage on the activity of adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions: an evaluation using bioassay and fluorometric techniques. The adrenaline content of local anaesthetic solutions has been assessed using a bioassay system and a fluorometric assay method. It was found that exposure of the solutions to daylight for a period of six months greatly reduced their adrenaline content, whereas storage of the same solutions under refrigeration or in the dark reduced the decrease in catecholamine content. Solutions containing adrenaline which were shown in the clinical situation to give inadequate anaesthesia were also tested. The analysis revealed a decline of catecholamine content in each solution."}
{"id": "PMID:274104", "title": "Vitamin status of patients with oral lichen planus.", "content": "Correction of proven vitamin deficiencies in patients with oral lichen planus resulted in both clinical and subjective improvement in the majority treated but did not produce complete remission of the lesions. The common finding of low levels of vitamins B1 and B6 in both the lichen planus group and in healthy controls suggests that this is a reflection of dietary habits of the local community not generally appreciated.", "contents": "Vitamin status of patients with oral lichen planus. Correction of proven vitamin deficiencies in patients with oral lichen planus resulted in both clinical and subjective improvement in the majority treated but did not produce complete remission of the lesions. The common finding of low levels of vitamins B1 and B6 in both the lichen planus group and in healthy controls suggests that this is a reflection of dietary habits of the local community not generally appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:274106", "title": "The influence of the refractory investment on the development of porosity in cast structures.", "content": "Four series of standard tensile specimens were produced by casting into moulds composed of silica bonded, gypsum bonded, and phosphate bonded refractories. Two nickel base alloys were employed, one a standard dental casting alloy and the other a specially formulated ductile material. Subsequently, all specimens were subjected to mechanical testing, and radiographic and metallographic evaluation, in conjunction with porosity determinations, in order to ascertain how the nature of the refractory investment influences the structural quality of the castings produced.", "contents": "The influence of the refractory investment on the development of porosity in cast structures. Four series of standard tensile specimens were produced by casting into moulds composed of silica bonded, gypsum bonded, and phosphate bonded refractories. Two nickel base alloys were employed, one a standard dental casting alloy and the other a specially formulated ductile material. Subsequently, all specimens were subjected to mechanical testing, and radiographic and metallographic evaluation, in conjunction with porosity determinations, in order to ascertain how the nature of the refractory investment influences the structural quality of the castings produced."}
{"id": "PMID:274107", "title": "Spectral fluorescence of direct anterior restorative materials.", "content": "The fluorescent characteristics of silicate cements, acrylic resins, and composite resins and all anterior restorative materials have been compared with the natural teeth when specimens were submitted to ultra-violet radiation. The effect of glazes on composite resins and of discolouration from ultra-violet radiation on composites and acrylic resins is to reduce the amount of fluorescence of the former and to change the quality of the fluorescence.", "contents": "Spectral fluorescence of direct anterior restorative materials. The fluorescent characteristics of silicate cements, acrylic resins, and composite resins and all anterior restorative materials have been compared with the natural teeth when specimens were submitted to ultra-violet radiation. The effect of glazes on composite resins and of discolouration from ultra-violet radiation on composites and acrylic resins is to reduce the amount of fluorescence of the former and to change the quality of the fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:274108", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of human dental pellicle and initial plaque formation in vivo.", "content": "Small, specially prepared gold alloy discs were recessed into the right and left posterior surfaces of duplicate maxillary dentures. At selected time intervals, a disc was removed from each side of the denture and prepared for examination with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A thin, peeling film of pellicle was seen on the discs removed after two hours and projections designated \"hemispherical globules\" formed on the pellicle within the next seven hours.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of human dental pellicle and initial plaque formation in vivo. Small, specially prepared gold alloy discs were recessed into the right and left posterior surfaces of duplicate maxillary dentures. At selected time intervals, a disc was removed from each side of the denture and prepared for examination with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A thin, peeling film of pellicle was seen on the discs removed after two hours and projections designated \"hemispherical globules\" formed on the pellicle within the next seven hours."}
{"id": "PMID:274110", "title": "Viral hepatitis: a review of clinical, laboratory and research aspects.", "content": "The nature and the diagnosis and prognosis of the two forms of viral hepatitis is discussed. The possibility of transmission of these diseases during dental treatment to other patients or to dentists or their staff is considered and measures to reduce this risk are suggested.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis: a review of clinical, laboratory and research aspects. The nature and the diagnosis and prognosis of the two forms of viral hepatitis is discussed. The possibility of transmission of these diseases during dental treatment to other patients or to dentists or their staff is considered and measures to reduce this risk are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:274117", "title": "Postoperative infection in arterial surgery: a review of the incidence and distribution in 386 patients.", "content": "The clinical records of 386 patients undergoing surgery for peripheral arterial disease during the period 1958 to 1974 were examined for patterns of wound infection. The incidence of infection in arterial reconstructive procedures was 7.4%, of which infections 2.2% were major. A high incidence of minor wound infection was found not to be of significance with regard to patient morbidity. The greater risk of wound infection occurring when there was an ischaemic skin lesion present distally in the limb was confirmed. An incision in the groin was not clearly identified as a significant factor in the development of wound infection. The prophylactic use of antibiotics has not resulted in a lower incidence of infection, when compared with those results reported from centres where antibiotic prophylaxis has not been routine. Analysis by year has demonstrated a lower incidence of infection in the more recent years 1969 to 1974.", "contents": "Postoperative infection in arterial surgery: a review of the incidence and distribution in 386 patients. The clinical records of 386 patients undergoing surgery for peripheral arterial disease during the period 1958 to 1974 were examined for patterns of wound infection. The incidence of infection in arterial reconstructive procedures was 7.4%, of which infections 2.2% were major. A high incidence of minor wound infection was found not to be of significance with regard to patient morbidity. The greater risk of wound infection occurring when there was an ischaemic skin lesion present distally in the limb was confirmed. An incision in the groin was not clearly identified as a significant factor in the development of wound infection. The prophylactic use of antibiotics has not resulted in a lower incidence of infection, when compared with those results reported from centres where antibiotic prophylaxis has not been routine. Analysis by year has demonstrated a lower incidence of infection in the more recent years 1969 to 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:274119", "title": "Intermittent non-sterile catheterization of children suffering from spina bifida: an alternative to urinary diversion.", "content": "Ten children suffering from spina bifida with recurrent urinary tract infections and incontinence have been treated by intermittent non-sterile catheterization both at home and at school. Six have shown improvement in both infection rate and incontinence. Two have undergone urinary diversion, and two have had an equivocal result.", "contents": "Intermittent non-sterile catheterization of children suffering from spina bifida: an alternative to urinary diversion. Ten children suffering from spina bifida with recurrent urinary tract infections and incontinence have been treated by intermittent non-sterile catheterization both at home and at school. Six have shown improvement in both infection rate and incontinence. Two have undergone urinary diversion, and two have had an equivocal result."}
{"id": "PMID:274120", "title": "Aspects of surgical treatment for malignant melanoma: the place of biopsy and wide excision.", "content": "Biopsy of melanoma is discussed in respect of the operator, the adequacy of biopsy, and the time delay till wide excision; statistics are taken from a series of 509 patients with this disease who had their definitive surgery and review at the Peter MacCallum Clinic between 1954 and 1973. Wide excision is described in respect of its origins and its proponents, and discussion draws on appropriate material from the series.", "contents": "Aspects of surgical treatment for malignant melanoma: the place of biopsy and wide excision. Biopsy of melanoma is discussed in respect of the operator, the adequacy of biopsy, and the time delay till wide excision; statistics are taken from a series of 509 patients with this disease who had their definitive surgery and review at the Peter MacCallum Clinic between 1954 and 1973. Wide excision is described in respect of its origins and its proponents, and discussion draws on appropriate material from the series."}
{"id": "PMID:274121", "title": "A long-term review of digital replantation.", "content": "An analysis of the first 130 cases of digital revascularization and replantation performed at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, during the period 1970-1977, confirms the long-term functional value of these procedures provided that strict indications for replantation are adhered to. Patient satisfaction has been almost universal, and objective testing shows that the most satisfying aspect of the procedure is the quality of sensory return. Flexor tendon function and the range of joint movement, however, are universally poor, and all patients complain of sensitivity to cold. The thumb has been by far the most satisfactory digit to replant, and avulsion injuries gave the poorest results, from the point of view of both survival and long-term function.", "contents": "A long-term review of digital replantation. An analysis of the first 130 cases of digital revascularization and replantation performed at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, during the period 1970-1977, confirms the long-term functional value of these procedures provided that strict indications for replantation are adhered to. Patient satisfaction has been almost universal, and objective testing shows that the most satisfying aspect of the procedure is the quality of sensory return. Flexor tendon function and the range of joint movement, however, are universally poor, and all patients complain of sensitivity to cold. The thumb has been by far the most satisfactory digit to replant, and avulsion injuries gave the poorest results, from the point of view of both survival and long-term function."}
{"id": "PMID:274122", "title": "The traumatic pseudolipoma.", "content": "A contour deformity, clinically reminiscent of a large lipoma, can develop after a severe shearing-type injury to the upper thigh, hip, or sacrum, particularly in young women. As the injury is rarely dealt with in the first weeks, it usually presents after a deep scar has contracted. At this stage active surgical intervention seriously increases the aesthetic problem. Conservative treatment with massage, pressure, and possibly injection of steroids is more effective. To the best of our knowledge, this condition has not previously been described.", "contents": "The traumatic pseudolipoma. A contour deformity, clinically reminiscent of a large lipoma, can develop after a severe shearing-type injury to the upper thigh, hip, or sacrum, particularly in young women. As the injury is rarely dealt with in the first weeks, it usually presents after a deep scar has contracted. At this stage active surgical intervention seriously increases the aesthetic problem. Conservative treatment with massage, pressure, and possibly injection of steroids is more effective. To the best of our knowledge, this condition has not previously been described."}
{"id": "PMID:274123", "title": "Albumin-containing plasma volume expanders.", "content": "Human albumin-containing solutions have been used as plasma volume expanders and in the management of severe hypoproteinaemia for over 30 years; Modern indications for their use are described in some detail. These include the management of shock, burns, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. Reactions to albumin infusions are rare. Recent reports of hypotension following rapid infusion of SPPS and PPF are under active pharmacological study.", "contents": "Albumin-containing plasma volume expanders. Human albumin-containing solutions have been used as plasma volume expanders and in the management of severe hypoproteinaemia for over 30 years; Modern indications for their use are described in some detail. These include the management of shock, burns, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. Reactions to albumin infusions are rare. Recent reports of hypotension following rapid infusion of SPPS and PPF are under active pharmacological study."}
{"id": "PMID:274124", "title": "Intraabdominal desmoid causing death in a young man with Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "The case is reported of a 22-year-old man with Gardner's syndrome who died as a consequence of unremitting spread of an intraabdominal desmoid four and a half years after colectomy for polyposis, and two and a half years after clinical presentation of the desmoid tumour.", "contents": "Intraabdominal desmoid causing death in a young man with Gardner's syndrome. The case is reported of a 22-year-old man with Gardner's syndrome who died as a consequence of unremitting spread of an intraabdominal desmoid four and a half years after colectomy for polyposis, and two and a half years after clinical presentation of the desmoid tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:274126", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum are reported in this paper. The first patient demonstrated the development of a leiomyosarcoma from a leiomyoma, and also posed diagnostic problems as a P\u00f3lya gastrectomy had previously been performed. The second patient presented with acute pancreatitis--a hitherto unreported complication of this condition. The third patient showed that even though the primary tumour was unresectable, the patient remained well for more than a year after diagnosis.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum: a report of three cases. Three cases of leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum are reported in this paper. The first patient demonstrated the development of a leiomyosarcoma from a leiomyoma, and also posed diagnostic problems as a P\u00f3lya gastrectomy had previously been performed. The second patient presented with acute pancreatitis--a hitherto unreported complication of this condition. The third patient showed that even though the primary tumour was unresectable, the patient remained well for more than a year after diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:274127", "title": "Double pathology in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Three cases are described in which there was concurrent development of acute cholecystitis and a second acute abdominal illness. Acute cholecystitis occurred in patients with acute appendicitis, small bowell obstruction, and acute colonic diverticulitis. Experience with three such cases over the course of eight years by a single surgeon suggests a possible aetiological link between the two diseases. It is suggested that, under some circumstances, exploration of an acute abdomen may need to be more than cursory.", "contents": "Double pathology in acute cholecystitis. Three cases are described in which there was concurrent development of acute cholecystitis and a second acute abdominal illness. Acute cholecystitis occurred in patients with acute appendicitis, small bowell obstruction, and acute colonic diverticulitis. Experience with three such cases over the course of eight years by a single surgeon suggests a possible aetiological link between the two diseases. It is suggested that, under some circumstances, exploration of an acute abdomen may need to be more than cursory."}
{"id": "PMID:274130", "title": "Restoration of grasp and pinch in a burnt hand by pollicization of an island flap taken from the same finger.", "content": "A unique opportunity to reconstruct a deformed hand by designing two neurovascular island flaps from a damaged index finger has been presented. One flap, a composite carrying the index tip, was used basically as in pollicization, while the second flap was used to reconstruct the web space. An excellent functional result was achieved.", "contents": "Restoration of grasp and pinch in a burnt hand by pollicization of an island flap taken from the same finger. A unique opportunity to reconstruct a deformed hand by designing two neurovascular island flaps from a damaged index finger has been presented. One flap, a composite carrying the index tip, was used basically as in pollicization, while the second flap was used to reconstruct the web space. An excellent functional result was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:274131", "title": "An overview of plastic surgery.", "content": "In addition to many technical refinements during the past decade, plastic surgery has made particular advances through the use of microsurgery, in the control of burn wound infection, by the use of implantable silicones, in the correction of craniofacial deformities and through the development of axial-pattern and other specialized flaps.", "contents": "An overview of plastic surgery. In addition to many technical refinements during the past decade, plastic surgery has made particular advances through the use of microsurgery, in the control of burn wound infection, by the use of implantable silicones, in the correction of craniofacial deformities and through the development of axial-pattern and other specialized flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:274132", "title": "The effect of colloid concentration on the functional characteristics of isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The volume of bile produced by isolated perfused rat liver was dependent on the concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the perfusate, the lowest volumes being obtained with Krebs Ringer bicarbonate (KRB alone and with 70 g/l. BSA in KRB. Increasing amounts were produced as the concentration of BSA was reduced from 70 g/l. to 8.5 g/l. The concentration of bile salts in the bile decreased rapidly during the first hour, but much more slowly thereafter. The highest concentration observed during the first hour was with KRB alone and the lowest with 20 g/l. BSA; subsequently, the highest concentrations were obtained with 70 g/l. BSA and the lowest with 20 g/l. BSA. Urea synthesis was lowest with KRB alone, but increased as the concentration of BSA increased; however, values obtained with 8.5, 20, and 40 g/l. were fairly close together. With KRB alone there was a rapid release of potassium during the first hour, but thereafter the rate of release was similar to that found when BSA was present. The lowest concentrations of potassium were obtained with 20 and 40 g/l. BSA. With KRB alone, GOT was released from the start of perfusion of 300 units per minute. With BSA present, GOT release was delayed 4 hours, and thereafter the rate was dependent on the concentration of BSA, being lowest with 20 and 40 g/l. (200 units per min), higher with 8.5 g/l. (350 units per min) and highest with 70 g/l. (400 units per min).", "contents": "The effect of colloid concentration on the functional characteristics of isolated perfused rat liver. The volume of bile produced by isolated perfused rat liver was dependent on the concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the perfusate, the lowest volumes being obtained with Krebs Ringer bicarbonate (KRB alone and with 70 g/l. BSA in KRB. Increasing amounts were produced as the concentration of BSA was reduced from 70 g/l. to 8.5 g/l. The concentration of bile salts in the bile decreased rapidly during the first hour, but much more slowly thereafter. The highest concentration observed during the first hour was with KRB alone and the lowest with 20 g/l. BSA; subsequently, the highest concentrations were obtained with 70 g/l. BSA and the lowest with 20 g/l. BSA. Urea synthesis was lowest with KRB alone, but increased as the concentration of BSA increased; however, values obtained with 8.5, 20, and 40 g/l. were fairly close together. With KRB alone there was a rapid release of potassium during the first hour, but thereafter the rate of release was similar to that found when BSA was present. The lowest concentrations of potassium were obtained with 20 and 40 g/l. BSA. With KRB alone, GOT was released from the start of perfusion of 300 units per minute. With BSA present, GOT release was delayed 4 hours, and thereafter the rate was dependent on the concentration of BSA, being lowest with 20 and 40 g/l. (200 units per min), higher with 8.5 g/l. (350 units per min) and highest with 70 g/l. (400 units per min)."}
{"id": "PMID:274133", "title": "In-vitro studies of gallstone dissolution: the effect of added heparin in bile salt solutions.", "content": "The dissolving effect of four bile salt solutions (sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate) upon gallstones was tested in an in-vitro preparation, using 226 stones from 38 patients. The effect of each solution was measured by recording weight loss in the gallstone at the end of a ten-day period of immersion in the bile salt solution. Sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate produced the greatest average weight loss in the groups of stones tested with pure bile salt solutions, but the addition of heparin to solutions of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate produced a significant increase in weight loss in these solutions. This effect of heparin in the presence of bile salts, in comparison with the failure of heparinized saline to induce weight loss in gallstones, is discussed. Sodium chenodeoxycholate cannot be recommended for clinical use on the grounds of its toxicity, and in view of the possible toxicity of sodium deoxycholate it is concluded that a combination of sodium cholate with heparin is the optimum solution for the dissolution of retained intraduct calculi in vivo.", "contents": "In-vitro studies of gallstone dissolution: the effect of added heparin in bile salt solutions. The dissolving effect of four bile salt solutions (sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate) upon gallstones was tested in an in-vitro preparation, using 226 stones from 38 patients. The effect of each solution was measured by recording weight loss in the gallstone at the end of a ten-day period of immersion in the bile salt solution. Sodium deoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate produced the greatest average weight loss in the groups of stones tested with pure bile salt solutions, but the addition of heparin to solutions of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate produced a significant increase in weight loss in these solutions. This effect of heparin in the presence of bile salts, in comparison with the failure of heparinized saline to induce weight loss in gallstones, is discussed. Sodium chenodeoxycholate cannot be recommended for clinical use on the grounds of its toxicity, and in view of the possible toxicity of sodium deoxycholate it is concluded that a combination of sodium cholate with heparin is the optimum solution for the dissolution of retained intraduct calculi in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:274143", "title": "Resistance of Heidbrink-type expiratory valves.", "content": "The minimum resistance of expiratory Heidbrink-type value has been assessed by determining the pressure decrease across the values at a flow rate of 30 litre min--1. The average resistance of 70 valves currently in clinical use was 318 Pa at that flow rate and about 44% had resistances greater than the limit of 294 Pa previously suggested. The resistances obtained in new valves were either similar or fractionally greater. Valves being introduced as parts of scavenging systems appeared, on the whole, to have lower resistances.", "contents": "Resistance of Heidbrink-type expiratory valves. The minimum resistance of expiratory Heidbrink-type value has been assessed by determining the pressure decrease across the values at a flow rate of 30 litre min--1. The average resistance of 70 valves currently in clinical use was 318 Pa at that flow rate and about 44% had resistances greater than the limit of 294 Pa previously suggested. The resistances obtained in new valves were either similar or fractionally greater. Valves being introduced as parts of scavenging systems appeared, on the whole, to have lower resistances."}
{"id": "PMID:274144", "title": "Anaesthesia for laryngoscopy: a technique using the Nuffield Anaesthetic Ventilator.", "content": "An inflation catheter technique has been devised for providing general anaesthesia during laryngoscopy using the control module of the Nuffield Anaesthetic Ventilator driven by 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The system is simple and reliable in use and ensures adequate pulmonary ventilation.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for laryngoscopy: a technique using the Nuffield Anaesthetic Ventilator. An inflation catheter technique has been devised for providing general anaesthesia during laryngoscopy using the control module of the Nuffield Anaesthetic Ventilator driven by 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The system is simple and reliable in use and ensures adequate pulmonary ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:274145", "title": "Erythropoietin dependent erythropoiesis during the erythroblastic phase of juvenile chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A child aged 3 1/2 years with typical juvenile chronic granulocytic leukaemia whose course terminated in an erythroblastic phase is described. Both in-vivo transfusion studies and in-vitro bone marrow culture studies indicate that red cell production remains erythropoietin dependent in this situation. The relationship of erythropoietin to the reversion to fetal haematopoiesis which characterizes juvenile chronic granulocytic leukaemia is discussed.", "contents": "Erythropoietin dependent erythropoiesis during the erythroblastic phase of juvenile chronic granulocytic leukaemia. A child aged 3 1/2 years with typical juvenile chronic granulocytic leukaemia whose course terminated in an erythroblastic phase is described. Both in-vivo transfusion studies and in-vitro bone marrow culture studies indicate that red cell production remains erythropoietin dependent in this situation. The relationship of erythropoietin to the reversion to fetal haematopoiesis which characterizes juvenile chronic granulocytic leukaemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274158", "title": "Cytogentics of fibroblastic colonies in Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The cytogenetic status of bone marrow stromal elements obtained from six patients with Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), two in blast crisis, was studied in vitro utilizing the potential of marrow to form surface-adherent colonies morphologically compatible with mesenchymal elements. We demonstrated the absence of both the marker chromosome and other chromosomal abnormalities in all the fibroblastic colonies studied, indicating that the progenitors of such colonies (plaque-forming units in culture, PFU-C) are not closely related to hematopoietic elements including macrophages. This supports previous reports suggesting that the stromal elements in myelofibrosis associated with CML are not derived from the primary Ph1-positive malignant clone but represent a stromal reactive component of benign or independent malignant potential.", "contents": "Cytogentics of fibroblastic colonies in Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. The cytogenetic status of bone marrow stromal elements obtained from six patients with Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), two in blast crisis, was studied in vitro utilizing the potential of marrow to form surface-adherent colonies morphologically compatible with mesenchymal elements. We demonstrated the absence of both the marker chromosome and other chromosomal abnormalities in all the fibroblastic colonies studied, indicating that the progenitors of such colonies (plaque-forming units in culture, PFU-C) are not closely related to hematopoietic elements including macrophages. This supports previous reports suggesting that the stromal elements in myelofibrosis associated with CML are not derived from the primary Ph1-positive malignant clone but represent a stromal reactive component of benign or independent malignant potential."}
{"id": "PMID:274159", "title": "Evidence for distinct lymphocytic and monocytic populations in a patient with terminal transferase--positive acute leukemia.", "content": "Two distinct cell populations with lymphoblastic and monocytic characteristics were separated and characterized by multiple cell markers in a patient with terminal transferase-positive acute acute leukemia. The clinical course and sequential cell marker studies were consistent with the interpretation of a defect at the level of a common stem cell giving rise to a terminal transferase--positive lymphoblastic cell population at diagnosis and, following initial therapy, a terminal transferase--negative monocytic population.", "contents": "Evidence for distinct lymphocytic and monocytic populations in a patient with terminal transferase--positive acute leukemia. Two distinct cell populations with lymphoblastic and monocytic characteristics were separated and characterized by multiple cell markers in a patient with terminal transferase-positive acute acute leukemia. The clinical course and sequential cell marker studies were consistent with the interpretation of a defect at the level of a common stem cell giving rise to a terminal transferase--positive lymphoblastic cell population at diagnosis and, following initial therapy, a terminal transferase--negative monocytic population."}
{"id": "PMID:274160", "title": "Clonal evolution in atypical chronic granulocytic leukemia: a non-Philadelphia translocation.", "content": "Hemopoietic cells in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) frequently contain a chromosome translocation involving chromosome 22 and another autosome, usually number 9. The translocated chromosome 22 is known as the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. The appearance of a second Ph chromosome is the most common cytogenetic abnormality in CGL signaling the blastic phase. For 6 yr we serially studied a man with atypical CGL whose marrow cells were marked by a translocation from chromosome 18 to chromosome 11 [46XY,t(11;18)(q23;q12)]. Three months prior to blast transformation there appeared an extra copy of the marker chromosome 18: 47XY,t(11;18)(q23;q12),+(18p11 leads to 18q12). This man presents a new cytogenetic pattern of clonal evolution in CGL. The pattern is analogous to that of the Ph chromosome and is characterized by a balanced chromosomal rearrangement and the subsequent acquisition of an extra copy of the small translocation chromosome immediately prior to blast transformation.", "contents": "Clonal evolution in atypical chronic granulocytic leukemia: a non-Philadelphia translocation. Hemopoietic cells in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) frequently contain a chromosome translocation involving chromosome 22 and another autosome, usually number 9. The translocated chromosome 22 is known as the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. The appearance of a second Ph chromosome is the most common cytogenetic abnormality in CGL signaling the blastic phase. For 6 yr we serially studied a man with atypical CGL whose marrow cells were marked by a translocation from chromosome 18 to chromosome 11 [46XY,t(11;18)(q23;q12)]. Three months prior to blast transformation there appeared an extra copy of the marker chromosome 18: 47XY,t(11;18)(q23;q12),+(18p11 leads to 18q12). This man presents a new cytogenetic pattern of clonal evolution in CGL. The pattern is analogous to that of the Ph chromosome and is characterized by a balanced chromosomal rearrangement and the subsequent acquisition of an extra copy of the small translocation chromosome immediately prior to blast transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:274161", "title": "Cap formation on lymphocytes from patients with leukemic diseases induced by four different lectins.", "content": "When ficoll purified peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with fluorescein conjugated lectins from lentils (LCH), castor beans (RCA) and phaseolus coccineus beans (L-and E-PHA) for 15 min and the percentages of the cap forming cells were examined, the values of leukemic lymphocytes were reduced compared to the values obtained with normal lymphocytes. The reduction was more than half in patients with acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia and immunoblastoma, it was only one quarter in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and lymphosarcoma. The lowest number of cap forming cells was found in lymphoblasts of established lymphoblastoid cell lines. The four different lectins showed nearly the same capacity in the induction of caps. After successive binding, the different lectins showed cocapping on the lymphocyte surface.", "contents": "Cap formation on lymphocytes from patients with leukemic diseases induced by four different lectins. When ficoll purified peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with fluorescein conjugated lectins from lentils (LCH), castor beans (RCA) and phaseolus coccineus beans (L-and E-PHA) for 15 min and the percentages of the cap forming cells were examined, the values of leukemic lymphocytes were reduced compared to the values obtained with normal lymphocytes. The reduction was more than half in patients with acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia and immunoblastoma, it was only one quarter in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and lymphosarcoma. The lowest number of cap forming cells was found in lymphoblasts of established lymphoblastoid cell lines. The four different lectins showed nearly the same capacity in the induction of caps. After successive binding, the different lectins showed cocapping on the lymphocyte surface."}
{"id": "PMID:274164", "title": "The effect of diphenidol on ouabain cardiotoxicity in the cat.", "content": "The capacity of diphenidol to influence ouabain-induced cardiotoxicity was studied in anaesthetized cats with and without spinal cord transection. 2 Diphenidol pretreatment increased the lethal dose of ouabain in both intact cats and cats in which the spinal cords had been transected. Diphenidol pretreatment increased the myocardial content of ouabain associated with death in the intact animals, but failed to influence the lethal ventricular concentration in cats with transected spinal cords. 3 The failure of diphenidol to influence tissue thresholds for toxicity in the spinal cat and the equivalence of tissue ouabain requirements for death in spinal cats and diphenidol-treated intact animals, suggest a neural mechanism for the protective effect in intact animals. 4 Ouabain administration prolonged atrio-ventricular conduction time in all animals and diphenidol attenuated this effect. Thus, the influence of both drugs on antrioventricular conduction may not be entirely mediated by central neurones.", "contents": "The effect of diphenidol on ouabain cardiotoxicity in the cat. The capacity of diphenidol to influence ouabain-induced cardiotoxicity was studied in anaesthetized cats with and without spinal cord transection. 2 Diphenidol pretreatment increased the lethal dose of ouabain in both intact cats and cats in which the spinal cords had been transected. Diphenidol pretreatment increased the myocardial content of ouabain associated with death in the intact animals, but failed to influence the lethal ventricular concentration in cats with transected spinal cords. 3 The failure of diphenidol to influence tissue thresholds for toxicity in the spinal cat and the equivalence of tissue ouabain requirements for death in spinal cats and diphenidol-treated intact animals, suggest a neural mechanism for the protective effect in intact animals. 4 Ouabain administration prolonged atrio-ventricular conduction time in all animals and diphenidol attenuated this effect. Thus, the influence of both drugs on antrioventricular conduction may not be entirely mediated by central neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:274169", "title": "On the initiation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats.", "content": "In chronic spinal cats walking with the hind legs on a treadmill, one limb can be stopped by holding the paw while the other limb continues to walk. If the held limb is slowly brought backwards at one point the limb flexes and continues walking. It was found that the hip position at which the leg lifts off during such reaction is very close to the hip angle at the initiation of swing during locomotion. Similar findings were obtained by extending only the femur. The hand-held limb tends to initiate lift-off during the midstance or the midswing of the contralateral limb step cycle. It is concluded that hip position and the contralateral step cycle phase are two important factors determining the initiation of swing in one leg.", "contents": "On the initiation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats. In chronic spinal cats walking with the hind legs on a treadmill, one limb can be stopped by holding the paw while the other limb continues to walk. If the held limb is slowly brought backwards at one point the limb flexes and continues walking. It was found that the hip position at which the leg lifts off during such reaction is very close to the hip angle at the initiation of swing during locomotion. Similar findings were obtained by extending only the femur. The hand-held limb tends to initiate lift-off during the midstance or the midswing of the contralateral limb step cycle. It is concluded that hip position and the contralateral step cycle phase are two important factors determining the initiation of swing in one leg."}
{"id": "PMID:274171", "title": "A fatal myeloproliferative syndrome in a family with thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction.", "content": "Three siblings with a lifelong history of a bleeding disorder and thrombocytopenia died from a myeloproliferative disease. In 2, the terminal event resembled juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in the third, the diagnosis was acute monocytic leukemia. A family study revealed that the mother and 5 other siblings had a variety of hematologic abnormalities. These included chronic thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet function, elevated concentrations of HgbF or serum vitamin B12, and low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) scores either singly or in combination. At the time of study, none had evidence of malignancy. Members of this family have a myeloproliferative disorder that has the potential for terminating in nonlymphocytic leukemia, a combination of events which appears not to have been reported previously.", "contents": "A fatal myeloproliferative syndrome in a family with thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction. Three siblings with a lifelong history of a bleeding disorder and thrombocytopenia died from a myeloproliferative disease. In 2, the terminal event resembled juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in the third, the diagnosis was acute monocytic leukemia. A family study revealed that the mother and 5 other siblings had a variety of hematologic abnormalities. These included chronic thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet function, elevated concentrations of HgbF or serum vitamin B12, and low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) scores either singly or in combination. At the time of study, none had evidence of malignancy. Members of this family have a myeloproliferative disorder that has the potential for terminating in nonlymphocytic leukemia, a combination of events which appears not to have been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:274172", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis occurring in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Five cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) in patients being treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) have been previously reported. Two additional cases are described here, all known cases are reviewed, and the phenomenon is discussed. The most tenable explanation for this phenomenon appears to be that ALL and MH may have been interrelated in these patients with both diseases originating from a common stem cell.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis occurring in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Five cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) in patients being treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) have been previously reported. Two additional cases are described here, all known cases are reviewed, and the phenomenon is discussed. The most tenable explanation for this phenomenon appears to be that ALL and MH may have been interrelated in these patients with both diseases originating from a common stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:274174", "title": "Formation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline in cultured human leukemic RPMI 6410 cells.", "content": "When incubated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), RPMI 6410 cells formed a hitherto unrecognized ara-C metabolite, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline. This compound was characterized by (a) chromatographic behavior, (b) chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, (c) phosphorus content, and (d) incorporation of [5-3H]ara-C and [methyl-14C]choline. Formation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline by RPMI 6410 cells was enhanced in the presence of 3-deazauridine (DU) and was preceded by that of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate. The antiproliferative effects of ara-C and DU toward RPMI 6410 cells were potentiated when the agents were present together. The anabolism of ara-C during a 24-hr interval of culture was markedly enhanced by the presence of DU; cellular concentrations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline were 5- and 15-fold higher than those in the absence of DU. This enhancement appears to be the basis of the potentiation of cytotoxicity resulting from combination of the agents. Pretreatment of RPMI 6410 cells with DU resulted in enhanced rates of cellular uptake of ara-C. ara-C uptake under these circumstances was blocked by the inhibitor of nucleoside transport, nitrobenzylthioinosine.", "contents": "Formation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline in cultured human leukemic RPMI 6410 cells. When incubated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), RPMI 6410 cells formed a hitherto unrecognized ara-C metabolite, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline. This compound was characterized by (a) chromatographic behavior, (b) chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, (c) phosphorus content, and (d) incorporation of [5-3H]ara-C and [methyl-14C]choline. Formation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline by RPMI 6410 cells was enhanced in the presence of 3-deazauridine (DU) and was preceded by that of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate. The antiproliferative effects of ara-C and DU toward RPMI 6410 cells were potentiated when the agents were present together. The anabolism of ara-C during a 24-hr interval of culture was markedly enhanced by the presence of DU; cellular concentrations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline were 5- and 15-fold higher than those in the absence of DU. This enhancement appears to be the basis of the potentiation of cytotoxicity resulting from combination of the agents. Pretreatment of RPMI 6410 cells with DU resulted in enhanced rates of cellular uptake of ara-C. ara-C uptake under these circumstances was blocked by the inhibitor of nucleoside transport, nitrobenzylthioinosine."}
{"id": "PMID:274175", "title": "Formation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline in neoplastic and normal cells.", "content": "1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline was formed from 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) during incubation in vitro of peripheral myeloblasts from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and cultured cells (nonleukemic human lymphocytes, mouse lymphoma L5178Y, and HeLa); as well, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline was formed in vivo in mouse leukemia L1210 cells and mouse liver. 3-Deazauridine enhanced the anabolism of ara-C in nonleukemic lymphocytes in vitro and leukemia L1210 cells in vivo but did not influence ara-C anabolism in the other cell types. In acute myelogenous leukemia myeloblasts incubated in vitro with ara-C, concentrations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate were maximal after 8 hr of incubation and formation of the latter preceded that of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline.", "contents": "Formation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline in neoplastic and normal cells. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline was formed from 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) during incubation in vitro of peripheral myeloblasts from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and cultured cells (nonleukemic human lymphocytes, mouse lymphoma L5178Y, and HeLa); as well, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline was formed in vivo in mouse leukemia L1210 cells and mouse liver. 3-Deazauridine enhanced the anabolism of ara-C in nonleukemic lymphocytes in vitro and leukemia L1210 cells in vivo but did not influence ara-C anabolism in the other cell types. In acute myelogenous leukemia myeloblasts incubated in vitro with ara-C, concentrations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate were maximal after 8 hr of incubation and formation of the latter preceded that of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine diphosphate choline."}
{"id": "PMID:274176", "title": "Comparative cytogenetic studies of normal and leukemic lymphoblastoid cell lines during the course of their establishment.", "content": "A comparative chromosomal analysis was made of 10 human lymphoblastoid cell lines, four of which originated from normal donor lymphocytes and six of which were from leukemic peripheral blood. For comparison of lymphoblastoid cells with respect to their normal or leukemic origin, cytogenetic studies have been carried out regularly since the beginning of the culture during more than 3 years. Samples were drawn during the three phases previously described for the establishment of these lines. The chromosome distribution remained diploid for at least 2 years in normal cell lines, and the cells were euploid. In contrast, an important variability of the chromosome set was demonstrated during the same period in leukemic cell lines. Moreover, in these lines, it was always possible to observe a nonsystemic pseudodiploidy. After 2 years, a clonal evolution was described in both types of cell lines that carried at least one marker. With a controlled-heating denaturation technique, it was possible to identify the markers as specific to each cell line. The cells with marker chromosomes appeared to have a selective advantage of growth.", "contents": "Comparative cytogenetic studies of normal and leukemic lymphoblastoid cell lines during the course of their establishment. A comparative chromosomal analysis was made of 10 human lymphoblastoid cell lines, four of which originated from normal donor lymphocytes and six of which were from leukemic peripheral blood. For comparison of lymphoblastoid cells with respect to their normal or leukemic origin, cytogenetic studies have been carried out regularly since the beginning of the culture during more than 3 years. Samples were drawn during the three phases previously described for the establishment of these lines. The chromosome distribution remained diploid for at least 2 years in normal cell lines, and the cells were euploid. In contrast, an important variability of the chromosome set was demonstrated during the same period in leukemic cell lines. Moreover, in these lines, it was always possible to observe a nonsystemic pseudodiploidy. After 2 years, a clonal evolution was described in both types of cell lines that carried at least one marker. With a controlled-heating denaturation technique, it was possible to identify the markers as specific to each cell line. The cells with marker chromosomes appeared to have a selective advantage of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:274177", "title": "Comparison of metoprine (DDMP) and etoprine (DDEP) by measuring the inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into the DNA of human leukemic cells 1,2,3.", "content": "In vitro studies were used to measure the incorporation of labeled deoxyuridine into the DNA of human leukemic cells in autologous plasma in order to compare the inhibitory effects of two diaminopyrimidines, metoprine and etoprine. The results indicate that these two lipid-soluble folate antagonists give similar qualitative and quantitative effects over a concentration range of from 1 to 100 micrometer. However, drug-induced inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was quite variable for cells obtained from different adult patients, even within a given morphologic type of leukemia. Despite these biologic varitions in leukemic sensitivity in vitro, both drugs gave virtually identical results on an equimolar basis.", "contents": "Comparison of metoprine (DDMP) and etoprine (DDEP) by measuring the inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into the DNA of human leukemic cells 1,2,3. In vitro studies were used to measure the incorporation of labeled deoxyuridine into the DNA of human leukemic cells in autologous plasma in order to compare the inhibitory effects of two diaminopyrimidines, metoprine and etoprine. The results indicate that these two lipid-soluble folate antagonists give similar qualitative and quantitative effects over a concentration range of from 1 to 100 micrometer. However, drug-induced inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was quite variable for cells obtained from different adult patients, even within a given morphologic type of leukemia. Despite these biologic varitions in leukemic sensitivity in vitro, both drugs gave virtually identical results on an equimolar basis."}
{"id": "PMID:274178", "title": "Structure of the polysaccharide formed by incubating glycogen with D-[14C]glucose in the presence of the glycogen debranching enzyme [amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase].", "content": "[14C]Glycogen has been synthetized in vitro by incubating D-[14C]glucose with rabbit-liver glycogen in the presence of a pure preparation of the glycogen debranching enzyme [amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase]. The course of the reaction has been monitored and 14C-products isolated after 30 min and 5 h. The distribution of D-[14C]glucose groups in the polysaccharides has been determined by debranching the molecules with a crystalline isoamylase from Pseudomonas. The quantities of unlabeled and 14C-linear unit chains containing D-[14C]glucose at their reducing ends have been determined by paper chromatography followed by enzymic degradation and analysis. In the 30-min product, between 65 and 85% of the D-[14C]glucose groups were covered by unlabeled groups because of transferase action. In the 5-h product, the extent of covering approached 100%. Extensive redistribution of unlabeled groups also was found to have occurred, even in the early stages of the reaction. It is concluded that the D-[14C]glucose incorporation assay for amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase, as ordinarily carried out, is probably not specific just for the hydrolytic action of this enzyme, but that it depends indirectly on its transferase activity as well.", "contents": "Structure of the polysaccharide formed by incubating glycogen with D-[14C]glucose in the presence of the glycogen debranching enzyme [amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase]. [14C]Glycogen has been synthetized in vitro by incubating D-[14C]glucose with rabbit-liver glycogen in the presence of a pure preparation of the glycogen debranching enzyme [amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase]. The course of the reaction has been monitored and 14C-products isolated after 30 min and 5 h. The distribution of D-[14C]glucose groups in the polysaccharides has been determined by debranching the molecules with a crystalline isoamylase from Pseudomonas. The quantities of unlabeled and 14C-linear unit chains containing D-[14C]glucose at their reducing ends have been determined by paper chromatography followed by enzymic degradation and analysis. In the 30-min product, between 65 and 85% of the D-[14C]glucose groups were covered by unlabeled groups because of transferase action. In the 5-h product, the extent of covering approached 100%. Extensive redistribution of unlabeled groups also was found to have occurred, even in the early stages of the reaction. It is concluded that the D-[14C]glucose incorporation assay for amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase, as ordinarily carried out, is probably not specific just for the hydrolytic action of this enzyme, but that it depends indirectly on its transferase activity as well."}
{"id": "PMID:274258", "title": "Multiple primary cancers and prolonged survival: familial colonic and endometrial cancers.", "content": "We describe features of multiple cancers in a small kindred wherein a cluster of tumors affecting various anatomic sites has been observed among eight directline relatives. Three of these individuals have had two or more primary malignancies, and one woman showed a remarkable tolerance to invasive cancer, having had four histologically verified neoplasms (cancers of the ovary, endometrium, and colon, and myelogenous leukemia). The constellation of tumors occurring at an early age among relatives of the kindred supports a genetic etiology.", "contents": "Multiple primary cancers and prolonged survival: familial colonic and endometrial cancers. We describe features of multiple cancers in a small kindred wherein a cluster of tumors affecting various anatomic sites has been observed among eight directline relatives. Three of these individuals have had two or more primary malignancies, and one woman showed a remarkable tolerance to invasive cancer, having had four histologically verified neoplasms (cancers of the ovary, endometrium, and colon, and myelogenous leukemia). The constellation of tumors occurring at an early age among relatives of the kindred supports a genetic etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:274260", "title": "[Comparison between the findings of the AOK health insurance company (position 01) and clinical diagnosis in Berlin patients].", "content": "The dental records of 9986 patients between the ages of 12 and 50 (position 01) of the AOK (Public Health Insurance) Berlin were studied concerning missing and carious teeth. The number of teeth and actual frequency of caries were established. It was shown that it was possible and practicable to obtain information on number and loss of teeth on the basis of sick notes. On the other hand the actual frequency of caries was found to be significantly higher on clinical examination than could be derived from AOK statistics: 12 to 15 year-olds showed on average 4,7 acute carious teeth on clinical examination as against 2,3 on AOK records.", "contents": "[Comparison between the findings of the AOK health insurance company (position 01) and clinical diagnosis in Berlin patients]. The dental records of 9986 patients between the ages of 12 and 50 (position 01) of the AOK (Public Health Insurance) Berlin were studied concerning missing and carious teeth. The number of teeth and actual frequency of caries were established. It was shown that it was possible and practicable to obtain information on number and loss of teeth on the basis of sick notes. On the other hand the actual frequency of caries was found to be significantly higher on clinical examination than could be derived from AOK statistics: 12 to 15 year-olds showed on average 4,7 acute carious teeth on clinical examination as against 2,3 on AOK records."}
{"id": "PMID:274261", "title": "[The stability of fluoride concentrations at the enamel surface].", "content": "A new method for in vitro fluoridisation of dental enamel is presented where commercial fluoride tablets of available fluoride compounds are subjected to comparative tests (Sodium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, or trisodiumhexafluoroferrate). Special consideration was given to stability of fluoride concentration on the enamel surface. Considerable differences were observed in the level of fluoride content directly after the last administration of fluoride and also the amount of fluoride concentration in 24 hours. The highest initial fluoride concentration was achieved with NaF (pH 4.0) and Na3FeF6 in combination with NaF, CaF2 and MgF2 (pH 4.0) whereas the greatest stability was reached with NaF.", "contents": "[The stability of fluoride concentrations at the enamel surface]. A new method for in vitro fluoridisation of dental enamel is presented where commercial fluoride tablets of available fluoride compounds are subjected to comparative tests (Sodium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, or trisodiumhexafluoroferrate). Special consideration was given to stability of fluoride concentration on the enamel surface. Considerable differences were observed in the level of fluoride content directly after the last administration of fluoride and also the amount of fluoride concentration in 24 hours. The highest initial fluoride concentration was achieved with NaF (pH 4.0) and Na3FeF6 in combination with NaF, CaF2 and MgF2 (pH 4.0) whereas the greatest stability was reached with NaF."}
{"id": "PMID:274262", "title": "[Caries preventive effect of fluoride lacquer after several year's use in children].", "content": "The course and result of a study in caries prophylaxis with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) is reported which was carried out under the auspices of the youth health organisation of the Land Hessen on pupils of the districts of Hanau Stadt and Land. During the course of 3 years the preparation was applied 5 or 6 times by a quick touch method. It resulted in significant marked decrease in the spread of caries as compared with control pupils.", "contents": "[Caries preventive effect of fluoride lacquer after several year's use in children]. The course and result of a study in caries prophylaxis with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) is reported which was carried out under the auspices of the youth health organisation of the Land Hessen on pupils of the districts of Hanau Stadt and Land. During the course of 3 years the preparation was applied 5 or 6 times by a quick touch method. It resulted in significant marked decrease in the spread of caries as compared with control pupils."}
{"id": "PMID:274263", "title": "[Prevention of plaque by means of tin fluorides].", "content": "In a group of students who rinsed their mouths twice daily with a 0.2 or 0.3% SnF2-solution, tin fluoride clearly checked plaque development. The mechanism responsible for this may be the attachment of Sn2+ to acid particles on the surface of oral bacteria and on the cuticula dentis.", "contents": "[Prevention of plaque by means of tin fluorides]. In a group of students who rinsed their mouths twice daily with a 0.2 or 0.3% SnF2-solution, tin fluoride clearly checked plaque development. The mechanism responsible for this may be the attachment of Sn2+ to acid particles on the surface of oral bacteria and on the cuticula dentis."}
{"id": "PMID:274264", "title": "[Effect of sodium fluoride on the metabolism of the rat kidney cortex and medulla].", "content": "Tissue sections of cortex and outer and inner medulla of rat kidneys were examined in the Warburg apparatus with and without addition of NaF. It was shown that the O2 consumption was not significantly reduced in the presence of 0.05 mM F (=0.95 ppm F!) or smaller amounts. The respiratory quotient was not changed by NaF. Lactate formation in sections from the inner medulla was reduced to the same degree as O2 consumption. Maximal concentrations of plasma fluoride which are met in doses of fluoride used for the prophylaxis of caries, do not impair renal metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium fluoride on the metabolism of the rat kidney cortex and medulla]. Tissue sections of cortex and outer and inner medulla of rat kidneys were examined in the Warburg apparatus with and without addition of NaF. It was shown that the O2 consumption was not significantly reduced in the presence of 0.05 mM F (=0.95 ppm F!) or smaller amounts. The respiratory quotient was not changed by NaF. Lactate formation in sections from the inner medulla was reduced to the same degree as O2 consumption. Maximal concentrations of plasma fluoride which are met in doses of fluoride used for the prophylaxis of caries, do not impair renal metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:274265", "title": "[Metabolism of the sugar substitute xylite by microorganisms of the human oral cavity].", "content": "With the help of thin layer chromatography, human saliva was examined after varying lengths of incubation time of radioactively labelled xylitol to determine whether bacteria of the human oral cavity are able to use this sugar substitute. This showed that different activities occur in saliva which either complete the breakdown within a few hours or require more than 24 hours incubation. Induction of the enzymes for xylitol and sorbitol breakdown was observed during incubation, which led to a speeding up of metabolism. A comparison with sorbitol revealed that xylitol is metabolised considerably more slowly than sorbitol.", "contents": "[Metabolism of the sugar substitute xylite by microorganisms of the human oral cavity]. With the help of thin layer chromatography, human saliva was examined after varying lengths of incubation time of radioactively labelled xylitol to determine whether bacteria of the human oral cavity are able to use this sugar substitute. This showed that different activities occur in saliva which either complete the breakdown within a few hours or require more than 24 hours incubation. Induction of the enzymes for xylitol and sorbitol breakdown was observed during incubation, which led to a speeding up of metabolism. A comparison with sorbitol revealed that xylitol is metabolised considerably more slowly than sorbitol."}
{"id": "PMID:274266", "title": "[Palatinite--a new sugar substitute and its caries prophylactic evaluation].", "content": "By means of programmed feeding experiments on rats, the caries-producing properties of a new sugar substitute Palat-nit were compared with those of other carbohydrates. The cariogenicity of Palatinit was significantly lower than that of sucrose and lactose and roughly comparable to that of L-sorbose. Reference strains of s. mutans are unable to produce extra-cellular polysaccharide or notable amounts of acid from Palatinit. The use of this substance as sugar substitute can be recommended for caries prophylaxis on the basis of these experiments.", "contents": "[Palatinite--a new sugar substitute and its caries prophylactic evaluation]. By means of programmed feeding experiments on rats, the caries-producing properties of a new sugar substitute Palat-nit were compared with those of other carbohydrates. The cariogenicity of Palatinit was significantly lower than that of sucrose and lactose and roughly comparable to that of L-sorbose. Reference strains of s. mutans are unable to produce extra-cellular polysaccharide or notable amounts of acid from Palatinit. The use of this substance as sugar substitute can be recommended for caries prophylaxis on the basis of these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:274267", "title": "[Mineral sealing of dental enamel for caries prevention; basis and possibilities].", "content": "When sealing enamel minerally with enamel sealing liquid, highly polymerised silicic acids are deposited in water medium from fluorosilicates. This method makes it possible to cover the enamel completely as can be proved by scan electronmicroscopic and solution experiments. Even the predilection sites for caries are covered. As fluorides which are deposited at the same time, especially copper fluoride, diffuse into the silicic acid polymerisate and are able to produce effects in the vicinity, this method represents a combination of enamel sealing with optimal local fluoridation.", "contents": "[Mineral sealing of dental enamel for caries prevention; basis and possibilities]. When sealing enamel minerally with enamel sealing liquid, highly polymerised silicic acids are deposited in water medium from fluorosilicates. This method makes it possible to cover the enamel completely as can be proved by scan electronmicroscopic and solution experiments. Even the predilection sites for caries are covered. As fluorides which are deposited at the same time, especially copper fluoride, diffuse into the silicic acid polymerisate and are able to produce effects in the vicinity, this method represents a combination of enamel sealing with optimal local fluoridation."}
{"id": "PMID:274268", "title": "A 48-month evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite material.", "content": "The idea of pit and fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation evaluates the retention of a diluted composite material (Concise Enamel Bond System) used as a pit and fissure sealant. On the basis of a clinical evaluation in 63 children of the retention of the material for 48 months, it seems justified to assume that a diluted composite material is a fully acceptable alternative to other fissure-sealing materials.", "contents": "A 48-month evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite material. The idea of pit and fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation evaluates the retention of a diluted composite material (Concise Enamel Bond System) used as a pit and fissure sealant. On the basis of a clinical evaluation in 63 children of the retention of the material for 48 months, it seems justified to assume that a diluted composite material is a fully acceptable alternative to other fissure-sealing materials."}
{"id": "PMID:274269", "title": "[Modification of the filling margin by ultrasonics].", "content": "On 117 extracted teeth the border closure of polished fillings with various materials was examined after exposure to the action of ultrasound. The estimation of the depth of roughening in the area of the border of the filling was achieved with the help of the F\u00f6rster profilograph. In addition we present the results obtained by the REM technique. It was shown that the least damage of the border closure was in teeth filled with composites.", "contents": "[Modification of the filling margin by ultrasonics]. On 117 extracted teeth the border closure of polished fillings with various materials was examined after exposure to the action of ultrasound. The estimation of the depth of roughening in the area of the border of the filling was achieved with the help of the F\u00f6rster profilograph. In addition we present the results obtained by the REM technique. It was shown that the least damage of the border closure was in teeth filled with composites."}
{"id": "PMID:274270", "title": "[The abrasion of amalgam and composites in the lateral dental region].", "content": "In 41 patients class 11 cavities each of the lower jaw were filled with the materials Adaptic, Concise cap, Epoxydent or amalgam. The models made from impressions were systemically measured by a coordinate measuring machine according to a procedure determined by us (measuring error of this method about 15 micron). After one year the following abrasions were found: amalgam 18 micron +/- 58 micron, Adaptic 92 micron +/- 97 micron, Concise Cap 146 micron +/- 75 micron, Epoxydent 38 micron +/- 50 micron. Evaluation of the clinical examination showed that the materials Concise and Epoxydent were significantly inferior as regards border closure than amalgam and Adaptic. We determined further that a large percentage of composite filling showed visible discoloration of the borders (Adaptic 42%, Concise 55%, Epoxydent 80%). Many of the fillings were discolored after a year. Adaptic was highly significantly different with 31.6% discolored fillings to both other materials (Concise 79%, Epoxydent 78.4%).", "contents": "[The abrasion of amalgam and composites in the lateral dental region]. In 41 patients class 11 cavities each of the lower jaw were filled with the materials Adaptic, Concise cap, Epoxydent or amalgam. The models made from impressions were systemically measured by a coordinate measuring machine according to a procedure determined by us (measuring error of this method about 15 micron). After one year the following abrasions were found: amalgam 18 micron +/- 58 micron, Adaptic 92 micron +/- 97 micron, Concise Cap 146 micron +/- 75 micron, Epoxydent 38 micron +/- 50 micron. Evaluation of the clinical examination showed that the materials Concise and Epoxydent were significantly inferior as regards border closure than amalgam and Adaptic. We determined further that a large percentage of composite filling showed visible discoloration of the borders (Adaptic 42%, Concise 55%, Epoxydent 80%). Many of the fillings were discolored after a year. Adaptic was highly significantly different with 31.6% discolored fillings to both other materials (Concise 79%, Epoxydent 78.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:274271", "title": "[Treatment of aproximal carious periodontal lesions during caries therapy (preliminary report)].", "content": "Assessment of X-ray pictures by the right-angle technique shows that it is not sufficient simply to restore the carious lesion by filling. It is also necessary to stimulate regeneration of the damaged retaining apparatus of the tooth by curettage. It appears advisable to employ radiological control of the approximal carious defect before the beginning of treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of aproximal carious periodontal lesions during caries therapy (preliminary report)]. Assessment of X-ray pictures by the right-angle technique shows that it is not sufficient simply to restore the carious lesion by filling. It is also necessary to stimulate regeneration of the damaged retaining apparatus of the tooth by curettage. It appears advisable to employ radiological control of the approximal carious defect before the beginning of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:274272", "title": "[Proximal grooves in Danish mesolythic and neolythic molars].", "content": "In 24 out of 350 mesolithic and neolithic sets of teeth from Denmark approximal grooves were found in the side teeth. 30 molars, 15 premolars and one canine tooth showed cervical, horizontally running grooves, i.e. 45 on distal and 21 on mesial tooth surfaces. The grooves lay in the root dentine with slight overlapping on the cervical enamel. They were polished smooth and well demarcated from the surrounding tooth surface. These grooves occurred in wellworn teeth (75%), and were associated with marginal bone absorption (70%) and caries (30%). These grooves could have been caused by toothpicklike bone clasps used for therapeutic and palliative purpose.", "contents": "[Proximal grooves in Danish mesolythic and neolythic molars]. In 24 out of 350 mesolithic and neolithic sets of teeth from Denmark approximal grooves were found in the side teeth. 30 molars, 15 premolars and one canine tooth showed cervical, horizontally running grooves, i.e. 45 on distal and 21 on mesial tooth surfaces. The grooves lay in the root dentine with slight overlapping on the cervical enamel. They were polished smooth and well demarcated from the surrounding tooth surface. These grooves occurred in wellworn teeth (75%), and were associated with marginal bone absorption (70%) and caries (30%). These grooves could have been caused by toothpicklike bone clasps used for therapeutic and palliative purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:274275", "title": "[Microradiographic study of secondary caries at filling margins in human teeth, in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "A histological examination of solid tissue was undertaken to find out whether the appearance of border caries of fillings performed in situ and in vivo differs or looks the same. The results prove that secondary caries can be produced experimentally, and that the same mineral loss occurs as in secondary caries occurring under natural conditions. It occurs in 2 forms: the outer lesion and the lesion of the cavity wall. In addition results were obtained on the breadth of border clefts, forms of preparations and the quality of fillings and underfillings.", "contents": "[Microradiographic study of secondary caries at filling margins in human teeth, in vivo and in vitro]. A histological examination of solid tissue was undertaken to find out whether the appearance of border caries of fillings performed in situ and in vivo differs or looks the same. The results prove that secondary caries can be produced experimentally, and that the same mineral loss occurs as in secondary caries occurring under natural conditions. It occurs in 2 forms: the outer lesion and the lesion of the cavity wall. In addition results were obtained on the breadth of border clefts, forms of preparations and the quality of fillings and underfillings."}
{"id": "PMID:274276", "title": "[Experimental studies on the radiographic presentation of proximal caries in the lateral region].", "content": "In this investigation the evaluation of caries by clinical inspection, bitewing X-rays and ellipsographic survey  (Panelipse R) were contrasted. The results in 112 volunteers showed that the ellipsographic survey almost doubles the detection of caries but does not achieve the detail of bitewing X-rays.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the radiographic presentation of proximal caries in the lateral region]. In this investigation the evaluation of caries by clinical inspection, bitewing X-rays and ellipsographic survey  (Panelipse R) were contrasted. The results in 112 volunteers showed that the ellipsographic survey almost doubles the detection of caries but does not achieve the detail of bitewing X-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:274278", "title": "[Dentin wound dressings in a radioisotope test].", "content": "On standardised test bodies, the imperviousness of the materials Dycal, guttapercha, Reocap and zince oxide-oil of cloves was examined with the help of a solution of 131J. This revealed rates of impulse and therefore values of imperviousness which varied greatly in all materials, depending on time, enable appropriate recommendations for practice to be made.", "contents": "[Dentin wound dressings in a radioisotope test]. On standardised test bodies, the imperviousness of the materials Dycal, guttapercha, Reocap and zince oxide-oil of cloves was examined with the help of a solution of 131J. This revealed rates of impulse and therefore values of imperviousness which varied greatly in all materials, depending on time, enable appropriate recommendations for practice to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:274279", "title": "[3-dimensional supporting pivot for the determination of a painless mandibular position].", "content": "A three dimensional adjustable supporting system is described which is useful in achieving a trouble-free mandibular position in asymmetrical myoarthropathies. The reproducible adjustment of the supporting point makes it possible to compare different favourable positions of the condyle with least expenditure of technique and time. The description is supplemented by a case report.", "contents": "[3-dimensional supporting pivot for the determination of a painless mandibular position]. A three dimensional adjustable supporting system is described which is useful in achieving a trouble-free mandibular position in asymmetrical myoarthropathies. The reproducible adjustment of the supporting point makes it possible to compare different favourable positions of the condyle with least expenditure of technique and time. The description is supplemented by a case report."}
{"id": "PMID:274282", "title": "[Relationship between hardness, abrasion and bending strength of UV-polymerizable adhesives].", "content": "These experiments were undertaken to explore the influence of hardening on bending and bending strength of photopolymerisable adhesives. It was shown that light sources at present in use only influence the bending strength to a small degree but enable 40% variation in bending. The use of more intensive light sources not yet in commercial use led to further improvements.", "contents": "[Relationship between hardness, abrasion and bending strength of UV-polymerizable adhesives]. These experiments were undertaken to explore the influence of hardening on bending and bending strength of photopolymerisable adhesives. It was shown that light sources at present in use only influence the bending strength to a small degree but enable 40% variation in bending. The use of more intensive light sources not yet in commercial use led to further improvements."}
{"id": "PMID:274283", "title": "[Radiological and histological aspects of cystic odontoma--a critical opinion on definition].", "content": "In addition to efforts classify hard odontomas the literature also contains numerous clinical descriptions of so-called cystic odontomas. The author describes a case of complex \"cystic\" odontoma with special regard to Xray and histological findings and comments on required changes in the nomenclature.", "contents": "[Radiological and histological aspects of cystic odontoma--a critical opinion on definition]. In addition to efforts classify hard odontomas the literature also contains numerous clinical descriptions of so-called cystic odontomas. The author describes a case of complex \"cystic\" odontoma with special regard to Xray and histological findings and comments on required changes in the nomenclature."}
{"id": "PMID:274284", "title": "[Calcified epithelial odontogenic maxillary tumor. Case report].", "content": "The clinical course and histological appearances of a calcifying epithelial odontogenous tumour is presented. Because of the close proximity between the tumour and a retained wisdom tooth a pathogenetic connection appears likely.", "contents": "[Calcified epithelial odontogenic maxillary tumor. Case report]. The clinical course and histological appearances of a calcifying epithelial odontogenous tumour is presented. Because of the close proximity between the tumour and a retained wisdom tooth a pathogenetic connection appears likely."}
{"id": "PMID:274288", "title": "[Standardized apical titanium pin for plugging the root canal during apicoectomy].", "content": "A new procedure for apical closure after apical root resection with a metal filling is presented which is easy to handle with appropriately standardized equipment and ensures exact apical closure. By conical preparation of the whole root, a standardized metal peg which resists distortion can be used for anchoring the crown prosthesis without further preparation. Temporarily a standardized guttapercha peg can be used for closure. Even if renewed work on the root becomes necessary later, the apical metal closure remains firm because of its wedging.", "contents": "[Standardized apical titanium pin for plugging the root canal during apicoectomy]. A new procedure for apical closure after apical root resection with a metal filling is presented which is easy to handle with appropriately standardized equipment and ensures exact apical closure. By conical preparation of the whole root, a standardized metal peg which resists distortion can be used for anchoring the crown prosthesis without further preparation. Temporarily a standardized guttapercha peg can be used for closure. Even if renewed work on the root becomes necessary later, the apical metal closure remains firm because of its wedging."}
{"id": "PMID:274289", "title": "[Root canal filling after apicoectomy, as seen on the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "The radiologically controled apicectomy shows frequently unsuccessful results. In histological examinations of the root apex area after apicectomy chronic inflammation is regularly seen even in negative radiologic findings. Examination of the most frequently used root filling material (zincoxyphosphate with guttapercha point) by scanning electron microscopy shows a porous surface and between the canal wall and the root filling material there appears regularly a deep groove as no contact is achieved. The rough surface structure, the chemical composition and the loose contact of the components in this area are considered irritative factors and reasons of failure in treatment.", "contents": "[Root canal filling after apicoectomy, as seen on the scanning electron microscope]. The radiologically controled apicectomy shows frequently unsuccessful results. In histological examinations of the root apex area after apicectomy chronic inflammation is regularly seen even in negative radiologic findings. Examination of the most frequently used root filling material (zincoxyphosphate with guttapercha point) by scanning electron microscopy shows a porous surface and between the canal wall and the root filling material there appears regularly a deep groove as no contact is achieved. The rough surface structure, the chemical composition and the loose contact of the components in this area are considered irritative factors and reasons of failure in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:274291", "title": "[Endosseous aluminum oxide-ceramics implantations. The activities of a work group sponsored by the county government of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg].", "content": "Emanating from the recognition of the favourable body tolerance of some ceramic substances in the U.S.A., investigations were started in 1970 with a view to the possibilities to improve endoprosthesis of joints by the use of Al2O3 ceramics. The experience collected brought a new insight into bio-mechanically based reactions occurring in osseous tissue bordering the implant. Their use in tooth implants led to corresponding adaptations of implant forms.", "contents": "[Endosseous aluminum oxide-ceramics implantations. The activities of a work group sponsored by the county government of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg]. Emanating from the recognition of the favourable body tolerance of some ceramic substances in the U.S.A., investigations were started in 1970 with a view to the possibilities to improve endoprosthesis of joints by the use of Al2O3 ceramics. The experience collected brought a new insight into bio-mechanically based reactions occurring in osseous tissue bordering the implant. Their use in tooth implants led to corresponding adaptations of implant forms."}
{"id": "PMID:274292", "title": "[The effect of the shape of aluminum oxide-ceramic implants on its staying power in the dog mandible].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on implants of Al2O3 ceramic as secondary single toothe replacement in the lower jaw of young Beagle test dogs. Two basically different forms with altogether 7 variations were tested: the first three types of implants had conical roots and a further 4 had cylindrical roots. Common to all 7 types was an implantation shoulder which was tested for its ability to conduct the masticatory force via the cortical substance to the mandibular bone. All implants are at least under indirect masticatory strain; type 80-40-027-00 was directly under strain: part of the implant, shaped like a premolar protrudes through the gum directly into the oral cavity. Preliminary results show that cylindrical root shapes stood the test well. Their length was of no great importance. Conical root shapes without special provision of retention are not suitable. Firm positioning of the implant during introduction is of prime importance. A cortically placed implantation shoulder is not suitable for the conduction of the masticatory pressure into the mandibular bone in dogs.", "contents": "[The effect of the shape of aluminum oxide-ceramic implants on its staying power in the dog mandible]. Investigations were carried out on implants of Al2O3 ceramic as secondary single toothe replacement in the lower jaw of young Beagle test dogs. Two basically different forms with altogether 7 variations were tested: the first three types of implants had conical roots and a further 4 had cylindrical roots. Common to all 7 types was an implantation shoulder which was tested for its ability to conduct the masticatory force via the cortical substance to the mandibular bone. All implants are at least under indirect masticatory strain; type 80-40-027-00 was directly under strain: part of the implant, shaped like a premolar protrudes through the gum directly into the oral cavity. Preliminary results show that cylindrical root shapes stood the test well. Their length was of no great importance. Conical root shapes without special provision of retention are not suitable. Firm positioning of the implant during introduction is of prime importance. A cortically placed implantation shoulder is not suitable for the conduction of the masticatory pressure into the mandibular bone in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:274293", "title": "[Animal experiments on the question of healing around the T\u00fcbingen immediate implant].", "content": "In order to determine the capacity for deposition of bone, 5 Beagles were each implanted extraorally with 6 aluminium oxide cylinders into the horizontal mandibular ramus. 4 months after the first implantation a second implantation was carried out in the opposite side with similar cylinders. After six months all were removed so that in altogether 60 implants the bone deposition could be observed 4 months and 2 months after implantation. A further 14 dogs received altogether 55 Tuebinger immediate implants. All animals were regularly observed post-operatively. After 6 months all cylinder full-implants had been accepted without reaction. All tooth implants which were either not put under strain or were immediately put under pressure healed without reaction. After three months 19 implants were lost and a further 5 were lost after 8 months. All cylinder implants were histologically examined 6 months after first implantation.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the question of healing around the T\u00fcbingen immediate implant]. In order to determine the capacity for deposition of bone, 5 Beagles were each implanted extraorally with 6 aluminium oxide cylinders into the horizontal mandibular ramus. 4 months after the first implantation a second implantation was carried out in the opposite side with similar cylinders. After six months all were removed so that in altogether 60 implants the bone deposition could be observed 4 months and 2 months after implantation. A further 14 dogs received altogether 55 Tuebinger immediate implants. All animals were regularly observed post-operatively. After 6 months all cylinder full-implants had been accepted without reaction. All tooth implants which were either not put under strain or were immediately put under pressure healed without reaction. After three months 19 implants were lost and a further 5 were lost after 8 months. All cylinder implants were histologically examined 6 months after first implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:274294", "title": "[Light and scanning electronmicroscopic studies of border surfaces of aluminum oxide-ceramic implants in the dog mandible].", "content": "The mandibular bone of beagles as well as foxhounds and the border surfaces in the area of implants of dense Al2O3 ceramic were examined by scan electron microscope and optically in undecalcified preparations 4 and 6 months after the start of the experiment. All implants healed without foreign body or inflammatory reaction and exhibited a firm contact with the newly-formed surrounding osseous tissue. The border surface was always formed by osseous tissue and bone marrow and not by connective tissue. The bony border surface presented a casting of the structure proper of the ceramics as well as orderly remodelling. The tooth implants which had in part been under strain for a long time were surrounded by newly formed osteoid bone and supported by bone trabeculi. In the immediate proximity of the surface of the ceramic vital osteophites were found. The gum which was placed in a groove of the step implants showed firm epithelial covering and orderly fibrous texture.", "contents": "[Light and scanning electronmicroscopic studies of border surfaces of aluminum oxide-ceramic implants in the dog mandible]. The mandibular bone of beagles as well as foxhounds and the border surfaces in the area of implants of dense Al2O3 ceramic were examined by scan electron microscope and optically in undecalcified preparations 4 and 6 months after the start of the experiment. All implants healed without foreign body or inflammatory reaction and exhibited a firm contact with the newly-formed surrounding osseous tissue. The border surface was always formed by osseous tissue and bone marrow and not by connective tissue. The bony border surface presented a casting of the structure proper of the ceramics as well as orderly remodelling. The tooth implants which had in part been under strain for a long time were surrounded by newly formed osteoid bone and supported by bone trabeculi. In the immediate proximity of the surface of the ceramic vital osteophites were found. The gum which was placed in a groove of the step implants showed firm epithelial covering and orderly fibrous texture."}
{"id": "PMID:274295", "title": "[Surface studies on endosseous aluminum oxide-ceramic implants].", "content": "Implants performed without bone cement are predominantly influenced by the border surface between working material and tissue. A study of the surface of the ceramic implant in correlation with the tissue reaction should give an understanding of the kinetics of attachment. Sensitive methods of investigation which give reproducible results are required. In this connection several methods are described and discussed.", "contents": "[Surface studies on endosseous aluminum oxide-ceramic implants]. Implants performed without bone cement are predominantly influenced by the border surface between working material and tissue. A study of the surface of the ceramic implant in correlation with the tissue reaction should give an understanding of the kinetics of attachment. Sensitive methods of investigation which give reproducible results are required. In this connection several methods are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274296", "title": "[Neurophysiological methods and studies on receptor functions in implantations. Preliminary report].", "content": "The integration of intra-osseous implants into the sensory sphere of the masticatory organ is still an unsolved problem. First observations suggest that the pressure perception of implants is smaller by up to several factors of ten compared with the sensitivity of natural teeth.", "contents": "[Neurophysiological methods and studies on receptor functions in implantations. Preliminary report]. The integration of intra-osseous implants into the sensory sphere of the masticatory organ is still an unsolved problem. First observations suggest that the pressure perception of implants is smaller by up to several factors of ten compared with the sensitivity of natural teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:274302", "title": "Energy dissipation in brown fat.", "content": "Heat evolution in isolated brown fat cells has been measured by microcalorimetry. Thermogenesis (= oxygen consumption) is enhanced in the presence of CO2. This effect is probably due to pyruvate carboxylase activity which will increase the mitochondrial concentration of oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate serves as condensing partner for acetyl-CoA coming from fatty acid oxidation. The high rate of oxygen consumption is impossible in cells when mitochondrial respiration is coupled to ATP synthesis, due to low amounts of ATP synthetase enzyme. A loosening of coupling is therefore required. This is possibly facilitated by acyl-CoA.", "contents": "Energy dissipation in brown fat. Heat evolution in isolated brown fat cells has been measured by microcalorimetry. Thermogenesis (= oxygen consumption) is enhanced in the presence of CO2. This effect is probably due to pyruvate carboxylase activity which will increase the mitochondrial concentration of oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate serves as condensing partner for acetyl-CoA coming from fatty acid oxidation. The high rate of oxygen consumption is impossible in cells when mitochondrial respiration is coupled to ATP synthesis, due to low amounts of ATP synthetase enzyme. A loosening of coupling is therefore required. This is possibly facilitated by acyl-CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:274304", "title": "Levels of noradrenaline in plasma during thermogenesis induced by cold-exposure or by noradrenaline infusion in warm- and in cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "Oxygen consumption and concentration of noradrenaline (NA) in arterial plasma have been measured in warm-acclimated (WA) and in cold-acclimated (CA) rats during exposure to cold and in barbital-sedated WA or CA rats receiving intravenous infusions of NA at various doses at room temperature. In WA and in CA rats in the cold, NA in plasma increased rapidly from a resting level of 0.1 to 0.2 ng/ml at thermoneutrality to values 5 to 10 times greater at -19 degrees C. The increases were directly related to the degree of cold exposure and were maintained throughout exposure. In barbital-sedated WA or CA rats infused with NA the plasma levels of NA which stimulated calorigenesis were approximately 10 times greater than those resulting from overflow of NA into the blood during intense cold exposure and were in the range found by others to be effective in stimulating O2 consumption in isolated brown adipocytes.", "contents": "Levels of noradrenaline in plasma during thermogenesis induced by cold-exposure or by noradrenaline infusion in warm- and in cold-acclimated rats. Oxygen consumption and concentration of noradrenaline (NA) in arterial plasma have been measured in warm-acclimated (WA) and in cold-acclimated (CA) rats during exposure to cold and in barbital-sedated WA or CA rats receiving intravenous infusions of NA at various doses at room temperature. In WA and in CA rats in the cold, NA in plasma increased rapidly from a resting level of 0.1 to 0.2 ng/ml at thermoneutrality to values 5 to 10 times greater at -19 degrees C. The increases were directly related to the degree of cold exposure and were maintained throughout exposure. In barbital-sedated WA or CA rats infused with NA the plasma levels of NA which stimulated calorigenesis were approximately 10 times greater than those resulting from overflow of NA into the blood during intense cold exposure and were in the range found by others to be effective in stimulating O2 consumption in isolated brown adipocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:274305", "title": "Brown adipose tissue: the dominant site of nonshivering thermogenesis in the rat.", "content": "Measurements with tracer microspheres of changes in tissue blood flow associated with noradrenaline (NA)-induced calorigenesis in warm-acclimated and in cold-acclimated (CA) rats revealed very large increases in flow to brown adipose tissue (BAT). The data on flow together with measurements of the arteriovenous difference in blood O2 across interscapular BAT indicate that BAT accounts for at least 60% of the NA-induced nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) of CA rats. Skeletal muscle was found to be only minimally, if at all, involved in this NST.", "contents": "Brown adipose tissue: the dominant site of nonshivering thermogenesis in the rat. Measurements with tracer microspheres of changes in tissue blood flow associated with noradrenaline (NA)-induced calorigenesis in warm-acclimated and in cold-acclimated (CA) rats revealed very large increases in flow to brown adipose tissue (BAT). The data on flow together with measurements of the arteriovenous difference in blood O2 across interscapular BAT indicate that BAT accounts for at least 60% of the NA-induced nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) of CA rats. Skeletal muscle was found to be only minimally, if at all, involved in this NST."}
{"id": "PMID:274306", "title": "\"Cascade\" principle of the control of non-shivering thermogenesis by intravenously infused noradrenaline.", "content": "A hypothesis is presented according to which noradrenaline (NA) infused into the blood reaches the biophase of thermogenic cells through three \"cascade\" steps, namely the blood volume, extravascular space and biophase. The influx rate of the NA entering the system is given by a forcing function and multiplied by cardiac output. Distribution of the NA at each step is identically described by three differential equations.", "contents": "\"Cascade\" principle of the control of non-shivering thermogenesis by intravenously infused noradrenaline. A hypothesis is presented according to which noradrenaline (NA) infused into the blood reaches the biophase of thermogenic cells through three \"cascade\" steps, namely the blood volume, extravascular space and biophase. The influx rate of the NA entering the system is given by a forcing function and multiplied by cardiac output. Distribution of the NA at each step is identically described by three differential equations."}
{"id": "PMID:274307", "title": "Effects of diets and cold acclimation on lipoprotein lipase activity and cyclic nucleotide levels in some tissues of rats.", "content": "In view to study a possible regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity by tissue cyclic nucleotide levels (cAMP and cGMP), parallel determinations of the three factors were performed on brown adipose tissue (BAT), epidymal fat (WAT) and heart of rats. Opposite variations of cAMP levels and LPL activity were only observed in WAT following high fat diet administration. The enhancement of LPL activity in BAT and in heart by cold acclimation or feeding an hyperlipidic diet was never associated with a decrease in cAMP content. The variations of cAMP and cGMP levels were not dependent. It is concluded that there is no effect of cyclic nucleotide levels in the enhancement of LPL activity in these tissues.", "contents": "Effects of diets and cold acclimation on lipoprotein lipase activity and cyclic nucleotide levels in some tissues of rats. In view to study a possible regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity by tissue cyclic nucleotide levels (cAMP and cGMP), parallel determinations of the three factors were performed on brown adipose tissue (BAT), epidymal fat (WAT) and heart of rats. Opposite variations of cAMP levels and LPL activity were only observed in WAT following high fat diet administration. The enhancement of LPL activity in BAT and in heart by cold acclimation or feeding an hyperlipidic diet was never associated with a decrease in cAMP content. The variations of cAMP and cGMP levels were not dependent. It is concluded that there is no effect of cyclic nucleotide levels in the enhancement of LPL activity in these tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:274308", "title": "Latency of thyroid hormone action on heat production in the rat.", "content": "Euthyroid rats had an immediate calorigenic response to L 3-5-3' triiodothyronine (T3) 5 microgram/kg of about +10% lasting 8 hr and a somewhat greater response to T.S.H. Larger doses (50 microgram/kg) of T3 had a latency of 4-5 hr but the response was greater and lasted longer.", "contents": "Latency of thyroid hormone action on heat production in the rat. Euthyroid rats had an immediate calorigenic response to L 3-5-3' triiodothyronine (T3) 5 microgram/kg of about +10% lasting 8 hr and a somewhat greater response to T.S.H. Larger doses (50 microgram/kg) of T3 had a latency of 4-5 hr but the response was greater and lasted longer."}
{"id": "PMID:274309", "title": "Non shivering thermogenesis and implication of the thyroid in cold labile and cold resistant populations of the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus).", "content": "The golden spiny mouse is dependent on non shivering thermogenesis (N.S.T.) for thermoregulation at cool ambient temperatures. Mice from the shores of the Dead Sea (Ein-Gedi, EG-mice) lose body heat when exposed to 6 degrees C. Their rate of cooling is linearly correlated to the magnitude of N.S.T. This is true for mice acclimated to 28 degrees C, born in the laboratory or freshly captured. Mice from the high mountains of South Sinai (S-mice) resist cooling under the same conditions and their N.S.T. is about twice that of EG-mice. EG-mice did not acclimate to cold. However thyroxine injections made them cold resistant and their N.S.T. rose to values close to that of S-mice. Light and electronmicroscopy of the thyroids in mice acclimated to 28 degrees C and exposed to 6 degrees C, or injected with TRH suggested intense activity in S-mice and little activity in EG-mice.", "contents": "Non shivering thermogenesis and implication of the thyroid in cold labile and cold resistant populations of the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus). The golden spiny mouse is dependent on non shivering thermogenesis (N.S.T.) for thermoregulation at cool ambient temperatures. Mice from the shores of the Dead Sea (Ein-Gedi, EG-mice) lose body heat when exposed to 6 degrees C. Their rate of cooling is linearly correlated to the magnitude of N.S.T. This is true for mice acclimated to 28 degrees C, born in the laboratory or freshly captured. Mice from the high mountains of South Sinai (S-mice) resist cooling under the same conditions and their N.S.T. is about twice that of EG-mice. EG-mice did not acclimate to cold. However thyroxine injections made them cold resistant and their N.S.T. rose to values close to that of S-mice. Light and electronmicroscopy of the thyroids in mice acclimated to 28 degrees C and exposed to 6 degrees C, or injected with TRH suggested intense activity in S-mice and little activity in EG-mice."}
{"id": "PMID:274310", "title": "Glucocorticoids and carbohydrate metabolism in hypothermic and hibernating hamsters.", "content": "In hibernating hamsters carbohydrate reserves are regulated and are in dynamic equilibrium. During \"deep\" hypothermia (Tb 7-8 degrees C) hamsters undergo a progressive hypoglycemia, depletion of liver glycogen, and death within 24 hours. Glucocorticoid treatment results in enhanced blood and liver carbohydrates, prolonged survival at Tb 7-8 degrees C, and enhanced thermogenic capacity leading to arousal.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and carbohydrate metabolism in hypothermic and hibernating hamsters. In hibernating hamsters carbohydrate reserves are regulated and are in dynamic equilibrium. During \"deep\" hypothermia (Tb 7-8 degrees C) hamsters undergo a progressive hypoglycemia, depletion of liver glycogen, and death within 24 hours. Glucocorticoid treatment results in enhanced blood and liver carbohydrates, prolonged survival at Tb 7-8 degrees C, and enhanced thermogenic capacity leading to arousal."}
{"id": "PMID:274311", "title": "Comparative measurements of in vitro thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue from control and cold adapted rats.", "content": "Heat output and oxygen uptake rates as well as caloric equivalents of O2 were measured in brown fat fragments from cold-adapted and control rats. Resting metabolic rate per unit wet weight was the same in both groups. Submaximal responses to noradrenaline were significantly lower in the cold-adapted than in the control group. Apparent maximal responses were the same for both groups. Caloric equivalents of O2 gave no evidence for anaerobic glycolysis even under conditions of oxygen limitation.", "contents": "Comparative measurements of in vitro thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue from control and cold adapted rats. Heat output and oxygen uptake rates as well as caloric equivalents of O2 were measured in brown fat fragments from cold-adapted and control rats. Resting metabolic rate per unit wet weight was the same in both groups. Submaximal responses to noradrenaline were significantly lower in the cold-adapted than in the control group. Apparent maximal responses were the same for both groups. Caloric equivalents of O2 gave no evidence for anaerobic glycolysis even under conditions of oxygen limitation."}
{"id": "PMID:274312", "title": "Studies on some thermogenetic enzymes in brown adipose tissue of genetically obese mice.", "content": "The effects of cold exposure on several enzymes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were examined in two types of genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J-ob and C57BL/6J-Ay) and their thin litter mates. In the thin C57BL/6J mice, the activities of two alpha-glycerophosphate-generating enzymes i.e., glycerokinase (GK) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GDH), increased in BAT at cold exposure. Resemble results were observed in the yellow obese mice (A(y) mice). Nevertheless, in the obese-hyperglycemic mice (ob mice) showing a poor resistancy to cold, the increases of these enzymes were not observed. In addition, the increase of lipase activity, observed in BAT of the thin litter mates, was also not observed in BAT of ob mice. The decrease of NEFA release from BAT at cold exposure and the prominentry high inhibition rate of lipase by M NaCl were observed also in ob mice. Then the qualitive change of BAT lipase may exist in ob mice.", "contents": "Studies on some thermogenetic enzymes in brown adipose tissue of genetically obese mice. The effects of cold exposure on several enzymes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were examined in two types of genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J-ob and C57BL/6J-Ay) and their thin litter mates. In the thin C57BL/6J mice, the activities of two alpha-glycerophosphate-generating enzymes i.e., glycerokinase (GK) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GDH), increased in BAT at cold exposure. Resemble results were observed in the yellow obese mice (A(y) mice). Nevertheless, in the obese-hyperglycemic mice (ob mice) showing a poor resistancy to cold, the increases of these enzymes were not observed. In addition, the increase of lipase activity, observed in BAT of the thin litter mates, was also not observed in BAT of ob mice. The decrease of NEFA release from BAT at cold exposure and the prominentry high inhibition rate of lipase by M NaCl were observed also in ob mice. Then the qualitive change of BAT lipase may exist in ob mice."}
{"id": "PMID:274313", "title": "Some effects of acute cold stress on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Eviscerated, nephrectomized rats were used as peripheral tissue preparations to study the rate of utilization of glucose after acute (24 h) exposure of intact animals to cold. The preparations taken from fed (but not fasted) rats 1) required more glucose infused IV to maintain normoglycemia and 2) disposed of single IV loads of glucose more rapidly than normal. Cold lowered both glucose concentration in blood and liver glycogen, although more food was eaten. Plasma insulin was normal or below. Acute cold-induced shivering thermogenesis in fed rats is associated with increased rates of utilization of glucose by skeletal muscle that are not dependent on insulin.", "contents": "Some effects of acute cold stress on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat. Eviscerated, nephrectomized rats were used as peripheral tissue preparations to study the rate of utilization of glucose after acute (24 h) exposure of intact animals to cold. The preparations taken from fed (but not fasted) rats 1) required more glucose infused IV to maintain normoglycemia and 2) disposed of single IV loads of glucose more rapidly than normal. Cold lowered both glucose concentration in blood and liver glycogen, although more food was eaten. Plasma insulin was normal or below. Acute cold-induced shivering thermogenesis in fed rats is associated with increased rates of utilization of glucose by skeletal muscle that are not dependent on insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:274315", "title": "The role of the body mass: body surface ratio in thermo-regulatory responses to cold, hypoxia, and hypercapnia in new-born, adult, and aged guinea pigs.", "content": "The relationship between body weight (BW) and the changes in colonic temperature (deltaTc) was analyzed in newborn, adult, and old guinea pigs. No correlation could be demonstrated between BW and, deltaTc in response to cold with the exception of the 10 to 20 day-old group. In hypercapnia statistically significant or almost significant coefficient were obtained in three groups, showing--as expected--that the fall in Tc tended to decrease with increasing BW. In hypoxia a statistically significant coefficient was obtained in the young adult group, demonstrating that--contrary to expectation--the fall in Tc tended to be greater with increasing BW.", "contents": "The role of the body mass: body surface ratio in thermo-regulatory responses to cold, hypoxia, and hypercapnia in new-born, adult, and aged guinea pigs. The relationship between body weight (BW) and the changes in colonic temperature (deltaTc) was analyzed in newborn, adult, and old guinea pigs. No correlation could be demonstrated between BW and, deltaTc in response to cold with the exception of the 10 to 20 day-old group. In hypercapnia statistically significant or almost significant coefficient were obtained in three groups, showing--as expected--that the fall in Tc tended to decrease with increasing BW. In hypoxia a statistically significant coefficient was obtained in the young adult group, demonstrating that--contrary to expectation--the fall in Tc tended to be greater with increasing BW."}
{"id": "PMID:274316", "title": "Comparison of induced and spontaneous arousals in hibernating hedgehogs.", "content": "Respiratory and circulatory differences between periodic spontaneous arousals and induced arousals in hibernating hedgehogs were studied in a constant ambient temperature of + 4.2 +/- 0.5 oC. The increase in O2 consumption, blood pressure and heart rate was faster during induced arousals than during periodic spontaneous arousals. Based on our present studies we suggest that even the smallest stimulus able to induce the awakening is sufficient to modify the process so that it differs markedly from a spontaneous arousal.", "contents": "Comparison of induced and spontaneous arousals in hibernating hedgehogs. Respiratory and circulatory differences between periodic spontaneous arousals and induced arousals in hibernating hedgehogs were studied in a constant ambient temperature of + 4.2 +/- 0.5 oC. The increase in O2 consumption, blood pressure and heart rate was faster during induced arousals than during periodic spontaneous arousals. Based on our present studies we suggest that even the smallest stimulus able to induce the awakening is sufficient to modify the process so that it differs markedly from a spontaneous arousal."}
{"id": "PMID:274317", "title": "Metabolic and hemodynamic aspects of the hypothermia of early burn shock.", "content": "Guinea pigs briefly anesthetized with Halothane were burned over 70% of their body surface area. Core temperature progressively decreased over an 8 hour period reaching its lowest level just before death. Heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption also diminished over this period. The fractional distribution of the cardiac output to the pancreas, adipose tissue, burned and unburned skin and muscles fell sharply. Actual volume flow to the heart and brain also decreased while plasma FFA concentration exhibited little change. However, hyperglycemia was noted due in part to peripheral insulin resistance. Although plasma catecholamines increased during this trauma, their effect was muted by a low plasma pH and a rising lactic acid concentration. It is postulated that the destroyed peripheral temperature receptors, hypoxic areas of the brain, decreased blood flow through high metabolic areas and low oxygen and substrate utilization in the periphery brought about the hypometabolism.", "contents": "Metabolic and hemodynamic aspects of the hypothermia of early burn shock. Guinea pigs briefly anesthetized with Halothane were burned over 70% of their body surface area. Core temperature progressively decreased over an 8 hour period reaching its lowest level just before death. Heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption also diminished over this period. The fractional distribution of the cardiac output to the pancreas, adipose tissue, burned and unburned skin and muscles fell sharply. Actual volume flow to the heart and brain also decreased while plasma FFA concentration exhibited little change. However, hyperglycemia was noted due in part to peripheral insulin resistance. Although plasma catecholamines increased during this trauma, their effect was muted by a low plasma pH and a rising lactic acid concentration. It is postulated that the destroyed peripheral temperature receptors, hypoxic areas of the brain, decreased blood flow through high metabolic areas and low oxygen and substrate utilization in the periphery brought about the hypometabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:274318", "title": "Catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in whole brown adipose tissue of rat in vitro.", "content": "The activity of the extraneuronal uptake-catechol-O-methyl transferase system was measured in BAT pieces in vitro, under conditions preventing physicochemical modification of the added NE. Results suggest that this system might effectively modulate the thermogenic response of BAT to NE.", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in whole brown adipose tissue of rat in vitro. The activity of the extraneuronal uptake-catechol-O-methyl transferase system was measured in BAT pieces in vitro, under conditions preventing physicochemical modification of the added NE. Results suggest that this system might effectively modulate the thermogenic response of BAT to NE."}
{"id": "PMID:274319", "title": "Control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in brown adipose tissue of infant rats.", "content": "Activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPK) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of infant rats is high and is depressed by a single injection of corti-costeroid or insulin. Both hormones inhibit synthesis of the enzyme in BAT and increase it in liver. Fatty acid synthetase activity is enhanced by these hormones, but only in BAT. It is suggested that corticosteroids may act via insulin release, since both blood glucose and blood insulin levels rise after steroid injection. The difference in response between BAT and liver is ascribed to the difference in adenyl cyclase response in the two tissues.", "contents": "Control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in brown adipose tissue of infant rats. Activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPK) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of infant rats is high and is depressed by a single injection of corti-costeroid or insulin. Both hormones inhibit synthesis of the enzyme in BAT and increase it in liver. Fatty acid synthetase activity is enhanced by these hormones, but only in BAT. It is suggested that corticosteroids may act via insulin release, since both blood glucose and blood insulin levels rise after steroid injection. The difference in response between BAT and liver is ascribed to the difference in adenyl cyclase response in the two tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:274320", "title": "Polyamine and magnesium effects on mitochondrial respiration in control and heat-acclimated rats.", "content": "Studies were made of polyamine and Mg++ effects on rat liver mitochondrial alpha ketoglutarate oxidase (alphaKGO) and succinoxidase (SO). High spermidine levels suppress S3 and S4 of alphaKGO at 0.6-1.17 mM Mg++: some combinations of it and Mg++ increase the respiratory control ratio (RCR). Spermine suppresses S4 of alphaKGO and increases the RCR but suppresses the RCR of SO at high levels. In heat-acclimated (HA) animals in which we have studied only spermine effects on alphaKGO, RCRs of HA rats are greatly increased compared to those of controls.", "contents": "Polyamine and magnesium effects on mitochondrial respiration in control and heat-acclimated rats. Studies were made of polyamine and Mg++ effects on rat liver mitochondrial alpha ketoglutarate oxidase (alphaKGO) and succinoxidase (SO). High spermidine levels suppress S3 and S4 of alphaKGO at 0.6-1.17 mM Mg++: some combinations of it and Mg++ increase the respiratory control ratio (RCR). Spermine suppresses S4 of alphaKGO and increases the RCR but suppresses the RCR of SO at high levels. In heat-acclimated (HA) animals in which we have studied only spermine effects on alphaKGO, RCRs of HA rats are greatly increased compared to those of controls."}
{"id": "PMID:274392", "title": "Payments arrangements.", "content": "No matter what financial arrangements are made with patients, there is no foolproof method of ensuring payment. As stated earlier, the financial arrangement does not indicate mistrust of the patient, but is a means of communication. If we accept the fact that nearly all patients have full intentions of meeting their financial obligations, the guiding rule should be flexibility. Inflexibility when making financial arrangements may limit the growth of your practice. Sensitivity is an important ingredient in helping to understand and to meet your patient's needs. Many more patients will accept necessary dentistry if they are given the opportunity to select a method of payment with which they are comfortable.", "contents": "Payments arrangements. No matter what financial arrangements are made with patients, there is no foolproof method of ensuring payment. As stated earlier, the financial arrangement does not indicate mistrust of the patient, but is a means of communication. If we accept the fact that nearly all patients have full intentions of meeting their financial obligations, the guiding rule should be flexibility. Inflexibility when making financial arrangements may limit the growth of your practice. Sensitivity is an important ingredient in helping to understand and to meet your patient's needs. Many more patients will accept necessary dentistry if they are given the opportunity to select a method of payment with which they are comfortable."}
{"id": "PMID:274437", "title": "Value of serum copper measurement in acute leukaemia of childhood.", "content": "Serum copper level (SCL) determination was carried out on sixteen normal children and on 16 with acute leukaemia. A significant increase in SCL was observed in cases of leukaemia than in normal controls. Drop of SCL occurs in cases who respond to quadruple chemotherapy, while those who failed to respond showed persistantly high serum copper level.", "contents": "Value of serum copper measurement in acute leukaemia of childhood. Serum copper level (SCL) determination was carried out on sixteen normal children and on 16 with acute leukaemia. A significant increase in SCL was observed in cases of leukaemia than in normal controls. Drop of SCL occurs in cases who respond to quadruple chemotherapy, while those who failed to respond showed persistantly high serum copper level."}
{"id": "PMID:274446", "title": "Significance of the cell cycle in commitment of murine erythroleukemia cells to erythroid differentiation.", "content": "The relationship between differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells (MEL) induced by DMSO and the cell division cycle has been analyzed. We demonstrate that incubation in the presence of DMSO increases the length of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A method of synchronization of MEL cells by unit gravity sedimentation has been developed and characterized. Using this method, a series of synchronized cell populations covering the entire cell division cycle can be generated simultaneously. Cells synchronized by this technique were challenged with DMSO and analyzed for kinetics of commitment to the differentiation program. Our results indicate that populations of cells in G1 or G2 at the time of addition of inducer give rise to a greater proportion of committed cells than an unfractionated population, while cells in S phase result in a lower percentage of committed cells than the unfractionated population when cultured in DMSO.", "contents": "Significance of the cell cycle in commitment of murine erythroleukemia cells to erythroid differentiation. The relationship between differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells (MEL) induced by DMSO and the cell division cycle has been analyzed. We demonstrate that incubation in the presence of DMSO increases the length of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A method of synchronization of MEL cells by unit gravity sedimentation has been developed and characterized. Using this method, a series of synchronized cell populations covering the entire cell division cycle can be generated simultaneously. Cells synchronized by this technique were challenged with DMSO and analyzed for kinetics of commitment to the differentiation program. Our results indicate that populations of cells in G1 or G2 at the time of addition of inducer give rise to a greater proportion of committed cells than an unfractionated population, while cells in S phase result in a lower percentage of committed cells than the unfractionated population when cultured in DMSO."}
{"id": "PMID:274447", "title": "Specific and sensitive combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-flow fluorometric assay for intracellular 6-thioguanine nucleotides metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine.", "content": "A new non-radioisotopic technique is described for measuring rates of intracellular formation by human leukemic blasts of 6-thioguanine nucleotide metabolites, obligatory intermediates in the antineoplastic action of both 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine itself. The method is both specific and sensitive, and involves combined high-performance liquid chromatography and flow fluormetric detection of oxidized 6-thioquanine nucleotides in alkaline permanganate-treated cell extracts. Non-metabolized 6-thioguanine and 6-thioxanthine are also separated and quantitated in this system, permitting complementary in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis. The assay may be applied to detect resistant disease at an early stage in therapy, and thereby provides the opportunity for alternative treatments to be instituted.", "contents": "Specific and sensitive combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-flow fluorometric assay for intracellular 6-thioguanine nucleotides metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. A new non-radioisotopic technique is described for measuring rates of intracellular formation by human leukemic blasts of 6-thioguanine nucleotide metabolites, obligatory intermediates in the antineoplastic action of both 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine itself. The method is both specific and sensitive, and involves combined high-performance liquid chromatography and flow fluormetric detection of oxidized 6-thioquanine nucleotides in alkaline permanganate-treated cell extracts. Non-metabolized 6-thioguanine and 6-thioxanthine are also separated and quantitated in this system, permitting complementary in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis. The assay may be applied to detect resistant disease at an early stage in therapy, and thereby provides the opportunity for alternative treatments to be instituted."}
{"id": "PMID:274449", "title": "Stress trajectories within the mandible under occlusal loads.", "content": "A human mandible was duplicated in birefringent resin. The distribution and effect of occlusal forces within the mandible was demonstrated utilizing birefringent resin models compared to natural specimens. The results of this study reinforce those theories that assign function a major role in bone remodeling in the mandible. Further, the condyle is seen to be a stress-bearing structure.", "contents": "Stress trajectories within the mandible under occlusal loads. A human mandible was duplicated in birefringent resin. The distribution and effect of occlusal forces within the mandible was demonstrated utilizing birefringent resin models compared to natural specimens. The results of this study reinforce those theories that assign function a major role in bone remodeling in the mandible. Further, the condyle is seen to be a stress-bearing structure."}
{"id": "PMID:274450", "title": "Thermal stimulation of the oral mucosa and nasal airway resistance.", "content": "A procedure for measuring nasal airway resistance using posterior rhinorheometry is described. Baseline nasal airway resistances +/- 1 S.D. at an airflow of 0.5 L/sec were found to be 1.077 +/- 0.683 cm H2O for inhalation and 1.359 +/- 0.792 cm H2O for exhalation. Application of either cold water (4 to 6 C) or warm water (44 to 52 C) to the oral mucosa significantly increased nasal airway resistance. Application of tepid water (26 to 28 C) did not alter nasal airway resistance significantly.", "contents": "Thermal stimulation of the oral mucosa and nasal airway resistance. A procedure for measuring nasal airway resistance using posterior rhinorheometry is described. Baseline nasal airway resistances +/- 1 S.D. at an airflow of 0.5 L/sec were found to be 1.077 +/- 0.683 cm H2O for inhalation and 1.359 +/- 0.792 cm H2O for exhalation. Application of either cold water (4 to 6 C) or warm water (44 to 52 C) to the oral mucosa significantly increased nasal airway resistance. Application of tepid water (26 to 28 C) did not alter nasal airway resistance significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:274451", "title": "Colored emission of rare earth ions in a potassium feldspar glass.", "content": "The viability of rare earth ions as fluorescent coloring additives for dental porcelain was investigated. The data presented allow the formulation of porcelain with specific color properties under illumination by ultraviolet light. Attention is drawn to the possibility of energy transfer occurring with the result that prediction of color may not be done by application of the additive color-mixing scheme.", "contents": "Colored emission of rare earth ions in a potassium feldspar glass. The viability of rare earth ions as fluorescent coloring additives for dental porcelain was investigated. The data presented allow the formulation of porcelain with specific color properties under illumination by ultraviolet light. Attention is drawn to the possibility of energy transfer occurring with the result that prediction of color may not be done by application of the additive color-mixing scheme."}
{"id": "PMID:274453", "title": "Parameters that affect the color of denture resins.", "content": "The effect of specular reflection, background color and specimen thickness on the color of four commercial denture resins was studied by reflection spectrophotometry. Higher values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity were obtained with a white than with a black background, whereas dominant wavelength was lowered slightly.", "contents": "Parameters that affect the color of denture resins. The effect of specular reflection, background color and specimen thickness on the color of four commercial denture resins was studied by reflection spectrophotometry. Higher values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity were obtained with a white than with a black background, whereas dominant wavelength was lowered slightly."}
{"id": "PMID:274455", "title": "An analysis of three mixed dentition analyses.", "content": "The accuracy of prediction of three mixed dentition analyses was compared. Hixon and Oldfather's method was found to be the most accurate. A simplified version of the analysis obviates referral to a table, allowing assessment of the size of the unerupted teeth prior to eruption of the lateral incisor.", "contents": "An analysis of three mixed dentition analyses. The accuracy of prediction of three mixed dentition analyses was compared. Hixon and Oldfather's method was found to be the most accurate. A simplified version of the analysis obviates referral to a table, allowing assessment of the size of the unerupted teeth prior to eruption of the lateral incisor."}
{"id": "PMID:274457", "title": "The effect of topical application with an organic and inorganic fluoride compound on the inhibition of dental plaque in humans.", "content": "Accumulation of dental plaque for 3 and 7 days respectively was determined by calculating the difference between the postcollection and precollection weights of enamel slabs attached to orthodontic bands cemented to the upper first molars of 3 subjects. Pretreatment of the enamel slabs with amine-fluoride or -chloride respectively-at an equivalent amine concentration-prevented plaque deposition on the slabs, whereas pretreatment with sodium monofluorophosphate was less effective. The fluoride concentrations of all fluoride-pretreated enamel slabs were similar. No convincing demonstration of significant differences between the treatments could be predicted in view of the discrepancy in results at the 3- and 7-day test periods.", "contents": "The effect of topical application with an organic and inorganic fluoride compound on the inhibition of dental plaque in humans. Accumulation of dental plaque for 3 and 7 days respectively was determined by calculating the difference between the postcollection and precollection weights of enamel slabs attached to orthodontic bands cemented to the upper first molars of 3 subjects. Pretreatment of the enamel slabs with amine-fluoride or -chloride respectively-at an equivalent amine concentration-prevented plaque deposition on the slabs, whereas pretreatment with sodium monofluorophosphate was less effective. The fluoride concentrations of all fluoride-pretreated enamel slabs were similar. No convincing demonstration of significant differences between the treatments could be predicted in view of the discrepancy in results at the 3- and 7-day test periods."}
{"id": "PMID:274458", "title": "The effect of disaccharides on the plaque-forming potential of Streptoccoccus mutans.", "content": "The comparative and combined effects of sucrose, maltose, and lactose as factors on the plaque-forming potential of Streptococcus mutans were assessed. With increasing additions of maltose to sucrose-supplemented medium there was decreasing plaque formation. Lactose additions slightly increased plaque formation, but when combined with maltose they significantly enhanced the maltose inhibition of plaque formation.", "contents": "The effect of disaccharides on the plaque-forming potential of Streptoccoccus mutans. The comparative and combined effects of sucrose, maltose, and lactose as factors on the plaque-forming potential of Streptococcus mutans were assessed. With increasing additions of maltose to sucrose-supplemented medium there was decreasing plaque formation. Lactose additions slightly increased plaque formation, but when combined with maltose they significantly enhanced the maltose inhibition of plaque formation."}
{"id": "PMID:274460", "title": "Chlorhexide and fluoride in prevention of plaque and caries in hamsters.", "content": "The effect of combined administration of chlorhexidine and fluoride in the drinking water of hamsters on plaque and caries prevention was studied. Plaque indices of the hamsters receiving chlorhexidine either alone or simultaneously with fluoride were significantly lower than those of the control and fluoride only treated hamsters. The type of plaque indices used in this investigation was area scores. The necessity of quantitatively assessing plaque by several parameters was emphasized. The degrees of caries of the experimental groups were significantly lower than of the control group during the cariogenic diet regime. The anticariogenic effect of chlorhexidine and fluoride at low concentrations each provided simultaneously with a cariogenic diet, was confirmed. The differences in caries rate between the experimental groups were not significant. No additive effect on the cariostatic action of chlorhexidine and fluoride was observed when both reagents were applied simultaneously due probably to the low F concentration in the drinking water. The results did not show a direct quantitative relationship between plaque and caries.", "contents": "Chlorhexide and fluoride in prevention of plaque and caries in hamsters. The effect of combined administration of chlorhexidine and fluoride in the drinking water of hamsters on plaque and caries prevention was studied. Plaque indices of the hamsters receiving chlorhexidine either alone or simultaneously with fluoride were significantly lower than those of the control and fluoride only treated hamsters. The type of plaque indices used in this investigation was area scores. The necessity of quantitatively assessing plaque by several parameters was emphasized. The degrees of caries of the experimental groups were significantly lower than of the control group during the cariogenic diet regime. The anticariogenic effect of chlorhexidine and fluoride at low concentrations each provided simultaneously with a cariogenic diet, was confirmed. The differences in caries rate between the experimental groups were not significant. No additive effect on the cariostatic action of chlorhexidine and fluoride was observed when both reagents were applied simultaneously due probably to the low F concentration in the drinking water. The results did not show a direct quantitative relationship between plaque and caries."}
{"id": "PMID:274461", "title": "The seeded growth of calcium phosphates on dentin and predentin.", "content": "The in vitro mineralization of predentin (PD) and of the organic component of dentin (OD) has been studied in a supersaturated solution of calcium phosphate at 37 C and pH=7.4 at total calcium and phosphate concentrations close to those in vivo. The mineralization of OD can be divided into at least three periods based upon the morphology and the specific surface area of the mineral phase formed. Dissolution of the newly precipitated mineral on OD revealed a stoichiometry close to that for octacalcium phosphate. In contrast, PD was ineffective as a crystal nucleator. The mineralization of the inorganic component of dentin (ID) and whole dentin (D) has also been examined.", "contents": "The seeded growth of calcium phosphates on dentin and predentin. The in vitro mineralization of predentin (PD) and of the organic component of dentin (OD) has been studied in a supersaturated solution of calcium phosphate at 37 C and pH=7.4 at total calcium and phosphate concentrations close to those in vivo. The mineralization of OD can be divided into at least three periods based upon the morphology and the specific surface area of the mineral phase formed. Dissolution of the newly precipitated mineral on OD revealed a stoichiometry close to that for octacalcium phosphate. In contrast, PD was ineffective as a crystal nucleator. The mineralization of the inorganic component of dentin (ID) and whole dentin (D) has also been examined."}
{"id": "PMID:274463", "title": "Mastication and maturity: a longitudinal study in pigs.", "content": "The electromyography of mastication was studied longitudinally in miniature pigs, and the effects of age and food type were assessed. Within-individual variation was large relative to between-individual variation. Duration of chewing strokes increased with age and with more resistant foods. The results are compared with data on human beings and other animals.", "contents": "Mastication and maturity: a longitudinal study in pigs. The electromyography of mastication was studied longitudinally in miniature pigs, and the effects of age and food type were assessed. Within-individual variation was large relative to between-individual variation. Duration of chewing strokes increased with age and with more resistant foods. The results are compared with data on human beings and other animals."}
{"id": "PMID:274464", "title": "Radiation-induced epithelial-submucosal separation: an electron and light microscopical investigation.", "content": "Irradiation injury of the mouse tongue was studied by electron and light microscopy. A specific lesion was found to be the result of edema. Epithelial compensation was seen in the form of proliferation of desmosomes and  hemidesmosomes, elongation of rete ridges, and hypertrophy of cytoplasmic projections from basal cells.", "contents": "Radiation-induced epithelial-submucosal separation: an electron and light microscopical investigation. Irradiation injury of the mouse tongue was studied by electron and light microscopy. A specific lesion was found to be the result of edema. Epithelial compensation was seen in the form of proliferation of desmosomes and  hemidesmosomes, elongation of rete ridges, and hypertrophy of cytoplasmic projections from basal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:274465", "title": "Lidocaine's influence on the accumulation and depletion rates of mouse brain amines.", "content": "Mouse brain was analyzed for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Pargyline plus lidocaine treatment caused an increased accumulation rate of serotonin over one hour compared to pargyline controls. alpha Methyl-p-tyrosine plus lidocaine treatment caused a decreased depletion rate of dopamine over four hours compared to rates of alpha methyl-p-tyrosine controls, and no difference for norepinephrine.", "contents": "Lidocaine's influence on the accumulation and depletion rates of mouse brain amines. Mouse brain was analyzed for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Pargyline plus lidocaine treatment caused an increased accumulation rate of serotonin over one hour compared to pargyline controls. alpha Methyl-p-tyrosine plus lidocaine treatment caused a decreased depletion rate of dopamine over four hours compared to rates of alpha methyl-p-tyrosine controls, and no difference for norepinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:274466", "title": "Histologic effect of fractionated doses of selectively applied 60Co irradiation on the teeth of albino rats.", "content": "This study compares the effects of fractionated 2400, 4800 and 7200 rad doses of Co-60 irradiation on the formed and developing teeth of the rats. The 7200 rad dosage was found to cause damage to both odontoblasts and ameloblasts of developing incisors but to spare previously formed molars.", "contents": "Histologic effect of fractionated doses of selectively applied 60Co irradiation on the teeth of albino rats. This study compares the effects of fractionated 2400, 4800 and 7200 rad doses of Co-60 irradiation on the formed and developing teeth of the rats. The 7200 rad dosage was found to cause damage to both odontoblasts and ameloblasts of developing incisors but to spare previously formed molars."}
{"id": "PMID:274468", "title": "Growth of the fetal rat craniofacial complex secondary to the postfusion rupture of the palate.", "content": "Isolated cleft palate was created by in utero surgical rupture of the previously intact rat palate. Cephalometric analysis was performed on mandibular and maxillary growth and on nasal septal height. The findings showed that the surgical procedure has no effect, beside cleft palate production, on continuing fetal craniofacial growth.", "contents": "Growth of the fetal rat craniofacial complex secondary to the postfusion rupture of the palate. Isolated cleft palate was created by in utero surgical rupture of the previously intact rat palate. Cephalometric analysis was performed on mandibular and maxillary growth and on nasal septal height. The findings showed that the surgical procedure has no effect, beside cleft palate production, on continuing fetal craniofacial growth."}
{"id": "PMID:274477", "title": "A simple alarm device for the Bennet PR-2 ventilator.", "content": "A simple alarm device for use with the Bennet PR-2 ventilator is described. It is based on the operation of a photo-electric cell, is simple in construction, and can be used on other types of ventilators if the pressure gauge is compatible.", "contents": "A simple alarm device for the Bennet PR-2 ventilator. A simple alarm device for use with the Bennet PR-2 ventilator is described. It is based on the operation of a photo-electric cell, is simple in construction, and can be used on other types of ventilators if the pressure gauge is compatible."}
{"id": "PMID:274494", "title": "The specialty of administration.", "content": "Administration was defined. Some current administrative theory was discussed, pointing out the relevance and importance of informal organizations, goals and needs of individuals, and the leadership and the decision-making process. Administrators of dental schools should have some formalized education and experience in administrative theory. They should become specialists in administration, possess advanced degrees, have field experience, and serve internships. It is essential that administrators are aware, not only of their duties, but also of their obligations to their supportive team. Finally, it can be said that success as an administrator will depend primarily on the quality of decisions made.", "contents": "The specialty of administration. Administration was defined. Some current administrative theory was discussed, pointing out the relevance and importance of informal organizations, goals and needs of individuals, and the leadership and the decision-making process. Administrators of dental schools should have some formalized education and experience in administrative theory. They should become specialists in administration, possess advanced degrees, have field experience, and serve internships. It is essential that administrators are aware, not only of their duties, but also of their obligations to their supportive team. Finally, it can be said that success as an administrator will depend primarily on the quality of decisions made."}
{"id": "PMID:274496", "title": "Dental caries and trace element composition of whole human enamel: Western United States.", "content": "Samples of whole enamel prepared from 83 teeth were analyzed for the concentrations of 30 trace elements. Samples were from lifelong residents, younger than 20 years of age, of a high-caries area (Oregon) and a low-caries area (California). All samples were caries-free, prepared by standardized methods, and analyzed by spark source mass spectrometry by one laboratory. Elements strongly associated with a high prevalence of caries were copper, and, to a lesser extent, aluminum, sulfur, titanium, chromium, nickel, silver, and tin. A low prevalence of caries was associated with high concentrations of strontium in enamel.", "contents": "Dental caries and trace element composition of whole human enamel: Western United States. Samples of whole enamel prepared from 83 teeth were analyzed for the concentrations of 30 trace elements. Samples were from lifelong residents, younger than 20 years of age, of a high-caries area (Oregon) and a low-caries area (California). All samples were caries-free, prepared by standardized methods, and analyzed by spark source mass spectrometry by one laboratory. Elements strongly associated with a high prevalence of caries were copper, and, to a lesser extent, aluminum, sulfur, titanium, chromium, nickel, silver, and tin. A low prevalence of caries was associated with high concentrations of strontium in enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:274497", "title": "Hemophilia and dental treatment.", "content": "Hemophilic patients must be thought of as special patients. Since routine dental procedures, however, do not usually involve bleeding, there is no contraindication to general dental treatment for hemophiliacs. Aspirin-containing compounds should never be prescribed. Caution must be used with local anesthetic block techniques. Preventive dentistry is vital to the younger hemophiliac; older hemophiliacs may require extensive treatment to restore mouths that have been neglected for years. Surgical dental procedures are now considered possible for hemophiliacs and may be performed on an outpatient basis, but they must be judiciously coordinated by the dental and medical team.", "contents": "Hemophilia and dental treatment. Hemophilic patients must be thought of as special patients. Since routine dental procedures, however, do not usually involve bleeding, there is no contraindication to general dental treatment for hemophiliacs. Aspirin-containing compounds should never be prescribed. Caution must be used with local anesthetic block techniques. Preventive dentistry is vital to the younger hemophiliac; older hemophiliacs may require extensive treatment to restore mouths that have been neglected for years. Surgical dental procedures are now considered possible for hemophiliacs and may be performed on an outpatient basis, but they must be judiciously coordinated by the dental and medical team."}
{"id": "PMID:274498", "title": "Anaphylaxis due to local anesthesia hypersensitivity: report of case.", "content": "During a routine dental appointment, a patient had an anaphylactic reaction to an injection of a local anesthetic, mepivacaine HCl 3% without a vasoconstrictor. Immediate medical treatment alleviated the symptoms and prevented a more profound collapse. The patient may have been sensitized during emergency treatment at a hospital at which time a local anesthetic was probably administered. Keeping life-saving drugs on hand will help in the immediate treatment of patients undergoing anaphylactic shock, but taking an accurate medical history will provide a clue to a patient's previous exposure and reaction to drugs, thereby preventing a medical emergency.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis due to local anesthesia hypersensitivity: report of case. During a routine dental appointment, a patient had an anaphylactic reaction to an injection of a local anesthetic, mepivacaine HCl 3% without a vasoconstrictor. Immediate medical treatment alleviated the symptoms and prevented a more profound collapse. The patient may have been sensitized during emergency treatment at a hospital at which time a local anesthetic was probably administered. Keeping life-saving drugs on hand will help in the immediate treatment of patients undergoing anaphylactic shock, but taking an accurate medical history will provide a clue to a patient's previous exposure and reaction to drugs, thereby preventing a medical emergency."}
{"id": "PMID:274499", "title": "The identification and measurement of a folate-binding protein in human serum by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antiserum raised in rabbits against the FBP obtained from CML cells, and the purified binder labeled with 125I, have been used for an RIA which can measure an immunologically similar protein in human serum. The concentration of the binding protein in normal serums ranged from 1.2 to 9.3 ng/ml, with a mean +/- S.E.M. of 3.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml. Elevated values of the binder protein were measured in the serums from patients with folate deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, liver disease, uremia, myeloproliferative disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various types of cancer and in the serum from pregnant women. The concentration of the binder protein and the capacity of the serum to specifically bind isotopically labeled PGA correlated poorly, indicating that the binding protein concentration and degree of saturation by endogenous serum folate vary independently in many instances.", "contents": "The identification and measurement of a folate-binding protein in human serum by radioimmunoassay. Antiserum raised in rabbits against the FBP obtained from CML cells, and the purified binder labeled with 125I, have been used for an RIA which can measure an immunologically similar protein in human serum. The concentration of the binding protein in normal serums ranged from 1.2 to 9.3 ng/ml, with a mean +/- S.E.M. of 3.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml. Elevated values of the binder protein were measured in the serums from patients with folate deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, liver disease, uremia, myeloproliferative disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various types of cancer and in the serum from pregnant women. The concentration of the binder protein and the capacity of the serum to specifically bind isotopically labeled PGA correlated poorly, indicating that the binding protein concentration and degree of saturation by endogenous serum folate vary independently in many instances."}
{"id": "PMID:274501", "title": "Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach.", "content": "The modified Michelet's (1973) technique of mandibular osteosynthesis, which consists of monocortical juxta-alveolar and sub-apical osteosynthesis, without compression and without inter-maxillary fixation, is described. This technique can be used in many types of mandibular fracture, single or multiple, associated or isolated, except in the case of a fracture of the condylar neck and in the presence of pre-existing infection. Infected fractures are treated by orthopaedic methods. Materials used (plates and screws) and particulars of the method have been tested by multi-disciplinary experimentation, particularly by anatomical verification and biomechanical studies. The ideal line of osteosynthesis is described. For the author, this technique is a routine treatment of any type of mandibular fracture.", "contents": "Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. The modified Michelet's (1973) technique of mandibular osteosynthesis, which consists of monocortical juxta-alveolar and sub-apical osteosynthesis, without compression and without inter-maxillary fixation, is described. This technique can be used in many types of mandibular fracture, single or multiple, associated or isolated, except in the case of a fracture of the condylar neck and in the presence of pre-existing infection. Infected fractures are treated by orthopaedic methods. Materials used (plates and screws) and particulars of the method have been tested by multi-disciplinary experimentation, particularly by anatomical verification and biomechanical studies. The ideal line of osteosynthesis is described. For the author, this technique is a routine treatment of any type of mandibular fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:274503", "title": "Fixation of the edentulous residual portion of the mandible in cases of hemimandibulectomy.", "content": "A new method of fixing the edentulous residual portion of the mandibular stump is described: an extraoral apparatus as suggested by Anderson (19361 and a malar bone screw is used for attaching a rod to fix the mandibular stump.", "contents": "Fixation of the edentulous residual portion of the mandible in cases of hemimandibulectomy. A new method of fixing the edentulous residual portion of the mandibular stump is described: an extraoral apparatus as suggested by Anderson (19361 and a malar bone screw is used for attaching a rod to fix the mandibular stump."}
{"id": "PMID:274504", "title": "Diagnosis of fractures of the head and neck with the aid of cylindrical pantomograms taken with a new device.", "content": "The use of cylindrical image layers in pantomographic roentgen diagnosis of fractures of the middle third of the face and base of the skull, is presented. Three dimensional pictures are presented from the horizontal, backward tilt (retroversion) and forward tilt (anteversion) projections as well as the projection of the base of the skull, which yield most information. Of these, the horizontal projection may be considered to be the projection which provides the best basic picture of the middle third of the face. The backward tilt projection reveals the bone structures of the central area and fractures in them best. Fractures in the lateral region are best seen in the forward tilt projection. The radiography of the base of the skull and the lateral walls on one film also presents a new application of the pantomographic technique. The positions of the patient used in taking these roentgenograms with a new pantomographic device developed for patients in a horizontal position are explained, and photographs of them presented. The future aims of this investigation series are referred to in the discussion.", "contents": "Diagnosis of fractures of the head and neck with the aid of cylindrical pantomograms taken with a new device. The use of cylindrical image layers in pantomographic roentgen diagnosis of fractures of the middle third of the face and base of the skull, is presented. Three dimensional pictures are presented from the horizontal, backward tilt (retroversion) and forward tilt (anteversion) projections as well as the projection of the base of the skull, which yield most information. Of these, the horizontal projection may be considered to be the projection which provides the best basic picture of the middle third of the face. The backward tilt projection reveals the bone structures of the central area and fractures in them best. Fractures in the lateral region are best seen in the forward tilt projection. The radiography of the base of the skull and the lateral walls on one film also presents a new application of the pantomographic technique. The positions of the patient used in taking these roentgenograms with a new pantomographic device developed for patients in a horizontal position are explained, and photographs of them presented. The future aims of this investigation series are referred to in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:274505", "title": "Transoral clivectomy; (a case report).", "content": "A transoral approach to the basilar artery was developed. The operation involved midline division of the palate followed by reflection of an inferiorly based pharyngeal flap to expose the clivus. A window was cut in the bone and the dura mater incised to allow access to the vertebral-basilar vasculature. The advantage of this approach lies in the direct exposure of the basilar artery and related brain stem. It ensures delicate structures are not damaged, thus reducing operative mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "Transoral clivectomy; (a case report). A transoral approach to the basilar artery was developed. The operation involved midline division of the palate followed by reflection of an inferiorly based pharyngeal flap to expose the clivus. A window was cut in the bone and the dura mater incised to allow access to the vertebral-basilar vasculature. The advantage of this approach lies in the direct exposure of the basilar artery and related brain stem. It ensures delicate structures are not damaged, thus reducing operative mortality and morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:274506", "title": "Experience with 220 cases of mandibular reconstruction.", "content": "Extensive resections of the mandible are usually carried out for malignat tumours or non-malignant tumours with a tendency to reccur, such as ameloblastomas. These hemi-resections include the ascending and horizontal ramus of the mandible. Such mutilations have serious functional and aesthetic consequences. In order to avoid these drawbacks we use two sorts of implants. The first are made from metallic and plastic materials. They are used when patients are too weak to support a bone graft, when there is insufficient soft tissue coverage, or when a recurrence of the tumour is feared. In order to be well tolerated they must be made of materials which are fully accepted by the tissues. For the plastic part we use methyl-methacrylate and, for the metal part, \"durallium\". The second type is used to maintain a bone graft in good position. It is completely metallic. The pattern is made in wax and reproduced in durallium. They are made and adjusted in the same way as plastic implants. The results are analysed separately covering two periods. In the first (1955-1967), the failures have been relatively large (25%). During the second period (1967-1974), a better choice of operative indications and a more precise technique gave better results (failure: 13%).", "contents": "Experience with 220 cases of mandibular reconstruction. Extensive resections of the mandible are usually carried out for malignat tumours or non-malignant tumours with a tendency to reccur, such as ameloblastomas. These hemi-resections include the ascending and horizontal ramus of the mandible. Such mutilations have serious functional and aesthetic consequences. In order to avoid these drawbacks we use two sorts of implants. The first are made from metallic and plastic materials. They are used when patients are too weak to support a bone graft, when there is insufficient soft tissue coverage, or when a recurrence of the tumour is feared. In order to be well tolerated they must be made of materials which are fully accepted by the tissues. For the plastic part we use methyl-methacrylate and, for the metal part, \"durallium\". The second type is used to maintain a bone graft in good position. It is completely metallic. The pattern is made in wax and reproduced in durallium. They are made and adjusted in the same way as plastic implants. The results are analysed separately covering two periods. In the first (1955-1967), the failures have been relatively large (25%). During the second period (1967-1974), a better choice of operative indications and a more precise technique gave better results (failure: 13%)."}
{"id": "PMID:274507", "title": "En bloc cortical resection in the treatment of paramandibular carcinomas.", "content": "The authors describe a method which, according to the site of the lesion, permits the removal of a segment of the internal or external mandibular cortex en bloc with the primary tumour and with the satellite lymph nodes. This method, which retains the continuity and height of the mandible, offers the advantage of a greater radicality and at the same time avoids those impairments of the endoral morphology which are an obstacle to a subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation. Its advantages are compared with other surgical techniques proposed for the treatment of paramandibular cancer.", "contents": "En bloc cortical resection in the treatment of paramandibular carcinomas. The authors describe a method which, according to the site of the lesion, permits the removal of a segment of the internal or external mandibular cortex en bloc with the primary tumour and with the satellite lymph nodes. This method, which retains the continuity and height of the mandible, offers the advantage of a greater radicality and at the same time avoids those impairments of the endoral morphology which are an obstacle to a subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation. Its advantages are compared with other surgical techniques proposed for the treatment of paramandibular cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:274508", "title": "Biochemical treatment of precancerous oral lesions: the effectiveness of various analogues of retinoic acid.", "content": "Leukoplakia is neither a clinical, aetiological nor histopathological entity. Therefore treatment is difficult particularly in multifocal and advanced lesions. Since 1970, we have tested the therapeutic effect of different derivatives of all-trans-retinoic acid. The study includes 75 cases with homogeneous leukoplakia without or with minimal epithelial dysplasia. Over 60% of the cases treated showed positive early results. In follow-ups from 1 to 6 years about 45% of cases showed complete or partial remission. The rest showed relapses or even progression. In cases with recurrence without changes in the morphological characteristics, positive effects were achieved with 1 to 4 repeated courses of therapy. All derivatives of retinoic acid tested so far have shown undesirable side effects with systematic manifestations or local symptoms: interruption of treatment (4) or reduction of dosage (9) were unavoidable for that reason. Regarding the side effects, retinoic acid should only be given under clinical supervision. Of the derivates tested to date, aromatic retinoid seems to have the best curative potential in homogenic leukoplakia.", "contents": "Biochemical treatment of precancerous oral lesions: the effectiveness of various analogues of retinoic acid. Leukoplakia is neither a clinical, aetiological nor histopathological entity. Therefore treatment is difficult particularly in multifocal and advanced lesions. Since 1970, we have tested the therapeutic effect of different derivatives of all-trans-retinoic acid. The study includes 75 cases with homogeneous leukoplakia without or with minimal epithelial dysplasia. Over 60% of the cases treated showed positive early results. In follow-ups from 1 to 6 years about 45% of cases showed complete or partial remission. The rest showed relapses or even progression. In cases with recurrence without changes in the morphological characteristics, positive effects were achieved with 1 to 4 repeated courses of therapy. All derivatives of retinoic acid tested so far have shown undesirable side effects with systematic manifestations or local symptoms: interruption of treatment (4) or reduction of dosage (9) were unavoidable for that reason. Regarding the side effects, retinoic acid should only be given under clinical supervision. Of the derivates tested to date, aromatic retinoid seems to have the best curative potential in homogenic leukoplakia."}
{"id": "PMID:274509", "title": "Experimental study on the free transplantation of mucosa and lyophilised dura to the oral cavity.", "content": "The covering of epithelial defects in the oral cavity presents special problems in preprosthetic surgery, since special requisites for function and quality of mucosal grafts must be satisfied. In animal experiments mucosal defects in the oral cavity of 30 rabbits were repaired with free transplants of autologous mucosa and heterologous lyophilised dura. A comparative clinical and histological assessment of the healing processes showed that there was no essential difference between both methods. Considering the necessary second intervention, the infliction of a second wound, as well as the limited source of mucosa, our results show that the use of lyophilised dura in preprosthetic surgery is preferable.", "contents": "Experimental study on the free transplantation of mucosa and lyophilised dura to the oral cavity. The covering of epithelial defects in the oral cavity presents special problems in preprosthetic surgery, since special requisites for function and quality of mucosal grafts must be satisfied. In animal experiments mucosal defects in the oral cavity of 30 rabbits were repaired with free transplants of autologous mucosa and heterologous lyophilised dura. A comparative clinical and histological assessment of the healing processes showed that there was no essential difference between both methods. Considering the necessary second intervention, the infliction of a second wound, as well as the limited source of mucosa, our results show that the use of lyophilised dura in preprosthetic surgery is preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:274521", "title": "Effect of puromycin treatment on the regeneration of hemisected and transected rat spinal cord.", "content": "The effect of puromycin on spinal cord regeneration was studied following implantation into the site of spinal cord hemi- or transection of Gel-foam saturated with puromycin (1 mM) in a saline carrier, implantation of Gel-foam sponge saturated with saline (carrier control), or lesion alone (lesion control). The spinal cords of 107 rats were studied with light and electron microscopy 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperative (DPO). Spinal cord hemisected animals developed a dense cicatrix at the site of lesion replete with connective tissue, blood vessles, and myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres which could be traced to peripheral sources. Rostrally at the C.N.S.--cicatrix interface, there were reactive neuroglial cells, occasional nerve fibres and finger-like projections of spinal cord (due to cavitation lesions) which contained neuroglia, axons and dendrites. Implantation of saline in Gel-foam resulted in the same morphology as in hemisected animals except for increased lesion size due to mechanical factors and decreased cicatrix density during the first 30 DPO. Puromycin treatment resulted in a cicatrix with initial decreased cell density but which contained a new class of nerve fibres at 30 DPO. These nerve fibres were oriented in a rostro-caudal direction, were unmyelinated, 0.1-0.2 micron in diameter and had expanded smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some of these nerve fibres were degenerating at 30 DPO and all were absent by 60 DPO. The puromycin-treated spinal cord within 200 micron rostral to the basal lamina contained nerve terminal conglomerates, which resembled boutons, in fascicles from 30-90 DPO (duration of experiment). Hemisection of the spinal cord by crushing 1-1 1/2 segments rostral to the site of puromycin implantation at 30 DPO resulted in degeneration of these nerve fibres in the cicatrix as well as the degeneration of nerve terminal conglomerates just rostral to the basal lamina. The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord is discussed in relationship to these findings.", "contents": "Effect of puromycin treatment on the regeneration of hemisected and transected rat spinal cord. The effect of puromycin on spinal cord regeneration was studied following implantation into the site of spinal cord hemi- or transection of Gel-foam saturated with puromycin (1 mM) in a saline carrier, implantation of Gel-foam sponge saturated with saline (carrier control), or lesion alone (lesion control). The spinal cords of 107 rats were studied with light and electron microscopy 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperative (DPO). Spinal cord hemisected animals developed a dense cicatrix at the site of lesion replete with connective tissue, blood vessles, and myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres which could be traced to peripheral sources. Rostrally at the C.N.S.--cicatrix interface, there were reactive neuroglial cells, occasional nerve fibres and finger-like projections of spinal cord (due to cavitation lesions) which contained neuroglia, axons and dendrites. Implantation of saline in Gel-foam resulted in the same morphology as in hemisected animals except for increased lesion size due to mechanical factors and decreased cicatrix density during the first 30 DPO. Puromycin treatment resulted in a cicatrix with initial decreased cell density but which contained a new class of nerve fibres at 30 DPO. These nerve fibres were oriented in a rostro-caudal direction, were unmyelinated, 0.1-0.2 micron in diameter and had expanded smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some of these nerve fibres were degenerating at 30 DPO and all were absent by 60 DPO. The puromycin-treated spinal cord within 200 micron rostral to the basal lamina contained nerve terminal conglomerates, which resembled boutons, in fascicles from 30-90 DPO (duration of experiment). Hemisection of the spinal cord by crushing 1-1 1/2 segments rostral to the site of puromycin implantation at 30 DPO resulted in degeneration of these nerve fibres in the cicatrix as well as the degeneration of nerve terminal conglomerates just rostral to the basal lamina. The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord is discussed in relationship to these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:274530", "title": "Control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in the oral surgery office.", "content": "Occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics can be substantially reduced by control measures that have been recently developed. The incentive for their use should be the suspected relationship between chronic exposure to trace concentrations of agents, such as nitrous oxide, and health hazards. Control measures include the use of a newly developed scavenging nasal mask, relatively gastight anesthetic equipment, and vented suction machine, supported by an air monitoring program. With these measures, the concentration of nitrous oxide inhaled by the oral surgeons studied was reduced 97%.", "contents": "Control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in the oral surgery office. Occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics can be substantially reduced by control measures that have been recently developed. The incentive for their use should be the suspected relationship between chronic exposure to trace concentrations of agents, such as nitrous oxide, and health hazards. Control measures include the use of a newly developed scavenging nasal mask, relatively gastight anesthetic equipment, and vented suction machine, supported by an air monitoring program. With these measures, the concentration of nitrous oxide inhaled by the oral surgeons studied was reduced 97%."}
{"id": "PMID:274531", "title": "Nitrous oxide pollution levels in oral surgery offices.", "content": "Nitrous oxide pollutant levels, surveyed in oral surgery offices in Southern California, were lower than previously reported. These evaluations were related to rebreathed gas samples obtained from the operator and assistants, and appear to correlate well with exposure to nitrous oxide contamination. The lower levels in the hallway were tenfold less than those previously reported. Better air-conditioning in these offices and better airway control could be responsible, in part, for the difference.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide pollution levels in oral surgery offices. Nitrous oxide pollutant levels, surveyed in oral surgery offices in Southern California, were lower than previously reported. These evaluations were related to rebreathed gas samples obtained from the operator and assistants, and appear to correlate well with exposure to nitrous oxide contamination. The lower levels in the hallway were tenfold less than those previously reported. Better air-conditioning in these offices and better airway control could be responsible, in part, for the difference."}
{"id": "PMID:274535", "title": "The calcifying odontogenic cyst: report of case.", "content": "A 14-year-old black girl with a calcifying odontogenic cyst that resembled a cystic compound odontoma radiographically was examined and treated. The clinical, radiographic, and histologic picture presented by the lesion and its treatment were discussed.", "contents": "The calcifying odontogenic cyst: report of case. A 14-year-old black girl with a calcifying odontogenic cyst that resembled a cystic compound odontoma radiographically was examined and treated. The clinical, radiographic, and histologic picture presented by the lesion and its treatment were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274536", "title": "Ewing sarcoma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of Ewing sarcoma, primarily localized in the mandible in a 19-year-old woman, is reported. The case report covers the initial symptoms, which are often misleading, the history, clinical, radiographic, and histologic features; and the treatment by surgery complemented with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Ewing sarcoma of the mandible: report of case. A case of Ewing sarcoma, primarily localized in the mandible in a 19-year-old woman, is reported. The case report covers the initial symptoms, which are often misleading, the history, clinical, radiographic, and histologic features; and the treatment by surgery complemented with radiotherapy and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:274540", "title": "Frozen autogenous mandible as an immediate replacement graft.", "content": "A study in animals was designed to examine the feasibility of grafting autogenous frozen mandible. Two groups of animals were used. In the first group, periosteum was elevated from the bone before resection. In the second group, the periosteum was removed with the resected specimen. Osteogenesis was shown by clinical, radiographic, fluorescence, and histologic studies in both groups of animals. The same technique was performed in nine humans with carcinomas that involved the mandible. The results were encouraging. We believe that immediate or delayed reconstruction with autogenous frozen mandible in a patient undergoing ablative surgery of the head and neck with involvement of the bone may offer the patient, as well as the surgeon, another acceptable treatment modality.", "contents": "Frozen autogenous mandible as an immediate replacement graft. A study in animals was designed to examine the feasibility of grafting autogenous frozen mandible. Two groups of animals were used. In the first group, periosteum was elevated from the bone before resection. In the second group, the periosteum was removed with the resected specimen. Osteogenesis was shown by clinical, radiographic, fluorescence, and histologic studies in both groups of animals. The same technique was performed in nine humans with carcinomas that involved the mandible. The results were encouraging. We believe that immediate or delayed reconstruction with autogenous frozen mandible in a patient undergoing ablative surgery of the head and neck with involvement of the bone may offer the patient, as well as the surgeon, another acceptable treatment modality."}
{"id": "PMID:274542", "title": "The significance of age changes in human alveolar mucosa and bone.", "content": "The denture-bearing mucosa of aged maxillary and mandibular ridges show morphologic changes that are irreversible. These changes limit the extensibility and the rebound capacity of the denture-bearing area.", "contents": "The significance of age changes in human alveolar mucosa and bone. The denture-bearing mucosa of aged maxillary and mandibular ridges show morphologic changes that are irreversible. These changes limit the extensibility and the rebound capacity of the denture-bearing area."}
{"id": "PMID:274543", "title": "Clinical comparison of masticatory performance and electromyographic activity of patients with complete dentures, overdentures, and natural teeth.", "content": "In this study, which is the first of its kind, it has been shown that overdenture patients, when compared to complete denture patients, while chewing a test food for a constant number of strokes, expended an equivalent amount of muscle effort, chewed more slowly and efficiently, and evidenced significantly better masticatory performance by producing an increased volume of fine test food particles. These findings provide a sound justification for the extra effort required to retain some natural teeth to provide overdenture services to patients. The fact that patients can masticate food more efficiently with overdentures than with complete dentures justifies the increased cost and time involved in their construction. The longitudinal effects that overdentures have on the basic physiopathologic processed involved in the progression of ridge resorption and the advantages of maintaining periodontal proprioception also should be studied.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of masticatory performance and electromyographic activity of patients with complete dentures, overdentures, and natural teeth. In this study, which is the first of its kind, it has been shown that overdenture patients, when compared to complete denture patients, while chewing a test food for a constant number of strokes, expended an equivalent amount of muscle effort, chewed more slowly and efficiently, and evidenced significantly better masticatory performance by producing an increased volume of fine test food particles. These findings provide a sound justification for the extra effort required to retain some natural teeth to provide overdenture services to patients. The fact that patients can masticate food more efficiently with overdentures than with complete dentures justifies the increased cost and time involved in their construction. The longitudinal effects that overdentures have on the basic physiopathologic processed involved in the progression of ridge resorption and the advantages of maintaining periodontal proprioception also should be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:274544", "title": "A back-action amalgam carrier.", "content": "A method has been presented for alteration of a conventional lever-type amalgam carrier for use in placement of amalgam in difficult-to-reach distobuccal and distolingual preparations. The few minutes required to alter one of these instruments will be more than repaid in time saved while attempting to place amalgam with a conventional carrier or cotton pliers. It is hoped that in the future one of the manufacturers of the conventional-type carriers will add this altered instrument to their product line.", "contents": "A back-action amalgam carrier. A method has been presented for alteration of a conventional lever-type amalgam carrier for use in placement of amalgam in difficult-to-reach distobuccal and distolingual preparations. The few minutes required to alter one of these instruments will be more than repaid in time saved while attempting to place amalgam with a conventional carrier or cotton pliers. It is hoped that in the future one of the manufacturers of the conventional-type carriers will add this altered instrument to their product line."}
{"id": "PMID:274546", "title": "Film thickness of cements beneath complete crowns.", "content": "The results showed that Durelon, EBAC, zinc phosphate, Epoxylite CBA, and Fynal had thinner film thicknesses than EBA and Fluro-Thin. In addition, venting of a crown resulted in lower film thicknesses with all cements except Fynal and EBAC. No significant differences occurred with these two cements whether the crown was vented or not. Obviously many other factors besides film thickness, such as toxicity, strength, and solubility, have to be considered before selecting a cement for clinical use. When only film thickness is to be considered, all of the cements in the study could be recommended for the cementation of crowns with the exception of EBA and Fluoro-Thin.", "contents": "Film thickness of cements beneath complete crowns. The results showed that Durelon, EBAC, zinc phosphate, Epoxylite CBA, and Fynal had thinner film thicknesses than EBA and Fluro-Thin. In addition, venting of a crown resulted in lower film thicknesses with all cements except Fynal and EBAC. No significant differences occurred with these two cements whether the crown was vented or not. Obviously many other factors besides film thickness, such as toxicity, strength, and solubility, have to be considered before selecting a cement for clinical use. When only film thickness is to be considered, all of the cements in the study could be recommended for the cementation of crowns with the exception of EBA and Fluoro-Thin."}
{"id": "PMID:274547", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: diagnosis and dental treatment.", "content": "This article illustrates the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and dental treatment for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Suggestions are offered in the treatment of xerostomia or SS.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: diagnosis and dental treatment. This article illustrates the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and dental treatment for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Suggestions are offered in the treatment of xerostomia or SS."}
{"id": "PMID:274548", "title": "An evaluation of facial prostheses.", "content": "A survey was conducted to evaluate patient reactions to facial prostheses that were provided to 143 patients in the past 7 years at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Of the 76 patients who responded, 38 patients were wearing their prostheses and 38 patients were not wearing their prostheses. Reasons cited by the patients for not using their prosthesis included lack of retention, additional surgery, discomfort, and irritation. Most of the prostheses were prepared in silicone rubber with color characterization accomplished by the tattooing method. More than 69% of the prostheses were remade within a year because of rapid changes in the defect, prosthesis material, or prosthesis color. The study revealed the need for improvement in materials, adhesive techniques, and the psychological orientation of the patient. This project was conducted at a teaching and research institute. No fees for the patients were required. Therefore our data might differ from that collected from a private practice or clinic.", "contents": "An evaluation of facial prostheses. A survey was conducted to evaluate patient reactions to facial prostheses that were provided to 143 patients in the past 7 years at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Of the 76 patients who responded, 38 patients were wearing their prostheses and 38 patients were not wearing their prostheses. Reasons cited by the patients for not using their prosthesis included lack of retention, additional surgery, discomfort, and irritation. Most of the prostheses were prepared in silicone rubber with color characterization accomplished by the tattooing method. More than 69% of the prostheses were remade within a year because of rapid changes in the defect, prosthesis material, or prosthesis color. The study revealed the need for improvement in materials, adhesive techniques, and the psychological orientation of the patient. This project was conducted at a teaching and research institute. No fees for the patients were required. Therefore our data might differ from that collected from a private practice or clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:274549", "title": "Delivering surface irradiation to persistent unresectable squamous cell carcinomas: a prosthodontic solution.", "content": "A simple afterloading maxillofacial radiotherapy prosthesis is used to provide surface irradiation to a persistent superficial carcinoma. Fabrication, loading, and application of the device, as well as indications for and advantages of its use, have been presented.", "contents": "Delivering surface irradiation to persistent unresectable squamous cell carcinomas: a prosthodontic solution. A simple afterloading maxillofacial radiotherapy prosthesis is used to provide surface irradiation to a persistent superficial carcinoma. Fabrication, loading, and application of the device, as well as indications for and advantages of its use, have been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:274550", "title": "Prosthodontic treatment for Pierre Robin syndrome.", "content": "A brief review of the Pierre Robin syndrome and the various methods of treatment employed for children with the condition have been outlined. A suggested treatment approach utilizing an acrylic resin obturator with an adjustable wire tongue restraint has been discussed.", "contents": "Prosthodontic treatment for Pierre Robin syndrome. A brief review of the Pierre Robin syndrome and the various methods of treatment employed for children with the condition have been outlined. A suggested treatment approach utilizing an acrylic resin obturator with an adjustable wire tongue restraint has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274551", "title": "Laminagraphic study of mandibular condyle position when recording centric relation.", "content": "Laminagraphs were made of each temporomandibular joint of 20 subjects (1) with the mandible forcefully retruded to centric relation and (2) with the mandible positioned by a closing force while an anterior guidance prosthesis was being used. The radiographs were compared by measurements of condylar position; results indicated the condyles to be significantly more superior in the glenoid fossa when anterior guidance was used. The difference in anterior-posterior positioning of the condyles appeared to occur randomly. Measurements of the joint spaces with the mandible in centric relation using anterior guidance indicated that mandibular condyles were not centered in the fossae. There seemed to be a range in the size of the space that could be considered normal.", "contents": "Laminagraphic study of mandibular condyle position when recording centric relation. Laminagraphs were made of each temporomandibular joint of 20 subjects (1) with the mandible forcefully retruded to centric relation and (2) with the mandible positioned by a closing force while an anterior guidance prosthesis was being used. The radiographs were compared by measurements of condylar position; results indicated the condyles to be significantly more superior in the glenoid fossa when anterior guidance was used. The difference in anterior-posterior positioning of the condyles appeared to occur randomly. Measurements of the joint spaces with the mandible in centric relation using anterior guidance indicated that mandibular condyles were not centered in the fossae. There seemed to be a range in the size of the space that could be considered normal."}
{"id": "PMID:274552", "title": "Carving dental restorations.", "content": "The finishing of dental restorations is accomplished most adequately when carving, rotary, and finishing instruments are designed and used for maximum surface contact on natural teeth. General considerations and a detailed technique for carving and contouring dental restorations with these instruments have been described and illustrated.", "contents": "Carving dental restorations. The finishing of dental restorations is accomplished most adequately when carving, rotary, and finishing instruments are designed and used for maximum surface contact on natural teeth. General considerations and a detailed technique for carving and contouring dental restorations with these instruments have been described and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:274587", "title": "Thirteen cases of leukemia in a family.", "content": "Thirteen cases of leukemia, 12 of them acute, occurred in 3 generations of a family comprising 293 members. Individual cases could not be linked to the possession of any of a range of genetic markers. Cytogenetic studies showed no constitutional chromosome abnormalities. Preliminary results of virologic studies suggested the presence of oncornaviruses in at least 1 leukemic individual in this family. This aggregation of leukemia cases likely resulted from a genetic, probably polygenic, predisposition, in association with the activity of leukemogenic factors whose nature remains to be clearly defined.", "contents": "Thirteen cases of leukemia in a family. Thirteen cases of leukemia, 12 of them acute, occurred in 3 generations of a family comprising 293 members. Individual cases could not be linked to the possession of any of a range of genetic markers. Cytogenetic studies showed no constitutional chromosome abnormalities. Preliminary results of virologic studies suggested the presence of oncornaviruses in at least 1 leukemic individual in this family. This aggregation of leukemia cases likely resulted from a genetic, probably polygenic, predisposition, in association with the activity of leukemogenic factors whose nature remains to be clearly defined."}
{"id": "PMID:274605", "title": "[Variations in middle-ear producen during a mask-ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients ageing from 19-60 years dueing forced mask-ventilation, the pressures present in the epipharynx and the middle ear were measured. In 12 patients results raising pressure of the middle ear which has a corresponding level in the epipharynx accompanied by a time delay. It was possible to measure peaks in pressure of 100 cm H2O which however, by increased forced ventilation could produce higher results. Disturbances of the movable structures of the middle ear, due to increased forced ventilation appears probable.", "contents": "[Variations in middle-ear producen during a mask-ventilation (author's transl)]. In 30 patients ageing from 19-60 years dueing forced mask-ventilation, the pressures present in the epipharynx and the middle ear were measured. In 12 patients results raising pressure of the middle ear which has a corresponding level in the epipharynx accompanied by a time delay. It was possible to measure peaks in pressure of 100 cm H2O which however, by increased forced ventilation could produce higher results. Disturbances of the movable structures of the middle ear, due to increased forced ventilation appears probable."}
{"id": "PMID:274607", "title": "[Equipment improvements for inhalatory methods of treatment].", "content": "To cut down unjustifiable consumption of compressed air and electric power in inhalation therapy rooms and to improve the response of patients to curative procedures simple and inexpensive improvements in the inhalation equipment of obsolete models, raising their functional characteristics are proposed.", "contents": "[Equipment improvements for inhalatory methods of treatment]. To cut down unjustifiable consumption of compressed air and electric power in inhalation therapy rooms and to improve the response of patients to curative procedures simple and inexpensive improvements in the inhalation equipment of obsolete models, raising their functional characteristics are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:274646", "title": "Distribution of anti HBs in Christchurch hospital staff.", "content": "Three hundred and thirty-eight North Canterbury Hospital Board staff in 11 different job categories have been tested for anti HBs during a two-year period, June 1975 to June 1977. Forty-three sera were positive for anti HBs, 10 following documented hepatitis B, nine following prophylactic anti HBs and 23 without any previous history of hepatitis. 22.4 percent of the medical staff, 10 percent of the nurses, 11.4 percent of the laboratory staff, 36.4 percent of the dental staff tested were positive for anti HBs.", "contents": "Distribution of anti HBs in Christchurch hospital staff. Three hundred and thirty-eight North Canterbury Hospital Board staff in 11 different job categories have been tested for anti HBs during a two-year period, June 1975 to June 1977. Forty-three sera were positive for anti HBs, 10 following documented hepatitis B, nine following prophylactic anti HBs and 23 without any previous history of hepatitis. 22.4 percent of the medical staff, 10 percent of the nurses, 11.4 percent of the laboratory staff, 36.4 percent of the dental staff tested were positive for anti HBs."}
{"id": "PMID:274647", "title": "Retinal venous occlusion and ABO blood-groups.", "content": "The distribution of ABO blood-groups in 79 patients with a retinal venous occlusion (RVO) was not significantly different from that of local blood donors. In 67 of these patients it was found that the visual outcome six months after the RVO is significantly associated with the patient's ABO blood-group. For central and branch retinal vein occlusions taken together 18 percent of patients with blood-group A had a vision of 6/9 or better in the affected eye, whereas 46 percent of patients with blood-group 0 and 49 percent of patients with blood-groups, O, B or AB achieved this vision.", "contents": "Retinal venous occlusion and ABO blood-groups. The distribution of ABO blood-groups in 79 patients with a retinal venous occlusion (RVO) was not significantly different from that of local blood donors. In 67 of these patients it was found that the visual outcome six months after the RVO is significantly associated with the patient's ABO blood-group. For central and branch retinal vein occlusions taken together 18 percent of patients with blood-group A had a vision of 6/9 or better in the affected eye, whereas 46 percent of patients with blood-group 0 and 49 percent of patients with blood-groups, O, B or AB achieved this vision."}
{"id": "PMID:274648", "title": "Once daily administration of a beta-blocker in hypertension.", "content": "In 156 patients in general practice, a slow release formulation of oxprenolol given once daily was substituted for conventional beta-receptor-blockers given two or three times daily. At the end of eight weeks there was a significant improvement in blood pressure control which was thought to be due to improved patient compliance. There was also a reduction in the frequency and severity of side-effects which was not drug specific but could be partly explained by the reduction in blood pressure. As 77 percent of the patients considered the once daily dose in a calendar pack to be helpful, simplification of dosage was thought to be an important factor in improving patient compliance, which resulted in better blood pressure control without an increase in unwanted effects.", "contents": "Once daily administration of a beta-blocker in hypertension. In 156 patients in general practice, a slow release formulation of oxprenolol given once daily was substituted for conventional beta-receptor-blockers given two or three times daily. At the end of eight weeks there was a significant improvement in blood pressure control which was thought to be due to improved patient compliance. There was also a reduction in the frequency and severity of side-effects which was not drug specific but could be partly explained by the reduction in blood pressure. As 77 percent of the patients considered the once daily dose in a calendar pack to be helpful, simplification of dosage was thought to be an important factor in improving patient compliance, which resulted in better blood pressure control without an increase in unwanted effects."}
{"id": "PMID:274649", "title": "Reprogramming the social environment of an autistic child.", "content": "The effects of a token reinforcement and response cost procedure on the social skills, and academic and problem behaviours of a nine-year-old autistic child were assessed using a token economy treatment programme. The treatment was carried out in the child's home environment with his parents acting as therapists. It was found that the child's learning was enhanced and his problem behaviours were brought under parental control. These results seem particularly significant because it demonstrates the feasibility of using a token economy treatment programme with autistic children.", "contents": "Reprogramming the social environment of an autistic child. The effects of a token reinforcement and response cost procedure on the social skills, and academic and problem behaviours of a nine-year-old autistic child were assessed using a token economy treatment programme. The treatment was carried out in the child's home environment with his parents acting as therapists. It was found that the child's learning was enhanced and his problem behaviours were brought under parental control. These results seem particularly significant because it demonstrates the feasibility of using a token economy treatment programme with autistic children."}
{"id": "PMID:274655", "title": "Acute glomerulonephritis in childhood: a retrospective study of hospital admissions in New Zealand.", "content": "A retrospective study of hospital admissions for acute glomerulonephritis in childhood has shown a mean yearly admission rate over a 10 year period of 96 (32 per million of the total population). There is a marked regional variation, with rates in the Gisborne, Tauranga and Waikato areas seven to nine times as high as the lowest rate (in Christchurch).", "contents": "Acute glomerulonephritis in childhood: a retrospective study of hospital admissions in New Zealand. A retrospective study of hospital admissions for acute glomerulonephritis in childhood has shown a mean yearly admission rate over a 10 year period of 96 (32 per million of the total population). There is a marked regional variation, with rates in the Gisborne, Tauranga and Waikato areas seven to nine times as high as the lowest rate (in Christchurch)."}
{"id": "PMID:274656", "title": "The anthropometry of Western Samoan pre-school children.", "content": "A limited survey of the physical characteristics of Western Samoan pre-school children was conducted. The Samoan children appear larger than their European counterparts in early infancy, although this difference is lost by nine months of age. There is a need to establish standards of growth for Western Samoan children. Until these standards are available caution is advised when comparing Samoan infant growth parameters with UK norms.", "contents": "The anthropometry of Western Samoan pre-school children. A limited survey of the physical characteristics of Western Samoan pre-school children was conducted. The Samoan children appear larger than their European counterparts in early infancy, although this difference is lost by nine months of age. There is a need to establish standards of growth for Western Samoan children. Until these standards are available caution is advised when comparing Samoan infant growth parameters with UK norms."}
{"id": "PMID:274657", "title": "Intramural oesophageal haematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "A case of intramural oesophageal haematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy is described. Severe chest pain and complete obstruction of the oesophagus resulted. Early fibreoptic endoscopy facilitated the diagnosis. The condition resolved spontaneously with conservative management. A similar case has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Intramural oesophageal haematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy. A case of intramural oesophageal haematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy is described. Severe chest pain and complete obstruction of the oesophagus resulted. Early fibreoptic endoscopy facilitated the diagnosis. The condition resolved spontaneously with conservative management. A similar case has not been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:274658", "title": "Practolol peritonitis with autopsy findings.", "content": "This case of practolol peritonitis was the first recognised in Australasia and fifth in the world series. At post mortem there was some indefinite indication that, in time and after withdrawal of the drug, the lesion slowly resolves.", "contents": "Practolol peritonitis with autopsy findings. This case of practolol peritonitis was the first recognised in Australasia and fifth in the world series. At post mortem there was some indefinite indication that, in time and after withdrawal of the drug, the lesion slowly resolves."}
{"id": "PMID:274679", "title": "An autopsy study of the metastatic patterns of human leukemias.", "content": "This paper analyses the distribution of metastases at every site of the human body in acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphocytic, acute myeblastic and chronic myelocytic leukemias in patients that come to autopsy. It appeared that the 4 types of leukemia had a similar seeding frequency of the skin, breast, trachea, diaphragm and all other muscles. The highest incidence of metastases was found in the lymphatic system (i.e. all lymph-nodes and spleen). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed an excess of metastases in the major blood vessels, pleura, large intestines, extrahepatic biliary tract, ureters, prostate, cervix uteri, central nervous system, thymus, ovaries and pituitary. The excess of metastases at specific sites did not cluster either in topographical areas or in anatomical systems, with the exception of metastases in the central nervous and endocrine systems (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia showed an excess of metastases in all lymph nodes, kidney, adrenals and heart. A lymphatic route of dissemination, as opposed to a blood-borne spread of malignant cells, was hypothesised to account for the excess of metastases in the above mentioned organs in patients affected with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Soil specificity with the degree of anaplasia of leukemic cells may account for the higher than expected occurrence of metastases in a given organ, for a specific leukemia. This remark holds true particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "An autopsy study of the metastatic patterns of human leukemias. This paper analyses the distribution of metastases at every site of the human body in acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphocytic, acute myeblastic and chronic myelocytic leukemias in patients that come to autopsy. It appeared that the 4 types of leukemia had a similar seeding frequency of the skin, breast, trachea, diaphragm and all other muscles. The highest incidence of metastases was found in the lymphatic system (i.e. all lymph-nodes and spleen). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed an excess of metastases in the major blood vessels, pleura, large intestines, extrahepatic biliary tract, ureters, prostate, cervix uteri, central nervous system, thymus, ovaries and pituitary. The excess of metastases at specific sites did not cluster either in topographical areas or in anatomical systems, with the exception of metastases in the central nervous and endocrine systems (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia showed an excess of metastases in all lymph nodes, kidney, adrenals and heart. A lymphatic route of dissemination, as opposed to a blood-borne spread of malignant cells, was hypothesised to account for the excess of metastases in the above mentioned organs in patients affected with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Soil specificity with the degree of anaplasia of leukemic cells may account for the higher than expected occurrence of metastases in a given organ, for a specific leukemia. This remark holds true particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:274682", "title": "Eimeria tenella: experimental studies on the development of resistance to amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate.", "content": "The development of resistance by the Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella to the anticoccidial drugs amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate has been studied. Resistance to amprolium and clopidol developed more readily in experiments where a large number of coccidia were exposed to the drug, either by increasing the number of oocysts in the inoculum or by increasing the number of birds in the group. When 45 birds were given 2.0 X 10(6) oocysts, resistance to amprolium and clopidol appeared after 6 and 7 passages respectively. In previous experiments, under similar conditions, resistance to robenidine developed after 6 passages, suggesting little difference between these three drugs. Resistance to amprolium and clopidol arose gradually as the concentration of drug was increased, but resistance to methyl benzoquate appeared in a single step from sensitivity to high-level resistance. Both amprolium and clopidol-resistant lines showed an 8-fold reduction in drug sensitivity. Attempts to measure the degree of resistance by calculation of the ED50 were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Eimeria tenella: experimental studies on the development of resistance to amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate. The development of resistance by the Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella to the anticoccidial drugs amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate has been studied. Resistance to amprolium and clopidol developed more readily in experiments where a large number of coccidia were exposed to the drug, either by increasing the number of oocysts in the inoculum or by increasing the number of birds in the group. When 45 birds were given 2.0 X 10(6) oocysts, resistance to amprolium and clopidol appeared after 6 and 7 passages respectively. In previous experiments, under similar conditions, resistance to robenidine developed after 6 passages, suggesting little difference between these three drugs. Resistance to amprolium and clopidol arose gradually as the concentration of drug was increased, but resistance to methyl benzoquate appeared in a single step from sensitivity to high-level resistance. Both amprolium and clopidol-resistant lines showed an 8-fold reduction in drug sensitivity. Attempts to measure the degree of resistance by calculation of the ED50 were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:274688", "title": "[A labor market survey among dentists with Norwegian authorization from 1972-1976. IV. Geographical distribution according to place of work].", "content": "The 740 dentists authorized to practise dentistry in Norway during the years 1972-1976 were contacted by postal questionnaires in April/May the first and second year following authorization. Those authorized in 1972 and 1976 were surveyed only once, in 1972 and 1977, respectively. The response rate was always higher than 89%. Urban/rural and regional maldistribution of civilian dentists was reduced during the years 1972-1977 (Tables 1-7). The dentist/population ratio fails to allow for variation in need and demand for dental care, the use of ancillary personnel, demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors. Consequently, care should be exercised when judging the adequacy or otherwise of the supply of dentists by these results. The proportion of respondents whose place of work and home address at the start of dental studies, was the same county, increased during the observation period (Fig. 1), when in fact an opposite trend had been expected because of the progressively more difficult job situation for newly authorized dentists. It was concluded that this tendency to return \"home\" might be made use of in the efforts to make dental health services equally available and accessible to all citizens.", "contents": "[A labor market survey among dentists with Norwegian authorization from 1972-1976. IV. Geographical distribution according to place of work]. The 740 dentists authorized to practise dentistry in Norway during the years 1972-1976 were contacted by postal questionnaires in April/May the first and second year following authorization. Those authorized in 1972 and 1976 were surveyed only once, in 1972 and 1977, respectively. The response rate was always higher than 89%. Urban/rural and regional maldistribution of civilian dentists was reduced during the years 1972-1977 (Tables 1-7). The dentist/population ratio fails to allow for variation in need and demand for dental care, the use of ancillary personnel, demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors. Consequently, care should be exercised when judging the adequacy or otherwise of the supply of dentists by these results. The proportion of respondents whose place of work and home address at the start of dental studies, was the same county, increased during the observation period (Fig. 1), when in fact an opposite trend had been expected because of the progressively more difficult job situation for newly authorized dentists. It was concluded that this tendency to return \"home\" might be made use of in the efforts to make dental health services equally available and accessible to all citizens."}
{"id": "PMID:274696", "title": "Cooperativity in O2 binding to iron porphyrins.", "content": "The solid-gas O2 binding equilibrium has been studied for for ferrous \"picket fence\" porphyrinates with sterically hindered axial imidazoles. Such systems show significant cooperativity in their binding of O2: at low O2 pressures a low O2 affinity form exists, and at high O2 pressures a higher O2 affinity form develops. Direct analogies are drawn to the cooperativity shown in O2 binding by hemoglobin. These model systems mimic hemoglobin quantitatively.", "contents": "Cooperativity in O2 binding to iron porphyrins. The solid-gas O2 binding equilibrium has been studied for for ferrous \"picket fence\" porphyrinates with sterically hindered axial imidazoles. Such systems show significant cooperativity in their binding of O2: at low O2 pressures a low O2 affinity form exists, and at high O2 pressures a higher O2 affinity form develops. Direct analogies are drawn to the cooperativity shown in O2 binding by hemoglobin. These model systems mimic hemoglobin quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:274697", "title": "Structure of hemoglobins Z\u00fcrich [His E7(63)beta replaced by Arg] and Sydney [Val E11(67)beta replaced by Ala] and role of the distal residues in ligand binding.", "content": "In hemoglobin Z\u00fcrich the side chain of the distal arginine attaches itself to the propionate of the heme, leaving the heme pocket wide open, allowing sulfanilamides easy access to the iron, and doubling the partition coefficient between CO and O2. The replacement of the distal valine by alanine in hemoglobin Sydney leaves a large gap inside the heme pocket, which is partly filled by a water molecule bonded to the distal histidine. Hemoglobin Sydney has the same partition coefficient between CO and O2 as hemoglobin A. Replacement of the distal histidine increases the stretching frequency of CO linked to the beta heme by 6 cm-1, but replacement of the distal valine increases it by only 3 cm-1, but replacement of the distal histidine leaves the O-O stretching frequency unchanged.", "contents": "Structure of hemoglobins Z\u00fcrich [His E7(63)beta replaced by Arg] and Sydney [Val E11(67)beta replaced by Ala] and role of the distal residues in ligand binding. In hemoglobin Z\u00fcrich the side chain of the distal arginine attaches itself to the propionate of the heme, leaving the heme pocket wide open, allowing sulfanilamides easy access to the iron, and doubling the partition coefficient between CO and O2. The replacement of the distal valine by alanine in hemoglobin Sydney leaves a large gap inside the heme pocket, which is partly filled by a water molecule bonded to the distal histidine. Hemoglobin Sydney has the same partition coefficient between CO and O2 as hemoglobin A. Replacement of the distal histidine increases the stretching frequency of CO linked to the beta heme by 6 cm-1, but replacement of the distal valine increases it by only 3 cm-1, but replacement of the distal histidine leaves the O-O stretching frequency unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:274698", "title": "Nucleotide sequences of the separate origins of synthesis of bacteriophage G4 viral and complementary DNA strands.", "content": "Bacteriophage G4 has physically separated origins of synthesis of its viral and complementary DNA strands. Chain termination and \"plus and minus\" DNA sequencing methods have been used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of these two origins. The unique origin at which the complementary DNA strand is initiated has located in the untranslated region between genes F and G. This sequence, which has considerable secondary structure, contains a stretch which is complementary to the RNA primer that is observed during synthesis in vitro of the G4 complementary DNA strand [Bouch\u00e9, J.P., Rowen, L. & Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem., in press]. This G4 origin shows extensive sequence homology with the bacteriophage lambda origin of DNA replication [Denniston-Thompson, K., Moore, D. D., Kruger, D. E., Furth, M. E. & Blattner, F. R. (1977) Science 198, 1051-1056]. The sequence around the site in gene A at which G4 viral DNA strand synthesis is initiated by the nicking action of the cistron A protein is very similar to that of bacteriophage phiX174. An (A + T)-rich stretch flanked by (G + C)-rich sequences may be involved in the interaction between the DNA and protein.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences of the separate origins of synthesis of bacteriophage G4 viral and complementary DNA strands. Bacteriophage G4 has physically separated origins of synthesis of its viral and complementary DNA strands. Chain termination and \"plus and minus\" DNA sequencing methods have been used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of these two origins. The unique origin at which the complementary DNA strand is initiated has located in the untranslated region between genes F and G. This sequence, which has considerable secondary structure, contains a stretch which is complementary to the RNA primer that is observed during synthesis in vitro of the G4 complementary DNA strand [Bouch\u00e9, J.P., Rowen, L. & Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem., in press]. This G4 origin shows extensive sequence homology with the bacteriophage lambda origin of DNA replication [Denniston-Thompson, K., Moore, D. D., Kruger, D. E., Furth, M. E. & Blattner, F. R. (1977) Science 198, 1051-1056]. The sequence around the site in gene A at which G4 viral DNA strand synthesis is initiated by the nicking action of the cistron A protein is very similar to that of bacteriophage phiX174. An (A + T)-rich stretch flanked by (G + C)-rich sequences may be involved in the interaction between the DNA and protein."}
{"id": "PMID:274699", "title": "The disulfide bond connecting the chains of ricin.", "content": "Studies on the disulfide bond connecting the two polypeptide chains of ricin are reported. Reduction of this bond in the native protein requires approximately 50-fold more mercaptoethanol than the reduction of the bond in the protein denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate. An improved procedure for the formation of this disulfide bond from recombined chains is reported. A and B chains spontaneously and rapidly reassociate into a stable complex with a sedimentation velocity similar to that of native oxidized ricin before the disulfide bond reforms. The mixture of both chains also behaves on Bio-Gel P-100 like native oxidized ricin. However, the complex formed by the two chains, assayed before the disulfide bond can reform, and reduced ricin, carboxymethylated to prevent reoxidation, shows a significant decrease in toxicity to mice and a decrease in ability to inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa cells in culture.", "contents": "The disulfide bond connecting the chains of ricin. Studies on the disulfide bond connecting the two polypeptide chains of ricin are reported. Reduction of this bond in the native protein requires approximately 50-fold more mercaptoethanol than the reduction of the bond in the protein denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate. An improved procedure for the formation of this disulfide bond from recombined chains is reported. A and B chains spontaneously and rapidly reassociate into a stable complex with a sedimentation velocity similar to that of native oxidized ricin before the disulfide bond reforms. The mixture of both chains also behaves on Bio-Gel P-100 like native oxidized ricin. However, the complex formed by the two chains, assayed before the disulfide bond can reform, and reduced ricin, carboxymethylated to prevent reoxidation, shows a significant decrease in toxicity to mice and a decrease in ability to inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa cells in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:274700", "title": "Unsymmetrical and concerted examples of the effect of enzyme--enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics.", "content": "In previous papers of this series, emphasis has been placed on the steady-state phase transition and critical properties of large lattices of interacting, symmetrical, and identical enzyme molecules. The present paper is concerned with a number of examples of enzyme--enzyme interactions that do not belong to the class of models of the earlier papers. These are more biochemically oriented and include heterologous dimers, a linear chain with unsymmetrical interactions, and concerted isologous dimers (half-the-sites reactivity).", "contents": "Unsymmetrical and concerted examples of the effect of enzyme--enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics. In previous papers of this series, emphasis has been placed on the steady-state phase transition and critical properties of large lattices of interacting, symmetrical, and identical enzyme molecules. The present paper is concerned with a number of examples of enzyme--enzyme interactions that do not belong to the class of models of the earlier papers. These are more biochemically oriented and include heterologous dimers, a linear chain with unsymmetrical interactions, and concerted isologous dimers (half-the-sites reactivity)."}
{"id": "PMID:274701", "title": "Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are the products of at least two genes and differ in primary structure in at least 25 identified positions from skeletal muscle actins.", "content": "Muscle and cytoplasmic actins from several species have been compared by extensive fingerprint analysis and by partial amino acid sequence determination with the known amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle actin. Although complete sequences have not been established, the following characteristics are apparent. (a) Cytoplasmic actins are the products of two different genes. The difference seen in isoelectric focusing studies is probably determined only by the nature of the three amino-terminal acidic residues. (b) Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are exceedingly similar and perhaps identical. (c) Cytoplasmic actins may differ by at least 25 amino acid replacement from rabbit muscle actin. These replacements have been identified for calf thymus actin; however, other cytoplasmic actins show the same replacements. (d) The replacements always involve-except for the first five residues-neutral amino acid residues. (e) The replacements are not randomly distributed. Residues 18-75 are constant whereas residues 2-18 and 259-298 show many substitutions. (f) The main component of smooth muscle actin from chicken gizzard shows the charge characteristics found at the amino terminus of the less acidic cytoplasmic actin species. In the rest of the polypeptide chain, gizzard actin resembles skeletal muscle actin, although two substitutions of the cytoplasmic type have been identified. (g) Heart muscle actin is very similar to skeletal muscle actin. Only two amino acid replacements have been found; they are of the cytoplasmic type. (h) Skeletal muscle actins from chicken and beef have not shown a replacement.", "contents": "Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are the products of at least two genes and differ in primary structure in at least 25 identified positions from skeletal muscle actins. Muscle and cytoplasmic actins from several species have been compared by extensive fingerprint analysis and by partial amino acid sequence determination with the known amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle actin. Although complete sequences have not been established, the following characteristics are apparent. (a) Cytoplasmic actins are the products of two different genes. The difference seen in isoelectric focusing studies is probably determined only by the nature of the three amino-terminal acidic residues. (b) Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are exceedingly similar and perhaps identical. (c) Cytoplasmic actins may differ by at least 25 amino acid replacement from rabbit muscle actin. These replacements have been identified for calf thymus actin; however, other cytoplasmic actins show the same replacements. (d) The replacements always involve-except for the first five residues-neutral amino acid residues. (e) The replacements are not randomly distributed. Residues 18-75 are constant whereas residues 2-18 and 259-298 show many substitutions. (f) The main component of smooth muscle actin from chicken gizzard shows the charge characteristics found at the amino terminus of the less acidic cytoplasmic actin species. In the rest of the polypeptide chain, gizzard actin resembles skeletal muscle actin, although two substitutions of the cytoplasmic type have been identified. (g) Heart muscle actin is very similar to skeletal muscle actin. Only two amino acid replacements have been found; they are of the cytoplasmic type. (h) Skeletal muscle actins from chicken and beef have not shown a replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:274702", "title": "Purification of ADP-ribosylated nuclear proteins by covalent chromatography on dihydroxyboryl polyacrylamide beads and their characterization.", "content": "Nuclear proteins modified by mono or poly ADP-ribosylation were selectively isolated and purified by covalent chromatography on a dihydroxyboryl polyacrylamide bead column that specifically interacts with cis-diol-containing compounds. From rat liver nuclei that had been incubated with NAD+, histones and some nonhistone proteins were extracted with 0.25 M HCl. Approximately 60% of the ADP-ribose incorporated into 20% trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was recovered in this extract. The ADP-ribosylated material was then isolated from the extract by covalent chromatography on a borate gel column and further purified by carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography. As judged by electrophoretic mobilities in various gel systems and by amino acid compositions, approximately 50% of the ADP-ribose recovered in the carboxymethylcellulose fractions was associated with several nonhistone proteins with molecular weights of 2-6 x 10(4), while 35% aand 15% were associated with histones H2B and H1, respectively. Since the average chain length of the polymer bound to any of these proteins was less than two ADP-ribos-l units, the percentage distribution reflects the number of ADP-ribosylated sites rather than the chain length.", "contents": "Purification of ADP-ribosylated nuclear proteins by covalent chromatography on dihydroxyboryl polyacrylamide beads and their characterization. Nuclear proteins modified by mono or poly ADP-ribosylation were selectively isolated and purified by covalent chromatography on a dihydroxyboryl polyacrylamide bead column that specifically interacts with cis-diol-containing compounds. From rat liver nuclei that had been incubated with NAD+, histones and some nonhistone proteins were extracted with 0.25 M HCl. Approximately 60% of the ADP-ribose incorporated into 20% trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was recovered in this extract. The ADP-ribosylated material was then isolated from the extract by covalent chromatography on a borate gel column and further purified by carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography. As judged by electrophoretic mobilities in various gel systems and by amino acid compositions, approximately 50% of the ADP-ribose recovered in the carboxymethylcellulose fractions was associated with several nonhistone proteins with molecular weights of 2-6 x 10(4), while 35% aand 15% were associated with histones H2B and H1, respectively. Since the average chain length of the polymer bound to any of these proteins was less than two ADP-ribos-l units, the percentage distribution reflects the number of ADP-ribosylated sites rather than the chain length."}
{"id": "PMID:274703", "title": "Altered nucleosome structure containing DNA sequences complementary to 19S and 26S ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The localization of DNA sequences coding for ribosomal RNA was studied by hybridization of purified ribosomal RNA to DNA from chromatin fragments prepared by limited digestion of Physarum nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. The 32P-labeled 19S and 26S RNA hybridized to DNA from nucleosome monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, although the level of hybridization to DNA from nucleosome fractions was less than the level of hybridization to undigested nuclear DNA. The distribution of 19S and 26S rDNA sequences in the nucleosome fractions differed from the distribution of bulk DNA in that the rDNA sequences were recovered primarily in two fractions containing monomer-sized DNA lengths (140-160 base pairs). The percentage of DNA hybridizing to 19S plus 26S RNA was greater in peak A, the more slowly sedimenting monomer peak, than in any other chromatin fraction at all stages of digestion. Peak A and monomer particles differed in protein content and distribution. The presence of ribosomal cistrons in an altered nucleosome configuration may be related to changes in functional states of rDNA chromatin.", "contents": "Altered nucleosome structure containing DNA sequences complementary to 19S and 26S ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum. The localization of DNA sequences coding for ribosomal RNA was studied by hybridization of purified ribosomal RNA to DNA from chromatin fragments prepared by limited digestion of Physarum nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. The 32P-labeled 19S and 26S RNA hybridized to DNA from nucleosome monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, although the level of hybridization to DNA from nucleosome fractions was less than the level of hybridization to undigested nuclear DNA. The distribution of 19S and 26S rDNA sequences in the nucleosome fractions differed from the distribution of bulk DNA in that the rDNA sequences were recovered primarily in two fractions containing monomer-sized DNA lengths (140-160 base pairs). The percentage of DNA hybridizing to 19S plus 26S RNA was greater in peak A, the more slowly sedimenting monomer peak, than in any other chromatin fraction at all stages of digestion. Peak A and monomer particles differed in protein content and distribution. The presence of ribosomal cistrons in an altered nucleosome configuration may be related to changes in functional states of rDNA chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:274704", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis: activation by double-stranded RNA of a protein kinase that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2.", "content": "Incubation of reticulocyte lysates or isolated crude ribosomes with low levels of double-stranded RNA (0.1-10 ng/ml) induces the formation of an inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation similar to that observed in heme deficiency. The inhibitor is associated with a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) that phosphorylates the small polypeptide (38,000 daltons) of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. Activation of the inhibitor requires ATP in addition to double-stranded RNA and is accompanied by the phosphorylation of a 67,000-dalton polypeptide of unknown function. The inhibitor remains associated with the ribosomes during high-speed sedimentation. Once formed, the ribosome-associated inhibitor phosphorylates eIF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis in the absence of double-stranded RNA. Inhibition is prevented by exogenous eIF-2. The bound inhibitor can be solubilized by extraction with 0.5 M KCl. The soluble inhibitor preparation retains the ability to phosphorylate the small polypeptide of eIF-2 and to inhibit protein synthesis. Untreated crude ribosomes also contain cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activities that phosphorylate the middle polypeptide (49,000 daltons) of eIF-2 and several polypeptide subunits of eIF-3 (160,000, 125,000, and 65,000 daltons); these kinase activities are not affected by double-stranded RNA and do not inhibit protein synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis: activation by double-stranded RNA of a protein kinase that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Incubation of reticulocyte lysates or isolated crude ribosomes with low levels of double-stranded RNA (0.1-10 ng/ml) induces the formation of an inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation similar to that observed in heme deficiency. The inhibitor is associated with a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) that phosphorylates the small polypeptide (38,000 daltons) of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. Activation of the inhibitor requires ATP in addition to double-stranded RNA and is accompanied by the phosphorylation of a 67,000-dalton polypeptide of unknown function. The inhibitor remains associated with the ribosomes during high-speed sedimentation. Once formed, the ribosome-associated inhibitor phosphorylates eIF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis in the absence of double-stranded RNA. Inhibition is prevented by exogenous eIF-2. The bound inhibitor can be solubilized by extraction with 0.5 M KCl. The soluble inhibitor preparation retains the ability to phosphorylate the small polypeptide of eIF-2 and to inhibit protein synthesis. Untreated crude ribosomes also contain cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activities that phosphorylate the middle polypeptide (49,000 daltons) of eIF-2 and several polypeptide subunits of eIF-3 (160,000, 125,000, and 65,000 daltons); these kinase activities are not affected by double-stranded RNA and do not inhibit protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:274705", "title": "Common ancestor for concanavalin A and lentil lectin?", "content": "The primary structure of the alpha subunit from Lens culinaris lectin was determined by analysis of tryptic peptides and was shown to consist of 52 amino acid residues. The molecular weight calculated on the basis of the sequence is 5928. The whole chain is homologous with the region between positions 75 and 121 from concanavalin A. The NH2-terminal sequence of the beta chain, determined by automated Edman degradation, is homologous to another portion of the concanavalin A molecule, between positions 123 and 165. Comparison of the 94 residues from the lentil lectin alpha and beta chains with concanavalin A reveals the existence of 43 identities. Thirty-four other homologies could have arisen, each by a single nucleotide substitution. This extensive homology suggests that the lentil lectin alpha and beta chains may be proteolytic fragments from a single polypeptide chain of the same length as concanavalin A.", "contents": "Common ancestor for concanavalin A and lentil lectin? The primary structure of the alpha subunit from Lens culinaris lectin was determined by analysis of tryptic peptides and was shown to consist of 52 amino acid residues. The molecular weight calculated on the basis of the sequence is 5928. The whole chain is homologous with the region between positions 75 and 121 from concanavalin A. The NH2-terminal sequence of the beta chain, determined by automated Edman degradation, is homologous to another portion of the concanavalin A molecule, between positions 123 and 165. Comparison of the 94 residues from the lentil lectin alpha and beta chains with concanavalin A reveals the existence of 43 identities. Thirty-four other homologies could have arisen, each by a single nucleotide substitution. This extensive homology suggests that the lentil lectin alpha and beta chains may be proteolytic fragments from a single polypeptide chain of the same length as concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:274706", "title": "Increased incorporation of adenosine into adenine nucleotide pools in serum-deprived mammalian cells.", "content": "The effects of serum deprivation on the incorporation of adenosine into the intracellular adenine nucleotide pools by several mamalian cell lines were studied. Cells arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle showed increased incorporation of exogenous adenosine into their adenine nucleotide pools as compared with growing cells. This phenomenon is unexpected because salvage pathways from all other preformed nucleosides and bases as well as the de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides is decreased after arrest of growth by serum deprivation. The incorporation of adenosine into adenine nucleotides may serve as an intracellular signal in the regulation of growth in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Increased incorporation of adenosine into adenine nucleotide pools in serum-deprived mammalian cells. The effects of serum deprivation on the incorporation of adenosine into the intracellular adenine nucleotide pools by several mamalian cell lines were studied. Cells arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle showed increased incorporation of exogenous adenosine into their adenine nucleotide pools as compared with growing cells. This phenomenon is unexpected because salvage pathways from all other preformed nucleosides and bases as well as the de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides is decreased after arrest of growth by serum deprivation. The incorporation of adenosine into adenine nucleotides may serve as an intracellular signal in the regulation of growth in mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:274707", "title": "Oligosaccharides containing glucose and mannose in glycoproteins of the thyroid gland.", "content": "The glucose-containing oligosaccharides formed by calf thyroid slices incubated with radioactive glucose were studied. A compound soluble in chloroform/methanol/water, 1:1:0.3 (vol/vol), was found that was indistinguishable from the previously described glucose-containing dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide formed by liver microsomes. Glycopeptides were prepared by treating the glycoproteins with pronase, the amino acids were removed with alkaline borohydride, and the products were examined by paper electrophoresis and chromatography. A saccharide equal to that which occurs in the glucose-containing dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide could not be detected but glucose was found in oligosaccharides that seemed to be smaller by about three to five monosaccharide residues. The same results were obtained by direct treatment of the glycoproteins with alkaline borohydride.", "contents": "Oligosaccharides containing glucose and mannose in glycoproteins of the thyroid gland. The glucose-containing oligosaccharides formed by calf thyroid slices incubated with radioactive glucose were studied. A compound soluble in chloroform/methanol/water, 1:1:0.3 (vol/vol), was found that was indistinguishable from the previously described glucose-containing dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide formed by liver microsomes. Glycopeptides were prepared by treating the glycoproteins with pronase, the amino acids were removed with alkaline borohydride, and the products were examined by paper electrophoresis and chromatography. A saccharide equal to that which occurs in the glucose-containing dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide could not be detected but glucose was found in oligosaccharides that seemed to be smaller by about three to five monosaccharide residues. The same results were obtained by direct treatment of the glycoproteins with alkaline borohydride."}
{"id": "PMID:274708", "title": "Oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein synthesis made in extracts of interferon-treated chick embryo cells: comparison with the mouse low molecular weight inhibitor.", "content": "Cytoplasmic extracts of interferon-treated primary chick embryo cells contain an enzyme activity that synthesized an inhibitor of chick cell-free protein synthesis. The same activity was detected in extracts of cells treated with mock preparations of interferon, but at <0.3% of the level found in interferon-treated cell extracts. The enzyme was activated by double-stranded RNA and could be isolated by binding to columns of poly(I)-poly(C)-agarose. In the column-bound state, the enzyme reacted with ATP to synthesize the inhibitor, which could then be continuously eluted from the column. The inhibitor was purified and its structure and function were compared with those of the low molecular weight inhibitor of protein synthesis made by an enzyme from interferon-treated mouse L cells. The avian and mammalian inhibitors comigrated on thin layers of polyethyleneimine-cellulose during chromatography in three different solvent systems, and they coeluted as a series of peaks from columns of DEAE-cellulose during sodium chloride gradient elution. Digestion with bacterial alkaline phosphatase or snake venom phosphodiesterase yielded products that similarly comigrated. Functionally, the two inhibitors were interchangeable: both inhibited protein synthesis in extracts of mammalian and avian cells, producing 50% inhibition at a concentration of about 0.3 nM (AMP equivalents). We conclude that the chick cell-derived oligonucleotide inhibitor has a structure that is closely related or identical to that of the inhibitor made in the mouse system, and that both preparations inhibit cell-free protein synthesis in a non-species-specific manner.", "contents": "Oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein synthesis made in extracts of interferon-treated chick embryo cells: comparison with the mouse low molecular weight inhibitor. Cytoplasmic extracts of interferon-treated primary chick embryo cells contain an enzyme activity that synthesized an inhibitor of chick cell-free protein synthesis. The same activity was detected in extracts of cells treated with mock preparations of interferon, but at <0.3% of the level found in interferon-treated cell extracts. The enzyme was activated by double-stranded RNA and could be isolated by binding to columns of poly(I)-poly(C)-agarose. In the column-bound state, the enzyme reacted with ATP to synthesize the inhibitor, which could then be continuously eluted from the column. The inhibitor was purified and its structure and function were compared with those of the low molecular weight inhibitor of protein synthesis made by an enzyme from interferon-treated mouse L cells. The avian and mammalian inhibitors comigrated on thin layers of polyethyleneimine-cellulose during chromatography in three different solvent systems, and they coeluted as a series of peaks from columns of DEAE-cellulose during sodium chloride gradient elution. Digestion with bacterial alkaline phosphatase or snake venom phosphodiesterase yielded products that similarly comigrated. Functionally, the two inhibitors were interchangeable: both inhibited protein synthesis in extracts of mammalian and avian cells, producing 50% inhibition at a concentration of about 0.3 nM (AMP equivalents). We conclude that the chick cell-derived oligonucleotide inhibitor has a structure that is closely related or identical to that of the inhibitor made in the mouse system, and that both preparations inhibit cell-free protein synthesis in a non-species-specific manner."}
{"id": "PMID:274709", "title": "Flash photolysis of human serum albumin: characterization of the indole triplet absorption spectrum and decay at ambient temperature.", "content": "The method of flash photolysis was used to identify the transient absorption spectrum and to characterize the decay kinetics of the indole triplet of human serum albumin. This protein was studied because it contains a single indole side chain which is deeply buried in an expandable oily region and because the phosphorescence of the homologous indole in bovine serum albumin could not be detected at ambient temperatures. The transient was identified on the following basis: (i) its triplet-triplet absorption spectrum was similar to those previously reported for indole and tryptophan; (ii) it was quenched by small quantities of oxygen; and (iii) it was photobleached by 370- to 700-nm light. In a nitrogen-saturated solution at room temperature, the indole triplet decays exponentially for more than a factor of 10 with a lifetime of 0.5 msec. These observations suggest that, because of its exponential decay and relatively long lifetime, the triplet will be more valuable than the indole singlet as an intrinsic reporter group for the study of the structure and dynamics of proteins in solution.", "contents": "Flash photolysis of human serum albumin: characterization of the indole triplet absorption spectrum and decay at ambient temperature. The method of flash photolysis was used to identify the transient absorption spectrum and to characterize the decay kinetics of the indole triplet of human serum albumin. This protein was studied because it contains a single indole side chain which is deeply buried in an expandable oily region and because the phosphorescence of the homologous indole in bovine serum albumin could not be detected at ambient temperatures. The transient was identified on the following basis: (i) its triplet-triplet absorption spectrum was similar to those previously reported for indole and tryptophan; (ii) it was quenched by small quantities of oxygen; and (iii) it was photobleached by 370- to 700-nm light. In a nitrogen-saturated solution at room temperature, the indole triplet decays exponentially for more than a factor of 10 with a lifetime of 0.5 msec. These observations suggest that, because of its exponential decay and relatively long lifetime, the triplet will be more valuable than the indole singlet as an intrinsic reporter group for the study of the structure and dynamics of proteins in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:274710", "title": "Transcription of cloned tRNA gene fragments and subfragments injected into the oocyte nucleus of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Cloned 3.18 kilobase fragments of Xenopus laevis DNA containing genes for tRNAMet1 and for at least one other 4S RNA species are transcribed rapidly after their injection into the nucleus of X. laevis oocytes. The newly synthesized RNA can be resolved by gel electrophoresis into a few predominant 4S RNA species and a series of slower migrating components. One of the 4S RNA species appears to be identical, by fingerprint analysis, to the tRNAMet1 isolated by hybridization of somatic cell RNA to this cloned tRNA gene fragment (tDNA). Thus, the tRNAMet1 produced after injection can be both fully processed and modified. Its rate of synthesis is estimated to be about 6 x 10(9) molecules/hr in each oocyte injected with 2 ng of tDNA. When the tDNA fragment is cleaved into two halves with restriction endonuclease Sst I, each injected half gives rise to a subset of the RNAs produced after injection of the intact fragment. This experiment thus suggests the presence of at least two transcriptional units on this cloned tDNA. This simple way of biologically testing defined restriction fragments may be of value for analyzing the functional organization of other cloned eukaryotic DNA units.", "contents": "Transcription of cloned tRNA gene fragments and subfragments injected into the oocyte nucleus of Xenopus laevis. Cloned 3.18 kilobase fragments of Xenopus laevis DNA containing genes for tRNAMet1 and for at least one other 4S RNA species are transcribed rapidly after their injection into the nucleus of X. laevis oocytes. The newly synthesized RNA can be resolved by gel electrophoresis into a few predominant 4S RNA species and a series of slower migrating components. One of the 4S RNA species appears to be identical, by fingerprint analysis, to the tRNAMet1 isolated by hybridization of somatic cell RNA to this cloned tRNA gene fragment (tDNA). Thus, the tRNAMet1 produced after injection can be both fully processed and modified. Its rate of synthesis is estimated to be about 6 x 10(9) molecules/hr in each oocyte injected with 2 ng of tDNA. When the tDNA fragment is cleaved into two halves with restriction endonuclease Sst I, each injected half gives rise to a subset of the RNAs produced after injection of the intact fragment. This experiment thus suggests the presence of at least two transcriptional units on this cloned tDNA. This simple way of biologically testing defined restriction fragments may be of value for analyzing the functional organization of other cloned eukaryotic DNA units."}
{"id": "PMID:274711", "title": "Aspartic acid racemization in heavy molecular weight crystallins and water insoluble protein from normal human lenses and cataracts.", "content": "High D/L aspartic acid ratios are observed in heavy molecular weight aggregates and in water-insoluble protein extracted from whole lenses and nuclear and cortical regions. Purified alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins have low D/L ratios. Fractionation of urea-solubilized material from the water-insoluble protein yields four molecular weight classes of proteins. Fractions representing crosslinked material or apparently degraded products have high D/L ratios. Racemization within lens proteins may contribute to formation of the water-insoluble fraction seen in aging lenses and cataracts.", "contents": "Aspartic acid racemization in heavy molecular weight crystallins and water insoluble protein from normal human lenses and cataracts. High D/L aspartic acid ratios are observed in heavy molecular weight aggregates and in water-insoluble protein extracted from whole lenses and nuclear and cortical regions. Purified alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins have low D/L ratios. Fractionation of urea-solubilized material from the water-insoluble protein yields four molecular weight classes of proteins. Fractions representing crosslinked material or apparently degraded products have high D/L ratios. Racemization within lens proteins may contribute to formation of the water-insoluble fraction seen in aging lenses and cataracts."}
{"id": "PMID:274712", "title": "Ligandin retains and albumin loses bilirubin binding capacity in liver cytosol.", "content": "Circular dichroism methods were used to detect bilirubin-ligandin interactions in rat liver cytosol and fractions obtained at various stages during purification of ligandin. Ligandin retained its capacity to bind bilirubin in the presence of components of liver supernatant, but albumin, which binds bilirubin in serum, lost the capacity to bind bilirubin in liver supernatant. This was attributed to a greater binding specificity exhibited by ligandin. In their respective physiological milieus, albumin and ligandin are structurally adapted to bind ligands: albumin in serum, and ligandin in the cytosol of the liver cell. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the concentration of ligandin within the liver could regulate the net flux of certain organic anions from plasma into the liver.", "contents": "Ligandin retains and albumin loses bilirubin binding capacity in liver cytosol. Circular dichroism methods were used to detect bilirubin-ligandin interactions in rat liver cytosol and fractions obtained at various stages during purification of ligandin. Ligandin retained its capacity to bind bilirubin in the presence of components of liver supernatant, but albumin, which binds bilirubin in serum, lost the capacity to bind bilirubin in liver supernatant. This was attributed to a greater binding specificity exhibited by ligandin. In their respective physiological milieus, albumin and ligandin are structurally adapted to bind ligands: albumin in serum, and ligandin in the cytosol of the liver cell. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the concentration of ligandin within the liver could regulate the net flux of certain organic anions from plasma into the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:274713", "title": "Analysis of mRNA populations by cDNA.mRNA hybrid-mediated inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis.", "content": "Hybridization of mRNA to its corresponding cDNA was found to specifically inhibit translation of the mRNA in vitro. Using hybridization of globin cDNA to globin mRNA as a model system, we found that equivalent amounts of cDNA were required both for the saturation of the mRNA hybridization and for complete inhibition of globin synthesis. Also, the rate of inactivation of translation was identical to the rate of hybridization and followed the predicted kinetic form. This assay has been applied to the analysis of a set of abundant mRNAs in mouse liver. Hybridization of liver mRNA with total liver cDNA in slight excess to a low C(0)t value specifically inhibited translation of several major polypeptides. Melting of the hybrids prior to translation restored synthesis of these polypeptides. Moreover, we found that different liver mRNAs are inactivated with different kinetics; the results suggest that the mRNAs for the major urinary polypeptide and for albumin are the most abundant and second most abundant, respectively, in mouse liver. The general applications of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of mRNA populations by cDNA.mRNA hybrid-mediated inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis. Hybridization of mRNA to its corresponding cDNA was found to specifically inhibit translation of the mRNA in vitro. Using hybridization of globin cDNA to globin mRNA as a model system, we found that equivalent amounts of cDNA were required both for the saturation of the mRNA hybridization and for complete inhibition of globin synthesis. Also, the rate of inactivation of translation was identical to the rate of hybridization and followed the predicted kinetic form. This assay has been applied to the analysis of a set of abundant mRNAs in mouse liver. Hybridization of liver mRNA with total liver cDNA in slight excess to a low C(0)t value specifically inhibited translation of several major polypeptides. Melting of the hybrids prior to translation restored synthesis of these polypeptides. Moreover, we found that different liver mRNAs are inactivated with different kinetics; the results suggest that the mRNAs for the major urinary polypeptide and for albumin are the most abundant and second most abundant, respectively, in mouse liver. The general applications of this technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274714", "title": "Changes in restricted human cellular DNA fragments containing globin gene sequences in thalassemias and related disorders.", "content": "Human cellular DNA fragments from cells of normal subjects and patients with thalassemia obtained by restriction enzyme digestion were analyzed for their globin gene content. The fragments were separated on agarose gels, transferred to nitrocellulose filters, hybridized to globin [(32)P]cDNA, and radioautographed. One to ten picograms of globin gene sequences were detectable. With EcoRI digestion, eight to nine cellular DNA fragments were found to contain globin genes. Three of these contained beta-like gene sequences assayed with beta globin cDNA probe. One beta-like fragment was absent in DNA from a homozygous subject for hemoglobin Lepore. Two of the three beta gene-containing fragments present in normal DNA were absent in DNA from a patient with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. The same two fragments containing beta-like genes were absent from deltabeta thalassemic DNA and one new fragment containing beta-like genes was found. Together with results obtained by hybridization of these DNAs in solution, the data are consistent with deletion of specific restriction human DNA fragments in subjects with these disorders and a greater deletion of beta-like gene sequences in subjects with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin than in those with deltabeta thalassemia.", "contents": "Changes in restricted human cellular DNA fragments containing globin gene sequences in thalassemias and related disorders. Human cellular DNA fragments from cells of normal subjects and patients with thalassemia obtained by restriction enzyme digestion were analyzed for their globin gene content. The fragments were separated on agarose gels, transferred to nitrocellulose filters, hybridized to globin [(32)P]cDNA, and radioautographed. One to ten picograms of globin gene sequences were detectable. With EcoRI digestion, eight to nine cellular DNA fragments were found to contain globin genes. Three of these contained beta-like gene sequences assayed with beta globin cDNA probe. One beta-like fragment was absent in DNA from a homozygous subject for hemoglobin Lepore. Two of the three beta gene-containing fragments present in normal DNA were absent in DNA from a patient with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. The same two fragments containing beta-like genes were absent from deltabeta thalassemic DNA and one new fragment containing beta-like genes was found. Together with results obtained by hybridization of these DNAs in solution, the data are consistent with deletion of specific restriction human DNA fragments in subjects with these disorders and a greater deletion of beta-like gene sequences in subjects with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin than in those with deltabeta thalassemia."}
{"id": "PMID:274715", "title": "Cardiolipin: a stereospecifically spin-labeled analogue and its specific enzymic hydrolysis.", "content": "The spin-labeled cardiolipin 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-3-[1-acyl-2-(16-doxylstearoyl)glycero(3)phosphol]-sn-glycerol has been prepared. The stereoselective synthesis makes use of the monolysocardiolipin 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-3-[1-acyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero(3)phospho]-sn-glycerol, available from the stereospecific hydrolysis of cardiolipin by phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) of Trimeresurus flavoviridis. The results of treatment of the spin-labeled cardiolipin with the cardiolipin-specific phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4) (Hemophilus parainfluenzae) of known specificity and with phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) of Bacillus cereus are consistent with the assigned structure. The spin-labeled cardiolipin is further characterized and the unique features of this diastereomer are discussed in the context of the unusual stereochemistry of the natural phospholipid.", "contents": "Cardiolipin: a stereospecifically spin-labeled analogue and its specific enzymic hydrolysis. The spin-labeled cardiolipin 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-3-[1-acyl-2-(16-doxylstearoyl)glycero(3)phosphol]-sn-glycerol has been prepared. The stereoselective synthesis makes use of the monolysocardiolipin 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-3-[1-acyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero(3)phospho]-sn-glycerol, available from the stereospecific hydrolysis of cardiolipin by phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) of Trimeresurus flavoviridis. The results of treatment of the spin-labeled cardiolipin with the cardiolipin-specific phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4) (Hemophilus parainfluenzae) of known specificity and with phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) of Bacillus cereus are consistent with the assigned structure. The spin-labeled cardiolipin is further characterized and the unique features of this diastereomer are discussed in the context of the unusual stereochemistry of the natural phospholipid."}
{"id": "PMID:274716", "title": "Defective regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma membrane fluidity in a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant.", "content": "A Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant resistant to killing by 25-hydroxycholesterol is shown to be defective in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis by exogenous cholesterol. When grown with various cholesterol supplements in delipidized serum, the mutant cell exhibits a variation in cholesterol content and plasma membrane fluidity that is not observed in the parental cell type.", "contents": "Defective regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma membrane fluidity in a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant. A Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant resistant to killing by 25-hydroxycholesterol is shown to be defective in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis by exogenous cholesterol. When grown with various cholesterol supplements in delipidized serum, the mutant cell exhibits a variation in cholesterol content and plasma membrane fluidity that is not observed in the parental cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:274717", "title": "Addition of mononucleotides to oligoribonucleotide acceptors with T4 RNA ligase.", "content": "RNA ligase induced by bacteriophage T4 catalyzed the addition of nucleoside 5',3'-diphosphates to oligoribonucleotide acceptors in the presence of ATP. The reactions proceeded in equimolar concentrations of donors and acceptors. Several oligonucleotides of defined sequence were synthesized by this method in yields of 28-68%. The enzyme required the phosphate ester at the 3' position of the donor molecule, nucleoside 5',2'-diphosphates being unable to serve as donors. Thymidine 5',3'-diphosphate was active as a donor for the enzyme. The ligation product, (Ap)2ApCp, was also obtained from the reaction of (Ap)2A and 5'-adenylylated cytidine 5',3'-diphosphate (A5'pp5'Cp) with RNA ligase in the absence of ATP. These results show that the minimal substrate for RNA ligase is a nucleoside 5',3'-diphosphate.", "contents": "Addition of mononucleotides to oligoribonucleotide acceptors with T4 RNA ligase. RNA ligase induced by bacteriophage T4 catalyzed the addition of nucleoside 5',3'-diphosphates to oligoribonucleotide acceptors in the presence of ATP. The reactions proceeded in equimolar concentrations of donors and acceptors. Several oligonucleotides of defined sequence were synthesized by this method in yields of 28-68%. The enzyme required the phosphate ester at the 3' position of the donor molecule, nucleoside 5',2'-diphosphates being unable to serve as donors. Thymidine 5',3'-diphosphate was active as a donor for the enzyme. The ligation product, (Ap)2ApCp, was also obtained from the reaction of (Ap)2A and 5'-adenylylated cytidine 5',3'-diphosphate (A5'pp5'Cp) with RNA ligase in the absence of ATP. These results show that the minimal substrate for RNA ligase is a nucleoside 5',3'-diphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:274718", "title": "DNA polymerase activities in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma N-18 cells.", "content": "The activities of two DNA polymerases (DNA nucleotidyltransferases) were characterized in mouse neuroblastoma clone N-18 on the basis of their apparent molecular weights (determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: polymerase-alpha, 7.5-8 S; polymerase-beta, 3-4 S) and relative inhibition by sulfhydryl-blocking agents. N-Ethylmaleimide (10 mM) and iodoacetamide (1.5 mM) inhibited DNA polymerase-alpha activity completely, whereas only 35-40% inhibition was observed for DNA polymerase-beta under similar conditions. DNA polymerase-alpha activity was reduced 50-70% in N-18 cells that had been induced to differentiate by 4 micro M bromodeoxyuridine, and the low molecular weight DNA polymerase-beta activity remain unchanged. With activated calf thymus DNA as template, only DNA polymerase-alpha activity was stimulated in the presence of added ribonucleotides and purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.", "contents": "DNA polymerase activities in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma N-18 cells. The activities of two DNA polymerases (DNA nucleotidyltransferases) were characterized in mouse neuroblastoma clone N-18 on the basis of their apparent molecular weights (determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: polymerase-alpha, 7.5-8 S; polymerase-beta, 3-4 S) and relative inhibition by sulfhydryl-blocking agents. N-Ethylmaleimide (10 mM) and iodoacetamide (1.5 mM) inhibited DNA polymerase-alpha activity completely, whereas only 35-40% inhibition was observed for DNA polymerase-beta under similar conditions. DNA polymerase-alpha activity was reduced 50-70% in N-18 cells that had been induced to differentiate by 4 micro M bromodeoxyuridine, and the low molecular weight DNA polymerase-beta activity remain unchanged. With activated calf thymus DNA as template, only DNA polymerase-alpha activity was stimulated in the presence of added ribonucleotides and purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase."}
{"id": "PMID:274719", "title": "Intragenic DNA spacers interrupt the ovalbumin gene.", "content": "We have performed restriction endonuclease mapping to examine the linear organization of the ovalbumin gene in chromosomal DNA. Treatment of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases that do not cleave the ovalbumin mRNA sequence results in the generation of multiple DNA fragments capable of annealing with ovalbumin-specific probes in molecular hybridization reactions. These data strongly suggest that the linear order of DNA sequences coding for ovalbumin is interrupted by at least two intragenic DNA spacers absent from the corresponding RNA. At least one of these spacer sequences interrupts the coding sequence; therefore the chromosomal ovalbumin gene is not colinear with its translational product. We can discern no difference in the sequence organization about this gene in producer and nonproducer somatic cells, suggesting that the presence of intragenic spacers does not reflect that transcriptional activity of this gene. Furthermore, profiles obtained for gametes are identical to those observed for somatic cells, indicating that significant translocation during development is not responsible for the generation of this split sequence. Divergence of the intragenic spacer, however, is observed between individual chickens; thus multiple alleles may exist for this gene that are identifiable by differences in the organization of spacer with no apparent phenotypic evidence for their presence.", "contents": "Intragenic DNA spacers interrupt the ovalbumin gene. We have performed restriction endonuclease mapping to examine the linear organization of the ovalbumin gene in chromosomal DNA. Treatment of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases that do not cleave the ovalbumin mRNA sequence results in the generation of multiple DNA fragments capable of annealing with ovalbumin-specific probes in molecular hybridization reactions. These data strongly suggest that the linear order of DNA sequences coding for ovalbumin is interrupted by at least two intragenic DNA spacers absent from the corresponding RNA. At least one of these spacer sequences interrupts the coding sequence; therefore the chromosomal ovalbumin gene is not colinear with its translational product. We can discern no difference in the sequence organization about this gene in producer and nonproducer somatic cells, suggesting that the presence of intragenic spacers does not reflect that transcriptional activity of this gene. Furthermore, profiles obtained for gametes are identical to those observed for somatic cells, indicating that significant translocation during development is not responsible for the generation of this split sequence. Divergence of the intragenic spacer, however, is observed between individual chickens; thus multiple alleles may exist for this gene that are identifiable by differences in the organization of spacer with no apparent phenotypic evidence for their presence."}
{"id": "PMID:274720", "title": "The intervening sequence of a mouse beta-globin gene is transcribed within the 15S beta-globin mRNA precursor.", "content": "Mouse beta-globin in encoded in a discontinuous structural gene interrupted by a 550-base pair intervening sequence of DNA. Correspondingly, the mature beta-globin mRNA appears to be synthesized via a 15S precursor, the length of which roughly equals the total length of the coding and intervening sequences of the beta-globin gene. Using the electron microscope to visualize hybrid structures formed between this gene and the purified 15S beta-globin mRNA precursor, we show that the intervening sequence is present within the larger precursor molecule. This finding suggests that the precursor mRNA is processed through the removal and rejoining of internal RNA sequences.", "contents": "The intervening sequence of a mouse beta-globin gene is transcribed within the 15S beta-globin mRNA precursor. Mouse beta-globin in encoded in a discontinuous structural gene interrupted by a 550-base pair intervening sequence of DNA. Correspondingly, the mature beta-globin mRNA appears to be synthesized via a 15S precursor, the length of which roughly equals the total length of the coding and intervening sequences of the beta-globin gene. Using the electron microscope to visualize hybrid structures formed between this gene and the purified 15S beta-globin mRNA precursor, we show that the intervening sequence is present within the larger precursor molecule. This finding suggests that the precursor mRNA is processed through the removal and rejoining of internal RNA sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:274721", "title": "Ligands containing heavy atoms: perturbation of phosphorescence of a tryptophan residue in the binding site of wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "Information on the structure of binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin was obtained on the basis of fluorescence and phosphorescence changes of tryptophan residues induced by the binding of several thiomercuribenzoate derivatives of glycosides. The thiomercuribenzoate derivatives bind selectively to wheat germ agglutinin in the same way as the corresponding sugars. Using the thiomercuribenzoate of di-N-acetyl-beta-chitobiose, it was found that: (i) the fluorescence of tryptophan residues was drastically quenched at both 298 and 77 K; (ii) the phosphorescence intensity was strongly enhanced at 77 K; (iii) the phosphorescence lifetime was markedly decreased. A similar effect was observed with the thiomercuribenzoate of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine. These changes were completely reversed upon addition of 1-O-methyl-di-N-acetyl-beta-chitobioside. The thiomercuribenzoate of beta-D-glucose had no effect at all, and the thiomercuribenzoate of tri-N-acetyl-beta-chitotriose had a limited effect. These results are interpreted as a specific heavy atom effect due to a close contact between one tryptophan residue of the protein and the heavy atom of the bound ligand. They are consistent with the view that: (i) binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin may be divided in three subsites, A, B, and C; (ii) a tryptophan residue is in the binding site at subsite C; and (iii) this residue and the ligand are in close contact. This new method, using the enhancement of spin-orbit coupling due to the selective perturbation induced in a tryptophan residue by a ligand containing a heavy atom, has proved to be suitable for locating the tryptophan residue in the binding site of wheat germ agglutinin and can probably be extended to other sugar-binding proteins.", "contents": "Ligands containing heavy atoms: perturbation of phosphorescence of a tryptophan residue in the binding site of wheat germ agglutinin. Information on the structure of binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin was obtained on the basis of fluorescence and phosphorescence changes of tryptophan residues induced by the binding of several thiomercuribenzoate derivatives of glycosides. The thiomercuribenzoate derivatives bind selectively to wheat germ agglutinin in the same way as the corresponding sugars. Using the thiomercuribenzoate of di-N-acetyl-beta-chitobiose, it was found that: (i) the fluorescence of tryptophan residues was drastically quenched at both 298 and 77 K; (ii) the phosphorescence intensity was strongly enhanced at 77 K; (iii) the phosphorescence lifetime was markedly decreased. A similar effect was observed with the thiomercuribenzoate of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine. These changes were completely reversed upon addition of 1-O-methyl-di-N-acetyl-beta-chitobioside. The thiomercuribenzoate of beta-D-glucose had no effect at all, and the thiomercuribenzoate of tri-N-acetyl-beta-chitotriose had a limited effect. These results are interpreted as a specific heavy atom effect due to a close contact between one tryptophan residue of the protein and the heavy atom of the bound ligand. They are consistent with the view that: (i) binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin may be divided in three subsites, A, B, and C; (ii) a tryptophan residue is in the binding site at subsite C; and (iii) this residue and the ligand are in close contact. This new method, using the enhancement of spin-orbit coupling due to the selective perturbation induced in a tryptophan residue by a ligand containing a heavy atom, has proved to be suitable for locating the tryptophan residue in the binding site of wheat germ agglutinin and can probably be extended to other sugar-binding proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:274722", "title": "Evolution of the nervous system: role of ontogenetic mechanisms in the evolution of matching populations.", "content": "Nervous systems are composed of populations of cells that are synaptically connected in a highly predictable manner, and we have called two interconnected populations a pair of matching populations. Heritable genetic changes that affect a pair of matching populations can be evolutionary only when this matching quality is not disrupted. We distinguish two types of heritable change. Concordant heritable changes autonomously preserve the match and are thus automatically candidates for what we call type I evolutionary change. Nonconcordant heritable changes, on the other hand, are those that do not autonomously preserve the match. Those nonconcordant heritable changes that can use other normally present ontogenetic mechanisms to preserve the match are candidates for what we call type II evolutionary change. One example of such an ontogenetic mechanism consists of the production of excess neuroblasts and the subsequent weeding out (via cell death) of those that do not successfully match. Because normal ontogeny is an integral part of type II evolutionary change, ontogenetic manipulations can give evolutionary insights. Embryonic graft experiments, in particular, can elucidate the nature of ontogenetic mechanisms that participate in type II changes. Thus, some developmental experiments can be considered to be evolutionary experiments.", "contents": "Evolution of the nervous system: role of ontogenetic mechanisms in the evolution of matching populations. Nervous systems are composed of populations of cells that are synaptically connected in a highly predictable manner, and we have called two interconnected populations a pair of matching populations. Heritable genetic changes that affect a pair of matching populations can be evolutionary only when this matching quality is not disrupted. We distinguish two types of heritable change. Concordant heritable changes autonomously preserve the match and are thus automatically candidates for what we call type I evolutionary change. Nonconcordant heritable changes, on the other hand, are those that do not autonomously preserve the match. Those nonconcordant heritable changes that can use other normally present ontogenetic mechanisms to preserve the match are candidates for what we call type II evolutionary change. One example of such an ontogenetic mechanism consists of the production of excess neuroblasts and the subsequent weeding out (via cell death) of those that do not successfully match. Because normal ontogeny is an integral part of type II evolutionary change, ontogenetic manipulations can give evolutionary insights. Embryonic graft experiments, in particular, can elucidate the nature of ontogenetic mechanisms that participate in type II changes. Thus, some developmental experiments can be considered to be evolutionary experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:274723", "title": "Colony size distributions as a measure of in vivo and in vitro aging.", "content": "Individual human diploid cells plated at low cell density and incubated for 2 weeks develop into colonies ranging in size from one cell to several thousand cells. The resultant colony size distribution is an accurate indicator of the number of subsequent in vitro population doublings that can be attained by the parent culture. This relationship holds for both human fetal lung and adult skin fibroblast cultures. In addition, the colony size distributions obtained from fetal, young adult, and old adult human cell cultures at the same low level of in vitro passage are indicative of the in vivo age of the level of in vitro passage are indicative of the in vivo age of the cell culture donor. Cell cultures of fetal origin give rise to the highest percentage of colonies with significant proliferative abilities, whereas cultures from old adults give rise to the lowest percentage of large colonies. Therefore, colony size distributions appear to be good indicators of both in vitro and in vivo human cellular aging.", "contents": "Colony size distributions as a measure of in vivo and in vitro aging. Individual human diploid cells plated at low cell density and incubated for 2 weeks develop into colonies ranging in size from one cell to several thousand cells. The resultant colony size distribution is an accurate indicator of the number of subsequent in vitro population doublings that can be attained by the parent culture. This relationship holds for both human fetal lung and adult skin fibroblast cultures. In addition, the colony size distributions obtained from fetal, young adult, and old adult human cell cultures at the same low level of in vitro passage are indicative of the in vivo age of the level of in vitro passage are indicative of the in vivo age of the cell culture donor. Cell cultures of fetal origin give rise to the highest percentage of colonies with significant proliferative abilities, whereas cultures from old adults give rise to the lowest percentage of large colonies. Therefore, colony size distributions appear to be good indicators of both in vitro and in vivo human cellular aging."}
{"id": "PMID:274724", "title": "Model for capping of membrane receptors based on boundary surface effects.", "content": "Crosslinking of membrane surface receptors may lead to their segregation into patches and then into a single large aggregate at one pole of the cell. This process is called capping. Here, a novel explanation of such a process is presented in which the membrane is viewed as a supersaturated solution of receptors in the lipid bilayer and the adjacent two aqueous layers. Without a crosslinking agent, a patch of receptors that is less than a certain size cannot stay in equilibrium with the solution and thus should dissolve. Patches greater than a certain size are stable and can, in principle, grow by the precipitation of the remaining dissolved receptors from the supersaturated solution. The task of the crosslinking molecules is to form such stable patches. These considerations are based on a qualitative thermodynamic calculation that takes into account the existence of a boundary tension in a patch (in analogy to the surface tension of a droplet). Thermodynamically, these systems should cap spontaneously after the patches have reached a certain size. But, in practice, such a process can be very slow. A suspension of patches may stay practically stable. The ways in which a cell may abolish this metastable equilibrium and thus achieve capping are considered and possible effects of capping inhibitors are discussed.", "contents": "Model for capping of membrane receptors based on boundary surface effects. Crosslinking of membrane surface receptors may lead to their segregation into patches and then into a single large aggregate at one pole of the cell. This process is called capping. Here, a novel explanation of such a process is presented in which the membrane is viewed as a supersaturated solution of receptors in the lipid bilayer and the adjacent two aqueous layers. Without a crosslinking agent, a patch of receptors that is less than a certain size cannot stay in equilibrium with the solution and thus should dissolve. Patches greater than a certain size are stable and can, in principle, grow by the precipitation of the remaining dissolved receptors from the supersaturated solution. The task of the crosslinking molecules is to form such stable patches. These considerations are based on a qualitative thermodynamic calculation that takes into account the existence of a boundary tension in a patch (in analogy to the surface tension of a droplet). Thermodynamically, these systems should cap spontaneously after the patches have reached a certain size. But, in practice, such a process can be very slow. A suspension of patches may stay practically stable. The ways in which a cell may abolish this metastable equilibrium and thus achieve capping are considered and possible effects of capping inhibitors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274725", "title": "Thyroid hormones control lysosomal enzyme activities in liver and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Because protein degradation in liver and skeletal muscle is increased by thyroid hormones and decreased by thyroidectomy; we investigated the influence of thyroid hormones on the level of lysosomal enzymes. Hypophysectomized rats received daily injections of L-thyroxine or L-triiodothyronine. After 3 days of this regimen, homogenates of liver and skeletal muscle showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in the activities of cathepsin D, cathepsin B, and other lysosomal enzymes including leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and alpha-mannosidase. In liver, this effect reflected increased enzyme activity in the two subcellular fractions that normally contain lysosomes. Titration of cathepsin D with pepstatin indicated that the increase in this activity resulted from an increase in the number of enzyme molecules. These effects occurred with both pharmacologic (thyrotoxic) and physiologic (growth-promoting) doses of thyroid hormones. Liver and skeletal muscle from thyroidectomized rats had approximately 50% of the normal levels of lysosomal enzyme activities. Under these various conditions, heart and kidney, tissues in which protein degradation does not appear to be influenced by thyroid hormones, showed no significant changes in lysosomal hydrolases. Thus, thyroid hormones regulate proteolytic and other lysosomal enzyme activities in those tissues in which these hormones influence protein degradation. Many characteristic features of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism may result from changes in levels of lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Thyroid hormones control lysosomal enzyme activities in liver and skeletal muscle. Because protein degradation in liver and skeletal muscle is increased by thyroid hormones and decreased by thyroidectomy; we investigated the influence of thyroid hormones on the level of lysosomal enzymes. Hypophysectomized rats received daily injections of L-thyroxine or L-triiodothyronine. After 3 days of this regimen, homogenates of liver and skeletal muscle showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in the activities of cathepsin D, cathepsin B, and other lysosomal enzymes including leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and alpha-mannosidase. In liver, this effect reflected increased enzyme activity in the two subcellular fractions that normally contain lysosomes. Titration of cathepsin D with pepstatin indicated that the increase in this activity resulted from an increase in the number of enzyme molecules. These effects occurred with both pharmacologic (thyrotoxic) and physiologic (growth-promoting) doses of thyroid hormones. Liver and skeletal muscle from thyroidectomized rats had approximately 50% of the normal levels of lysosomal enzyme activities. Under these various conditions, heart and kidney, tissues in which protein degradation does not appear to be influenced by thyroid hormones, showed no significant changes in lysosomal hydrolases. Thus, thyroid hormones regulate proteolytic and other lysosomal enzyme activities in those tissues in which these hormones influence protein degradation. Many characteristic features of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism may result from changes in levels of lysosomal enzymes."}